Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry 0 21 4664489 4112814 2026-08-26T06:06:07Z Ziv 3267536 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Frkekulé.jpg]] → [[File:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1890er).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise and not just a meaningless name 4664489 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> [[Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic_structure|Atomic Structure >]] ---- </noinclude> ==Brief History== [[File:Jöns Jacob Berzelius from Familj-Journalen1873.png|thumb|right|120px|''Berzelius'']] [[w:Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Jöns Jacob Berzelius]], a physician by trade, first coined the term "organic chemistry" in 1806 for the study of compounds derived from biological sources. Up through the early 19th century, naturalists and scientists observed critical differences between compounds that were derived from living things and those that were not. Chemists of the period noted that there seemed to be an essential yet inexplicable difference between the properties of the two different types of compounds. The '''vital force theory''', sometimes called "vitalism" (vital means "life force"), was therefore proposed, and widely accepted, as a way to explain these differences, that a "vital force" existed within organic material but did not exist in any inorganic materials. == Synthesis of Urea == [[Image:Urea-3D-vdW.png|thumb|right|100px|''Urea'']] Friedrich Wöhler is widely regarded as a pioneer in organic chemistry as a result of his synthesizing of the biological compound urea (a component of urine in many animals) utilizing what is now called "the Wöhler synthesis." Wöhler mixed silver or lead cyanate with ammonium nitrate; this was supposed to yield ammonium cyanate as a result of an exchange reaction, according to Berzelius's dualism theory. Wöhler, however, discovered that the end product of this reaction is ''not'' ammonium cyanate (NH<sub>4</sub>OCN), an inorganic salt, but urea ((NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO), a biological compound. (Furthermore, heating ammonium cyanate turns it into urea.) Faced with this result, Berzelius had to concede that (NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO and NH<sub>4</sub>OCN were ''isomers''. Until this discovery in the year 1828, it was widely believed by chemists that organic substances could only be formed under the influence of the "vital force" in the bodies of animals and plants. Wöhler's synthesis dramatically proved that view to be false. Urea synthesis was a critical discovery for biochemists because it showed that a compound known to be produced in nature only by biological organisms could be produced in a laboratory under controlled conditions from inanimate matter. This "in vitro" synthesis of organic matter disproved the common theory (vitalism) about the vis vitalis, a transcendent "life force" needed for producing organic compounds. == Organic vs Inorganic Chemistry == Although originally defined as the chemistry of biological molecules, organic chemistry has since been redefined to refer specifically to carbon compounds &mdash; even those with non-biological origin. Some carbon molecules are not considered organic, with carbon dioxide being the most well known and most common inorganic carbon compound, but such molecules are the exception and not the rule. Organic chemistry focuses on carbon and following movement of the electrons in carbon chains and rings, and also how electrons are shared with other carbon atoms and heteroatoms. Organic chemistry is primarily concerned with the properties of covalent bonds and non-metallic elements, though ions and metals do play critical roles in some reactions. The applications of organic chemistry are myriad, and include all sorts of plastics, dyes, flavorings, scents, detergents, explosives, fuels and many, many other products. Read the ingredient list for almost any kind of food that you eat &mdash; or even your shampoo bottle &mdash; and you will see the handiwork of organic chemists listed there. == Major Advances in the Field of Organic Chemistry == [[File:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1890er).jpg|thumb|right|120px|''Kekulé'']] Of course a chemistry text should at least mention [[w:Antoine Lavoisier|Antoine Laurent Lavoisier]]. The French chemist is often called the "Father of Modern Chemistry" and his place is first in any pantheon of great chemistry figures. Your general chemistry textbook should contain information on the specific work and discoveries of Lavoisier &mdash; they will not be repeated here because his discoveries did not relate directly to organic chemistry in particular. Berzelius and Wöhler are discussed above, and their work was foundational to the specific field of organic chemistry. After those two, three more scientists are famed for independently proposing the elements of structural theory. Those chemists were [[w:August Kekulé|August Kekulé]], [[w:Archibald Scott Couper|Archibald Couper]], and [[w:Alexander Butlerov|Alexander Butlerov]]. Kekulé was a German, an architect by training, and he was perhaps the first to propose that isomerism was due to carbon's proclivity towards forming four bonds. Its ability to bond with up to four other atoms made it ideal for forming long chains of atoms in a single molecule, and also made it possible for the same number of atoms to be connected in an enormous variety of ways. Couper, a Scot, and Butlerov, a Russian, came to many of the same conclusions at the same time or just a short time after. Through the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, experimental results brought to light much new knowledge about atoms, molecules, and molecular bonding. In 1916 it was [[../Electron_dot_structures#A_note_about_Gilbert_N._Lewis|Gilbert Lewis]] of U.C. Berkeley who described covalent bonding largely as we know it today (electron-sharing). Nobel laureate Linus Pauling further developed Lewis' concepts by proposing resonance while he was at the California Institute of Technology. At about the same time, Sir Robert Robinson of Oxford University focused primarily on the electrons of atoms as the engines of molecular change. Sir Christopher Ingold of University College, London, organized what was known of organic chemical reactions by arranging them in schemes we now know as mechanisms, in order to better understand the sequence of changes in a synthesis or reaction. The field of organic chemistry is probably the most active and important field of chemistry at the moment, due to its extreme applicability to both biochemistry (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) and petrochemistry (especially in the energy industry). Organic chemistry has a relatively recent history, but it will have an enormously important future, affecting the lives of everyone around the world for many, many years to come. <noinclude> ---- [[Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry|<< Foundational concepts]]| History of Organic Chemistry | [[Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic_structure|Atomic Structure >]] | [[Organic Chemistry/Alkanes|Alkanes >>]] </alkynes> {{BookCat}} stgtm8qspecxtczctriz2513hvhchux Cookbook:Apple 102 5387 4664521 4619814 2026-08-26T07:07:03Z ~2026-46552-39 3624167 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4619814|4619814]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-11508-84|~2026-11508-84]] ([[User talk:~2026-11508-84|discuss]]) 4664521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ingredient summary | Image = [[File:Granny Smith Apples.jpg|300px]] | Category = Fruits }}__NOTOC__ {{fruit}} '''Apples''' are the fruit of ''Malus domestica'', and they are a very important food in all cooler climates. They are related to, but not interchangeable with crabapples. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly citrus, apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. Winter apples, picked in late fall and stored just above freezing in a cellar or "fruit room" have been an important food in Europe and the USA since the 1800s. == Characteristics == Domesticated apples have a firm flesh and thin, edible skin that is usually green, red, yellow, pink, or some combination thereof. The flesh surrounds a tough core, which contains the seeds. === Flavor === Apples tend to be sweet with sour notes, depending on the cultivar. Apple cultivars specific for cider production tend to be too sour to eat on their own. Green apples may have a grassy flavor. Some unusual cultivars have unique flavor profiles, such as the Egremont Russet with its richly nutty flavor. === Cultivation === Most modern apple breeding has focused on high yield and commercial presentability—uniformity of color, size and shape, and the ability to withstand transport with minimal bruising—with little thought given to eating quality. Many newly developed apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Old cultivars are often richly flavored, but are commercially nonviable due to low yield, poor transportability, and poor appearance, often being oddly shaped, and russeted and have a variety of textures and colors. Some old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local heirlooms from extinction. ==Cultivars== [[File:Jabuka na dan... photo Moma SM.jpg|thumb|308x308px|Multiple apple varieties]] There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. Some of the most common commercial apple cultivars include: <div style="column-count:2"> * Braeburn (Australia, New Zealand) * Cox's Orange Pippin (Britain, New Zealand - old cultivar, but still very popular) * Fuji (Asia, Australia, North America) * Gala (Australia, New Zealand) * Golden Delicious (United States, Europe) * Granny Smith (Australia, California) * Jonagold (United States) * Jonathan (United States) * McIntosh (Canada, United States) * Red Delicious (Australia, United States) * Winesap (United States) </div> Firmer apples are suitable when appearance is important. Softer apples and those with higher malic acid content will break down more easily.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k87uoQEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=On Baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, Updated Edition |last2=Martel |first2=Priscilla |last3=Damme |first3=Eddy Van |date=2015-01-06 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-13-388675-7 |language=en}}</ref> ==Seasonality== {{Seasonality|Apples|1|1|1|1|1|1|3|3|3|3|1|1}} In the northern hemisphere, the apple season starts in July with the early cultivars, which are harvested until August. Later cultivars are harvested until October. Since apples store exceptionally well under refrigeration, they are available out of season without much effort or loss of flavor. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement. == Selection and storage == Select apples with no breaks in their skin or dented/bruised spots. They should be firm and crisp, with no soft spots or mealiness. Avoid any signs of decay or rot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gisslen |first=Wayne |url=https://books.google.dm/books?id=S3q5BwAAQBAJ |title=Essentials of Professional Cooking, 2nd Edition |date=2015-03-12 |publisher=Wiley Global Education |isbn=978-1-119-03072-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Summer apples keep poorly and should be used relatively quickly. At home, fall varieties will store well in a cold place for 6 weeks.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> Air circulation will delay spoilage. == Preparation == Apple skins may be left on or removed with a peeler, depending on use and preference. For the most part, apple cores must be removed prior to use in cooking, as they are tough and contain seeds with cyanide compounds. Cores can be separated out using a dedicated coring tool or by cutting the flesh away from the core. Alternatively, the apple can be quartered and a paring knife used to trim the core from each quarter. If you want to prevent cut apples from browning, coat them with an acidic liquid such as citrus juice and/or keep away from oxygen.<ref name=":0" /> ==Uses== Apples can be processed and cooked in a variety of ways. The unfiltered juice of apples is known as [[Cookbook:Apple Cider|apple cider]], and it can be further processed into a clear [[Cookbook:Apple Juice|apple juice]]. Apple cider can also be used to make fermented ("hard") cider, vinegar, and cider syrup. Hard cider can also be distilled into [[Cookbook:Applejack|applejack]] and [[Cookbook:Calvados|Calvados]]. Apples are an important ingredient in many fall and winter [[Cookbook:Dessert|dessert]]s, including apple pie, apple crumble, and apple cake. Whole apples are often eaten [[Cookbook:Baking|baked]] or [[Cookbook:Stewing|stewed]], and they can also be dried for later use. Cooked, [[Cookbook:Purée|puréed]] apples are generally known as [[Cookbook:Applesauce|applesauce]], and they are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. Apples pair well with many meat dishes, as the acidity cuts through the fat and lends brightness.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}</ref> ==Recipes== <div style="column-count: 3"> <categorytree mode="all"; hideprefix="always">Recipes using apple</categorytree> </div> == References == [[Category:Featured ingredients]] [[Category:Summer ingredients]] [[Category:Autumn ingredients]] [[Category:Cookbook/Temperate fruits]] [[Category:Fruits]] 1w6b0lvkpe09vxm3isy8voyi8od0ef2 Aros/User/Docs 0 13106 4664407 4664388 2026-08-25T12:12:11Z Jeff1138 301139 4664407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://ae.arosworld.org/ Aros Exec site relocated] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3 raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horrible broken. *ABIv11 offspring / adaptation of ABIv1 for PC 64bit *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Devs: | .audio, .hidd, network, graphics and other hardware device drivers are stored .device .resource |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - ZFS XFS ext4 NTFS SFS PFS3 Non-journaling - BtrFS ext2 exFAT FAT32(VFAT) FFS </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. A bit error on the harddisk would give this error. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and Work: (DH1:) / Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [http://www.masonicons.info/6.html AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus saves it features in a CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs by reading the [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus Manual] which is in Guide format. ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence <pre> ; run shell if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: EndIF </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. Please use Prefs/Network to set up wired, wireless or USB networking Non USB wifi is easier, USB wifi can be an annoyance - remember to save whilst in prefs ===Wired=== =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2014, backport of most features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday use (Icaros 2.0 and above) * 2015 work started on using the extra cores of the PI 2 * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update to 2015 and earlier [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} lwbebus45ca8gjd0ncwp3zvtlw5121y 4664409 4664407 2026-08-25T12:19:38Z Jeff1138 301139 4664409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://ae.arosworld.org/ Aros Exec site relocated] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3 raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horrible broken. *ABIv11 offspring / adaptation of ABIv1 for PC 64bit *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Devs: | .audio, .hidd, network, graphics and other hardware device drivers are stored .device .resource |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also ZFS XFS ext4 NTFS Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. A bit error on the harddisk would give this error. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and Work: (DH1:) / Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [http://www.masonicons.info/6.html AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus saves it features in a CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs by reading the [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus Manual] which is in Guide format. ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence <pre> ; run shell if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: EndIF </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. Please use Prefs/Network to set up wired, wireless or USB networking Non USB wifi is easier, USB wifi can be an annoyance - remember to save whilst in prefs ===Wired=== =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2014, backport of most features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday use (Icaros 2.0 and above) * 2015 work started on using the extra cores of the PI 2 * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update to 2015 and earlier [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} arp8mjheve983tt3nn8fbaxuvy3cb5b 4664410 4664409 2026-08-25T12:26:26Z Jeff1138 301139 4664410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==What is AROS== Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=de&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=nl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Dutch], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=fr&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=it&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=da&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Danish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=es&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=hi&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Chinese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Russian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pl&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Polish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ja&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Japanese], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=ko&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Korean], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=pt&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FUser%2FDocs Portuguese], *Computer Hardware *AROS (operating system) *Applications and Games *User [http://www.osnews.com/story/15819 AROS] is one of the intermediate levels between the computer hardware and the user. It is an open-source, clean-room implementation of AmigaOS 3.x that can be run on many different computer architectures. It runs primarily on PC x86 32bit and 64bit but also on amiga motorola 68k and compatibles, some ARM like the Pi and Apple Silicon and some old PowerPC. This page will cover enough to be able to write the downloaded image to your preferred media, to run a LiveUSB, LiveCD or LiveDVD on your office/home PC (Live meaning you can test without changing your existing setup) and, ultimately, to use it. Intel / AMD PC hardware support mostly covers the years 2000 to 2024. At the moment, AROS is '''not''' recommended to be '''installed''' on a working vital data holding machine. Instead, writing to and booting from a '''USB stick''' could be a much better option. AROS is an hobby OS and can co-exist with Windows(TM), MacOSX(TM), Android(TM) or Linux(TM) and act as an alternative. Unfortunately, Aros has few developers so upgrades and improvements can take [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/mailman/aros-cvs/ time to appear]. AROS core is now [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs ~80%] finished and is usable, so keep in mind that the software is still considered ALPHA/BETA and in constant development. Currently AROS is fun to play with on a curiosity level, but it is also interesting to program. AROS has some multimedia features and has internet access. Most importantly, use AROS to its maximum potential as it stands now, find ways to have fun with it and share your experiences. Good Sites to visit : [https://www.arosworld.org/home.php Aros World User forum] : [https://ae.arosworld.org/ Aros Exec site relocated] : [https://arosnews.github.io/ AROS News] : [https://www.facebook.com/ArosWorkshop/ Aros Workshop], : [https://www.osnews.com/topic/amiga-aros/ OSNews] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/aros/ Reddit] : [https://archives.arosworld.org Aros Archives] : [https://aminet.net/ Aminet] : [http://www.amiga-news.de/en/ English translation of German site] : [https://aros.sourceforge.io AROS] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Codebase] : [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues register issues] and [https://sourceforge.net/p/aros/bugs/ old defunct bugs notification site] : [https://github.com/deadwood2 Deadwood's builds], [https://www.axrt.org/download/aros/v11/ v11 builds], [https://axrt.org/downloads-aros Updated i386 32bit PC builds], : [https://github.com/ezrec Ezrec x86 m68k mirror of old svn version] : [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86, x64] : [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros x86 and x64] : [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ AROS portable USB3 stick images of hosted Aros One x86 and x64 on debian] : [http://vmwaros.blogspot.com Icaros Desktop x86 now on sabbatical, very old edition] : [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone AspireOS, of the netbook Aspire One, very old edition] : [http://arosalive.blogspot.co.uk/p/10-basic-aros-how-tos-tutorials.html Basic How To guides] : [http://arosgamer.blogspot.co.uk/ AROS Playground], [http://thewetmachine.net/tag/aros/ Jess Wet Machine], [https://aroshacking.wordpress.com/ Jon Robertson's AROS Experiences and FPC Free Pascal], [], :[http://www.apollo-accelerators.com/ Apollo Accelerators m68k], [http://www.amigablogs.net/ Amiga Blogs], [http://blog.a-eon.biz/blog/ Trevor Dickinson blog], : [https://forum.amiga.org/ Amiga OS AOS 3.x forum] : [http://eab.abime.net/ EAB Amiga] : [http://www.amigaworld.net/ AmigaWorld] : [http://www.ppa.pl/ Polish Amiga Like News] : [http://www.apollo-core.com/ Apollo Forum] : [https://amigaalive.blogspot.com/ AmigaAlive] : [https://www.amigalove.com/software Disk Mags] : [https://amigachristmastree.ultimateamiga.com/ Xmas Amiga Game Jam] : [https://www.reddit.com/r/amiga/ Amiga] == Distributions aka Distros == For end users there are distributions (ready made with selected apps aiming to be easy to use), mostly created and maintained by one person in their own workflow/style. They reuse the nightly boot compiles to suit their needs and possibly other end users. You are free to create your own if required. * For native 64bit Intel/AMD: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x64], [https://tinyarosdistro.flazio.com/ Tiny Aros], * For native 32bit Intel/AMD which will run on 64bit machines: [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86], [https://www.tinyaros.it/ Tiny Aros], * For native 68k [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One m68k], [http://www.aros-platform.de/ AROS Vision], '''Please, keep in mind that the distros listed above use a different ABI (abi v11) , which is NOT binary compatible with the official ABI V1.''' * For hosted Linux usb drive image [https://arosnews.github.io/aros-portable/ x64 Debian hosted version of Aros One], * For hosted ARM there is [https://github.com/jonx/AROS-AArch64/releases alpha for Apple Silicon] and [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3 raspi-aarch64-system native 64bit] AROS was originally developed on Linux but can run on an Intel-based Linux distro as an app. As time has gone on, it can be run as an app on many more operating systems (Windows, FreeBSD, Linux and limited on MacOS). This may sound strange: an OS running on top of another OS. Basically, this is to take advantage of drivers (audio, internet, graphics, etc.) and compiler environments, in the existing OS, with which people may be already familiar. The term we use for what AROS does is "Hosted". AROS Native is the term coined to describe AROS being run without any OS underneath it. It runs alone just like AmigaOS(TM) did. As this version does not benefit from "Hosted" drivers, dedicated ones have to be ported/written. Hence the smaller range of supported hardware / peripherals. We have other pages highlighting this support AROS is open source so basically everyone can take part. The source is public on github and there are new commits most days. AROS is automatically compiled daily, result are the nightly builds hosted on Sourceforge. The nightly builds are only used for testing changes, testing software and the starting point for distribution maintainers or even your own distribution. They are very basic, miss some functionality and apps like web browsers and generic general appearance which can be changed. * The [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/nightly2/ Nightly2], [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php nightly builds File Release Service] or [http://aros.sourceforge.net/downloads/ Sourceforge Project Web builds] are made automatically every night directly from the Github and in the past, SVN (Subversion) tree and contain the latest code for the AROS operating system. It should be noted that the builds have not been tested in any way and can be horrible broken. *ABIv11 offspring / adaptation of ABIv1 for PC 64bit *ABIv1 standard for most nightly builds, it is where the most work is done by developers *ABIv0 standard for PC 32bit intel / amd PC distributions ==Media== AROS media tends to boot in this tier list of media types, first internal HDD SSD, CD DVD drive, and finally usb drive (last two can depend on bios boot order) * USB .VHD [https://sites.google.com/view/arosone Aros One x86 and x64], with md5 below <pre> 0a656d53a9c902e9934000d8392e30ec *ArosOne-USB-1.3-64Bit.zip 7dd7119ab3e56d75ee852c137226b4d7 *ArosOne-USB-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip cf906eeaad4a83b3520b1896bdc6b0d3 *ArosOne-USB-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip e2eb8fe8cfd61c567b0152a61cf85251 *ArosOne-x86-v2.8-USB-IMG.zip 559909c75c2f56472c74267a7d075355 *ArosOne-x86-v2.7-USB-IMG.zip 93da5898508c1a8c05bb8991ab7bd117 *AROS One Image-USB-2.4.zip 59fcabd7090e47f12d54f7eb78cf0f45 *ArosOne-x86-v2.2-USB-Image.zip 24fb8de726ae8fc5fe5bac6d30f03dc5 ArosOne-x86-v2.0-USB-Image.zip f3d725e990072edce633b59747911b6b ArosOne-x86-v1.8-USB-IMG.zip e089a24ae310e92fcc407a0125602ce8 Aros-One x86-IMG-USB-v1.6.zip </pre> [https://tinyaros.flazio.com/ Tiny AROS] 22bc993625b7c75b17263c0cc7e7baaa *Tiny Aros_copy.vhd (March 2024) There is usually a vhd image inside the zip that can be written to USB sticks which is so much faster than the old ISO written to physical CD DVD method. This .vhd can be written to an USB stick / ssd with these pieces of software below but it will erase the previous contents from the usb Windows - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ RPi Raspberry Imager, use custom and see all files], [https://hddguru.com/software/HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool/ HDD-Raw-Copy-Tool], [https://rufus.ie/ Rufus up to version 3.20 may work with VirtualBox HD vhd images with Win7 but not some Rufus 4.x versions], [https://etcher.balena.io/ Balena Etcher but may spy on you], Linux - [https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ Raspberry Imager Ubuntu], Suse Image / Multi writer, dd, Mac - * Virtual Machine .ISO or CDs DVDs The native iso images are currently not compatible with Ventoy, Yumi, MultiBootUSB, Easy2Boot E2B, or similar <pre> 617a905b1665128c5e05f94dcc48e7f1 *AROS-One-v1.3-64Bit-v11.zip 11c8a147fcad7ecf52ae3a43e1934b69 *ArosOne-DVD-v1.2-x86_64-v11.zip f93053d3b9ccf304d7e6ac3389e1987b *ArosOne-DVD-v1.1-x86_64-v11.zip 86d808a40dc7be389a758799a9b4f595 *ArosOne-x86-v2.0-ISO-DVD.zip f1fc8599ef6a39e5df394e0f41d55526 *AROS-One-x86-ISO-DVD-v1.6.zip </pre> You can use a virtual emulator like VirtualBox, VMWare to mount the iso image which can then be used to boot and/or install to USB. No current software can write an AROS ISO to a Pendrive. The author of ‘Rufus’ (who used an Amiga 500 as a child) once tried, but when he saw the system composition, he said he was unable to do it. The solution is to boot the ISO from a VM (WMware, VBox), then install the AROS build on the Pendrive, which will eventually become a Live Pendrive that can be booted on a PC. The only precaution is that in some cases it is necessary to thoroughly clean the Pendrive of any partitions and remove any bootloader that is not AROS. The Pendrive must remain raw without any partitions. You can clean the USB stick on a PC with a program that manages hard disks. You need to do a partition wipe. On some USB sticks, you can clean it with InstallAROS. For some USB pendrives, please use a reputable partition editor to remove any and all partitions from a usb pendrive as HDToolbox cannot do this task sometimes with a wipe all option. Previously the only installation option was CD-RW or DVD-RW, since the whole system can be burnt onto a single disk and can be reused when the next version is released. Good branded discs like Taiyo Yuden (later JVC) or Verbatim should be used to reduce frustration later. The days for this media is gone but kept here for information Since nobody currently sells AROS on any other media, you will need access to a CD/DVD burner to create the installation disk yourself. After it is on a CD or DVD, then access and writing to USB pendrives becomes available (this should be viewed as an outdated or last resort alternative method now), as well as using good USB manufacturers like Sandisk, Kingston, etc. rather than some other no-names. Try burning it to a CD-RW or DVD-RW using your CD/DVD burning program (most burning software have a burn iso option). The ideal writing speed is 2x or 4x, higher speeds can give errors and problems. Check the writing integrity of your CD or DVD if your software has an option to do so before going any further. Standalone portable usb cd dvd drives do not boot physical burnt discs, please use an internal ide sata drive instead. * SD-card For [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html ARM Pi Aros 64bit], copy the files onto a FAT32 formatted micro SD card. ==Booting== The LiveUSB, and in the past LiveCD LiveDVD, is designed to trial (test drive) various operating systems without having to install them to your working system. Since 2011, UEFI was introduced to replace the original PC BIOS which made booting media more confusing. Some changes in the UEFI/bios may be needed *go into the bios using esc, f2 or f? and disable the Security -> Secure Boot and maybe apply option for Legacy IDE mode *you may have to press F9, F10 or F12 or p on boot up to present a device boot options like USB or CD/DVD *disable the Fast Boot config so it would recognize portable DVD-drive and changed the Boot-sequence Secure boot was introduced by Microsoft and later consortium, control what operating systems work with Secure Boot via shims. For Aros, it is best to disable and save the turn off change to Secure Boot (if you dual boot with Windows this will cause issues with further Window boots) For the best experience, it is advised to install to another SSD than the one Windows resides on. The grub part of the boot should be fully automatic, and you should see a multiple choice graphic card screen after 10 seconds for USB or 40 seconds CDs and DVDs. If boot does not occur within a minute, please reboot and choose the VGA boot option as it relays a message stream so you can see where the issue lies. After the grub graphics choice, AROS takes over the booting and any issues can arise here If possible please use a branded usb pen drive as most of the time when we get reports of "crashes right after grub boot selection" it is mostly due to the recorded pendrive as they are made, notoriously on a will it work / will it fail nature, every time it is used. <pre> So one usb drive written may stop at a System halted. Reset the machine. Or another pendrive will show give errors Smart Filesystem request - Volume 'Aros Live Drive' (DU0: usbscsi.device unit 0) There was an error while accessing this volume: Or if a FAT32 partition present - FAT filesystem - Device USBSCSI0P1 has a read error on block xxxxxxxx - </pre> Sadly, no drive even branded are resistant or totally reliable, so the only solution is to try another pendrive, and possibly to repeat, until no errors. It will give an indication on how reliable the usb drive could be. =====Advice for various machines===== Some of the stages involved and shown on the display in a typical AROS boot start up <pre> [MultiLoader] [ELF Loader] [Boot] [HPET] [Kernel:ACPI] [Kernel:APIC-IA32] [Kernel:SMP APIC] [HiddStorage] ACPI: ???? ACPI Error [ACPI]AcpiOs???? [BattClock] Got RTC century offset 0x32 from ACPI [PCI] Scanning bus ? [AHCI] Sata [Vesa] only if vesa is chosen as graphics option [ATA] detect hd & cd drives [ATA0?] ata-identity [packet] fat.handler be.handler, etc. [DOS] [Storage:Bus] [Storage:Controller] [MSS] USB setup [ehciInit] Port ? maps to controller ? [I2C] [ATI] [drm] nouveau [AROSTCP] if you have network driver prefs set up to start when booting </pre> ; If boot fails, please give us some indication (pictures or videos) where the boot stops and the message(s) on screen. AROS's native SATA/AHCI driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ahci.device, try disabling it. At your chosen boot entry in the GRUB menu, Press E, scroll down to the ahci.device entry, and add a # or ; at the start of that line or delete it with Ctrl-K. Then press Ctrl-X or F10 to boot. If your disk isn't accessible at all with this change, you might need to change the SATA controller to IDE legacy mode in the BIOS: however, making this change will likely cause problems booting Windows on the same machine (if it's already installed). To disable ahci.device permanently, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and remove the ahci.device line from all boot entries you intend to use. SATA AHCI Timeout while waiting for device to complete operations with BIOS SATA entry set to AHCI mode stops at "waiting for bootable media" screen, changing BIOS SATA setting back to IDE mode may allow it to continue booting The ATA driver doesn't always work. If you get errors related to ata.device, try using the alternative in sys:devs/alt which is an older version. Press E when your chosen boot entry is highlighted in the GRUB menu, scroll down to the ata.device entry, and change it to read "module /Devs/Alt/ata.device". Then press Ctrl-X to boot. To make this change permanent, edit the text file "SYS:Arch/pc/grub/grub.cfg", and change the path to ata.device in all boot entries you intend to use. Further options (removing the " ") to add to the GRUB menus to disable certain other components for debugging: <pre> Disable AHCI "AHCI=disable" Disable NVME "NVME=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=disable" Disable ATA: "ATA=nopci,nolegacy" ATA safe mode: "ATA=nodma,32bit" Disable IDE from SATA: "ATA=32bit,nosata2pata" VIA / SIS with cdrom read io errors "ATA=nodma,nopoll" noacpi all [PCI] devices to be invisible to AROS. disk drives work but network, sound won't acpi=strict if there are issues with sound after boot noioapic alternative to no acpi Set AHCI "AHCI=force150/force300/force600" Disable AHCI/SATA: comment out with a # ; or remove ahci.device line with Ctrl-K Disable USB: comment out # ; or remove pciusb.device and poseidon.library lines with Ctrl-K Disable native graphics: "nomonitors" USB3 "USB=xhci" </pre> Other useful grub command line options - nomonitors, noacpi, vesahack, nopoll Press Ctrl and X together (or F10) to exit and boot with the new options. Just experiment with different variations until successful. Those working options will need to be reused with every reboot of AROS until you can edit the grub.cfg and make it permanent i.e. install to hard disk or USB. * If you use VESA mode, you can see the debug log if you add 'vesahack' to the command line. This will set up split-screen mode. In the upper half you'll see AROS screen, in the bottom - debug log. * ACPI ie. PCI hardware - If you get crashes at early boot, try adding 'NOACPI' to the command line If you're having boot issues and have a null modem cable and a spare pc, a boot log is always useful. Edit your grub line to include debug=serial but would try with an with sysdebug=all in the line later as it can cause issues booting on machines with sysdebug=all enabled (corrupts the cpu initialization). However, if you feel you have found a genuine bug/fault in AROS that needs attention, please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=439463&group_id=43586&func=browse bug submission form] to record as much information about what happened, why, and what hardware etc. you have so that people may try to assist you For Virtual machines VMWare VirtualBox, etc., attach and press play to start the ISO image If booting hasn't worked then it could be down to Bios/UEFI settings =====nvme.device===== Since 2018, nvme drives are standard on most machines The requirement is that a PC can boot with legacy mode/BIOS at the moment - Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. This is still in testing and its' use should not be on or near precious own data =====AHCI===== Starting taking over since 2011 on a lot of machines * Check that UEFI (replacement for PC BIOS) has options set to remove UEFI SecureBoot option and apply CSM * SATA drive is set for Legacy or a mixture AHCI/IDE and not AHCI AHCI sata can be very difficult to get working Most Windows installs are already set to AHCI sata, changing this to a legacy IDE mode setting can help but please check if Windows will still boot. Some hardware like Lenovo laptops do not always like being set in legacy mode so only use as a last resort and aware of issues that can be caused. Now as far as hardware goes on a newer machine with an NVME drive you may need to add NVME=disable as the NVME driver could potentially cause lockups. With a 16C/32T chip machine, disable SMT and it should boot. =====ata.device for old BIOS's ===== Pre 2010 this was the de facto standard method of providing settings to the computer at a lower level Some adjustments to the BIOS setup options are necessary (usually by pressing a key like DEL, F1, F2, F12 or ESC, p on the very early boot up of the computer). *Adjust booting options like moving USB hdd, CDROM higher as it is quite often disabled or placed lower by default, i.e. USB hdd, CD/DVD are placed at the top above the hard drive. Try looking here [http://www.windowsreinstall.com/articles/bios/ Windows] or [http://www.hiren.info/pages/bios-boot-cdrom Bios] or [http://www.wikihow.com/Set-Bios-to-Boot-from-a-CD-ROM Boot] or web search "BIOS BOOT CDROM" * At the '''SAME''' time, check if the SATA/AHCI option is set to Emulate or IDE Legacy, though this can have '''issues''' with any OS already on the hard disk. If in doubt, do nothing and seek advice. * check that under BIOS settings you '''DO NOT''' have plug&play OS selected as Aros at this point is unable to route interrupts on its own and needs the BIOS to do that. '''Save''' options changed at the end. PCITool can show if the motherboard chipset is in IDE mode. Class = 0x01 means STORAGE, Subclass = 0x01 means IDE. Also ProductID 0x3a20 resolves to non-AHCI mode in Intel ICH10 documentation. ==Installing== We have a separate section [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/x86_installing here] We have a specific section for each CPU platform under the Specific platforms in the NavBar navigation bar on the right hand side menu error code (-6) when using the ahci.device (has writing to disk problem but not reading) is enabled. change this line in your grub and reboot <pre> #module /Devs/ahci.device << disable module /Devs/Alt/ata.device << add this line instead </pre> ==File structure overview== AROS' directory structure is mostly identical to AmigaOS directory structure, with some additions. AROS: or SYS: also known as DH0: (i.e. the drive partition with AROS system) has the following simplified list of the main drawers (Amigas term for directories/folders). {| class="wikitable" |boot: | grub bootloader |---- |C: | small apps, where AROS looks first for applications/games but will look at Tools, System afterwards |---- |Devs: | .audio, .hidd, network, graphics and other hardware device drivers are stored .device .resource |---- |L: | where .handler files go |---- |Libs: | where .library files go |---- |Prefs: | applications that adjust or setup AROS functions and capabilities |---- |S: | startup scripts (for the aros boot process '''not''' grub) are stored here |---- |Storage: | place to keep old or alternative device drivers |---- |System: | applications associated with AROS operating system |---- |Tools: | extra applications |---- |Utilities: | extra applications |---- |WBStartup: | copy applications here to autostart with needed icons, drawers, data etc |---- |} See [[Aros/User/DOS#Drives.2C_Files.2C_Assigns.2C_Directories|DOS manual: Drives, Files, Assigns, Directories]] === Filesystem === Whilst the kernel is the heart, the filesystem is the blood of the system they are split into two categories (only a few are supported) <pre> Journalling - SFS PFS3 but also ZFS XFS ext4 NTFS Non-journaling - FFS FAT32(VFAT) but also exFAT BtrFS ext2 </pre> Filesystem options for AROS to install * SFS default * Professional File System PFS3 [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=52234&highlight=pfs3+free&page=13 only on motorola 68k at the moment] * FFS very old now but left in for legacy usage Other [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/filesystem filesystems] for storage purposes * FAT32 favorite as most OSs support * NTFS (can lock AROS) * exFAT The only filesystems that really NEED defragging (i.e. disk tidy up) are from Microsoft(TM) - exFAT/VFAT/NTFS *SFS tries to do exactly the same thing, but in certain cases it doesn't do as well as PFS. But you can defrag SFS *PFS *minimises* the amount of fragmentation, but does not automatically defrags as it saves files to the drive The setup of the below filesystems is usually done by the distro maintainer but if not.... <pre> Copy L/exfat-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an exFAT partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = exfat-handler DosType = 0x46415458 </pre> <pre> Copy L/ntfs3g-handler L: DOSDriver or Mountlist entry for an NTFS partition make sure that the FileSystem and Handler are set as follows: FileSystem = ntfs3g-handler DosType = 0x4e544653 Also to make a read-only mount you can set: Control = ro </pre> The Smart File System (SFS) is a journaling filesystem used on Amiga computers and AmigaOS-derived operating systems. It is designed for performance, scalability and integrity, offering improvements over standard Amiga filesystems as well as some special or unique features. SFS is written in C and was originally created and released as freeware in 1998 by John Hendrikx. After the original author left the Amiga scene in 2000, the source code to SFS was released and its development continued by Ralph Schmidt in MorphOS. Its development has now forked; as well as the original Amiga version, there are now versions for MorphOS, AROS, AmigaOS 3, and a version for AmigaOS 4, which have different feature sets but remain compatible to each other. Versions for AROS, AmigaOS and MorphOS are based on different branches. In addition, there is a driver for Linux to read Amiga SFS volumes, GRUB natively supports it and there are free drivers to use it from UEFI. The Linux version is [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ independent code]. SFS (Smart File System) partially defragments itself while the filesystem is in use. The defragmentation process is almost completely stateless AROS SFS version has a 120GB partition size limit on hard disks and DVDs current 4gig size limit. The sources for the MorphOS 64-bit version of SFS were available but no porting to AROS has happened so far due to endian issues, etc. SFS Tools * GUI - arSFSDoctor, * CLI - sfscheck , [http://www.portacall.org/ sfsundelete], sfsformat, setcache hits a usability ceiling around the 10GB / 100,000 file mark, sfscheck dh0: seek purge fraglist defragment If there are two simultaneous file writes in progress and you reboot machine (or it locks up or crashes) you may end up with a corrupted filesystem. Although arSFSDoctor may help, you might have to copy the files to another partition, format the partition with the errors on and copy the files back. A bit error on the harddisk would give this error. PFS / SFS are way more advanced and much much faster than the FFS. FFS is supported for legacy reasons only. The Professional File System (PFS) is a filesystem originally developed commercially for the Amiga and now distributed on Aminet with a 4-clause BSD license. It is a compatible successor of AmiFileSafe (AFS), with an emphasis on added reliability and speed compared to standard Amiga filesystems. It also features multi-user abilities like the older MuFS. PFS has so many advantages including the important things, speed, the ability to recover all deleted files even simply same name by typing the command ". Deldir" convenient if done in Directory Opus, virtually deleted files are copied normally as if they had never been deleted, other convenience is to not ever invalidate the filesystem, just put it on top of the startup-sequence command "diskvalid", which automatically corrects any irregularities in the system startup; PFS also provides a device for floppy which makes them very fast and takes advantage of the full capacity of the floppy including the area dedicated to the bootloader. The device is split into two main areas. At the beginning of the device is the metadata section, which consists of a root block, and a generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store metadata. The rest of the device is another contiguous generic array of blocks that can be allocated to store data. The metadata section usually uses a few percent of the device, depending on the size of the device. The metadata is stored as a tree of single blocks in the metadata section. The entire directory structure is recorded in the metadata, so the data section purely contains data from files. The metadata describes the location of data in files with extents of blocks, which makes the metadata quite compact. When a metadata update occurs, the system looks at the block containing the metadata to be changed, and copies it to a newly allocated block from the metadata section, with the change made, then it recursively changes the metadata in the block that points to that block in the same way. This way, eventually the root block needs to be changed, which causes the atomic metadata update. The filesystem is reasonably good at keeping files unfragmented, although there is a defragmentation tool available which will work on an online filesystem ie whilst being used. It was the first filesystem to introduce the concept of the Recycle Bin natively at filesystem-level to the Amiga, holding the last few deleted files in a hidden directory on the disk root. PFS version 5.3 was developed in C and a small portion of assembly code by Michiel Pelt. There are endian issues to be overcome and adapting the small amount of m68k to C before use on intel based machines, etc. Autoupdate of files in a directory is already implemented in Wanderer, but not all file systems handle dos.library/StartNotify() in its full extent. It seems to work correctly in Ram Disk (thanks to AmberRAM handler), and it also works on SFS formatted devices. Other file systems might not yet have it implemented correctly though. The PC equivalent of the Amiga's RDB is the master boot record (MBR). ===Installing Applications=== The typical means to install applications under AROS/AmigaOS involves simply copying/extracting the archive (.zip .lha .rar .tar.gz) file containing the applications files to your own desired location i.e. drawer/folder. Once extracted, launching it by double clicking on an icon (recommended) or using the shell (alternative). Generally, this is on a separate partition from your AROS system files, however in reality it can be any location - including RAM: if you don't want it staying around too long especially when you switch off. At some time in the future it may be desirable for AROS to have a package-manager like subsystem able to retrieve information online about packages available for AROS and whether they update anything you currently have installed, however at the moment no such ability exists. ===User Data files=== AmigaOS has no notion of a default location to store user data files, and presently neither does AROS - though it may be desirable at some time to provide a common start location. Some people, have extra small FAT32 partition(s) using HDToolbox, and not Qparted, to store data especially if a reinstall is ever needed. And then setup the usual Sys: (DH0:) and Work: (DH1:) / Briefcase (DU1:) partitions. ===User Environment configuration files=== AmigaOS/AROS stores persistent system configuration data in directory assigned to ENVARC:. This, by default, points to SYS:Prefs/EnvArc. During boot a copy is made to another assign, ENV:, which is for runtime usage. Changes to the files here will not survive a reboot. Setting the env variables is generally done by applications themselves, or when necessary by the user using the SetEnv command. SetEnv has a SAVE switch to force the persistent copy in ENVARC: to be written also for when you are sure the change should be permanent. Under the standard installation of AmigaOS style OSs, ENVARC: is copied to ENV: upon startup, which, if you have a hard drive installation, is in RAM:, hence, ENV: ends up being RAM:Env. ENVARC: is the Environment Archive, which is the permanent copy of ENV:, which is the Environment. It's roughly like the Registry in Windoze. Most programs do (and all should) store their settings in ENVARC: somewhere, and load them from ENV:. The effect of this can be seen in the Preference editors. If you Save your preferences, they go in ENVARC: and ENV:. If you click Use, they only go in ENV:. If you reboot, normally, anything saved to ENV: is lost, and is replaced with a copy of what is in ENVARC:. you can set the default public screen for any tool started from a cli with the PUBSCREEN variable. So open the pubscreen, set PUBSCREEN to the name and start newcli for example, then the new cli window (and all following windows opened from that window) will appear on that public screen. ===Drivers=== For certain hardware, e.g audio, networking and , there is no auto setup. Just like the original Amiga OS. For audio, use AHI in the Prefs folder to set Music and at least Unit 0 with the appropriate driver and press Save. For ethernet and wifi, please use SYS:Prefs/Network All hardware support is placed in the Devs drawer (folder/directory). The network drivers <something.device> go in the Networks sub-drawer. Audio drivers <something.audio> are put in the AHI sub-drawer. Graphics drivers <something.hidd> are put in the Drivers sub-drawer. ==Configuring== AROS has mainly decided on a MUI-like requester&menu clone called Zune so changing the background, icons, font, menus can be done with SYS:Prefs/Zune AROS has several desktop GUI front ends like * DOpus5 Magellan II, Wanderer and Scalos (medium) * AROS Workbench, Workbook (smaller) File / Directory managers like Dopus4, MCAmiga, App Launch Shortcuts like FKey, BoingIconBar, right mouse click on magellan, wanderer desktop, Amistart, etc. General usability decisions - Prefs/IControl, Prefs/Locale, Prefs/Input, Prefs/Fonts, Select an icon with left mouse button and then right click the mouse button and selecting Icon -> Information gains access to the tooltypes tab where information can be edited CLI in icon's tooltypes means 'run it as if it was run from shell' If, on the other hand, the WB parameter (or no parameter) is present in Tooltypes, Wanderer will execute the binary and, if provided, the options included in Tooltypes. WBxCLI is very useful for adding options to DOS Commands. Important: AROS has a different way of managing icons. If you have an executable file, you will never be able to add a project icon. AROS will automatically recognise that it is an executable file and will transform the icon into a tool icon. Icons are typically now .png pictures renamed as .info e.g. so Office application name would have a Office.png renamed as Office.info or MyApp.png as MyApp.info, etc. Leave Out menu option to leave app icon on desktop To select multiple icons and save their positions, click on the first icon and after while you hold the Shift key down select further icons and don't release it before SnapShot is finished. You can also select a whole group of icons by pressing the LMB at the top left of the icons and while keeping the LMB down moving the power towards the bottom right. A expanding bounding box will appear and all the icons within it will be selected. Clean Up menu option (right mouse button -> Icons) rearranges icons in a drawer or disk window into a neater condition. To use, open the window to rearrange and select Clean Up. To keep the icons in the new positions, select all the icons (shift key or mouse selection) and select 'Snapshot' and then Window and then again with All. In DOpus5, Scalos, wanderer, most files have an icon file associated with it. To change the default tool, select Icon menu, Information, and change the default tool string. For example, you could use Multiview, Editor and so on for most text, graphics and some sound files as long as the appropriate Datatype classes are installed. For scripts, set the tool to C:IconX We have new Icon edit tools in progress but if you need to... C:Join Image1.png Image2.png TO MyFile.info is enough to make a dual state icon from two png images. You can then use Wanderer's menu Icon/Information on it to edit its fields and tooltypes. [http://www.masonicons.info/6.html AISS toolbar images] unpack unarc them into RAM: and copy Images directory to SYS:Prefs/Presets/ AISS icons are looked for in PROGDIR:, PROGDIR:Images, SYS:Prefs/Presets/Images and then in TBImages: according to Open Amiga guidelines. there is Demos/iconscale which could be launched from S:User-Startup with two arguments, telling it the horizontal and vertical size. IE something like Demos/iconscale 40 40 It will shrink icons... not sure if it will be very nice though. it doesn't work for the icons on the main desktop. there is an option to scale an icon to a bounding box afair, try iconsize followed by two numbers, like: iconsize 32 32 Is there any way in AROS to change an icon type from Project to Tool or vice versa? Either the SIT option of [ ProcessIcon], or the TYPE option of HandleInfo (not sure if this one works at all, please test with care). processicon sys:pathoftheicon SIT=Project SIT Set type of ICON. Allowed types are: "Disk", "Drawer", "Tool", "Project", "Garbage", "Device", "Kick" and "AppIcon". Btw, are your icons, the #?.info files, writable, is the W flag set ? '''Decoration''' is Aros' way to provides a way to hide the old Workbench 3.1 style of windows and screens. In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work Themes - SYS:Prefs -> Appearance The default content of Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/themes.var should be "themes:ice" but can be changed via the Appearance prefs, please do NOT click the Use button. Its useless. As you know, it will ask for the theme volume. Just pick the theme you want, click on Save, then reboot. * Decoration is on. Any time trying to change theme, you get: "Please insert volume Theme: in any drive"? You could check if you find SYS:System/Themes or if it is missing. Then you could open startup-sequence which you can find in drawer "S". There should be a line: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES >Nil: This does the trick. Open a shell and run: Assign THEMES: SYS:SYSTEM/THEMES Than start the Theme prefs again... this should work * The theme is the only thing that could slow the system a bit, but it's not that performance impacting on most uses, and you can switch it off completely. Remove C:Decoration from the bottom of the file sys:s/startup-sequence. In each theme directory is *Env-Archive -> Zune -> global.prefs *images -> Gadgets -> 20x20 pngs for Down etc *menu -AmigaKey - Background - Checkmark - SubMenu and config *system - Arrowdown, Arrowleft, Arrowright, Arrowup, etc There is an [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/theme ALua/Zulu script] built for faster Wanderer skin management. You can modify config files, install new (wdz format/zipped skin files) and delete skins via the Theme Manager. This has not been updated in a long time and may not work. Exchange controls Commodities and can be opened with alt, ctrl, h Certain features are added if from Tools/Commodities like Blanker screensaver, ClickToFront and DepthMenu with .info icons are selected and dragged to /WBStartup folder Most apps can be autostarted by copying into SYS:WBStartup directory folder e.g. WeatherBar.zip can be downloaded, unzip and the contents of the zip copied to wbstartup folder ClicktoFront and .info to SYS:WBStartup so always be activated when turning on the computer or add a text line to user-startup is SYS:S (scripts version of wbstartup) e.g. standard Amiga / AROS does not allow clicking of background windows to come to the front to make it easy to get to the window you need but it has the ability if these apps are copied again to WBStartUp or are added to SYS:S/user-startup script run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/ClickToFront >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/DepthMenu >Nil: run QUIET sys:Tools/Commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >Nil: *AltKeyQ uses left Alt key to add strange letters *AutoPoint *Blanker screensaver *ClickToFront allows windows to be easily brought to the front *DepthMenu adds menu to select window easily *NoCapsKey *Opaque *FKey - Although there are heaps of docks, menus and other launcher programs on the Amiga like OSs, FKey has got to be one of the quickest once learnt ways to launch programs, and it comes with the OS. In SYS:Tools/Commodities, the FKey commodity (Ctrl Alt F) allows you to make actions assigned to some combinations of keys <pre> ALT TAB Cycle Windows Cycle Screens Enlarge Window Shrink Window Toggle Window Size Insert Text Run Program Run Arexx Script </pre> e.g. <pre> LAmiga F1 = Avail Flush LAmiga F2 = Open Prefs LAmiga F3 = Finder Alt Tab = Cycle Windows LAmiga Tab or M = Cycle Screens Alt Up arrow = Enlarge Window Alt Down arrow = Shrink Window Alt Home = Toggle Window Size = Insert Text LAmiga e = Run Program = Run Arexx Script </pre> If your FKey GUI pops up when you start your Workbench up and you don't want it to, click once on the icon, go to the Icons-Information in the menu and make sure it has the tooltype set "CX_POPUP=NO". Now let's launch it and assign the locale switching. After you double-click on FKey icon, launch the Exchange, choose the FKey from list and click the Show button. This will invoke the FKey window. You can see the ALT TAB in list assigned to window switching. Now enter the first key combination, say, ALT Z and go to the right panel. Choose Launch the program from pulldown menu and enter SYS:Prefs/Input as an argument. Append the USE switch and english preset name to the string as shown: SYS:Prefs/Input USE SYS:Prefs/Presets/english Click on the New Button to add the another combination. Now set the combination for your locale as shown above, replacing English name with your preset name. Click New button again and then Save Settings. Now you can use defined combinations to switch the layouts. There is a system wide ARexx script capability (based on regina) that can manage many file manipulation task(s) but this would work only with those program that support [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx ARexx] like *Desktop - DOpus5, Scalos *Dock - FKey, *Files - Multiview, DOpus4, *Internet Apps - Odyssey, WookieChat, *General Apps - the shell can be modified with escape strings but not needed in most cases Common Keyboard Shortcuts <pre> RAlt Right Alt Key LAlt Left Alt Key RWinKey Right Windows Key LWinKey Left Windows Key RAmiga Right Amiga Key (if one) LAmiga Left Amiga Key (if one) </pre> ;Bootup Options :Spacebar during boot, enters the bootmenu which allows a boot without startup sequence, etc ;Left Click :LAmiga = LWinKey = F11 ;Right Click :RAmiga = Help = F12 ;Mark :RAmiga and B ;Cut :RAmiga and X ;Copy :RAmiga and C ;Paste :RAmiga and V ;Search :RAmiga and S ;Mouse Movement LAmiga and together with arrow keys - shift as well at the same time as well to move faster ;Mouse Selection LAmiga and LAlt to select ;Screen Switching LAmiga and M or N ;HELP key Can sometimes be mapped to F11 but can be changed via FKey ComKeyRemapper or AmigaKeyremapper could swap RAmiga to another key press ===DOpus 5 Directory Opus Magellan II=== Dopus 5.x is a whole desktop replacement on the Amiga Workbench (Desktop) DirectoryOpus app will assign DOpus5: to it's PROGDIR: automatically but if not add the below (edit SYS:System to suit where Dopus5 was installed) to your startup-sequence <pre> Assign DOpus5: SYS:System/DOpus5 DOpus5:DirectoryOpus ;DOpus5:C/LoadDB </pre> Left mouse button clicked twice on the desktop background brings up the Device List window. Green strip notifies SRCE (source) and if another is open it will be red for DEST (destination). clicking on the red strip changes to green Word list of actions with a left mouse click on the DOWN Arrow and directory stuff with < button which mirrors the icons at the top of each lister single-key hotkeys? exactly the same as in dopus4, edit your functions (button bank, toolbar, menus etc.) and under the flags gadget is a key gadget, just click in it and press the key you want to use. As for the extra text field... try turning off Extended lister key selection in environment / miscellaneous. Shift and click on the icon - runs the icon DOpus5 Magellan 2 Directory folder drawer structure <pre> ARexx - Arexx scripts .rexx and .dopus5 to perform tasks Buttons - Commands - Desktop - Environment - two environment files bundled: default gets loaded if you run DOpus as a normal app workbench gets loaded if you run DOpus as a WB Replacement (with LoadDB on startup) Filetypes - Groups - Icons - Images - Modules - compiled tasks Settings - Sounds - Themes - WBStartup - Use this if standard SYS:WBStartup gives cannot wait error messages </pre> Settings -> Environment -> Display -> Workbench (Use) *Settings -> Clock (add to title bar as well as the date) *Toolbar -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 1) for Copy, Move, Delete, etc above the Device List *Menu -> (Right Win Key together with 2) *Buttons -> Editor (Right Win Key together with 3) *Settings -> Environment (Right Win key together with 4) for Backgrounds, etc *File Types -> (Right Win key together with 5) *User Menus -> (Right Win key together with 6) *Hotkeys -> Setup for quick shortcut keypresses (Right Win Key together with 7) *Scripts -> (Right Win key together with 8) *Icon Positioning -> (Right Win key together with 9) Each Dopus5 theme are stored in a separate directory, named appropriately, which contains further sub directories * Font (amiga bitmap fonts) * Screens (jpg or any picture supported by datatypes but not animations) * Sounds (wav but not iff 8svx ) * Icons (png newicons glowicons ) * Patterns (iff jpg png ) Just use wildcards in background filenames and you get a different picture every reboot For example, configure in Environment -> Backgrounds -> Desktop something like this: <pre> Work:Pictures/Backgrounds/#? ...or Work:Pictures/back#?.iff ...etc... </pre> [https://aminet.net/util/dopus arcdir and themes] If you want to change the backdrop pic after a period of time, paste below into a text file called dopusrandbg.rexx and place in DOPus5:ARexx <pre> /* Changes DOpus background image forever Start with: Run >NIL: RX dopusrandbg.rexx */ if ~show("L", "rexxsupport.library") then do if ~addlib("rexxsupport.library", 0, -30,0) then exit 10 end /* Configure these two lines for your needs: */ minutes=1 picpath="Work:Pics/#?.iff" address DOPUS.1 do forever call delay 3000*minutes dopus set background '"'picpath'"' desktop center custom dopus refresh background custom end </pre> If you don't want to use/open rexxsupport.library just for DELAY() then use the DOS Wait command <pre> /* random diropus backdrop changer */ /* by paul trauth, 1999 */ /* to do: non-repeatable randomness? */ options results parse arg path address DOPUS.1 /* get current backdrop pattern so it actually changes */ dopus query background desktop custom currentpatt=result lastslash=lastpos('/',currentpatt) currentpatt=substr(currentpatt,lastslash+1,(pos('"',currentpatt,2)-lastslash-1)) dir=showdir(path,'FILE','/') num=0 do while dir~='' where=pos('/',dir) if where>0 then do file=left(dir,where-1) dir=right(dir,length(dir)-where) end else do file=dir dir='' end if left(file,1) ~='.' & file~=currentpatt then do pics.num=file num=num+1 end end which=random(0,num-1,time(s)) newbg='"'||path||'/'||pics.which||'"' dopus set background newbg desktop tile precision exact dopus set background on dopus refresh background </pre> Clock format commands available are defined by locale. They are: <pre> %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s </pre> like %a %d-%b-%y %H:%M or A WB ARexx interface, you could enter a cli command as a menu item to open a WB drawer like this... RX "address WORKBENCH;WINDOW 'device:drawer' OPEN" Where device:drawer is replaced by the path of the drawer to open. The ARexx script would be capable to manage such a task but this would work only with those program that support ARexx <pre> dopus addappicon dopus addtrap dopus back dopus checkdesktop dopus clear dopus command dopus desktoppopup dopus error dopus front dopus getdesktop dopus getfiletype dopus getstring dopus matchdesktop dopus progress dopus query background, font, palette, pens dopus read dopus refresh all, background, icons, lister dopus remappicon dopus remtrap dopus request dopus script dopus screen dopus send dopus set background, font, palette, pens dopus setappicon dopus version </pre> <pre> lister add lister addstem lister copy lister clear value lister clearcaches lister close lister empty lister findcache lister getstring lister iconify lister new lister query active all, dest source lister query abort, busy, case, dirs, display, entries, entry, files, flags, handler, header, hide lister query label, lock, mode, namelength, numdirs, numentries, numfiles, numseldirs, numselfiles lister query path, proc, position, seldirs, selentries, selfiles, separate, show, sort, lister query title, toolbar, value, visible, window lister read lister refresh lister reload lister remove lister request lister set busy, case, dest, display, field, flags, handler, header, hide, label, lock, mode lister set namelength, newprogress, off, path, position, progress, separate, show, sort, source lister set title, toolbar, value, variable lister select lister wait </pre> The '''command''' allows you to call internal DOpus commands from an ARexx script <pre> command all command wait copy command read s:startup-sequence command source 12345 makedir name noicon </pre> *SFTP secure encrypted comms over internet using libssh2 and zlib (different protocol to the two below) on port 22 *FTPS secured with https like security on port 21 *FTP not secure and unencrypted protocol over internet on port 21 (should not be used today on the internet but for your own server) ===Wanderer === Wanderer prefs in the prefs drawer - Appearance tab and Workbench icon allows backgrounds (wallpapers) icon text sizes, colors, etc but cannot use #? or *.* in the backgrounds file entry to randomly choose pictures - [https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/riff_container webp riff container] issues with this format but Multiview has none. Enable the bar, you need to edit the text file ‘statusbar.prefs’. The change is simple: just change “False” to ‘True’. Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS/Wanderer/statusbar.prefs ===Scalos=== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180922220139/http://scalos.noname.fr/ Scalos] is not an OS replacement, it's a Workbench replacement. It replaces the desktop and graphical file management components. Scalos is 100% Workbench replacement with most functions working like the original Workbench ones. Undo and Redo available for most window and icon operations. Fully multitasking so every window has its own task. While loading icons, any window function (e.g. Drag&Drop) is available. 24bit color support with window patterns - Unlimited and easily configurable via tooltypes. Optimised backgroundpatterns routine so patterns can be tiled, centred or even scaled to fit into the windows. Live updating window scrolling - Supports middle mouse button panning and drawer (folder) windows can be iconified on the desktop. Icon imagetypes with all types are supported such as backfill or complement. Configurable surrounding iconborder. Icon support also visually highlights files which are soft-links in the file system. Icon dragging is more stable and far less flickery on graphics cards. Whilst dragging, icons are displayed with text and they can become transparent over anything where they can be dropped. Single-window lasso mode, with scrolling window contents invoked by dragging mouse with configurable qualifier key. Text icon lasso selection used to ignore "Name column selects text icons" flag. Support for backfilled thumbnail icons, with selectable color and transparency. Added option to always generate square thumbnail icons with preview icons for images - Thumbnails can be permanently saved in icons. Supports PNG icons with alpha channel and real transparency and displays OS3.5 GlowIcons and are all scalable. Iconborders with variations (normal, shadowed, outlined). Completely configurable, filetype-specific user-definable popup menus and tooltips. Plugin system to exchange or add features and can enhance the Workbench and make it more configurable. Filetype plugins to display filetype-specific information. - Currently, EXIF information viewer for JPEG images is included. Plugin included for 100% support of OS3.9 Workbench features. Plugin included for AREXX API compatible to OS3.9 Workbench. Online update with updater.module Scalos works also as a Workbench replacement. In this case the 'emulation mode' has to be set by using Scalos' own version of LoadWB and offers * Scalos uses the Workbench Screen for its windows instead opening a new one * AppIcon, AppMenuItem, AppWindow functions are redirected to Scalos * all Programs placed in "WBStartup" should start * The Screen will be reopened in case of changes in ScreenMode and Palette settings <pre> v1.0 (V39.201) - November 1999 v1.1 (V39.212) - December 1999 v1.2b (39.220) - June 6, 2000 v1.2d (39.222) - 2000 (latest public beta executable) v1.3 (40.7) (beta) - August 2, 2001 v1.3 (40.22) - September 25, 2002 v1.4 (40.32) (beta) March 31, 2005 v1.6 (41.4) - March 27, 2007 v1.7 (41.5) - August 12, 2007 v1.8 (41.6) - March 12, 2009 v1.9 (41.7) (beta) - March 15, 2010 v1.9 (41.8) (RC1) - August 25, 2012 open source v1.9.2 (41.10) Deadwoods' AROS late 2022 32bit and 64bit build unifying the code base of ` for AROS x86 ABIv0, AROS x86_64 ABIv11 and AROS m68k </pre> Distros may have Scalos files under SYS:System/Scalos or Extras:Scalos. Known [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS/issues/75 bug list], Certain files like Menu13.prefs, Palette13.prefs, Pattern.prefs and scalos.prefs need to be in SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Scalos they can be found in Scalos:Storage/envarc and country drawer or run the "Scalos Menu" preferences program. Note if already setup with sub-menu entries and then re-save your menu prefs as it will now generate a new/overwrite prefs file called "Menu13.prefs" in "envarc:scalos/". The same is also required for the new Palette prefs update, click 'Save' and a "Palette13.prefs" file will be saved in to "envarc:scalos/" directory. <pre> ASSIGN Scalos: SYS:xxx/xxx DEFER ASSIGN Libs: Scalos:Libs add ;ASSIGN SYS:Devs/Datatypes Scalos:Devs/Datatypes add Assign Theme: Scalos:Themes/Default_Theme add Assign Locale: Scalos:Locale add Protect Scalos:Tools/browse.script s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/OpenShell s add quiet Protect Scalos:Tools/run.script s add quiet run Scalos:Tools/LoadWB ;Scalos:Scalos </pre> Add the above to SYS:S/startup-sequence or SYS:S/user-startup '''before any Wanderer entries''' In the prefs drawer (folder) is the big prefs app Scalos_Prefs which covers these user setup areas <pre> About Scalos Paths - should be preset Startup - WBStartup drawer contents should auto run on each startup Desktop - edit titlebar, icon layout and in misc, auto leave-out (drag icon to desktop) Icons - Drag and Drop - Windows - Text Windows - in misc, drawer sorting at start of listing if needed TrueType Fonts - use Truetype fonts rather than system ones Miscellaneous - Plugins - after adding oop/title_clock.plugin %ti %da does not work, maybe needs ASCII .prefs added Modules - ?? Menu - setup for MainMenu and PopupsMenu with New Menu, RE Name, Key: shortcut, Command Properties FileTypes - already added def_Project icons and def_Disk (hdd sdd cd dvd etc) support PopupMenu - tweak how popups appear Pattern - Wallpaper backgrounds with Type DE, each pattern in the list can be edited, Save as Pattern.pre Palette - change the color of things , Save as Palette.pre </pre> Scalos_Prefs - Pattern - Minimum options to be changed are *DE Desktop/Background *SC Screen *TW Window/TextBackground ie Text listing showing if icon type not recognised *IW Window/Background ie Icons showing Workflow - In "Pattern List" tab, select New - choose a picture, highlight in list, click in number box under New button and slide to another number, click on "Defaults" tab and adjust Pattern numbers slider to choose right picture for each of the above options - Click "Pattern List" tab to check eveything is OK and click Save Pattern List tab on Patterns Page - Allows you to compile a list of pictures (one at a time rather than a whole folder e.g. with #? or *.*), assigning a number Nr to one or more of them for easy reference. Using this number you will be able to assign the pictures to specific windows on the Defaults tab Page. If multiple pictures have the same number, one of the pictures will be chosen randomly. This will allow you to have random desktop pictures, random window backdrops etc. Defaults tab on Patterns Page - Here you can set the defaults for the background pictures for the Desktop, Screen, Window and/or Text Mode throughout Scalos. Randomize every time [check box] - Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture will be selected as soon as a window with the same number assignment is opened. *Fit size: The picture will be resized to the dimension of the new window.You *MUST* have set GUIGfx on. asyncron layout: Pictures will be loaded and rendered while the windows opens (Like original Workbench). If this function is 'off', pictures will always be loaded before opening the windows. *Use friendbitmap : The picture is present twice in memory for best speed. This option has no effect if V43 picture.datatype or GUIGfx are used. Always relayout: If "Fit size" is set, the picture will be scaled everytime the window's dimensions change. *Randomize everytime: Usually Pictures with the same number will be randomly selected as soon as the If more pictures have the same number, one of them will be chosen randomly. Patternlist New/Delete : Add a new picture. After that you should assign a number to it. The picture will be rendered as tiles. configuration loads. If this option is set, the picture Asyncron-Task priority: You can set the CPU priority for the Task if "asyncron layout" is set. <pre> Desktop: Number of the Picture for the main window. Screen: Number of the picture for the Scalos-Screen. Window: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows. TextMode: Number of the picture for the Scalos-windows in Text Mode. </pre> Popup Menu preferences fully configurable menus (includes ToolsDaemon and ParM launch apps import), including support for context-sensitive Popup menus configs for top pull down menus for apps, etc. Workflow - Scalos_Prefs then Menu, New Item, New Command add name at top then in Command Properties e.g. add Workbench and location e.g. DOpus:DOpus4 for apps Command for c apps or Rexx for scripts or Plugin for or AmigaDos for modules <pre> DESCRIPTION NAME/A This is the title that is displayed in the top line of any popup menu INCLUDE NAME/A Name of file to be included. Path can be relative to "Scalos:FileTypes" POPUPMENU Starts the popup menu description section for this filetype. </pre> The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: <pre> SUBMENU "NAME/A" ENDSUBMENU MENUENTRY "NAME/A,KEY/K,DEFAULTACTION/S" ENDMENUENTRY INTERNALCMD "NAME/A" WBCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,PRI=PRIORITY/K/N" AREXXCMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" CLICMD "NAME/A,STACK/K/N,WBARGS/S,P=PRIORITY/K/N" ICONWINDOWCMD "NAME/A" PLUGINCMD MENUSEPARATOR ENDPOPUPMENU TOOLTIP ENDTOOLTIP </pre> <pre> Starts the tooltip description section for this filetype. The following Subcommands are allowed inside popup menus: GROUP "ORIENTATION/K" ENDGROUP MEMBER "HIDE/K" ENDMEMBER HBAR STRING "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K" SPACE "SIZE/N/A" DTIMAGE "FILENAME/A" </pre> Each theme drawer (folder) has these further folders <pre> About - Desktop - FileTrans - FileType - Icons - Menu - Modules - PointerIcons - Prefs - Sound - Window - </pre> *Plugins <pre> devicefilter.plugin persist.plugin should a crash or reboot occur - next time Scalos started, all windows re-opened title_clock.plugin add digital clock to title see more below title_envvar.plugin %ev, which can be used to display the value (a string) of the variable in the titlebar title_freepens.plugin volumegauge.plugin wb39.plugin wbrexx.plugin plugin adds a Workbench 3.5+ compatible AREXX interface to Scalos internals xtwindows.plugin left or right ALT or left or right SHIFT keys when open/close windows filetype.plugin then run FileTypes-prefs and customize the filetypes (eg import from a DefIcons-brainfile) menu.plugin </pre> *Modules - delete, empty_trashcan, execute, find, format_disk, information, iconproperties, newdrawer, reboot, rename, systeminfo, windowproperties *Tools - scripts like LoadWB, quit.rexx, open_volume.rexx, In Scalos_Prefs->Filetype->Recognition you can define the filetypes and on "Action" you define specific context menu for all filetypes defined in recognition (similar to magellan) there is the same you must show all first (list is only limited) so you created a file type AAABBB, you need to have def_AAABBB icon Associating files with "Scalos_FileTypes" is very simple, practically it is very similar to Dopus4, first you create the Def_icons to assign to the file type (will be seen automatically ), then run "Scalos_FileTypes" you add the extension, fill in the descriptor (MATCH or PATTERN etc..) and save then you create a appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below you can define how files are identified. I use "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending. Then you click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-klick on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. defined all archive types from XAD in "filetypes". If you change to "action" and click on "archive" you can define the context menu that is shown if you do not define a specific context menu for a filetype Reset to Default in Scalos_Prefs resets all settings so BEWARE <pre> The Scalos desktop screen titlebar may be configured using the main Scalos Preference program. This oop/time_clock plugin adds some additional placeholders: %ti, displays the current time in the default Locale format. e.g. "10:43:37" %da, displays the date in the default Locale format. e.g. "Saturday 14 July 2001" Using the supplied prefs program for the plugin, or editing the ASCII file ENVARC:Scalos/title_clock.prefs you can use the following standard Amiga Locale values to change the formatting %a - abbreviated weekday name %A - weekday name %b - abbreviated month name %B - month name %c - same as "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y" %C - same as "%a %b %e %T %Z %Y" %d - day number with leading 0s %D - same as "%m/%d/%y" %e - day number with leading spaces %h - abbreviated month name %H - hour using 24-hour style with leading 0s %I - hour using 12-hour style with leading 0s %j - julian date %m - month number with leading 0s %M - the number of minutes with leading 0s %n - insert a linefeed %p - AM or PM strings %q - hour using 24-hour style %Q - hour using 12-hour style %r - same as "%I:%M:%S %p" %R - same as "%H:%M" %S - number of seconds with leadings 0s %t - insert a tab character %T - same as "%H:%M:%S" %U - week number, taking Sunday as first day of week %w - weekday number %W - week number, taking Monday as first day of week %x - same as "%m/%d/%y" %X - same as "%H:%M:%S" %y - year using two digits with leading 0s %Y - year using four digits with leading 0s like %d %m %y or %a %d %B %Y %p </pre> Shutdown -> right mouse button Scalos, About, Reboot, Shutdown ToolTypes can be added to the Scalos.info icon like *SCALOS_PATTERNNO=<number> : background image matching the number *SCALOS_NOTEXT : The Icon will be drawn without Text. *SCALOS_NODRAG : The Icon will not be draggable. Its position will be fixed. *Module iconproperties - Added SCALOS_BROWSERMODE tooltype support runcommand parameters... in which case: <pre> %p = parameters %w = directory path %d = device-name %% = literal percentage token </pre> With the help of the wbrexx.plugin Scalos gains support for more of the compatible arexx API If an arexx command produces an error you will find the error code placed in the WORKBENCH.LASTERROR variable. ACTIVATEWINDOW <pre> /* Activate the root window */ ADDRESS workbench ACTIVATEWINDOW root /* Activate the "Work:" partition's window if already open*/ ACTIVATEWINDOW "Work:" </pre> CHANGEWINDOW <pre> /* Change the root window; move it to position 10,30. * and change its size to 200100 pixels */ ADDRESS workbench CHANGEWINDOW root LEFTEDGE 10 TOPEDGE 30 WIDTH 200 HEIGHT 100 /* Change the currently active window */ CHANGEWINDOW active 20 40 200 100 </pre> Most of Scalos' issue are due to the flexibility of its' user configuring nature but if The sort menu plugin needs to be ported from ASM to C. IIRC Scalos has a command line option to fully replace Workbench/Wanderer. The Theme: assign is used by both Wanderer and Scalos but I didn't have any problems using both at the same time. The Program will be started from the Shell. If "WB Args" is set, with the Argument "%p" will be replaced by the path of the activated Icons. The Program will started with the specified Stack value. IconWindow: Scalos opens the window of the specified path. PlugIn: Starts a Scalos Menu-PlugIn. If a Menu Item with empty name is specified, Scalos displays a separator line. It's possible to Drag&Drop an Icon in the Configuration Window. All values will be set accordingly. Entries may be dragged across the list. Mac-like selection : This function activates a multiselection method used on MacOS or Win95. Don't have to hold down shift to drag them. Clicking on an already activated icon will not deselect all other icons. MMB move: The window contents may be moved using the middle mouse button. WindowPopup title only: PopupMenu for windows can be opened only on window's title bars. FullBench: Screen-Titles removed and Main Window set Full Size. Scalos Prefs. Go to Settings->Scalos->Prefs and then the Misc section. Remove the tick against Full Bench. If you've enabled it, the titlebar will disappear when you select backdrop. Default Icons saveable : The icons which Scalos generates if "show all files" is enabled, can now be saved using "snapshot" menu option. load DefDisk first : Try to read the icons first from the DefIcons Path before using disk info. Hide hidden files : If this function is activated all files or directories where the "hide" flag is set will not be shown. Many of my Icons display more than once on the screen, while on the workbench all seems ok. The Workbench filters double displayed icons, Scalos does not. Solution: please edit the ".backdrop" file and clear double lines. Background images not scaled. GUIGfx option not set or guigfx.library and/or render.library not installed. If working with CD's causes crashs or Scalos doesn't work correctly. Most Filesystems doesn't support the ExAll function correctly. Disable "Use ExAll" in Scalos prefs. Scalos doesn't start any program in the WBStartup. WBStartup Path may be set wrongly or Scalos was not started in Emulation Mode (LoadWB etc) Some programs will not startup with error message "has not returned, wait some more"? and "unable to open your tool" need a def_icon with the same name predefined, then create an appropriate entry in the list and rename it, if def icon exists it is shown. Below this can define how files are identified. * either "pattern", similar to magellan to identify file by ending * or Then click on the shown icon and define in it what program is used when you double-click on it and save it. On the tab action you can define popup menu for it. All in all handling is of course different to magellan but can do similar For the RAM Icon, to obtain this you have only to copy the icon in the Icon Path as "RAM.info" or "Ram Disk.info". All functions will automatically be performed sometimes cut into half or quarters when scrolled off screen or drawers moved - settings issue probably Sometimes leaves initial drawer window imprint on desktop when moved - settings issue Scalos AROS released a [https://github.com/deadwood2/contrib/tree/master/scalos new build V2022-07-21] with the following changes noted: <pre> Fixed: Numerous crashes when working on 64-bit with 64-bit heap Wrong background color of Scalos logo on Scalos splash window Backgroung image of Scalos splash window and Scalos About window is not visible Icon labels on desktop and in drawer windows are displayed using Topaz instead of Arial font Font.prefs are not being loaded on 64-bit Font.prefs are being wrongly saved on 64-bit scalos.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64, scalos is using always default preference scalos.prefs are being saved on x86 and x86_64 in format not compatible with m68k NewPopupmenu.prefs is wrongly written Plugins are not loading at Scalos startup wbrexx.plugin is crashing at startup on 64-bit Multiple controls missing on Scalos Prefs/Icons page System crash when clicking on def icon image on FileTypes Prefs/Recognition page Status bar, control bar, buttons sometimes don't have images displayed Buttons in Scalos About window have white corners rendered where they should be transparent Crash when leaving out an icon Crash when adding a User-defined Button to Control bar without setting it's properties in Scalos Prefs Crash when removing any button from Control bar in Scalos Prefs Scalos Prefs allows editing TTEngine font properties when TTEngine is not present causing crash in Icons/Labels and Text Windows/Fonts pages deficons.prefs are not being loaded on x86 and x86_64 Reset to default in FileType Prefs and Save does not save preferences Won't fix: Scrollbars visible on titles of TrueType Fonts, PopupMenu, Menu, FileTypes, Pallette and Pattern pages of Scalos Preferences Not fixed: Wrong rendering on DualPNG icons Refreshing drawer windows is slow Starting Prefs/Locale or Prefs/Input from Scalos causes other preferences to fail Desktop wallpaper is damaged where Splay window was displayed When started from Wanderer, after saving Scalos Prefs, reload does not re-open main Scalos window Difference in behavior between Cleanup from popup menu and Cleanup from top menu - possibly due to missing plugin, check Cleanup association in Menu Prefs </pre> ===DOpus 4 Directory Opus=== Copy DOpus4 app to WBStartup directory folder so it starts on boot up each time Another method is add the below to the bottom of the user-startup script in S: drawer/directory <pre> run DOPUS:DirectoryOpus -i >NIL </pre> makes DOpus starts up in Iconified state at the top of Wanderer's screen. Left click on this to highlight and right mouse click to open. Just click on the sides of either outer edges of DOpus windows and it will display the parent device/volume list. DOpus saves it features in a CFG file which can be edited to suit anyones' needs by reading the [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Dopus Manual] which is in Guide format. ===BoingIconBar=== User chooses the apps to add to the dock at the centre bottom of the screen but has to be done manually, please use Save afterwards Or easier edit the text file of SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/iconbar.prefs and save <pre> SYS:System/Shell SYS:Tools/DOpus4/DOpus4 SYS:Utilities/Editor SYS:System/SysMon SYS:System/Scout Work:Extras/Internet/OWB/OWB Work:Extras/Graphics/Lunapaint Work:Extras/Graphics/ZunePaint AROS:Tools/MPlayer/MPlayer Extras:Internet/AmiFox/AmiFox </pre> right mouse click on bottom edge of screen where boingiconbar shows - select settings which opens BoingIconBar Preferences to add apps If no dock showing Add, to add apps click Add Program and search for the executable another method is to drag icons to ends of the bar and move them on the Bar using the Prefs/BoingIconBar ===AmiStart=== On 32bit PCs only - auto generates the apps menu but scans the drive each time - AmiStart can choose apps you are not interested * how to disable annoying zune/mui 'bubbles'? try a right-click on AmiStart and release on Global settings. Then click on the bubbles gadget. Move the Show Bubbles slider all the way to the left. ===Fonts=== Install the #?.ttf files to SYS:Fonts/TrueType. Use SYS:System/FTManager to "Install Font" each #?.ttf file which will generate associated #?.otag and #?.font in SYS:Fonts. Use SYS:Prefs/Fonts to change system fonts and SYS:Prefs/Zune to change others. To achieve our goal we will use the Setup Locale, Input, Zune and Fonts, as well as The FTManager. Begin The first step you should do is to get the system to know that we speak and write in another language. What you need to do is to open the setup program and choose Locale country, and list "preferred languages" to put it first and then English. If you want the tab "Time Zone" and select city of residence to set the clock correctly. Of course we save our changes and continue opening the setup program Input. This sets the keyboard language as our beginning. When the language layout was created there was no option to switch to Aros keyboard (layout switching), so to write in the language you had to hold down Alt, something you encounter in other functions. This time working with the team of Aros to create a new keyboard layout to replace the old so we can get rid of the button Alt. For now though let only selected this layout and do not turn the switch on the keyboard. Custom Keyboard Layout [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git/tree/HEAD:/workbench/devs/keymaps keymaps are in place but unfortunately when they are not, then indeed things become a bit 'low-level' as it involves redefining some tables with values that match your keyboards] only need to add your compiled table as new keymap. So taking a little peek here shows that it should be possible to compile using gcc -opc105_tr pc_105.c -nostdlib where the pc105_gr/pc_105.c needs to be replaced with your own adjusted keymapname/c-file [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Enabling_Greek_Characters_on_Your_Keyboard General overview of Greek letters on keyboards] Installing fonts *[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/EPAGrWb System jaggy] *Outline resizable .font .otag In this step you need to download some fonts that can support the encoding in our system. The easiest way is to run the script "Download Fonts" you'll find in the folder OWB. This script downloads from the Internet, and unpacks some fonts for OWB web browser, which is placed under the folder Fonts:TrueType. But as these can only be used by OWB and not the system, which unfortunately does not see. To make them available to the rest of the system, open the program FTManager, you will find the folder AROS: System /. From there select the field "Codepage" option "ISO-8859-7" and list the font "Arial" and "Regular" form in which you must double-click with the mouse. In the window that appears, select the bottom right the checkbox "Anti-aliasing" button and then "Install". Immediately folder Fonts: created files "arialregular.font" and "arialregular.otag", which are necessary in order to see the system font. Do the same steps if you wish for other fonts. Final stages After completing the above, open the folder AROS: Prefs / and run the program settings Fonts. In the new window, select the fields "Icons" and "Screen" as the font "ArialRegular" to the size you want. In the field "System" to give "s_courier", which, however, because it is not True Type Font support Antialising, and may seem a little broken. You can also use the CourierNew, if you have installed the above procedure. After you save the changes and open the Zune program settings. In this set the "ArialRegular" font fields in tabs "Windows" and "Groups", and save the changes. Reboot the system. To make sure that the above worked properly run NoWinED, which you will find under the folder AROS: Tools /. If that everything is working correctly you will see the menu and the settings window with Greek letters. You can also write in the language using the button Alt. Second program that you can try, which is fully localized, is WookieChat, which you will find in the folder AROS: Extras / Networking. And in this place all the menu and settings window works. ===Windows=== *Intuition The window you position and resize, you right click on that windows title bar and in the dropdown menu you snapshot from there. Right click to show menu -> Window -> Snapshot Windows or All but it will NOT work if that folder has no icon (e.g. Disk.nfo) attached to it. You need a folder icon. The window information gets saved in it. As for maximising the window using a shortcut key - Alt and up arrow key The AROS-Shell windows can be moved, resized by editing sys:s/icaros-sequence <pre> ; run shell if ${Icaros/autoshell} EQ true run QUIET c:newshell >NIL: EndIF </pre> ; slimmer right aros the screen run QUIET c:newshell con:0/150//300/ >NIL: ; top right corner scr-x scr-y win-x win-y run QUIET c:newshell con:600/150//300/ >NIL: *Zune - AROS version of MUI Magic Menu type functionality is implemented in IControl preferences editor: in the frame called Menus, switch type from Pull-Down to Pop-Up and/or iControl just tick the sticky menu option. Windows outside screens causing a problem either uncheck "Offscreen move" for windows in IControl prefs editor. Or use FKey commodity and define two key shortcuts: * the first using the command "cycle windows" (for example ALT TAB); * the second using the command "rescue window" (for example ALT F5). Now you can cycle windows until the one you want to rescue, and then "rescue" it: it will move back inside your screen. How to save the window size on wanderer (snapshot all, snapshot windows) Same for icon position on wanderer, can't save the position. Icon position cannot be saved yet, but you should be able to save the window position and size. sys:prefs - wanderer icon has option to save window size on exit but just for dh0. To get saving working on (DH1: Extras:) partitions try deleting the dh1 disk.info file, then reboot. The system should create a new dh1 icon. * how to set up permanently 'view all files'? As for viewing all files, removing disk.info for that disk did the job * how to list and kill processes (xkill would be useful) ? sys:Extras/System/Scout can kill apps sys:Tools/Commodities/Exchange can remove available commodities * how to restore 'go up' button in wanderer window? (it doesn't show up anymore). If you're using Icaros, go to the theme prefs and make sure that decoration is checked. Also, some themes do not use a parent button, so try another theme. You may have to restart Aros before the theme will change. * Is it really safe to turn off (hardware button) computer at any time (worried about USB hard disk) yes you can turn off the computer IF none of the drives are in progress (i.e. writing). Best to use Wanderer menu option Quit otherwise ===Say narrator=== SPEAK: is a write-only DOS device for text-to-speech abbreviated as tts. To check if available, type assign into the shell and at the bottom in the Devices: section should be SPEAK Examples of use <pre> Copy S:Startup-Sequence SPEAK: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:M/R/S150/P110 Echo "DH1 EH0 L OW1" >SPEAK:A1 </pre> Classic options are M/F, R/N, S<rate>, P<pitch>, O0/O1, A0/A1, and D0/D1. O1 recognizes lines beginning with OPT/ as option changes. A1 treats input as narrator phonemes. Long options select a speech engine: Echo "Hello" >SPEAK:ENGINE=narrator/VOICE=female/STYLE=natural/LANGUAGE=en-US Supported selectors are ENGINE=, VOICE=, STYLE=, and LANGUAGE=. Values are case-sensitive backend identifiers. ENGINE=DEFAULT selects the system default. Narrator-compatible selectors continue through the classic translator/narrator pair. Other engines use speech.device. Direct phonemes require a narrator-compatible selection. ===Printing=== This needs further drivers written, we have postscript and write to file support only *Postscript Best to set Printer Prefs in the Prefs drawer to print-to-file or parallel/USB port Save document in postscript or convert picture/text to postscript Print using compatible [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Platforms/AROS_USB_support#printer.class_-_PostScript_3_and_internal_ghostscript_drivers Ghostscript printer] or Postscript printer *GutenPrint Some work has been done ;There are no individual drivers yet for HP's Photosmart, EPSON's EPL, CANON's, Lexmark, CUPS PPD, etc. ===Files=== ====File endings and datatypes==== * Check if the file has his own .info icon file with a tool set to open it. IIRC this has higher priority over the def_XYZ.info file association. * In ENVARC:SYS/def_Text.info or whatever def_ file needs changing, use Wanderer's menu Icon -> Information and change the def_XYZ.info there. If you're on ABIv0 and want it to be applied immediately, you might have to copy it to ENV:SYS/ (or to reboot). * Identifying file types by file ending is only a fallback. Far better it is to search for magic words, for flac files this would be "flaC" according to this [http://flac.sourceforge.net/documentation_format_overview.html documentation]. For instance, to open PDFs with arospdf not localised in the default drawer of Icaros (Work:Extras/Applications/arospdf) but localised in a custom drawer in AROS. The default tools are defined in the icons in sys:prefs/env-archive/sys e.g. def_PDF. File type identification is done by datatype descriptors which you can find in Devs/Datatypes. The AROS build system has a tool which creates such datatype descriptors. '''Changing of default tools of existing icons is easy as shown above. Adding of new file types is not hard, but needs knowledge of the AROS build system.''' The enduser way would be to download the attached file, which contained two executables: 1) createdtdesc, to make a new datatype description 2) examinedtdesc, to read/show existing datatype descriptions use 2 to get an idea on how it things are currently done in aros by providing this executable a file from the drawer sys:devs/datatypes/ (alternatively you can find the original .dtd files here). use 1 to make your new datatype. Use the accompanied FORMAT file (also here) to read how to make your own datatype descriptor. use 2 to get hints from other datatype descriptors. Note: When creating a new descriptor would advise against using the pattern property, but instead use the default pattern of #? and create a Mask that matches your filetype. This requires some research in order to discover how your filetype can be recognized properly. Of course with making something like a descriptor for an ascii textfile, you would fallback to using the pattern (e.g. #?.text as the filetype cannot be determined easily otherwise). <pre > # name - choose wisely and informative. also used for icon's name. # version - choose as you like as long as it complies with version rules # basename - the 'root' datatype class. be aware that e.g. it can influence behaviour. for example when choosing binary and using tool multiview in project icon, the file will be viewed as binary file (choosing sound would tell mulitview to view the file as a soundfile). So this can influence the underlying tool being used. Could become messy if users started to modify the tool manually. # pattern - This is the file pattern match e.g. #?.text # Mask - A mask to identify the file. Requires knowledge of the actual file structure. For example 'M' 'Z' for an msdos executable. # GroupdID - not supported (AROS native) files - use syst as that would be the least intrusive in case an AROS tool/program tries to load such datatyped file. # ID - In your case, the first four characters of the name at subchapter 1 (in lower case) (or less if name is shorter). # flags - How the mask needs to be interpreted. In your case would be mostly DTF_BINARY in combination with (wanted or not) DTF_CASE (to tell if mask used letters are case sensitive or not) # priority - the priority of how the type is handled so that on datatype could have precedence over another? In any case, document tells it to be mostly 0. </pre > Now that you know each field and what it does (more or less), you write this fields in a text file for your own invented datatype, save it and create the actual dt with the tool in 1. in the end the created dt must reside in sys:devs/datatypes/ drawer. Then you would create a default icon in sys:prefs/Env-archive/SYS drawer. Don't forget to reboot or copy .info file to ram:env/sys in order to test. also don't forget to set which tool to start f.e. c:lx or dh4:emulators/mycoolemulator To test, open Wanderer then show all files and doubleclick on a file of type you just created. Alternatively you could use the 'open' command from shell (with file of datatype you just created as parameter). And as a last note. it would perhaps be welcome to have a program like xicon and/or runprglist for AROS (unfortunately both without source, but something similar could be created for AROS). Sounds complicated ? Perhaps... but OS like windows needs a complete registry to be able to do things like this. And yes, i am aware windows has gui tools that does it (more or less) for you (by manipulating the registry). Same could be done for AROS (without integrating a registry in AROS that is ). Would that suffice ? red1+2: typos, reformatting. disclaimer: please note that using these tools can screw up your currently installed support for datatypes when used incorrectly. Do not use if you do not understand what you are doing. Use at own risk. ==Network Connection== AROS currently only has one real choice for TCP/IP networking - AROSTCP. This is a port of the AmiTCP package from AmigaOS (TM), with a number of enhancements/fixes from AROS developers. Please use Prefs/Network to set up wired, wireless or USB networking Non USB wifi is easier, USB wifi can be an annoyance - remember to save whilst in prefs ===Wired=== =====IPv6===== Some support 128bit IPv6 address packet <pre> Local FD::/8 Global 2000::/3 64:ff9b::/96 </pre> NAT64 translates IPv6 to IPv4 DNS64 OS routing works with <pre> MacOS Ventura Windows 11 with cloud account Ubuntu Jammy Jellyfish Android 10 (block google dns) </pre> ====IPv4==== The top half of the IPv4 Configuration tab on the Network Prefs deals with the network card/USB and the lower half the router part. [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs DHCP.png|thumb|DHCP Settings]] '''Upper part of IPv4 tab''' * Click Add on the top right of the Prefs which opens a window called '''Interface''' * Enter Name as net0 (but can be anything as long as it is consistently used in other sections) * check mark on Active * select device to be used using the '''right hand-side gadget''' of the box where the device name will go * set Unit to 0 * IP Mode is default set to '''Get address from DHCP''' * IP Mode set to Manual if DHCP does not work automatically From the shell CLI, ifconfig -a Under net0: section, inet starting 192.168.x.xxx * inet or '''Address''' of network card * netmask convert to decimal so 0x'''ffffff7f''' becomes 255.255.255.247 which is used to adjust the above '''Address''' into * broadcast 192.168.xxx.xxx click OK [[File:AROS Wanderer Network Prefs Manual.png|thumb|Manual Settings]] '''Lower part of IPv4 tab''' * IP Mode Get address from DHCP (default) * or changing to Manual if automatic DHCP set up does not work * '''Gateway''' (Router Internal LAN-IP) (Default Route) = 192.168.0.1 (D-Link Netgear), 192.168.1.1 (Linksys 3com), 192.168.2.1 (SMC Microsoft), 192.168.1.254 (Belkin), 192.168.123.254 (USRobotics) else check with your router manual * first DNS = use 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 212.50.160.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * second DNS = use 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or Gateway number above (to test web browser access to router) or 213.249.130.100 (google) i.e. or whatever your ISP needs you to set * At the bottom of IPv4 tab, check mark the '''Start networking during system boot''' option * Save and reboot (sometimes Network restart fails, so reboot every time to be sure) '''an alternative way''' to AROS ifconfig -a, other OSs have similar for the same internet connection. Another connection will have different settings. e.g. From [http://www.ncsu.edu/resnet/windows/ipconfig/ Windows], '''ipconfig /all''' and note down the IP, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers values and put these values in "manually" into AROS Network prefs. e.g. From Linux via dhcp router have a look at etc./dhcpc/dhcpcd-eth0.info * for manual input look at /etc/networks (IP or Gateway) and /etc/resolv.conf (DNS) Please note that all in one routers (wired+wireless) or separate routers may need different settings IPv4 involves routing (192,168.x.x), firewall, NAT ===Wireless=== [[File:MyArosWirelessSetup.png|thumb|Setting up]] [[File:MyArosWirelessTCP.png|thumb|Shell commands to work out what is happening]] We must first make certain you have a Atheros 5k chip inside acting as the wireless wifi option. Open PCITool in Tools directory. Down left hand side are a series of numbers 0.00.0 etc. Click on some at the bottom and hopefully one of them will say Atheros AR5??? or AR242?. or a Realtek RTL8187B, we can check using Prefs/Trident as this one is USB based There are many similarities with the above Wired set up so please read the above section as well * open Network/Prefs * In '''IPv4 Configuration''' tab - click Add - enter net0 / active tick / #?.device / Unit 0 / IP Mode = manual (important if default DHCP does not work automatically) Make sure that any extra network names (e.g. eth1 or net1) should be deleted. If net0 already st previously, change net0 so that it shows associated with the appropriate device name like atheros5000.device or realtek8180.device. Having two entries here will cause sub-net problems. * Go to '''Wireless''' tab and click on "Add" button. * Insert network name (SSID your wireless network name use wirelessmanager to get it), select right "encyption" that is most likely "WPA". * Key Type set as "Passphrase". i.e. type in your password for your router (aka access key). * Unselect (no tick) "hidden" if it is selected, then apply. You may have to tick it if wireless does not work. * Finally, Save and '''reboot'''. For the best chance of success, set networking to start at boot, and then reboot with the USB adapter plugged in. ===USB Ethernet=== Open SYS:Prefs/Network and in the IPv4 Configuration tag (top table covers your usb stick) * click Add button * set Name as net0 * Tick Active box * enter the usb-ethernet.device e.g. dm9601eth.device, usbpegasus.device or usbasixeth.device use SYS:c/devlist, '''Scout''' or trident prefs to get the correct spelling * set Unit to 0 (which is usual but check the messages from the bottom of the Trident prefs whilst plugging the device in to determine the unit number otherwise) * IP Mode is set to Get address from DHCP (make sure your router is set right for that) '''or manual''' * IP Address of network card, i.e. 192.168.0.xx or 192.168.1.xx (xx being greater than 1) * Subnet netmask = 255.255.255.0 * click OK There can be sometimes be boot failures when using USB ethernet - plug the USB device in after boot and save the network prefs to make it work again. Lower part of IPv4 tab covers the router information * IP Mode Get address from DHCP '''or if manual settings''' * Gateway (IP Address of router) = usually 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 but see router manual to make sure. * first DNS = use 8.8.8.8, 208.67.222.222 (opendns) or 212.50.160.100 * second DNS = use 8.8.4.4, 208.67.220.220 (opendns) or 213.249.130.100 ===USB Tethering via Android smartphone=== Go to AROS Network Prefs (IPv4 configuration tab) and write type in "usbrndis.device" in the "device" textfield of "Interface" sub-window, which appears when you add a new device (or modify an existing one). Select "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed.<br> usbrndis.device is a resident device (virtually always there) in fact, a driver is not present in DEVS:Networks <br><br> Plug in USB cable, go to Android settings and enable "USB Tethering" <br> A reboot should not be necessary. When restarting AROS, the Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again have to reactivate it before starting the browser. ===Solving Issues=== [[File:MyArosTCP.png|thumb|Aros network setup diagnostics - why does it not work?]] * In Network Preferences, have '''only one''' item in the IPv4 Configuration tab * If using manual settings, make sure all numbers are correct, especially for IP address of the card/usb (changing the last number in chain of four) * For any USB based networking, it is often necessary to save in Prefs/Network, reboot AROS and network support can begin * For wired, make sure that the LAN-cable is plugged in before starting the computer * If wireless, try getting closer to the router. * Switch off the encryption option from your router then try wifi, if successful then your ip/dns is ok. If not then your ip/dns settings are most probably wrong or need to use one or more opendns numbers * Replace detachable wireless antenna (best wireless option to buy if you can) with a stronger antenna ie. 5&nbsp;dBi or 7&nbsp;dBi * Try with another computer/laptop/machine Program Error C:WirelessManager * Test with another OS * Check that Wifi works before changeover (if possible) * Check that socket and card are working * Check if card is too new for laptop (date code on card MMYY blue askey date 2005-2007 etc) Are you connecting with the Router ? Check with protection off e.g. wps and wep to see if it makes a difference. For USB wireless - stopping and starting may be needed... <pre> ; $VER: AROSTCP-startnet 1.0 (01/08/06) ; AROSTCP-startnet (c) The AROS Dev Team. ; Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf ; stop and restart execute "sys:system/network/AROSTCP/s/stopnet" Run <NIL: >NIL: AROSTCP WaitForPort AROSTCP If NOT Warn ; echo "Stack online" Else echo "Wait for Stack Failed" EndIf run <NIL: >NIL: wirelessmanager realtek8180.device </pre> What IRQ number is assigned to the device? You can check with Tools/PCITool? It's possible the BIOS hasn't set the right IRQ number. If you have a Linux CD/DVD handy, could you check if it boots with the options "acpi=off noapic nolapic"? If the following does nothing, this will help us figure out why networking doesn't start automatically at boot open a shell and run the following commands: <pre> echo ${AROSTCP/AutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} echo ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} </pre> Please report the output, typically it will look like this # True (explanation this variable is related to the "Start networking during system boot" checkbox in network prefs) # True () # Devs:networks/atheros5000.device unit 0 If there's a problem with the AROSTCP package. What's the output of this? ENV:sys/packages/AROSTCP should return a string = Sys:System/Network/AROSTCP By the way, a quicker way to check networking is working would be to run some shell commands such as: <pre> ping www.google.com ifconfig net0 </pre> The best way to list the available networks and diagnose / troubleshoot problems with connecting to a wireless network is to run WirelessManager manually. First uncheck the "Start networking during system boot" box in the Network prefs app, then save and reboot. Then run this in a shell: C:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose or C:wirelessmanager realtek8180.device verbose and capture the output If the above does not help, could you edit the file SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/S/Package-Startup, and change ">NIL:" to ">T:wifi.log" on the WirelessManager line and add this as well Wait 5? <pre> if ${AROSTCP/WirelessAutoRun} eq "True" Run QUIET "C:WirelessManager ${AROSTCP/WirelessDevice} >T:wifi.log" wait 5 EndIf </pre> Then save, reboot and post the log file (T:wifi.log) here. <pre> c:wirelessmanager atheros5000.device verbose Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7) 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' Then it just sits there. Not sure what a normal dump looks like, I don't see anything that looks wrong in the configuration. </pre> looks like the driver isn't working with that card. Has anyone else successfully used that exact model number (AR2413)? <pre> Initializing interface 'atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=7): 65 63 68 65 6c 6f 6e echelon PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=14): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='echelon' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=02c66fd4 *** Own MAC address: 00:01:36:15:ae:0c RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface atheros5000.device:0 State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Started AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) sana2: sending MLME frame Then it stops. Does this mean the router is not authorizing this NIC? IRQ 4 (A) </pre> apparently locking up when the first frame is sent (a scan request). <pre> Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 Initializing interface 'Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0' conf 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' -> 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Reading configuration file 'ENV:Wireless.prefs' Line: 1 - start of a new network block ssid - hexdump_ascii(len=12): 41 69 72 4c 69 6e 6b 35 39 33 30 30 AirLink59300 PSK (ASCII passphrase) - hexdump_ascii(len=8): [REMOVED] key_mgmt: 0x2 PSK (from passphrase) - hexdump(len=32): [REMOVED] Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='AirLink59300' *** [wpa_sm_init] sm->pmksa=0224e444 *** Own MAC address: 00:1f:e1:42:e3:7a RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160000 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.060000 [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686604.060000 Added interface Devs/Networks/atheros5000.device:0 [eloop_run] Starting State: DISCONNECTED -> SCANNING Starting AP scan for wildcard SSID MLME: starting scan [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.160001 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.233000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.373000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.513000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.553000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.693000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686594.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.013000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.073000 EAPOL: disable timer tick EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized MLME: scan channel 14 (2484 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.113000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.153000 MLME: scan channel 1 (2412 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.193000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.213000 MLME: scan channel 2 (2417 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.253000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.293000 MLME: scan channel 3 (2422 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.333000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.353000 MLME: scan channel 4 (2427 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.393000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.433000 MLME: scan channel 5 (2432 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.473000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.493000 MLME: scan channel 6 (2437 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.533000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.573000 MLME: scan channel 7 (2442 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.613000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.653000 MLME: scan channel 8 (2447 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.673000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.713000 MLME: scan channel 9 (2452 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.753000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.793000 MLME: scan channel 10 (2457 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.833000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.853000 MLME: scan channel 11 (2462 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.893000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.933000 MLME: scan channel 12 (2467 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.973000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686595.993000 MLME: scan channel 13 (2472 MHz) [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.033000 sana2: sending MLME frame [eloop_reg_timeout] Timeout is at 1317686596.073000 MLME: scan completed </pre> Is your network hidden? If so, did you enable the 'Hidden' checkbox in the network prefs? What distro version are you using? <pre> "ENV:sys/wireless.prefs" looks like this: network={ ssid="testadhoc" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key0="12345" wep_tx_keyidx=0 } </pre> If your router doesn't broadcast its SSID (hidden), you need to add this option to the network block of the wpa_supplicant.conf on your aros machine and make changes after # Example blocks: scan_ssid=1 Here's a full description of all the [http://hostap.epitest.fi/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=hostap.git;a=blob_plain;f=wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf config file options]. <pre> ap_scan=1 network={ ssid="YOURESSID" scan_ssid=1 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=YOURPASSWORD } </pre> <pre> filter_ssids=1 ap_scan=2 network={ ssid="REMOVED" scan_ssid=1 bssid=REMOVED priority=100 mode=0 proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK auth_alg=OPEN pairwise=CCMP group=CCMP psk=REMOVED } </pre> Error 6: Couldn't resolve host name. Check Scout -> Devices and look at the device that you are using, in the OCnt column it should state 2 which means AROSTCP and Wirelessmanager are both accessing this driver. If 0 or 1, then uncheck the checkbox in Network prefs for starting networking at boot, save and reboot. Then run this is the shell: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 some quirks setting up the wireless network as well 1) it's far better setting up either the wired OR the wireless network adapter as net0:, or weird things happen 2) it's better using fixed IP on the local network instead of DHCP 3) network setting must be placed in network setting panel in /prefs, using the wirelessmanager helped me finding available SSIDs, but not actually connecting to them once done, reboot. If previous setup is proving problematic <pre > SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Wireless.prefs SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/OWB.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/Zune/global.config SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/WirelessDevice SYS:Prefs/Env-Archive/AROSTCP/db/Interfaces </pre > Make a copy of these files and restore in case of problems. Please try this test to check if you can connect to your router, ie established that the WiFi layer is working ̊̊̊̊Boot with networking disabled, by make sure that "Start networking at boot" in Network Prefs is unchecked (no tick). ̊ Run this in a shell: C:WirelessManager atheros5000.device VERBOSE ̊If the output of that command is too long to summarise here, you can redirect it to a file by adding >RAM:wifi.log to the end, then attach or paste that file here. try running "status" in the shell and check that AROSTCP is listed/running If AROStcp is not showing, then AROSTCP is not running. attempted to start it by clicking Use or Save in network prefs, or checking the "start networking at boot" box or typing into a shell. Execute SYS:System/Network/AROSTCP/s/startnet (run Status again afterwards). The "cannot resolve hostname" will appear if you are blocked on the wifi network by the router as well as aros not being able to assign correct network address. One way of testing this might be to disable the firewall in the router. you might also check the router how it sees the attempts aros do to speak to it. The easiest way to do that would be to manually give aros an IP number in the routers accepted range. and see if it shows up at all within the router. Tests that can be undertaken to determine correct settings and functions pciinfo sanautil -d broadcom4400.device status <pre > ping <router-address> e.g. 192.168.0.1 (aka inet) or 80.237.146.33 (www.amiganews.de) ifconfig net0 ifconfig net0 up extras:networking/utils/sanautil/sanautil -d atheros5000.device status WirelessManager atheros5000.device verbose >RAM:wifi.log ;to send the log to RAM disk to be read easier or if detected, Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device >NIL: Run WirelessManager atheros5000.device ssid="mynet1" >NIL: C:WirelessManager realtek8180.device unit 0 </pre > Please look at the task list in Scout, and check if WirelessManager and AROSTCP are running. Also look at the device list in Scout to check if realtek8180.device is open. start tools/debug/sashimi, maybe it shows some debug messages when disconnection happens. Firstly, let's take a look at what your setup most likely looks like, assuming you use a router. See diagram below: <pre> Internet <---------> home router <---------> computer -----------external IP------------------internal IP------------- </pre> Okay, so what am I trying to show you with that diagram. A few things. Firstly, the IP address that connects you to the Internet is not the same one that connects you to your router. What happens is that your computer doesn't have a direct connection to the Internet, instead your router connects to the Internet, and your computer connects to the router. You can see the external and internal IP addresses in these example settings... * Default Gateway : 76.91.64.1 (external IP for ISP/Internet host) * IP Address : 76.91.71.184 (external IP for home router) * IP Address : 192.168.0.1 (internal IP for home router) * Address = 192.168.0.161 (internal IP for computer) As you can see, there are two internal IP addresses and two external IP addresses. This is because there is a client/server relationship, effectively one address is for the service (server) and one address is for the device trying to access that service (client). The server addresses in your case are 76.91.64.1 (your ISP's address, serving the Internet), and 192.168.0.1 (your home router's address, serving your home network). The term gateway applies here, they are your gateway to those services. Subnet masks are used along with IP addresses to determine which IP addresses are allowed access to a network. I did learn the more in-depth rules about subnet masks once (watched a CCNA vid), but I've forgotten about it. The basic level of understanding you'll need is easy to remember though. A subnet mask value of 255 means that portion of the IP address must stay constant, whereas a subnet value of 0 means any unassigned value up to 255 is allowed in the IP address. By far the most common subnet value is 255.255.255.0. What this means is that the first three parts of the IP address you use to connect to a service must stay the same as the server/gateway address, and only the last section can change. So if your router's internal IP address is 192.168.0.1, and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, the only addresses that will be allowed to be used on that network are between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.255 (I think 192.168.0.0 is reserved for other uses). Final point to make is about DHCP (a.k.a. dynamic IP) vs static IP. A server/router using DHCP gives a device that connects to it an address within the acceptable range. It usually starts with the lowest numbered free address, so with your router it'll give the first device that connects to it 192.168.0.2, the next device 192.168.0.3, and so on. Static IP addresses are where you set the IP address you want to connect with in advance. When using static IP addresses on a router where DHCP is active, it's good to use a high number to avoid conflicts with other devices that are connected to your network, to reduce the risk that both devices will try using the same IP. That's why your current choice of 192.168.0.161 is good, unless you have over 159 devices connected on your current network! Okay, so what's the next step. Well, if you can use ping, I'd suggest pinging 192.168.0.1. If you get a positive response it means you're connected to your router, if you don't get a response it means the connection between your router and your computer is at fault. Documentation on configuring the AROSTCP environment further can be found [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/User/Networking here] ===File Sharing=== As AROS knows only a few filesystems (FFS, OFS, SFS, PFS (amiga only), FAT12, 16, 32, Microsoft NTFS (windows), UDF (Blu-ray)). The others in regular use like MacOSX hfs+, Linux ext2/ext3 and ext4, Haiku BeFS provide a problem in transferring files. Linux can access SFS partitions but it needs to be compiled. The latest full source are [http://home.elka.pw.edu.pl/~mszyprow/programy/asfs/ here]. It compiled fine with a 2.6.30 kernel in Puppy Linux 4.31. An alternative, is to use a FAT32 partition to share. Setup a 4G FAT32 partition using HDToolbox for sharing, and the rest of the space as SFS for an Aros install. It works very well. Files could be transferred via TCP internet network. ====SMB2/3==== With Windows you can share one folder or all folders of the "Public" user. On Windows what is important is to enable sharing (Network and Sharing Center). AROS Mountlist should look lke this <pre> Handler = L:smb2-handler StackSize = 65536 Priority = 5 GlobVec = -1 ACTIVATE=1 Startup = "smb://UserAcc:password@PCShare/Sharefolder" </pre> which could also be "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.x.x/Public" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Public" so "smb://UserPC:password@192.168.1.158/Folder" or "smb://UserPC:password@Name-PC/Folder" After you have configured a share generates a DOSDrivers it is named "SMB0" which includes the setting, and at each reboot it is Mounted. You can still delete the DOSDriver by hand, is located in Storage/DOSDrivers, the file "ServerAutoMounts", in ENV:AROSTCP which indicates the DOSDriver to be mounted, should also be deleted. The per-mount files are written to ENV:SMB or SYS:Storage/DOSDrivers. There is also additional file ENV:AROSTCP/ServerAutoMounts which states what will be presented to the end user. ====Old SMBFS==== e.g. to connect to a NAS share such as \\NASBOX\Shared use -: SMBFS WORKGROUP=<YOUR WORKGROUP NAME> VOLUME=<AROS volume name to use>: SERVICE=<UNC Path to connect to> SMBFS WORKGROUP=MYNET VOLUME=Shared: SERVICE=//NASBOX/Shared And you will then have an icon appear on your desktop for the volume name you have chosen. You can put the above script into wbstartup or give it an icon, change it to a 'project' and give it the default tool c:iconx Open a shell and type copy sys:script.info "sys:wbstartup/YOURSCRIPTNAME.info" This should create an icon for your script file. Now right-click on your script and select 'information'. Change 'tool' to 'project', put 'c:iconx' into the 'default tool' box, click save The reason being that scripts need to be opened with 'execute SCRIPTNAME' (or 'iconx') whereas the programs started from wbstartup are opened using 'run PROGRAMNAME'. It's the same as trying to start a command-line tool from the workbench by double-clicking it. ====Setup ISO images within AROS==== Use [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage DiskImage] which supports many cd image formats ISO, CCD, MDF/MDS, CUE/BIN, NRG and UIF. To mount CD or DVD images use below.... <pre > # Rename your iso 'Unit0' (note no extension). # Do 'View/All files' on you Aros partition. You should now see a folder called 'Diskimages'. Copy your renamed iso to there. (Alternatively, you could type at the shell 'assign FDSK: xxx', where xxx is the location of your iso.) # From the shell, type 'mount CD0:' and the iso should appear on the Wanderer desktop. You can now access it like a real disk. </pre > assign devname: dismount Assign DOSVOLUME: remove [http://aminet.net/package/disk/misc/unmount-0.1 unmount] most filesystems work but SFS lacks support for ACTION_DIE packet If you are using an IcAros install, the startup scripts are set up to wipe the Diskimages directory on boot, so its worth keeping a second copy of the iso somewhere else. Alternatively, you could set up extra mountlists for additional iso images. I've made a file called iso1 in the Aros:devs directory that contains the following text: <pre> /* Entry for ISO image */ ISO1: FileSystem = cdrom.handler Device = fdsk.device Unit = 1 LowCyl = 0 HighCyl = 0 Surfaces = 1 BlocksPerTrack = 1 DOSType = 0x41434400 Activate = 1 # </pre> Then I just need an iso called 'Unit1' (corresponding to the 'Unit = 1' entry in the mountlist) in Diskimages (or wherever I assign FDSK: to) and to mount I type in at the shell: Mount iso1: from devs:iso1 Of course, if you create mountlists for ISO2, ISO3:, etc. (with the corresponding change to the 'Unit = ' line) you can have as many isos mounted as you wish. I just call mine ISO1: etc. to distinguish them from the real CD drives ==Video Guides== Video demonstrations and tutorials covering: :00. '''Introduction''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@jamesmattson6813/videos Various Aros Installs], ::[https://www.youtube.com/embed/j8EmSEby0Rg AROS repo in gource, view of AROS dev commits from 1997 to 2025], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vx_zqlBow40&feature=related Gource view of AROS 1997 up to 2009], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1RsvEm7UrU Why an Amiga OS in 2011], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W886mheV74&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Johan Grip on early days of AROS x86], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaKDhtTTqQ&t=14s&pp=ygUPYW1pZ2EgYXJvcyAyMDI2 Michel Schulz on Aros and PiStorm], :01. '''Installation''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7YjufrJqDs Aros One install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMguHTdC5E Aros One USB install], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNXauy5m5Wc Aros One install], [http://vimeo.com/11013489 Modify Grub boot], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyQVeyXIywc&feature=channel iMica Silent Pt3], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2AnkoflY14 Wipe whole drive and Install - warning loss of data on drive], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVXm6_-witQ VirtualBox install], [ VMware install], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k2PEmT8I14 Broadway AROS Install], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtDiXhjSIfs Is Aros Icaros a choice?], ::[ driver install], ::[http://www.vimeo.com/10491104 HDAudio install but needs account], [], :02. '''Amiga Basics''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY8mWxwzH5o Screens tutorial], ::[https://m.youtube.com/user/AMIGASYSTEM/videos General], [ Dos Scripts tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPT7SmVEpjc OS 1.2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6kX3FqH8Ww&feature=related OS 1.3], :03. '''Customisation demos''' ::[https://www.youtube.com/@AMIGASYSTEM/videos Prefs tutorial], [ Decoration tutorial], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn5C8G3aDXU Scalos], :04. '''Setting up''' internet access and surfing the web, FTP, IRC and Mail apps ::[ Network Prefs], [ AirCOS tutorial], [ jabberwocky tutorial], :05. '''Native bundled Games and Applications''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYlFv2B-VXc 3D Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXK7wwhd-R0 Latest Games], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUgiVThv23Q&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL PrBoom GL], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s7u8TPy7V4 Assault Cubes], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fih6aCXKeqs Cube 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X0ay0MGOms DosBox on Aros], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nKduDjf14k Oct 2010], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziV2z_uxnQ Apps Pt 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs37_nfa5CI Apps Pt 2], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bn59_VvbQR0&feature=related Apps Pt 3], ::DOpus4 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSRybWjrrME DOpus 4], ::Milkytracker [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxBOEPzpdKg&feature=related Laying Down Base Tracks], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2uKQ0-ieOE Audio Evolution 4 in action], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq4r9k0_jZI Quick Videos], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGKCFZcIc0I&feature=related ScreenRecorder], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=974c2e-Fqak&feature=related TV out Tests], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjq8ct5d5IY AmiFIG], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0rHvPhYJo4&feature=youtu.be ZuneFIG], ::[http://wiki.povray.org/content/Documentation:Tutorial_Section_1 POVray Tutorial 1], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk-ZNLfJsvQ pt 1, jan. 2008], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWRy33g1R7Y pt 2, feb. 2009], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5PbhCtm4vE pt 3, feb. 2010], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7_FJUoQ89o Hollywood programming], [], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], ::[], [], [], :06. '''Commercial software available''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKXY9B4R43s AntiryadGX 3D Game Editor], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMS9NDzwm5U BOH indie Game], :07. '''Running classic amiga apps and games''' :: Amiberry [], [], ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2008/11/introducing-amibridge.html Intro Amibridge], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Old Amiga Apps], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ee2PWvCZeLo Why Janus UAE is good], ::[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhlsNSYSuDg DPaint tutorial] ::[http://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2009/11/can-icaros-play-my-amiga-games-and-why.html Play Amiga Games], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTaZCNOvCnE], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMehS77LXQ4 Pagestream Introduction], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=284-w3hTzII Pagestream Tutorial 1], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlwEGwhZzl4 Pagestream Tutorial 2], ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIcrIjPOctc Catweasel Mk4 PCI Part 1] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaitHeL6bEA Part 2], :08. '''Misc and History''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6mDXKU29w0 Mum uses old AmigaOS Workbench 1.1 (1986)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaRkacQ-YMg Why an Amiga 500 (1987)], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5CYsgVCzYY an Amiga 2000 (1987)], :09. '''Misc Shows and Events''' ::[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klgVSWKs4kE VCF 2010], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ3d5qR-Hv8 24:06 Jason McMullan at amiwest 2012 about AROS], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpQO7XSfAv4 Aros SMP multi core amiwest 2013], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFRtAAmiFbE], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjdUEyjx8GM], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydYDqZQpim8], [], [https://www.youtube.com/@uminekoshouten/featured], [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/NfoY023w-vE], :10. ::[https://www.youtube.com/shorts/6qJTNW4-6GY] ===History=== The project was originally started by a small group of Amiga [http://www.amigahistory.co.uk/aros.html enthusiasts] in 1995. These individuals were mainly computer-based college university students at the start, though that student trend has diminished since. An interview with Aaron Digulla [http://arosshow.blogspot.com/2006/12/interview-with-aaron-digulla-who.html here] * 1992 Commodore folds * 1996-1998 much of the early years was concerned with exec, dos and intuition libraries. * Early 1999, Haage & Partner used parts of the AROS code in AmigaOS 3.9. * March 2001, floppy disk images of AROS became available. * Early 2002, AROS changed its name from Amiga Replacement Operating System to Amiga Research Operating System * June 2002, AROS devs decided to use Zune (MUI 3.8 rewrite) as the GUI system. * November 2002, Eric Schwartz drew Kitty for AROS usage. * Early 2003, AROS.org underwent a graphics facelift. * Late 2003, GCC C compiler arrived. * Early 2004, Aros-Exec opened. * Early 2005, Aros Max bootable CD arrived. * Late 2005, SFS filesystem ported and allowed fast access to apps and network support arrived * Early 2007, AROS.org underwent another graphics facelift. * Mid-2007, AROS changed to AROS Research Operating System after A.Inc. sued Hyperion with a trademark violation. * Late 2007, the hard disk installer added and VmwAROS (later called Icaros Desktop) distro launched. * Early 2009, Our first usable web browser (OWB) * September 2010, first wireless support appears and AspireOS started as a distro * Early 2012, the first paper-cut bugfix and Fab's Odyssey Web Browser ported * Early 2014, backport of most features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday use (Icaros 2.0 and above) * 2015 work started on using the extra cores of the PI 2 * Early 2017, work started on utilising the addition cores on modern CPUs starting with the 64bit x86 version * Mid-2017, m68k port optimized for the Vampire 2 / Apollo accelerators (68080 AMMX FPGA) * 2018 The old AROS Exec website closed and a new one opened * 2019 AROS One distribution started and now with USB install version * Early 2021, backport of more features of ABIv1 into mainstream everyday ABIv0 (Aros One 1.5 and above) * 2025 year of 64bit pc builds and porting 32bit applications to 64bit ABIv11 * 2026 update to 2015 and earlier [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FKTL068ULM&pp=ygUPYXJvcyBhbWlnYSAyMDI2 nvidia nouveau driver] ===Bounties=== To help inspire developers with both ideas and monetary incentives, rewards are offered for the successful completion of "bounties" (requests for missing/new functionality) chosen by the community and handled by [http://power2people.org power2people] (formerly done by TeamAROS). A monthly option is [http://www.power2people.org/funds/aros/ here]. Future goals for AROS include expanding its underlying retargetability to support even more diverse architectures, provide memory protection features and user level file security, SMP and many other wonderful features missing from AmigaOS &mdash; while still providing as much source level compatibility as is possible (however it is accepted that to achieve some goals code certain things may require a little recoding). [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/contributors Developers] come and go as with any open source effort and we would like to thank them for their efforts... ;1996-2000:In DigullaA (coordinator), GripJ, TempletonI (BSD), SchulzM, RittauS, voordenDagL, HolmM, JohanssonT, VanIngelgomH, SteigerwaldM, BortasP, deJongK, AlfredssonJ, InnocentiB, ;2001-2005:In [http://chodorowski.com/adam/aros.html ChodorowskiA], StegerG, BergerS, HeutlingS, AlemagnaF (gcc), VerhaegenS (rexx), KielH, MatheussenKS (CAMD), SzczygielskiP, ErikssonP, LeCorfecD (Zune), BauerS (Zune), FurlongW, GustafssonJ, AndrewsN, CafferkeyN, GierichM (jpeg), PattonJ, ParsonsM, DietrichJ, SeilerT, BischoffL, LorentzenNH, AdamO, BerglundH, SmithP, HolmenD, BlomM, ;2006-2010:In FedinP, RusslerM, SzymczykS (owb), SmiechowiczK (openGL), WeissM, NorrisR, BrunnerO, WiszkowskiT, GreppinA, [http://www.fukt.bsnet.se/~bearsoft/ Bearsoft Björn Screwelius], ErbY, CharletF, HodgesC, [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4819&forum=18&post_id=43103#forumpost43103 HokstadV], McMullanJ (m68k), WilenT (m68k), ;2011- :In MuijzenbergPHvanden, ALB42, JonesEM, weiju, DizzyofCRN, wawa, miker, * 1996 - The linux hosted version for i386 was the first to arrive * 1998 - i386, The native version for i386-based PC AT computers and compatibles. * 2004 - x86/64, The native version for 64-bit (x86_64, amd64) PC computers. * 2008 - sam440/ppc, The native version for Sam440EP, Sam440EP Flex and Sam460ex computers. * 2009 - efika, The native version for PowerPC Efika computers. * 2010 - m68k, The native version for m68k Amigas or WinUAE * 2013 - raspi/armfh, early native version for ARMv6 based Raspberry Pi computers. * 2017 - x86/64bit smp Debugging capture serial debug at all (especially with sysdebug=all or --sysdebug=all) to see it displayed on screen * yes, usb -> rs232 adapters can work most of the time, some of the cheapest ones are not fully compatible with all rs232 devices to capture to another device * you will need a null modem cable (or a null modem adapter usually female to female) in addition to the usb -> rs232 adapter (usb adapter is a normal modem ie. the pins are not crossed over) Normal modem cable - straight connection DCE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 2 RXD Pin 3 -> Pin 3 TXD Pin 5 -> Pin 5 GND </pre> Null modem cable connections DTE <pre> Pin 2 -> Pin 3 Pin 3 -> Pin 2 Pin 5 -> Pin 5 </pre> (9pole SUB-D) <pre> serial ser: (amiga/aros) tty2 tty1USB0 (linux) COM1 (windows) (depends on the os being used) speed baud transfer rate 9600 38400 lower baud might be more successful data bits 8 stop bits 1 parity none handshaking flow control - none xon/xoff (most likely) rts/cts dsr/dtr (pins not connected so should not work) </pre> *You cannot use compiled aros X86-64 bit software (when ready) on aros X86 32bit. PPC compiled software on X86 and so on. *68k is tested with the UAE emulator (WinUAE) but some tests are done on native 68000 based Amigas and others. *PPC support is very limited to certain devices. If you use the WBStartup, you have to delete the other icons in the folder (readme etc..) and you have to add in the Icon Tooltype the parameter DONOTWAIT If you use user-startup instead, you need to add the attached command "after assignment to LUA" C:WBRun DH1:Extras/Utility/WeatherBar/WeatherBar >NIL: Change the command to match your WeatherBar path. <pre> PATH sys:Utilities/WeatherBar ADD run >nil: lua:amilua weatherforecast.lua </pre> To enter data your Country or City, ist with city_id numbers can be found [http://bulk.openweathermap.org/sample/city.list.json.gz here] or you need to go to [https://www.bbc.com/weather BBC Weather], once you type the name of your city or town in the appropriate tab, and press enter, the 7 numbers to be added in the "WeatherBar" will appear on the Browser url address bar above Unicode v16.0 emojis are not supported but [https://github.com/jens-maus/libcodesets codesets.library] provides <pre> internally supported (hardcoded) charsets/codesets are: (conversions are possible from and to each codeset): AmigaPL – Polish (Amiga) Amiga-1251 – Cyrillic (Amiga) ISO-8859-1 – Western European ISO-8859-1+Euro – West European (with EURO) ISO-8859-2 – Central/East European ISO-8859-3 – South European ISO-8859-4 – North European ISO-8859-5 – Slavic languages ISO-8859-9 – Turkish ISO-8859-15 – West European II ISO-8859-16 – South-Eastern European KOI8-R – Russian UTF-8 – Unicode In addition, external charset table files can be stored in LIBS:Charsets or loaded by an application from PROGDIR:Charsets. The charset files included with this distributions are: IBM866 – Cyrillic (cp866) ISO-8859-7 – Greek (LatinGreek) ISO-8859-10 – Nordic (Latin 6) windows-1250 – Central/East Europe (Windows) windows-1251 – Cyrillic (Windows) windows-1252 – West European (Windows) </pre> Icaros 2.3 USB image needs a header stripped so it can work correctly dd bs=512 skip=1 status=progress if=icaros_light_2-3-0_pendrive.bin of=/dev/sdxy && sync Scalos <pre> ------------------------------- { "STRING", "ID/K,TEXT/K,SRC/K,TEXTPEN/K,HALIGN/K,STYLE/K,FONT/K,VALIGN/K", HALIGN LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT VALIGN TOP | CENTER | BOTTOM STYLE NORMAL | BOLD | ITALIC | BOLDITALIC FONT // font specification - format: "fontname.font/size" ------------------------------- arguments for STRING SRC "diskstate", "diskusage", "diskusagefree", "diskusageinuse", "diskusagepercent", "fibfilename", "filecomment", "filedate", "fileprotection", "filesize", "filetime", "filetypestring", "iconname", "linktarget", "plugin" pluginname <optional plugin arguments> "versionstring", "volumecreateddate", "volumecreatedtime", "volumeordevicename", ------------------------------- arguments for HIDE "novolumenode", "isempty" (some STRING) ------------------------------- all internal commands: "about", "backdrop", "cleanup", "cleanupbyname", "cleanupbydate", "cleanupbysize", "cleanupbytype", "clearselection", "clone", "close", "copy", "cut", "delete", "emptytrashcan", "executecommand", "formatdisk", "iconify", "iconinfo", "lastmsg", "leaveout", "makedir", "open", "parent", "paste", "putaway", "quit", "redraw", "redrawall", "rename", "reset", "selectall", "showallfiles", "showonlyicons", "shutdown", "sizetofit", "snapshot", "snapshotall", "snapshotwindow", "unsnapshot", "update", "updateall", "viewbydate", "viewbyicon", "viewbysize", "viewbytype", "viewbytext", </pre> {{status|50%}} {{BookCat}} cqtyqvbulzo99z3c55q6fmcmdzc6kn4 Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4 0 36763 4664613 4654342 2026-08-26T10:47:38Z BMan 681066 /* Wild gambits - mistake */ 4664613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Italian game |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C50–C59]] |parent=[[../|King's Knight Opening]] |responses=<br> *[[/3...Bc5|3. Bc5 - Giuoco Piano]] *[[/3...Nf6|3. Nf6 - Two Knight's Defense]] *[[/3...Be7|3. Be7 - Hungarian Defense]] *[[/3...d6|3. d6 - Paris Opening]] *[[/3...Nd4|3. Nd4 - Blackburne-Shilling Gambit]] *[[/3...f5|3. f5 - Rousseau Gambit]]}} == 3. Bc4 · Italian game == White develops the bishop to a good square where it controls a valuable diagonal. From c4 the Bishop controls d5 and pressures Black's f7-pawn, the most vulnerable pawn in Blacks position. Having developed both their kingside minor pieces quickly, White is ready to castle. White's plans include a swift attack on f7 and building a big centre with c3 and d4. There is no immediate threat to Black's position so they have some flexibility in how to respond. It would be good to develop a piece, and there are several options, the top two being [[/3...Nf6|'''3...Nf6''']], the '''Two Knights''', or [[/3...Bc5|'''3...Bc5''']], the '''Giuoco Piano''',<ref name="lichess" /> which is a choice of whether to keep or to release control of g5. === Attack e4 === [[/3...Nf6|'''3...Nf6''']] is the '''Two Knights defence'''. This develops a piece and puts pressure on e4. If White should try to defend it with 4. Nc3, this allows the centre fork trick 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4. Therefore White more usually defends it with 4. d3, which can transpose into the Giuoco Pianissimo (see below), or with 4. Ng5, a sharp move that also attacks f7 and can lead to an aggressive knight sacrifice known as the Fried liver. The Two Knights defence has the reputation for bringing about a tactical and sharp game. === Control g5 === The most common move (about 53% of games) is [[/3...Bc5|'''3...Bc5''']]. By developing the kingside bishop before the kingside knight, Black's queen keeps control of the g5 square, then after 4...Nf6, Black is ready to castle 5...O-O. By developing the kingside in this order, Black avoids the sharper Ng5 lines that follow the Two Knights defence: g5 is controlled by the queen until Black is ready to castle and defend f7 with the rook. Hence this continuation is called the '''Giuoco Piano''' (Italian: Quiet game): it avoids the sharp Ng5 continuations in favour of a steadier, more positional game. Although 3...Nf6 4. Ng5 is not winning by force, avoiding the complications with 3...Bc5 is a bit more common.<ref name="lichess">In the Lichess Masters database, 53% of games continue 3...Bc5 and 43% continue 3...Nf6.</ref> After 3...Bc5, White usual plans are to continue with c3 and d4 to build a strong centre, or c3 and d3, the '''Giuoco Pianissimo''' (Italian: Very quiet game). Despite the "quiet game" soubriquet, Black may face some aggressive sidelines, including 4. b4, the Evans gambit. {{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 h6 4. d4 exd4 5. Nxd4 Nxd4 6. Qxd4 d6|caption=Position after 3...h6 4. d4 exd4 5. Nxd4 Nxd4 6. Qxd4 d6{{Chess/not|++}}.|float=left|frame=1}} [[/3...h6|'''3...h6''']], called the '''Anti-Fried Liver''', is an amateur attempt to avoid the Ng5 lines. The idea is to allow Black to play 4...Nf6 without giving up control of g5. Though this is a straightforward idea, its drawbacks are that it does not control the centre or develop a piece, and essentially just gives White extra tempo to attack. White can play 4. d4 to bust open the centre, and Black has no time to play 4...Nf6 after all. 4...exd4 5. Nxd4 Nxd4 6. Qxd4{{Chess/not|++}}. Then, before Black can get their knight out, they must play 6...d6 to prevent e5, letting White get further ahead in development (see diagram). 3...h6 is strictly inferior to 3...Bc5. [[/3...Be7|'''3...Be7''']], the '''Hungarian defence''', is a minor sideline. This is a more conservative developing move to get ready to castle while not giving up control of g5 yet. After 4. d4 d6, a Philidor-style position is reached. This usually leads to the centre opening up and a queen trade. 5. dxe5 dxe5 6. Qxd8+ Bxd8{{Chess/not|+}}. [[/3...d6|'''3...d6''']], the '''Paris defence''', is very passive. It avoids developing a piece and restricts Black's kingside bishop to over defend e5, which wasn't at risk anyway. This usually transposes into an Exchange Philidor: 4. d4 exd4 5. Nxd4 Nf6 6. Nc3 and Black's bishop has nowhere better to go than 6...Be7. {{clear}} === Wild gambits === {{Chess/board|moves=1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nd4 4. Nxe5 Qg5|caption=White owes Blackburne a shilling. Position after 3...Nd4 3. Nxe5? Qg5.|float=left|frame=1}} [[/3...Nd4|'''3...Nd4?!''']], the '''Blackburne shilling gambit''' or '''Kostić gambit''', is primarily a psychological try. Black pretends to blunder their e-pawn, but has a crushing response prepared: 4. Nxe5? Qg5!{{Chess/not|--}} (see diagram). However after 4. Nxd4 exd4{{Chess/not|+}} Black is behind in development and cannot find compensation. [[/3...f5|'''3...f5?!''']], the '''Rousseau gambit''', resembles a Vienna gambit with colours reversed. Black hopes White will take the offered pawn, 4. exf5?, deflecting one of their pawns from the centre and allowing 4...e4, and the only place for the White's knight to go is back to g1. However, White can decline with 4. d3 or countergambit with 4. d4 {{clear}} === History === The Italian game is one of the oldest openings in chess. Early studies of the opening were published in the 17th century by the Italians [[wikipedia:Giulio Cesare Polerio|Giulio Cesare Polerio]] and [[wikipedia:Gioachino Greco|Gioachino Greco]], the strongest player of his time. 3...Bc5, the Giuoco Piano, was the usual continuation. In the 18th century it was promoted by the [[wikipedia:Modenese Masters|Modenese masters]], including [[wikipedia:Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani|Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani]]. The Modenese school of thought emphasised piece activity and material over pawn structure (in contrast to their contemporary [[wikipedia:François-André Danican Philidor|Philidor]]), and thought that White's bishop was better developed to c4, from where it could attack f7, rather than b5 to pressure the e5 (as in the [[../3. Bb5|Spanish game]]). In the 19th century, the popularity of the Romantic style of lead to a shift to more tactical lines. 4. b4, the Evans gambit, reinvigorated the Giuoco Piano and became the most common continuation, a favourite of [[wikipedia:Paul Morphy|Morphy]] and the like. The more tactical Two knights defence received revival in the second half of the 19th century, and the theory received a shake-up with the invention of the audacious Traxler counterattack, 3...Nf6 4.Ng5 Bc5. In the 20th century the more tactical Italian lines fell out of vogue in favour of the rich, strategic possibilities of the slower Giuoco Pianissimo. The Italian remains a very popular opening for club players and a good alternative to the Spanish game. It is a solid choice that is easy to study and a popular recommendation for beginners. == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table |name1=Giuoco piano |line1=3...Bc5 4. c3 Nf6 5. d4 exd4 6. e5 d5 7. Bb5 Ne4 8. cxd4 Bb6 9. Nc3 O-O 10. Be3 Bg4 11. h3 Bh5 12. Qc2 |eval1={{Chess/not}} |name2=Giuoco pianissimo |line2=3. ... ... 4. ... ... 5. d3 d6 6. O-O a6 7. a4 Ba7 8. Re1 O-O |eval2={{Chess/not}} |line3=3. ... ... 4. b4 Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. d4 d6 7. Qb3 Qd7 |name3=Evans gambit |eval3={{Chess/not}} |line4=3...Nf6 4. d3 Bc5 5. - |name4=Two knights defence <br>(transposes to Giuoco pianissimo) |line5=3. ... ... 4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Na5 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 10. O-O |name5=Polerio defence |eval5={{Chess/not}} }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Italian Game}} {{BCO2}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} lwbewq6dejf8t6mqxapoafxzd601iyi Communication Systems/Wave Propagation 0 74450 4664428 3684942 2026-08-25T13:23:23Z Bobleeaes 3624006 /* Radio Waves */ Corrected the speed of light from 300,000 m/s to 300,000,000 m/s. 4664428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Communication Systems/Page}} This page will discuss some of the fundamental basics of EM wave propagation. == Electromagnetic Spectrum == {{Wikipedia|Electromagnetic_wave}} ::[[Image:cont_emspec2.jpg]] == Radio Waves == {{Wikipedia|Radio_waves}} Maxwell first predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in the 19th century. He came to this conclusion by careful examination of the equations describing electric and magnetic phenomenon. It was left up to Hertz to create these waves, and Marconi to exploit them. In spite of one hundred years of study, exactly what radio waves are and why they exist, remain somewhat of a mystery. Electromagnetic waves in free space, or TEM waves, consist of electric and magnetic fields, each at right angles to each other and the direction of propagation. ::::[[Image:tem_wave.gif]] The relationship between wavelength and frequency is given by: ::::<math>c = \lambda f</math> ::where c is the speed of light (approximately 300,000,000 m/s in vacuum), f is the frequency of the wave, and λ is the wavelength of the wave. Radio waves can be reflected and refracted in a manner similar to light. They are affected by the ground terrain, atmosphere and other objects. Maxwell’s equations state that a time varying magnetic field produces an electric field and a time varying electric field produces a magnetic field. This is kind of a chicken and egg situation. Radio waves propagate outward from an antenna, at the speed of light. The exact nature of these waves is determined by the transmission medium. In free space, they travel in straight lines, whereas in the atmosphere, they generally travel in a curved path. In a confined or guided medium, radio waves do not propagate in the TEM mode, but rather in a TE or TM mode. Radio waves interact with objects in three principle ways: ::Reflection – A radio wave bounces off an object larger than its wavelength. ::Diffraction – Waves bend around objects. ::Scattering – A radiowave bounces off an object smaller than its wavelength. Because of these complex interactions, radio wave propagation is often examined in three distinct regions in order to simplify the analysis: ::Surface (or ground) waves are located very near the earth’s surface. ::Space waves occur in the lower atmosphere (troposphere). ::Sky waves occur in the upper atmosphere (ionosphere). The boundaries between these regions are somewhat fuzzy. In many cases, it is not possible to examine surface waves without considering space waves. ::[[Image:electron_density_altitude.gif]] ===Common RF Band Designations=== {| class="wikitable" ! Frequency band name !! Frequency !! Wavelength |- | ELF - Extremely Low Frequency || 3 &ndash; 30&nbsp;Hz || 100000 &ndash; 10000&nbsp;km |- | SLF - Super Low Frequency || 30 &ndash; 300&nbsp;Hz || 10000 &ndash; 1000&nbsp;km |- | ULF - Ultra Low Frequency || 300 &ndash; 3000&nbsp;Hz || 1000 &ndash; 100&nbsp;km |- | VLF - Very Low Frequency || 3 &ndash; 30&nbsp;kHz || 100 &ndash; 10&nbsp;km |- | LF - Low Frequency || 30 &ndash; 300&nbsp;kHz || 10 &ndash; 1&nbsp;km |- | MF - Medium Frequency || 300 &ndash; 3000&nbsp;kHz || 1000 &ndash; 100&nbsp;m |- | HF - High Frequency || 3 &ndash; 30&nbsp;MHz || 100 &ndash; 10&nbsp;m |- | VHF - Very High Frequency || 30 &ndash; 300&nbsp;MHz || 10 &ndash; 1&nbsp;m |- | UHF - Ultra High Frequency || 300 &ndash; 3000&nbsp;MHz || 1000 &ndash; 100&nbsp;mm |- | SHF - Super High Frequency || 3 &ndash; 30&nbsp;GHz || 100 &ndash; 10&nbsp;mm |- | EHF - Extremely High Frequency || 30 &ndash; 300&nbsp;GHz || 10 &ndash; 1&nbsp;mm |- | THF - Tremendously High Frequency || 300 &ndash; 3000&nbsp;GHz || 1 &ndash; 0.1&nbsp;mm |- |} ===Surface Waves=== These are the principle waves used in AM, FM and TV broadcast. Objects such as buildings, hills, ground conductivity, etc. have a significant impact on their strength. Surface waves are usually vertically polarized with the electric field lines in contact with the earth. ::[[Image:surface_wave.gif]] ====Refraction==== Because of refraction, the radio horizon is larger than the optical horizon by about 4/3. The typical maximum direct wave transmission distance (in km) is dependent on the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas (in meters): :::<math> d_{\max } \approx \sqrt {17h_t } + \sqrt {17h_r } \quad {\rm{km}}</math> However, the atmospheric conditions can have a dramatic effect on the amount of refraction. :::[[Image:refraction_distance.gif]] =====Super Refraction===== In super refraction, the rays bend more than normal thus shortening the radio horizon. This phenomenon occurs when temperature increases but moisture decreases with height. Paradoxically, in some cases, the radio wave can travel over enormous distances. It can be reflected by the earth, rebroadcast and super refracted again. =====Sub refraction===== In sub refraction, the rays bend less than normal. This phenomenon occurs when temperature decreases but moisture increases with height. In extreme cases, the radio signal may be refracted out into space. ===Space Waves=== These waves occur within the lower 20&nbsp;km of the atmosphere, and are comprised of a direct and reflected wave. The radio waves having high frequencies are basically called as space waves. These waves have the ability to propagate through atmosphere, from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna. These waves can travel directly or can travel after reflecting from earth’s surface to the troposphere surface of earth. So, it is also called as Tropospherical Propagation. In the diagram of medium wave propagation, c shows the space wave propagation. Basically the technique of space wave propagation is used in bands having very high frequencies. E.g. V.H.F. band, U.H.F band etc. At such higher frequencies the other wave propagation techniques like sky wave propagation, ground wave propagation can’t work. Only space wave propagation is left which can handle frequency waves of higher frequencies. The other name of space wave propagation is line of sight propagation. There are some limitations of space wave propagation. # These waves are limited to the curvature of the earth. # These waves have line of sight propagation, means their propagation is along the line of sight distance. The line of sight distance is that exact distance at which both the sender and receiver antenna are in sight of each other. So, from the above line it is clear that if we want to increase the transmission distance then this can be done by simply extending the heights of both the sender as well as the receiver antenna. This type of propagation is used basically in radar and television communication. The frequency range for television signals is nearly 80 to 200&nbsp;MHz. These waves are not reflected by the ionosphere of the earth. The property of following the earth’s curvature is also missing in these waves. So, for the propagation of television signal, geostationary satellites are used. The satellites complete the task of reflecting television signals towards earth. If we need greater transmission then we have to build extremely tall antennas. ====Direct Wave==== This is generally a line of sight transmission, however, because of atmospheric refraction the range extends slightly beyond the horizon. ====Ground Reflected Wave==== Radio waves may strike the earth, and bounce off. The strength of the reflection depends on local conditions. The received radio signal can cancel out if the direct and reflected waves arrive with the same relative strength and 180<sup>o</sup> out of phase with each other. Horizontally polarized waves are reflected with almost the same intensity but with a 180<sup>o</sup> phase reversal. Vertically polarized waves generally reflect less than half of the incident energy. If the angle of incidence is greater than 10<sup>o</sup> there is very little change in phase angle. ===Sky Waves=== These waves head out to space but are reflected or refracted back by the ionosphere. The height of the ionosphere ranges from 50 to 1,000&nbsp;km.<ref>http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/Ionosphere.html</ref> Radio waves are refracted by the ionized gas created by solar radiation. The amount of ionization depends on the time of day, season and the position in the 11-year sun spot cycle. The specific radio frequency refracted is a function of electron density and launch angle. A communication channel thousands of kilometers long can be established by successive reflections at the earth’s surface and in the upper atmosphere. This ionospheric propagation takes place mainly in the HF band. The ionosphere is composed of several layers, which vary according to the time of day. Each layer has different propagation characteristics: ::D layer – This layer occurs only during the day at altitudes of 60 to 90 km. High absorption takes place at frequencies up to 7 MHz. ::E layer – This layer occurs at altitudes of 100 to 125 km. In the summer, dense ionization clouds can form for short periods. These clouds called ''sporadic E'' can refract radio signals in the VHF spectrum. This phenomenon allows amateur radio operators to communicate over enormous distances. ::F layer - This single nighttime layer splits into two layers (F1 and F2) during the day. The F1 layer forms at about 200 km and F2 at about 400 km. The F2 layer propagates most HF short-wave transmissions. Because radio signals can take many paths to the receiver, multipath fading can occur. If the signals arrive in phase, the result is a stronger signal. If they arrive out of phase with each other, they tend to cancel. Deep fading, lasting from minutes to hours over a wide frequency range, can occur when solar flares increase the ionization in the D layer. The useful transmission band ranges between the LUF (lowest usable frequency) and MUF (maximum usable frequency). Frequencies above the MUF are refracted into space. Below the LUF, radio frequencies suffer severe absorption. If a signal is near either of these two extremes, it may be subject to fading. Meteors create ionization trails that reflect radio waves. Although these trails exist for only a few seconds, they have been successfully used in communications systems spanning 1500&nbsp;km. The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights cause random reflection in the 3 - 5&nbsp;MHz region. Aurora causes signal flutter at 100&nbsp;Hz to 2000&nbsp;Hz thus making voice transmission impossible. == Fading and Interference == Radio signals may vary in intensity for many reasons. ===Flat Earth Reflections (Horizontal Polarization)=== There are at least two possible paths for radio waves to travel when the antennas are near the earth: direct path and reflected path. These two signals interact in a very complex manner. However, ignoring polarization and assuming a flat earth can produce some interesting mathematical descriptions. :::[[Image:direct_relected_wave.gif]] :::''p<sub>1</sub>'' = direct wave path length :::''p<sub>2</sub>'' = reflected wave path length :::<math>\Delta</math>''p'' = ''p<sub>2</sub> - p<sub>1</sub>'' difference in path lengths :::''d'' = distance From the geometry we can observe: :::<math>p_1^2 = \left( {h_r - h_t } \right)^2 + d^2</math> :::<math>p_2^2 = \left( {h_r + h_t } \right)^2 + d^2</math> :::<math>p_2^2 - p_1^2 = \left( {h_r - h_t } \right)^2 + d^2 - \left( {h_r + h_t } \right)^2 - d^2 = 4h_r h_t </math> :::<math>\left( {p_2 - p_1 } \right)\left( {p_2 + p_1 } \right) = 4h_r h_t </math> But<math>\Delta p = \left( {p_2 - p_1 } \right)</math> and <math>d \approx p_1 \approx p_2 </math> :::<math>\Delta p2d \approx 4h_r h_t </math> therefore <math>\Delta p \approx \frac{{2h_r h_t }}{d}</math> If the difference in the two paths <math>\Delta</math>''p'', is 1/2 <math>\lambda</math> long, the two signals tend to cancel. If <math>\Delta</math>''p'' is equal to <math>\lambda</math>, the two signals tend to reinforce. The path difference <math>\Delta</math>''p'' therefore corresponds to a phase angle change of: :::<math>\varphi _p = \frac{{2\pi }}{\lambda }\Delta p = \frac{{4\pi h_r h_t }}{{\lambda d}}</math> The resultant received signal is the sum of the two components. The situation is unfortunately made more complex by the fact that the phase integrity of the reflected wave is not maintained at the point of reflection. If we limit the examination of reflected waves to the horizontally polarized situation, we obtain the following geometry: :::[[Image:vector_sum.gif]] Applying the cosine rule to this diagram, we obtain a resultant signal of: :::<math>E_r = E_1 \sqrt {2\left( {1 - \cos \varphi _p } \right)} = 2E_1 \sin \left( {\frac{{\varphi _p }}{2}} \right)</math> The signal strength of the direct wave is the unit distance value divided by the distance: <math>E_r = \frac{{E_0 }}{d}</math> Therefore, the received signal can be written as: :::<math>E_r = \frac{{2E_0 }}{d}\sin \left( {\frac{{2\pi h_r h_t }}{{\lambda d}}} \right)</math> For small angles this can be approximated by: :::<math>E_r \approx \frac{{2E_0 }}{d}\frac{{2\pi h_r h_t }}{{\lambda d}} = E_0 \frac{{4\pi h_r h_t }}{{\lambda d^2 }}</math> ===Multipath Fading=== The received signal is generally a combination of many signals, each coming over a different path. The phase and amplitude of each component are related to the nature of the path. These signals combine in a very complex manner. Some multipath fading effects are characterized by delay spread, Rayleigh and Ricean fading, doppler shifting, etc. Fading is the most significant phenomenon causing signal degradation. There are several different categories of fading: ::* Flat fading: the entire pass band of interest is affected equally (also known as narrow or amplitude varying channels). ::*Frequency selective fading: certain frequency components are affected more than others (also known as wideband channels). This phenomenon tends to introduce inter-symbol interference. ::*Slow fading: the channel characteristics vary at less than the baud rate. ::*Fast fading: the channel characteristics vary faster than the baud rate. ====Time Dispersion==== Time dispersion occurs when signals arrive at different times. Signals traveling at the speed of light move about 1 foot in 1 nanosecond. This spreading tends to limit the bit rate over RF links. ====Rayleigh Fading==== The Rayleigh distribution can be used to describe the statistical variations of a flat fading channel. Generally, the strength of the received signal falls off as the inverse square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver. However, in cellular systems, the antennas are pointed slightly down and the signal falls of more quickly. :::[[Image:Rayleigh_fading_doppler_10Hz.gif|300px]] ====Ricean Fading==== The Ricean distribution is used to describe the statistical variations of signals with a strong direct or line-of-sight component and numerous weaker reflected ones. This can happen in any multipath environment such as inside buildings or in an urban center. A received signal is generally comprised of several signals, each taking a slightly different path. Since some may add constructively in-phase and others out of phase, the overall signal strength may vary by 40&nbsp;dB or more if the receiver is moved even a very short distance. ====Doppler Shift==== A frequency shift is caused by the relative motion of the transmitter and receiver, or any object that reflects/refracts signal. This movement creates random frequency modulation. Doppler frequency shift is either positive or negative depending on whether the transmitter is moving towards or away from the receiver. This Doppler frequency shift is given by: ::::<math>f_d = \frac{{v_m }}{c}f_c </math> ''v<sub>m</sub>'' is the relative motion of the transmitter with respect to the receiver, ''c'' is the speed of light and ''f<sub>c</sub>'' is the transmitted frequency. In the multipath environment, the relative movement of each path is generally different. Thus, the signal is spread over a band of frequencies. This is known as the Doppler spread. ===Atmospheric Diffraction=== Radio waves cannot penetrate very far into most objects. Consequently, there is often a shadow zone behind objects such as buildings,hills, etc. The radio shadow zone does not have a very sharp cutoff due to spherical spreading, also called Huygens’ principle. Each point on a wavefront acts as it were a point source radiating along the propagation path. The overall wavefront is the vector sum of all the point sources or wavelets. The wavelet magnitude is proportional to <math>1 + \cos \theta </math> where <math>\theta</math> is measured from the direction of propagation. The amplitude is maximum in the direction of propagation and zero in the reverse direction. == Reflection == Reflection normally occurs due to the surface of earth or building & hills which have large dimension relative to the wavelength of the propagation waves. The reflected wave changes the incident angle. There is similarity b/w the reflection of light by a conducting medium. In both cases, angle of reflection is equal to angle of incidence. The equality of the angles of reflection & incidence follows the second law of reflection for light. == Diffraction == Diffraction occurs in beams of light or waves when they become spread out as a result of passing through a narrow slit. Maximum diffraction occurs when the slit through which the wave passes through is equal to the wavelength of the wave. Diffraction will result in constructive and destructive interference. == Path Loss == ==References== {{Reflist}} 53ovcqiiccbx6ubtr6qhs71gq43iux2 Unicode/Character reference/4000-4FFF 0 77327 4664444 4585896 2026-08-25T16:47:01Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|400x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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IDEOGRAPH-4DB4|&#x4db4;}}||style="background:#f1ff63;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB5|&#x4db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB6|&#x4db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB7|&#x4db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB8|&#x4db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DB9|&#x4db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBA|&#x4dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBB|&#x4dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBC|&#x4dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBD|&#x4dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBE|&#x4dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4DBF|&#x4dbf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE CREATIVE HEAVEN|&#x4dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE RECEPTIVE EARTH|&#x4dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DIFFICULTY AT THE BEGINNING|&#x4dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR YOUTHFUL FOLLY|&#x4dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR WAITING|&#x4dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR CONFLICT|&#x4dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE ARMY|&#x4dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR HOLDING TOGETHER|&#x4dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR SMALL TAMING|&#x4dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR TREADING|&#x4dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR PEACE|&#x4dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR STANDSTILL|&#x4dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR FELLOWSHIP|&#x4dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT POSSESSION|&#x4dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR MODESTY|&#x4dce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR ENTHUSIASM|&#x4dcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR FOLLOWING|&#x4dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR WORK ON THE DECAYED|&#x4dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR APPROACH|&#x4dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR CONTEMPLATION|&#x4dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR BITING THROUGH|&#x4dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GRACE|&#x4dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR SPLITTING APART|&#x4dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR RETURN|&#x4dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INNOCENCE|&#x4dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT TAMING|&#x4dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR MOUTH CORNERS|&#x4dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT PREPONDERANCE|&#x4ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE ABYSMAL WATER|&#x4ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE CLINGING FIRE|&#x4ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INFLUENCE|&#x4dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DURATION|&#x4ddf;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR RETREAT|&#x4de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GREAT POWER|&#x4de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR PROGRESS|&#x4de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DARKENING OF THE LIGHT|&#x4de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE FAMILY|&#x4de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR OPPOSITION|&#x4de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR OBSTRUCTION|&#x4de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DELIVERANCE|&#x4de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DECREASE|&#x4de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INCREASE|&#x4de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR BREAKTHROUGH|&#x4dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR COMING TO MEET|&#x4deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR GATHERING TOGETHER|&#x4dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR PUSHING UPWARD|&#x4ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR OPPRESSION|&#x4dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE WELL|&#x4def;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#92ff6c" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4DFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR REVOLUTION|&#x4df0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE CAULDRON|&#x4df1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE AROUSING THUNDER|&#x4df2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE KEEPING STILL MOUNTAIN|&#x4df3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DEVELOPMENT|&#x4df4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE MARRYING MAIDEN|&#x4df5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR ABUNDANCE|&#x4df6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE WANDERER|&#x4df7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE GENTLE WIND|&#x4df8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR THE JOYOUS LAKE|&#x4df9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR DISPERSION|&#x4dfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR LIMITATION|&#x4dfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR INNER TRUTH|&#x4dfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR SMALL PREPONDERANCE|&#x4dfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR AFTER COMPLETION|&#x4dfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEXAGRAM FOR BEFORE COMPLETION|&#x4dff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x4e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E01|&#x4e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E02|&#x4e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E03|&#x4e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E04|&#x4e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E05|&#x4e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E06|&#x4e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E07|&#x4e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E08|&#x4e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x4e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0A|&#x4e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B|&#x4e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0C|&#x4e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0D|&#x4e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0E|&#x4e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0F|&#x4e0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E10|&#x4e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E11|&#x4e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E12|&#x4e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E13|&#x4e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14|&#x4e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E15|&#x4e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E16|&#x4e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E17|&#x4e17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E18|&#x4e18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E19|&#x4e19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1A|&#x4e1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1B|&#x4e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1C|&#x4e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1D|&#x4e1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1E|&#x4e1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E1F|&#x4e1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E20|&#x4e20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E21|&#x4e21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E22|&#x4e22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E23|&#x4e23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E24|&#x4e24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E25|&#x4e25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E26|&#x4e26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E27|&#x4e27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E28|&#x4e28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E29|&#x4e29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2A|&#x4e2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2B|&#x4e2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2C|&#x4e2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&#x4e2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2E|&#x4e2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2F|&#x4e2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E30|&#x4e30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E31|&#x4e31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E32|&#x4e32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E33|&#x4e33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E34|&#x4e34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E35|&#x4e35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E36|&#x4e36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E37|&#x4e37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E38|&#x4e38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E39|&#x4e39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3A|&#x4e3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3B|&#x4e3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3C|&#x4e3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3D|&#x4e3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3E|&#x4e3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3F|&#x4e3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E40|&#x4e40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E41|&#x4e41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E42|&#x4e42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E43|&#x4e43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E44|&#x4e44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E45|&#x4e45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E46|&#x4e46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E47|&#x4e47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E48|&#x4e48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E49|&#x4e49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4A|&#x4e4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4B|&#x4e4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4C|&#x4e4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4D|&#x4e4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4E|&#x4e4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4F|&#x4e4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E50|&#x4e50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E51|&#x4e51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E52|&#x4e52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E53|&#x4e53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E54|&#x4e54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E55|&#x4e55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E56|&#x4e56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E57|&#x4e57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E58|&#x4e58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E59|&#x4e59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5A|&#x4e5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5B|&#x4e5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5C|&#x4e5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D|&#x4e5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5E|&#x4e5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5F|&#x4e5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ff7c57" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|4E6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|900x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9000|&#x9000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9001|&#x9001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9002|&#x9002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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IDEOGRAPH-9011|&#x9011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9012|&#x9012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9013|&#x9013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9014|&#x9014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9015|&#x9015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9016|&#x9016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9017|&#x9017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9018|&#x9018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9019|&#x9019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901A|&#x901a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901B|&#x901b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901C|&#x901c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901D|&#x901d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901E|&#x901e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901F|&#x901f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|902x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020|&#x9020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9021|&#x9021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9022|&#x9022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9023|&#x9023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9024|&#x9024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9025|&#x9025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9026|&#x9026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9027|&#x9027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9028|&#x9028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9029|&#x9029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902A|&#x902a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902B|&#x902b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902C|&#x902c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902D|&#x902d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902E|&#x902e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-902F|&#x902f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|903x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9030|&#x9030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9031|&#x9031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9032|&#x9032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9033|&#x9033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9034|&#x9034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9035|&#x9035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9036|&#x9036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9037|&#x9037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9038|&#x9038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9039|&#x9039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903A|&#x903a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903B|&#x903b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903C|&#x903c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903D|&#x903d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903E|&#x903e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-903F|&#x903f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|904x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9040|&#x9040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9041|&#x9041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9042|&#x9042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9043|&#x9043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9044|&#x9044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9045|&#x9045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9046|&#x9046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9047|&#x9047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9048|&#x9048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9049|&#x9049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&#x904a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904B|&#x904b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904C|&#x904c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904D|&#x904d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904E|&#x904e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904F|&#x904f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|905x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9050|&#x9050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9051|&#x9051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9052|&#x9052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9053|&#x9053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9054|&#x9054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9055|&#x9055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9056|&#x9056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9057|&#x9057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9058|&#x9058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9059|&#x9059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-905A|&#x905a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-905B|&#x905b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-905C|&#x905c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-905D|&#x905d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-905E|&#x905e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-905F|&#x905f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ff7c57;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|906x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9060|&#x9060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9061|&#x9061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9062|&#x9062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9063|&#x9063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9064|&#x9064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9065|&#x9065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9066|&#x9066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9067|&#x9067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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'''Hangul Syllables (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEM|&#xb000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEB|&#xb001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEBS|&#xb002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWES|&#xb003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWESS|&#xb004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWENG|&#xb005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEJ|&#xb006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEC|&#xb007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEK|&#xb008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWET|&#xb009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEP|&#xb00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWEH|&#xb00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWI|&#xb00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIG|&#xb00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIGG|&#xb00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIGS|&#xb00f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIN|&#xb010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWINJ|&#xb011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWINH|&#xb012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWID|&#xb013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIL|&#xb014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILG|&#xb015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILM|&#xb016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILB|&#xb017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILS|&#xb018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILT|&#xb019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILP|&#xb01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWILH|&#xb01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIM|&#xb01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIB|&#xb01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIBS|&#xb01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIS|&#xb01f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWISS|&#xb020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWING|&#xb021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIJ|&#xb022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIC|&#xb023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIK|&#xb024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIT|&#xb025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIP|&#xb026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGWIH|&#xb027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYU|&#xb028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUG|&#xb029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUGG|&#xb02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUGS|&#xb02b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUN|&#xb02c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUNJ|&#xb02d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUNH|&#xb02e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUD|&#xb02f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUL|&#xb030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULG|&#xb031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULM|&#xb032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULB|&#xb033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULS|&#xb034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULT|&#xb035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULP|&#xb036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYULH|&#xb037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUM|&#xb038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUB|&#xb039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUBS|&#xb03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUS|&#xb03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUSS|&#xb03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUNG|&#xb03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUJ|&#xb03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUC|&#xb03f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUK|&#xb040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUT|&#xb041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUP|&#xb042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYUH|&#xb043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEU|&#xb044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUG|&#xb045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUGG|&#xb046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUGS|&#xb047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUN|&#xb048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUNJ|&#xb049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUNH|&#xb04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUD|&#xb04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUL|&#xb04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULG|&#xb04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULM|&#xb04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULB|&#xb04f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULS|&#xb050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULT|&#xb051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULP|&#xb052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEULH|&#xb053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUM|&#xb054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUB|&#xb055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUBS|&#xb056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUS|&#xb057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUSS|&#xb058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUNG|&#xb059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUJ|&#xb05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUC|&#xb05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUK|&#xb05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUT|&#xb05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUP|&#xb05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGEUH|&#xb05f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYI|&#xb060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIG|&#xb061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIGG|&#xb062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIGS|&#xb063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIN|&#xb064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYINJ|&#xb065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYINH|&#xb066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYID|&#xb067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIL|&#xb068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILG|&#xb069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILM|&#xb06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILB|&#xb06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILS|&#xb06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILT|&#xb06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILP|&#xb06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYILH|&#xb06f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIM|&#xb070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIB|&#xb071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIBS|&#xb072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIS|&#xb073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYISS|&#xb074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYING|&#xb075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIJ|&#xb076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIC|&#xb077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIK|&#xb078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIT|&#xb079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIP|&#xb07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGYIH|&#xb07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGI|&#xb07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIG|&#xb07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIGG|&#xb07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIGS|&#xb07f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIN|&#xb080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGINJ|&#xb081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGINH|&#xb082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGID|&#xb083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIL|&#xb084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILG|&#xb085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILM|&#xb086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILB|&#xb087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILS|&#xb088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILT|&#xb089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILP|&#xb08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGILH|&#xb08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIM|&#xb08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIB|&#xb08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIBS|&#xb08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIS|&#xb08f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B09x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGISS|&#xb090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGING|&#xb091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIJ|&#xb092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIC|&#xb093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIK|&#xb094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIT|&#xb095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIP|&#xb096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE GGIH|&#xb097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NA|&#xb098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAG|&#xb099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAGG|&#xb09a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAGS|&#xb09b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAN|&#xb09c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NANJ|&#xb09d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NANH|&#xb09e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAD|&#xb09f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAL|&#xb0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALG|&#xb0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALM|&#xb0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALB|&#xb0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALS|&#xb0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALT|&#xb0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALP|&#xb0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NALH|&#xb0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAM|&#xb0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAB|&#xb0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NABS|&#xb0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAS|&#xb0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NASS|&#xb0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NANG|&#xb0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAJ|&#xb0ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAC|&#xb0af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B0Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAK|&#xb0b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAT|&#xb0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAP|&#xb0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAH|&#xb0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAE|&#xb0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEG|&#xb0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEGG|&#xb0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEGS|&#xb0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEN|&#xb0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAENJ|&#xb0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAENH|&#xb0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAED|&#xb0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEL|&#xb0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELG|&#xb0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELM|&#xb0be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELB|&#xb0bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B0Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELS|&#xb0c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELT|&#xb0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELP|&#xb0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAELH|&#xb0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEM|&#xb0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEB|&#xb0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEBS|&#xb0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAES|&#xb0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAESS|&#xb0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAENG|&#xb0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEJ|&#xb0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEC|&#xb0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEK|&#xb0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAET|&#xb0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEP|&#xb0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NAEH|&#xb0cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B0Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYA|&#xb0d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAG|&#xb0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAGG|&#xb0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAGS|&#xb0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAN|&#xb0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYANJ|&#xb0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYANH|&#xb0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAD|&#xb0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAL|&#xb0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALG|&#xb0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALM|&#xb0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALB|&#xb0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALS|&#xb0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALT|&#xb0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALP|&#xb0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYALH|&#xb0df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAM|&#xb0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAB|&#xb0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYABS|&#xb0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAS|&#xb0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYASS|&#xb0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYANG|&#xb0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAJ|&#xb0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAC|&#xb0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAK|&#xb0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAT|&#xb0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAP|&#xb0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAH|&#xb0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAE|&#xb0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEG|&#xb0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEGG|&#xb0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEGS|&#xb0ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B0Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEN|&#xb0f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAENJ|&#xb0f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAENH|&#xb0f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAED|&#xb0f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEL|&#xb0f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELG|&#xb0f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELM|&#xb0f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELB|&#xb0f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELS|&#xb0f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELT|&#xb0f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELP|&#xb0fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAELH|&#xb0fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEM|&#xb0fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEB|&#xb0fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEBS|&#xb0fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAES|&#xb0ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAESS|&#xb100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAENG|&#xb101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEJ|&#xb102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEC|&#xb103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEK|&#xb104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAET|&#xb105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEP|&#xb106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYAEH|&#xb107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEO|&#xb108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOG|&#xb109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOGG|&#xb10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOGS|&#xb10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEON|&#xb10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEONJ|&#xb10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEONH|&#xb10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOD|&#xb10f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOL|&#xb110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLG|&#xb111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLM|&#xb112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLB|&#xb113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLS|&#xb114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLT|&#xb115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLP|&#xb116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOLH|&#xb117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOM|&#xb118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOB|&#xb119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOBS|&#xb11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOS|&#xb11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOSS|&#xb11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEONG|&#xb11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOJ|&#xb11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOC|&#xb11f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOK|&#xb120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOT|&#xb121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOP|&#xb122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEOH|&#xb123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NE|&#xb124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEG|&#xb125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEGG|&#xb126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEGS|&#xb127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEN|&#xb128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NENJ|&#xb129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NENH|&#xb12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NED|&#xb12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEL|&#xb12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELG|&#xb12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELM|&#xb12e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELB|&#xb12f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELS|&#xb130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELT|&#xb131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELP|&#xb132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NELH|&#xb133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEM|&#xb134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEB|&#xb135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEBS|&#xb136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NES|&#xb137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NESS|&#xb138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NENG|&#xb139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEJ|&#xb13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEC|&#xb13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEK|&#xb13c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NET|&#xb13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEP|&#xb13e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEH|&#xb13f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEO|&#xb140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOG|&#xb141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOGG|&#xb142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOGS|&#xb143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEON|&#xb144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEONJ|&#xb145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEONH|&#xb146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOD|&#xb147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOL|&#xb148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLG|&#xb149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLM|&#xb14a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLB|&#xb14b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLS|&#xb14c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLT|&#xb14d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLP|&#xb14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOLH|&#xb14f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B15x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOM|&#xb150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOB|&#xb151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOBS|&#xb152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOS|&#xb153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOSS|&#xb154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEONG|&#xb155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOJ|&#xb156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOC|&#xb157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOK|&#xb158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOT|&#xb159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOP|&#xb15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEOH|&#xb15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYE|&#xb15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEG|&#xb15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEGG|&#xb15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEGS|&#xb15f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B16x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEN|&#xb160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYENJ|&#xb161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYENH|&#xb162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYED|&#xb163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEL|&#xb164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELG|&#xb165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELM|&#xb166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELB|&#xb167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELS|&#xb168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELT|&#xb169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELP|&#xb16a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYELH|&#xb16b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEM|&#xb16c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEB|&#xb16d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEBS|&#xb16e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYES|&#xb16f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYESS|&#xb170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYENG|&#xb171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEJ|&#xb172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEC|&#xb173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEK|&#xb174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYET|&#xb175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEP|&#xb176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYEH|&#xb177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NO|&#xb178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOG|&#xb179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOGG|&#xb17a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOGS|&#xb17b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NON|&#xb17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NONJ|&#xb17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NONH|&#xb17e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOD|&#xb17f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOL|&#xb180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLG|&#xb181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLM|&#xb182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLB|&#xb183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLS|&#xb184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLT|&#xb185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLP|&#xb186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOLH|&#xb187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOM|&#xb188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOB|&#xb189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOBS|&#xb18a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOS|&#xb18b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOSS|&#xb18c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NONG|&#xb18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOJ|&#xb18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOC|&#xb18f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B19x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOK|&#xb190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOT|&#xb191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOP|&#xb192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOH|&#xb193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWA|&#xb194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAG|&#xb195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAGG|&#xb196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAGS|&#xb197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAN|&#xb198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWANJ|&#xb199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWANH|&#xb19a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAD|&#xb19b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAL|&#xb19c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALG|&#xb19d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALM|&#xb19e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALB|&#xb19f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALS|&#xb1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALT|&#xb1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALP|&#xb1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWALH|&#xb1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAM|&#xb1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAB|&#xb1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWABS|&#xb1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAS|&#xb1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWASS|&#xb1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWANG|&#xb1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAJ|&#xb1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAC|&#xb1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAK|&#xb1ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAT|&#xb1ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAP|&#xb1ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAH|&#xb1af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B1Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAE|&#xb1b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEG|&#xb1b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEGG|&#xb1b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEGS|&#xb1b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEN|&#xb1b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAENJ|&#xb1b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAENH|&#xb1b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAED|&#xb1b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEL|&#xb1b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELG|&#xb1b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELM|&#xb1ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELB|&#xb1bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELS|&#xb1bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELT|&#xb1bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELP|&#xb1be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAELH|&#xb1bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B1Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEM|&#xb1c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEB|&#xb1c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEBS|&#xb1c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAES|&#xb1c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAESS|&#xb1c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAENG|&#xb1c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEJ|&#xb1c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEC|&#xb1c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEK|&#xb1c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAET|&#xb1c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEP|&#xb1ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWAEH|&#xb1cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOE|&#xb1cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEG|&#xb1cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEGG|&#xb1ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEGS|&#xb1cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B1Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEN|&#xb1d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOENJ|&#xb1d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOENH|&#xb1d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOED|&#xb1d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEL|&#xb1d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELG|&#xb1d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELM|&#xb1d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELB|&#xb1d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELS|&#xb1d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELT|&#xb1d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELP|&#xb1da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOELH|&#xb1db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEM|&#xb1dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEB|&#xb1dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEBS|&#xb1de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOES|&#xb1df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B1Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOESS|&#xb1e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOENG|&#xb1e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEJ|&#xb1e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEC|&#xb1e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEK|&#xb1e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOET|&#xb1e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEP|&#xb1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NOEH|&#xb1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYO|&#xb1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOG|&#xb1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOGG|&#xb1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOGS|&#xb1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYON|&#xb1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYONJ|&#xb1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYONH|&#xb1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOD|&#xb1ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B1Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOL|&#xb1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLG|&#xb1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLM|&#xb1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLB|&#xb1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLS|&#xb1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLT|&#xb1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLP|&#xb1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOLH|&#xb1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOM|&#xb1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOB|&#xb1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOBS|&#xb1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOS|&#xb1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOSS|&#xb1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYONG|&#xb1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOJ|&#xb1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOC|&#xb1ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B20x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOK|&#xb200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOT|&#xb201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOP|&#xb202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYOH|&#xb203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NU|&#xb204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUG|&#xb205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUGG|&#xb206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUGS|&#xb207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUN|&#xb208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUNJ|&#xb209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUNH|&#xb20a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUD|&#xb20b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUL|&#xb20c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULG|&#xb20d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULM|&#xb20e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULB|&#xb20f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULS|&#xb210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULT|&#xb211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULP|&#xb212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NULH|&#xb213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUM|&#xb214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUB|&#xb215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUBS|&#xb216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUS|&#xb217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUSS|&#xb218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUNG|&#xb219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUJ|&#xb21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUC|&#xb21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUK|&#xb21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUT|&#xb21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUP|&#xb21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NUH|&#xb21f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEO|&#xb220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOG|&#xb221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOGG|&#xb222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOGS|&#xb223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEON|&#xb224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEONJ|&#xb225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEONH|&#xb226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOD|&#xb227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOL|&#xb228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLG|&#xb229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLM|&#xb22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLB|&#xb22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLS|&#xb22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLT|&#xb22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLP|&#xb22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOLH|&#xb22f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B23x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOM|&#xb230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOB|&#xb231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOBS|&#xb232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOS|&#xb233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOSS|&#xb234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEONG|&#xb235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOJ|&#xb236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOC|&#xb237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOK|&#xb238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOT|&#xb239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOP|&#xb23a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEOH|&#xb23b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWE|&#xb23c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEG|&#xb23d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEGG|&#xb23e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEGS|&#xb23f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B24x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEN|&#xb240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWENJ|&#xb241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWENH|&#xb242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWED|&#xb243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEL|&#xb244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELG|&#xb245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELM|&#xb246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELB|&#xb247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELS|&#xb248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELT|&#xb249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELP|&#xb24a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWELH|&#xb24b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEM|&#xb24c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEB|&#xb24d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEBS|&#xb24e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWES|&#xb24f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B25x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWESS|&#xb250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWENG|&#xb251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEJ|&#xb252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEC|&#xb253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEK|&#xb254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWET|&#xb255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEP|&#xb256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWEH|&#xb257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWI|&#xb258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIG|&#xb259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIGG|&#xb25a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIGS|&#xb25b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIN|&#xb25c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWINJ|&#xb25d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWINH|&#xb25e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWID|&#xb25f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B26x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIL|&#xb260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILG|&#xb261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILM|&#xb262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILB|&#xb263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILS|&#xb264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILT|&#xb265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILP|&#xb266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWILH|&#xb267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIM|&#xb268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIB|&#xb269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIBS|&#xb26a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIS|&#xb26b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWISS|&#xb26c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWING|&#xb26d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIJ|&#xb26e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIC|&#xb26f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B27x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIK|&#xb270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIT|&#xb271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIP|&#xb272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NWIH|&#xb273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYU|&#xb274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUG|&#xb275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUGG|&#xb276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUGS|&#xb277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUN|&#xb278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUNJ|&#xb279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUNH|&#xb27a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUD|&#xb27b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUL|&#xb27c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULG|&#xb27d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULM|&#xb27e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULB|&#xb27f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B28x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULS|&#xb280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULT|&#xb281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULP|&#xb282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYULH|&#xb283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUM|&#xb284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUB|&#xb285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUBS|&#xb286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUS|&#xb287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUSS|&#xb288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUNG|&#xb289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUJ|&#xb28a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUC|&#xb28b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUK|&#xb28c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUT|&#xb28d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUP|&#xb28e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYUH|&#xb28f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B29x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEU|&#xb290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUG|&#xb291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUGG|&#xb292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUGS|&#xb293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUN|&#xb294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUNJ|&#xb295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUNH|&#xb296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUD|&#xb297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUL|&#xb298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULG|&#xb299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULM|&#xb29a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULB|&#xb29b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULS|&#xb29c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULT|&#xb29d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULP|&#xb29e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEULH|&#xb29f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B2Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUM|&#xb2a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUB|&#xb2a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUBS|&#xb2a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUS|&#xb2a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUSS|&#xb2a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUNG|&#xb2a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUJ|&#xb2a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUC|&#xb2a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUK|&#xb2a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUT|&#xb2a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUP|&#xb2aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NEUH|&#xb2ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYI|&#xb2ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIG|&#xb2ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIGG|&#xb2ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIGS|&#xb2af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B2Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIN|&#xb2b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYINJ|&#xb2b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYINH|&#xb2b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYID|&#xb2b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIL|&#xb2b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILG|&#xb2b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILM|&#xb2b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILB|&#xb2b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILS|&#xb2b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILT|&#xb2b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILP|&#xb2ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYILH|&#xb2bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIM|&#xb2bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIB|&#xb2bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIBS|&#xb2be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIS|&#xb2bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B2Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYISS|&#xb2c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYING|&#xb2c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIJ|&#xb2c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIC|&#xb2c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIK|&#xb2c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIT|&#xb2c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIP|&#xb2c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NYIH|&#xb2c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NI|&#xb2c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIG|&#xb2c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIGG|&#xb2ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIGS|&#xb2cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIN|&#xb2cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NINJ|&#xb2cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NINH|&#xb2ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NID|&#xb2cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B2Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIL|&#xb2d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILG|&#xb2d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILM|&#xb2d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILB|&#xb2d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILS|&#xb2d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILT|&#xb2d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILP|&#xb2d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NILH|&#xb2d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIM|&#xb2d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIB|&#xb2d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIBS|&#xb2da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIS|&#xb2db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NISS|&#xb2dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NING|&#xb2dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIJ|&#xb2de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIC|&#xb2df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B2Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIK|&#xb2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIT|&#xb2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIP|&#xb2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE NIH|&#xb2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DA|&#xb2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAG|&#xb2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAGG|&#xb2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAGS|&#xb2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAN|&#xb2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DANJ|&#xb2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DANH|&#xb2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAD|&#xb2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAL|&#xb2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALG|&#xb2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALM|&#xb2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALB|&#xb2ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B2Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALS|&#xb2f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALT|&#xb2f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALP|&#xb2f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DALH|&#xb2f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAM|&#xb2f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAB|&#xb2f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DABS|&#xb2f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAS|&#xb2f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DASS|&#xb2f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DANG|&#xb2f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAJ|&#xb2fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAC|&#xb2fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAK|&#xb2fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAT|&#xb2fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAP|&#xb2fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAH|&#xb2ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B30x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAE|&#xb300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEG|&#xb301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEGG|&#xb302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEGS|&#xb303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEN|&#xb304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAENJ|&#xb305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAENH|&#xb306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAED|&#xb307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEL|&#xb308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELG|&#xb309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELM|&#xb30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELB|&#xb30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELS|&#xb30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELT|&#xb30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELP|&#xb30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAELH|&#xb30f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B31x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEM|&#xb310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEB|&#xb311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEBS|&#xb312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAES|&#xb313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAESS|&#xb314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAENG|&#xb315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEJ|&#xb316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEC|&#xb317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEK|&#xb318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAET|&#xb319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEP|&#xb31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DAEH|&#xb31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYA|&#xb31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAG|&#xb31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAGG|&#xb31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAGS|&#xb31f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B32x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAN|&#xb320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYANJ|&#xb321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYANH|&#xb322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAD|&#xb323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAL|&#xb324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALG|&#xb325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALM|&#xb326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALB|&#xb327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALS|&#xb328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALT|&#xb329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALP|&#xb32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYALH|&#xb32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAM|&#xb32c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAB|&#xb32d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYABS|&#xb32e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAS|&#xb32f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B33x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYASS|&#xb330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYANG|&#xb331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAJ|&#xb332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAC|&#xb333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAK|&#xb334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAT|&#xb335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAP|&#xb336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAH|&#xb337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAE|&#xb338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEG|&#xb339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEGG|&#xb33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEGS|&#xb33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEN|&#xb33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAENJ|&#xb33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAENH|&#xb33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAED|&#xb33f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B34x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEL|&#xb340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELG|&#xb341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELM|&#xb342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELB|&#xb343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELS|&#xb344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELT|&#xb345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELP|&#xb346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAELH|&#xb347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEM|&#xb348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEB|&#xb349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEBS|&#xb34a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAES|&#xb34b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAESS|&#xb34c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAENG|&#xb34d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEJ|&#xb34e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEC|&#xb34f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B35x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEK|&#xb350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAET|&#xb351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEP|&#xb352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYAEH|&#xb353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEO|&#xb354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOG|&#xb355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOGG|&#xb356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOGS|&#xb357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEON|&#xb358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEONJ|&#xb359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEONH|&#xb35a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOD|&#xb35b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOL|&#xb35c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLG|&#xb35d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLM|&#xb35e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLB|&#xb35f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B36x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLS|&#xb360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLT|&#xb361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLP|&#xb362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOLH|&#xb363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOM|&#xb364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOB|&#xb365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOBS|&#xb366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOS|&#xb367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOSS|&#xb368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEONG|&#xb369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOJ|&#xb36a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOC|&#xb36b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOK|&#xb36c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOT|&#xb36d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOP|&#xb36e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEOH|&#xb36f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B37x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DE|&#xb370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEG|&#xb371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEGG|&#xb372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEGS|&#xb373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEN|&#xb374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DENJ|&#xb375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DENH|&#xb376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DED|&#xb377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEL|&#xb378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELG|&#xb379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELM|&#xb37a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELB|&#xb37b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELS|&#xb37c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELT|&#xb37d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELP|&#xb37e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DELH|&#xb37f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B38x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEM|&#xb380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEB|&#xb381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEBS|&#xb382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DES|&#xb383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DESS|&#xb384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DENG|&#xb385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEJ|&#xb386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEC|&#xb387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEK|&#xb388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DET|&#xb389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEP|&#xb38a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEH|&#xb38b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEO|&#xb38c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOG|&#xb38d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOGG|&#xb38e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOGS|&#xb38f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B39x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEON|&#xb390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEONJ|&#xb391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEONH|&#xb392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOD|&#xb393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOL|&#xb394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLG|&#xb395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLM|&#xb396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLB|&#xb397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLS|&#xb398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLT|&#xb399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLP|&#xb39a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOLH|&#xb39b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOM|&#xb39c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOB|&#xb39d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOBS|&#xb39e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOS|&#xb39f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B3Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOSS|&#xb3a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEONG|&#xb3a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOJ|&#xb3a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOC|&#xb3a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOK|&#xb3a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOT|&#xb3a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOP|&#xb3a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEOH|&#xb3a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYE|&#xb3a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEG|&#xb3a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEGG|&#xb3aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEGS|&#xb3ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEN|&#xb3ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYENJ|&#xb3ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYENH|&#xb3ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYED|&#xb3af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B3Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEL|&#xb3b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELG|&#xb3b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELM|&#xb3b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELB|&#xb3b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELS|&#xb3b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELT|&#xb3b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELP|&#xb3b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYELH|&#xb3b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEM|&#xb3b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEB|&#xb3b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEBS|&#xb3ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYES|&#xb3bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYESS|&#xb3bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYENG|&#xb3bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEJ|&#xb3be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEC|&#xb3bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B3Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEK|&#xb3c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYET|&#xb3c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEP|&#xb3c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYEH|&#xb3c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DO|&#xb3c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOG|&#xb3c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOGG|&#xb3c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOGS|&#xb3c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DON|&#xb3c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DONJ|&#xb3c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DONH|&#xb3ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOD|&#xb3cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOL|&#xb3cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLG|&#xb3cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLM|&#xb3ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLB|&#xb3cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B3Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLS|&#xb3d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLT|&#xb3d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLP|&#xb3d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOLH|&#xb3d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOM|&#xb3d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOB|&#xb3d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOBS|&#xb3d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOS|&#xb3d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOSS|&#xb3d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DONG|&#xb3d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOJ|&#xb3da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOC|&#xb3db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOK|&#xb3dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOT|&#xb3dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOP|&#xb3de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOH|&#xb3df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B3Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWA|&#xb3e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAG|&#xb3e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAGG|&#xb3e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAGS|&#xb3e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAN|&#xb3e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWANJ|&#xb3e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWANH|&#xb3e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAD|&#xb3e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAL|&#xb3e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALG|&#xb3e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALM|&#xb3ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALB|&#xb3eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALS|&#xb3ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALT|&#xb3ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALP|&#xb3ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWALH|&#xb3ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B3Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAM|&#xb3f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAB|&#xb3f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWABS|&#xb3f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAS|&#xb3f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWASS|&#xb3f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWANG|&#xb3f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAJ|&#xb3f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAC|&#xb3f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAK|&#xb3f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAT|&#xb3f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAP|&#xb3fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAH|&#xb3fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAE|&#xb3fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEG|&#xb3fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEGG|&#xb3fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEGS|&#xb3ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B40x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEN|&#xb400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAENJ|&#xb401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAENH|&#xb402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAED|&#xb403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEL|&#xb404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELG|&#xb405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELM|&#xb406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELB|&#xb407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELS|&#xb408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELT|&#xb409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELP|&#xb40a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAELH|&#xb40b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEM|&#xb40c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEB|&#xb40d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEBS|&#xb40e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAES|&#xb40f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B41x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAESS|&#xb410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAENG|&#xb411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEJ|&#xb412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEC|&#xb413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEK|&#xb414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAET|&#xb415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEP|&#xb416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWAEH|&#xb417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOE|&#xb418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEG|&#xb419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEGG|&#xb41a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEGS|&#xb41b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEN|&#xb41c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOENJ|&#xb41d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOENH|&#xb41e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOED|&#xb41f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B42x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEL|&#xb420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELG|&#xb421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELM|&#xb422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELB|&#xb423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELS|&#xb424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELT|&#xb425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELP|&#xb426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOELH|&#xb427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEM|&#xb428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEB|&#xb429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEBS|&#xb42a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOES|&#xb42b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOESS|&#xb42c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOENG|&#xb42d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEJ|&#xb42e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEC|&#xb42f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B43x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEK|&#xb430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOET|&#xb431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEP|&#xb432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DOEH|&#xb433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYO|&#xb434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOG|&#xb435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOGG|&#xb436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOGS|&#xb437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYON|&#xb438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYONJ|&#xb439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYONH|&#xb43a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOD|&#xb43b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOL|&#xb43c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLG|&#xb43d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLM|&#xb43e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLB|&#xb43f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B44x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLS|&#xb440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLT|&#xb441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLP|&#xb442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOLH|&#xb443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOM|&#xb444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOB|&#xb445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOBS|&#xb446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOS|&#xb447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOSS|&#xb448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYONG|&#xb449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOJ|&#xb44a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOC|&#xb44b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOK|&#xb44c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOT|&#xb44d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOP|&#xb44e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYOH|&#xb44f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B45x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DU|&#xb450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUG|&#xb451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUGG|&#xb452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUGS|&#xb453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUN|&#xb454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUNJ|&#xb455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUNH|&#xb456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUD|&#xb457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUL|&#xb458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULG|&#xb459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULM|&#xb45a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULB|&#xb45b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULS|&#xb45c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULT|&#xb45d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULP|&#xb45e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DULH|&#xb45f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B46x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUM|&#xb460;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUB|&#xb461;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUBS|&#xb462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUS|&#xb463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUSS|&#xb464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUNG|&#xb465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUJ|&#xb466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUC|&#xb467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUK|&#xb468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUT|&#xb469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUP|&#xb46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DUH|&#xb46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEO|&#xb46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOG|&#xb46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOGG|&#xb46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOGS|&#xb46f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B47x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEON|&#xb470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEONJ|&#xb471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEONH|&#xb472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOD|&#xb473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOL|&#xb474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLG|&#xb475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLM|&#xb476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLB|&#xb477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLS|&#xb478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLT|&#xb479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLP|&#xb47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOLH|&#xb47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOM|&#xb47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOB|&#xb47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOBS|&#xb47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOS|&#xb47f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B48x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOSS|&#xb480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEONG|&#xb481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOJ|&#xb482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOC|&#xb483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOK|&#xb484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOT|&#xb485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOP|&#xb486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEOH|&#xb487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWE|&#xb488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEG|&#xb489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEGG|&#xb48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEGS|&#xb48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEN|&#xb48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWENJ|&#xb48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWENH|&#xb48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWED|&#xb48f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B49x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEL|&#xb490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELG|&#xb491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELM|&#xb492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELB|&#xb493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELS|&#xb494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELT|&#xb495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELP|&#xb496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWELH|&#xb497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEM|&#xb498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEB|&#xb499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEBS|&#xb49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWES|&#xb49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWESS|&#xb49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWENG|&#xb49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEJ|&#xb49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEC|&#xb49f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B4Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEK|&#xb4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWET|&#xb4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEP|&#xb4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWEH|&#xb4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWI|&#xb4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIG|&#xb4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIGG|&#xb4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIGS|&#xb4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIN|&#xb4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWINJ|&#xb4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWINH|&#xb4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWID|&#xb4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIL|&#xb4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILG|&#xb4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILM|&#xb4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILB|&#xb4af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B4Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILS|&#xb4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILT|&#xb4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILP|&#xb4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWILH|&#xb4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIM|&#xb4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIB|&#xb4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIBS|&#xb4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIS|&#xb4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWISS|&#xb4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWING|&#xb4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIJ|&#xb4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIC|&#xb4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIK|&#xb4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIT|&#xb4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIP|&#xb4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DWIH|&#xb4bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B4Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYU|&#xb4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUG|&#xb4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUGG|&#xb4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUGS|&#xb4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUN|&#xb4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUNJ|&#xb4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUNH|&#xb4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUD|&#xb4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUL|&#xb4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULG|&#xb4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULM|&#xb4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULB|&#xb4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULS|&#xb4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULT|&#xb4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULP|&#xb4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYULH|&#xb4cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUM|&#xb4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUB|&#xb4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUBS|&#xb4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUS|&#xb4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUSS|&#xb4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUNG|&#xb4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUJ|&#xb4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUC|&#xb4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUK|&#xb4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUT|&#xb4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUP|&#xb4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYUH|&#xb4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEU|&#xb4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUG|&#xb4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUGG|&#xb4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUGS|&#xb4df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUN|&#xb4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUNJ|&#xb4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUNH|&#xb4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUD|&#xb4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUL|&#xb4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULG|&#xb4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULM|&#xb4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULB|&#xb4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULS|&#xb4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULT|&#xb4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULP|&#xb4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEULH|&#xb4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUM|&#xb4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUB|&#xb4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUBS|&#xb4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUS|&#xb4ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUSS|&#xb4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUNG|&#xb4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUJ|&#xb4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUC|&#xb4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUK|&#xb4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUT|&#xb4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUP|&#xb4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DEUH|&#xb4f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYI|&#xb4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIG|&#xb4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIGG|&#xb4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIGS|&#xb4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIN|&#xb4fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYINJ|&#xb4fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYINH|&#xb4fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYID|&#xb4ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B50x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIL|&#xb500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILG|&#xb501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILM|&#xb502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILB|&#xb503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILS|&#xb504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILT|&#xb505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILP|&#xb506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYILH|&#xb507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIM|&#xb508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIB|&#xb509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIBS|&#xb50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIS|&#xb50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYISS|&#xb50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYING|&#xb50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIJ|&#xb50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIC|&#xb50f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B51x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIK|&#xb510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIT|&#xb511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIP|&#xb512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DYIH|&#xb513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DI|&#xb514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIG|&#xb515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIGG|&#xb516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIGS|&#xb517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIN|&#xb518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DINJ|&#xb519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DINH|&#xb51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DID|&#xb51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIL|&#xb51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILG|&#xb51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILM|&#xb51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILB|&#xb51f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B52x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILS|&#xb520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILT|&#xb521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILP|&#xb522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DILH|&#xb523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIM|&#xb524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIB|&#xb525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIBS|&#xb526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIS|&#xb527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DISS|&#xb528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DING|&#xb529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIJ|&#xb52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIC|&#xb52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIK|&#xb52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIT|&#xb52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIP|&#xb52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DIH|&#xb52f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B53x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDA|&#xb530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAG|&#xb531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAGG|&#xb532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAGS|&#xb533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAN|&#xb534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDANJ|&#xb535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDANH|&#xb536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAD|&#xb537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAL|&#xb538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALG|&#xb539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALM|&#xb53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALB|&#xb53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALS|&#xb53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALT|&#xb53d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALP|&#xb53e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDALH|&#xb53f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B54x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAM|&#xb540;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAB|&#xb541;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDABS|&#xb542;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAS|&#xb543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDASS|&#xb544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDANG|&#xb545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAJ|&#xb546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAC|&#xb547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAK|&#xb548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAT|&#xb549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAP|&#xb54a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAH|&#xb54b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAE|&#xb54c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEG|&#xb54d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEGG|&#xb54e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEGS|&#xb54f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B55x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEN|&#xb550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAENJ|&#xb551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAENH|&#xb552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAED|&#xb553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEL|&#xb554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELG|&#xb555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELM|&#xb556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELB|&#xb557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELS|&#xb558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELT|&#xb559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELP|&#xb55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAELH|&#xb55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEM|&#xb55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEB|&#xb55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEBS|&#xb55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAES|&#xb55f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B56x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAESS|&#xb560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAENG|&#xb561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEJ|&#xb562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEC|&#xb563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEK|&#xb564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAET|&#xb565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEP|&#xb566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDAEH|&#xb567;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYA|&#xb568;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAG|&#xb569;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAGG|&#xb56a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAGS|&#xb56b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAN|&#xb56c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYANJ|&#xb56d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYANH|&#xb56e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAD|&#xb56f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B57x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAL|&#xb570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALG|&#xb571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALM|&#xb572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALB|&#xb573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALS|&#xb574;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALT|&#xb575;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALP|&#xb576;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYALH|&#xb577;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAM|&#xb578;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAB|&#xb579;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYABS|&#xb57a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAS|&#xb57b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYASS|&#xb57c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYANG|&#xb57d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAJ|&#xb57e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAC|&#xb57f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B58x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAK|&#xb580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAT|&#xb581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAP|&#xb582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAH|&#xb583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAE|&#xb584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEG|&#xb585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEGG|&#xb586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEGS|&#xb587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEN|&#xb588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAENJ|&#xb589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAENH|&#xb58a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAED|&#xb58b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEL|&#xb58c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELG|&#xb58d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELM|&#xb58e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELB|&#xb58f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B59x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELS|&#xb590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELT|&#xb591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELP|&#xb592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAELH|&#xb593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEM|&#xb594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEB|&#xb595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEBS|&#xb596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAES|&#xb597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAESS|&#xb598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAENG|&#xb599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEJ|&#xb59a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEC|&#xb59b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEK|&#xb59c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAET|&#xb59d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEP|&#xb59e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYAEH|&#xb59f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B5Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEO|&#xb5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOG|&#xb5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOGG|&#xb5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOGS|&#xb5a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEON|&#xb5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEONJ|&#xb5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEONH|&#xb5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOD|&#xb5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOL|&#xb5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLG|&#xb5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLM|&#xb5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLB|&#xb5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLS|&#xb5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLT|&#xb5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLP|&#xb5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOLH|&#xb5af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B5Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOM|&#xb5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOB|&#xb5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOBS|&#xb5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOS|&#xb5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOSS|&#xb5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEONG|&#xb5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOJ|&#xb5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOC|&#xb5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOK|&#xb5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOT|&#xb5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOP|&#xb5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEOH|&#xb5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDE|&#xb5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEG|&#xb5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEGG|&#xb5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEGS|&#xb5bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B5Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEN|&#xb5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDENJ|&#xb5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDENH|&#xb5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDED|&#xb5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEL|&#xb5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELG|&#xb5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELM|&#xb5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELB|&#xb5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELS|&#xb5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELT|&#xb5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELP|&#xb5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDELH|&#xb5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEM|&#xb5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEB|&#xb5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEBS|&#xb5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDES|&#xb5cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDESS|&#xb5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDENG|&#xb5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEJ|&#xb5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEC|&#xb5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEK|&#xb5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDET|&#xb5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEP|&#xb5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEH|&#xb5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEO|&#xb5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOG|&#xb5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOGG|&#xb5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOGS|&#xb5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEON|&#xb5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEONJ|&#xb5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEONH|&#xb5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOD|&#xb5df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOL|&#xb5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLG|&#xb5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLM|&#xb5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLB|&#xb5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLS|&#xb5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLT|&#xb5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLP|&#xb5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOLH|&#xb5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOM|&#xb5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOB|&#xb5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOBS|&#xb5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOS|&#xb5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOSS|&#xb5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEONG|&#xb5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOJ|&#xb5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOC|&#xb5ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOK|&#xb5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOT|&#xb5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOP|&#xb5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEOH|&#xb5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYE|&#xb5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEG|&#xb5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEGG|&#xb5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEGS|&#xb5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEN|&#xb5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYENJ|&#xb5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYENH|&#xb5fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYED|&#xb5fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEL|&#xb5fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELG|&#xb5fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELM|&#xb5fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELB|&#xb5ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B60x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELS|&#xb600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELT|&#xb601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELP|&#xb602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYELH|&#xb603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEM|&#xb604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEB|&#xb605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEBS|&#xb606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYES|&#xb607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYESS|&#xb608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYENG|&#xb609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEJ|&#xb60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEC|&#xb60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEK|&#xb60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYET|&#xb60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEP|&#xb60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYEH|&#xb60f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B61x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDO|&#xb610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOG|&#xb611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOGG|&#xb612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOGS|&#xb613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDON|&#xb614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDONJ|&#xb615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDONH|&#xb616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOD|&#xb617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOL|&#xb618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLG|&#xb619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLM|&#xb61a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLB|&#xb61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLS|&#xb61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLT|&#xb61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLP|&#xb61e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOLH|&#xb61f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B62x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOM|&#xb620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOB|&#xb621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOBS|&#xb622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOS|&#xb623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOSS|&#xb624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDONG|&#xb625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOJ|&#xb626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOC|&#xb627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOK|&#xb628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOT|&#xb629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOP|&#xb62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOH|&#xb62b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWA|&#xb62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAG|&#xb62d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAGG|&#xb62e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAGS|&#xb62f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B63x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAN|&#xb630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWANJ|&#xb631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWANH|&#xb632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAD|&#xb633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAL|&#xb634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALG|&#xb635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALM|&#xb636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALB|&#xb637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALS|&#xb638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALT|&#xb639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALP|&#xb63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWALH|&#xb63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAM|&#xb63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAB|&#xb63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWABS|&#xb63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAS|&#xb63f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B64x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWASS|&#xb640;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWANG|&#xb641;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAJ|&#xb642;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAC|&#xb643;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAK|&#xb644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAT|&#xb645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAP|&#xb646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAH|&#xb647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAE|&#xb648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEG|&#xb649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEGG|&#xb64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEGS|&#xb64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEN|&#xb64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAENJ|&#xb64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAENH|&#xb64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAED|&#xb64f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B65x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEL|&#xb650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELG|&#xb651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELM|&#xb652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELB|&#xb653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELS|&#xb654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELT|&#xb655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELP|&#xb656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAELH|&#xb657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEM|&#xb658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEB|&#xb659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEBS|&#xb65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAES|&#xb65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAESS|&#xb65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAENG|&#xb65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEJ|&#xb65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEC|&#xb65f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B66x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEK|&#xb660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAET|&#xb661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEP|&#xb662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWAEH|&#xb663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOE|&#xb664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEG|&#xb665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEGG|&#xb666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEGS|&#xb667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEN|&#xb668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOENJ|&#xb669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOENH|&#xb66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOED|&#xb66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEL|&#xb66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELG|&#xb66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELM|&#xb66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELB|&#xb66f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B67x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELS|&#xb670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELT|&#xb671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELP|&#xb672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOELH|&#xb673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEM|&#xb674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEB|&#xb675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEBS|&#xb676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOES|&#xb677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOESS|&#xb678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOENG|&#xb679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEJ|&#xb67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEC|&#xb67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEK|&#xb67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOET|&#xb67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEP|&#xb67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDOEH|&#xb67f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B68x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYO|&#xb680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOG|&#xb681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOGG|&#xb682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOGS|&#xb683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYON|&#xb684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYONJ|&#xb685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYONH|&#xb686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOD|&#xb687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOL|&#xb688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLG|&#xb689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLM|&#xb68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLB|&#xb68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLS|&#xb68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLT|&#xb68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLP|&#xb68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOLH|&#xb68f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B69x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOM|&#xb690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOB|&#xb691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOBS|&#xb692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOS|&#xb693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOSS|&#xb694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYONG|&#xb695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOJ|&#xb696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOC|&#xb697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOK|&#xb698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOT|&#xb699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOP|&#xb69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYOH|&#xb69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDU|&#xb69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUG|&#xb69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUGG|&#xb69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUGS|&#xb69f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B6Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUN|&#xb6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUNJ|&#xb6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUNH|&#xb6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUD|&#xb6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUL|&#xb6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULG|&#xb6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULM|&#xb6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULB|&#xb6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULS|&#xb6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULT|&#xb6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULP|&#xb6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDULH|&#xb6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUM|&#xb6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUB|&#xb6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUBS|&#xb6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUS|&#xb6af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B6Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUSS|&#xb6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUNG|&#xb6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUJ|&#xb6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUC|&#xb6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUK|&#xb6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUT|&#xb6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUP|&#xb6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDUH|&#xb6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEO|&#xb6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOG|&#xb6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOGG|&#xb6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOGS|&#xb6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEON|&#xb6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEONJ|&#xb6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEONH|&#xb6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOD|&#xb6bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B6Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOL|&#xb6c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLG|&#xb6c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLM|&#xb6c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLB|&#xb6c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLS|&#xb6c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLT|&#xb6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLP|&#xb6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOLH|&#xb6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOM|&#xb6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOB|&#xb6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOBS|&#xb6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOS|&#xb6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOSS|&#xb6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEONG|&#xb6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOJ|&#xb6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOC|&#xb6cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B6Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOK|&#xb6d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOT|&#xb6d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOP|&#xb6d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEOH|&#xb6d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWE|&#xb6d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEG|&#xb6d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEGG|&#xb6d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEGS|&#xb6d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEN|&#xb6d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWENJ|&#xb6d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWENH|&#xb6da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWED|&#xb6db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEL|&#xb6dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELG|&#xb6dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELM|&#xb6de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELB|&#xb6df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELS|&#xb6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELT|&#xb6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELP|&#xb6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWELH|&#xb6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEM|&#xb6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEB|&#xb6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEBS|&#xb6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWES|&#xb6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWESS|&#xb6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWENG|&#xb6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEJ|&#xb6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEC|&#xb6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEK|&#xb6ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWET|&#xb6ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEP|&#xb6ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWEH|&#xb6ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWI|&#xb6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIG|&#xb6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIGG|&#xb6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIGS|&#xb6f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIN|&#xb6f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWINJ|&#xb6f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWINH|&#xb6f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWID|&#xb6f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIL|&#xb6f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILG|&#xb6f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILM|&#xb6fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILB|&#xb6fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILS|&#xb6fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILT|&#xb6fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILP|&#xb6fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWILH|&#xb6ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B70x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIM|&#xb700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIB|&#xb701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIBS|&#xb702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIS|&#xb703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWISS|&#xb704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWING|&#xb705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIJ|&#xb706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIC|&#xb707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIK|&#xb708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIT|&#xb709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIP|&#xb70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDWIH|&#xb70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYU|&#xb70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUG|&#xb70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUGG|&#xb70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUGS|&#xb70f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B71x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUN|&#xb710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUNJ|&#xb711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUNH|&#xb712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUD|&#xb713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUL|&#xb714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULG|&#xb715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULM|&#xb716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULB|&#xb717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULS|&#xb718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULT|&#xb719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULP|&#xb71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYULH|&#xb71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUM|&#xb71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUB|&#xb71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUBS|&#xb71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUS|&#xb71f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B72x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUSS|&#xb720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUNG|&#xb721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUJ|&#xb722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUC|&#xb723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUK|&#xb724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUT|&#xb725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUP|&#xb726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYUH|&#xb727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEU|&#xb728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUG|&#xb729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUGG|&#xb72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUGS|&#xb72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUN|&#xb72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUNJ|&#xb72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUNH|&#xb72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUD|&#xb72f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B73x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUL|&#xb730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULG|&#xb731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULM|&#xb732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULB|&#xb733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULS|&#xb734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULT|&#xb735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULP|&#xb736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEULH|&#xb737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUM|&#xb738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUB|&#xb739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUBS|&#xb73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUS|&#xb73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUSS|&#xb73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUNG|&#xb73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUJ|&#xb73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUC|&#xb73f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B74x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUK|&#xb740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUT|&#xb741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUP|&#xb742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDEUH|&#xb743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYI|&#xb744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIG|&#xb745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIGG|&#xb746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIGS|&#xb747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIN|&#xb748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYINJ|&#xb749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYINH|&#xb74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYID|&#xb74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIL|&#xb74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILG|&#xb74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILM|&#xb74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILB|&#xb74f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B75x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILS|&#xb750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILT|&#xb751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILP|&#xb752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYILH|&#xb753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIM|&#xb754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIB|&#xb755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIBS|&#xb756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIS|&#xb757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYISS|&#xb758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYING|&#xb759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIJ|&#xb75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIC|&#xb75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIK|&#xb75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIT|&#xb75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIP|&#xb75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDYIH|&#xb75f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B76x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDI|&#xb760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIG|&#xb761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIGG|&#xb762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIGS|&#xb763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIN|&#xb764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDINJ|&#xb765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDINH|&#xb766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDID|&#xb767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIL|&#xb768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILG|&#xb769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILM|&#xb76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILB|&#xb76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILS|&#xb76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILT|&#xb76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILP|&#xb76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDILH|&#xb76f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B77x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIM|&#xb770;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIB|&#xb771;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIBS|&#xb772;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIS|&#xb773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDISS|&#xb774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDING|&#xb775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIJ|&#xb776;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIC|&#xb777;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIK|&#xb778;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIT|&#xb779;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIP|&#xb77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE DDIH|&#xb77b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RA|&#xb77c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAG|&#xb77d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAGG|&#xb77e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAGS|&#xb77f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B78x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAN|&#xb780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RANJ|&#xb781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RANH|&#xb782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAD|&#xb783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAL|&#xb784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALG|&#xb785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALM|&#xb786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALB|&#xb787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALS|&#xb788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALT|&#xb789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALP|&#xb78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RALH|&#xb78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAM|&#xb78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAB|&#xb78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RABS|&#xb78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAS|&#xb78f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B79x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RASS|&#xb790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RANG|&#xb791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAJ|&#xb792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAC|&#xb793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAK|&#xb794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAT|&#xb795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAP|&#xb796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAH|&#xb797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAE|&#xb798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEG|&#xb799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEGG|&#xb79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEGS|&#xb79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEN|&#xb79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAENJ|&#xb79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAENH|&#xb79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAED|&#xb79f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B7Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEL|&#xb7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELG|&#xb7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELM|&#xb7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELB|&#xb7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELS|&#xb7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELT|&#xb7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELP|&#xb7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAELH|&#xb7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEM|&#xb7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEB|&#xb7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEBS|&#xb7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAES|&#xb7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAESS|&#xb7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAENG|&#xb7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEJ|&#xb7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEC|&#xb7af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B7Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEK|&#xb7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAET|&#xb7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEP|&#xb7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RAEH|&#xb7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYA|&#xb7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAG|&#xb7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAGG|&#xb7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAGS|&#xb7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAN|&#xb7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYANJ|&#xb7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYANH|&#xb7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAD|&#xb7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAL|&#xb7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALG|&#xb7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALM|&#xb7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALB|&#xb7bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B7Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALS|&#xb7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALT|&#xb7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALP|&#xb7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYALH|&#xb7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAM|&#xb7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAB|&#xb7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYABS|&#xb7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAS|&#xb7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYASS|&#xb7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYANG|&#xb7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAJ|&#xb7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAC|&#xb7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAK|&#xb7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAT|&#xb7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAP|&#xb7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAH|&#xb7cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B7Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAE|&#xb7d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEG|&#xb7d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEGG|&#xb7d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEGS|&#xb7d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEN|&#xb7d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAENJ|&#xb7d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAENH|&#xb7d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAED|&#xb7d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEL|&#xb7d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELG|&#xb7d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELM|&#xb7da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELB|&#xb7db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELS|&#xb7dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELT|&#xb7dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELP|&#xb7de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAELH|&#xb7df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEM|&#xb7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEB|&#xb7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEBS|&#xb7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAES|&#xb7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAESS|&#xb7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAENG|&#xb7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEJ|&#xb7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEC|&#xb7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEK|&#xb7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAET|&#xb7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEP|&#xb7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYAEH|&#xb7eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REO|&#xb7ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOG|&#xb7ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOGG|&#xb7ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOGS|&#xb7ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B7Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REON|&#xb7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REONJ|&#xb7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REONH|&#xb7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOD|&#xb7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOL|&#xb7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLG|&#xb7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLM|&#xb7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLB|&#xb7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLS|&#xb7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLT|&#xb7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLP|&#xb7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOLH|&#xb7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOM|&#xb7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOB|&#xb7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOBS|&#xb7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOS|&#xb7ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOSS|&#xb800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REONG|&#xb801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOJ|&#xb802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOC|&#xb803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOK|&#xb804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOT|&#xb805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOP|&#xb806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REOH|&#xb807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RE|&#xb808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REG|&#xb809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REGG|&#xb80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REGS|&#xb80b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REN|&#xb80c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RENJ|&#xb80d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RENH|&#xb80e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RED|&#xb80f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REL|&#xb810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELG|&#xb811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELM|&#xb812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELB|&#xb813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELS|&#xb814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELT|&#xb815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELP|&#xb816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RELH|&#xb817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REM|&#xb818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REB|&#xb819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REBS|&#xb81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RES|&#xb81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RESS|&#xb81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RENG|&#xb81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REJ|&#xb81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REC|&#xb81f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REK|&#xb820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RET|&#xb821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REP|&#xb822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REH|&#xb823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEO|&#xb824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOG|&#xb825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOGG|&#xb826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOGS|&#xb827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEON|&#xb828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEONJ|&#xb829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEONH|&#xb82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOD|&#xb82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOL|&#xb82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLG|&#xb82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLM|&#xb82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLB|&#xb82f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLS|&#xb830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLT|&#xb831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLP|&#xb832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOLH|&#xb833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOM|&#xb834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOB|&#xb835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOBS|&#xb836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOS|&#xb837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOSS|&#xb838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEONG|&#xb839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOJ|&#xb83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOC|&#xb83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOK|&#xb83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOT|&#xb83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOP|&#xb83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEOH|&#xb83f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYE|&#xb840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEG|&#xb841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEGG|&#xb842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEGS|&#xb843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEN|&#xb844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYENJ|&#xb845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYENH|&#xb846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYED|&#xb847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEL|&#xb848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELG|&#xb849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELM|&#xb84a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELB|&#xb84b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELS|&#xb84c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELT|&#xb84d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELP|&#xb84e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYELH|&#xb84f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEM|&#xb850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEB|&#xb851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEBS|&#xb852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYES|&#xb853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYESS|&#xb854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYENG|&#xb855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEJ|&#xb856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEC|&#xb857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEK|&#xb858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYET|&#xb859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEP|&#xb85a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYEH|&#xb85b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RO|&#xb85c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROG|&#xb85d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROGG|&#xb85e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROGS|&#xb85f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RON|&#xb860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RONJ|&#xb861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RONH|&#xb862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROD|&#xb863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROL|&#xb864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLG|&#xb865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLM|&#xb866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLB|&#xb867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLS|&#xb868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLT|&#xb869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLP|&#xb86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROLH|&#xb86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROM|&#xb86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROB|&#xb86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROBS|&#xb86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROS|&#xb86f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROSS|&#xb870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RONG|&#xb871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROJ|&#xb872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROC|&#xb873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROK|&#xb874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROT|&#xb875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROP|&#xb876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROH|&#xb877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWA|&#xb878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAG|&#xb879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAGG|&#xb87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAGS|&#xb87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAN|&#xb87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWANJ|&#xb87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWANH|&#xb87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAD|&#xb87f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAL|&#xb880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALG|&#xb881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALM|&#xb882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALB|&#xb883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALS|&#xb884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALT|&#xb885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALP|&#xb886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWALH|&#xb887;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAM|&#xb888;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAB|&#xb889;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWABS|&#xb88a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAS|&#xb88b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWASS|&#xb88c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWANG|&#xb88d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAJ|&#xb88e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAC|&#xb88f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAK|&#xb890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAT|&#xb891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAP|&#xb892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAH|&#xb893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAE|&#xb894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEG|&#xb895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEGG|&#xb896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEGS|&#xb897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEN|&#xb898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAENJ|&#xb899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAENH|&#xb89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAED|&#xb89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEL|&#xb89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELG|&#xb89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELM|&#xb89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELB|&#xb89f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELS|&#xb8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELT|&#xb8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELP|&#xb8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAELH|&#xb8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEM|&#xb8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEB|&#xb8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEBS|&#xb8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAES|&#xb8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAESS|&#xb8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAENG|&#xb8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEJ|&#xb8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEC|&#xb8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEK|&#xb8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAET|&#xb8ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEP|&#xb8ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWAEH|&#xb8af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B8Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROE|&#xb8b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEG|&#xb8b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEGG|&#xb8b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEGS|&#xb8b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEN|&#xb8b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROENJ|&#xb8b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROENH|&#xb8b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROED|&#xb8b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEL|&#xb8b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELG|&#xb8b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELM|&#xb8ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELB|&#xb8bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELS|&#xb8bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELT|&#xb8bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELP|&#xb8be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROELH|&#xb8bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B8Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEM|&#xb8c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEB|&#xb8c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEBS|&#xb8c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROES|&#xb8c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROESS|&#xb8c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROENG|&#xb8c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEJ|&#xb8c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEC|&#xb8c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEK|&#xb8c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROET|&#xb8c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEP|&#xb8ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE ROEH|&#xb8cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYO|&#xb8cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOG|&#xb8cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOGG|&#xb8ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOGS|&#xb8cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B8Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYON|&#xb8d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYONJ|&#xb8d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYONH|&#xb8d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOD|&#xb8d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOL|&#xb8d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLG|&#xb8d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLM|&#xb8d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLB|&#xb8d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLS|&#xb8d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLT|&#xb8d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLP|&#xb8da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOLH|&#xb8db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOM|&#xb8dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOB|&#xb8dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOBS|&#xb8de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOS|&#xb8df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B8Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOSS|&#xb8e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYONG|&#xb8e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOJ|&#xb8e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOC|&#xb8e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOK|&#xb8e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOT|&#xb8e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOP|&#xb8e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYOH|&#xb8e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RU|&#xb8e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUG|&#xb8e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUGG|&#xb8ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUGS|&#xb8eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUN|&#xb8ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUNJ|&#xb8ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUNH|&#xb8ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUD|&#xb8ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B8Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUL|&#xb8f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULG|&#xb8f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULM|&#xb8f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULB|&#xb8f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULS|&#xb8f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULT|&#xb8f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULP|&#xb8f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RULH|&#xb8f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUM|&#xb8f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUB|&#xb8f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUBS|&#xb8fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUS|&#xb8fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUSS|&#xb8fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUNG|&#xb8fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUJ|&#xb8fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUC|&#xb8ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUK|&#xb900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUT|&#xb901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUP|&#xb902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RUH|&#xb903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEO|&#xb904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOG|&#xb905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOGG|&#xb906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOGS|&#xb907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEON|&#xb908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEONJ|&#xb909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEONH|&#xb90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOD|&#xb90b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOL|&#xb90c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLG|&#xb90d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLM|&#xb90e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLB|&#xb90f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLS|&#xb910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLT|&#xb911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLP|&#xb912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOLH|&#xb913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOM|&#xb914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOB|&#xb915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOBS|&#xb916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOS|&#xb917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOSS|&#xb918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEONG|&#xb919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOJ|&#xb91a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOC|&#xb91b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOK|&#xb91c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOT|&#xb91d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOP|&#xb91e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEOH|&#xb91f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWE|&#xb920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEG|&#xb921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEGG|&#xb922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEGS|&#xb923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEN|&#xb924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWENJ|&#xb925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWENH|&#xb926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWED|&#xb927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEL|&#xb928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELG|&#xb929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELM|&#xb92a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELB|&#xb92b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELS|&#xb92c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELT|&#xb92d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELP|&#xb92e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWELH|&#xb92f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEM|&#xb930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEB|&#xb931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEBS|&#xb932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWES|&#xb933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWESS|&#xb934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWENG|&#xb935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEJ|&#xb936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEC|&#xb937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEK|&#xb938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWET|&#xb939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEP|&#xb93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWEH|&#xb93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWI|&#xb93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIG|&#xb93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIGG|&#xb93e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIGS|&#xb93f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIN|&#xb940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWINJ|&#xb941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWINH|&#xb942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWID|&#xb943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIL|&#xb944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILG|&#xb945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILM|&#xb946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILB|&#xb947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILS|&#xb948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILT|&#xb949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILP|&#xb94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWILH|&#xb94b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIM|&#xb94c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIB|&#xb94d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIBS|&#xb94e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIS|&#xb94f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWISS|&#xb950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWING|&#xb951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIJ|&#xb952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIC|&#xb953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIK|&#xb954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIT|&#xb955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIP|&#xb956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RWIH|&#xb957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYU|&#xb958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUG|&#xb959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUGG|&#xb95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUGS|&#xb95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUN|&#xb95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUNJ|&#xb95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUNH|&#xb95e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUD|&#xb95f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B96x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUL|&#xb960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULG|&#xb961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULM|&#xb962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULB|&#xb963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULS|&#xb964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULT|&#xb965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULP|&#xb966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYULH|&#xb967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUM|&#xb968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUB|&#xb969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUBS|&#xb96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUS|&#xb96b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUSS|&#xb96c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUNG|&#xb96d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUJ|&#xb96e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUC|&#xb96f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B97x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUK|&#xb970;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUT|&#xb971;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUP|&#xb972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYUH|&#xb973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REU|&#xb974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUG|&#xb975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUGG|&#xb976;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUGS|&#xb977;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUN|&#xb978;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUNJ|&#xb979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUNH|&#xb97a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUD|&#xb97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUL|&#xb97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULG|&#xb97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULM|&#xb97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULB|&#xb97f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B98x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULS|&#xb980;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULT|&#xb981;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULP|&#xb982;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REULH|&#xb983;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUM|&#xb984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUB|&#xb985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUBS|&#xb986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUS|&#xb987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUSS|&#xb988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUNG|&#xb989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUJ|&#xb98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUC|&#xb98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUK|&#xb98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUT|&#xb98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUP|&#xb98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE REUH|&#xb98f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B99x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYI|&#xb990;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIG|&#xb991;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIGG|&#xb992;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIGS|&#xb993;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIN|&#xb994;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYINJ|&#xb995;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYINH|&#xb996;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYID|&#xb997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIL|&#xb998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILG|&#xb999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILM|&#xb99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILB|&#xb99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILS|&#xb99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILT|&#xb99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILP|&#xb99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYILH|&#xb99f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B9Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIM|&#xb9a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIB|&#xb9a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIBS|&#xb9a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIS|&#xb9a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYISS|&#xb9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYING|&#xb9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIJ|&#xb9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIC|&#xb9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIK|&#xb9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIT|&#xb9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIP|&#xb9aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RYIH|&#xb9ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RI|&#xb9ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIG|&#xb9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIGG|&#xb9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIGS|&#xb9af;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B9Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIN|&#xb9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RINJ|&#xb9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RINH|&#xb9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RID|&#xb9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIL|&#xb9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILG|&#xb9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILM|&#xb9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILB|&#xb9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILS|&#xb9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILT|&#xb9b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILP|&#xb9ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RILH|&#xb9bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIM|&#xb9bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIB|&#xb9bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIBS|&#xb9be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIS|&#xb9bf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B9Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RISS|&#xb9c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RING|&#xb9c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIJ|&#xb9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIC|&#xb9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIK|&#xb9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIT|&#xb9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIP|&#xb9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE RIH|&#xb9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MA|&#xb9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAG|&#xb9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAGG|&#xb9ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAGS|&#xb9cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAN|&#xb9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MANJ|&#xb9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MANH|&#xb9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAD|&#xb9cf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B9Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAL|&#xb9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALG|&#xb9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALM|&#xb9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALB|&#xb9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALS|&#xb9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALT|&#xb9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALP|&#xb9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MALH|&#xb9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAM|&#xb9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAB|&#xb9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MABS|&#xb9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAS|&#xb9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MASS|&#xb9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MANG|&#xb9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAJ|&#xb9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAC|&#xb9df;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B9Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAK|&#xb9e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAT|&#xb9e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAP|&#xb9e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAH|&#xb9e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAE|&#xb9e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEG|&#xb9e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEGG|&#xb9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEGS|&#xb9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEN|&#xb9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAENJ|&#xb9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAENH|&#xb9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAED|&#xb9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEL|&#xb9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELG|&#xb9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELM|&#xb9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELB|&#xb9ef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|B9Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELS|&#xb9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELT|&#xb9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELP|&#xb9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAELH|&#xb9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEM|&#xb9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEB|&#xb9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEBS|&#xb9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAES|&#xb9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAESS|&#xb9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAENG|&#xb9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEJ|&#xb9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEC|&#xb9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEK|&#xb9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAET|&#xb9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEP|&#xb9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MAEH|&#xb9ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BA0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYA|&#xba00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYAG|&#xba01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYAGG|&#xba02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYAGS|&#xba03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYAN|&#xba04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYANJ|&#xba05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYANH|&#xba06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYAD|&#xba07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYAL|&#xba08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALG|&#xba09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALM|&#xba0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALB|&#xba0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALS|&#xba0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALT|&#xba0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALP|&#xba0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE MYALH|&#xba0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" 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BWALM|&#xbd1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWALB|&#xbd1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWALS|&#xbd1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWALT|&#xbd1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWALP|&#xbd1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWALH|&#xbd1f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAM|&#xbd20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAB|&#xbd21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWABS|&#xbd22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAS|&#xbd23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWASS|&#xbd24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWANG|&#xbd25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAJ|&#xbd26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAC|&#xbd27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAK|&#xbd28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAT|&#xbd29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAP|&#xbd2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAH|&#xbd2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAE|&#xbd2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEG|&#xbd2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEGG|&#xbd2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEGS|&#xbd2f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEN|&#xbd30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAENJ|&#xbd31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAENH|&#xbd32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAED|&#xbd33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEL|&#xbd34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELG|&#xbd35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELM|&#xbd36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELB|&#xbd37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELS|&#xbd38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELT|&#xbd39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELP|&#xbd3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAELH|&#xbd3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEM|&#xbd3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEB|&#xbd3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEBS|&#xbd3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAES|&#xbd3f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAESS|&#xbd40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAENG|&#xbd41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEJ|&#xbd42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEC|&#xbd43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEK|&#xbd44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAET|&#xbd45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEP|&#xbd46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWAEH|&#xbd47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOE|&#xbd48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEG|&#xbd49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEGG|&#xbd4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEGS|&#xbd4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEN|&#xbd4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOENJ|&#xbd4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOENH|&#xbd4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOED|&#xbd4f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEL|&#xbd50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELG|&#xbd51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELM|&#xbd52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELB|&#xbd53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELS|&#xbd54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELT|&#xbd55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELP|&#xbd56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOELH|&#xbd57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEM|&#xbd58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEB|&#xbd59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEBS|&#xbd5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOES|&#xbd5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOESS|&#xbd5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOENG|&#xbd5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEJ|&#xbd5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEC|&#xbd5f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEK|&#xbd60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOET|&#xbd61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEP|&#xbd62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BOEH|&#xbd63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYO|&#xbd64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOG|&#xbd65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOGG|&#xbd66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOGS|&#xbd67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYON|&#xbd68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYONJ|&#xbd69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYONH|&#xbd6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOD|&#xbd6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOL|&#xbd6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLG|&#xbd6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLM|&#xbd6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLB|&#xbd6f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLS|&#xbd70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLT|&#xbd71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLP|&#xbd72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOLH|&#xbd73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOM|&#xbd74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOB|&#xbd75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOBS|&#xbd76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOS|&#xbd77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOSS|&#xbd78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYONG|&#xbd79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOJ|&#xbd7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOC|&#xbd7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOK|&#xbd7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOT|&#xbd7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOP|&#xbd7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYOH|&#xbd7f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BU|&#xbd80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUG|&#xbd81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUGG|&#xbd82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUGS|&#xbd83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUN|&#xbd84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUNJ|&#xbd85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUNH|&#xbd86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUD|&#xbd87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUL|&#xbd88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULG|&#xbd89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULM|&#xbd8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULB|&#xbd8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULS|&#xbd8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULT|&#xbd8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULP|&#xbd8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BULH|&#xbd8f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BD9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUM|&#xbd90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUB|&#xbd91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUBS|&#xbd92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUS|&#xbd93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUSS|&#xbd94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUNG|&#xbd95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUJ|&#xbd96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUC|&#xbd97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUK|&#xbd98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUT|&#xbd99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUP|&#xbd9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BUH|&#xbd9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEO|&#xbd9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOG|&#xbd9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOGG|&#xbd9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOGS|&#xbd9f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BDAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEON|&#xbda0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEONJ|&#xbda1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEONH|&#xbda2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOD|&#xbda3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOL|&#xbda4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLG|&#xbda5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLM|&#xbda6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLB|&#xbda7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLS|&#xbda8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLT|&#xbda9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLP|&#xbdaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOLH|&#xbdab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOM|&#xbdac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOB|&#xbdad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOBS|&#xbdae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOS|&#xbdaf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BDBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOSS|&#xbdb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEONG|&#xbdb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOJ|&#xbdb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOC|&#xbdb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOK|&#xbdb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOT|&#xbdb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOP|&#xbdb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEOH|&#xbdb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWE|&#xbdb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEG|&#xbdb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEGG|&#xbdba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEGS|&#xbdbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEN|&#xbdbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWENJ|&#xbdbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWENH|&#xbdbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWED|&#xbdbf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BDCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEL|&#xbdc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELG|&#xbdc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELM|&#xbdc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELB|&#xbdc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELS|&#xbdc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELT|&#xbdc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELP|&#xbdc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWELH|&#xbdc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEM|&#xbdc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEB|&#xbdc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEBS|&#xbdca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWES|&#xbdcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWESS|&#xbdcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWENG|&#xbdcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEJ|&#xbdce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEC|&#xbdcf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BDDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEK|&#xbdd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWET|&#xbdd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEP|&#xbdd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWEH|&#xbdd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWI|&#xbdd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIG|&#xbdd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIGG|&#xbdd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIGS|&#xbdd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIN|&#xbdd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWINJ|&#xbdd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWINH|&#xbdda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWID|&#xbddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIL|&#xbddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILG|&#xbddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILM|&#xbdde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILB|&#xbddf;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BDEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILS|&#xbde0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILT|&#xbde1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILP|&#xbde2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWILH|&#xbde3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIM|&#xbde4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIB|&#xbde5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIBS|&#xbde6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIS|&#xbde7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWISS|&#xbde8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWING|&#xbde9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIJ|&#xbdea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIC|&#xbdeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIK|&#xbdec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIT|&#xbded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIP|&#xbdee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BWIH|&#xbdef;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BDFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYU|&#xbdf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUG|&#xbdf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUGG|&#xbdf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUGS|&#xbdf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUN|&#xbdf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUNJ|&#xbdf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUNH|&#xbdf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUD|&#xbdf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUL|&#xbdf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULG|&#xbdf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULM|&#xbdfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULB|&#xbdfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULS|&#xbdfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULT|&#xbdfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULP|&#xbdfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYULH|&#xbdff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BE0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUM|&#xbe00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUB|&#xbe01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUBS|&#xbe02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUS|&#xbe03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUSS|&#xbe04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUNG|&#xbe05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUJ|&#xbe06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUC|&#xbe07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUK|&#xbe08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUT|&#xbe09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUP|&#xbe0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BYUH|&#xbe0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEU|&#xbe0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUG|&#xbe0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUGG|&#xbe0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUGS|&#xbe0f;}} |----- align="center" style="background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|BE1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUN|&#xbe10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUNJ|&#xbe11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUNH|&#xbe12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUD|&#xbe13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEUL|&#xbe14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEULG|&#xbe15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEULM|&#xbe16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BEULB|&#xbe17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE 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|} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} p6n1mzu24a0mfrgydz0f2hdr7wdlx9n Unicode/Character reference/C000-CFFF 0 77335 4664439 4585827 2026-08-25T16:06:09Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Hangul Syllables (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|C00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEOK|&#xc000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEOT|&#xc001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEOP|&#xc002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEOH|&#xc003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWE|&#xc004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEG|&#xc005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEGG|&#xc006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEGS|&#xc007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEN|&#xc008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWENJ|&#xc009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWENH|&#xc00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWED|&#xc00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWEL|&#xc00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWELG|&#xc00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWELM|&#xc00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBWELB|&#xc00f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|C01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL 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color}};"|C04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUN|&#xc040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUNJ|&#xc041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUNH|&#xc042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUD|&#xc043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUL|&#xc044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULG|&#xc045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULM|&#xc046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULB|&#xc047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULS|&#xc048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULT|&#xc049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULP|&#xc04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYULH|&#xc04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUM|&#xc04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUB|&#xc04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUBS|&#xc04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE BBYUS|&#xc04f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text 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color}};"|CA7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJEL|&#xca70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELG|&#xca71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELM|&#xca72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELB|&#xca73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELS|&#xca74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELT|&#xca75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELP|&#xca76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJELH|&#xca77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJEM|&#xca78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJEB|&#xca79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJEBS|&#xca7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJES|&#xca7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJESS|&#xca7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJENG|&#xca7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJEJ|&#xca7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJEC|&#xca7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default 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!style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CA9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOLS|&#xca90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOLT|&#xca91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOLP|&#xca92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOLH|&#xca93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOM|&#xca94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOB|&#xca95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOBS|&#xca96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOS|&#xca97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOSS|&#xca98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEONG|&#xca99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOJ|&#xca9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOC|&#xca9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOK|&#xca9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOT|&#xca9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOP|&#xca9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEOH|&#xca9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CAAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYE|&#xcaa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEG|&#xcaa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEGG|&#xcaa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEGS|&#xcaa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEN|&#xcaa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYENJ|&#xcaa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYENH|&#xcaa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYED|&#xcaa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEL|&#xcaa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELG|&#xcaa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELM|&#xcaaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELB|&#xcaab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELS|&#xcaac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELT|&#xcaad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELP|&#xcaae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYELH|&#xcaaf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CABx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEM|&#xcab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEB|&#xcab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEBS|&#xcab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYES|&#xcab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYESS|&#xcab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYENG|&#xcab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEJ|&#xcab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEC|&#xcab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEK|&#xcab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYET|&#xcab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEP|&#xcaba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYEH|&#xcabb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJO|&#xcabc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOG|&#xcabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOGG|&#xcabe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOGS|&#xcabf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CACx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJON|&#xcac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJONJ|&#xcac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJONH|&#xcac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOD|&#xcac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOL|&#xcac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLG|&#xcac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLM|&#xcac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLB|&#xcac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLS|&#xcac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLT|&#xcac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLP|&#xcaca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOLH|&#xcacb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOM|&#xcacc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOB|&#xcacd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOBS|&#xcace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOS|&#xcacf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CADx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOSS|&#xcad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJONG|&#xcad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOJ|&#xcad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOC|&#xcad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOK|&#xcad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOT|&#xcad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOP|&#xcad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOH|&#xcad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWA|&#xcad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAG|&#xcad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAGG|&#xcada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAGS|&#xcadb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAN|&#xcadc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWANJ|&#xcadd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWANH|&#xcade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAD|&#xcadf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CAEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAL|&#xcae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALG|&#xcae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALM|&#xcae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALB|&#xcae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALS|&#xcae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALT|&#xcae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALP|&#xcae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWALH|&#xcae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAM|&#xcae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAB|&#xcae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWABS|&#xcaea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAS|&#xcaeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWASS|&#xcaec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWANG|&#xcaed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAJ|&#xcaee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAC|&#xcaef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CAFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAK|&#xcaf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAT|&#xcaf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAP|&#xcaf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAH|&#xcaf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAE|&#xcaf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEG|&#xcaf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEGG|&#xcaf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEGS|&#xcaf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEN|&#xcaf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAENJ|&#xcaf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAENH|&#xcafa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAED|&#xcafb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEL|&#xcafc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELG|&#xcafd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELM|&#xcafe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELB|&#xcaff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELS|&#xcb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELT|&#xcb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELP|&#xcb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAELH|&#xcb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEM|&#xcb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEB|&#xcb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEBS|&#xcb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAES|&#xcb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAESS|&#xcb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAENG|&#xcb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEJ|&#xcb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEC|&#xcb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEK|&#xcb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAET|&#xcb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEP|&#xcb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWAEH|&#xcb0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOE|&#xcb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEG|&#xcb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEGG|&#xcb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEGS|&#xcb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEN|&#xcb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOENJ|&#xcb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOENH|&#xcb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOED|&#xcb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEL|&#xcb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELG|&#xcb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELM|&#xcb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELB|&#xcb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELS|&#xcb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELT|&#xcb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELP|&#xcb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOELH|&#xcb1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEM|&#xcb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEB|&#xcb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEBS|&#xcb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOES|&#xcb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOESS|&#xcb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOENG|&#xcb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEJ|&#xcb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEC|&#xcb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEK|&#xcb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOET|&#xcb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEP|&#xcb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJOEH|&#xcb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYO|&#xcb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOG|&#xcb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOGG|&#xcb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOGS|&#xcb2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYON|&#xcb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYONJ|&#xcb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYONH|&#xcb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOD|&#xcb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOL|&#xcb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLG|&#xcb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLM|&#xcb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLB|&#xcb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLS|&#xcb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLT|&#xcb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLP|&#xcb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOLH|&#xcb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOM|&#xcb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOB|&#xcb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOBS|&#xcb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOS|&#xcb3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOSS|&#xcb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYONG|&#xcb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOJ|&#xcb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOC|&#xcb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOK|&#xcb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOT|&#xcb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOP|&#xcb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJYOH|&#xcb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJU|&#xcb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUG|&#xcb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUGG|&#xcb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUGS|&#xcb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUN|&#xcb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUNJ|&#xcb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUNH|&#xcb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUD|&#xcb4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUL|&#xcb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULG|&#xcb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULM|&#xcb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULB|&#xcb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULS|&#xcb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULT|&#xcb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULP|&#xcb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJULH|&#xcb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUM|&#xcb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUB|&#xcb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUBS|&#xcb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUS|&#xcb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUSS|&#xcb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUNG|&#xcb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUJ|&#xcb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUC|&#xcb5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUK|&#xcb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUT|&#xcb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUP|&#xcb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJUH|&#xcb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEO|&#xcb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOG|&#xcb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOGG|&#xcb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOGS|&#xcb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEON|&#xcb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEONJ|&#xcb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEONH|&#xcb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOD|&#xcb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOL|&#xcb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLG|&#xcb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLM|&#xcb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLB|&#xcb6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc65d;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|CB7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLS|&#xcb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLT|&#xcb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLP|&#xcb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOLH|&#xcb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOM|&#xcb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOB|&#xcb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOBS|&#xcb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOS|&#xcb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEOSS|&#xcb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE JJWEONG|&#xcb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANGUL SYLLABLE 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Unicode/Character reference/12000-12FFF 0 87824 4664448 4633044 2026-08-25T17:01:27Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Cuneiform''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1200x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A|&#x12000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES A|&#x12001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES BAD|&#x12002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x12003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES HA|&#x12004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES IGI|&#x12005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES LAGAR GUNU|&#x12006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES MUSH|&#x12007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A TIMES SAG|&#x12008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN A2|&#x12009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB|&#x1200a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES ASH2|&#x1200b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES DUN3 GUNU|&#x1200c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES GAL|&#x1200d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x1200e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES HA|&#x1200f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1201x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x12010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES IMIN|&#x12011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES LAGAB|&#x12012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES SHESH|&#x12013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U|&#x12014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB GUNU|&#x12015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2|&#x12016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES BALAG|&#x12017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x12018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES ME PLUS EN|&#x12019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES SHA3|&#x1201a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES TAK4|&#x1201b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AD|&#x1201c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AK|&#x1201d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AK TIMES ERIN2|&#x1201e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AK TIMES SHITA PLUS GISH|&#x1201f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1202x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL|&#x12020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES AL|&#x12021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES DIM2|&#x12022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES GISH|&#x12023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES HA|&#x12024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES KAD3|&#x12025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES KI|&#x12026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES SHE|&#x12027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AL TIMES USH|&#x12028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ALAN|&#x12029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ALEPH|&#x1202a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AMAR|&#x1202b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AMAR TIMES SHE|&#x1202c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AN|&#x1202d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AN OVER AN|&#x1202e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AN THREE TIMES|&#x1202f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};height:40px" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1203x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AN PLUS NAGA OPPOSING AN PLUS NAGA|&#x12030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AN PLUS NAGA SQUARED|&#x12031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ANSHE|&#x12032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN APIN|&#x12033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ARAD|&#x12034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ARAD TIMES KUR|&#x12035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ARKAB|&#x12036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASAL2|&#x12037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH|&#x12038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH ZIDA TENU|&#x12039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH KABA TENU|&#x1203a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH OVER ASH TUG2 OVER TUG2 TUG2 OVER TUG2 PAP|&#x1203b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH OVER ASH OVER ASH|&#x1203c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH OVER ASH OVER ASH CROSSING ASH OVER ASH OVER ASH|&#x1203d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASH2|&#x1203e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ASHGAB|&#x1203f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1204x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BA|&#x12040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAD|&#x12041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAG3|&#x12042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAHAR2|&#x12043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAL|&#x12044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAL OVER BAL|&#x12045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BALAG|&#x12046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAR|&#x12047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BARA2|&#x12048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BI|&#x12049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BI TIMES A|&#x1204a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BI TIMES GAR|&#x1204b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BI TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x1204c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BU|&#x1204d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BU OVER BU AB|&#x1204e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BU OVER BU UN|&#x1204f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1205x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BU CROSSING BU|&#x12050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BULUG|&#x12051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BULUG OVER BULUG|&#x12052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BUR|&#x12053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BUR2|&#x12054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DA|&#x12055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG|&#x12056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES A PLUS MASH|&#x12057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES AMAR|&#x12058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES BALAG|&#x12059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES BI|&#x1205a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES GA|&#x1205b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES GA PLUS MASH|&#x1205c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES GI|&#x1205d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES GIR2|&#x1205e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES GUD|&#x1205f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1206x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES HA|&#x12060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES IR|&#x12061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES IR PLUS LU|&#x12062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES KAK|&#x12063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES LA|&#x12064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES LU|&#x12065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES LU PLUS MASH2|&#x12066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES LUM|&#x12067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES NE|&#x12068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES PAP PLUS PAP|&#x12069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES SI|&#x1206a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES TAK4|&#x1206b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES U2 PLUS GIR2|&#x1206c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES USH|&#x1206d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAM|&#x1206e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAR|&#x1206f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1207x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DARA3|&#x12070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN 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DUB2|&#x12080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG|&#x12081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUGUD|&#x12082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUH|&#x12083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUN|&#x12084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUN3|&#x12085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUN3 GUNU|&#x12086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUN3 GUNU GUNU|&#x12087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUN4|&#x12088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUR2|&#x12089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E|&#x1208a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E TIMES PAP|&#x1208b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E OVER E NUN OVER NUN|&#x1208c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2|&#x1208d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES A PLUS HA PLUS DA|&#x1208e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES GAR|&#x1208f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};height:32px" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1209x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES MI|&#x12090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES SAL|&#x12091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES SHE|&#x12092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES U|&#x12093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EDIN|&#x12094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EGIR|&#x12095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EL|&#x12096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN|&#x12097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN TIMES GAN2|&#x12098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x12099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN TIMES ME|&#x1209a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN CROSSING EN|&#x1209b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN OPPOSING EN|&#x1209c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EN SQUARED|&#x1209d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EREN|&#x1209e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ERIN2|&#x1209f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ESH2|&#x120a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN|&#x120a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES A|&#x120a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES A PLUS LAL|&#x120a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES A PLUS LAL TIMES LAL|&#x120a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES AN|&#x120a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES BAD|&#x120a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES DUN3 GUNU|&#x120a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES DUN3 GUNU GUNU|&#x120a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES HA|&#x120a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES HA GUNU|&#x120aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x120ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES KASKAL|&#x120ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES KASKAL SQUARED|&#x120ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES KU3|&#x120ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES LA|&#x120af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES LAL TIMES LAL|&#x120b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES LI|&#x120b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES LU|&#x120b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES U2|&#x120b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES UD|&#x120b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA|&#x120b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA GUNU|&#x120b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2|&#x120b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES A PLUS DA PLUS HA|&#x120b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES A PLUS HA|&#x120b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES A PLUS IGI|&#x120ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES AB2 TENU PLUS TAB|&#x120bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES AN|&#x120bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES ASH|&#x120bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES ASH2 PLUS GAL|&#x120be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES BAD|&#x120bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES BAR PLUS RA|&#x120c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES BUR|&#x120c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES BUR PLUS RA|&#x120c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DA|&#x120c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DI|&#x120c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DIM TIMES SHE|&#x120c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DUB|&#x120c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES EL|&#x120c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES EL PLUS LA|&#x120c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES EN|&#x120c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES EN TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x120ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x120cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GAR|&#x120cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GI|&#x120cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GI4|&#x120ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GI4 PLUS A|&#x120cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GIR2 PLUS SU|&#x120d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES HA PLUS LU PLUS ESH2|&#x120d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES HAL|&#x120d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES HAL PLUS LA|&#x120d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES HI PLUS LI|&#x120d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES HUB2|&#x120d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x120d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES ISH PLUS HU PLUS ASH|&#x120d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES KAK|&#x120d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES KASKAL|&#x120d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES KID|&#x120da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES KID PLUS LAL|&#x120db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES KU3 PLUS AN|&#x120dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES LA|&#x120dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES ME PLUS EN|&#x120de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES MI|&#x120df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES NUN|&#x120e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES NUN OVER NUN|&#x120e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES PA|&#x120e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SAL|&#x120e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SAR|&#x120e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SHE|&#x120e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SHE PLUS TUR|&#x120e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SHID|&#x120e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SUM|&#x120e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES TAK4|&#x120e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES U|&#x120ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES UD|&#x120eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES UD PLUS DU|&#x120ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 OVER GA2|&#x120ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GABA|&#x120ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GABA CROSSING GABA|&#x120ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};height:34px" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|120Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAD|&#x120f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR|&#x120f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAL|&#x120f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAL GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR|&#x120f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GALAM|&#x120f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAM|&#x120f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAN|&#x120f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAN2|&#x120f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAN2 TENU|&#x120f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAN2 OVER GAN2|&#x120f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAN2 CROSSING GAN2|&#x120fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAR|&#x120fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GAR3|&#x120fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GASHAN|&#x120fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GESHTIN|&#x120fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GESHTIN TIMES KUR|&#x120ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1210x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI|&#x12100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI TIMES E|&#x12101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI TIMES U|&#x12102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI CROSSING GI|&#x12103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI4|&#x12104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI4 OVER GI4|&#x12105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GI4 CROSSING GI4|&#x12106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIDIM|&#x12107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR2|&#x12108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR2 GUNU|&#x12109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR3|&#x1210a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR3 TIMES A PLUS IGI|&#x1210b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR3 TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x1210c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR3 TIMES IGI|&#x1210d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR3 TIMES LU PLUS IGI|&#x1210e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIR3 TIMES PA|&#x1210f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1211x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GISAL|&#x12110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIS|&#x12111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GISH CROSSING GISH|&#x12112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GISH TIMES BAD|&#x12113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GISH TIMES TAK4|&#x12114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GISH TENU|&#x12115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU|&#x12116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU CROSSING GU|&#x12117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2|&#x12118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2 TIMES KAK|&#x12119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2 TIMES KAK TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x1211a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2 TIMES NUN|&#x1211b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2 TIMES SAL PLUS TUG2|&#x1211c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2 GUNU|&#x1211d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUD|&#x1211e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUD TIMES A PLUS KUR|&#x1211f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1212x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUD TIMES KUR|&#x12120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUD OVER GUD LUGAL|&#x12121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUL|&#x12122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUM|&#x12123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUM TIMES SHE|&#x12124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUR|&#x12125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUR7|&#x12126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GURUN|&#x12127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GURUSH|&#x12128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HA|&#x12129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HA TENU|&#x1212a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HA GUNU|&#x1212b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HAL|&#x1212c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI|&#x1212d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES ASH|&#x1212e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES ASH2|&#x1212f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1213x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES BAD|&#x12130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES DISH|&#x12131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES GAD|&#x12132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES KIN|&#x12133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES NUN|&#x12134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES SHE|&#x12135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES U|&#x12136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HU|&#x12137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUB2|&#x12138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUB2 TIMES AN|&#x12139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUB2 TIMES HAL|&#x1213a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUB2 TIMES KASKAL|&#x1213b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUB2 TIMES LISH|&#x1213c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUB2 TIMES UD|&#x1213d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUL2|&#x1213e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN I|&#x1213f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1214x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN I A|&#x12140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IB|&#x12141;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IDIM|&#x12142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IDIM OVER IDIM BUR|&#x12143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IDIM OVER IDIM SQUARED|&#x12144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IG|&#x12145;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IGI|&#x12146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IGI DIB|&#x12147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IGI RI|&#x12148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IGI OVER IGI SHIR OVER SHIR UD OVER UD|&#x12149;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IGI GUNU|&#x1214a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IL|&#x1214b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IL TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x1214c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IL2|&#x1214d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IM|&#x1214e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IM TIMES TAK4|&#x1214f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};height:32px" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1215x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IM CROSSING IM|&#x12150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IM OPPOSING IM|&#x12151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IM SQUARED|&#x12152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IMIN|&#x12153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IN|&#x12154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN IR|&#x12155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ISH|&#x12156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA|&#x12157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES A|&#x12158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES AD|&#x12159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES AD PLUS KU3|&#x1215a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ASH2|&#x1215b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES BAD|&#x1215c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES BALAG|&#x1215d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES BAR|&#x1215e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES BI|&#x1215f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1216x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ERIN2|&#x12160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ESH2|&#x12161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GA|&#x12162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GAL|&#x12163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x12164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GAR|&#x12165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GAR PLUS SHA3 PLUS A|&#x12166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GI|&#x12167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GIR2|&#x12168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GISH PLUS SAR|&#x12169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GISH CROSSING GISH|&#x1216a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GU|&#x1216b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GUR7|&#x1216c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES IGI|&#x1216d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES IM|&#x1216e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES KAK|&#x1216f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1217x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES KI|&#x12170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES KID|&#x12171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES LI|&#x12172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES LU|&#x12173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ME|&#x12174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ME PLUS DU|&#x12175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ME PLUS GI|&#x12176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ME PLUS TE|&#x12177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES MI|&#x12178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES MI PLUS NUNUZ|&#x12179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES NE|&#x1217a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES NUN|&#x1217b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES PI|&#x1217c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES RU|&#x1217d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SA|&#x1217e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SAR|&#x1217f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1218x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SHA|&#x12180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SHE|&#x12181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SHID|&#x12182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SHU|&#x12183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SIG|&#x12184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SUHUR|&#x12185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES TAR|&#x12186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES U|&#x12187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES U2|&#x12188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES UD|&#x12189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES UMUM TIMES PA|&#x1218a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES USH|&#x1218b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ZI|&#x1218c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA2|&#x1218d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA2 CROSSING KA2|&#x1218e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAB|&#x1218f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1219x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAD2|&#x12190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAD3|&#x12191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAD4|&#x12192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAD5|&#x12193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAD5 OVER KAD5|&#x12194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAK|&#x12195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAK TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x12196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAL|&#x12197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAL TIMES BAD|&#x12198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAL CROSSING KAL|&#x12199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAM2|&#x1219a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAM4|&#x1219b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KASKAL|&#x1219c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KASKAL LAGAB TIMES U OVER LAGAB TIMES U|&#x1219d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KASKAL OVER KASKAL LAGAB TIMES U OVER LAGAB TIMES U|&#x1219e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KESH2|&#x1219f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KI|&#x121a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KI TIMES BAD|&#x121a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KI TIMES U|&#x121a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KI TIMES UD|&#x121a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KID|&#x121a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KIN|&#x121a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KISAL|&#x121a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KISH|&#x121a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KISIM5|&#x121a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KISIM5 OVER KISIM5|&#x121a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KU|&#x121aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KU OVER HI TIMES ASH2 KU OVER HI TIMES ASH2|&#x121ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KU3|&#x121ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KU4|&#x121ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KU4 VARIANT FORM|&#x121ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KU7|&#x121af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KUL|&#x121b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KUL GUNU|&#x121b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KUN|&#x121b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KUR|&#x121b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KUR OPPOSING KUR|&#x121b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KUSHU2|&#x121b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KWU318|&#x121b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LA|&#x121b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB|&#x121b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES A|&#x121b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES A PLUS DA PLUS HA|&#x121ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES A PLUS GAR|&#x121bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES A PLUS LAL|&#x121bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES AL|&#x121bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES AN|&#x121be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES ASH ZIDA TENU|&#x121bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES BAD|&#x121c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES BI|&#x121c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES DAR|&#x121c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES EN|&#x121c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES GA|&#x121c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES GAR|&#x121c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES GUD|&#x121c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES GUD PLUS GUD|&#x121c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES HA|&#x121c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES HAL|&#x121c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES HI TIMES NUN|&#x121ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x121cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES IM|&#x121cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES IM PLUS HA|&#x121cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES IM PLUS LU|&#x121ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES KI|&#x121cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES KIN|&#x121d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES KU3|&#x121d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES KUL|&#x121d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES KUL PLUS HI PLUS A|&#x121d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES LAGAB|&#x121d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES LISH|&#x121d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES LU|&#x121d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES LUL|&#x121d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES ME|&#x121d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES ME PLUS EN|&#x121d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES MUSH|&#x121da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES NE|&#x121db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES SHE PLUS SUM|&#x121dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES SHITA PLUS GISH PLUS ERIN2|&#x121dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES SHITA PLUS GISH TENU|&#x121de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES SHU2|&#x121df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES SHU2 PLUS SHU2|&#x121e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES SUM|&#x121e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES TAG|&#x121e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES TAK4|&#x121e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES TE PLUS A PLUS SU PLUS NA|&#x121e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES U|&#x121e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES U PLUS A|&#x121e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U|&#x121e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES U2 PLUS ASH|&#x121e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES UD|&#x121e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES USH|&#x121ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB SQUARED|&#x121eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAR|&#x121ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAR TIMES SHE|&#x121ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAR TIMES SHE PLUS SUM|&#x121ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAR GUNU|&#x121ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|121Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAR GUNU OVER LAGAR GUNU SHE|&#x121f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAHSHU|&#x121f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAL|&#x121f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAL TIMES LAL|&#x121f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAM|&#x121f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAM TIMES KUR|&#x121f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAM TIMES KUR PLUS RU|&#x121f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LI|&#x121f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LIL|&#x121f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LIMMU2|&#x121f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LISH|&#x121fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU|&#x121fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU TIMES BAD|&#x121fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2|&#x121fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES AL|&#x121fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES BAD|&#x121ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1220x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES ESH2|&#x12200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES ESH2 TENU|&#x12201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x12202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES HI TIMES BAD|&#x12203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES IM|&#x12204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES KAD2|&#x12205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES KAD3|&#x12206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES KAD3 PLUS ASH|&#x12207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES KI|&#x12208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES LA PLUS ASH|&#x12209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES LAGAB|&#x1220a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES ME PLUS EN|&#x1220b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES NE|&#x1220c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES NU|&#x1220d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES SI PLUS ASH|&#x1220e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES SIK2 PLUS BU|&#x1220f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1221x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES TUG2|&#x12210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TENU|&#x12211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 CROSSING LU2|&#x12212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 OPPOSING LU2|&#x12213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 SQUARED|&#x12214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 SHESHIG|&#x12215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU3|&#x12216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL|&#x12217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OVER LUGAL|&#x12218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OPPOSING LUGAL|&#x12219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL SHESHIG|&#x1221a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUH|&#x1221b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUL|&#x1221c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUM|&#x1221d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUM OVER LUM|&#x1221e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LUM OVER LUM GAR OVER GAR|&#x1221f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1222x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MA|&#x12220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MA TIMES TAK4|&#x12221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MA GUNU|&#x12222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MA2|&#x12223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MAH|&#x12224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MAR|&#x12225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MASH|&#x12226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MASH2|&#x12227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ME|&#x12228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MES|&#x12229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MI|&#x1222a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MIN|&#x1222b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MU|&#x1222c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MU OVER MU|&#x1222d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUG|&#x1222e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUG GUNU|&#x1222f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1223x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUNSUB|&#x12230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MURGU2|&#x12231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH|&#x12232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH TIMES A|&#x12233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH TIMES KUR|&#x12234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH TIMES ZA|&#x12235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH OVER MUSH|&#x12236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH OVER MUSH TIMES A PLUS NA|&#x12237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH CROSSING MUSH|&#x12238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH3|&#x12239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH3 TIMES A|&#x1223a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH3 TIMES A PLUS DI|&#x1223b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH3 TIMES DI|&#x1223c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH3 GUNU|&#x1223d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NA|&#x1223e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NA2|&#x1223f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1224x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAGA|&#x12240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAGA INVERTED|&#x12241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAGA TIMES SHU TENU|&#x12242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAGA OPPOSING NAGA|&#x12243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAGAR|&#x12244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAM NUTILLU|&#x12245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAM|&#x12246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NAM2|&#x12247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NE|&#x12248;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NE TIMES A|&#x12249;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NE TIMES UD|&#x1224a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NE SHESHIG|&#x1224b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NI|&#x1224c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NI TIMES E|&#x1224d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NI2|&#x1224e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NIM|&#x1224f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1225x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NIM TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x12250;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NIM TIMES GAR PLUS GAN2 TENU|&#x12251;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2|&#x12252;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES AN|&#x12253;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES ASH|&#x12254;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES ASH PLUS ASH|&#x12255;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES GUD|&#x12256;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES ME PLUS GAN2 TENU|&#x12257;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES NE|&#x12258;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES NUN|&#x12259;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES SHE|&#x1225a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES SHE PLUS A AN|&#x1225b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES SHE PLUS ASH|&#x1225c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES SHE PLUS ASH PLUS ASH|&#x1225d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES U2 PLUS ASH|&#x1225e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES USH|&#x1225f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1226x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NISAG|&#x12260;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NU|&#x12261;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NU11|&#x12262;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN|&#x12263;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN LAGAR TIMES GAR|&#x12264;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN LAGAR TIMES MASH|&#x12265;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL|&#x12266;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL OVER NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL|&#x12267;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN LAGAR TIMES USH|&#x12268;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN TENU|&#x12269;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN OVER NUN|&#x1226a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN CROSSING NUN|&#x1226b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUN CROSSING NUN LAGAR OVER LAGAR|&#x1226c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ|&#x1226d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES ASHGAB|&#x1226e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES BI|&#x1226f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1227x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES DUG|&#x12270;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES GUD|&#x12271;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x12272;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES KAD3|&#x12273;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES LA|&#x12274;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES NE|&#x12275;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES SILA3|&#x12276;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ AB2 TIMES U2|&#x12277;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ KISIM5 TIMES BI|&#x12278;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NUNUZ KISIM5 TIMES BI U|&#x12279;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PA|&#x1227a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PAD|&#x1227b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PAN|&#x1227c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PAP|&#x1227d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PESH2|&#x1227e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI|&#x1227f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1228x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES A|&#x12280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES AB|&#x12281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES BI|&#x12282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES BU|&#x12283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES E|&#x12284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES I|&#x12285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES IB|&#x12286;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES U|&#x12287;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI TIMES U2|&#x12288;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PI CROSSING PI|&#x12289;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PIRIG|&#x1228a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PIRIG TIMES KAL|&#x1228b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PIRIG TIMES UD|&#x1228c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PIRIG TIMES ZA|&#x1228d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PIRIG OPPOSING PIRIG|&#x1228e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN RA|&#x1228f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1229x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN RAB|&#x12290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN RI|&#x12291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN RU|&#x12292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SA|&#x12293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG NUTILLU|&#x12294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG|&#x12295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES A|&#x12296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES DU|&#x12297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES DUB|&#x12298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES HA|&#x12299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES KAK|&#x1229a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES KUR|&#x1229b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES LUM|&#x1229c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES MI|&#x1229d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES NUN|&#x1229e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES SAL|&#x1229f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES SHID|&#x122a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES TAB|&#x122a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES U2|&#x122a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES UB|&#x122a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES UM|&#x122a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES UR|&#x122a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES USH|&#x122a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG OVER SAG|&#x122a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG GUNU|&#x122a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAL|&#x122a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAL LAGAB TIMES ASH2|&#x122aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SANGA2|&#x122ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAR|&#x122ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA|&#x122ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3|&#x122ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES A|&#x122af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES BAD|&#x122b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES GISH|&#x122b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES NE|&#x122b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES SHU2|&#x122b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES TUR|&#x122b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES U|&#x122b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA3 TIMES U PLUS A|&#x122b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA6|&#x122b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHAB6|&#x122b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHAR2|&#x122b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE|&#x122ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE HU|&#x122bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE OVER SHE GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR|&#x122bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE OVER SHE TAB OVER TAB GAR OVER GAR|&#x122bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHEG9|&#x122be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHEN|&#x122bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHESH|&#x122c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHESH2|&#x122c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHESHLAM|&#x122c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHID|&#x122c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHID TIMES A|&#x122c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHID TIMES IM|&#x122c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM|&#x122c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES A|&#x122c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES BAL|&#x122c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES BULUG|&#x122c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES DIN|&#x122ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES GAR|&#x122cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES IGI|&#x122cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x122cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES KUSHU2|&#x122ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES LUL|&#x122cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES MUG|&#x122d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIM TIMES SAL|&#x122d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHINIG|&#x122d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR|&#x122d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR TENU|&#x122d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR OVER SHIR BUR OVER BUR|&#x122d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHITA|&#x122d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHU|&#x122d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHU OVER INVERTED SHU|&#x122d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHU2|&#x122d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHUBUR|&#x122da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SI|&#x122db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SI GUNU|&#x122dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SIG|&#x122dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SIG4|&#x122de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SIG4 OVER SIG4 SHU2|&#x122df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SIK2|&#x122e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SILA3|&#x122e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SU|&#x122e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SU OVER SU|&#x122e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUD|&#x122e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUD2|&#x122e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUHUR|&#x122e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUM|&#x122e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUMASH|&#x122e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUR|&#x122e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SUR9|&#x122ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TA|&#x122eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TA ASTERISK|&#x122ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TA TIMES HI|&#x122ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TA TIMES MI|&#x122ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TA GUNU|&#x122ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|122Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAB|&#x122f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAB OVER TAB NI OVER NI DISH OVER DISH|&#x122f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAB SQUARED|&#x122f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG|&#x122f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG TIMES BI|&#x122f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG TIMES GUD|&#x122f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG TIMES SHE|&#x122f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG TIMES SHU|&#x122f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG TIMES TUG2|&#x122f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAG TIMES UD|&#x122f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAK4|&#x122fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAR|&#x122fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TE|&#x122fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TE GUNU|&#x122fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TI|&#x122fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TI TENU|&#x122ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1230x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TIL|&#x12300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TIR|&#x12301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TIR TIMES TAK4|&#x12302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TIR OVER TIR|&#x12303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TIR OVER TIR GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR|&#x12304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TU|&#x12305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUG2|&#x12306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUK|&#x12307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUM|&#x12308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUR|&#x12309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUR OVER TUR ZA OVER ZA|&#x1230a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U|&#x1230b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U GUD|&#x1230c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U U U|&#x1230d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U OVER U PA OVER PA GAR OVER GAR|&#x1230e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U OVER U SUR OVER SUR|&#x1230f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1231x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U OVER U U REVERSED OVER U REVERSED|&#x12310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U2|&#x12311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UB|&#x12312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD|&#x12313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD KUSHU2|&#x12314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD TIMES BAD|&#x12315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD TIMES MI|&#x12316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U|&#x12317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U GUNU|&#x12318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD GUNU|&#x12319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD SHESHIG|&#x1231a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UD SHESHIG TIMES BAD|&#x1231b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UDUG|&#x1231c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UM|&#x1231d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UM TIMES LAGAB|&#x1231e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UM TIMES ME PLUS DA|&#x1231f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1232x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UM TIMES SHA3|&#x12320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UM TIMES U|&#x12321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UMBIN|&#x12322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UMUM|&#x12323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UMUM TIMES KASKAL|&#x12324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UMUM TIMES PA|&#x12325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UN|&#x12326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UN GUNU|&#x12327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR|&#x12328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR CROSSING UR|&#x12329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR SHESHIG|&#x1232a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2|&#x1232b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES A PLUS HA|&#x1232c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES A PLUS NA|&#x1232d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES AL|&#x1232e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES HA|&#x1232f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1233x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES NUN|&#x12330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES U2|&#x12331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES U2 PLUS ASH|&#x12332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES U2 PLUS BI|&#x12333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR4|&#x12334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URI|&#x12335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URI3|&#x12336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU|&#x12337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES A|&#x12338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES ASHGAB|&#x12339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES BAR|&#x1233a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES DUN|&#x1233b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES GA|&#x1233c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES GAL|&#x1233d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x1233e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES GAR|&#x1233f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1234x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES GU|&#x12340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES HA|&#x12341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES IGI|&#x12342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES IM|&#x12343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES ISH|&#x12344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES KI|&#x12345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES LUM|&#x12346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES MIN|&#x12347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES PA|&#x12348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES SHE|&#x12349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES SIG4|&#x1234a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES TU|&#x1234b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES U PLUS GUD|&#x1234c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES UD|&#x1234d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES URUDA|&#x1234e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URUDA|&#x1234f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1235x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URUDA TIMES U|&#x12350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USH|&#x12351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USH TIMES A|&#x12352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USH TIMES KU|&#x12353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USH TIMES KUR|&#x12354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USH TIMES TAK4|&#x12355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USHX|&#x12356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USH2|&#x12357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN USHUMX|&#x12358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UTUKI|&#x12359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UZ3|&#x1235a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UZ3 TIMES KASKAL|&#x1235b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UZU|&#x1235c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZA|&#x1235d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZA TENU|&#x1235e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZA SQUARED TIMES KUR|&#x1235f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1236x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZAG|&#x12360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZAMX|&#x12361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZE2|&#x12362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZI|&#x12363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZI OVER ZI|&#x12364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZI3|&#x12365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZIB|&#x12366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZIB KABA TENU|&#x12367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZIG|&#x12368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZIZ2|&#x12369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZU|&#x1236a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZU5|&#x1236b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZU5 TIMES A|&#x1236c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZUBUR|&#x1236d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZUM|&#x1236e;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KAP ELAMITE|&#x1236f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1237x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES NUN|&#x12370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB2 TIMES A|&#x12371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AMAR TIMES KUG|&#x12372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG KISIM5 TIMES U2 PLUS MASH|&#x12373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG3|&#x12374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DISH PLUS SHU|&#x12375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUB TIMES SHE|&#x12376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES GUD|&#x12377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES SHE|&#x12378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES AN PLUS KAK PLUS A|&#x12379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES ASH2|&#x1237a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GE22|&#x1237b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GIG|&#x1237c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HUSH|&#x1237d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ANSHE|&#x1237e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES ASH3|&#x1237f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1238x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GISH|&#x12380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES GUD|&#x12381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES HI TIMES ASH2|&#x12382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES LUM|&#x12383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES PA|&#x12384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES SHUL|&#x12385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES TU|&#x12386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES UR2|&#x12387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES GI|&#x12388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 SHESHIG TIMES BAD|&#x12389;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES ESH2 PLUS LAL|&#x1238a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES SHU|&#x1238b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MESH|&#x1238c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH3 TIMES ZA|&#x1238d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NA4|&#x1238e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NIN|&#x1238f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1239x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NIN9|&#x12390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES BAL|&#x12391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES GI|&#x12392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NU11 ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x12393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PESH2 ASTERISK|&#x12394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN PIR2|&#x12395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x12396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TI2|&#x12397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UM TIMES ME|&#x12398;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN U U|&#x12399;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|123Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1240x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO ASH|&#x12400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE ASH|&#x12401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR ASH|&#x12402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE ASH|&#x12403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX ASH|&#x12404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN ASH|&#x12405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT ASH|&#x12406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE ASH|&#x12407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE DISH|&#x12408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR DISH|&#x12409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE DISH|&#x1240a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX DISH|&#x1240b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN DISH|&#x1240c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT DISH|&#x1240d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE DISH|&#x1240e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR U|&#x1240f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1241x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE U|&#x12410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX U|&#x12411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN U|&#x12412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT U|&#x12413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE U|&#x12414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE GESH2|&#x12415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO GESH2|&#x12416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE GESH2|&#x12417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR GESH2|&#x12418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE GESH2|&#x12419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX GESH2|&#x1241a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN GESH2|&#x1241b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT GESH2|&#x1241c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE GESH2|&#x1241d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE GESHU|&#x1241e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO GESHU|&#x1241f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};height:32px" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1242x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE GESHU|&#x12420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR GESHU|&#x12421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE GESHU|&#x12422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO SHAR2|&#x12423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE SHAR2|&#x12424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE SHAR2 VARIANT FORM|&#x12425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR SHAR2|&#x12426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE SHAR2|&#x12427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX SHAR2|&#x12428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN SHAR2|&#x12429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT SHAR2|&#x1242a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE SHAR2|&#x1242b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE SHARU|&#x1242c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO SHARU|&#x1242d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE SHARU|&#x1242e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE SHARU VARIANT FORM|&#x1242f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};height:32px" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1243x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR SHARU|&#x12430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE SHARU|&#x12431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SHAR2 TIMES GAL PLUS DISH|&#x12432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SHAR2 TIMES GAL PLUS MIN|&#x12433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE BURU|&#x12434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO BURU|&#x12435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE BURU|&#x12436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE BURU VARIANT FORM|&#x12437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR BURU|&#x12438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE BURU|&#x12439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE VARIANT FORM ESH16|&#x1243a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE VARIANT FORM ESH21|&#x1243b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR VARIANT FORM LIMMU|&#x1243c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR VARIANT FORM LIMMU4|&#x1243d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR VARIANT FORM LIMMU A|&#x1243e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR VARIANT FORM LIMMU B|&#x1243f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1244x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX VARIANT FORM ASH9|&#x12440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN VARIANT FORM IMIN3|&#x12441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN VARIANT FORM IMIN A|&#x12442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN VARIANT FORM IMIN B|&#x12443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT VARIANT FORM USSU|&#x12444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT VARIANT FORM USSU3|&#x12445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE VARIANT FORM ILIMMU|&#x12446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE VARIANT FORM ILIMMU3|&#x12447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE VARIANT FORM ILIMMU4|&#x12448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE VARIANT FORM ILIMMU A|&#x12449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO ASH TENU|&#x1244a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE ASH TENU|&#x1244b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR ASH TENU|&#x1244c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE ASH TENU|&#x1244d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX ASH TENU|&#x1244e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE BAN2|&#x1244f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1245x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO BAN2|&#x12450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE BAN2|&#x12451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR BAN2|&#x12452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR BAN2 VARIANT FORM|&#x12453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE BAN2|&#x12454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE BAN2 VARIANT FORM|&#x12455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NIGIDAMIN|&#x12456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NIGIDAESH|&#x12457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE ESHE3|&#x12458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO ESHE3|&#x12459;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE THIRD DISH|&#x1245a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO THIRDS DISH|&#x1245b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE SIXTHS DISH|&#x1245c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE THIRD VARIANT FORM A|&#x1245d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN TWO THIRDS VARIANT FORM A|&#x1245e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE EIGHTH ASH|&#x1245f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1246x |style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE QUARTER ASH|&#x12460;}}||style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN OLD ASSYRIAN ONE SIXTH|&#x12461;}}||style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN OLD ASSYRIAN ONE QUARTER|&#x12462;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE QUARTER GUR|&#x12463;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ONE HALF GUR|&#x12464;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ELAMITE ONE THIRD|&#x12465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ELAMITE TWO THIRDS|&#x12466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ELAMITE FORTY|&#x12467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN ELAMITE FIFTY|&#x12468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FOUR U VARIANT FORM|&#x12469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN FIVE U VARIANT FORM|&#x1246a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SIX U VARIANT FORM|&#x1246b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN SEVEN U VARIANT FORM|&#x1246c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN EIGHT U VARIANT FORM|&#x1246d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN NINE U VARIANT FORM|&#x1246e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1247x |style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN OLD ASSYRIAN WORD DIVIDER|&#x12470;}}||style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN VERTICAL COLON|&#x12471;}}||style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL COLON|&#x12472;}}||style="background:#72ff8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL TRICOLON|&#x12473;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL QUADCOLON|&#x12474;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1248x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES NUN TENU|&#x12480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AB TIMES SHU2|&#x12481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN AD TIMES ESH2|&#x12482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAD TIMES DISH TENU|&#x12483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAHAR2 TIMES AB2|&#x12484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAHAR2 TIMES NI|&#x12485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BAHAR2 TIMES ZA|&#x12486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN BU OVER BU TIMES NA2|&#x12487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DA TIMES TAK4|&#x12488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DAG TIMES KUR|&#x12489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DIM TIMES IGI|&#x1248a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DIM TIMES U U U|&#x1248b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DIM2 TIMES UD|&#x1248c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES ANSHE|&#x1248d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES ASH|&#x1248e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES ASH AT LEFT|&#x1248f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1249x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES DIN|&#x12490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES DUN|&#x12491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES ERIN2|&#x12492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES GA|&#x12493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES GI|&#x12494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES GIR2 GUNU|&#x12495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES GISH|&#x12496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES HA|&#x12497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES HI|&#x12498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x12499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES KASKAL|&#x1249a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES KUR|&#x1249b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES KUSHU2|&#x1249c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES KUSHU2 PLUS KASKAL|&#x1249d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES LAK-020|&#x1249e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES LAM|&#x1249f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES LAM TIMES KUR|&#x124a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES LUH PLUS GISH|&#x124a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES MASH|&#x124a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES MES|&#x124a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES MI|&#x124a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES NI|&#x124a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES PI|&#x124a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES SHE|&#x124a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN DUG TIMES SI GUNU|&#x124a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES KUR|&#x124a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN E2 TIMES PAP|&#x124aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ERIN2 X|&#x124ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ESH2 CROSSING ESH2|&#x124ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES ASH|&#x124ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES HI|&#x124ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x124af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES LA|&#x124b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES LAL|&#x124b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES ME|&#x124b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES MES|&#x124b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN SHESHIG TIMES SU|&#x124b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN EZEN TIMES SU|&#x124b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES BAHAR2|&#x124b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DIM GUNU|&#x124b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DUG TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x124b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES DUG TIMES KASKAL|&#x124b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES EREN|&#x124ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GA|&#x124bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GAR PLUS DI|&#x124bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES GAR PLUS NE|&#x124bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES HA PLUS A|&#x124be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES KUSHU2 PLUS KASKAL|&#x124bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES LAM|&#x124c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES LAM TIMES KUR|&#x124c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES LUH|&#x124c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES MUSH|&#x124c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES NE|&#x124c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES NE PLUS E2|&#x124c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES NE PLUS GI|&#x124c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES SHIM|&#x124c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GA2 TIMES ZIZ2|&#x124c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GABA ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x124c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GESHTIN TIMES U|&#x124ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GISH TIMES GISH CROSSING GISH|&#x124cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GU2 TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x124cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN GUD PLUS GISH TIMES TAK4|&#x124cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HA TENU GUNU|&#x124ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN HI TIMES ASH OVER HI TIMES ASH|&#x124cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES BU|&#x124d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES KA|&#x124d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES U U U|&#x124d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN KA TIMES UR|&#x124d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAB TIMES ZU OVER ZU|&#x124d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-003|&#x124d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-021|&#x124d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-025|&#x124d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-030|&#x124d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-050|&#x124d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-051|&#x124da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-062|&#x124db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-079 OVER LAK-079 GUNU|&#x124dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-080|&#x124dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-081 OVER LAK-081|&#x124de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-092|&#x124df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-130|&#x124e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-142|&#x124e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-210|&#x124e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-219|&#x124e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-220|&#x124e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-225|&#x124e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-228|&#x124e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-238|&#x124e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-265|&#x124e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-266|&#x124e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-343|&#x124ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-347|&#x124eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-348|&#x124ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-383|&#x124ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-384|&#x124ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-390|&#x124ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|124Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-441|&#x124f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-449|&#x124f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-449 TIMES GU|&#x124f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-449 TIMES IGI|&#x124f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-449 TIMES PAP PLUS LU3|&#x124f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-449 TIMES PAP PLUS PAP PLUS LU3|&#x124f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-449 TIMES U2 PLUS BA|&#x124f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-450|&#x124f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-457|&#x124f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-470|&#x124f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-483|&#x124fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-490|&#x124fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-492|&#x124fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-493|&#x124fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-495|&#x124fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-550|&#x124ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1250x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-608|&#x12500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617|&#x12501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES ASH|&#x12502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES BAD|&#x12503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES DUN3 GUNU GUNU|&#x12504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES KU3|&#x12505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES LA|&#x12506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES TAR|&#x12507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES TE|&#x12508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES U2|&#x12509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES UD|&#x1250a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-617 TIMES URUDA|&#x1250b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-636|&#x1250c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648|&#x1250d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES DUB|&#x1250e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES GA|&#x1250f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1251x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES IGI|&#x12510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES IGI GUNU|&#x12511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES NI|&#x12512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES PAP PLUS PAP PLUS LU3|&#x12513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES SHESH PLUS KI|&#x12514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES UD|&#x12515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-648 TIMES URUDA|&#x12516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-724|&#x12517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LAK-749|&#x12518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 GUNU TIMES ASH|&#x12519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES DISH|&#x1251a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES HAL|&#x1251b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES PAP|&#x1251c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES PAP PLUS PAP PLUS LU3|&#x1251d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN LU2 TIMES TAK4|&#x1251e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MI PLUS ZA7|&#x1251f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1252x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH OVER MUSH TIMES GA|&#x12520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN MUSH OVER MUSH TIMES KAK|&#x12521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES DIM GUNU|&#x12522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES GISH|&#x12523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES GUL|&#x12524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES HI|&#x12525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES KESH2|&#x12526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES LAK-050|&#x12527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES MASH|&#x12528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES PAP PLUS PAP|&#x12529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES U|&#x1252a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES U PLUS U|&#x1252b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN NINDA2 TIMES URUDA|&#x1252c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG GUNU TIMES HA|&#x1252d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES EN|&#x1252e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES SHE AT LEFT|&#x1252f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1253x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SAG TIMES TAK4|&#x12530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHA6 TENU|&#x12531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE OVER SHE|&#x12532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE PLUS HUB2|&#x12533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE PLUS NAM2|&#x12534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHE PLUS SAR|&#x12535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHU2 PLUS DUG TIMES NI|&#x12536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SHU2 PLUS E2 TIMES AN|&#x12537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN SI TIMES TAK4|&#x12538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TAK4 PLUS SAG|&#x12539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUM TIMES GAN2 TENU|&#x1253a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN TUM TIMES THREE DISH|&#x1253b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 INVERTED|&#x1253c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN UR2 TIMES UD|&#x1253d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES DARA3|&#x1253e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES LAK-668|&#x1253f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1254x |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES LU3|&#x12540;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZA7|&#x12541;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZU OVER ZU PLUS SAR|&#x12542;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUNEIFORM SIGN ZU5 TIMES THREE DISH TENU|&#x12543;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1255x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1256x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1257x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1258x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1259x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|125Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1260x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1261x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1262x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1263x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1264x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1265x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1266x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1267x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1268x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Proto-Cuneiform''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1269x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|126Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1270x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1271x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1272x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1273x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1274x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1275x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1276x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1277x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1278x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1279x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|127Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1280x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1281x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1282x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1283x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1284x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1285x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1286x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1287x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1288x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1289x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|128Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1290x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1291x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1292x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1293x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1294x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1295x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1296x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1297x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1298x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1299x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|129Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12A9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12AAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12ABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12ACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12ADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12AEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12AFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12BCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12BDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12BEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12BFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12CAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12CBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Linear Elamite''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Cypro-Minoan''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12F9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM001|&#x12f90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM002|&#x12f91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM004|&#x12f92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM005|&#x12f93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM006|&#x12f94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM007|&#x12f95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM008|&#x12f96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM009|&#x12f97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM010|&#x12f98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM011|&#x12f99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM012|&#x12f9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM012B|&#x12f9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM013|&#x12f9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM015|&#x12f9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM017|&#x12f9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM019|&#x12f9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12FAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM021|&#x12fa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM023|&#x12fa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM024|&#x12fa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM025|&#x12fa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM026|&#x12fa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM027|&#x12fa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM028|&#x12fa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM029|&#x12fa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM030|&#x12fa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM033|&#x12fa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM034|&#x12faa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM035|&#x12fab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM036|&#x12fac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM037|&#x12fad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM038|&#x12fae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM039|&#x12faf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12FBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM040|&#x12fb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM041|&#x12fb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM044|&#x12fb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM046|&#x12fb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM047|&#x12fb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM049|&#x12fb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM050|&#x12fb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM051|&#x12fb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM052|&#x12fb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM053|&#x12fb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM054|&#x12fba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM055|&#x12fbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM056|&#x12fbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM058|&#x12fbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM059|&#x12fbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM060|&#x12fbf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12FCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM061|&#x12fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM062|&#x12fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM063|&#x12fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM064|&#x12fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM066|&#x12fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM067|&#x12fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM068|&#x12fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM069|&#x12fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM070|&#x12fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM071|&#x12fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM072|&#x12fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM073|&#x12fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM074|&#x12fcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM075|&#x12fcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM075B|&#x12fce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM076|&#x12fcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|12FDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM078|&#x12fd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM079|&#x12fd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM080|&#x12fd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM081|&#x12fd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM082|&#x12fd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM083|&#x12fd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN 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color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYPRO-MINOAN SIGN CM302|&#x12ff2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 8j3new2ov09c1xg217v6u7tjn7vrm0i Past LSAT Explained/PrepTest 44/Purpose 0 134560 4664615 3445310 2026-08-26T10:48:23Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4664615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Question stems are''' * The primary purpose of the passage is to '''Phrases used to denote this question choices''' * argue that, prove that The LSAC released a ten year study commissioned by the American Bar Association which shows a strong correlation between the LSAT score and first year law school GPA. Another study done by Wikiversity School of Law confirms the notion that the LSAT is the best predictor of law school performance available. * claim, discuss, explain, illustrate, show how, suggest The LSAT is a standardized test designed to measure the cognitive skills necessary for law school education. * compare and contrast A few schools such as Yale do not rank the first year law students. The atmosphere tends to be more congenial and cooperative than some others such as Georgetown. The schools that have a class rank can be quite competitive and much more stressful to the students. One student describes his law school experience as "cut throat". One thing that the both types of law school share is that they all require a high LSAT score and solid GPA. * outline The law school admission process can be summarized as follows. One year before the application deadline you need to sign up for the LSAT. Give yourself at least a few months before taking the test to adequately prepare for the test. When you receive the test score, start filling out the application. * provide examples, demonstrate There are ways that you can become a lawyer without taking the LSAT. Concord Law School, run by Kaplan, is an online law school in California that does not require an LSAT score for admission. You can get a law degree in a foreign country and then get a LLM degree which qualifies you for writing the bar exam in New York. * trace the effect * caution that use LSAC notes that though LSAT scores are one of the most reliable and useful tool in selecting students for law school admission, sole reliance on the number can be detrimental. No test is perfect and has a margin of error. LSAC therefore stresses the admission council to consider other factors along with the LSAT scores to make an informed decision. * advocate reform Mr. Wiki calls for discontinuation of the LSAT since it not only exacerbates racial inequality but also gender inequality. He believes that only by introducing an unbiased and fair exam can the American legal system be free of the excess of litigious culture. * evaluate the view * review the treatment * survey the views * explore the origin * analyze * predict * correct * anticipate * define what LSAT stands for law school admission test, a reasoning test developed and administered by Law School Admission Council, a non-profit organization, formerly known as Law Services. * locate the source/cause * identify * criticize == External Links == http://www.prep.com/lsatarticle.pdf {{BookCat}} p941wgw2qv92ns53tlefb00y35ktdn8 Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Ford/VIN Codes 0 142009 4664482 4631599 2026-08-25T23:23:46Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles */ 4664482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}} [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] uses the following [[w:Vehicle identification number|VIN]] formats and codes. ==American Ford== ===American VIN format=== Ford does not directly encode the platform name in the VIN, although much other information is included there. Instead, the company uses a series number to identify a vehicle type. Ford's VIN format is as follows: ====American VIN format Passenger Cars 1981-==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Position ! Sample ! Description |- | 1 | 2 |rowspan=3| [[#Ford WMIs|World Manufacturer identifier]] |- | 2 | F |- | 3 | M |- | 4 | P | [[#American restraint types|Restraint System]] |- | 5 | K |rowspan=3| [[#American models|Vehicle line, series and body code]] |- | 6 | 4 |- | 7 | J |- | 8 | 9 | [[#American engine codes|Engine code]] |- | 9 | 9 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] |- | 10 | 2 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model Year]] |- | 11 | U | [[#North American Ford factories|Assembly plant]] |- | 12 | C |rowspan=6| Sequential number |- | 13 | 2 |- | 14 | 9 |- | 15 | 6 |- | 16 | 5 |- | 17 | 5 |} ====American VIN format Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles 1981-1997==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Position ! Sample ! Description |- | 1 | 2 |rowspan=3| [[#Ford WMIs|World Manufacturer identifier]] |- | 2 | F |- | 3 | M |- | 4 | P | [[#American GVWR codes 1981-1997|Brake System & Gross vehicle weight rating]] |- | 5 | K |rowspan=3| [[#Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles|Vehicle line, series and body code]] |- | 6 | 4 |- | 7 | J |- | 8 | 9 | [[#American engine codes|Engine code]] |- | 9 | 9 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] |- | 10 | 2 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model Year]] |- | 11 | U | [[#North American Ford factories|Assembly plant]] |- | 12 | C |rowspan=6| Sequential number |- | 13 | 2 |- | 14 | 9 |- | 15 | 6 |- | 16 | 5 |- | 17 | 5 |} ====American VIN format Light Trucks & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles 1998-==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Position ! Sample ! Description |- | 1 | 2 |rowspan=3| [[#Ford WMIs|World Manufacturer identifier]] |- | 2 | F |- | 3 | M |- | 4 | P | [[#American GVWR codes/Restraint Systems|Brake System/Gross vehicle weight rating/Restraint System]] |- | 5 | K |rowspan=3| [[#Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles|Vehicle line, series and body code]] |- | 6 | 4 |- | 7 | J |- | 8 | 9 | [[#American engine codes|Engine code]] |- | 9 | 9 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] |- | 10 | 2 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Model Year]] |- | 11 | U | [[#North American Ford factories|Assembly plant]] |- | 12 | C |rowspan=6| Sequential number |- | 13 | 2 |- | 14 | 9 |- | 15 | 6 |- | 16 | 5 |- | 17 | 5 |} ===American restraint types=== The [[w:air bag|restraint type]] is specified as character four of the American Ford VIN for passenger cars. {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Description |- |B |Active belts (Manual) |- |P |Passive belts (Motorized) |- |C |Active Belts and Driver-side Front Airbag |- |A |Active (Manual) Belt (Driver) & Passive (Motorized) Belt (Passenger) plus Driver-side Front Airbag ('94 Tempo/Topaz) |- |L |Active Belts and Driver and Passenger (First Generation) Front Airbags |- |F |Active Belts and Driver and Passenger (Second Generation) Front Airbags |- |K |Active Belts and Driver and Passenger (Second Generation) Front Airbags (only applies to '98-Early '01 Escort ZX2) |- |H |Active Belts and Driver and Passenger Front and Side &/or Side Curtain Airbags ('99-'09) |- |B |Active Belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (1st row) ('10-) |- |H |Active Belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (1st & 2nd row) ('10-) |- |D |Active Belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (1st & 2nd row) & Driver-side Knee Airbags ('10-) |- |6 |Active Belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (1st & 2nd row) & Driver and Passenger Knee Airbags ('13-) |- |T |Active Belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (1st row) & Driver and Passenger Knee Airbags ('15-'23 Mustang convertible) |- |G |Active Belts plus Driver and Passenger Front Airbags & Side Airbags (1st row) & Driver and Passenger Knee Airbags <br>('17-'22 Ford GT, '24- Mustang convertible) |} ===American GVWR codes 1981-1997=== The GVWR class and brake type is specified as character four of the American Ford VIN for light trucks. {| class="wikitable" ! VIN<br> Code!! GVWR Range in lbs. !! Brake System |- | A || up to 3,000 || Hydraulic |- | B || 3,001 – 4,000 || Hydraulic |- | C || 4,001 – 5,000 || Hydraulic |- | D || 5,001 – 6,000 || Hydraulic |- | E || 6,001 – 7,000 || Hydraulic |- | F || 7,001 – 8,000 || Hydraulic |- | G || 8,001 – 8,500 || Hydraulic |- | H || 8,501 – 9,000 || Hydraulic |- | J || 9,001 – 10,000 || Hydraulic |- | K || 10,001 – 14,000 || Hydraulic |- | L || 14,001 – 16,000 || Hydraulic |- | M || 16,001 – 19,500 || Hydraulic |- | N || 19,501 – 26,000 || Hydraulic |- | P || 26,001 – 33,000 || Hydraulic |- | R || 33,001 – 55,000 || Hydraulic |- | S || 55,001 & over || Hydraulic |- | T || 10,001 – 14,000 || Air |- | U || 14,001 – 16,000 || Air |- | V || 16,001 – 19,500 || Air |- | W || 19,501 – 26,000 || Air |- | X || 26,001 – 33,000 || Air |- | Y || 33,001 – 55,000 || Air |- | Z || 55,001 & over || Air |} ===American models=== ====Passenger Car Identifiers==== The passenger car Identifier is specified in position five of the American Ford VIN for passenger cars. {| class="wikitable" !VIN<br> Code !Description |- |P||All Ford, Mercury, Merkur, and Lincoln passenger cars 1981-1986 |- |P||Ford-brand passenger cars made in North America at a factory owned 100% by Ford Motor Co. 1987-2009 |- |M||Mercury & Lincoln passenger cars made in North America at a factory owned 100% by Ford Motor Co. 1987-2009 |- |T||Ford, Mercury, and Merkur passenger cars made outside North America or <br> made in North America at a factory not owned 100% by Ford Motor Co. 1987-2009 <br> (Ford Festiva, Aspire, Probe, & '05-'09 Mustang, Mercury Capri '91-'94, & Cougar '99-'02, Merkur XR4Ti '87-'89 and Scorpio '88-'89) |- |P||Ford-brand passenger cars 2010- |- |M||Mercury passenger cars 2010-2011 |- |L||Lincoln passenger cars 2010-2020 |} ====Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, & Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles==== The [[w:list of Ford vehicles|model]] type is specified in positions five through seven of the American Ford VIN. The first position specifies the model line or [[wikt:marque|marque]], the next is the series, the last is the vehicle type. The type often indicates the engine size, driven wheels, body style, and similar factors. <!-- let's split these into tables for each column --> {| class="wikitable" !VIN<br> Code !Model |- |A11<br>A14<br>A15<br>A21<br>A24<br>A25<br>A31<br>A34<br>A35<br>A41<br>A44<br>A45 | [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] regular length passenger van ('86-'97) <br> Ford Aerostar regular length cargo van ('86-'97) <br> Ford Aerostar regular length cargo van w/side windows ('86-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar regular length passenger van 4WD ('90-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar regular length cargo van 4WD ('90-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar regular length cargo van w/side windows 4WD ('90-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar extended length passenger van ('89-'97) <br> Ford Aerostar extended length cargo van ('89-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar extended length cargo van w/side windows ('89-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar extended length passenger van 4WD ('90-'97) <br> Ford Aerostar extended length cargo van 4WD ('90-'94) <br> Ford Aerostar extended length cargo van w/side windows 4WD ('90-'94) <br> |- |A51<br>A50<br>A51<br>A52<br>A53<br>A54<br>A57<br>A58 | [[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] passenger van ('95-'98) <br> Ford Windstar Base model ('00), LX 3-door ('01), LX Base ('02), Base model ('03) <br> Ford Windstar LX ('99-'00), LX 4-door ('01), LX Standard, LX Deluxe ('02-'03) <br> Ford Windstar SE ('99-'03) <br> Ford Windstar SEL ('99-'03), Limited ('00) <br> Ford Windstar cargo van ('95-'03) <br> Ford Windstar SE Sport ('01) <br> Ford Windstar Limited ('01-'03) |- |A50<br>A51<br>A52<br>A54<br>A57<br>A58 | [[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] S ('04-'05) <br> Ford Freestar SE ('04-'07) <br> Ford Freestar SEL ('04-'07) <br> Ford Freestar cargo van ('04-'07) <br> Ford Freestar SES ('04-'05) <br> Ford Freestar Limited ('04-'07) |- |A20<br>A21<br>A22<br>A23 | [[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] ('04) <br> Mercury Monterey; Convenience ('05) <br> Mercury Monterey; Luxury ('05-'07) <br> Mercury Monterey; Premier ('05) <br> |- |C35<br>C45<br>C55 | [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-350]] ''Chassis Cab'' ('03-'04) <br> Ford E-450 ''Chassis Cab'' ('03-'04) <br> Ford E-550 ''Chassis Cab'' ('03) |- |E01<br>E04<br>E05<br>E06<br>E11<br>E14<br>E15<br>E16<br>E21<br>E24<br>E25<br>E25<br>E26<br>E30<br>E33<br>E34<br>E35<br>E36<br>E37<br>E38<br>E39 | [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]], Club Wagon E-100 regular length ('81-'82) <br> Ford Econoline, E-100 Cargo Van regular length ('81-'83) <br> Ford Econoline, E-100 Window Van regular length ('81-'83) <br> Ford Econoline, E-100 Display Van regular length ('81-'83) <br> Ford Econoline, Club Wagon E-150 regular length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-150 Cargo Van regular length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-150 Window Van regular length ('81-'87) <br> Ford Econoline, E-150 Display Van regular length ('81-'85) <br> Ford Econoline, Club Wagon E-250 regular length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250 Cargo Van regular length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250 Window Van regular length ('81-'87) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250HD Cargo Van regular length ('91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250 Display Van regular length ('81-'85) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 RV cutaway ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 RV stripped chassis ('85-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Cargo Van regular length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Window Van regular length ('81-'87) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Display Van regular length ('81-'85) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Commercial cutaway ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Cutaway w/Parcel Delivery Van ('81-'84) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Commercial stripped chassis ('81-'91) <br> |- |E11<br>E14<br>E24<br>E25<br>E27<br>E29<br>E30<br>E31<br>E33<br>E34<br>E35<br>E37<br>E39<br>E40<br>E45<br>E47<br>E49<br>E55<br>E1B<br>E1E<br>E2E<br>E2F<br>E3B<br>E3E<br>E3F<br>E3K<br>E4F<br>E4K | [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]], E-150 wagon regular length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-150 van regular length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 van regular length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 Super Duty cutaway ('07-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 (Super Duty) Commercial cutaway ('94-'99) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 (Super Duty) Commercial stripped chassis ('94-'03) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) RV cutaway ('92-'99) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) wagon regular length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) RV stripped chassis ('92-'93) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) van regular length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty cutaway ('00-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) Commercial cutaway ('92-'99) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) Commercial stripped chassis ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-Super Duty RV cutaway ('96-'98), E-450 Super Duty RV cutaway ('99) <br> Ford E-Series, E-450 Super Duty cutaway ('00-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-Super Duty Commercial cutaway ('96-'98), E-450 Super Duty Commercial cutaway ('99) <br> Ford E-Series, E-450 Super Duty stripped chassis ('00-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-550 Super Duty cutaway ('02-'03) <br> Ford E-Series, E-150 wagon regular length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-150 van regular length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 van regular length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 Super Duty cutaway ('10-'12) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty wagon regular length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty van regular length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty cutaway ('10-) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty stripped chassis ('10-) <br> Ford E-Series, E-450 Super Duty cutaway ('10-) <br> Ford E-Series, E-450 Super Duty stripped chassis ('10-) |- |E1Y<br>E1Z<br>E2Y<br>E9Z<br>E1C<br>E1D<br>E2C<br>E2D<br>E1Y<br>E2Y<br>E1Z<br>E9Z<br>E1C<br>E2C<br>E1D<br>E2D | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 150, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Low Roof, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Low Roof, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 150, Crew Van, Low Roof, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 150, Crew Van, Low Roof, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 150, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 150, Crew Van, Medium Roof, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 150, Crew Van, Medium Roof, AWD ('20-'23) <br> |- |E5A<br>E5B<br>E5C<br>E5D<br>E5E<br>E5F<br>E5J<br>E4C<br>E4D<br>E4E<br>E4G<br>E0A<br>E0B<br>E0R<br>E1A<br>E1B<br>E2A<br>E2B<br>E4H<br>E6A<br>E6B<br>E7A<br>E7B<br>E8B<br>E9A<br> E9B<br> | [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]]; 2-door; 4x4; Base model, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks ('21-'23) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; 4x4; Base model, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks ('21-'23) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Advanced 4x4; Base model, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks, Badlands, Wildtrak ('21-'23) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Advanced 4x4; Base model, Big Bend, Black Diamond, Outer Banks, Badlands, Wildtrak ('21-'23), Everglades ('22-'23) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Advanced 4x4; First Edition ('21) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Advanced 4x4; First Edition ('21) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Advanced 4x4; Raptor ('22-'23) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Heritage Edition ('23-'24) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Heritage Edition ('23-) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Heritage Limited Edition ('23-'24) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Heritage Limited Edition ('23-'24) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Stroppe Edition ('25) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Stroppe Edition ('26) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Raptor ('24-) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Black Diamond ('24) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Black Diamond ('24) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Wildtrak ('24) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Wildtrak ('24) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Everglades ('24) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Base model ('25-) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Base model ('25-) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Big Bend ('24) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Big Bend ('24-) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Outer Banks ('24-) <br> Ford Bronco; 2-door; Badlands ('24-) <br> Ford Bronco; 4-door; Badlands ('24-) <br> |- |E6E<br>E6F<br>E6S<br>E6T<br>E7E<br>E7F<br>E7S<br>E7T<br>E8F<br>E8G<br>E9E<br>E9F<br>E9G | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]; XL Cargo Van SWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van SWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van SWB w/Rear Liftgate ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van SWB w/Rear Liftgate ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Wagon SWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'18) <br> Ford Transit Connect; Titanium Wagon SWB w/Rear Liftgate ('17-'18) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Wagon LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Wagon LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; Titanium Wagon LWB w/Rear Liftgate ('14-'23) <br> |- |F10<br>F14<br>F15<br>F25<br>F26<br>F27<br>F28<br>F35<br>F36<br>F37<br>F38<br>F47 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-100, Regular Cab, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('81-'83) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('81-'96) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, 2WD ('81-'96) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Regular Cab, 2WD ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Regular Cab, 4WD ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab ('81-'85) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab ('81-'84) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-Super Duty, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab ('88-'97) |- |F07<br>F08<br>F17<br>F18<br>F07<br>F08<br>F17<br>F18<br>F27<br>F28 | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Regular Cab, Flareside, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Flareside, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Regular Cab, Flareside, 2WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Regular Cab, Flareside, 4WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Regular Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Regular Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Regular Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('97-'99) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Regular Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('97-'99) |- |F02<br>F04<br>F12<br>F14 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Regular Cab, Flareside, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Flareside, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('04-'09) |- |F1C<br>F1E | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Regular Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('10-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('10-'23) |- |F1K<br>F1L | [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Regular Cab, 2WD; XL ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Regular Cab, 4WD; XL ('24-) |- |F20<br>F21<br>F30<br>F31<br>F32<br>F33<br>F34<br>F35<br>F36<br>F37<br>F46<br>F47<br>F56<br>F57 | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford F-Series, Super Duty]] F-250, Regular Cab, 2WD ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-250, Regular Cab, 4WD ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> |- |F2A<br>F2B<br>F3A<br>F3B<br>F3C<br>F3D<br>F3E<br>F3F<br>F3G<br>F3H<br>F4C<br>F4D<br>F4G<br>F4H<br>F5G<br>F5H<br>F6K<br>F6L | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford F-Series, Super Duty]] F-250, Regular Cab, 2WD ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-250, Regular Cab, 4WD ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Regular Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('19-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Regular Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('19-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-600, Regular Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('20-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-600, Regular Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('20-) |- |F4X<br>F4U<br>F6P<br>F6Z<br>F8P<br>F8Z<br>F9P<br>F9Z<br>F1Y<br>F2Y<br>F1P<br>F1Z<br>F2P<br>F2Z<br>F7C<br>F8C<br>F5X<br>F6X<br>F7X<br>F8X<br>F4X<br>F4U<br>F4V<br>F4W<br>F6P<br>F6Z<br>F8P<br>F8Z | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 178 in. wheelbase, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 178 in. wheelbase, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, RWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('23-'25) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, RWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('23-'25) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, AWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('23-'25) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, AWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('23-'25) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Single Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD ('23-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, RWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, RWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, AWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, AWD, 9,950 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> |- |J1A<br>J1B<br>J2A<br>J2B<br>J1C<br>J1D<br>J2C<br>J2D<br>J3C<br>J3D<br>J4C<br>J4D | [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]]; FWD ('15) <br> Lincoln MKC Black Label; AWD ('15) <br> Lincoln MKC; AWD ('15) <br> Lincoln MKC Black Label; FWD ('15) <br> Lincoln MKC; Premiere FWD ('16-'18), Base model FWD ('19) <br> Lincoln MKC; Premiere AWD ('16-'18), Base model AWD ('19) <br> Lincoln MKC; Select FWD ('16-'19) <br> Lincoln MKC; Select AWD ('16-'19) <br> Lincoln MKC; Reserve FWD ('16-'19) <br> Lincoln MKC; Reserve AWD ('16-'19) <br> Lincoln MKC Black Label; FWD ('16-'19) <br> Lincoln MKC Black Label; AWD ('16-'19) |- |J1C<br>J1D<br>J2C<br>J2D<br>J5D | [[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]]; Base model FWD ('20-'23), Premiere FWD ('24-'26) <br> Lincoln Corsair; Base model AWD ('20-'23), Premiere AWD ('24-'26) <br> Lincoln Corsair; Reserve FWD ('20-'26) <br> Lincoln Corsair; Reserve AWD ('20-'26) <br> Lincoln Corsair; Grand Touring AWD ('21-'26) <br> |- |J2H<br>J2J<br>J3H<br>J3J<br>J2H<br>J2J<br>J2K<br>J2L<br>J3H<br>J3J<br>J3K<br>J3L | [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Third generation (2006)|Lincoln Navigator]]; 4x2 ('10-'15) <br> Lincoln Navigator; 4x4 ('10-'15) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; 4x2 ('10-'15) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; 4x4 ('10-'15) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Select 4x2 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Select 4x4 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Reserve 4x2 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Reserve 4x4 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Select 4x2 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Select 4x4 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Reserve 4x2 ('16-'17) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Reserve 4x4 ('16-'17) |- |J2H<br>J2J<br>J2K<br>J2L<br>J2M<br>J2N<br>J2T<br>J3H<br>J3J<br>J3K<br>J3L<br>J3M<br>J3N<br>J3T | [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Fourth generation (2017)|Lincoln Navigator]]; Select 4x2 ('18-'19) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Select 4x4 ('18-'19) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Reserve 4x2 ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Reserve 4x4 ('18-'24) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Premiere 4x2 ('18), Base model 4x2 ('19-'23) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Premiere 4x4 ('18), Base model 4x4 ('19-'23), Premiere 4x4 ('24) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Black Label 4x4 ('18-'24) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Select 4x2 ('18-'19) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Select 4x4 ('18-'19) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Reserve 4x2 ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Reserve 4x4 ('18-'24) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Base model 4x2 ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Base model 4x4 ('20-'23), Premiere 4x4 ('24) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Black Label 4x4 ('18-'24) |- |J2L<br>J2T<br>J2U<br>J3L<br>J3R<br>J3T | [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Fifth generation (2025)|Lincoln Navigator]]; Reserve 4x4 ('25-) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Black Label 4x4 ('25-) <br> Lincoln Navigator; Premiere 4x4 ('26-) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Reserve 4x4 ('25-) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Premiere 4x4 ('26-) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; Black Label 4x4 ('25-) <br> |- |J5A<br>J5F<br>J5L<br>J5M<br>J5N | [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]]; AWD ('10-'19) <br> Lincoln MKT; FWD ('10-'18) <br> Lincoln MKT Town Car; Hearse/Limo, AWD ('12-'19) <br> Lincoln MKT Town Car; Livery, FWD ('13-'17) <br> Lincoln MKT Town Car; Livery, AWD ('13-'19) |- |J6J<br>J8J | [[w:Lincoln MKX#First generation (U388; 2007)|Lincoln MKX]] FWD ('10-'15) <br> Lincoln MKX AWD ('10-'15) |- |J6J<br>J8J<br>J6K<br>J8K<br>J6L<br>J8L<br>J7J<br>J9J | [[w:Lincoln MKX#Second generation (U540; 2016)|Lincoln MKX]] Premiere FWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Premiere AWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Select FWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Select AWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Reserve FWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Reserve AWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Black Label FWD ('16-'18) <br> Lincoln MKX Black Label AWD ('16-'18) |- |J6J<br>J8J<br>J6K<br>J8K<br>J6L<br>J8L<br>J7J<br>J9J | [[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] Base model FWD ('19-'23) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Base model AWD ('19-'23) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Select FWD ('19) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Select AWD ('19) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Reserve FWD ('19-'23) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Reserve AWD ('19-'23) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Black Label FWD ('19) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Black Label AWD ('19-'23) |- |J6W<br>J6X<br>J6W<br>J6X<br>J7W<br>J7X<br>J8X<br>J9X<br>J9Y<br>J0W<br>J0X | [[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]; Base model, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Base model, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Premiere, RWD ('24-) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Premiere, AWD ('24-) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Reserve, RWD ('20-) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Reserve, AWD ('20-) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Grand Touring, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Black Label, AWD ('20-) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Black Label Grand Touring, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Livery, RWD ('21-) <br> Lincoln Aviator; Livery, AWD ('21-) |- |J8J<br>J8K<br>J9J | [[w:Lincoln Nautilus#Second generation (CDX707; 2023)|Lincoln Nautilus]] Premiere AWD ('24-) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Reserve AWD ('24-) <br> Lincoln Nautilus Black Label AWD ('24-) |- |K01<br>K02<br>K03<br>K04<br>K05<br>K06<br>K07<br>K08 | [[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]]; SE, [[w:Front-wheel drive|FWD]] ('05-'06) <br> Ford Freestyle ('05-'07)/[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] ('08-'09); SEL, [[w:Front-wheel drive|FWD]]<br> Ford Freestyle ('05-'07)/Taurus X ('08-'09); Limited, FWD<br> Ford Freestyle; SE, [[w:All-wheel drive|AWD]] ('05-'06) <br> Ford Freestyle ('05-'07)/Taurus X ('08-'09); SEL, [[w:All-wheel drive|AWD]]<br> Ford Freestyle ('05-'07)/Taurus X ('08-'09); Limited, AWD<br> Ford Taurus X; [[w:Eddie Bauer#1971–1987: General Mills and Ford Eddie Bauer branding|Eddie Bauer]], FWD ('08-'09) <br> Ford Taurus X; Eddie Bauer, AWD ('08-'09) |- |K15<br>K16<br>K17<br>K18<br>K19<br>K20<br>K1F<br>K1G<br>K1H<br>K1J<br>K1K<br>K1L<br>K1M<br>K2A | [[w:Ford Expedition#Expedition EL/Max|Ford Expedition EL]]; 4x2, XLT ('07-'09) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, XLT ('07-'09) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x2, Eddie Bauer ('07-'09), King Ranch ('08-'09) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, Eddie Bauer ('07-'09), King Ranch ('08-'09) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x2, Limited ('07-'09) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, Limited ('07-'09) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x2, XLT ('10), XL ('11-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, XLT ('10), XL ('11-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x2, Eddie Bauer ('10), XLT ('11-'17), King Ranch ('10-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, Eddie Bauer ('10), XLT ('11-'17), King Ranch ('10-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x2, Limited ('10-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x2, Platinum ('15-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, Platinum ('15-'17) <br> Ford Expedition EL; 4x4, Limited ('10-'17) <br> |- |K1F<br>K1G<br>K1H<br>K1J<br>K1K<br>K1L<br>K1M<br>K1N<br>K1P<br>K2A | [[w:Ford Expedition#Fourth generation (2018)|Ford Expedition Max]]; 4x2, XL ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, XL ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x2, XLT ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, XLT ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x2, Limited ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x2, Platinum ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, Platinum ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x2, King Ranch ('20-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, King Ranch ('20-'24) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, Limited ('18-'24) <br> |- |K1G<br>K1H<br>K1J<br>K1M<br>K1P | [[w:Ford Expedition#Fifth generation (2025)|Ford Expedition Max]]; 4x4, XL ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x2, Active ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, Active ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, Platinum ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition Max; 4x4, King Ranch ('25-) <br> |- |K1R<br>K1S<br>K2R<br>K2S<br>K3R<br>K3S<br>K4S | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]; RWD, Select ('21-) <br> Ford Mustang Mach-E; AWD, Select ('21-) <br> Ford Mustang Mach-E; RWD, California Route 1 ('21-'22) <br> Ford Mustang Mach-E; AWD, California Route 1 ('22-'23) <br> Ford Mustang Mach-E; RWD, Premium ('21-) <br> Ford Mustang Mach-E; AWD, Premium ('21-), First Edition ('21) <br> Ford Mustang Mach-E; AWD, GT ('21-), Rally ('24-) <br> |- |K1Y<br>K1Z<br>K1C<br>K1Y<br>K2Y<br>K1C<br>K2C | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 150, Passenger Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Passenger Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Passenger Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 150, Passenger Van, Low Roof, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-'22) <br> Ford Transit 150, Passenger Van, Low Roof, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-'22) <br> Ford Transit 150, Passenger Van, Medium Roof, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-'22) <br> Ford Transit 150, Passenger Van, Medium Roof, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-'22) <br> |- |K30<br>K36<br>K38<br>K39<br>K40<br>K46<br>K48<br>K49<br>K3A<br>K3G<br>K3J<br>K3K<br>K4A<br>K4G<br>K4J<br>K4K | [[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]]; Sport [[w:Front-wheel drive|FWD]] ('09) <br> Ford Edge; SE FWD ('07-'09) <br> Ford Edge; SEL FWD ('07-'09) <br> Ford Edge; SEL Plus FWD ('07), Limited FWD ('08-'09) <br> Ford Edge; Sport [[w:All-wheel drive|AWD]] ('09) <br> Ford Edge; SE AWD ('07-'09) <br> Ford Edge; SEL AWD ('07-'09) <br> Ford Edge; SEL Plus AWD ('07), Limited AWD ('08-'09) <br> Ford Edge; Sport FWD ('10-'15) <br> Ford Edge; SE FWD ('10-'21) <br> Ford Edge; SEL FWD ('10-'21), ST-Line FWD ('20-'21) <br> Ford Edge; Limited FWD ('10-'14), Titanium FWD ('15-'21) <br> Ford Edge; Sport AWD ('10-'18), ST AWD ('19-'24) <br> Ford Edge; SE AWD ('10-'24) <br> Ford Edge; SEL AWD ('10-'24), ST-Line AWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Edge; Limited AWD ('10-'14), Titanium AWD ('15-'24) <br> |- |K51<br>K52<br>K53<br>K62<br>K63<br>K5B<br>K5C<br>K5D<br>K6C<br>K6D | [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]]; SE, [[w:Front-wheel drive|FWD]] ('09)<br> Ford Flex; SEL, FWD ('09) <br> Ford Flex; Limited, FWD ('09) <br> Ford Flex; SEL, [[w:All-wheel drive|AWD]] ('09) <br> Ford Flex; Limited, AWD ('09) <br> Ford Flex; SE FWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Flex; SEL FWD ('10-'19)<br> Ford Flex; Limited FWD ('10-'19), Titanium FWD ('11-'12) <br> Ford Flex; SEL AWD ('10-'19)<br> Ford Flex; Limited AWD ('10-'19), Titanium AWD ('11-'12) <br> |- |K7A<br>K7B<br>K7D<br>K7F<br>K8A<br>K8B<br>K8D<br>K8F<br>K8G<br>K8H | [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]; Police Interceptor Utility, FWD ('13) <br> Ford Explorer; Base model, FWD ('11-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT, FWD ('11-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited, FWD ('11-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; Police Interceptor Utility, AWD ('13-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; Base model, AWD ('11-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT, AWD ('11-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited, AWD ('11-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; Sport, AWD ('13-'19) <br> Ford Explorer; Platinum, AWD ('16-'19) <br> |- |K7B<br>K7D<br>K7D<br>K7F<br>K7G<br>K7H<br>K7K<br>K7L<br>K8A<br>K8B<br>K8D<br>K8D<br>K8F<br>K8G<br>K8H<br>K8J<br>K8J<br>K8K<br>K8L | [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]]; Base model, RWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT, RWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; Active, RWD ('25-) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited, RWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; ST, RWD ('22-) <br> Ford Explorer; Platinum, RWD ('21-) <br> Ford Explorer; ST-Line, RWD ('22-) <br> Ford Explorer; King Ranch, RWD ('21-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; Police Interceptor Utility, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Explorer; Base model, AWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT, AWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; Active, AWD ('25-) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited, AWD ('20-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; ST, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Explorer; Platinum, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Explorer; Timberline, AWD ('21-'24) <br> Ford Explorer; Tremor, AWD ('26-) <br> Ford Explorer; ST-Line, AWD ('22-) <br> Ford Explorer; King Ranch, AWD ('21-'24) <br> |- |L27<br>L28 | [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Third generation (2007–2017)|Lincoln Navigator L]]; 4x2 ('07-'09) <br> Lincoln Navigator L; 4x4 ('07-'09) |- |L2G<br>L2J<br>L2L<br>L2M<br>L2N<br>L2P | [[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] FWD ('10-'16) <br> Lincoln MKZ AWD ('10-'16) <br> Lincoln MKZ Hybrid ('11-'16) <br> [[w:Lincoln MKZ#Second generation (2013–2020)|Lincoln MKZ]] Black Label FWD ('15-'16) <br> Lincoln MKZ Black Label AWD ('15-'16) <br> Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Black Label ('15-'16) |- |L5A<br>L5B<br>L5C<br>L5D<br>L5E<br>L5F<br>L5G<br>L5H<br>L5K<br>L5L<br>L5M<br>L5N | [[w:Lincoln MKZ#Second generation (2013–2020)|Lincoln MKZ]]; Premiere/Standard FWD ('17-'18/'19-'20) <br> Lincoln MKZ; Premiere/Standard AWD ('17-'18/'19-'20) <br> Lincoln MKZ; Select/Reserve I FWD ('17-'18/'19) <br> Lincoln MKZ; Select/Reserve I AWD ('17-'18/'19) <br> Lincoln MKZ; Reserve/Reserve II/Reserve FWD ('17-'18/'19/'20) <br> Lincoln MKZ; Reserve/Reserve II/Reserve AWD ('17-'18/'19/'20) <br> Lincoln MKZ Black Label FWD ('17-'18) <br> Lincoln MKZ Black Label AWD ('17-'18) <br> Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Premiere/Standard ('17-'18/'19-'20) <br> Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Select/Reserve I/Reserve ('17-'18/'19/'20) <br> Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Reserve/Reserve II ('17-'18/'19) <br> Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Black Label ('17-'18) |- |L8C<br>L8E<br>L8F<br>L8J | [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]]; Signature Limited ('10-'11) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Executive L ('10-'11) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Signature L ('10-'11) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Executive ('10-'11) |- |L9A<br>L9B<br>L9H<br>L9N<br>L9P<br>L9R<br>L9S<br>L9T<br>L9U<br>L9V | [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]]; Black Label FWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Black Label AWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Livery AWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Reserve AWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Premiere/Standard FWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Reserve FWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Select FWD ('17-'19) <br> Lincoln Continental; Select AWD ('17-'19) <br> Lincoln Continental; Livery FWD ('17-'20) <br> Lincoln Continental; Premiere/Standard AWD ('17-'20) |- |L9D<br>L9E<br>L9F | [[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]]; FWD ('10-'16) <br> Lincoln MKS; AWD ('10-'16) <br> Lincoln MKS; EcoBoost AWD ('10-'16) |- |M01<br>M02<br>M07<br>M08<br>M0C<br>M0H<br>M0J<br>M0L | [[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]]; Base model V6, AWD ('07-'09) <br> Mercury Milan; Premier V6, AWD ('07-'09) <br> Mercury Milan; Base model, FWD ('06-'09) <br> Mercury Milan; Premier, FWD ('06-'09) <br> Mercury Milan; Premier V6, AWD ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Milan; Base model, FWD ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Milan; Premier, FWD ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Milan; Hybrid ('10-'11) |- |M11<br>M12<br>M13 | [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]]; 3-d ('88-'89) <br> Mercury Tracer; 5-d ('88-'89) <br> Mercury Tracer; wagon ('88-'89) <br> |- |M10<br>M14<br>M15 | [[w:Mercury Tracer#Second generation (1991–1996)|Mercury Tracer]]; Base model sedan ('91-'96) <br> Mercury Tracer; LTS sedan ('91-'96) <br> Mercury Tracer; Base model wagon ('91-'96) <br> |- |M10<br>M13<br>M15 | [[w:Mercury Tracer#Third generation (1997–1999)|Mercury Tracer]]; GS sedan ('97-'99) <br> Mercury Tracer; LS sedan ('97-'99) <br> Mercury Tracer; LS wagon ('97-'99) <br> |- |M20<br>M21<br>M23<br>M25<br>M28 | [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] L 3-d ('87) <br> Mercury Lynx GS 3-d ('87) <br> Mercury Lynx XR3 3-d ('87) <br> Mercury Lynx GS 5-d ('87) <br> Mercury Lynx GS wagon ('87) |- |M26<br>M26<br>M28 | [[w:Lincoln Zephyr|Lincoln Zephyr]] ('06) <br> [[w:Lincoln MKZ#First generation (2006–2012)|Lincoln MKZ]] FWD ('07-'09) <br> Lincoln MKZ AWD ('07-'09) |- |M31<br>M33<br>M36<br>M37<br>M38 | [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]]; 2-door sedan; GS ('87-'94) <br> Mercury Topaz; 2-door sedan; GS Sport ('87), XR5 ('88-'92) <br> Mercury Topaz; 4-door sedan; GS ('87-'94) <br> Mercury Topaz; 4-door sedan; LS ('87-'92) <br> Mercury Topaz; 4-door sedan; GS Sport ('87), LTS ('88-'92) <br> |- |M40<br>M41<br>M42<br>M43 | [[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]]; Luxury FWD ('05-'07)/[[w:Mercury Sable#Fifth generation (2008–2009)|Mercury Sable]]; Base model FWD ('08-'09) <br> Mercury Montego; Luxury AWD ('05-'06)/Mercury Sable; Base model AWD ('08-'09) <br> Mercury Montego; Premier FWD ('05-'07)/Mercury Sable; Premier FWD ('08-'09) <br> Mercury Montego; Premier AWD ('05-'07)/Mercury Sable; Premier AWD ('08-'09) |- |M50<br>M51<br>M53<br>M55<br>M58 | [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]]; GS sedan ('87-'99), LS sedan ('98) <br> Mercury Sable; G sedan ('96-'97) <br> Mercury Sable; LS sedan ('87-'97), LTS sedan ('95), LS Premium sedan ('98), LS sedan ('99) <br> Mercury Sable; GS wagon ('87-'97), LS wagon ('98) <br> Mercury Sable; LS wagon ('87-'97), LS Premium wagon ('98), LS wagon ('99) <br> |- |M50<br>M53<br>M55<br>M58<br>M59 | [[w:Mercury Sable#Fourth generation (2000–2005)|Mercury Sable]]; GS sedan ('00-'05), GS Plus sedan ('02-'03) <br> Mercury Sable; LS sedan ('00-'01) <br> Mercury Sable; LS Premium sedan ('00-'04), LS sedan ('05) <br> Mercury Sable; GS wagon ('00-'04), GS Plus wagon ('02-'03) <br> Mercury Sable; LS Premium wagon ('00-'04), LS wagon ('05) <br> |- |M60<br>M62 | [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]]; LS ('87-'88)<br> Mercury Cougar; XR7 ('87-'88) |- |M60<br>M62 | [[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]]; LS ('89-'92)<br> Mercury Cougar; XR7 ('89-'97) |- |M65<br>M66 | [[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]]; Base model ('97-Mid '98), GS ('95-'00) <br> Mercury Mystique; LS ('95-'00) |- |M72<br>M74<br>M75<br>M78<br>M79<br>M7F<br>M75<br>M79<br> | [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]]; LS 2-door ('87) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis; GS 4-door ('87-'08) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis; LS 4-door ('87-'09), LSE ('01-'05) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis; Colony Park GS wagon ('87-'91) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis; Colony Park LS wagon ('87-'91) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis; LS 4-door ('10-'11)<br> [[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] ('03) <br> [[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] ('04) |- |M81<br>M82<br>M83<br>M84<br>M85<br>M88<br>M89 | [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]]; Base model ('87-'91), Executive Series ('92-'04), Signature Series ('04-'07) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Signature Series ('87-'03), Signature Limited ('05-'09) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Cartier Designer Series ('87-'03), Ultimate ('04), Designer Series ('06-'07) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Executive L ('01-'09) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Cartier L ('01-'03), Ultimate L ('04), Signature L ('05-'09) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Executive Series ('05-'09) <br> Lincoln Town Car; Ballistic Protection Series ('04-'06) |- |M86<br>M87 | [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]]; V6 <br> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]]; V8 |- |M91<br>M92<br>M93 | [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Mark VII]]; Base model ('87) <br> Lincoln Mark VII; Bill Blass Designer Series ('87-'92) <br> Lincoln Mark VII; LSC ('87-'92) |- |M91<br>M92 | [[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]]; Base model ('93-'98) <br> Lincoln Mark VIII; LSC ('97-'98) |- |M93<br>M94 | [[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]]; FWD ('09) <br> Lincoln MKS; AWD ('09) |- |M97<br>M98 | [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]]; Base model ('87) <br> Lincoln Continental; Givenchy Designer Series ('87) |- |M97<br>M98 | [[w:Lincoln Continental#Eighth generation (1988–1994)|Lincoln Continental]]; Base model ('88-'91), Executive Series ('92-'94) <br> Lincoln Continental; Signature Series ('88-'94) |- |M97 |[[w:Lincoln Continental#Ninth generation (1995–2002)|Lincoln Continental]] ('95-'02) |- |N11<br>N11<br>N15<br>N16<br>N17 | [[w:Nissan Quest#First generation (V40; 1993)|Nissan Quest]] ('93-'98) <br> [[w:Nissan Quest#Second generation (V41; 1999)|Nissan Quest]] ('99-'00) <br> Nissan Quest; GXE ('01-'02) <br> Nissan Quest; SE ('01-'02) <br> Nissan Quest; GLE ('01-'02) <br> |- |N2K<br>N3K<br>N8B<br>N8H<br>N9B<br>N9H | [[w:Mercury Mariner#Second generation|Mercury Mariner]] Hybrid 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Mariner Hybrid 4x4 ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Mariner Base model 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Mariner Premier 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Mariner Base model 4x4 ('10-'11) <br> Mercury Mariner Premier 4x4 ('10-'11) |- |N3H<br>N3J<br>N4H<br>N4J | [[w:Mercury Mountaineer#Third generation (2006–2010)|Mercury Mountaineer]] Base model 4x2 ('10) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Premier 4x2 ('10) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Base model AWD ('10) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Premier 4x4 ('10) |- |P01 |[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] ('82-'86) |- |P05<br>P06<br>P08 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]]; 3-door hatchback ('81-'82) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback ('82) <br> Ford Escort; wagon ('81-'82) |- |P04<br>P05<br>P06<br>P07<br>P09<br>P10<br>P11<br>P13<br>P14<br>P15 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]]; 3-door hatchback; Base model ('84-'85), L ('83-'85) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GL ('83-'85) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GLX ('83) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GT ('83-'85), Turbo GT ('84-'85) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; L ('83-'85) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; GL ('83-'85) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; GLX ('83), LX ('84-'85) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; Base model ('84-'85), L ('83-'85) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; GL ('83-'85) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; GLX ('83), LX ('84-'85) |- |P01<br>P02<br>P06<br>P07<br>P08<br>P0C<br>P0D<br>P0G<br>P0H<br>P0J<br>P0K<br>P0L | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#First generation (2006)|Ford Fusion]]; SE V6, [[w:All-wheel drive|AWD]] ('07-'09) <br> Ford Fusion; SEL V6, AWD ('07-'09) <br> Ford Fusion; S, [[w:Front-wheel drive|FWD]] ('06-'09) <br> Ford Fusion; SE, FWD ('06-'09) <br> Ford Fusion; SEL, FWD ('06-'09) <br> Ford Fusion; SEL V6, AWD ('10-'12) <br> Ford Fusion; Sport V6, AWD ('10-'12) <br> Ford Fusion; S, FWD ('10-'12) <br> Ford Fusion; SE, FWD ('10-'12) <br> Ford Fusion; SEL, FWD ('10-'12) <br> Ford Fusion; Sport V6, FWD ('10-'12) <br> Ford Fusion; Hybrid ('10-'12) |- |P0A<br>P0C<br>P0D<br>P0E<br>P0G<br>P0H<br>P0K<br>P0L<br>P0M<br>P0P<br>P0R<br>P0S<br>P0T<br>P0U<br>P0V<br>P0W<br>P0X | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion]]; Police Responder Hybrid, FWD ('19-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; SEL, FWD ('19-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; Titanium, AWD ('13-'20); Platinum, AWD ('17-'18) <br> Ford Fusion; SEL, AWD ('19) <br> Ford Fusion; S, FWD ('13-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; SE, FWD ('13-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; Titanium, FWD ('13-'20); Platinum, FWD ('17-'18) <br> Ford Fusion; Hybrid SE ('13-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; Hybrid SEL ('19-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; Energi SE ('13-'18) <br> Ford Fusion; Hybrid Titanium ('13-'20); Hybrid Platinum, FWD ('17-'18) <br> Ford Fusion; Energi Titanium ('13-'20); Energi Platinum, FWD ('17-'18) <br> Ford Fusion; SE, AWD ('13-'14 Canada only) ('15-'20 US & Canada) <br> Ford Fusion; Hybrid S ('14-'18) <br> Ford Fusion; Sport V6, AWD ('17-'19) <br> Ford Fusion; Special Service Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid, FWD ('19-'20) <br> Ford Fusion; Taxi Hybrid, FWD ('19) <br> |- |P10<br>P11<br>P12<br>P13<br>P14<br>P15<br>P16 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#Second generation (1991–1996)|Ford Escort]]; 3-door hatchback; Pony ('91), Base model ('92-'96)<br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; LX ('91-'96)<br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GT ('91-'96)<br> Ford Escort; 4-door sedan; LX ('92-'96)<br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; LX ('91-'96)<br> Ford Escort; wagon; LX ('91-'96)<br> Ford Escort; 4-door sedan; LX-E ('92-'93)<br> |- |P10<br>P11<br>P13<br>P15 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#Third generation (1997–2003)|Ford Escort]], 4-door sedan; Base model ('97), LX ('98-'02)<br> Ford Escort, 2-door coupe; ZX2 ('98-'03)<br> Ford Escort, 4-door sedan; LX ('97), SE ('98-'99), Standard ('00-'02) <br> Ford Escort, wagon; LX ('97), SE ('98-'99) |- |P18<br>P19<br>P20<br>P21<br>P22<br>P23 | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], 2-door sedan; L ('84-'85)<br> Ford Tempo, 2-door sedan; GL ('84-'86)<br> Ford Tempo, 2-door sedan; GLX ('84-'85), LX ('86) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; L ('84-'85) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; GL ('84-'86) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; GLX ('84-'85), LX ('86) |- |P17<br>P18 | [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]]; Luxury Coupe ('87-'88) <br> Ford EXP; Sport Coupe ('87) |- |P20<br>P21<br>P23<br>P25<br>P28 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]]; 3-door hatchback; Pony ('87-'88) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GL ('87-'88) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GT ('87-'88) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; GL ('87-'88) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; GL ('87-'88) |- |P1C<br>P1R<br>P1S<br>P1T<br>P1U<br>P1V<br>P1W | [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]; SES AWD ('18) <br> Ford EcoSport; S FWD ('18) <br> Ford EcoSport; S AWD ('18) <br> Ford EcoSport; SE FWD ('18) <br> Ford EcoSport; SE AWD ('18) <br> Ford EcoSport; Titanium FWD ('18) <br> Ford EcoSport; Titanium AWD ('18) |- |P20<br>P21<br>P22<br>P23 | [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]]; 2-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford Fairmont; 4-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford Fairmont; Futura 2-d coupe ('81-'82) <br> Ford Fairmont; wagon ('81) |- |P26<br>P27<br>P28 | [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]]; 2-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford Granada; 4-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford Granada; wagon ('82) |- |P29<br>P30 | [[w:Ford Taurus (first generation)|Ford Taurus]]; sedan ('86) <br> Ford Taurus; wagon ('86) |- |P23<br>P24<br>P25<br>P26<br>P27<br>P28 | [[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] ('05-'06)/[[w:Ford Taurus (fifth generation)|Ford Taurus]] ('09); SE, FWD <br> Ford Five Hundred ('05-'07)/Taurus ('08-'09); SEL, FWD <br> Ford Five Hundred ('05-'07)/Taurus ('08-'09); Limited, FWD <br> Ford Five Hundred ('05-'06)/Taurus ('09); SE, AWD <br> Ford Five Hundred ('05-'07)/Taurus ('08-'09); SEL, AWD <br> Ford Five Hundred ('05-'07)/Taurus ('08-'09); Limited, AWD |- |P2D<br>P2E<br>P2F<br>P2H<br>P2J<br>P2K<br>P2L<br>P2M | [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)|Ford Taurus]]; SE, FWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Taurus; SEL, FWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Taurus; Limited, FWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Taurus; SEL, AWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Taurus; Limited, AWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Taurus; SHO, AWD ('10-'19) <br> Ford Taurus; Police Interceptor Sedan, FWD ('13-'19), Special Service Police Sedan, FWD ('14-'18) <br> Ford Taurus; Police Interceptor Sedan, AWD ('13-'19) |- |P31<br>P32<br>P33<br>P34<br>P35<br>P37<br>P38<br>P39 | [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]]; S 4-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; 2-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; 4-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; Crown Victoria 2-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; Crown Victoria 4-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; S wagon ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; wagon ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTD; Country Squire wagon ('81-'82) |- |P35<br>P36<br>P37 | [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]]; 2-d sedan ('83) <br> Ford Fairmont; 4-d sedan ('83) <br> Ford Fairmont; Futura 2-d coupe ('83) |- |P31<br>P32<br>P33<br>P34<br>P35<br>P36<br>P37 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]]; 3-door hatchback; Base model ('85 1/2), Pony ('86), L ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GL ('85 1/2), LX ('86) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GT ('86) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; L ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; GL ('85 1/2), LX ('86) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; L ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; GL ('85 1/2), LX ('86) |- |P39<br>P40 | [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD]]; 4-d sedan ('83-'86) <br> Ford LTD; wagon ('83-'86) <br> |- |P42<br>P43<br>P44 | [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]]; 2-d sedan ('83-'86) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; 4-d sedan ('83-'86) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; wagon, S wagon, Country Squire wagon ('83-'86) <br> |- |P30<br>P31<br>P32<br>P33<br>P34<br>P35<br>P36<br>P37<br>P38<br>P39 | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], 2-door sedan; L ('91)<br> Ford Tempo, 2-door sedan; GL ('87-'94)<br> Ford Tempo, 2-door sedan; LX ('87)<br> Ford Tempo, 2-door sedan; Sport GL ('87), GLS ('88-'92) <br> Ford Tempo, 2-door sedan; AWD ('87) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; L ('91) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; GL ('87-'94) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; LX ('87-'94) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; Sport GL ('87), GLS ('88-'92) <br> Ford Tempo, 4-door sedan; AWD ('87-'91) |- |P30<br>P31<br>P33<br>P34<br>P35<br>P36<br>P37<br>P38<br>P39<br> | [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Ford Focus]], 5-door hatchback; [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)#SVT models|SVT]] ('04) <br> Ford Focus, 3-door hatchback; ZX3 ('00-'04), ZX3 S/SE/SES ('05-'07) <br> Ford Focus, Sedan; LX ('00-'04) <br> Ford Focus, Sedan; SE ('00-'04), ZX4 S/SE/SES ('05-'07) <br> Ford Focus, Wagon; ZTW ('04) <br> Ford Focus, Wagon; SE ('00-'04), ZTW ('02-'03), ZXW SE/SES ('05-'07) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; ZX5 ('02-'04), SVT ('03), ZX5 S/SE/SES ('05-'07) <br> Ford Focus, Sedan; ZTS ('00-'04), ZX4 ST ('05-) <br> Ford Focus, 3-door hatchback; [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)#SVT models|SVT]] ('02-'04) <br> |- |P32<br>P33<br>P34<br>P35<br>P36<br>P37<br>P3C<br>P3D<br>P3E<br>P3F<br>P3G<br>P3H | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, North America)|Ford Focus]], 2-door coupe; S ('08), SE ('09) <br> Ford Focus, 2-door coupe; SE/SES ('08), SES ('09) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; S ('08-'09) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SE/SES ('08), SE ('09) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SES ('09) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SEL ('09) <br> Ford Focus, 2-door coupe; SE ('10) <br> Ford Focus, 2-door coupe; SES ('10) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; S ('10-'11) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SE ('10-'11) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SES ('10-'11) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SEL ('10-'11) |- |P3E<br>P3F<br>P3H<br>P3J<br>P3K<br>P3L<br>P3M<br>P3N<br>P3R<br>P3T | [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]], 4-door sedan; S ('12-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SE ('12-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; SEL ('12, '17-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 4-door sedan; Titanium ('12-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; SE ('12-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; ST ('13-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; SEL ('12, '17-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; Titanium ('12-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; Electric ('12-'18) <br> Ford Focus, 5-door hatchback; RS ('16-'18) |- |P10<br>P12<br>P13<br>P15<br>P16<br>P26<br>P27<br>P28<br>P40<br>P41<br>P42<br>P44<br>P45 | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]], Coupe; Base model, L/GL ('81-'82)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; Ghia, GLX ('81-'82)<br> Ford Mustang, Hatchback; Ghia, GLX ('81-'82)<br> Ford Mustang, Hatchback; Base model ('81)<br> Ford Mustang, Hatchback; GL/GT ('82)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe ('83-'86)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible ('83-'86)<br> Ford Mustang, Hatchback ('83-'86)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; LX ('87-'93)<br> Ford Mustang, Hatchback; LX ('87-'93)<br> Ford Mustang, Hatchback; GT ('87-'93), Cobra ('93), Cobra R ('93)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; LX ('87-'93)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; GT ('87-'93)<br> |- |P40<br>P42<br>P44<br>P45<br>P46<br>P47<br>P48<br>P49 | [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Ford Mustang]], Coupe; V6 ('94-'04)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; GT ('94-'04), GTS ('95), Cobra ('94-'95), Cobra R ('95), [[w:Ford Mustang variants#Bullitt|Bullitt]] ('01), [[w:Ford_Mustang_Mach_1|Mach 1]] ('03-'04)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; V6 ('94-'04)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; GT ('94-'04), Cobra ('94-'95)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|SVT Cobra]] ('96-'01)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; SVT Cobra ('96-'01), [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra#Cobra R 2|SVT Cobra R]] ('00)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; SVT Cobra ('03-'04)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; SVT Cobra ('03-04)<br> |- |P4A<br>P4B<br>P4C<br>P4D<br>P4E<br>P4F<br>P4G<br>P4T | [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]], Sedan, S ('11-'19) <br> Ford Fiesta, Sedan, SE ('11-'19) <br> Ford Fiesta, Sedan, SEL ('11-'12), Titanium ('13-'18) <br> Ford Fiesta, Hatchback, ST-Line ('19) <br> Ford Fiesta, Hatchback, SE ('11-'19) <br> Ford Fiesta, Hatchback, SES ('11-'12), Titanium ('13-'18) <br> Ford Fiesta, Hatchback, ST ('14-'19) <br> Ford Fiesta, Hatchback, S ('12-'19) |- |P50<br>P51<br>P52<br>P53<br>P54<br>P55<br>P56<br>P57<br>P58 | [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]]; L sedan ('87-'92) <br> Ford Taurus; MT5 sedan ('87-'88), G sedan ('96-'97) <br> Ford Taurus; GL sedan ('87-'97), SE sedan ('95), LX sedan ('98-'99), SE sedan ('98) <br> Ford Taurus; LX sedan ('87-'97), SE Comfort sedan ('98), SE sedan ('99) <br> Ford Taurus; [[w:Ford Taurus SHO|SHO]] ('89-'99)<br> Ford Taurus; L wagon ('87-'92) <br> Ford Taurus; MT5 wagon ('87) <br> Ford Taurus; GL wagon ('87-'97), SE wagon ('98) <br> Ford Taurus; LX wagon ('87-'97), SE Comfort wagon ('98), SE wagon ('99) <br> |- |P52<br>P53<br>P55<br>P56<br>P58<br>P59 | [[w:Ford Taurus (fourth generation)|Ford Taurus]]; LX sedan ('00-'04) <br> Ford Taurus; SE sedan ('00-'07) <br> Ford Taurus; SE Special Value Group (SVG)/SES sedan ('00-'04) <br> Ford Taurus; SE Comfort/SEL sedan ('00-'07) <br> Ford Taurus; SE wagon ('00-'05) <br> Ford Taurus; SEL wagon ('02-'05) <br> |- |P5A<br>P5B<br>P5C<br>P5D<br>P5E<br>P5F | [[w:Ford C-Max#Hybrid|Ford C-Max]]; Hybrid SE ('13-'18) <br> Ford C-Max; Hybrid SEL ('13-'16) <br> Ford C-Max; Energi SEL ('13-'16) <br> Ford C-Max; Hybrid Titanium ('17-'18) <br> Ford C-Max; Energi SE ('17) <br> Ford C-Max; Energi Titanium ('17) |- |P51 | [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] ('83) <br> |- |P54<br>P55<br>P57<br>P58<br>P60<br>P61<br>P63<br>P65<br>P66<br>P68<br>P51<br>P52<br>P53<br>P58<br>P59<br>P63<br>P64<br> | [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]]; 3-d hatchback; Base model ('84-'85), L ('83-'85) <br> Mercury Lynx; 3-d hatchback; GS ('83-'85) <br> Mercury Lynx; 3-d hatchback; RS ('83-'84), Turbo RS ('84) <br> Mercury Lynx; 3-d hatchback; LS ('83) <br> Mercury Lynx; wagon; L ('83-'85) <br> Mercury Lynx; wagon; GS ('83-'85) <br> Mercury Lynx; wagon; LS ('83) <br> Mercury Lynx; 5-d hatchback; Base model ('84), L ('83-'85), LTS ('83) <br> Mercury Lynx; 5-d hatchback; GS ('83-'85) <br> Mercury Lynx; 5-d hatchback; LS ('83), LTS ('84) <br> Mercury Lynx; 3-d hatchback; Base model, L ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Mercury Lynx; 3-d hatchback; GS ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Mercury Lynx; 3-d hatchback; XR3 ('86) <br> Mercury Lynx; wagon; L ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Mercury Lynx; wagon; GS ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Mercury Lynx; 5-d hatchback; L ('85 1/2-'86) <br> Mercury Lynx; 5-d hatchback; GS ('85 1/2-'86) <br> |- |P61 | [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] ('82) <br> |- |P63<br>P64<br>P65 | [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]]; 3-d hatchback ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Lynx; 5-d hatchback ('82) <br> Mercury Lynx; wagon ('81-'82) <br> |- |P42 | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (eighth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]]; All models ('81-'82)<br> |- |P46<br>P60<br>P61<br>P62<br>P64 | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]]; All models ('83-'86)<br> Ford Thunderbird, Base model ('87-'88)<br> Ford Thunderbird, Sport ('87-'88)<br> Ford Thunderbird, LX ('87-'88)<br> Ford Thunderbird, Turbo Coupe ('87-'88) |- |P60<br>P62<br>P64 | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]]; Base model ('89-'92)<br> Ford Thunderbird, LX ('89-'97)<br> Ford Thunderbird, Super Coupe ('89-'95) |- |P60<br>P62<br>P63<br>P64<br>P69 | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]]; ('02-'05)<br> Ford Thunderbird; James Bond Edition ('03)<br> Ford Thunderbird; Pacific Coast Roadster Edition ('04)<br> Ford Thunderbird; Neiman Marcus Edition ('02)<br> Ford Thunderbird; 50th Anniversary "Cashmere" Limited Edition ('05) |- |P65<br>P66<br>P67<br>P68 | [[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]]; Base model ('97-Mid '98), GL ('95-Mid '98), LX (Mid '98-'99) <br> Ford Contour; LX ('95-Mid '98), SE (Mid '98-'00) <br> Ford Contour; SE ('95-Mid '98) <br> Ford Contour; [[w:Ford SVT Contour|SVT]] ('98-'00) |- |P67<br>P68<br>P79 | [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]]; Base, L, RS, Turbo RS, Black Magic ('81-'82)<br> Mercury Capri; GS ('81-'82)<br> Mercury Capri; All models ('83-'86) |- |P70<br>P71<br>P72<br>P73<br>P86<br>P87 | [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]]; 2-d sedan; ('81) <br> Mercury Zephyr; 4-d sedan; ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Zephyr; Z-7 2-d coupe; ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Zephyr; wagon; ('81) <br> Mercury Zephyr; 4-d sedan; ('83) <br> Mercury Zephyr; Z-7 2-d coupe; ('83) |- |P72<br>P73<br>P75<br>P76 | [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] GS 2-door sedan ('84-'86) <br> Mercury Topaz LS 2-door sedan ('84-'86) <br> Mercury Topaz GS 4-door sedan ('84-'86) <br> Mercury Topaz LS 4-door sedan ('84-'86) |- |P70<br>P71<br>P72<br>P73<br>P74<br>P75<br>P76<br>P77<br>P78<br>P79 | [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]]; 2-d sedan ('87) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; LX 2-d sedan ('87) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; S 4-d sedan ('87-'91) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; 4-d sedan ('87-'91) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; LX 4-d sedan ('87-'91) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; S wagon ('87) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; wagon ('87-'91) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; LX wagon ('87-'91) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; Country Squire wagon ('87-'91) <br> Ford LTD Crown Victoria; Country Squire LX wagon ('87-'91) |- |P70<br>P71<br>P72<br>P73<br>P74<br>P75<br>P7A<br>P7B<br>P7C<br>P7E | [[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]]; Long Wheelbase - Fleet/Taxi/Commercial ('02-'09) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; [[w:Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor|Police Interceptor]] ('93-'09) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; (S) Fleet/Taxi/Commercial ('92-'09), Police ('92) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; Base model ('92-'08) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; LX ('92-'09) & LX Sport ('02-'06) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; Touring Sedan ('92) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; Long Wheelbase - Fleet/Taxi/Commercial ('10-'11) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; [[w:Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor|Police Interceptor]] ('10-'11) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; (S) Fleet/Taxi/Commercial ('10-'11) <br> Ford Crown Victoria; LX ('10-'11) |- |P80 |[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] ('85-'86) |- |P81<br>P82<br>P83<br>P84<br>P85<br>P87<br>P88 | [[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis]] 4-door sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Marquis Brougham 2-door sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Marquis Brougham 4-door sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis 2-door sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis 4-door sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Marquis wagon ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Marquis Colony Park wagon ('81-'82) |- |P80<br>P82<br>P84 | [[w:Mazda 6#First generation (GG1; 2002)|Mazda 6]]; 4-d sedan ('03-'08)* <br> Mazda 6; wagon ('04-'07) <br> Mazda 6; 5-d hatchback ('04-'08) |- |P80<br>P81<br>P82 | [[w:Mazda 6#North America|Mazda 6]]; SV (Special Value) ('09) <br> Mazda 6; Sport ('09) <br> Mazda 6; Touring, Grand Touring ('09) |- |P87<br>P88 | [[w:Mercury Sable#First generation (1986–1991)|Mercury Sable]] 4-door sedan ('86) <br> Mercury Sable wagon ('86) |- |P89<br>P90 | [[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] 4-door sedan ('83-'86) <br> Mercury Marquis wagon ('83-'86) |- |P88 | [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]]; Luxury Coupe ('88 1/2) |- |P90<br>P91<br>P93<br>P95<br>P98 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]]; 3-door hatchback; Pony ('88 1/2-'90) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; LX ('88 1/2-'90) <br> Ford Escort; 3-door hatchback; GT ('88 1/2-'90) <br> Ford Escort; 5-door hatchback; LX ('88 1/2-'90) <br> Ford Escort; wagon; LX ('88 1/2-'90) |- |P8A<br>P8C<br>P8E<br>P8F<br>P8J<br>P8K | [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang]], Coupe; V6 ('10-'14)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; GT ('10-'14), [[w:Boss 302 Mustang#Second generation (2012–2013)|Boss 302]] ('11-'12)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; V6 ('10-'14)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; GT ('10-'14)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)#Shelby GT500|Shelby GT500]] ('10-'14)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; Shelby GT500 ('10-'14) |- |P8A<br>P8C<br>P8E<br>P8F<br>P8J<br>P8K<br>P8R<br>P8R<br>P8S<br>P8T<br>P8U | [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang]], Coupe; V6 ('15-'17)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; GT ('15-'23)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; V6 ('15-'17)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; GT ('15-'23)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Shelby Mustang#Ford Performance 3rd generation Shelby GT350 (2015–2020)|Shelby GT350/GT350R]] ('15-'20)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Ford Mustang variants#Bullitt|Bullitt]] ('19-'20)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)#Mustang 50 Year Limited Edition (2015)|50th Anniversary Limited Edition]] ('15)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)#Mach 1 (2021–2023)|Mach 1]] ('21-'23)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Shelby Mustang#Ford Performance 3rd generation Shelby GT500 (2020–2022)|Shelby GT500]] ('20-'22)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; EcoBoost I4 ('15-'23)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; EcoBoost I4 ('15-'23) |- |P8C<br>P8F<br>P8G<br>P8R<br>P8T<br>P8U | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang]], Coupe; GT ('24-)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; GT ('24-)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; Dark Horse SC ('26-)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; Dark Horse ('24-)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; EcoBoost I4 ('24-)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; EcoBoost I4 ('24-) |- |P9L<br>P9M<br>P9N<br>P9P | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]], Coupe; Base model ('25-)<br> Ford Mustang GTD, Coupe; Carbon Series ('25-)<br> Ford Mustang GTD, Coupe; Spirit of America ('25-)<br> Ford Mustang GTD, Coupe; Liquid Carbon ('25-)<br> | |- |P76<br>P77<br>P78<br>P90 | [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]]; 2-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Cougar; 4-d sedan ('81-'82) <br> Mercury Cougar; wagon ('82) <br> Mercury Cougar XR-7; 2-d coupe ('81-'82) |- |P92 | [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]]; All models ('83-'86) |- |P93<br>P94<br>P96 | [[w:Lincoln Town Car#First generation (1981–1989)|Lincoln Town Car]]; 2-d ('81) <br> Lincoln Town Car; 4-d ('81-'82) <br> Lincoln Town Car; All models ('83-'86) <br> |- |P95<br>P96 | [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]]; 2-d ('81-'82) <br> Lincoln Continental Mark VI; 4-d ('81-'82) |- |P93<br>P94<br>P95 | [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis#First generation (1979–1991)|Mercury Grand Marquis]] 2-door sedan ('83-'86) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis Colony Park wagon ('83-'86) <br> Mercury Grand Marquis 4-door sedan ('83-'86) <br> |- |P97 | [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]]; All models ('83-'86) |- |P98 | [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]]; All models ('82) |- |P98<br>P99 | [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]]; 2-d ('83) <br> Lincoln Continental Mark VI; 4-d ('83) |- |P98 | [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Mark VII]]; All models ('84-'86) |- |P90<br>P9C<br>P9D<br>P9E<br>P9F<br>P9G<br>P9H<br>P9J<br>P9K | [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] ('05-'06) <br> [[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] ('17-'22) <br> Ford GT ('20-'22) Carbon Series <br> Ford GT ('20-'22) Heritage Edition <br> Ford GT ('21-'22) Liquid Carbon Series <br> Ford GT ('21-'22) Studio Collection 1 <br> Ford GT ('21-'22) Studio Collection 2 <br> Ford GT ('21-'22) Studio Collection 3 <br> Ford GT ('22) Final Edition |- |R08<br>R10<br>R11<br>R12<br>R14<br>R15<br>R14<br>R15<br>R44<br>R45<br>R1A<br>R1E<br>R1F<br>R4E<br>R4F | [[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] Regular Cab 4x2 ('99-'01) <br> [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] Regular Cab 4x2 ('83-'09), Ranger EV ('98) <br> Ford Ranger Regular Cab 4x4 ('83-'08) <br> Ford Ranger Chassis Cab 4x2 ('84-'86) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4x2 ('86-'01) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4x4 ('86-'01) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 2-door 4x2 ('02-'09) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 2-door 4x4 ('02-'09) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4-door 4x2 ('02-'09) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4-door 4x4 ('02-'09) <br> Ford Ranger Regular Cab 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 2-door 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 2-door 4x4 ('10-'11) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4-door 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4-door 4x4 ('10-'11) |- |R12<br>R13<br>R16<br>R17<br>R16<br>R17<br>R46<br>R47 | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] Regular Cab 4x2 ('94-'09) <br> Mazda B-Series Regular Cab 4x4 ('94-'01) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 4x2 ('94-'01) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 4x4 ('94-'01) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 2-door 4x2 ('02-'04) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 2-door 4x4 ('02-'04) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 4 (4-door) 4x2 ('02-'09) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 4 (4-door) 4x4 ('02-'09) |- |R1A<br>R1E<br>R1F<br>R4E<br>R4F | [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger]] SuperCab, Box Delete, 4x2 ('19-'21) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4x2 ('19-'23) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCab 4x4 ('19-'23) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCrew 4x2 ('19-'23) <br> Ford Ranger SuperCrew 4x4 ('19-'23) |- |R4B<br>R4G<br>R4H<br>R4J<br>R4K<br>R4L<br>R4P | [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger]] XL 4x2 SuperCrew ('24-) <br> Ford Ranger XLT 4x2 SuperCrew ('24-) <br> Ford Ranger XLT 4x4 SuperCrew ('24-) <br> Ford Ranger Lariat 4x2 SuperCrew ('24-) <br> Ford Ranger Lariat 4x4 SuperCrew ('24-) <br> Ford Ranger Raptor 4x4 SuperCrew ('24-) <br> Ford Ranger XL 4x4 SuperCrew ('24-) |- |R1Y<br>R1Z<br>R2Y<br>R2Z<br>R1C<br>R1D<br>R2C<br>R2D<br>R2X<br>R2U<br>R3X<br>R3U<br>R5P<br>R5Z<br>R7P<br>R7Z<br>R1Y<br>R2Y<br>R1Z<br>R2Z<br>R5P<br>R5Z<br>R7P<br>R7Z<br>R1C<br>R2C<br>R1D<br>R2D<br>R1X<br>R2X<br>R1V<br>R2V<br>R3X<br>R3U<br> | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 250, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 9,000 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 9,000 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 9,000 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 9,000 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Low Roof, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Low Roof, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Crew Van, Low Roof, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 250, Crew Van, Low Roof, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, RWD, 9,070 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, RWD, 9,070 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, AWD, 9,070 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, AWD, 9,070 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Crew Van, Medium Roof, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 250, Crew Van, Medium Roof, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 250, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 250, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD ('20-) <br> |- |R9A<br>R9B<br>R9C<br>R9D<br>R9F<br>R9G<br>R9H<br>R9K | [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] Base model ('21-'23) <br> Ford Bronco Sport Big Bend ('21-) <br> Ford Bronco Sport Outer Banks ('21-) <br> Ford Bronco Sport Badlands ('21-) <br> Ford Bronco Sport First Edition ('21) <br> Ford Bronco Sport Heritage Edition ('23-) <br> Ford Bronco Sport Heritage Limited Edition ('23) <br> Ford Bronco Sport Free Wheeling ('24-'25) <br> |- |S11<br>S14<br>S15<br>S16<br>S21<br>S24<br>S25<br>S26<br>S31<br>S34<br>S35<br>S36 | [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]], Club Wagon E-150 extended length ('81-'82) <br> Ford Econoline, E-150 Cargo Van extended length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-150 Window Van extended length ('81-'87) <br> Ford Econoline, E-150 Display Van extended length ('81-'84) <br> Ford Econoline, Club Wagon E-250 extended length ('83-'84) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250 Cargo Van extended length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250 Window Van extended length ('81-'85) <br> Ford Econoline, E-250 Display Van extended length ('81-'84) <br> Ford Econoline, Club Wagon E-350 extended length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Cargo Van extended length ('81-'91) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Window Van extended length ('81-'87) <br> Ford Econoline, E-350 Display Van extended length ('81-'84) <br> |- |S14<br>S24<br>S31<br>S34<br>S1E<br>S2E<br>S3B<br>S3E | [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]], E-150 van extended length ('09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 van extended length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) wagon extended length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 (Super Duty) van extended length ('92-'09) <br> Ford E-Series, E-150 van extended length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-250 van extended length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty wagon extended length ('10-'14) <br> Ford E-Series, E-350 Super Duty van extended length ('10-'14) |- |S2F<br>S2G<br>S2K<br>S3F<br>S3G<br>S3J<br>S3K | [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]; S FWD ('19-'21) <br> Ford EcoSport; SE FWD ('19-'21) <br> Ford EcoSport; Titanium FWD ('19-'21) <br> Ford EcoSport; S AWD ('19-'22) <br> Ford EcoSport; SE AWD ('19-'22) <br> Ford EcoSport; SES AWD ('19-'22) <br> Ford EcoSport; Titanium AWD ('19-'22) |- |S4X<br>S4U<br>S6P<br>S6Z<br>S8P<br>S8Z<br>S9P<br>S9Z<br>S4X<br>S4U<br>S4V<br>S4W<br>S6P<br>S6Z<br>S8P<br>S8Z | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 178 in. wheelbase, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 178 in. wheelbase, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, RWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, RWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, AWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, AWD, 10,360 lb. GVWR ('20-'23) <br> |- |S6A<br>S6B<br>S7A<br>S7B<br>S7C<br>S7D<br>S8A<br>S9A<br>S9B<br>S9C | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]]; XL Cargo Van w/rear- & side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van w/rear- & side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van w/no rear- or side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van w/no rear- or side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van w/rear-door window glass but no side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van w/rear-door window glass but no side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van w/no rear- or side-door window glass for Canada Post ('11-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Wagon w/rear- & side-door window glass ('10) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Wagon w/rear- & side-door window glass ('10-'13) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Premium Wagon w/rear- & side-door window glass & rear-quarter (3rd row) window glass ('11-'13) |- |S6E<br>S6F<br>S6S<br>S6T<br>S7E<br>S7F<br>S7P<br>S7R<br>S7S<br>S7T<br>S7U<br>S8F<br>S9E<br>S9F | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]; XL Cargo Van SWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van SWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van SWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van SWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'21) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors for Canada Post ('14-'18) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors for Canada Post ('14-'15) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('22-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Cargo Van LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors for US Postal Service ('19-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Wagon SWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'18) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XL Wagon LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'23) <br> Ford Transit Connect; XLT Wagon LWB w/Swing-Out Rear Cargo Doors ('14-'23) <br> |- |T01<br>T03 | [[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri]]; Base model ('91-'94)<br> Mercury Capri; XR2 ('91-'94) |- |T05<br>T06<br>T07 | [[w:Ford Festiva#North America|Ford Festiva]]; L ('90-'93) <br> Ford Festiva; L ('88-'89), L Plus ('88-'90), GL ('91-'93) <br> Ford Festiva; LX ('88-'90) |- |T05<br>T06<br>T07 | [[w:Ford Festiva#Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]]; 3-door hatchback; Base model ('94-'97) <br> Ford Aspire; 5-door hatchback; Base model ('94-'97) <br> Ford Aspire; 3-door hatchback; SE ('94-'95) |- |T20<br>T21<br>T22 | [[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]]; GL/Base/SE<br> Ford Probe; LX ('89-'92)<br> Ford Probe; GT |- |T60<br>T61 | [[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]]; I4 ('99-'02)<br> Mercury Cougar; V6 ('99-'02) |- |T80 |[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] ('87-'89) |- |T81 |[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] ('88-'89) |- |T80<br>T82<br>T84<br>T85<br>T88<br>T89 | [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang]], Coupe; V6 ('05-'09)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; GT ('05-'09), [[w:Shelby Mustang#2006; 2007 Ford Shelby GT-H|Shelby GT-H]] ('06), [[w:Shelby Mustang#2007–2008 Ford Shelby GT|Shelby GT]] ('07-'08), [[w:Ford Mustang variants#Bullitt|Bullitt]] ('08-'09)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; V6 ('05-'09)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; GT ('05-'09), [[w:Shelby Mustang#2006; 2007 Ford Shelby GT-H|Shelby GT-H]] ('07), [[w:Shelby Mustang#2007–2008 Ford Shelby GT|Shelby GT]] ('08)<br> Ford Mustang, Coupe; [[w:Shelby Mustang#2007–2009 Ford Shelby GT500|Shelby GT500]] ('07-'09)<br> Ford Mustang, Convertible; Shelby GT500 ('07-'09) |- |U01<br>U02<br>U03<br>U04<br>U02<br>U03<br>U04<br>U92<br>U93<br>U94<br>U95<br>U96<br>U49<br>U59<br>U0C<br>U0D<br>U0E<br>U4K<br>U5K<br>U9C<br> U9D<br>U9E | [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] XLS 4x2 ('01-'02) <br> Ford Escape XLS 4x4 ('01-'02) <br> Ford Escape XLT 4x2 ('01-'02) <br> Ford Escape XLT 4x4 ('01-'02) <br> Ford Escape XLS 4x2 ('03-'09) <br> Ford Escape XLT 4x2 ('03-'09) <br> Ford Escape Limited 4x2 ('03-'09) <br> Ford Escape XLS 4x4 ('03-'09) <br> Ford Escape XLT 4x4 ('03-'09) <br> Ford Escape Limited 4x4 ('03-'09) <br> [[w:Ford Escape Hybrid|Ford Escape Hybrid]] 4x2 ('05-'06) <br> Ford Escape Hybrid 4x4 ('05-'06) <br> Ford Escape Hybrid 4x2 ('07-'09) <br> Ford Escape Hybrid 4x4 ('07-'09) <br> Ford Escape XLS 4x2 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape XLT 4x2 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape Limited 4x2 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape Hybrid 4x2 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape Hybrid 4x4 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape XLS 4x4 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape XLT 4x4 ('10-'12) <br> Ford Escape Limited 4x4 ('10-'12) |- |U06<br>U07<br>U08<br>U09 | [[w:Mazda Tribute#First generation (EP; 2000)|Mazda Tribute]] DX 4x4 ('01-'02) <br> Mazda Tribute DX 4x2 ('01-'02) <br> Mazda Tribute LX 4x4 ('01-'02) <br> Mazda Tribute LX 4x2 ('01-'02) |- |U0F<br>U0G<br>U0H<br>U0J<br>U9G<br>U9H<br>U9J | [[w:Ford Escape#Third generation (2013)|Ford Escape]] S 4x2 ('13-'19) <br> Ford Escape SE 4x2 ('13-'19) <br> Ford Escape SEL 4x2 ('13, '18-'19) <br> Ford Escape Titanium 4x2 ('13-'19) <br> Ford Escape SE 4x4 ('13-'19) <br> Ford Escape SEL 4x4 ('13, '18-'19) <br> Ford Escape Titanium 4x4 ('13-'19) |- |U0B<br>U0C<br>U0D<br>U0E<br>U0F<br>U0G<br>U0H<br>U0K<br>U0L<br>U0E<br>U0F<br>U0G<br>U0J<br>U0M<br>U9B<br>U9C<br>U9D<br>U9F<br>U9G<br>U9H<br>U9J<br>U9F<br>U9G<br>U9J<br>U9M<br>U9N<br>U9P | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape]] SE Sport Hybrid 4x2 ('20), SE Hybrid 4x2 ('21-'22) <br> Ford Escape SEL Hybrid 4x2 ('21-'22) <br> Ford Escape Titanium Hybrid 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape SE Plug-in Hybrid 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape S 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape SE 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape SEL 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape SEL Plug-in Hybrid 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape Titanium Plug-in Hybrid 4x2 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid 4x2 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape Base model 4x2 ('23-'24) <br> Ford Escape Active 4x2 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape Platinum 4x2 ('23-'25) <br> Ford Escape ST-Line 4x2 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape SE Sport Hybrid 4x4 ('20), SE Hybrid 4x4 ('21-'22) <br> Ford Escape SEL Hybrid 4x4 ('21-'22) <br> Ford Escape Titanium Hybrid 4x4 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape S 4x4 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape SE 4x4 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape SEL 4x4 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape Titanium 4x4 ('20-'22) <br> Ford Escape Base model 4x4 ('23-'24) <br> Ford Escape Active 4x4 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape Platinum 4x4 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape ST-Line 4x4 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape ST-Line Select 4x4 ('23-'26) <br> Ford Escape ST-Line Elite 4x4 ('23-'26) <br> |- |U12<br>U14 | [[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] 4x2 ('87-'90) <br> Ford Bronco II 4x4 ('84-'90) |- |U15 |[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('81-'96) |- |U17<br>U18<br>U13<br>U14<br>U15<br>U16<br>U17<br>U18<br>U19<br>U20<br>U1F<br>U1G<br>U1H<br>U1J<br>U1K<br>U1L<br>U1M<br>U2A | [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]]; 4x2, All models ('97-'99) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, All models ('97-'99) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, XLS ('04-'06) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, XLS ('04-'06) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, XLT ('00-'09) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, XLT ('00-'09), NBX ('04-'05) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Eddie Bauer ('00-'09), King Ranch ('05-'06, '08-'09) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Eddie Bauer ('00-'09), King Ranch ('05-'06, '08-'09) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Limited ('05-'09) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Limited ('05-'09) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, XLT ('10), XL ('11-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, XLT ('10), XL ('11-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Eddie Bauer ('10), XLT ('11-'17), King Ranch ('10-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Eddie Bauer ('10), XLT ('11-'17), King Ranch ('10-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Limited ('10-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Platinum ('15-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Platinum ('15-'17) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Limited ('10-'17) <br> |- |U1F<br>U1G<br>U1H<br>U1J<br>U1K<br>U1L<br>U1M<br>U1N<br>U1P<br>U1R<br>U2A | [[w:Ford Expedition#Fourth generation (2018)|Ford Expedition]]; 4x2, XL ('18-'24), XL STX ('21-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, XL ('18-'24), XL STX ('21-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, XLT ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, XLT ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Limited ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Platinum ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Platinum ('18-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, King Ranch ('20-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, King Ranch ('20-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Timberline ('22-'24) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Limited ('18-'24) <br> |- |U1G<br>U1H<br>U1J<br>U1M<br>U1P<br>U1R | [[w:Ford Expedition#Fifth generation (2025)|Ford Expedition]]; 4x4, XL ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x2, Active ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Active ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Platinum ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, King Ranch ('25-) <br> Ford Expedition; 4x4, Tremor ('25-) <br> |- |U27<br>U28 | [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]]; 4x2 ('98-'09) <br> Lincoln Navigator; 4x4 ('98-'09) |- |U22<br>U24<br>U32<br>U34<br>U35 | [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] 2-door 4x2 ('91-'99) <br> Ford Explorer 2-door 4x4 ('91-'99) <br> Ford Explorer 4-door 4x2 ('91-'99) <br> Ford Explorer 4-door 4x4 ('91-'99) <br> Ford Explorer 4-door AWD ('96-'99) |- |U23<br>U31<br>U33<br>U51<br>U53<br>U2D<br>U3B<br>U3D<br>U5B<br>U5D | [[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac#Second generation (2007–2010)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]]; Limited AWD ('08-'09) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; XLT 4x2 ('07-'09) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; Limited 4x2 ('07-'09) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; XLT 4x4 ('07-'09) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; Limited 4x4 ('07-'09) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; Limited AWD ('10) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; XLT 4x2 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; Limited 4x2 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; XLT 4x4 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; Limited 4x4 ('10) |- |U29<br>U39<br>U80<br>U81<br>U81<br>U87<br>U90<br>U91<br>U91<br>U97 | [[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] Hybrid 4x2 ('08-'09) <br> Mercury Mariner Hybrid 4x4 ('07-'09) <br> Mercury Mariner Convenience 4x2 ('07) <br> Mercury Mariner Luxury 4x2 ('07) <br> Mercury Mariner Base model 4x2 ('08-'09) <br> Mercury Mariner Premier 4x2 ('07-'09) <br> Mercury Mariner Convenience 4x4 ('07) <br> Mercury Mariner Luxury 4x4 ('07) <br> Mercury Mariner Base model 4x4 ('08-'09) <br> Mercury Mariner Premier 4x4 ('07-'09) |- |U36<br>U37<br>U38<br>U46<br>U47<br>U48 | [[w:Mercury Mountaineer#Third generation (2006–2010)|Mercury Mountaineer]] Convenience 4x2 ('06) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Luxury 4x2 ('06), Base model 4x2 ('07-'09) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Premier 4x2 ('06-'09) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Convenience AWD ('06) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Luxury AWD, Base model AWD ('07-'09) ('06) <br> Mercury Mountaineer Premier AWD ('06-'09) |- |U42<br>U44 | [[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] 2-door 4x2 ('92-'94) <br> Mazda Navajo 2-door 4x4 ('91-'94) |- |U40<br>U41<br>U42<br>U43<br>U44<br>U45 | [[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] XLT 4x2 ('00-'05), XLS 4x2 ('04-'05) <br> Ford Excursion XLT 4x4 ('00-'05), XLS 4x4 ('04-'05) <br> Ford Excursion Limited 4x2 ('00-'05) <br> Ford Excursion Limited 4x4 ('00-'05) <br> Ford Excursion Eddie Bauer 4x2 ('03-'05) <br> Ford Excursion Eddie Bauer 4x4 ('03-'05) |- |U4X<br>U5X<br>U6P<br>U6Z<br>U8P<br>U8Z<br>U8X<br>U8U | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Passenger Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Ext. Length, RWD ('15-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Passenger Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, RWD, 11,000 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, RWD, 11,000 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, AWD, 11,000 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, AWD, 11,000 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD, 11,000 lb. GVWR ('21-) <br> Ford Transit 350 HD, Dual Rear Wheels, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD, 11,000 lb. GVWR ('21-) <br> |- |U52<br>U54<br>U55 | [[w:Mercury Mountaineer#First generation (1997–2001)|Mercury Mountaineer]] 4x2 ('97-'99) <br> Mercury Mountaineer 4x4 ('98-'99) <br> Mercury Mountaineer AWD ('97-'99) |- |U56<br>U57<br>U98 | [[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] 4x2 ('05-'06) <br> Mercury Mariner 4x4 ('05-'06) <br> Mercury Mariner Hybrid 4x4 ('06) |- |U60<br>U70<br>U61<br>U71<br>U62<br>U72<br>U63<br>U73<br>U83<br>U64<br>U74<br>U84<br>U65<br>U75<br>U85<br> | [[w:Ford Explorer#Second generation (UN105/150; 1995)|Ford Explorer]]; Sport 2-door; 4x2 ('00) <br> Ford Explorer; Sport 2-door; 4x4 ('00) <br> Ford Explorer; XL 4-door; 4x2 ('00) <br> Ford Explorer; XL 4-door; 4x4 ('00) <br> Ford Explorer; XLS 4-door; 4x2 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; XLS 4-door; 4x4 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4-door; 4x2 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4-door; 4x4 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4-door; AWD ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4-door; 4x2 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4-door; 4x4 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4-door; AWD ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4-door; 4x2 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4-door; 4x4 ('00-'01) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4-door; AWD ('00-'01) |- |U60<br>U70 | [[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]]; 2-door; 4x2 ('01-'03) <br> Ford Explorer Sport; 2-door; 4x4 ('01-'03) |- |U67<br>U77 | [[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac#First generation (2001–2005)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]]; 4x2 ('01-'05) <br> Ford Explorer Sport Trac; 4x4 ('01-'05) |- |U62<br>U63<br>U64<br>U65<br>U72<br>U73<br>U74<br>U75<br>U82<br>U83<br>U84<br>U85 | [[w:Ford Explorer#Third generation (U152; 2002)|Ford Explorer]]; XLS 4x2 ('02-'05), XLS Sport 4x2 ('03-'05) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4x2 ('02-'05), XLT Sport 4x2 ('03-'05), NBX 4x2 ('03) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4x2 ('02-'05) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4x2 ('02-'05) <br> Ford Explorer; XLS 4x4 ('02-'05), XLS Sport 4x4 ('03-'05) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4x4 ('02-'05), XLT Sport 4x4 ('03-'05), NBX 4x4 ('03-'04) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4x4 ('02-'05) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4x4 ('02-'05) <br> Ford Explorer; XLS AWD ('03-'04), XLS Sport AWD ('03-'04) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT AWD ('03-'04), XLT Sport AWD ('03-'04) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer AWD ('03-'04) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited AWD ('03-'04) <br> |- |U62<br>U63<br>U64<br>U65<br>U72<br>U73<br>U74<br>U75<br>U83<br>U84<br>U85<br>U6D<br>U6E<br>U6F<br>U7D<br>U7E<br>U7F<br>U8D<br>U8F | [[w:Ford Explorer#Fourth generation (U251; 2006)|Ford Explorer]]; XLS 4x2 ('06) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4x2 ('06-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4x2 ('06-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4x2 ('06-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; XLS 4x4 ('06) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4x4 ('06-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4x4 ('06-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4x4 ('06-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT AWD ('09) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer AWD ('08-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited AWD ('08-'09) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4x2 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4x2 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4x2 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT 4x4 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; Eddie Bauer 4x4 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited 4x4 ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; XLT AWD ('10) <br> Ford Explorer; Limited AWD ('10) |- |U66<br>U76<br>U86 | [[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] 4x2 ('00-'05) <br> Mercury Mountaineer 4x4 ('00-'01) <br> Mercury Mountaineer AWD ('00-'05) |- |U68<br>U78<br>U88 | [[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] 4x2 ('03-'05) <br> Lincoln Aviator 4x4 & AdvanceTrac ('03) <br> Lincoln Aviator AWD ('03-'05) |- |U68<br>U88 | [[w:Lincoln MKX#First generation (U388; 2007)|Lincoln MKX]] FWD ('07-'09) <br> Lincoln MKX AWD ('07-'09) |- |V11<br>V12<br>V14<br>V14 | [[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]]; All passenger vans ('93-'99), Base model ('00-'01), Value, Popular ('02) <br> Mercury Villager; Sport ('00-'02), Sport Plus ('02) <br> Mercury Villager; cargo van ('93-'98) <br> Mercury Villager; Estate ('00-'02), Estate Premium ('02) |- |W25<br>W26<br>W35<br>W36 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-250, Crew Cab, 2WD ('96-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Crew Cab, 4WD ('96-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD ('83-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD ('83-'97) |- |W07<br>W08 | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series]], F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('01-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('01-'03) |- |W02<br>W04<br>W12<br>W14 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Flareside, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('06-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Flareside, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('06-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 2WD ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 4WD ('04-'09) <br> |- |W1C<br>W1E<br>W1E<br>W1P<br>W1R<br>W1S<br>W1T | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 2WD ('10-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 4WD ('10-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Lightning EV, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 4WD ('22-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Police Responder, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 4WD ('18-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Raptor, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 4WD ('11-'14, '17-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Special Service Vehicle (SSV), SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 2WD ('22-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Special Service Vehicle (SSV), SuperCrew (Crew Cab), Styleside, 4WD ('22-'23) <br> |- |W1B<br>W1F<br>W1K<br>W1L<br>W1P<br>W1R<br>W2K<br>W2L<br>W3K<br>W3L<br>W4L<br>W5K<br>W5L<br>W6K<br>W6L<br>W7K<br>W7L | Ford F-Series, [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|F-150 Lightning EV]], SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; Pro ('24-'25) <br> [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-Series]], F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; XL Hybrid ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 2WD; XL ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; XL ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; Police Responder ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; Raptor, Raptor R ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 2WD; STX ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; STX ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 2WD; XLT ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; XLT ('24-), F-150 Lightning EV; XLT, Flash ('24-'25) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; Tremor ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 2WD; Lariat ('26-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; Lariat ('24-), F-150 Lightning EV; Lariat ('24-'25) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 2WD; King Ranch ('26-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; King Ranch ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 2WD; Platinum ('26-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, SuperCrew (Crew Cab), 4WD; Platinum ('24-), F-150 Lightning EV; Platinum ('24-'25) <br> |- |W20<br>W21<br>W30<br>W31<br>W32<br>W33<br>W34<br>W35<br>W36<br>W37<br>W42<br>W43<br>W46<br>W47<br>W56<br>W57 | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford F-Series, Super Duty]] F-250, Crew Cab, 2WD ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-250, Crew Cab, 4WD ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('08-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('08-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> |- |W2A<br>W2B<br>W3A<br>W3B<br>W3C<br>W3D<br>W3E<br>W3F<br>W3G<br>W3H<br>W4C<br>W4D<br>W4G<br>W4H<br>W5G<br>W5H | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford F-Series, Super Duty]] F-250, Crew Cab, 2WD ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-250, Crew Cab, 4WD ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Crew Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Crew Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) |- |W05 | [[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] ('02) |- |W16<br>W18 | [[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] 4x2 ('06-'08)<br> Lincoln Mark LT 4x4 ('06-'08) |- |W1Y<br>W1Z<br>W2Y<br>W2Z<br>W9C<br>W1D<br>W2C<br>W2D<br>W2X<br>W2U<br>W3X<br>W3U<br>W5P<br>W5Z<br>W7P<br>W7Z<br>W1Y<br>W2Y<br>W1Z<br>W2Z<br>W5P<br>W5Z<br>W7P<br>W7Z<br>W9C<br>W2C<br>W1D<br>W2D<br>W1X<br>W2X<br>W1V<br>W2V<br>W3X<br>W3U<br> | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 350, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('17-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('17-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('17-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Regular (130 in.) wheelbase ('17-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Dual Sliding Side Cargo-Doors, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length ('16-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('17-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 138 in. wheelbase, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('17-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, 156 in. wheelbase, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Low Roof, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Low Roof, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Crew Van, Low Roof, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350, Crew Van, Low Roof, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, RWD, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, RWD, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Cutaway, Low Roof, AWD, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Single Rear Wheels, Chassis Cab, Low Roof, AWD, 9,500 lb. GVWR ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, Medium Roof, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Crew Van, Medium Roof, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350, Crew Van, Medium Roof, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350, Crew Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-'23) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Cargo Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase Extended Length, AWD ('20-) <br> |- |W8E<br>W8F<br>W8G<br>W8A<br>W8B<br>W8C<br>W8H<br>W8J<br>W8N<br>W8M<br>W8R<br>W8S<br>W8P<br>W8T | [[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick]] FWD ('22-'23) <br> Ford Maverick AWD ('22-'23) <br> Ford Maverick with Tremor pkg. & Advanced AWD ('23) <br> Ford Maverick XL FWD ('24-) <br> Ford Maverick XL AWD ('24-) <br> Ford Maverick XLT Tremor AWD ('24) <br> Ford Maverick XLT FWD ('24-) <br> Ford Maverick XLT AWD ('24-) <br> Ford Maverick Tremor AWD ('25-) <br> Ford Maverick Lariat FWD ('24) <br> Ford Maverick Lariat Tremor AWD ('24) <br> Ford Maverick Lariat AWD ('24-) <br> Ford Maverick Lobo AWD ('25), Maverick Lobo Premium (High) AWD ('26-) <br> Ford Maverick Lobo Standard AWD ('26-) <br> |- |X14<br>X15<br>X25<br>X26<br>X35 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Super Cab, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('81-'96) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, 2WD ('81-'96) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Super Cab, 2WD ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Super Cab, 4WD ('81-'97) <br> Ford F-Series, F-350, Super Cab, 2WD ('88-'97) |- |X07<br>X08<br>X17<br>X18<br>X07<br>X08<br>X17<br>X18<br>X27<br>X28 | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Super Cab, Flareside, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Flareside, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('97-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Super Cab, Flareside, 2WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Super Cab, Flareside, 4WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Super Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Heritage, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('04) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Super Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('97-'99) <br> Ford F-Series, F-250, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('97-'99) |- |X02<br>X04<br>X12<br>X14 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Super Cab, Flareside, [[w:2WD|2WD]] ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Flareside, [[w:4WD|4WD]] ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('04-'09) <br> |- |X1C<br>X1E<br>X1R | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Super Cab, Styleside, 2WD ('10-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('10-'23); F-150 Raptor, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('10) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150 Raptor, Super Cab, Styleside, 4WD ('11-'14, '17-'20) |- |X1K<br>X1L<br>X2K<br>X2L<br>X3K<br>X3L | [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-Series]], F-150, Super Cab, 2WD; XL ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, 4WD; XL ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, 2WD; STX ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, 4WD; STX ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, 2WD; XLT ('24-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-150, Super Cab, 4WD; XLT ('24-) <br> |- |X20<br>X21<br>X30<br>X31<br>X32<br>X33<br>X34<br>X35<br>X36<br>X37<br>X46<br>X47<br>X56<br>X57 | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford F-Series, Super Duty]] F-250, Super Cab, 2WD ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-250, Super Cab, 4WD ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('99-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('02-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('02-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('02-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('02-'09) <br> |- |X2A<br>X2B<br>X3A<br>X3B<br>X3C<br>X3D<br>X3E<br>X3F<br>X3G<br>X3H<br>X4G<br>X4H<br>X5G<br>X5H | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford F-Series, Super Duty]] F-250, Super Cab, 2WD ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-250, Super Cab, 4WD ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Single Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-350, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-450, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Super Cab, 2WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) <br> Ford F-Series, Super Duty F-550, Super Cab, 4WD, Chassis Cab, Dual Rear Wheels ('10-) |- |X2Y<br>X2Z<br>X2C<br>X2X<br>X2Y<br>X9Y<br>X2C<br>X9C<br>X2X<br>X9X | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] 350, Passenger Van, Low Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, Low Roof, 60/40 Passenger-Side Cargo Doors ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, Medium Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, High Roof, Sliding Passenger-Side Cargo Door ('15-'19) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, Low Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, Low Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, Medium Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, Medium Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, RWD ('20-'25) <br> Ford Transit 350, Passenger Van, High Roof, Long (148 in.) wheelbase, AWD ('20-'25) <br> |- |Y1C<br>Y4G<br>Y4H | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] Regular Cab 4x2 ('10) (Canada only) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 4 (4-door) 4x2 ('10) (Canada only) <br> Mazda B-Series Cab Plus 4 (4-door) 4x4 ('10) (Canada only) |- |Y0C<br>Y0G<br>Y9C<br>Y9G | [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute]] i 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Mazda Tribute s 4x2 ('10-'11) <br> Mazda Tribute i 4x4 ('10-'11) <br> Mazda Tribute s 4x4 ('10-'11) |- |Z02<br>Z04<br>Z06<br>Z92<br>Z94<br>Z96<br>Z02<br>Z06<br>Z49<br>Z59<br>Z92<br>Z96<br> | [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] DX 4x2 ('03-'06) <br> Mazda Tribute LX 4x2 ('03-'06) <br> Mazda Tribute ES 4x2 ('03-'06) <br> Mazda Tribute DX 4x4 ('03-'06) <br> Mazda Tribute LX 4x4 ('03-'06) <br> Mazda Tribute ES 4x4 ('03-'06) <br> Mazda Tribute i 4x2 ('08-'09) <br> Mazda Tribute s 4x2 ('08-'09) <br> Mazda Tribute Hybrid 4x2 ('08-'09) <br> Mazda Tribute Hybrid 4x4 ('08-'09) <br> Mazda Tribute i 4x4 ('08-'09) <br> Mazda Tribute s 4x4 ('08-'09) |- |Z8A<br>Z8B<br>Z8C<br>Z8D<br>Z8E | [[w:Mazda 6#North America|Mazda 6]]; SV (Special Value) ('10) <br> Mazda 6; Sport ('10-'13) <br> Mazda 6; Touring, Touring Plus, Grand Touring ('10-'11), Grand Touring ('12-'13) <br> Mazda 6; Touring ('12-'13) <br> Mazda 6; Touring Plus ('12-'13) |} *Note: Only US-built Mazda 6 models are shown here as they used a Ford-style VIN structure. Japanese-built Mazda 6 models ('06-'07 Mazdaspeed 6) are not shown here as they used a Mazda-style VIN structure. See [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Mazda/VIN Codes|Mazda]] for VIN codes for Japanese-built Mazdas. GVWR=Gross Vehicle Weight Rating ====Medium & Heavy Trucks & Buses==== The [[w:list of Ford vehicles|model]] type is specified in positions five through seven of the American Ford VIN. The first position specifies the model line, the next is the series, the last is the vehicle type. The type often indicates the engine size, driven wheels, body style, and similar factors. {| class="wikitable" !VIN<br> Code !Model |- |A90<br>A92<br>A95<br>A98<br>A99 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LTL9000]] (Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'97) <br> Ford LTL9000 w/Sleeper cab Single (Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'86) <br> Ford LTLA9000 (AeroMax 120 L9000) (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('92-'97) <br> Ford LTL9000 w/Sleeper cab Double (Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'86) <br> Ford LTLS9000 (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('92-'97) |- |A92<br>A96 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford A9522]] (AeroMax 9500 Series, 122 in. BBC) (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle) ('97-'98) <br> Ford AT9522 (AeroMax 9500 Series, 122 in. BBC) (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('97-'98) |- |B60<br>B70<br>B80 | [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]], B600, Gas ('81-'89) <br> Ford B series, B700, Gas ('81-'89) <br> Ford B series, B800, Diesel ('95-'98) |- |C60<br>C70<br>C72<br>C80<br>C82<br>C90<br>C92 | [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], C600, Gas ('81-'86) <br> Ford C series, C700, Gas, Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, C700, Gas ('81-'86) <br> Ford C series, C800, Gas ('81-'86) <br> Ford C series, C800, Gas, Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, C900, Gas ('81) <br> Ford C series, C900, Gas, Sleeper Cab ('81) <br> |- |D64<br>D70<br>D72<br>D74<br>D76<br>D80<br>D82<br>D84<br>D86 | [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], C600, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'86) <br> Ford C series, C7000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel ('81-'86) <br> Ford C series, C7000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel, Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, C700, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'86) <br> Ford C series, C700, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8, Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, C8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel ('81-'90) <br> Ford C series, C8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel, Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, C800, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'87) <br> Ford C series, C800, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8, Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) |- |F53<br>F59<br>F5D<br>F5K | Ford F-53 Class A Motorhome Stripped Chassis ('89-'09) <br> Ford F-59 Commercial Stripped Chassis ('89-'94) <br> Ford F-53 Class A Motorhome Stripped Chassis ('11-) <br> Ford F-59 Commercial Stripped Chassis ('11-) |- |F60<br>F61<br>F62<br>F70<br>F71<br>F72<br>F77<br>F80<br>F82<br>F82<br>F83<br>F85 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series]], F-600, Gas ('81-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-600, Gas, Chassis Cowl ('81-'89) <br> Ford F-Series, F-600, Gas, Low Profile ('90-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Gas ('81-'98) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Gas, Chassis Cowl ('81-'89) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Gas, Low Profile ('90-'98) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Gas, 4x4 ('83-'98) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Diesel ('95-'99) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Gas ('81-'91) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Diesel, Low Profile ('95-'98) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Gas, Chassis Cowl ('81-'89) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Diesel, Chassis Cowl ('95-'98) |- |F65<br>F66<br>F75<br>F76<br>F6F<br>F6G<br>F6H<br>F6J<br>F6U<br>F7F | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-Series]], F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame ('00-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame) ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame ('00-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Regular Cab, S (Severe Service) ('04-'07) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('10-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Diesel ('10-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Gas ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Gas (For U-Haul) ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('10-'15) |- |F6A<br>F6B<br>F6D<br>F6E<br>F6T<br>F7A<br>F7D<br>F7T | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-Series]], F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Gas ('16-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Diesel ('16-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Tractor, Diesel ('16-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Regular Cab, Tractor, Diesel ('16-'23) |- |F80<br>F90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L800]] Gas ('81-'84) <br> Ford L900 Gas ('81-'82) |- |G80 |[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series]], FT-800, Gas, Tandem Axle ('83-'90) |- |G60<br>G70<br>G80 | Ford P600, Gas, Parcel Stripped Chassis, Low Profile ('93-'94) <br> Ford P700, Gas, Parcel Stripped Chassis ('95-'98) <br> Ford P800, Diesel, Parcel Stripped Chassis ('95-'98) |- |H80<br>H82<br>H84<br>H86 | [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], CT8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel (Tandem Axle) ('81-'90) <br> Ford C series, CT8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel, Sleeper Cab (Tandem Axle) ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, CT800, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 (Tandem Axle) ('81-'82) <br> Ford C series, CT800, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8, Sleeper Cab (Tandem Axle) ('81-'82) |- |H60<br>H70<br>H81<br>H85 | [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]], CF6000 (Class 6) ('86-'09) <br> Ford Cargo, CF7000 (Class 7) ('86-'96) <br> Ford Cargo, CF8000 (Class 8) ('87-'97) <br> Ford Cargo, CFT8000 (Class 8) (Tandem Axle) ('88-'97) <br> |- |J64<br>J65<br>J70<br>J74<br>J75 | [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]], B600, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'87) <br> Ford B series, B600, Ford-New Holland Diesel ('87-'92) or Cummins Diesel ('93-'94) <br> Ford B series, B7000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel ('83-'87) <br> Ford B series, B700, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'87) <br> Ford B series, B700, Ford-New Holland Diesel ('87-'92) or Cummins Diesel ('93-'94) |- |K62<br>K64<br>K65<br>K69<br>K70<br>K71<br>K72<br>K74<br>K75<br>K77<br>K79<br>K84<br>K85<br>K87<br>K89 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series]], F-600, Diesel, Low Profile ('90-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-600, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'87), Ford-New Holland Diesel ('88-'92), or Cummins Diesel ('93-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-600, Diesel, Chassis Cowl ('81-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-600, Diesel, Chassis Cowl, Low Profile ('90-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-7000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel ('83-'87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-7000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel, Chassis Cowl ('83-'87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Diesel, Low Profile ('90-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'87), Ford-New Holland Diesel ('88-'92), or Cummins Diesel ('93-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Diesel, Chassis Cowl ('81-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Diesel, 4x4 ('83-'88) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Diesel, Chassis Cowl, Low Profile ('90-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 ('81-'87), Ford-New Holland Diesel ('88-'92), or Cummins Diesel ('93-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Diesel, Chassis Cowl ('81-'94) <br> Ford F-Series, F-8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel ('83-'87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel, Chassis Cowl ('83-'87) <br> |- |K80<br>K82<br>K82<br>K90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L8000]] Diesel ('81-'89) <br> Ford L8000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine ('87-'92) <br> Ford L8000 w/Cummins Diesel engine ('93-'97) <br> Ford L9000 Diesel ('81-'97) |- |L45<br>L55 | [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]], L45 (Class 4) ('06-'09) <br> Ford LCF, L55 (Class 5) ('06-'09) |- |L80<br>L84<br>L90<br>L90 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series]], FT-8000, Caterpillar 3208 Diesel, Tandem Axle ('83-'87) <br> Ford F-Series, FT-800, Diesel, Tandem Axle ('83-'84) <br> Ford F-Series, FT-900, Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8, Tandem Axle ('85-'87) <br> Ford F-Series, FT-900, Ford-New Holland Diesel ('88-'92) or Cummins Diesel ('93-'98), Tandem Axle |- |N60<br>N70<br>N80<br>N90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LN600]] Gas (Short-nose) ('81-'85) <br> Ford LN700 Gas (Short-nose) ('81-'85) <br> Ford LN800 Gas (Short-nose) ('81-'84) <br> Ford LN900 Gas (Short-nose) ('81) |- |N80<br>N90 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L8501]] (Louisville 8500 Series, 101 in. BBC) (Short hood, Set-forward Front Axle) ('97-'98) <br> Ford L9501 (Louisville 9500 Series, 101 in. BBC) (Short hood, Set-forward Front Axle) ('97-'98) |- |R64<br>R70<br>R72<br>R72<br>R74<br>R80<br>R82<br>R82<br>R90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LN600]] w/Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 (Short-nose) ('81-'85) <br> Ford LN7000 w/Caterpillar 3208 Diesel (Short-nose) ('81-'86) <br> Ford LN7000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Short-nose) ('87-'92) <br> Ford LN7000 w/Cummins Diesel engine (Short-nose) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LN700 w/Detroit Diesel 8.2L "Fuel Pincher" V8 (Short-nose) ('81-'86) <br> Ford LN8000 Diesel (Short-nose) ('81-'89) <br> Ford LN8000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Short-nose) ('87-'92) <br> Ford LN8000 w/Cummins Diesel engine (Short-nose) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LN9000 Diesel (Short-nose) ('81-'97) |- |S80<br>S90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LNT800]] Gas (Short-nose, Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'84) <br> Ford LNT900 Gas (Short-nose, Tandem Rear Axle) ('81) |- |S80<br>S82<br>S82<br>S85<br>S85<br>S90<br>S95 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LS8000]] Diesel (Set-back Front Axle) ('87-'89) <br> Ford LS8000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Set-back Front Axle) ('87-'92) <br> Ford LS8000 w/Cummins Diesel engine (Set-back Front Axle) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LA8000 (AeroMax 106 L8000) w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Set-back Front Axle) ('91-'92) <br> Ford LA8000 (AeroMax 106 L8000) w/Cummins Diesel engine (Set-back Front Axle) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LS9000 Diesel (Set-back Front Axle) ('87-'97) <br> Ford LA9000 Diesel (AeroMax 106 L9000) (Set-back Front Axle) ('88-'97) |- |S80<br>S86<br>S92<br>S96 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L8513]] (Louisville 8500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle) ('96-'98) <br> Ford LT8513 (Louisville 8500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('96-'98) <br> Ford L9513 (Louisville 9500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle) ('96-'98) <br> Ford LT9513 (Louisville 9500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('96-'98) |- |T80<br>T90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LT800]] Gas (Tandem Axle) ('81-'84) <br> Ford LT900 Gas (Tandem Axle) ('81) |- |T64<br>T65<br>T74<br>T75<br>T77<br>T84<br>T85<br>T90 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series]], F-600, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-600, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine, Chassis Cowl ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine, Chassis Cowl ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-700, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine, 4x4 ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, F-800, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine, Chassis Cowl ('87) <br> Ford F-Series, FT-900, Ford-New Holland Diesel engine, Tandem Axle ('87) <br> |- |U80<br>U82<br>U82<br>U90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LT8000]] (Tandem Axle) ('81-'89) <br> Ford LT8000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Tandem Axle) ('87-'92) <br> Ford LT8000 w/Cummins Diesel engine (Tandem Axle) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LT9000 (Tandem Axle) ('81-'97) |- |V80<br>V90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LTS800]] Gas (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'82) <br> Ford LTS900 Gas (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('81) |- |V90<br>V95<br>V99 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LL9000]] ('87-'97) <br> Ford LLA9000 (AeroMax 120 L9000) (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle) ('92-'97) <br> Ford LLS9000 (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle) ('92-'97) |- |V92<br>V96 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L9522]] (Louisville 9500 Series, 122 in. BBC) (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle) ('97-'98) <br> Ford LT9522 (Louisville 9500 Series, 122 in. BBC) (Long hood, Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('97-'98) |- |W65<br>W66<br>W67<br>W75<br>W76<br>W6F<br>W6G<br>W6H<br>W6J<br>W7F | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-Series]], F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame ('00-'09)<br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame) ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, SuperCrewzer Crew Cab, ('01-'03) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame ('00-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Crew Cab, S (Severe Service) ('04-'07) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('10-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Diesel ('10-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Gas ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('10-'15) |- |W6A<br>W6B<br>W6D<br>W6E<br>W6T<br>W7A<br>W7D<br>W7T | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-Series]], F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Gas ('16-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Diesel ('16-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Tractor, Diesel ('16-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Crew Cab, Tractor, Diesel ('16-'23) |- |W80<br>W82<br>W82<br>W90 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LNT8000]] Diesel (Short-nose) (Tandem Axle) ('81-'89) <br> Ford LNT8000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Short-nose) (Tandem Axle) ('87-'92) <br> Ford LNT8000 w/Cummins Diesel engine (Short-nose) (Tandem Axle) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LNT9000 Diesel (Short-nose) (Tandem Axle) ('81-'97) |- |W86<br>W96 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford LT8501]] (Louisville 8500 Series, 101 in. BBC) (Short hood, Set-forward Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('97-'98) <br> Ford LT9501 (Louisville 9500 Series, 101 in. BBC) (Short hood, Set-forward Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('97-'98) |- |X65<br>X66<br>X75<br>X76<br>X6F<br>X6G<br>X6H<br>X6J<br>X7F | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-Series]], F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame ('00-'09)<br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame) ('04-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame ('00-'09) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Super Cab, S (Severe Service) ('04-'07) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('10-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Diesel ('10-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Gas ('12-'15) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('10-'15) |- |X6A<br>X6B<br>X6D<br>X6E<br>X6T<br>X7A<br>X7D<br>X7T | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-Series]], F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Gas ('16-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Pro Loader (Kick-Up Frame), Diesel ('16-'24) <br> Ford F-Series, F-650 Super Duty, Super Cab, Tractor, Diesel ('16-'23) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Gas ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Super Cab, Straight Frame, Diesel ('16-) <br> Ford F-Series, F-750 Super Duty, Super Cab, Tractor, Diesel ('16-'23) |- |X82<br>X86 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L8511]] (Louisville 8500 Series, 111 in. BBC) (Set-forward Front Axle) ('98) <br> Ford LT8511 (Louisville 8500 Series, 111 in. BBC) (Set-forward Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('98) |- |X91<br>X95<br>X96<br>X97<br>X98 | Ford CLT9000 (Tandem Axle), 110 in. Sleeper Cab ('81-'91) <br> Ford CLT9000 (Tandem Axle), 54 in. Non-Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford CLT9000 (Tandem Axle), 64 in. Non-Sleeper Cab ('81-'91) <br> Ford CLT9000 (Tandem Axle), 76 in. Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford CLT9000 (Tandem Axle), 88 in. Sleeper Cab ('81-'91) |- |Y80<br>Y82<br>Y82<br>Y90<br>Y95 | [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford LTS8000]] (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'89) <br> Ford LTS8000 w/Ford-New Holland Diesel engine (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('87-'92) <br> Ford LTS8000 w/Cummins Diesel engine (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('93-'97) <br> Ford LTS9000 (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('81-'97) <br> Ford LTA9000 (AeroMax 106 L9000) (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('89-'97) <br> |- |Y80<br>Y86<br>Y92<br>Y96 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford A8513]] (AeroMax 8500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle) ('96-'98) <br> Ford AT8513 (AeroMax 8500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('96-'98) <br> Ford A9513 (AeroMax 9500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle) ('96-'98) <br> Ford AT9513 (AeroMax 9500 Series, 113 in. BBC) (Set-back Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('96-'98) |- |Z91<br>Z95<br>Z96<br>Z97<br>Z98 | Ford CL9000, 110 in. Sleeper Cab ('81-'91) <br> Ford CL9000, 54 in. Non-Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford CL9000, 64 in. Non-Sleeper Cab ('81-'91) <br> Ford CL9000, 76 in. Sleeper Cab ('81-'82) <br> Ford CL9000, 88 in. Sleeper Cab ('81-'91) |- |Z92<br>Z96 | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L9511]] (Louisville 9500 Series, 111 in. BBC) (Set-forward Front Axle) ('98) <br> Ford LT9511 (Louisville 9500 Series, 111 in. BBC) (Set-forward Front Axle, Tandem Rear Axle) ('98) |} BBC=Bumper to Back of Cab ===American engine codes=== Ford encodes the engine type in character 8 of the [[w:VIN|VIN]]. The following table outlines the various engines encoded there: ====Engine codes for passenger cars ==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Configuration ! Name ! Displacement ! Description ! Fuel ! Power (hp) ! Power (kW) ! VIN code ! Notes/Applications |- | rowspan="1" | [[w:straight-3|I3]] | [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Fox]] | 1.0 L | DOHC 12V Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] (EcoBoost) | Gasoline | 123 | 91 | E | [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] ('14-'17),<br> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] ('15-'18) |- | rowspan="59" | [[w:straight-4|I4]] | rowspan=11| [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Lima (LL23)]] | rowspan=11| 2.3 L | 2-bbl. SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 86-88 | 63-65 | A | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]], [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]], [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] ('81-'82) |- | 2-bbl. SOHC 8V | Propane | 86 | 63 | 6 | [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] ('82) |- | 1-bbl. SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 88-90 | 65-66 | A | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] ('83-'86), [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]], [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] ('83), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] ('83-'85) |- | 1-bbl. SOHC 8V | Propane | 88 | 65 | 6 | [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] ('83-'84) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 88-90 | 65-66 | A | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] ('87-'90) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 105 | 77 | M | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] ('91-'93) |- | 2-bbl. SOHC 8V Turbo | Gasoline | 120 | 88 | A | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Mustang Turbo]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri Turbo]] ('81) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 8V Turbo | Gasoline | 145-155-175 | 107-114-129 | W | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Mustang Turbo GT]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri Turbo RS]] ('83-'84), [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Thunderbird Turbo Coupe]] ('83-'86), [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar XR7]] ('84-'86), [[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] ('85-'89) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 8V Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 175-200-205 | 129-147-151 | T | [[w:Ford Mustang SVO|Ford Mustang SVO]] ('84-'86) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 8V Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 150-190 | 110-140 | W | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Thunderbird Turbo Coupe]] ('87) 190 hp w/ manual trans., 150 hp w/auto. trans. |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 8V Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 150-190 | 110-140 | T | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Thunderbird Turbo Coupe]] ('88) 190 hp w/ manual trans., 150 hp w/auto. trans. |- | rowspan=9| [[w:Ford CVH engine|CVH]] | rowspan=4| 1.6L | SOHC 8V 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 65-70 | 48-52 | 2 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] ('81-'85), [[w:Ford EXP#First generation (1982–1985)|Ford EXP]], [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] ('82-'83) |- | SOHC 8V 2-bbl. H.O. | Gasoline | 80 | 59 | 4 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] ('82-'85), [[w:Ford EXP#First generation (1982–1985)|Ford EXP]] ('82-'85), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] ('82-'83) |- | SOHC 8V Multi-point EFI | Gasoline | 84-88 | 62-65 | 5 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] ('83), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort GT]] ('83-'85), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort LX]] ('84-'85), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx RS & LTS]] ('83-'84), [[w:Ford EXP#First generation (1982–1985)|Ford EXP]], [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] ('83) |- | SOHC 8V Multi-point EFI Turbo | Gasoline | 120 | 88 | 8 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort Turbo GT]] ('84-'85), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx Turbo RS]] ('84),<br> [[w:Ford EXP#First generation (1982–1985)|Ford EXP Turbo]] ('84-'85) |- | rowspan=4| 1.9L | SOHC 8V 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 86 | 63 | 9 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] ('85 1/2-'86), [[w:Ford EXP#Second generation (1985–1988)|Ford Escort EXP Luxury Coupe]] ('86) |- | SOHC 8V CFI | Gasoline | 90 | 66 | 9 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] ('87-'90), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] ('87), [[w:Ford EXP#Second generation (1985–1988)|Ford Escort EXP Luxury Coupe]] ('87-'88) |- | SOHC 8V <br /> Multi-port EFI H.O. | Gasoline | 108-110 | 79-81 | J | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort GT]] ('86-'90),<br /> [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx XR3]] ('86-'87),<br /> [[w:Ford EXP#Second generation (1985–1988)|Ford Escort EXP Sport Coupe]] ('86-'87) |- | SOHC 8V SEFI | Gasoline | 88 | 65 | J | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#Second generation (1991–1996)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Mercury Tracer#Second generation (1991–1996)|Mercury Tracer]] ('91-'96) |- | 2.0L | SOHC 8V SPI SEFI | Gasoline | 110 | 81 | P | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#Third generation (1997–2003)|Ford Escort]] ('97-'02), [[w:Mercury Tracer#Third generation (1997–1999)|Mercury Tracer]] ('97-'99), [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Ford Focus]] ('00-'04) |- | rowspan=7| [[w:Ford HSC engine|HSC]] | rowspan=4| 2.3L HSC | OHV 1-bbl. | Gasoline | 90 | 66 | R | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] <br> US: ('84), Canada: ('84-'87) |- | OHV CFI | Gasoline | 86 | 63 | X | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] <br> US: ('85-'87) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 98 | 72 | X | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] <br> ('88-'91) |- | OHV Sequential Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 96 | 71 | X | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] <br> ('92-'94) |- | rowspan=2| 2.3L HSO | OHV CFI | Gasoline | 100 | 74 | S | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] <br> ('85-'87) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 100 | 74 | S | [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] <br> ('88-'91) |- | rowspan=1| 2.5L HSC | OHV <br /> CFI ('86-'90), SEFI ('91) | Gasoline | 90-105 | 66-77 | D | [[w:Ford Taurus (first generation)|Ford Taurus]] ('86-'91),<br> [[w:Mercury Sable#First generation (1986–1991)|Mercury Sable]] ('86) |- | [[w:Mazda diesel engines#RF|Mazda <br /> RF]] | 2.0 L | SOHC 8V <br /> Indirect injection | Diesel | 52 | 38 | H |[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]]<br> ('84-'87),<br /> [[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]]<br> ('84-'86) |- | [[w:Mazda B engine#B3|Mazda <br /> B3]] | 1.3 L | SOHC 8V <br /> 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 58 | 43 | K |[[w:Ford Festiva#North America|Ford Festiva]] w/manual trans. <br>('88-'89) |- | [[w:Mazda B engine#B3|Mazda <br /> B3]] | 1.3 L | SOHC 8V <br /> Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 63 | 46 | H |[[w:Ford Festiva#North America|Ford Festiva]] ('89 w/auto. trans.), ('90-'93), [[w:Ford Festiva#Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] ('94-'97) |- | [[w:Mazda B engine#B6|Mazda <br /> B6]] | 1.6 L | SOHC 8V <br /> Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 82 | 60 | 5 |[[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)| Mercury Tracer]] ('88-'89) |- | [[w:Mazda B engine#B6D|Mazda <br /> B6D]] | 1.6 L | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 100 | 74 | Z |[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)| Mercury Capri]] ('91-'94) |- | [[w:Mazda B engine#B6T|Mazda <br /> B6T]] | 1.6 L | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 132 | 97 | 6 |[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)| Mercury Capri XR2]] ('91-'94) |- | [[w:Mazda B engine#BP|Mazda <br /> BP-ZE]] | 1.8 L | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 127 | 95 | 8 |[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#Second generation (1991–1996)|Ford Escort GT]], [[w:Mercury Tracer#Second generation (1991–1996)| Mercury Tracer LTS]] ('91-'96), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#Second generation (1991–1996)|Ford Escort LX-E]] ('92-'93) |- | [[w:Mazda F engine#F2|Mazda <br /> F2]] | 2.2 L | SOHC 12V Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 110 | 81 | C |[[w:Ford Probe#First generation (1988–1992)|Ford Probe]] GL ('89-'92), LX ('89) |- | [[w:Mazda F engine#F2T|Mazda <br /> F2T]] | 2.2 L | SOHC 12V Multi-port EFI Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 145 | 107 | L |[[w:Ford Probe#First generation (1988–1992)|Ford Probe GT]] ('89-'92) |- | [[w:Mazda F engine#FS|Mazda <br /> FS]] | 2.0 L | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 115-118 | 85-87 | A |[[w:Ford Probe#Second generation (1993–1997)|Ford Probe]] ('93-'97) |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Mazda MZR <br /> L3-VE]] | 2.3 L | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI Intake VVT | Gasoline | 146-153-155-156-160 | 107-113-114-115-118 | C | [[w:Mazda6#First generation (GG1; 2002)|Mazda6]] i ('03-'08) |- | rowspan=2| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.5L (L5-VE)|Mazda MZR <br /> L5-VE]] | rowspan=2| 2.5 L | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI Intake VVT | Gasoline | 168-170 | 124-125 | A (Mexican-built engines) | [[w:Mazda6#North America|Mazda6]] i ('09-'10) |- | DOHC 16V Multi-port EFI Intake VVT | Gasoline | 168-170 | 124-125 | H (Japanese-built engines) | [[w:Mazda6#North America|Mazda6]] i ('09-'13) |- | rowspan=3| [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Zeta]] | rowspan=3| 2.0L | DOHC 16V <br /> Exhaust VCT (except Focus & '95-'97 Contour/Mystique) | Gasoline | 125-130-143 | 92-96-105 | 3 | [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] ('98-'03), [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Focus]] ('00-'04), [[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]], [[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] ('95-'00), [[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] ('99-'02) |- | DOHC 16V | For conversion to Gasoline/CNG | 125 | 92 | Z | [[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] ('96-'00) |- | DOHC 16V Intake VCT | Gasoline | 170 | 125 | 5 | [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)#SVT models|Ford Focus SVT]] ('02-'04) |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Duratec 20E]] | 2.0 L | DOHC 16V PZEV | Gasoline | 130-132-136 | 96-97-100 | N | [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Ford Focus]] ('05-'07), [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, North America)|Focus]] ('08-'11). Required in CA emissions states, opt. in bordering states |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Duratec 20]] | 2.0 L | DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 136-140-143 | 100-103-105 | N | [[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Ford Focus]] ('05-'07), [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, North America)|Focus]] ('08-'11) |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Duratec 20]] | 2.0 L | DOHC 16V [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] | Gasoline | 160 | 118 | 2 | [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] ('12-'18) |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Duratec 20]] | 2.0 L | DOHC 16V <br /> Intake VCT <br /> Atkinson Cycle | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 141 (gas) + 118 (electric) = 188 (combined) | 104 (gas) + <br /> 88 (electric) = 138 (combined) | U | [[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max Hybrid]] ('13-'18), [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion Hybrid]] ('13-'20), [[w:Ford Police Interceptor#Ford Police Responder Hybrid Sedan|Ford Police Responder Hybrid]] ('19-'20)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKZ#Second generation (2013–2020)|Lincoln MKZ Hybrid]] ('13-'20) |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Duratec 20]] | 2.0 L | DOHC 16V <br /> Intake VCT <br /> Atkinson Cycle | Gasoline-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] | 141 (gas) + 118 (electric) = 188 (combined) | 104 (gas) + <br /> 88 (electric) = 138 (combined) | U | [[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max Energi]] ('13-'17), [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion Energi]] ('13-'20), [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Special Service Plug-In Hybrid Sedan]] ('19-'20) |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Duratec 23E]] | 2.3 L | DOHC 16V PZEV | Gasoline | 144 | 106 | Z |[[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Ford Focus]] PZEV ('03-'04). Required in CA emissions states. Offered in all states in '04. |- | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Duratec 23]] | 2.3 L | DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 151-160 | 111-118 | Z |[[w:Ford Focus (first generation)|Ford Focus ZX4 ST]] ('05-'07),<br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]], [[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] ('06-'09) |- | rowspan="3" | [[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Duratec 25]] | rowspan="3" |2.5L | DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 175 | 129 | A | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#2010 refresh|Ford Fusion]] ('10-'12),<br /> [[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] ('10-'11) |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Intake VCT <br /> Atkinson Cycle | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 156 (gas) + 106 (electric) = 191 (combined) | 115 (gas) + <br /> 78 (electric) = 141 (combined) | 3 | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#2010 refresh|Ford Fusion Hybrid]] ('10-'12),<br /> [[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan Hybrid]] ('10-'11), [[w:Lincoln MKZ#First generation (2006–2012)|Lincoln MKZ Hybrid]] ('11-'12) |- | DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 175 | 129 | 7 | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion]] ('13-'20) |- | [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L|2.0 L EcoBoost]] | 2.0L | DOHC 16V [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo | Gasoline | 240-245-252 | 177-180-185 | 9 | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion]], [[w:Lincoln MKZ#Second generation (2013–2020)|Lincoln MKZ]] ('13-'20),<br /> [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)|Ford Taurus]] ('13-'17), [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)#Police Interceptor Sedan|Ford Taurus Special Service Police Sedan]] ('14-'18), [[w:Ford Focus (third_generation)#Focus ST|Ford Focus ST]] ('13-'18).<br /> Mfg. in Valencia, Spain & later in Cleveland, OH |- | [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|2.3 L EcoBoost]] | 2.3L | DOHC 16V [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo | Gasoline | 310-315-330-350 | 228-232-243-257 | H | [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang EcoBoost]] 6th gen. ('15-'23), <br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang EcoBoost]] 7th gen. ('24-), [[w:Ford Focus (third_generation)#Focus RS|Focus RS]] ('16-'18). Mfg. in Valencia, Spain & later in Cleveland, OH |- | rowspan=4| [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Duratec Ti-VCT|Sigma]] | rowspan=1| 1.5 L | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 181 | 133 | D | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion]] ('14-'20). |- | rowspan=3| 1.6 L | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 120 | 88 | J | [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] ('11-'19) |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.6 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 178-182 | 131-134 | R | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion]] ('13-'14). <br /> Mfg. in Bridgend, Wales, UK |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.6 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 197 | 145 | X | [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta ST]] ('14-'19). <br /> Mfg. in Bridgend, Wales, UK |- |rowspan=3| [[w:I6 engine|I6]] |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford straight-six engine#200|Thriftpower]] |rowspan=2| 3.3L | OHV 1-bbl. | Gasoline | 87-88-94 | 64-65-69 | B | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (eighth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]], [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Mustang]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] ('81-'82) [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]], [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] ('81-'82) |- | OHV 1-bbl. | Gasoline | 92 | 68 | X | [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]], [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]],<br /> [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] ('83) |- | [[w:BMW M21|BMW M21]] | 2.4L | Indirect injection <br /> SOHC 12V Turbo | Diesel | 115 | 85 | L | [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]], [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII| Continental Mark VII]] ('84-'85) |- |rowspan=31| [[w:V6 engine|V6]] |rowspan=3| [[w:Ford Vulcan V6 engine|Vulcan]] |rowspan=3| 3.0L | OHV<br /> Multi-port EFI ('86-'90) SEFI ('91-'07) | Gasoline | 130-140-145-155 | 96-103-107-114 | U | [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] ('86-'07),<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] ('86-'05),<br /> [[w:Ford Probe#First generation (1988–1992)|Ford Probe LX]] ('90-'92),<br /> [[w:Ford Tempo#Second generation (1988–1994)|Ford Tempo]], [[w:Mercury Topaz#Second generation (1988–1994)|Mercury Topaz]] <br /> ('92-'94) |- | OHV EFI FFV | Gasoline/M85 | 130-140-145-155 | 96-103-107-114 | 1 | [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] ('93-'98) |- | OHV EFI FFV | Gasoline/E85 | 145-150-152-155 | 107-110-112-114 | 2 | [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] ('96-'06),<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] ('99-'05) |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford SHO V6 engine|SHO V6]] | 3.0L | DOHC 24V SEFI | Gasoline | 220 | 162 | Y | [[w:Ford Taurus SHO|Taurus SHO]] w/manual trans. ('89-'95) |- | 3.2L | DOHC 24V SEFI | Gasoline | 220 | 162 | P | [[w:Ford Taurus SHO#Second generation (1992–1995)|Taurus SHO]] w/auto. trans. ('93-'95) |- |rowspan=5| [[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Essex]] |rowspan=4| 3.8L | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 112 | 82 | 3 | [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]] ('82), [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] ('82-'83), [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Mustang]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] ('83) |- | OHV CFI | Gasoline | 120 | 88 | 3 | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] ('84-'86), [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] ('84-'87) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI <br />(SPI on '99-'04 Mustang) | Gasoline | 140-145-150-155-160-190-193 | 103-107-110-114-118-140-142 | 4 | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] ('88),<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] ('89-'97),<br /> [[w:Ford Taurus|Taurus]], [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] ('88-'95), [[w:Lincoln Continental#Eighth generation (1988–1994)|Lincoln Continental]] ('88-'94),<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Ford Mustang]] ('94-'04) |- | OHV SEFI [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 210-230 | 155-169 | R | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation)|Ford Thunderbird SC]] ('89-'95),<br /> [[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar XR7]] ('89-'90) |- | 3.9L | OHV SEFI SPI | Gasoline | 193 | 142 | 6 | [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Ford Mustang]] (Late '04) |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Cologne]] | 2.9L | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 144 | 106 | V | [[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] ('88-'89) |- | 4.0L | SOHC 12V | Gasoline | 210 | 157 | N | [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang]] ('05-'10) |- | [[w:Mazda K engine#KL|Mazda <br /> KL-DE]] | 2.5 L | DOHC 24V Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 164 | 121 | B |[[w:Ford Probe#Second generation (1993–1997)|Ford Probe GT]] ('93-'97) |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Duratec 25]] |rowspan=2| 2.5L | DOHC 24V | Gasoline | 170 | 125 | L | [[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]], [[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] ('95-'00), [[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] ('99-'02) |- | DOHC 24V SVT | Gasoline | 195-200 | 143-147 | G | [[w:Ford Contour#Ford SVT Contour|Ford Contour SVT]] ('98-'00) |- | rowspan=4| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Duratec 30]] | rowspan=4| 3.0L | DOHC 24V <br /> (Intake Continuously VCT on '03-'05 LS) | Gasoline | 200-210-220-232 | 147-155-162-171 | S | [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]], [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] ('96-'05), [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] ('00-'05) |- | DOHC 24V <br /> (VVT on Fusion/Milan/Zephyr) | Gasoline | 203-221 | 149-163 | 1 | [[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]], [[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] ('05-'07), [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]], [[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] ('06-'09), [[w:Lincoln MKZ#First generation (2006–2012)|Lincoln Zephyr]] ('06) |- | DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline/E85 | 240 | 177 | G | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] ('10-'12),<br /> [[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] ('10-'11) |- | DOHC 24V <br /> Intake VVT <br> [Mazda MZI AJ-DE] | Gasoline | 212-215-220 | 156-158-162 | D | [[w:Mazda6#First generation (GG1; 2002)|Mazda6]] s ('03-'08) |- | rowspan=10|[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Cyclone]] | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI <br /> DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 263 | 193 | T | [[w:Lincoln MKZ#First generation (2006–2012)|Lincoln MKZ]] ('07-'09) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI <br /> DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 263 | 193 | W | Gen 5: [[w:Ford Taurus (fifth generation)|Ford Taurus]], [[w:Mercury Sable#Fifth generation (2008–2009)|Mercury Sable]] ('08-'09), Gen 6: [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)|Ford Taurus]] ('10-'12) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI <br /> DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 263 | 193 | C | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#First generation (2006)|Ford Fusion Sport]], [[w:Lincoln MKZ#First generation (2006–2012)|Lincoln MKZ]] ('10-'12) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI <br /> DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 288 | 212 | 8 | [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)|Ford Taurus]],<br /> [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)#Police Interceptor Sedan|Ford Taurus Police Interceptor Sedan]] ('13-'19) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 355-365 | 261-269 | T | [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)|Ford Taurus SHO]] ('10-'19),<br> [[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] ('10-'16),<br> [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)#Police Interceptor Sedan|Ford Taurus Police Interceptor Sedan]] ('13-'19) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (D35; second generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 647-660 | 476-485 | W | [[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] ('17-'22) |- | 3.7L | Sequential MPFI <br /> DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 273-274 | 201-202 | R | [[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] ('09-'12) |- | 3.7L | Multi-port EFI <br> DOHC 24V <br /> Intake VVT <br> [Mazda MZI CA-DE] | Gasoline | 272 | 200 | B | [[w:Mazda6#North America|Mazda6]] s ('09-'13) |- | 3.7L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 300-304-305 | 221-224-224 | K | [[w:Lincoln MKZ#Second generation (2013–2020)|Lincoln MKZ]], [[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] ('13-'16), [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] ('17-'20), [[w:Ford Taurus (sixth generation)#Police Interceptor Sedan|Ford Taurus Police Interceptor Sedan]] ('13-'19) |- | 3.7L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 300-305 | 221-224 | M | Gen 5: [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang]] ('11-'14),<br> Gen 6: [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang]] ('15-'17) |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Nano]] | 2.7 L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 325-335 | 239-246 | P | [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013)|Ford Fusion Sport]] ('17-'19),<br> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] ('17-'20) |- | 3.0 L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.0 L Nano|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 350-400 | 257-294 | C | [[w:Lincoln MKZ#Second generation (2013–2020)|Lincoln MKZ]], [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] ('17-'20) |- |rowspan=38| V8 |rowspan=15| [[w:Ford Windsor engine|Windsor]] | 4.2L | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 115-120 | 85-88 | D | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]], [[w:Ford Thunderbird (eighth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis]] ('81-'82), [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]], [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Granada (North America)|Ford Granada]] ('81) |- |rowspan=12| "5.0" (4.9L) | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 130-131-132 | 96-96-97 | F | [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis]] ('81-'82),<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh_generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]] ('82) |- | OHV 2-bbl. H.O. | Gasoline | 157 | 116 | F | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang GT]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] ('82) |- | OHV 4-bbl. H.O. | Gasoline | 175 | 129 | F | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang GT]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] ('83) |- | OHV 4-bbl. H.O. | Gasoline | 175-210 | 129-155 | M | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] w/man. trans., [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] w/man. trans. ('84-'85) |- | OHV CFI | Gasoline | 130-134-140-145-155-180 | 96-99-103-107-114-132 | F | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]], [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|LTD Crown Victoria]], [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] ('83-'85), [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] ('81-'85), [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Mark VI]] ('81-'83), [[w:Lincoln Continental#Seventh_generation (1982–1987)|Lincoln Continental]] ('83-'87),<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Mark VII]] ('84-'85) (180 hp-'85 Mark VII LSC) |- | OHV CFI H.O. | Gasoline | 165-180 | 121-132 | M | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] w/auto. trans., [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] w/auto. trans., [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD LX]] ('84-'85) |- | OHV SEFI | Gasoline | 150-155-160 | 110-114-118 | F | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] ('86-'88), [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Mark VII]] ('86-'87), [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|LTD Crown Victoria]], [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] ('86-'91), [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] ('86-'90) |- | OHV SEFI H.O. | Gasoline | 200 | 147 | M | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang GT]], [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] ('86), [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Mark VII LSC]] ('86-'87) |- | OHV SEFI H.O. | Gasoline | 225 <br />(205-'93) | 166 <br />(151-'93) | E | [[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] ('87-'93),<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Mark VII]] ('88-'92) |- | OHV SEFI H.O. | Gasoline | 200-215 | 147-160 | T | [[w:Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] ('91-'93), [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Mustang GT]] ('94-'95), [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Mustang GTS]] ('95) |- | OHV SEFI Cobra | Gasoline | 235 | 175 | D | [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|Ford Mustang Cobra and Cobra R]] ('93) |- | OHV EFI Cobra | Gasoline | 240 | 179 | D | [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|Ford Mustang Cobra]] ('94-'95) |- |rowspan=2| 5.8L | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 145-165-180 | 107-121-132 | G | [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]], [[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis]] ('81-'82) police or Canada in '82,<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|LTD Crown Victoria]], [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] police or Canada ('83-'91) |- | OHV EFI Cobra R | Gasoline | 300 | 223 | C | [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|Ford Mustang Cobra R]] ('95) |- | [[w:Ford SHO V8 engine|Duratec V8]] | 3.4L | DOHC 32V EFI | Gasoline | 235 | 175 | N | [[w:Ford Taurus (third generation)#Ford Taurus SHO|Ford Taurus SHO]] ('96-'99) |- | [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|AJ-V8]] | 3.9L | DOHC 32V <br /> (Intake VVT '03-'06) | Gasoline | 252-280 | 185-209 | A | [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] ('00-'06),<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] ('02-'05) |- |rowspan=8| [[w:Ford Modular engine#4.6|Modular 4.6]] |rowspan=8| 4.6L | SOHC 2V | Gasoline | 190-200-205-210-215-220-224-235-239-250 | 140-147-151-155-158-162-165-173-176-184 | W | [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] ('91-'08), Town Car limo & hearse ('09-11), [[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Crown Victoria]], [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] ('92-'08), [[w:Ford Thunderbird (tenth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] ('94-'97) |- | SOHC 2V | CNG | 175-220 | 129-162 | 9 | [[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] ('96-'04) |- | SOHC 2V FFV | Gasoline/E85 | 224-239 | 165-176 | V | [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]], [[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]], [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] ('06-'11) |- | SOHC 2V | Gasoline | 215-225-260-265 | 158-166-191-195 | X | [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Mustang GT]] ('96-'04),<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fourth generation)|Mustang Bullitt]] ('01) |- | SOHC 3V | Gasoline | 300-315 | 221-232 | H | [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Mustang GT]] ('05-'10),<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Mustang Bullitt]] ('08-'09) |- | DOHC 4V | Gasoline | 260-275-280-290-302-305-320 | 191-202-206-213-222-224-235 | V | [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|Ford Mustang Cobra]] ('96-'99, '01-'02),<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] ('03-'04),<br /> [[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] ('93-'98),<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Ninth generation (1995–2002)|Lincoln Continental]] ('95-'02) |- | DOHC 4V Ram Air | Gasoline | 305 | 227 | R | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach 1|Mustang Mach 1]] ('03-'04) |- | DOHC 4V [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 390 | 291 | Y | [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|Mustang SVT Cobra S/C]] ('03-'04) |- |rowspan=4| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.4|Modular 5.4]] |rowspan=4| 5.4L | DOHC 4V | Gasoline | 385 | 287 | H | [[w:Ford Mustang SVT Cobra|Mustang Cobra R]] ('00) |- | DOHC 4V [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 500 | 373 | S | [[w:Ford Shelby GT500|Shelby GT500]] ('07-'09) |- | DOHC 4V [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 540 | 403 | S | [[w:Ford Shelby GT500|Shelby GT500]] ('10) |- | DOHC 4V [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 550 | 410 | S | [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] ('05-'06), [[w:Ford Shelby GT500|Shelby GT500]] ('11-'12) |- |rowspan=1| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Modular 5.8 Trinity]] |rowspan=1| 5.8L | DOHC 4V [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 662 | 494 | Z | [[w:Ford Shelby GT500|Shelby GT500]] ('13-'14) |- | rowspan=4| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Coyote]] | rowspan=2| 5.0 L (4,951 cc) | SEFI DOHC 32V <br /> [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] | Gasoline | 412-420-435 | 307-313-324 | F | Gen 5: [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] ('11-'14), Gen 6: [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] ('15-'17) |- | SEFI DOHC 32V <br /> [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] ([[w:Ford Modular engine#Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Road Runner]]) | Gasoline | 444 | 331 | U | [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)#Mustang Boss 302|Ford Mustang Boss 302]] ('12-'13) |- | rowspan=2| 5.0 L (5,035 cc) | Port/Direct injection DOHC 32V [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] | Gasoline | 450-460-480-486 | 336-343-358-362 | F | Gen 6: [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] ('18-'23), Gen 7: [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang GT]] ('24-) |- | Port/Direct injection DOHC 32V [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] | Gasoline | 470-480-500 | 351-358-373 | 0 | Gen 6: [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)#Bullitt (2019–2020)|Ford Mustang Bullitt]] ('19-'20), [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)#Mach 1 (2021–2023)|Ford Mustang Mach 1]] ('21-'23), Gen 7: [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang Dark Horse]] ('24-) |- | [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Voodoo]] | 5.2 L | SEFI DOHC 32V <br /> [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] Flat-Plane Crank | Gasoline | 526 | 392 | Z | [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)#Shelby GT350 (2015–2020)|Ford Mustang Shelby GT350/ GT350R]] ('15-'20) |- | [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Predator]] | 5.2 L | SEFI DOHC 32V <br /> [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 760-795-815 | 567-593-608 | J | Gen 6: [[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)#Shelby GT500 (2020–2022)|Ford Mustang Shelby GT500]] ('20-'22),<br /> Gen 7: [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] ('25-), [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang Dark Horse SC|Mustang Dark Horse SC]] ('26-) |} CFI=Central Fuel Injection (Throttle-body Fuel Injection), EFI=Electronic Fuel Injection, SEFI=Sequential Multi-port Electronic Fuel Injection, H.O.=High Output, FFV=Flexible Fuel Vehicle, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, PZEV=Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle, SPI=Split-port Induction (Variable-length intake manifold), VVT=Variable Valve Timing, VCT=Variable Cam Timing, Ti-VCT=Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing ====Motor codes for electric passenger cars==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Application ! Motor location ! Fuel ! Power (hp) ! Power (kW) ! VIN code ! Notes |- | [[w:Ford Focus Electric|Ford Focus Electric]] ('12-'18) | Front | Electricity | 143 | 107 | 4 | |} ====Engine codes for light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" ! Configuration ! Name ! Displacement ! Description ! Fuel ! Power (hp) ! Power (kW) ! VIN code ! Notes/Applications |- |rowspan=3| [[w:I3 engine|I3]] | [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Fox]] (EcoBoost) | 1.0 L | DOHC 12V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br /> Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 123 | 91 | E | [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] ('18-'21).<br /> Engine mfg. in Sanand, India. |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Dragon]] (EcoBoost) |rowspan=2| 1.5 L | DOHC 12V <br /> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 181 | 133 | 6 | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape]] ('20-'22),<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] ('21-'24) |- | DOHC 12V <br /> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 180 | 132 | N | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape]] ('23-'26),<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] ('25-) |- |rowspan=29| [[w:straight-4|I4]] | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Lima (LL20)]] | 2.0 L | 1-bbl. SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 73 | 59 | C | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#First generation (1983)|Ford Ranger]] ('83-'88) |- | rowspan=3| [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Lima (LL23)]] | rowspan=3| 2.3 L | 2-bbl. SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 88 | 65 | 2 | [[w:Ford Courier#Second generation (1977–1985)|Ford Courier]] ('81-'82) |- | 1-bbl. SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 79-82 | 59 | A | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#First generation (1983)|Ford Ranger]] ('83-'84) |- | EFI SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 90-98-100-112 | 66-72-74-82 | A | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] ('85-'97), [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B2300]] ('94-'97), [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] ('86-'87) |- | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.5 (LL25)|Lima (LL25)]] | 2.5 L | EFI-SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 119 | 88 | C | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Third generation (1998–2012)|Ford Ranger]], [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B2500]] ('98-'01) |- | [[w:Mazda F engine#MA|Mazda MA]] | 2.0 L | 2-bbl. SOHC 8V | Gasoline | 77 | 57 | 1 | [[w:Ford Courier#Second generation (1977–1985)|Ford Courier]] ('81-'82) |- | [[w:Mazda diesel engines#Perkins 200 series|Perkins 4.135/ Mazda S2]] | 2.2 L | Indirect injection OHV 8V | Diesel | 59 | 43 | P | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#First generation (1983)|Ford Ranger]] ('83-'84). Engine made by Mazda under license from Perkins. |- | [[w:Mitsubishi Astron engine#4D55|Mitsubishi 4D55]] | 2.3 L | Indirect injection SOHC 8V Turbo | Diesel | 86 | 43 | E | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#First generation (1983)|Ford Ranger]] ('85-'87) |- | [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Zeta]] | 2.0 L | EFI DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 127 | 95 | B | [[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]], [[w:Mazda Tribute#First generation (EP; 2000)|Mazda Tribute]] ('01-'04) |- | rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Duratec Ti-VCT|Sigma]] | rowspan=1| 1.5 L | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 179 | 132 | D | [[w:Ford Escape#Third generation (2013)|Ford Escape]] ('17-'19) |- | rowspan=1| 1.6 L | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.6 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 178 | 131 | X | [[w:Ford Escape#Third generation (2013)|Ford Escape]] ('13-'16),<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]] ('14-'16). <br /> Mfg. in Bridgend, Wales, UK |- | rowspan=3| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Duratec 20]] | rowspan=3| 2.0 L | DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 136 | 100 | N | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] ('10-'13) |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] | Gasoline | 166 | 122 | L | [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] ('18-'22).<br /> Engine mfg. in Sanand, India. |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] | Gasoline | 162 | 119 | 2 | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]] ('19-'23) |- | rowspan=3| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Duratec 23]] | rowspan=3| 2.3 L | EFI DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 135-143 | 99-105 | D | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Third generation (1998–2012)|Ford Ranger]] ('01-'11),<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B2300]] ('01-'09 [US],<br /> '01-'10 [Canada]) |- | EFI DOHC 16V | Gasoline | 153 | 113 | Z | Gen 1: [[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]], [[w:Mercury Mariner#First generation|Mercury Mariner]] ('05-'07), [[w:Mazda Tribute#First generation (EP; 2000)|Mazda Tribute]] ('05-'06),<br /> Gen 2: [[w:Ford Escape#Second generation (2008)|Ford Escape]], [[w:Mercury Mariner#Second generation|Mercury Mariner]], [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute]] ('08) |- | EFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 133 (gas) + <br /> 94 (electric) = 155 (combined) | 98 (gas) + <br /> 69 (electric) = 114 (combined) | H | Gen 1: [[w:Ford Escape#Hybrid|Ford Escape Hybrid]] ('05-'07), [[w:Ford Escape#Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner Hybrid]] ('06-'07), <br /> Gen 2: [[w:Ford Escape#Hybrid 2|Ford Escape Hybrid]], [[w:Ford Escape#Mercury|Mercury Mariner Hybrid]],<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute Hybrid]] ('08) |- | rowspan=8| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Duratec 25]] | rowspan=8| 2.5L | EFI DOHC 16V Intake VCT | Gasoline | 168-169-171 | 124-124-126 | 7 | Gen 2: [[w:Ford Escape#Second generation (2008)|Ford Escape]] ('09-'12), [[w:Mercury Mariner#Second generation|Mercury Mariner]], [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute]] ('09-'11),<br /> Gen 3: [[w:Ford Escape#Third generation (2013)|Ford Escape]] ('13-'19),<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]] ('14-'22) |- | EFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 155 (gas) + <br /> 94 (electric) = 177 (combined) | 114 (gas) + <br /> 69 (electric) = 130 (combined) | 3 | [[w:Ford Escape#Hybrid 2|Ford Escape Hybrid]] ('09-'12), [[w:Ford Escape#Mercury|Mercury Mariner Hybrid]] ('09-'11), [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute Hybrid]] ('09) |- | SEFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle Intake VCT | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 165 (gas) + <br /> 118 (electric) = 200 (combined) | 121 (gas) + <br /> 88 (electric) = 147 (combined) | Z | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape Hybrid]] ('20-'22) |- | SEFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle Intake VCT | Gasoline-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] | 165 (gas) + <br /> 118 (electric) = 221 (combined) | 121 (gas) + <br /> 88 (electric) = 163 (combined) | Z | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape PHEV]] ('20-'22) |- | SEFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle Intake VCT | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 163 (gas) + <br /> 127 (electric) = 192 (combined) | 120 (gas) + <br /> 93 (electric) = 141 (combined) | Z | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape Hybrid]] ('23-'26) |- | SEFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle Intake VCT | Gasoline-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] | 163 (gas) + <br /> 129 (electric) = 210 (combined) | 120 (gas) + <br /> 95 (electric) = 155 (combined) | 1 | [[w:Ford Escape#Fourth generation (2020)|Ford Escape PHEV]] ('23-'26) |- | SEFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle Intake VCT | Gasoline-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] | 165 (gas) + <br /> 196 (electric) = 266 (combined) | 121 (gas) + <br /> 144 (elec.) = 196 (combined) | Z | [[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair Grand Touring]] ('21-'26) |- | SEFI DOHC 16V Atkinson Cycle Intake VCT | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 162 (gas) + <br /> 126 (electric) = 191 (combined) | 119 (gas) + <br /> 94 (electric) = 141 (combined) | 3 | [[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick Hybrid]] ('22-) |- | rowspan=3| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L|2.0 L EcoBoost]] | rowspan=3| 2.0L | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br /> Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 235-240-245-250 | 173-177-180-184 | 9 | [[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] ('12-'24), [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Explorer]] ('12-'15), [[w:Ford Escape|Escape]] ('13-'22), [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Bronco Sport]] ('21-'24), [[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Maverick]] ('22-'24), [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] ('15-'19), [[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] ('20-'22), [[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] ('19-'23), [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT Town Car]] ('13-'15).<br /> Mfg. in Valencia, Spain & later in Cleveland, OH |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br /> Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 238-250 | 175-184 | A | [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]], [[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] ('23-'26), [[w:Lincoln Nautilus#Second generation (CDX707; 2023)|Lincoln Nautilus]] ('24-), [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Bronco Sport]], [[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Maverick]] ('25-) |- | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br /> Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 300 (gas) + <br /> 134 (electric) = 310 (combined) | 221 (gas) + <br /> 99 (electric) = 228 (combined) | 4 | [[w:Lincoln Nautilus#Second generation (CDX707; 2023)|Lincoln Nautilus Hybrid]] ('24-) |- | [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|2.3 L EcoBoost]] | 2.3L | DOHC 16V <br /> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br /> Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 270-280-285-295-300 | 199-206-210-217-221 | H | [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] ('16-), [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ranger (T6 Gen 1)]] ('19-'23), [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version|Ford Ranger (T6 Gen 2)]] ('24-), [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco]] ('21-), [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] ('15-'19), [[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] ('20-'22).<br /> Mfg. in Valencia, Spain & later in Cleveland, OH |- |rowspan=1| [[w:I5 engine|I5]] |rowspan=1| [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.2 Power Stroke|Puma <br />(ZSD-532)]] | 3.2 L | DOHC 20V [[w:Common rail|Common-rail DI]] Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Diesel | 185 | 136 | V | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] ('15-'19).<br /> Engine mfg. at Struandale Engine Plant in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. |- |rowspan=3| [[w:I6 engine|I6]] |rowspan=3| [[w:Ford straight-six engine#300|Truck Six]] |rowspan=3| 4.9 L | OHV 1bbl. | Gasoline | 116-118-122 | 85-87-90 | E | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]],<br /> [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]],<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('81-'82) |- | OHV 1bbl. | Gasoline | 118-125 | 87-92 | Y | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]],<br /> [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]],<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('83-'86) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 145-148-150 | 107-109-110 | Y | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]],<br /> [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] ('87-'96),<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('87-'92) |- |rowspan=40| [[w:V6 engine|V6]] |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Vulcan V6 engine|Vulcan]] |rowspan=2| 3.0 L | SEFI | Gasoline | 135-140-145-147-148-150-154 | 99-103-107-108-109-110 113 | U | [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] ('86-'97), [[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] ('95-'00), [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] ('91-'08), [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B3000]] ('94-'07 [US], '94-'08 [Canada]) |- | EFI FFV | Gasoline/E85 | 150-154 | 110-113 | V | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Third generation (1998)|Ford Ranger]], [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B3000]] ('99-'03) |- | rowspan=4| [[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Essex]] | rowspan=2| 3.8 L | 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 110 | 81 | 3 | [[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-100]] ('82-'83) |- | SEFI (SPI-'96-'03) | Gasoline | 155-200 | 114-147 | 4 | [[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] ('95-'03) |- | 3.9 L | SEFI SPI | Gasoline | 193 | 142 | 6 | [[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] ('04-'07) |- | 4.2L | SEFI SPI | Gasoline | 191-195-201-202-205-210 | 141-143-148-149-151-155 | 2 | [[w:Ford F-150|Ford F-150]] ('97-'08), [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford <br /> E-Series]] ('97-'03), [[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]], [[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] ('04-'07) |- |rowspan=6| [[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Cologne]] | 2.8 L | 2-bbl. OHV | Gasoline | 115 | 85 | S | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#First generation (1983)|Ford Ranger]] ('83-'85), [[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] ('84-'85), [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (Early '86) |- | 2.9 L | Multi-port EFI OHV | Gasoline | 140 | 103 | T | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#First generation (1983)|Ford Ranger]] ('86-'92), [[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] ('86-'90) |- | 4.0 L | Multi-port EFI OHV | Gasoline | 155-160 | 114-118 | X | [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] ('90-'00), [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B4000]] ('94-'00), [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] ('91-'00), [[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] ('91-'94), [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] ('90-'97) |- |rowspan=3| 4.0 L | Multi-port EFI SOHC 12V | Gasoline | 205-207-210 | 151-152-155 | E | [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] ('97-'10), [[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] ('98-'10), [[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] ('01-'03), [[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] ('01-'03, '08-'10), [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] ('01-'11), [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B4000]] ('01-'09 [US],<br /> '01-'10 [Canada]) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 12V FFV | Gasoline/E85 | 210 | 155 | K | [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]], [[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] ('02-'05),<br /> [[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac#First generation (2001–2005)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] ('04-'05) |- | Multi-port EFI SOHC 12V | Gasoline | 210 | 155 | K | [[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac#Second generation (2007–2010)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] ('07) |- | rowspan=2|[[w:Nissan VG engine#VG30E|Nissan VG30E]] | rowspan=2|3.0 L | EFI SOHC 12V | Gasoline | 151 | 111 | W | [[w:Mercury Villager#First generation (1993–1998)|Mercury Villager]], [[w:Nissan Quest#First generation (V40; 1993)|Nissan Quest]] ('93–'96) |- | EFI SOHC 12V | Gasoline | 151 | 111 | 1 | [[w:Mercury Villager#First generation (1993–1998)|Mercury Villager]], [[w:Nissan Quest#First generation (V40; 1993)|Nissan Quest]] ('97–'98) |- | [[w:Nissan VG engine#VG33E|Nissan VG33E]] | 3.3 L | EFI SOHC 12V | Gasoline | 170 | 127 | T | [[w:Mercury Villager#Second generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Villager]], [[w:Nissan Quest#Second generation_(V41;_1999)|Nissan Quest]] ('99–'02) |- | rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Duratec 30]] | rowspan=2| 3.0 L | EFI DOHC 24V | Gasoline | 200-201 | 147-148 | 1 | Gen 1: [[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]] ('01-'07), [[w:Mercury Mariner#First generation|Mercury Mariner]] ('05-'07), [[w:Mazda Tribute#First generation (EP; 2000)|Mazda Tribute]] ('01-'06). Gen 2: [[w:Ford Escape#Second generation (2008)|Ford Escape]], [[w:Mercury Mariner#Second generation|Mercury Mariner]], [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute]] ('08) |- | EFI DOHC 24V | Gasoline | 240 | 177 | G | [[w:Ford Escape#Second generation (2008)|Ford Escape]] ('09-'12), [[w:Mercury Mariner#Second generation|Mercury Mariner]], [[w:Mazda Tribute#Second generation (2007)|Mazda Tribute]] ('09-'11) |- | rowspan=17|[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Cyclone]] | 3.3L | Port/Direct injection DOHC 24V Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 285-290 | 210-213 | B | [[w:Ford F-150|Ford F-150]] ('18-'23), [[w:Ford Explorer#Second generation|Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility]] ('20-) |- | 3.3L | Port/Direct injection DOHC 24V Ti-VCT | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 285 (gas) + <br> 47 (electric) = 318 (combined) | 210 (gas) + <br> 35 (electric) = 234 (combined) | W | [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer Hybrid]] ('20-'23),<br> [[w:Ford Explorer#Second generation|Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility Hybrid]] ('20-) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 263 | 193 | W | [[w:Ford Freestyle#Ford Taurus X (2008–2009)|Ford Taurus X]] ('08-'09) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 262-265 | 193-195 | C | [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] ('09-'12), [[w:Ford Edge#First generation (U387; 2007)|Ford Edge]] ('07-'10), [[w:Lincoln MKX#First generation (U388; 2007)|Lincoln MKX]] ('07-'10) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 285 | 210 | C | [[w:Ford Edge#First generation (U387; 2007)|Ford Edge]] ('11-'14) |- | 3.5L | Sequential MPFI DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 280-282-287-290 | 206-207-211-213 | 8 | [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]] ('11-'19), [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] ('13-'19), [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge]] ('15-'18), [[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('15-'17) |- | 3.5L | Port/Direct injection DOHC 24V Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 275 | 202 | 8 | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] ('20-) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 355-365-380 | 261-269-280 | T | [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]], [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] ('10-'19),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('11-'14), [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]], [[w:Ford Explorer#Police Interceptor Utility|Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility]] ('13-'19), [[w:Ford Expedition#Third generation (2007)|Ford Expedition]], [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Third generation (2007–2017)|Lincoln Navigator]] ('15-'17) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 310-365 | 228-269 | G | [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] ('15-), [[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('15-'16) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (D35; second generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 375-440-450 | 276-324-331 | G | [[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('17-'20), [[w:Ford Raptor|Ford F-150 Raptor]] ('17-), [[w:Ford Expedition#Fourth generation (2018)|Ford Expedition]] (440 hp models), [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Fourth generation (2018–present)|Lincoln Navigator]] ('23-) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (D35; second generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 380-400 | 280-294 | 8 | [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('21-), [[w:Ford Expedition#Fourth generation (2018)|Ford Expedition]] (380 hp models) ('23-'24), [[w:Ford Expedition#Fourth generation (2018)|Ford Expedition]] (400 hp models) ('23-) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (D35; second generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 375-380-400-440-450 | 276-280-294-324-331 | T | [[w:Ford Expedition#Fourth generation (2018)|Ford Expedition]], [[w:Lincoln Navigator#Fourth generation (2018–present)|Lincoln Navigator]] ('18-'22) |- | 3.5L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (D35; second generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline-Electric Hybrid | 400 (gas) + <br> 47 (electric) = 430 (combined) | 294 (gas) + <br> 35 (electric) = 316 (combined) | D | [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150 Hybrid]] Powerboost ('21-) |- | 3.7L | DOHC 24V <br> Intake VCT | Gasoline | 268 | 197 | R | [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] ('10-'12) |- | 3.7L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 303-305 | 223-224 | K | [[w:Ford Edge#First generation (U387; 2007)|Ford Edge Sport]] ('11-'14), [[w:Lincoln MKX#First generation (U388; 2007)|Lincoln MKX]] ('11-'15), [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] ('13-'19) |- | 3.7L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 303-304 | 223-224 | R | [[w:Ford Explorer#Police Interceptor Utility|Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility]] ('13-'19), [[w:Lincoln MKX#Second generation (U540; 2016)|Lincoln MKX]] ('16-'18) |- | 3.7L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT | Gasoline | 275-302 | 202-222 | M | [[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('11-'14),<br> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] ('15-'19) |- |rowspan=5| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Nano]] |rowspan=2| 2.7 L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 315-325-335 | 232-239-246 | P | [[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('15-'17), [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Sport]] ('15-'18), [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge ST]] ('19-'24), [[w:Lincoln MKX#Second generation (U540; 2016)|Lincoln MKX]] ('16-'18), [[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] ('19-'23) |- | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT Port/Direct injection <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (second generation)|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 315-325-330 | 232-239-243 | P | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-150]] ('18-), [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco]] ('21-), [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger]] ('24-) |- |rowspan=3| 3.0 L | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.0 L Nano|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 365-400 | 269-294 | C | [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]], [[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]], [[w:Ford Explorer#Second generation|Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility]] ('20-) |- | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.0 L Nano|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline | 405-418 | 298-307 | R | [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco Raptor]] ('22-), [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger Raptor]] ('24-) |- | DOHC 24V <br> Ti-VCT [[w:Gasoline direct injection|DI]] <br> Twin-Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] ([[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.0 L Nano|EcoBoost]]) | Gasoline-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] | 400 (gas) + 101 (electric) = 494 (combined) | 294 (gas) + <br> 74 (electric) = 363 (combined) | Y | [[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator Grand Touring]] <br> ('20-'23) |- | rowspan=1|[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Lion]] | 3.0L | Common-Rail Direct injection DOHC 24V | Diesel | 250 | 184 | 1 | [[w:Ford F-150|Ford F-150]] ('18-'21).<br> Mfg. in Dagenham, UK |- |rowspan=39| [[w:V8 engine|V8]] |rowspan=8| [[w:Ford Windsor engine|Windsor]] | 4.2L | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 115-118 | 85-87 | D | [[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-100]] ('81-'82) |- |rowspan=3| "5.0" (4.9L) | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 133 | 98 | F | [[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series]] ('81-'85),<br> [[w:Ford Bronco#Third generation (1980)|Ford Bronco]] ('81-'84),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]] ('81-'85) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 185-195-199-205 | 136-143-146-151 | N | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('85-'96), [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] ('86-'96) |- | OHV SEFI | Gasoline | 210-215 | 155-158 | P | [[w:Ford Explorer#Second generation (UN105/150; 1995)|Ford Explorer]] ('96-'01),<br /> [[w:Mercury Mountaineer#First generation (1997–2001)|Mercury Mountaineer]] ('97-'01) |- |rowspan=4| 5.8L | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 136-139-142-150-165 | 100-102-104-110-121 | G | [[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Bronco#Third generation (1980)|Ford Bronco]], [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]] ('81-'85) |- | OHV 4-bbl. H.O. | Gasoline | 210 | 155 | H | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('84-'87), [[w:Ford E-Series#Third generation (1975–1991)|Ford Econoline]] ('85-'87) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 200-205-210 | 147-151-155 | H | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] ('88-'97), [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] ('88-'96), [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] ('88-'96) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI SVT | Gasoline | 240 | 177 | R | [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] ('93-'95) |- |rowspan=1| [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|335]] | 6.6 L | OHV 2-bbl. | Gasoline | 153 | 113 | Z | [[w:Ford E-Series#|Ford Econoline]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] ('81-'82) |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford 385 engine#460|385]] |rowspan=2| 7.5 L | OHV 4-bbl. | Gasoline | 225 | 166 | L | [[w:Ford E-Series#|Ford Econoline]] ('81-'87),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] ('83-'87) |- | OHV Multi-port EFI | Gasoline | 230-242-245-255 | 169-178-180-188 | G | [[w:Ford E-Series#|Ford Econoline]] ('88-'96),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] ('88-'97) |- |rowspan=4| [[w:Ford Triton engine#4.6 L|Triton]] |rowspan=4| 4.6 L | SOHC 16V (W) | Gasoline | 215-220-231-240 | 158-162-170-177 | 6 | [[w:Ford F-150|Ford F-150]] ('97-'98, '01-'03),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-250]] ('97-'98),<br> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] ('97-'00),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('97-'98) <br> Mfg. at Windsor Engine Plant. |- | SOHC 16V (R) | Gasoline | 215-220-225-231-232-239-240-248 | 158-162-166-170-171-176-177-182 | W | [[w:Ford F-150|Ford F-150]] ('97-'10), [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|F-250]] ('97-'99),<br> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] ('97-'98, '01-'04),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('99-'14), [[w:Ford Explorer#Third generation (U152; 2002)|Ford Explorer]], [[w:Mercury Mountaineer#Second generation (2002–2005)|Mercury Mountaineer]] ('02-'05) <br> Mfg. at Romeo Engine Plant. |- | SOHC 24V | Gasoline | 292 | 215 | 8 | [[w:Ford Explorer#Fourth generation (U251; 2006)|Ford Explorer]], [[w:Mercury Mountaineer#Third generation (2006–2010)|Mercury Mountaineer]] ('06-'10), [[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac#Second generation (2007–2010)|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] ('07-'10), [[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('09-'10) |- | DOHC 32V | Gasoline | 302 | 222 | H |[[w:Lincoln Aviator#UN152|Lincoln Aviator]] ('03-'05) |- |rowspan=6| [[w:Ford Triton engine#5.4 L|Triton]] |rowspan=6| 5.4 L |rowspan=3| SOHC 16V | Gasoline | 230-235-255-260 | 169-173-188-191 | L | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('97-'03), [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|F-250]] ('97-'99), [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('97-'16), [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] ('97-'04), [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] ('98-'99), [[w:Ford Super Duty#First generation (1999–2007)|Ford Super Duty]] ('99-'04), [[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] ('00-'05) |- | CNG | 225-260 | 168-194 | M | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-250]] ('97-'99) |- | Gasoline/CNG or Gasoline/LPG | 260 | 194 | Z | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-250]] ('98-'99) |- | SOHC 24V | Gasoline | 300-310 | 221-228 | 5 | [[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-150]] ('04-'08),<br> [[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] ('06-'08), [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]], [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] ('05-'14), [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('05-'10) |- | SOHC 24V FFV | Gasoline/E85 | 310 | 228 | V | [[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-150]] ('06-'08),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('09-'10), [[w:Ford Raptor#First generation (SVT Raptor; 2010)|F-150 Raptor]] ('10) |- | SOHC 16V [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 340-360-380 | 250-265-280 | 3 | [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999–2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning]] ('99-'04),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Harley-Davidson]] ('02-'03) |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Triton engine#5.4 L|Intech]] |rowspan=2| 5.4 L | DOHC 32V (W) | Gasoline | 295-300 | 217-221 | A | [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] ('99-'01),<br> [[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] ('02).<br> Mfg. at Windsor Engine Plant. |- | DOHC 32V (R) | Gasoline | 300 | 221 | R | [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] ('01-'04).<br> Mfg. at Romeo Engine Plant. |- |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Coyote]] | 5.0 L (4,951 cc) | SEFI DOHC 32V [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] | Gasoline | 360-385 | 265-283 | F | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-150]] ('11-'17) |- | 5.0 L (5,035 cc) | Port/Direct injection DOHC 32V [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] | Gasoline | 395-400 | 291-294 | 5 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-150]] ('18-) |- | [[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Carnivore]] | 5.2 L | SEFI DOHC 32V [[w:Variable valve timing|Ti-VCT]] [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] | Gasoline | 700-720 | 515-530 | J | [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150 Raptor R]] ('23-) |- | [[w:Ford Boss engine|Boss]] | 6.2 L | SEFI SOHC 16V Intake/Exhaust VCT FFV | Gasoline/E85 | 331-385-411 | 244-283-302 | 6 | [[w:Ford Raptor#First generation (SVT Raptor; 2010)|Ford F-150 Raptor]] ('10-'14), [[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-150]] ('11-'14), [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('11-'22), [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('17-'19) |- |rowspan=3| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Godzilla]] | 6.8 L | SEFI OHV Intake/Exhaust VCT | Gasoline | 405 | 298 | A | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('23-) |- | rowspan=2| 7.3 L | SEFI OHV Intake/Exhaust VCT | Gasoline | 325-350-430 | 239-257-316 | N | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('20-),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('21-) (Premium tune) |- | SEFI OHV Intake/Exhaust VCT | Gasoline | 300 | 221 | K | [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('21-'23) (Economy tune) |- |rowspan=4| [[w:International Harvester IDI|International IDI]] | 6.9 L | Indirect injection | Diesel | 150-161-170 | 110-118-125 | 1 | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]] ('83-'87) |- | 7.3 L | Indirect injection | Diesel | 160-165-180-185 | 118-121-132-136 | M | [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]] ('88-'94) |- | 7.3 L | Indirect injection Turbo | Diesel | 190 | 140 | C | [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series]] ('93) |- | 7.3 L | Indirect injection Turbo | Diesel | 190 | 140 | K | [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series]] ('94) |- | [[w:Navistar T444E engine|Navistar T444E]] [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#7.3 Power Stroke|7.3 Power Stroke]] | 7.3 L | Direct injection Turbo | Diesel | 210-215-235-250-275 | 155-158-173-184-202 | F | [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series]] ('94-'97), [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('99-'03), [[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] ('00-'03),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('95-'03) |- | [[w:Navistar VT engine#VT365|Navistar VT]] [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.0 Power Stroke|6.0 Power Stroke]] | 6.0 L | OHV 32V Direct injection Turbo | Diesel | 225-235-325 | 166-173-239 | P | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('03-'07),<br> [[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] ('03-'05),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('03-'10) |- | [[w:Navistar VT engine#MaxxForce 7|Navistar VT]] [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.4 Power Stroke|6.4 Power Stroke]] | 6.4 L | OHV 32V Direct injection Turbo | Diesel | 325-350 | 239-261 | R | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('08-'10) |- | rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Scorpion]] | rowspan=2| 6.7 L | OHV 32V Direct injection Turbo | Diesel | 390-400-440-450-475 | 287-294-324-331-349 | T | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('11-) |- | OHV 32V Direct injection Turbo H.O. | Diesel | 500 | 368 | M | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('23-) |- | rowspan=2| [[w:V10 engine|V10]] | rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Triton engine#6.8|Triton]] | rowspan=2| 6.8 L | SOHC 20V EFI | Gasoline | 265-305-310 | 195-224-228 | S | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('99-'04),<br> [[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] ('00-'05),<br> [[w:Ford E-Series#Fourth generation (1992–present)|Ford E-Series]] ('97-'19) |- | SOHC 30V EFI | Gasoline | 362 | 266 | Y | [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] ('05-'10) </tr> |} EFI=Electronic Fuel Injection, SEFI=Sequential Multi-port Electronic Fuel Injection, H.O.=High Output, FFV=Flexible Fuel Vehicle, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, SPI=Split-port Induction (Variable-length intake manifold), VCT=Variable Cam Timing, Ti-VCT=Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing ====Motor codes for electric light trucks==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Application ! Motor location ! Fuel ! Power (hp) ! Power (kW) ! VIN code ! Notes |- | [[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] ('98-'01) | Rear | Electricity | 90 | 67 | 7 | Lead-Acid Battery pack, 312V |- | [[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] ('99-'01) | Rear | Electricity | 90 | 67 | 1 | Nickel–metal hydride Battery pack, 300V |- | [[w:Ford Transit#E-Transit|Ford E-Transit]] ('22-Mid '24) | Rear | Electricity | 266 | 198 | K | 68 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack |- | [[w:Ford Transit#E-Transit|Ford E-Transit]] (Mid '24-) | Rear | Electricity | 266 | 198 | M | 89 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack |- | [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] ('22-'23) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 452 | 333 | L | 98 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Standard Range |- | [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] ('22-'23) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 580 | 427 | V | 131 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range |- | [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] ('24-'25) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 452 | 333 | K | 98 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Standard Range (Std. on Pro (Fleet only: '25) & XLT) |- | [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (Mid '25) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 536 | 400 | U | 123 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range <br>(Single Charger) (Optional on Pro [Fleet models: Mid '25],<br> Std. on Pro [Retail models: Mid '25] & Flash [Mid '25]) |- | [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] ('24-'25) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 580 | 427 | 7 | 131 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range <br>(Single Charger) (Optional on Pro [Fleet models: '24-Mid '25],<br> Std. on Pro [Retail models: Early-Mid '25], Flash ['24-Mid '25], Lariat ['24-'25], & Platinum ['24-'25]) |- | [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] ('24-'25) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 580 | 427 | M | 131 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range <br>(Dual Chargers) (Fleet only option on Pro ['24] & Flash ['24-'25], Opt. on Pro ['25]) |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] ('21-Mid '23) | Rear | Electricity | 266 | 196 | M | 68 kWh ('21) / 70 kWh ('22-'23) Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Standard Range |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (Mid '23-) | Rear | Electricity | 264 | 194 | 4 | 73 kWh Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery pack - <br/> Standard Range |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] ('21-Mid '23) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 266 | 196 | S | 68 kWh ('21) / 70 kWh ('22-'23) Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Standard Range |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (Mid '23-) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 325 | 239 | 5 | 73 kWh Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery pack - <br/> Standard Range |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] ('21-) | Rear | Electricity | 290 | 213 | 7 | 88 kWh ('21) / 91 kWh ('22-'24) / 88 kWh ('25-)<br> Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] ('21-) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 365 | 269 | U | 88 kWh ('21) / 91 kWh ('22-'24) / 88 kWh ('25-)<br> Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E GT]] ('21-'23) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 480 | 358 | E | 88 kWh ('21) / 91 kWh ('22+) Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range (600 lb-ft) |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E GT Performance Edition]] ('21-'23) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 480 | 358 | X | 88 kWh ('21) / 91 kWh ('22-'23) Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range (634 lb-ft) |- | [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E GT]] ('24-) | Front & Rear | Electricity | 480 | 358 | X | 91 kWh Lithium-Ion Battery pack - Extended Range <br>(GT: 600 lb-ft, GT Performance Upgrade, Rally: 700 lb-ft) |} ====Engine codes for commercial trucks==== {| class="wikitable" ! Configuration ! Displacement ! Description ! Fuel ! Power (hp) ! Power (kW) ! Torque (lb-ft.) ! Torque (Nm) ! VIN code ! Notes/Applications |- | V6 | 4.5 L | [[w:Navistar VT engine#VT275|International VT275]]<br>([[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#Other engines with the Power Stroke name|Power Stroke]])<br /> (OHV, 24V, Direct Injection) | Twin-Turbo Diesel | 200 | 147 | | | Z | [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] ('06-'09) |- |rowspan=39| I6 | 6.6 L | Ford-New Holland (FNH 6.6L) (Direct Injection) | Turbo Diesel | 160-170 | 118-125 | | | P | Ford Cargo ('86-'93),<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]] ('87-'93),<br/> [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]] ('87-'93). Made in Brazil |- | 7.8 L | Ford-New Holland (FNH 7.8L) (Direct Injection) | Turbo Diesel | 170-250 | 125-184 | | | A | Ford Cargo ('87-'94), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/<br />F-700/F-800]] ('87-'93), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford FT-900]] ('87-'92), [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]], [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L-Series]] ('87-'92). Made in Brazil |- |rowspan=19| 5.9 L | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9 <br/> (Ford FD-1060) | Turbo Diesel | 160-175-190-230 | | | | C | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]] ('92-'99),<br /> [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]] ('92-'98), Ford Cargo ('93-'97), [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L-Series]] (HN80 series) ('97-'98) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] ISB | Turbo Diesel | 175-185 | 129-136 | 420 | 569 | 1 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] ('99),<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] ISB | Turbo Diesel | 190 | 140 | 520 | 705 | 3 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] ISB | Turbo Diesel | 195-205 | 143-151 | 520 | 705 | 4 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 210 | 155 | 520 | 705 | 8 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 215-225 | 158-166 | 520 | 705 | Y | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 225 | 166 | 605 | | B | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('01-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 240 | 177 | 605 | | G | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('01-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 245 | 180 | 660 | | J | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('01-'03) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 260 | 191 | 550 | | V | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('01-'02) |- | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] B5.9E | Turbo Diesel | 260 | 191 | 660 | | X | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('01-'03) |- | rowspan=8| [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] ISB | Turbo Diesel | 185 | 138 | 420 | 569 | D | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 200 | | 520 | | A | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('05-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 215 | | 520 | | E | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 230 | | 520 | | F | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 245 | | 660 | | G | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 260 | | 550 | | B | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('05-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 260 | | 660 | | H | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'06) |- | Turbo Diesel | 275 | 205 | 660 | 895 | V | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('05-'07) |- | rowspan=13| 6.7 L | rowspan=13| [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] ISB | Turbo Diesel | 200 | | 520 | | A | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 220 | | 520 | | B | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 240 | | 560 | | C | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 240 | | 620 | | D | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'10) |- | Turbo Diesel | 280 | | 660 | | E | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 300 | | 620 | | F | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'10) |- | Turbo Diesel | 325 | | 750 | | G | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 260 | | 620 | | H | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('08-'10) |- | Turbo Diesel | 250 | | 660 | | J | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('11-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 260 | | 660 | | K | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('11-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 300 | | 660 | | L | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('11-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 340 | | 660 | | M | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('11-'15) |- | Turbo Diesel | 360 | | 800 | | N | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('11-'15) |- | 8.3 L | [[w:Cummins|Cummins]] C8.3 <br/> (Ford FD-1460) | Turbo Diesel | 210-275-300 | | | | E | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] ('93-'98), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford FT-900]] ('93-'98), Ford Cargo ('93-'97), [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L-Series]] ('93-'97), [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L-Series]] (HN80 series) ('96-'98) |- |rowspan=4| 7.2 L | [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] 3126B | Turbo Diesel | 175-300 | 129-221 | | | F | [[w:Ford L series#Second generation (1996–1998)|Ford L-Series]] (HN80 series) ('97-'98) |- | [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] 3126B/3126E | Turbo Diesel | 190-300 | 140-221 | 520-860 | 705-1166 | A, H, N, R, 2, 7 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00-'03) |- | [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] C7 | Turbo Diesel | 190-300 | 142-224 | 520-860 | 705-1166 | C, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04) (Built prior to 1/1/04) |- | [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] C7 | Turbo Diesel | 190-300 | 142-224 | 520-860 | 705-1166 | N, P, R, S, T, U, W, X, 9 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'09) (Built after 1/1/04) |- |rowspan=20| V8 | 8.2 L | [[w:Detroit Diesel|Detroit Diesel]] "Fuel Pincher" | Diesel | | | | | N | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]] ('81-'87),<br/> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford FT-900]] ('85-'87), [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]] ('81-'87), [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] |- | 10.4 L | [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] 3208 | Turbo Diesel | | | | | U | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-7000/F-8000/FT-8000]] ('83-'87), [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L-Series]] ('81-'88),<br/> [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] ('81-'90) |- |rowspan=2| 7.3 L |rowspan=2| [[w:Navistar T444E engine|International T444E]]<br>([[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#7.3 Power Stroke|Power Stroke]]) <br> (OHV, 16V, Direct Injection) | Turbo Diesel | 210 | 157 | 520 | 705 | 5, 6 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('00-'03) |- | [[w:Turbo|Turbo]] Diesel | 215-235 | 160-175 | | | F | |- | rowspan=4| 6.0 L | rowspan=4| [[w:Navistar VT engine#VT365|International VT365]] <br>([[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.0 Power Stroke|Power Stroke]])<br /> (OHV, 32V, Direct Injection) | Turbo Diesel | 200 | 149 | 520 | 705 | J (Built prior to 1/1/04),<br> Y (Built after 1/1/04) | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 215 | | 540 | | K (Built prior to 1/1/04),<br> C (Built after 1/1/04) | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 230 | 172 | 540 | | L (Built prior to 1/1/04),<br> Z (Built after 1/1/04) | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- | Turbo Diesel | 230 | 172 | 620 | 841 | M (Built prior to 1/1/04), 0 (Built after 1/1/04) | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('04-'07) |- |rowspan=3| 6.7 L |rowspan=3| Ford [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Scorpion engine]]<br /> (6.7 Power Stroke) <br /> (OHV, 32V, Common-rail, Direct Injection) | Turbo Diesel | 270 | | 675-700-800 | | C | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('16-).<br> Torque increase for '21 & '26. |- | Turbo Diesel | 300 | | 700-725-825 | | E | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('16-).<br> Torque increase for '21 & '26. |- | Turbo Diesel | 330 | | 725-750-850 | | X | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('16-).<br> Torque increase for '21 & '26. |- | 5.4 L 2V | Ford ([[w:Ford Triton engine#5.4 L|Ford Modular engine]]) | Gasoline | 255-260 | 188-191 | | | L | |- | 5.4 L 3V | Ford ([[w:Ford Triton engine#5.4 L|Ford Modular engine]]) | Gasoline | 250 | 184 | | | 5 | |- | 6.1 L 2-bbl. ('81-'91) & 4-bbl. ('81-'87) | Ford ([[w:Ford 385 engine#370|Ford 385 engine]]) | Gasoline | | | | | H | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]],<br> [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]], [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L-Series]],<br/> [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] |- | 6.1 L 2-bbl. | Ford ([[w:Ford 385 engine#370|Ford 385 engine]]) | Propane (LPG) | | | | | 7 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]] ('82-'86) |- | 7.0 L 4-bbl. | Ford ([[w:Ford 385 engine#429|Ford 385 engine]]) | Gasoline | | | | | K | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800/FT-800]],<br> [[w:Ford B series#Sixth generation (1980–1998)|Ford B series]], [[w:Ford L series#First generation (1970–1995)|Ford L-Series]],<br/> [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] |- | 7.0 L EFI | Ford ([[w:Ford 385 engine#429|Ford 385 engine]]) | Gasoline | | | | | J | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]] |- | 7.0 L 4-bbl. or EFI | Ford ([[w:Ford 385 engine#429|Ford 385 engine]]) | Propane (LPG) | | | | | 8 | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-600/F-700/F-800]] |- | 7.5 L EFI | Ford ([[w:Ford 385 engine#460|Ford 385 engine]]) | Gasoline | 220-360 | | 345-390 | | G |- | 7.3 L | Ford ([[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford Godzilla engine]]) | Gasoline-GFP | 335-350 | | 468 | | N | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('21-) |- |rowspan=5| [[w:V10 engine|V10]] |rowspan=3| 6.8 L 2V |rowspan=3| [[w:Ford Modular engine#6.8 L V10|Ford Triton V10]] | Gasoline | 305-310 | 227-231 | | | S | |- | Bi-Fuel NGV/LPG | 295-305 | 220-227 | | | B | |- | Gasoline-GFP | 305-310 | 227-231 | | | Z | |- |rowspan=2| 6.8 L 3V |rowspan=2| [[w:Ford Modular engine#6.8 L V10|Ford Triton V10]] | Gasoline-GFP | 362 | | 457 | | D, P | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('12-'15) |- | Gasoline-GFP | 320 | | 460 | | Y | [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/F-750]] ('16-'19) |} GFP=Gaseous Fuel Prep (Engine prepared for conversion to CNG or propane), CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane Autogas) ===North American Ford factories=== ''See [[w:List of Ford factories|List of Ford factories]]'' {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Notes |- |A |Atlanta Assembly (Hapeville, Georgia) |through 2007 model year |- |B |Oakville Assembly (Oakville, Ontario, Canada) | |- |C |Ontario Truck (Oakville, Ontario, Canada) |through 2004 model year |- |D |Ohio Assembly (Avon Lake, Ohio) | |- |E |Kentucky Truck Assembly (Louisville, Kentucky) |For light duty vehicles (pickups/chassis cab pickups/SUVs)<br /> since 1994 model year |- |F |Dearborn Assembly (Dearborn, Michigan) |through 2004 model year |- |F |Dearborn Truck Assembly (Dearborn, Michigan) |since 2005 model year |- |G |Chicago Assembly (Chicago, Illinois) | |- |H |Lorain Assembly (Lorain, Ohio) |through 2006 model year |- |H |Multimatic, Inc. plant (Markham, Ontario, Canada) |2017-2022 Ford GT, 2025- Mustang GTD |- |J |IMMSA plant (Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico) |from 1988-2000 model year |- |K |Kansas City Assembly (Claycomo, Missouri) | |- |L |Michigan Assembly (formerly Michigan Truck) (Wayne, Michigan) | |- |M |Cuautitlán Assembly (Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State, Mexico) | |- |N |Norfolk Assembly (Norfolk, Virginia) |through 2007 model year |- |N |Chicago SHO Center (Chicago, Illinois) |2021-2023 Ford Explorer, Lincoln Aviator (some) |- |P |Twin Cities Assembly (St. Paul, Minnesota) |Closed 2011 |- |R |San Jose Assembly (Milpitas, California) |through 1983 model year |- |R |Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly (Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico) |since 1988 model year |- |S |Ford New Model Programs Development Center (Allen Park, Michigan) |(Pilot & Pre-Production) |- |T |Edison Assembly (Edison, New Jersey) |through 2004 model year |- |U |Louisville Assembly (Louisville, Kentucky) | |- |V |Kentucky Truck Assembly (Louisville, Kentucky) |For medium- & heavy-duty commercial trucks & bus chassis<br /> through 1998 model year |- |V |Blue Diamond Truck Co. plant (General Escobedo, Nuevo León, Mexico) |from 2004-2015 model year |- |W |Wayne Stamping & Assembly (Wayne, Michigan) |through 2011 model year |- |W |Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center (Dearborn, Michigan) |since 2022 model year |- |X |St. Thomas Assembly (Talbotville, Ontario, Canada) |Closed 2011 |- |Y |Wixom Assembly (Wixom, Michigan) |through 2007 model year |- |Z |St. Louis Assembly (Hazelwood, Missouri) |through 2006 model year |- |0 |Detroit Chassis LLC plant (Detroit, Michigan) |since 2000 model year |- |5 |Flat Rock Assembly plant (AutoAlliance International) (Flat Rock, Michigan) |Previously known as Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA |} IMMSA=Industrias Metalicas Monterrey SA ===Non-North American Ford factories Supplying North America=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location !Models Sourced |- |C |Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |2018-2022 Ford EcoSport |- |D |Ipiranga, Sao Paulo state, Brazil |1986-1990 Ford Cargo truck |- |E |Cologne, Germany |1988-1989 Merkur Scorpio |- |J |Changan Ford plant: Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China |2024- Lincoln Nautilus |- |M |Karmann plant: Rheine, Germany |1985-1989 Merkur XR4Ti |- |T |Ford Otosan plant: Golcuk, Kocaeli province, Turkey |2010-2013 Ford Transit Connect |- |0 |Mazda plant: Hiroshima, Japan |1981-1982 Ford Courier |- |1 |Almussafes, Valencia province, Spain |2014-2023 Ford Transit Connect |- |2 |Ford Lio Ho plant: Zhongli District, Taoyuan, Taiwan |1987-1988 Mercury Tracer hatchback (Canada only) |- |4 |Saarlouis, Germany |2016-2018 Ford Focus RS (only the RS model) |- |6 |Kia Motors Sohari plant: Gwangmyeong, South Korea |1988-1993 Ford Festiva, 1994-1997 Ford Aspire |- |8 |Broadmeadows, Victoria, Australia |1991-1994 Mercury Capri |} ==European Ford== ===European VIN format=== {| class="wikitable" |-! ! Position ! Sample ! Description |- | 1 | W |rowspan=3| [[#Ford WMIs|World Manufacturer identifier]] |- | 2 | F |- | 3 | 0 |- | 4 | T | [[#European body types|Body type]] |- | 5 | X |rowspan=2| XX |- | 6 | X |- | 7 | 4 | [[#European model lines|Model line]] |- | 8 | L | [[#European factories|Factory ID]] |- | 9 | 2 | [[#European models|Model]] |- | 10 | 6 | [[#European body types|Body type]] |- | 11 | V | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Year]] |- | 12 | J | [[#Ford month codes|Month]] |- | 13 | 7 |rowspan=5| Sequential number |- | 14 | 6 |- | 15 | 6 |- | 16 | 2 |- | 17 | 8 |} ===European body types=== {| class="wikitable" !Body type ID (Position 4) !Description |- |3 |van high roof |-zed dagajvi |5 |combi high roof |- |A |3-door |- |B |5-door |- |C |2-door coupe and 3-door hatchback ''(Ford Fiesta ST Mk. 7+?)'' |- |D |5-door hatchback ''(Focus RS Mk. 3+?)'' |- |E |3-door hatchback |- |F |4-door Saloon |- |G |5-door multi purpose vehicle |- |J |5-door SAV (Sports Activity Vehicle) |- |K |5-door LMV (Luxury Multipurpose Vehicle) |- |L |2-door cabriolet |- |N |5-door estate/wagon/clipper |- |P |5-Door Hatchback |- |S |5-door Estate |- |T |2-door saloon |- |U |5-door van |- |V |2-door van |- |W |3-door van |} ===European model lines Product Source=== {| class="wikitable" !Line ID (Position 7) !Description |- |B |Ford Britain |- |C |Ford Britain affiliate<br>Henry Ford & Sons Ltd. (Ireland)<br>Ford Nederland<br>Ford Lusitana S.A.R.L. Azambuja, Portugal |- |E |Ford Germany affiliate<br>Ford Romania |- |G |Ford Germany |- |L |Ford Brazil<br>Fiat<br>Pininfarina |- |M |India<br>South Africa |- |P |Autoeuropa - Palmela, Portugal |- |S |Japan (Mazda) |- |T |Turkey (Ford Otosan) |- |W |Ford Spain<br>Nissan Spain |- |Z |United States |} ===European model lines Assembly Plant=== ''See [[w:List of Ford factories|List of Ford factories]]'' {| class="wikitable" !VIN code (Position 8) !Factory |- |A (following G in the 7th position) |Cologne, Germany |- |A (following B in the 7th position) |Dagenham, UK (Closed 2002) |- |A (following T in the 7th position) |Ford Otosan Yeniköy plant: Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele, Kocaeli province, Turkey |- |B (following B in the 7th position) |Halewood, UK (Ford production ended in 2000) |- |B (following G in the 7th position) |Genk, Belgium (Closed 2014) |- |C (following G in the 7th position) |Saarlouis, Germany |- |C (following B in the 7th position) |Langley, UK (Sold by Ford in 1986) |- |D (following B in the 7th position) |Southampton, UK (Closed 2013) |- |E (following C in the 7th position) |Cork, Ireland (Closed in 1984) |- |G (following W in the 7th position) |Nissan plant: Barcelona, Spain (Ford Maverick SUV 1993-1999) |- |J (following B in the 7th position) |Shenstone, UK (Ex-Reliant Motors plant leased by Ford to build the RS200) |- |J (following M in the 7th position) |Silverton, South Africa |- |K (following G in the 7th position) |Karmann plant: Rheine, Germany (Ford Escort convertible, Escort RS Cosworth) |- |N (following C in the 7th position) |Amsterdam, Netherlands (Closed in 1981) |- |P (following W in the 7th position) |Valencia Body & Assembly: Almussafes, Valencia, Spain |- |P (following C in the 7th position) |Azambuja, Portugal (Ford production ended in 2000) |- |P (following T in the 7th position) |Ford Otosan Inonu plant: Inonu, Eskisehir province, Turkey |- |R (following E in the 7th position) |Craiova, Romania |- |R (following M in the 7th position) |Ford India Chennai plant: Maraimalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India |- |S (following P in the 7th position) |Autoeuropa plant: Palmela, Portugal (Ford Galaxy) |- |T (following L in the 7th position) |Fiat plant: Tychy, Poland (Ford Ka - B420) |- |T (following M in the 7th position) |Ford India Sanand plant: Sanand, Gujarat, India |- |T (following T in the 7th position) |Ford Otosan Gölcük plant: Gölcük, Kocaeli province, Turkey |- |U (following L in the 7th position) |Pininfarina plant: Bairo Canavese, Italy (Ford Focus Coupé-Cabriolet, Ford StreetKa) |} ===European models=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code (Position 9) !Model |- |A |[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br>[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] |- |B |[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br>[[w:Ford Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br>[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br>[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br>[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] |- |C & D |[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] |- |C |[[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-Max]]<br>[[w:Ford Transit Courier|Ford Transit Courier]] |- |E |[[w:Ford Puma (coupé)|Ford Puma]]<br>[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br>[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] |- |F |[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br>[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- |G |[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br>[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br>[[w:Ford Transit Connect|Ford Transit Connect]]<br>[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit Custom]]<br>[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- |H |[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] |- |J |[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br>[[w:Ford Fusion (European)|Ford Fusion]]<br>[[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] |- |K |[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br>[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br>[[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] |- |M |[[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]] |- |P |[[w:Ford Transit Connect|Ford Transit Connect]] |- |R |[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br>[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- |S |rowspan=2|[[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]]<br>[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br>[[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-Max]] |- |W |- |U |[[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] |} ===VW factories Supplying Ford Europe=== {| class="wikitable" !VIN code (Position 11) !Location !Models Sourced |- |X |VW Commercial Vehicles plant: Poznan, Poland |Ford Tourneo Connect 2022- <br> Ford Transit Connect 2025- |} ==Ford Australia== ===Australian VIN format=== Ford Australia have used the same basic system for chassis numbers on Australian assembled vehicles since the early 1960s.<ref>http://www.cortina-mk1.com/identify.php Australian assembled MK1 Cortina chassis number decoding</ref> When Australia went to mandatory 17-digit VINs in 1989, the Ford chassis numbers became 17-digit VINs by the addition of 6FPAAA ahead of the original numbering system.<ref>http://members.pcug.org.au/~jcarroll/capri/vincode.htm Decoding of Australian Capri VINs</ref> With the exception of some L-series (Louisville) trucks fitted with other brands of engine, engine numbers match the VIN with the 6FPAAA omitted. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Position ! Sample ! Description |- | 1 | 6 |rowspan=3| [[#Ford WMIs|World Manufacturer identifier]] |- | 2 | F |- | 3 | P |- | 4 | A |rowspan=3| Fixed padding (Always AAA) |- | 5 | A |- | 6 | A |- | 7 | J | [[#Australian platform origin|Platform origin]] |- | 8 | G | [[#Australian production location|Production location]] |- | 9 | W |rowspan=2| Model code |- | 10 | A |- | 11 | 1 | [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year|Year]] |- | 12 | G | [[#Ford month codes|Month]] |- | 13 | 8 |rowspan=5| Sequential number |- | 14 | 0 |- | 15 | 7 |- | 16 | 0 |- | 17 | 1 |} ===Australian platform origin=== The platform code indicates the origin of the underlying platform on which the vehicle is built, even if the body was locally designed. {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Origin |- |A |North America |- |C |Europe or Britain |- |J |Australia |- |U |Japan ([[w:Mazda|Mazda]]) |} ===Australian production location=== ''See also [[w:List of Ford factories|List of Ford factories]]'' {| class="wikitable" !VIN code !Location |- |G |Broadmeadows (main line) |- |H |Brisbane |- |K |Sydney |- |L |Broadmeadows (secondary line) |} ==Ford WMIs== {| class="wikitable" !WMI !Country !Description !Vehicle types |- |AFA |South Africa |Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa |- |JC0 |rowspan=2|Japan |Ford (made by Mazda) |- |JC2 |Ford Courier pickup (made by Mazda) |- |KNJ |South Korea |Ford (made by Kia) |Festiva & Aspire |- |LFA |Taiwan |Ford Lio Ho (old designation) |- |LJX |rowspan=2|China |Jiangling Motors Co., Ltd. (JMC) - Ford |- |LVS |Changan Ford |- |MAJ |India |Ford India Pvt. Ltd. |- |MNA, MNB, MNC |rowspan=3|Thailand |rowspan=2|AutoAlliance Thailand |Ford |- |MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 |Mazda |- |MPB |Ford Thailand Manufacturing |Ford |- |NM0 |Turkey |Ford Otosan |- |PE1 |rowspan=2|Philippines |Ford Motor Company Philippines |- |PE3 |Mazda made by Ford Motor Company Philippines |- |PR8 |Malaysia |Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. |- |PV3 |Cambodia |Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia |- |RHA |Taiwan |Ford Lio Ho (new designation) |- |RL0 |Vietnam |Ford Vietnam |- |SFA |United Kingdom |Ford Motor Company Ltd. |- |TW2 |Portugal |Ford Lusitana SARL |- |UNI |Ireland |Henry Ford and Son Ltd. |- |VS6 |Spain |Ford Espana SA |- |WF0 |rowspan=2|Germany |Ford Werke A.G. |- |WF1 |Merkur (Ford Werke A.G.) |- |XLC |Netherlands |Ford Nederland NV |- |X9F |Russia |Ford Motor Company ZAO |- |Y4F |Belarus |[[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] |- |Z6F |Russia |Ford Sollers |- |1F1 |rowspan=18|USA |Ford Motor Company |Ford MPV - limousine (through 2009) |- |1F6 |Detroit Chassis LLC |Ford Basic (stripped) Chassis |- |1F7 |MSX International Detroit, MI |Ford passenger car |- |1FA |rowspan=12|Ford Motor Company |Ford passenger car |- |1FB |Ford Bus |- |1FC |Ford basic (stripped) chassis |- |1FD |Ford incomplete vehicle |- |1FM |Ford MPV |- |1FT |Ford truck (completed vehicle) |- |1L1 |Lincoln passenger car - limousine |- |1LJ |Lincoln incomplete vehicle |- |1LN |Lincoln passenger car |- |1ME |Mercury passenger car |- |1MH |Mercury incomplete vehicle |- |1MR |Continental passenger car <br />(Continental Mark VI & VII 1981-1985 &<br /> Continental sedan 1982-1985) |- |1YV |rowspan=3| [[w:AutoAlliance International|Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/<br> AutoAlliance International]] |Mazda 6, 626, MX-6 |- |1ZV |[[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang]] 2005-2014, Ford Probe |- |1ZW |[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] 1999-2002 |- |2FA |rowspan=11|Canada |rowspan=11|Ford Motor Company of Canada, Ltd. |Ford passenger car |- |2FD |Ford incomplete vehicle |- |2FM |Ford MPV |- |2FT |Ford truck (completed vehicle) |- |2L1 |Lincoln incomplete vehicle - limousine |- |2LJ |Lincoln incomplete vehicle - hearse |- |2LM |Lincoln MPV |- |2LN |Lincoln passenger car |- |2ME |Mercury passenger car |- |2MH |Mercury incomplete vehicle |- |2MR |Mercury MPV |- |3FA |rowspan=11|Mexico |rowspan=9|Ford Motor Company (Mexico) |Ford passenger car |- |3FC |Ford basic (stripped) chassis |- |3FD |Ford incomplete vehicle |- |3FE |Ford incomplete vehicle |- |3FM |Ford MPV |- |3FT |Ford truck (completed vehicle) |- |3LN |Lincoln passenger car |- |3MA |Mercury passenger car (88-95 Tracer) |- |3ME |Mercury passenger car |- |3FN |rowspan=2|Blue Diamond Trucks S. De R. L. De C. V. |Ford truck (completed vehicle) |- |3FR |Ford incomplete vehicle |- |4F2 |rowspan=8|USA |rowspan=8|Ford Motor Company |Mazda MPV |- |4F4 |Mazda truck (completed vehicle) |- |4M2 |Mercury MPV |- |4N2 |Nissan MPV |- |5L1 |Lincoln MPV - limousine (2004-2009) |- |5LD |Ford & Lincoln incomplete vehicle - limousine (2010-2014) |- |5LM |Lincoln MPV |- |5LT |Lincoln truck (completed vehicle) |- |6FP |rowspan=2|Australia |[[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] |- |6MP |Mercury Capri made by [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] |- |7A5 |New Zealand |Ford New Zealand |- |8AF |Argentina |Ford Argentina |- |8XD |Venezuela |Ford Motor Venezuela |- |9BF |rowspan=2|Brazil |Ford Brazil |- |94T |[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller]] |} ==Ford month codes== {| class="wikitable" ! Month ! 1968<br/>1972<br/>1976<br/>1980<br/>1984<br/>1988<br/>1992<br/>1996<br/>2000<br/>2004<br/>2008<br/>2012<br/>2016<br/>2020<br/>2024<br/>2028<br/> ! 1969<br/>1973<br/>1977<br/>1981<br/>1985<br/>1989<br/>1993<br/>1997<br/>2001<br/>2005<br/>2009<br/>2013<br/>2017<br/>2021<br/>2025<br/>2029<br/> ! 1970<br/>1974<br/>1978<br/>1982<br/>1986<br/>1990<br/>1994<br/>1998<br/>2002<br/>2006<br/>2010<br/>2014<br/>2018<br/>2022<br/>2026<br/>2030<br/> ! 1971<br/>1975<br/>1979<br/>1983<br/>1987<br/>1991<br/>1995<br/>1999<br/>2003<br/>2007<br/>2011<br/>2015<br/>2019<br/>2023<br/>2027<br/>2031<br/> |- | January | B | J | L | C |- | February | R | U | Y | K |- | March | A | M | S | D |- | April | G | P | T | E |- | May | C | B | J | L |- | June | K | R | U | Y |- | July | D | A | M | S |- | August | E | G | P | T |- | September | L | C | B | J |- | October | Y | K | R | U |- | November | S | D | A | M |- | December | T | E | G | P |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[https://www.fleet.ford.com/get-started/ Official Ford VIN Tool] - Ford's VIN decoder as well as VIN Guide PDFs. Ford now has a subscription based API for providing VIN information for their fleet customers. * [http://www.etis.ford.com/ Ford ETIS] - the Online Technical Information and Services website from Ford. Can be used to track recent VIN numbers (Vehicle Tab) *[https://vindecoder.eu/ford Vincario Ford VIN Decoder] - Ford VIN lookup service with global coverage {{BookCat}} gv93lxqs2m3p4gxzg0ycmpx0pycp6dr Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes 0 142015 4664465 4664258 2026-08-25T20:00:31Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade */ 4664465 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- --> {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ==VIN Format 2010-== Toyota has used the following VIN format since 2010 for North America: {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade]] |- |4 |K |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 2010-|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series|Series]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series & Drive Wheels|Series & Drive Wheels]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line & Make|Vehicle Line & Make]] |- |8 |A ||[[#Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style|Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Yaris ['10-'12], Corolla ['10-'19], Camry ['10-'19], Avalon ['10-'19], Mirai ['16-'20], Lexus HS ['10-'12], ES ['10-'19], IS ['10-'19],<br> GS ['10-'11, '13-'19], GS F ['16-'20], LS ['10-'19]) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus IS250 AWD '10-'15, IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 AWD '11-'19, GS350 AWD '10-'11, '13-'19, LS460 AWD '10-'17, LS500 AWD '18-'19, LS500h AWD '18-'19) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Scion tC '10) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD (Lexus LS460L AWD '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'16) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD (Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C/IS350C '10-'15) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD (Lexus LS460L '10-'17) |- |H |2DR Coupe 2WD (Lexus LFA '12, RC200t '16-'17, RC300 RWD '18-'19, RC350 '15-'19, RC F '15-'19, LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris 3-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Scion tC '11-'16, Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13) |- |K |5DR Liftback or Hatchback 2WD (Yaris 5-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Lexus CT200h '11-'17, Prius C '12-'19, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Corolla Hatchback '19) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD (Prius '10-'22, Scion xD '10-'14, C-HR '18-'22) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension (Matrix Base model & S 2wd '10-'11, Matrix L & S 2wd '12-'13, Canada: Matrix '14) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD (Prius AWD-e '19-'22) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD w/IRS (Matrix S 4wd '10-'13) |- |M |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS (Matrix XRS - US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) |- |S |2DR Coupe 4WD (Lexus RC300 AWD '16-'19, RC350 AWD '15-'19) |- |U |5DR Wagon 4WD (Lexus UX250h '19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus UX200 '19) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Prius V 2012-2017 & 2018 in Canada) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |4DR Sedan (Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25) |- |A |5DR Hatchback (GR Corolla '23-'26, Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24, Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26) |- |A |Wagon (Crown Signia '25-'26) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES '26-) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Camry '25-'26) |- |Y |Wagon (Lexus UX300h 2wd '25-'26) |- |U |Wagon (Lexus UX300h Awd '25-'26) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'19, NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19,<br> NX300h '15-'19) |- |C |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '16-'21) |- |D |5DR Wagon extended length 4WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19, RX450hL '18-'19) |- |G |5DR Wagon extended length 2WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'15, Lexus LX570 '10-'11, '13-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19, NX300h '15-'16) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Scion xB '10-'15, Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'16) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |5DR Wagon (Toyota Venza '21-'24, Sequoia '23-'26, bZ4X '23-'25, Grand Highlander '24-'26, Land Cruiser '24-'26, C-HR EV '26-, Subaru Solterra '23-'25, Uncharted '26-, Lexus RZ450e '23-'25, RZ300e '24-'25, TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26, TX550h+ '24-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Toyota bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Solterra '26-, Trailseeker '26-, Lexus RZ450e '26-, RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26-) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Canadian-built Lexus RX350 [2wd/Awd] '23-'26, RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Japanese-built Lexus RX350 [2wd] '23-'26, RX450h+ '24-'26) |- |V |5DR Wagon (4Runner '25-'26) |- |6 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Hybrid '26-) |- |7 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid '26-) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |J |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |J |Tacoma XtraCab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |K |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class E GVWR] |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2020- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |D |4DR Sedan (Corolla L '20-'22) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '20-'22, LE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |V |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Convenience Package '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Premium Package '20-'22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Corolla XLE '20-'22) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '23-'26, SE Nightshade '24, FX Edition '25, LE Hybrid '23-'26, XLE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Nightshade Hybrid '24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/man. trans. '20-'22, SE Apex Edition w/man. trans. '21-'22) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, SE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |P |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. & Premium Package '20-'26) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Corolla XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, XSE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/auto. trans. '20-'27, FX Edition '26) |- |A |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |C |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'27) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Camry L '20) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Camry LE '20-'24) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |R |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Camry XLE '20-'24) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Camry SE '20-'24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Camry TRD '20) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Camry XSE '20-'24, Camry TRD '21-'24) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE '20-'22, XLE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE [decontent package] '20-'22, XLE Hybrid [decontent package] '20-'22) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD '21) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD [decontent package] '21) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Avalon XSE '20, XSE Nightshade '21, XSE Hybrid '20-'21, XSE Nightshade Hybrid '22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Avalon TRD '20-'21) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited '20-'22, Limited Hybrid '20-'22) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22, Limited Hybrid w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD '21) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD w/Advanced Safety Package '21) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model], ES300h [base model] '20-'25, ES250 AWD [base model] '21-'24) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model w/Premium Package], ES300h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> ES250 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '21-'25, ES350, ES300h, ES250 AWD F Sport Design '23-'25) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport '20-'22, ES250 AWD F Sport '21-'22, ES300h F Sport '22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport Black Line Special Edition '21) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport w/Dynamic Handling package '22, ES350 F Sport Handling '23-'25) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Luxury, ES300h Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Luxury '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Ultra Luxury, ES300h Ultra Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '21) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '22-'25, ES300h F Sport Handling '23-25) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 AWD [base model] '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport '20) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 RWD [base model], GS350 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport Black Line '20) |- |A |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model] '20-25, RC350 [base model] '20-'25, RC F [base model] '20-'24) |- |D |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> RC350 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC F [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'24) |- |G |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD F Sport '20-'25, RC300 AWD F Sport '20-'25, RC350 F Sport '20-'25) |- |J |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F [base model w/Performance Package] '20, [base model w/Carbon Package] '21-'24) |- |Y |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Track Edition '20, RC F Fuji Speedway Edition '21-'22, RC F Track Edition '23-'24) |- |B |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Final Edition '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model] '20-'22, UX250h [base model] '20-'24) |- |P |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h Premium '23-'24) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 Luxury '20-'22, UX250h Luxury '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport '20-'22, UX250h F Sport '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX250h F Sport Design '23-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport Handling '23-'24) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sienna [base model V6] '11-'12, Sienna L '13-'20) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sequoia TRD Pro '20, Lexus GX460 [base model] '10-'19) |- |W |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |R |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |X |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '11-'20, SE Premium '15-'20) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '19-'20, SE Premium '19-'20) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20, Sienna CE, LE '10,<br> Sienna [base model I4] '11-'12, Sienna LE '11-'20) |- |N |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 SE '16-'18) |- |J |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, RAV4 SE '16-'18, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20,<br> Sienna LE '10-'20, Lexus GX460 Premium '10-'13, GX460 Luxury '14-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19,<br> Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19, Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |D |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19, Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19,<br> Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- | |'''Body Type & Grade''' |- |K |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE '21-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE '21-'26) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '23-'26, Sienna XSE 25th Anniversary Edition '23, Sienna XSE w/Premium Package '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE '21-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Sienna Limited '21-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sienna Platinum '21-'26) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross L '22-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE '22-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE w/Moonroof Package '22-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE w/Convenience Package '22-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross Hybrid S, SE, XSE '23-'26, Hybrid SE Nightshade '24-'25) |- |H |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd '19-'25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd '19-'25) |- |G |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |L |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |M |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |W |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 2wd '19-'25) |- |P |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 4wd '19-'25) |- |R |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |U |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Woodland Edition Hybrid 4wd '23-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 2wd '19-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 4wd '19-'25) |- |B |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium Hybrid 4wd '21-'25) |- |J |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Adventure 4wd '19-'24, RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '20) |- |S |5DR Wagon (RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |T |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [US- & Canadian-built] |- |1 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [Japanese-built] |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XSE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 2wd '19-'25) |- |N |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 4wd '19-'25) |- |D |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE 4wd '25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '25) |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE 4wd '25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Highlander L 2wd & Awd '20-'22) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE 2wd '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE Awd '20-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, Hybrid XLE '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE w/Navigation, Hybrid XLE w/Navigation '20-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Bronze Edition '22-'23) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited, Hybrid Limited 2wd '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited Awd '20-'22, Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'21) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid Platinum 2wd '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '20-'22) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE '21-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE w/Navigation & JBL Audio '21-'22) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander L, LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE 2wd & Awd '23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid LE Nightshade, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade 2wd & Awd '24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade, Hybrid Limited 25th Anniversary Edition Awd '25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum Awd, Hybrid XLE Awd '26) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE 2wd '23-'24) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE Awd '23-'24) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited 2wd '23-'24) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '23-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum 2wd '23-'24) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '23-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 2wd '21-'24) |- |M |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 4wd '21-'24) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |B |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '22) |- |T |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 2wd '22-'24) |- |S |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 4wd '22-'24) |- |F |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 2wd '21-'24) |- |N |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |U |5DR Wagon (4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition 4wd '23) |- |P |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |H |5DR Wagon (4Runner Venture Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |D |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 2wd '21-'24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 4wd '21-'24) |- |C |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |J |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |L |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Pro 4wd '21-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sequoia SR5 '21-'22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Sport '21-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Limited '21-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Nightshade Special Edition '21-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Platinum '21-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Pro '21-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model] '20-'21, NX300h [base model] '20-'21, NX250 [base model] '22-'25, NX350 [base model] '22-'26,<br> NX350h [base model] '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Comfort package] '20, NX300h [base model w/Comfort package] '20) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21, NX300h [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX300h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX250 Premium '22-'25, NX350 Premium '22-'26, NX350h Premium '22-'26) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 Luxury '20-'21, NX300h Luxury '20-'21, NX250 Luxury '22-'23, NX350 Luxury '22-'26, NX350h Luxury '22-'26, NX450h+ [base model] '22-'25, NX450h+ Premium '26-, NX450h+ Luxury '26-) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport '20-'21) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport w/Comfort package '20, NX300 F Sport w/Premium package '21, NX300h F Sport Black Line '21) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350 F Sport Handling '22-'26, NX450h+ F Sport Handling '22-'26, Canadian-built NX350h '26-) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350h [Japanese-built] '26-) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model] '20-'22, RX350L [base model] '20-'22, RX450h [base model] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model] '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22,<br> RX450h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450h [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport '20-'22, RX450h F Sport '20-'22) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX450h F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX350 F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22, RX450h F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model] '20-'23) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'23) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 Luxury '20-'23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '23) |- |V |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Luxury/Luxury+] '24-'25) [Class E GVWR] |- |T |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Premium/Premium+, Overtrail/Overtrail+] '24-'25) [Class F GVWR] |- |C |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model] '20-'21) |- |D |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |E |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model] '20-'21) |- |F |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |N |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 [2-row base model] '22-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Premium [3-row] '22-'26) |- |M |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 F Sport [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h F Sport [3-row] '25-'26) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Luxury [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h Luxury [3-row] '25-'26) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury [2-row] '22-'24) |- |W |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Overtrail [2/3-row] '25-'26) |- |U |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Ultra Luxury [2-row] '25-'26) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |R |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport Access Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |S |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |A |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('17-'23) |- |E |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |G |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |B |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |D |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd (Canada only: '16-'17) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('21-'23) |- |} LWB=Long Wheelbase {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |J |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |K |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |L |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |M |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |R |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |U |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |T |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |C |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |E |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |D |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |N |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'17) |- |P |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'17) |- |R |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '20-'21) |- |T |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |C |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |E |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra TRD Pro CrewMax LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '19-'21) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |G |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |A |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Grade=== {{center|'''Position 4 (2022- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |K |Tundra SR ('22-'26) |- |L |Tundra SR5 ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |J |Tundra Limited ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |1 |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) ('25-'26) |- |N |Tundra Platinum ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |M |Tundra 1794 Edition ('22-'26) |- |P |Tundra TRD Pro ('22-'26) |- |V |Tundra Capstone ('22-'26) |- |W |Tundra Limited w/Nightshade Package or TRD Off-Road Package, Platinum w/TRD Off-Road Package ('24-'26), SR5 w/TRD Rally Package ('25-'26) |- |Z |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) w/Nightshade Package ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type 2010-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Highlander ('10-'19), Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 8AR-FTS engine.<br> Lexus NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21), IS200t ('16-'17), IS300 RWD ('18-'19), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'23), GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine. Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius (Two Eco, Three, Three Touring, Four, Four Touring trim levels) ('16-'18), Prius 2wd ('19-'22),<br> Corolla Hybrid ('21-'22). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 2 Front motors: 1NM (MG2), 1SM (MG1).<br> Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('20-'24). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Avalon Hybrid ('21-'22), Lexus ES300h ('21-'25). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Venza Hybrid ('21-'24). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Toyota Tundra SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition ('22-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown XLE, Limited Hybrid ('23-'25), Crown Nightshade Hybrid ('25). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26), Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26), Lexus TX350 ('24-'26),<br> 4Runner ('25-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) +<br> 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('10-'11), Lexus HS250h ('10-'12). |- | B || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('10-'15). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius (Two trim level: '16-'18), (One trim level: '17-'18), Corolla Hybrid ('20). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('20-'26), Lexus RX350h Awd ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (205 hp).<br> Toyota Avalon Awd ('21). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) (detuned version - 348 or 358 hp). Toyota Tundra SR ('22-'26). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LX600 ('22-'26), GX550 ('24-'25). |- | B || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [Japanese-built] ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla [Japanese-built] ('26-). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus TX500h Awd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26), 4Runner i-Force Max 4wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (278 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR5, TRD PreRunner, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, & Limited w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h 2wd ('25-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h Awd ('10-'15), Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('11-'16). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('10-'11). |- | C || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tundra i-Force Max ('22-'26). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX500h Awd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus TX550h+ Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [326 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, & TRD Pro] ('24). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown Signia Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [Total system hp: 323 hp on Trailhunter or 326 hp on all others]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, & TRD Pro] ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h 2wd ('26-). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus CT200h ('11-'17). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('12-'17), Avalon Hybrid ('13-'18). |- | D || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 1LM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius C ('12-'19). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp).<br> Lexus NX250 ('22-'25). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine. Toyota Highlander ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Max Awd ('24-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (228 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | D || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LX700h ('25-'26). |- | D || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [UK-built] ('26-). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2wd ('26-). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla XRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12), Matrix S, XRS ('10-'13),<br> Scion tC ('10), Scion xB ('10-'15). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('10-'17), IS350C ('10-'15),<br> GS350 ('10-'11, '13-'15), RC350 ('15-'17). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (270 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR, TRD Sport, & TRD Off-Road w/man. trans. ('24-'26). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 2VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Fwd ('26-). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('10-'17), Scion tC ('11-'16), RAV4 ('10-'18). |- | F || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('10-'15), IS250C ('10-'15). |- | F || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('16). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Crown Platinum Hybrid Max Awd ('23-'25). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor) [323 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [Trailhunter] ('24). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus RX450h Awd ('16-'22), RX450hL Awd ('18-'22). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('17-'19). |- | G || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus NX350 ('22-'26). |- | G || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Awd ('26-). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 3ZR-FAE engine. Toyota C-HR ('18-'22). |- | H || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26). |- | J || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1NR-FE engine. Scion iQ ('12-'15). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus NX300h Awd ('15-'21), RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('16-'18). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('10-'18), Camry V6 ('10-'17), Highlander ('10-'16),<br> RAV4 ('10-'12), Sienna ('10-'16), Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), RX350 ('10-'15). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h Awd ('22-'26). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX450h+ Awd ('22-'26). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('10-'17), GS460 ('10-'11). |- | M || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12), Tundra ('10-'19), Lexus GX460 ('10-'23). |- | M || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine (detuned version - 255 hp).<br> Lexus IS300 AWD ('16-'17), RC300 AWD ('16-'17). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('10-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 5JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus SC430 ('10). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('10-'14), RC F ('15-'23), GS F ('16-'20), LC500 ('18-'19). |- | P || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine.<br> Toyota Corolla sedan LE Eco ('14-'19), Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22). |- | R || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Sienna Hybrid 2wd ('21-'26). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('13-'18). |- | S || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sienna Hybrid Awd ('21-'26). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Tacoma ('10-'15), Tundra ('10). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24), FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Tundra ('11-'14). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Toyota Corolla sedan [except XRS & LE Eco] ('10-'19),<br> Matrix [base model] ('10-'13 & in Canada '14), Scion xD ('10-'14). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('10). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'18), Tundra ('10-'19). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus ES300h ('13-'18), NX300h 2wd ('15-'16). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Hybrid [all] ('19-'20), RAV4 Hybrid LE, XLE ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid Woodland Edition ('23-'25). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('10-'23), 4Runner 2wd ('10). |- | X || 4.8L || 72° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Engine co-developed by Yamaha. Toyota 1LR-GUE engine. Lexus LFA ('12). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22), Tundra ('10-'21),<br> Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21), Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21). |- | Y || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles.<br> Toyota 8GR-FXS engine + 2NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LC500h ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19). |- | Z || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine.<br> Lexus GS350 ('16-'20), RX350 ('16-'22), RX350L ('18-'22), IS350 ('18-'19), RC350 ('18-'23), ES350 ('19-'25),<br> Toyota Tacoma ('16-'23), Highlander ('17-'22), Sienna ('17-'20), Camry ('18-'24), Avalon ('19-'22). |- | 1 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp or <br> 202 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (L, LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('18-'20),<br> Camry (LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('21-'24), RAV4 ('19-'25), Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25). |- | 2 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (SE, XLE trim levels) ('18-'19),<br> Avalon Hybrid ('19-'20), Lexus ES300h ('19-'20). |- | 3 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (LE trim level) ('18-'19),<br> Camry Hybrid [all models] ('20-'24). |- | 3 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus UX200 2wd ('19-'22). |- | 4 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'22), Corolla sedan ('23-'26). |- | 5 || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LS500 ('18-'19). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (206 hp or <br> 205 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (XSE trim level) ('18-'24). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid XLE Premium, XSE, Limited ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid SE ('22-'25). |- | 6 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h 2wd ('23-'24). |- | 8 || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine (detuned version - 260 hp). Lexus IS300 AWD ('18-'19), RC300 AWD ('18-'23). |- | 9 || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius AWD-e ('19-'22). |- | 9 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h Awd ('19-'24). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2010-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | L || 41.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || M7M5 motor made by Tesla. Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14). |- | V || 12 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2KM motor. Scion iQ EV ('13). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Toyota bZ4X FWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1XM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota C-HR EV AWD ('26-), Subaru Uncharted Sport, GT AWD ('26-). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1YM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Toyota bZ4X AWD ('23-'25), Subaru Solterra AWD ('23-'25). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Lexus RZ300e FWD ('24-'25). |- | B || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted Premium FWD [Canada: FWD LR] ('26-). |- | C || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted FWD (Canada only: '26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited FWD ('26-), Lexus ES350e ('26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('26-). |- | C || 77 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ550e AWD ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited AWD ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT AWD ('26-),<br> Lexus ES500e ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Lexus RZ350e FWD ('26-). |- | E || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear). Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited AWD ('26-). |- | F || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE FWD ('26-). |- | G || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ Woodland AWD ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker AWD ('26-). |} ====Motor Type for Fuel Cell Vehicles 2016-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | V || 1.6 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Hydrogen || Front || 4JM motor. Toyota Mirai ('16-'20). |- | A || 1.24 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Hydrogen || Rear || 3KM motor. Toyota Mirai ('21-'26). |} ===Restraint System=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description !Application |- |1 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus HS250h '10-'12, ES350 '10-'25,<br> ES250 AWD '21-'25, ES300h '13-'25,<br> ES350h '26-, ES350e '26-, ES500e '26-,<br> GS200t '16-'17, GS300 '18-'19,<br> GS350 '10-'11, '13-'20, GS460 '10-'11,<br> GS450h '10-'11, '13-'18, GS F '16-'20,<br> LS460 '10-'17 (Opt.), LS600hL '10-'12 (Opt.), LS600hL '13-'16, LS500 '18-'19, LS500h '18-'19,<br> RX350 '10-'15, RX450h '10-'15, IS250 '14-'15,<br> IS200t '16-'17, IS300 RWD '18-'19,<br> IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 '14-'19, Camry '12-'24, Avalon '13-'22 |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C, IS350C '10-'15 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '10-'12, Camry '10-'11, Prius '10-'15,<br> Prius V '12-'17 & '18 in Canada,<br> Scion tC '10,<br> Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada,<br> Highlander '10-'13, Sienna '11-'14 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag (Though not reflected in the VIN, a Front passenger seat cushion airbag is also standard.) |Sienna '15-'20 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 Prime '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '25 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for all rows |Corolla '10-'13,<br> Matrix '10-'13 & in Canada '14,<br> Yaris hatchback '10-'11, Yaris sedan '10-'12,<br> Scion xD '10-'12, Scion xB '10-'15,<br> Sienna '10, FJ Cruiser '10-'14,<br> Tacoma '10-'15 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for 1st 2 rows |RAV4 '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |4Runner '10-'26, Sequoia '10-'22,<br> Tundra '10-'26, Scion tC '11-'16,<br> Tacoma '16-'23, Tacoma Double Cab '24-'26,<br> Lexus LS460 '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'12, IS250/IS350 '10-'13, IS F '10-'14,<br> CT200h '11-'17, RC200t '16-'17,<br> RC300 RWD '18-'23, RC300 AWD '16-'23,<br> RC350 '15-'23, RC F '15-'23,<br> LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'21,<br> Lexus GX460 '10-'23, LX570 '10-'11, '13-'21, LX600 '22-'26, LX700h '25-'26 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Lexus LFA '12 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25, Camry '25-'26,<br> Crown Signia '25-'26, Sequoia '23-'26,<br> bZ4X '23-'25, bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-,<br> C-HR EV '26-,<br> Subaru Solterra '23-'26, Trailseeker '26-, Uncharted '26-,<br> Lexus RZ450e '23-'26, RZ300e '24-'25,<br> RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26- |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Venza '21-'24, Grand Highlander '24-'26,<br> Lexus TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26,<br> TX550h+ '24-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Corolla Cross '22-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury '22-'24,<br> LX700h Ultra Luxury '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla '23-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24,<br> Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Tacoma XtraCab '24-'26 |- |B |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla Morizo Edition '23, GRMN Corolla '26- |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus NX250 '22-'25, NX350 '22-'26,<br> NX350h '22-'26, NX450h+ '22-'26 |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus GX550 '24-'25 |- |F |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Land Cruiser '24-'26 |- |J |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus UX200 '19-'22, UX250h '19-'24,<br> UX300h '25-'26 |- |K |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350L '18-'22, RX450hL '18-'22,<br> Sienna '21-'26 |- |L |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LS500 '18-'19 (Opt.), LS500h '18-'19 (Opt.) |- |M |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350 '16-'26, RX450h '16-'22,<br> RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26,<br> RX450h+ '24-'26, C-HR '18-'22, Corolla '21-'27, Prius '21-'22, Prius Prime '21-'22 |- |P |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Scion xD '13-'14 |- |R |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 '13-'25, RAV4 Hybrid '16-'26,<br> RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '26-,<br> Corolla '14-'20, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Highlander '14-'26, Prius '16-'20,<br> Prius Prime '17-'20, Mirai '16-'20,<br> Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'21,<br> NX300h '15-'21 |- |T |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Prius C '12-'19 |- |U |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Yaris hatchback '12-'18 & '19 in Canada |- |X |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags, and Rear Window airbag |Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13 |- |} ===Series=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Lexus LC500 ('18-'19) URZ100L, LC500h ('18-'19) GWZ100L |- |B |Scion TC ('10) ANT10L |- |B |Scion XD ('10-'14) ZSP110L |- |B |Lexus HS250h ('10-'12) ANF10L |- |B |Lexus CT200h ('11-'17) ZWA10L |- |B |Lexus LFA ('12) LFA10L |- |B |Scion iQ ('12-'15) NGJ10L, Scion iQ EV ('13) KPJ10L |- |B |Toyota Prius C ('12-'19) NHP10L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('13-'15) GRL10L, GS350 4wd ('13-'15) GRL15L |- |B |Lexus GS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & GS300 2wd ('18-'19) ARL10L, GS350 2wd ('16-'19) GRL12L, GS350 4wd ('16-'19) GRL16L, GS F ('16-'20) URL10L |- |B |Lexus GS450h ('13-'18) GWL10L |- |B |Lexus RC350 2wd ('15-'19) GSC10L, RC350 4wd ('15-'19) GSC15L, RC F ('15-'23) USC10L |- |B |Lexus RC200t 2wd ('16-'17) & RC300 2wd ('18-'19) ASC10L, RC300 4wd ('16-'19) GSC16L |- |B |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) JPD10L |- |B |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) ZGX10L |- |B |Toyota Corolla hatchback ('19-'27) MZEA12L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25) GSZ10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES300h ('19-'20) AXZH10L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Lexus UX200 ('19-'22) MZAA10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('23-'24) MZAH10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('19-'24) MZAH15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus IS250 2wd ('10-'13) GSE20L, IS250 4wd ('10-'13) GSE25L, IS350 2wd ('10-'13) GSE21L, IS350 4wd ('11-'13) GSE26L, IS F ('10-'14) USE20L |- |C |Lexus IS250C ('10-'15) GSE20L, IS350C ('10-'15) GSE21L |- |C |Scion TC ('11-'16) AGT20L |- |D |Toyota Avalon ('10-'12) GSX30L |- |D |Toyota Prius ('10-'15) ZVW30L |- |D |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15) ZVW35L |- |D |Toyota Yaris hatchback: NCP131L ('12-'18 & '19 in Canada) |- |D |Lexus IS250 2wd ('14-'15) GSE30L, IS250 4wd ('14-'15) GSE35L |- |D |Lexus IS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & IS300 2wd ('18-'19) ASE30L, IS300 4wd ('16-'19) GSE37L |- |D |Lexus IS350 2wd ('14-'19) GSE31L, IS350 4wd ('14-'19) GSE36L |- |E |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13) ZRE142L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12) AZE141L |- |E |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13 & in Canada '14) ZRE142L,<br> Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('10-'13) AZE141L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('10-'13) AZE144L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) AZE146L |- |E |Toyota Camry ('10-'11) I4: ASV40L, V6: GSV40L, Hybrid: AHV40L |- |E |Lexus ES350 ('10-'12) GSV40L |- |E |Lexus LS460 2wd ('10-'17) USF40L, LS460L 2wd ('10-'17) USF41L, LS460 4wd ('10-'17) USF45L, LS460L 4wd ('10-'17) USF46L |- |E |Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16) UVF46L |- |E |Lexus SC430 ('10) UZZ40L |- |E |Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada) ZVW41L |- |E |Toyota Avalon ('13-'18) V6: GSX40L, Hybrid: AVX40L |- |F |Toyota Camry ('12-'17) I4: ASV50L, V6: GSV50L, Hybrid: AVV50L |- |F |Toyota Prius ('16-'18) ZVW50L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, 2wd), ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd) |- |F |Toyota Prius ('19-'22) ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd), ZVW55L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22) ZVW52L (Lithium-ion Battery, PHEV, 2wd) |- |F |Lexus LS500 2wd ('18-'19) VXFA50L, LS500 4wd ('18-'19) VXFA55L |- |F |Lexus LS500h 2wd ('18-'19) GVF50L, LS500h 4wd ('18-'19) GVF55L |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'22) V6: GSX50L (2wd) |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'20) Hybrid: AXXH50L (2wd) (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('13-'18) GSV60L |- |G |Lexus ES300h ('13-'18) AVV60L |- |H |Toyota Corolla sedan ('14-'19) ZRE172L |- |H |Toyota Camry ('18-'19) I4: AXVA70L, V6: GSV70L, Hybrid: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery), AXVH71L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |J |Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18) ZRE186L |- |K |Toyota Yaris - Hatchback: NCP91L ('10-'11), 4-d sedan: NCP93L ('10-'12) |- |K |Lexus GS350 2wd ('10-'11) GRS191L, GS350 4wd ('10-'11) GRS196L |- |K |Lexus GS460 ('10-'11) URS190L |- |K |Lexus GS450h ('10-'11) GWS191L |- |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ200L |- |A |Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ201L. In '20-'21, also denotes 4wd. |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |B |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('10-'14) GSJ10L (2wd), GSJ15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV10L (2wd), GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('16 [Canada only]) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX350 ('10-'15) GGL10L (2wd), GGL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX450h ('10-'15) GYL10L (2wd), GYL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX200t ('15-'17) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('18-'19) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300h - 2wd: AYZ10L ('15-'16), 4wd: AYZ15L ('15-'19) |- |B |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('16-'23) GRN310L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Sienna ('10) 2wd: GSL20L, 4wd: GSL25L |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) TRN220L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma X-Runner Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13 & '14 in Canada & '14-'15 in HI) GRN225L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Lexus RX350 ('16-'19) GGL20L (2wd), GGL25L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX350L ('18-'19) GGL21L (2wd), GGL26L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX450h - 2wd: GYL20L ('16), 4wd: GYL25L ('16-'19) |- |C |Lexus RX450hL 4wd: GYL26L ('18-'19) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada) I4: ASL30L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'20) V6: GSL30L (2wd), GSL35L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 ('10-'12) I4: ASA38L (2wd), ASA33L (4wd), V6: GSA38L (2wd), GSA33L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14) QEA38L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN330L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('10) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('11-'13) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) TRN240L (I4) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) TRN245L (I4), GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 ('13-'18) I4: ASA42L (2wd), ASA44L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'18) AVA44L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) TRN245L (I4) |- |F |Scion XB ('10-'15) AZE151L |- |F |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('10-'15) GRN250L (V6) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('10-'13) GSK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('14) GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('10) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('11-'13) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('14-'19) UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('10) USK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('11-'17) USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('18-'21) USK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('10) UPK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('11-'19) UPK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('10-'13) USK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('14-'17) USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('18-'21) USK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Lexus GX460 ('10-'19) URJ150L |- |F |Toyota Highlander ('14-'19) I4: ASU50L (2wd), V6: GSU50L (2wd), GSU55L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU58L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 ('19-'25) I4: AXAA52L (2wd), AXAA54L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: ('19-'25) AXAH54L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd), ('21-'25) AXAL54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24) & RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25) AXAP54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12) 4.6L V8: UPK60L (2wd), UPK65L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('13-'20) 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('10) TRN260L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) TRN265L (I4), GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |H |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN270L (V6) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10) I4: TRN280L (2wd) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24) V6: GRN280L (2wd), GRN285L (4wd) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Series & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22) w/1.8L 2ZR-FAE engine: ZRE212L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 2wd: AXVA70L, V6 2wd: GSV70L, Hybrid 2wd: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Avalon ('21-'22) Hybrid: AXXH51L (2wd) (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) JPD20L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (Japan-built) |- |A |Toyota Crown ('23-'25) 2.5L Hybrid Awd: AZSH35L, 2.4L Turbo Hybrid Max Awd: TZSH35L |- |A |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Crown Signia ('25-'26) AZSH38L, Awd |- |A |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH11L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH21L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350e ('26-) XXZM21L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('20) ZWE211L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 Awd: AXVA75L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('20) GRL12L |- |B |Lexus RC300 2wd ('20-'23) ASC10L, RC350 2wd ('20-'23) GSC10L |- |B |Toyota Avalon ('21) I4 AWD: AXXA55L |- |B |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH65L, Awd |- |C |Toyota Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'26), FX Edition ('25) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA12L, 2wd |- |C |Lexus GS350 4wd ('20) GRL16L |- |C |Lexus ES300h ('21-'25) AXZH11L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |C |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24) & Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) MXWH61L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXVH80L |- |D |Lexus RC350 Awd ('20-'23) GSC15L |- |D |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('21-'22) ZWE213L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |D |Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25) AXZA15L, Awd |- |D |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (US-built) |- |D |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXVH85L |- |D |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH16L, Awd |- |D |Toyota GR Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (UK-built) |- |D |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH26L, Awd |- |D |Lexus ES500e ('26-) XXZM26L, Awd |- |E |Lexus RC300 Awd ('20-'23) GSC16L |- |E |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (Japan-built) |- |F |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE219L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |H |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE215L, Awd (Lithium-ion Battery) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 2wd: GSU70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('23-'25) I4 Turbo 2wd: TXUA70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'24) Hybrid 2wd: AXUH70L |- |A |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL20L (2wd) |- |A |Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) AXUH85L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH80L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |A |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA20L (2wd), NX350h ('26-) AAZH20L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) XEAM10L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus RZ450e ('23-'25) XEBM15L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TASA10L, Hybrid 2wd: AASH10L |- |A |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TJH250L |- |A |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TZNA50L |- |A |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL64L, Awd; RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-) AXAP64L, Awd |- |A |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-), Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 4wd: GSU75L |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('23-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TXUA75L |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus GX460 ('20-'23) URJ150L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK65L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH85L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26) MXGH15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA71L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH71L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |B |Toyota bZ4X (Early '23), Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |B |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e ('24-'25) XEBM10L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo Awd: TASA15L, Hybrid Awd: AASH15L, Hybrid Max Awd: TASH15L |- |B |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA15L (Awd), TX500h ('24-'26) TAUH15L (Awd) |- |B |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TZNA55L, i-Force MAX Hybrid 4wd: TZNH55L |- |B |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL62L, 2wd |- |B |Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM10L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Highlander ('20-'26) Hybrid 4wd: AXUH78L |- |C |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA72L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |C |Lexus LX600 ('22-'26) VJA310L (4wd), LX700h ('25-'26) VJH310L (4wd) |- |C |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA15L (Awd), RX350h ('23-'26) AALH15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus TX550h+ ('24-'26) GYU15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus RZ450e ('26-), RZ550e ('26-) XEBM25L, Awd |- |D |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ15L (Awd), NX300h ('20-'21) AYZ15L (Awd) |- |D |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL25L (Awd), RX450h ('20-'22) GYL25L (Awd) |- |D |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |D |Lexus GX550 ('24-'25) VJA252L, 4wd |- |D |Lexus RZ350e ('26-) XEBM20L, 2wd |- |E |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL21L (2wd) |- |E |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXLH40L |- |E |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA76L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH76L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |E |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA25L (Awd), NX350 ('22-'26) TAZA25L (Awd), NX350h ('22-'26) AAZH25L (Awd) |- |E |Lexus RX500h ('23-'26) TALH17L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota bZ ('26-) XEAM11L, 2wd |- |F |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL26L (Awd), RX450hL ('20-'22) GYL26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXLH45L |- |F |Lexus NX450h+ ('22-'26) AAZH26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5, TRD PreRunner XtraCab 2wd, SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab 2wd: TZNA40L (278 hp) |- |F |Toyota bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT ('26-) XEAM15L, Awd |- |G |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA77L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |G |Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26) AALH16L (Awd) |- |G |Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited ('26-) XEAM18L, Awd |- |H |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 2wd, SR Double Cab 2wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA41L (228 hp) |- |H |Toyota bZ Woodland ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker ('26-) XEAM17L, Awd |- |J |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5 XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/man. trans., SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited Double Cab 4wd: TZNA45L (278 hp w/auto. trans., 270 hp w/man. trans.) |- |K |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA46L (228 hp) |- |L |Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max Hybrid ('24-'26) TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, TRD Pro Double Cab 4wd: TZNH47L (326 total system hp [all except Trailhunter], 323 total system hp on Trailhunter) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Vehicle Line & Make=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Scion iQ, Toyota Scion iQ EV ('13) |- |1 |Toyota Tundra ('10-'21) |- |1 |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22) |- |1 |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25), ES250 AWD ('21-'25), ES300h ('19-'25) |- |1 |Lexus ES350h ('26-), ES350e ('26-), ES550e ('26-) |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS200t, IS300 RWD, IS300 AWD, IS350, IS F, IS250C, IS350C |- |3 |Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12) |- |3 |Toyota Prius C |- |4 |Toyota Scion xD |- |5 |Toyota Grand Highlander, Grand Highlander Hybrid |- |6 |Lexus TX350, TX500h, TX550h+ |- |7 |Toyota Scion tC |- |A |Lexus HS250h |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350L, RX450h, RX450hL |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350h, RX500h, RX450h+ |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X, Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) |- |B |Toyota Avalon, Avalon Hybrid |- |B |Toyota bZ |- |B |Toyota bZ Woodland |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e, RZ350e, RZ450e, RZ550e |- |C |Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid |- |C |Lexus RC200t, RC300 RWD, RC300 AWD, RC350, RC F |- |C |Subaru Solterra ('26-) |- |C |Subaru Trailseeker |- |D |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) |- |D |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-) |- |E |Toyota Corolla, GR Corolla, GRMN Corolla |- |E |Toyota Scion iM, Corolla iM |- |E |Toyota Matrix |- |E |Toyota Scion xB |- |E |Subaru Uncharted |- |F |Toyota FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |F |Lexus LS500, LS500h |- |F |Toyota Crown |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), ES300h ('13-'18) |- |G |Toyota Corolla Cross, Corolla Cross Hybrid |- |H |Toyota Highlander, Highlander Hybrid |- |H |Lexus CT200h |- |H |Lexus LFA |- |H |Lexus UX200, UX250h, UX300h |- |H |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Full-size: '10-'11, '13-'21) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Mid-size: '24-'26) |- |J |Toyota Crown Signia |- |K |Toyota Camry, Camry Hybrid |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS450h ('13-'15) |- |L |Lexus GS200t, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('16-'17) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('18) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS F ('19) |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS F ('20) |- |N |Toyota Tacoma |- |P |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15), Prius Prime ('17-'22) |- |R |Toyota 4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS350, GS460, GS450h ('10-'11) |- |U |Toyota Prius, Prius V |- |U |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |- |V |Toyota RAV4, RAV4 Hybrid, RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26), RAV4 EV |- |X |Lexus GX460, GX550 |- |X |Lexus LX570, LX600, LX700h |- |X |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Y |Lexus LC500, LC500h |- |Z |Lexus NX200t, NX300, NX300h |- |Z |Lexus NX250, NX350, NX350h, NX450h+ |} ===Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2022- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |B |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 5.5 ft. Bed |- |C |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |D |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 8.1 ft. Bed |} ==VIN Format 1996-2009== Toyota has used the following VIN format from 1996-2009 for North America and since 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |5 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |D |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |H |MPV: [[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |Truck: [[#Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System|Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |8 |C ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |S |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo) |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Avalon, '01-'03 Prius, Lexus ES, IS, GS, LS) |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD ('96-'97 Paseo, '96-'98 Celica, '96 Camry coupe, '99-'08 Camry Solara, '96-'00 Lexus SC300/SC400) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus GS300 AWD '06, GS350 AWD '07-'09, LS460 AWD '09) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD ('96-'05 Celica, '96-'98 Supra, '05-'09 Scion tC) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD ('09 Lexus LS460L AWD, '08-'09 LS600hL) |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD ('96 Corolla wagon, '96 Camry wagon, '02-'05 Lexus IS300 SportCross) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD ('97 Paseo conv., '96-'99 Celica conv., '00-'08 Camry Solara conv., '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '02-'09 Lexus SC430) |- |G |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS ('09 Matrix XRS) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD ('07-'09 Lexus LS460L) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD ('07-'09 Yaris 3-door) |- |K |4DR Hatchback or 5DR Liftback 2WD ('04-'09 Prius, '09 Yaris 5-door) / 5DR Sedan 2WD ('03-'08 Matrix 2wd, Scion xA, xD) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension ('09 Matrix Base model & S 2wd) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD ('03-'06, '09 Matrix 4wd) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 Lexus GX470) |- |D |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'97 Previa, '98-'00 Sienna, '96-'05 RAV4, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '01-'07 Highlander,<br> '96-'02 4Runner) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'97 Previa All-Trac, '96-'05 RAV4, '01-'07 Highlander, '96-'02 4Runner, '96-'09 Land Cruiser, '99-'03 Lexus RX300,<br> '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '96-'97 Lexus LX450, '98-'07 LX470, '08-'09 LX570) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'06, '08-'09 Scion xB) |- |X |2DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Y |2DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD ('98-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia) |- |} ===Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {{center|'''All have hydraulic brakes.'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |Tundra Access Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |D |Tundra Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |E |Tundra Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |G |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |H |Tacoma Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |J |T100 Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98), Tundra Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |R |Tundra Access Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |S |Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('98-'04) |- |T |T100 XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |U |T100 XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |V |Tacoma XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |W |Tacoma XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |L |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |M |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |R |Tundra Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |B |Tundra Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |S |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |C |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |E |Tundra CrewMax LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |D |Tundra CrewMax LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Engine Type 1996-2009=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('96-'97). |- | A || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330 ('04-'06),<br> Camry Solara ('04-'08). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla, Celica ST ('96-'97). |- | B || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 3CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('04-'09). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('07-'09). |- | C || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada), Paseo ('96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('07-'09). |- | D || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 2JZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Supra ('96-'98), Lexus GS300 ('96-'05), SC300 ('96-'00), IS300 ('01-'05). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('01-'07), RAV4 ('04-'08). |- | E || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('96-'98). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('02-'09), Camry Solara ('02-'08), Scion tC ('05-'09),<br> Scion xB ('08-'09), Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS ('09). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('06-'09), GS350 ('07-'09). |- | E || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine. Toyota Venza, Highlander ('09). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('96-'03), Avalon ('96-'99), Sienna ('98-'00),<br> Lexus ES300 ('96-'98), Camry Solara ('99-'03). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry LE V6, XLE V6 ('04-'06), Avalon ('00-'04),<br> Highlander ('01-'03), Sienna ('01-'03), Lexus ES300 ('99-'03), RX300 ('99-'03). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('09). |- | G || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT ('96-'99), Camry ('96-'01), Camry Solara ('99-'01). |- | H || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400, SC400 ('96-'00), GS400 ('98-'00). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1AZ-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03). |- | H || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3GR-FSE engine. Lexus GS300 ('06). |- | J || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX450 ('96-'97). |- | J || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Lexus ES350 ('07-'09). |- | K || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('96-'97). |- | K || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 2CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('01-'03). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('05-'09), RAV4 ('06-'09), Camry V6, Sienna,<br> Lexus RX350 ('07-'09), Venza ('09). |- | K || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('06-'09). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('96-'04). |- | L || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus GS430 ('01-'05). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('07-'09), GS460 ('08-'09). |- | L || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Japanese-built Toyota Corolla ('09). |- | M || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'00), T100 ('96-'98). |- | N || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'02), T100 ('96-'98), Tundra ('00-'04). |- | N || 2.2L || I4 || CNG || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FNE engine. Toyota Camry ('00-'01). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS430 ('01-'06), SC430 ('02-'09), GS430 ('06-'07). |- | P || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('96-'00). |- | P || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('04-'07). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('08-'09). |- | R || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('00 & later). Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('98-'08), Celica GT, MR2 Spyder ('00-'05),<br> Matrix ('03-'08). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('08-'09). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'05), Toyota Tundra ('00-'04),<br> Sequoia ('01-'04), 4Runner, Lexus GX470 ('03-'04). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('06-'07), Toyota 4Runner, Sequoia, Tundra, Lexus GX470 ('05-'09). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Echo ('00-'05), Yaris ('07-'09), Scion xA, xB ('04-'06). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09), Tacoma, Tundra ('05-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Scion xD ('08-'09), US- & Canadian-built Toyota Corolla ('09),<br> Matrix ('09). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09). |- | V || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Tundra ('07-'09). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid ('06-'09), Lexus RX400h ('06-'08). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Tundra ('09). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('05-'09). |- | Y || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVTL-i. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('00-'05), Matrix XRS ('03-'06), Corolla XRS ('05-'06). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Lexus LX570 ('08-'09). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence, VVTL-i= Variable Valve Timing and Lift w/Intelligence, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 1996-2009==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 27.4 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Electricity || Front || 1BM motor. Toyota RAV4 EV ('98-'03). |} ===Series 1996-2009=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('96-'97): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door ('96-'97) or wagon ('96) w/1.8L engine: AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('96-'97): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('96-'99): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry ('96) I4: SXV'''1'''0L, V6: MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 ('96) MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('96-'99) MCX'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Corolla ('98-'02) ZZE1'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Echo ('00-'05) NCP'''1'''2L |- |1 |Toyota Prius ('01-'03) NHW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) JCE'''1'''0L |- |1 |Scion TC ('05-'09) ANT1'''0'''L |- |1 |Scion XD ('08-'09) ZSP1'''1'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('96-'00) UCF'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Camry ('97-'01) I4: SXV'''2'''0L, V6: MCV'''2'''0L, CNG I4 ('00-'01): SXV'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Camry Solara - 2.2L I4 ('99-'01): SXV'''2'''0L, 2.4L I4 ('02-'03): ACV'''2'''0L, V6 ('99-'03): MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus ES300 ('97-'01) MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Avalon ('00-'04) MCX'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Prius ('04-'09) NHW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus IS250 2wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''0L, IS250 4wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''5L, IS350 ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''1L, IS F ('08-'09) USE'''2'''0L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('96-'00) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('96-'00) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Celica - GT w/1ZZ-FE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''0L, GT-S w/2ZZ-GE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) ZZW'''3'''0L |- |3 |Lexus LS430 ('01-'06) UCF'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Camry ('02-'06) I4: ACV'''3'''0L, 3.0L V6: MCV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 SE V6): MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Camry Solara ('04-'08) I4 : ACV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6: MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus ES300 ('02-'03) MCV'''3'''0L, ES330 ('04-'06) MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Corolla w/1ZZ-FE engine ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''0L, Corolla XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('05-'06) ZZE1'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 2wd ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''2L, Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 4wd ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''3L |- |3 |Toyota Avalon ('05-'09) GSX'''3'''0L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('96-'97) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |4 |Lexus SC430 ('02-'09) UZZ'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Camry ('07-'09) I4: ACV'''4'''0L, V6: GSV'''4'''0L, Hybrid: AHV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus ES350 ('07-'09) GSV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''0L, LS460L 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''1L |- |4 |Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09) UVF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''5L, LS460L 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''6L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel (US: '96-'98, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''3L |- |5 |Toyota Paseo (US: '96-'97, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''4L |- |6 |Lexus GS300 ('98-'05) JZS1'''6'''0L, GS400 ('98-'00) UZS1'''6'''0L, GS430 ('01-'05) UZS1'''6'''1L |- |6 |Scion XA ('04-'06) NCP'''6'''1L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('96-'98) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Yaris ('07-'09) Hatchback: NCP'''9'''1L, 4-d sedan: NCP'''9'''3L |- |9 |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''0L, GS300 4wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''5L |- |9 |Lexus GS350 2wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''1L, GS350 4wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''6L |- |9 |Lexus GS430 ('06-'07) UZS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS460 ('08-'09) URS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS450h ('07-'09) GWS1'''9'''1L |- |} CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('98-'07), Lexus LX470 ('98-'07) UZJ1'''0'''0L |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''0L |- |0 |Lexus LX570 ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('96-'97) TCR'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 2wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''5L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''6L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 4wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''0L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 EV 2wd ('98-'03) 4-door: BEA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Sienna ('98-'03) MCL'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03) MCU'''1'''0L (2wd), MCU'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09) V6: GRN2'''1'''0L (2wd), GRN2'''1'''5L (4wd), V8: UZN2'''1'''0L (2wd), UZN2'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('07-'09) GSJ'''1'''0L (2wd), GSJ'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota Venza 2wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''0L, V6: GGV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Venza 4wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''5L, V6: GGV'''1'''5L |- |1 |Toyota T100 I4 2wd ('96-'98) RCK'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota T100 V6 2wd ('96-'98) VCK'''1'''1L |- |2 |Toyota T100 V6 4wd ('96-'98) VCK'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('96-'97) TCR'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03) ACA'''2'''6L (2wd), ACA'''2'''1L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('04-'05) ACA'''2'''8L (2wd), ACA'''2'''3L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('04-'06) 2wd: MCL'''2'''0L, 4wd: MCL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('07-'09) 2wd: GSL'''2'''0L, 4wd: GSL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 2wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''0L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''0L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''3L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 4wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''5L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''5L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''8L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''8L |- |2 |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) UZJ1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''0L (I4) |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''5L (I4), GRN2'''2'''5L (V6) |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 2wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''3'''0L, '05-'06 4.0L V6: GSK'''3'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 2wd ('04-'06) UCK'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Sequoia ('01-'07) UCK'''3'''5L (2wd), UCK'''4'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Scion XB ('04-'06) NCP'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus RX330 ('04-'06) MCU'''3'''3L (2wd), MCU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX350 ('07-'09) GSU'''3'''0L (2wd), GSU'''3'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX400h ('06-'08) MHU'''3'''3L (2wd), MHU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('06-'08) I4: ACA'''3'''8L (2wd), ACA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('09) I4: ASA'''3'''8L (2wd), ASA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''5L (I4), GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 4wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''4'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 4wd ('04-'06) UCK'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('08) 2wd: GSU'''4'''0L, 4wd: GSU'''4'''5L, Hybrid 4wd: MHU'''4'''8L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('09) I4: ASU'''4'''0L (2wd), V6: GSU'''4'''0L (2wd), GSU'''4'''5L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU'''4'''8L (4wd) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''5'''0L (2.4L I4), VZN1'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('07-'09) GSK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Scion XB ('08-'09) AZE1'''5'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''6'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''0L (I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''5L (I4), GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Sequoia ('08-'09) 4.7L V8: UCK'''6'''0L (2wd), UCK'''6'''5L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK'''6'''0L (2wd), USK'''6'''5L (4wd) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''7'''1L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab 4wd ('01-'04) VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''7'''0L (V6) |- |8 |Toyota 4Runner - '96-'00 I4: RZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), RZN1'''8'''5L (4wd), '96-'02 V6: VZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), VZN1'''8'''5L (4wd) |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('96-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab [2wd] ('99-'04) RZN1'''9'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab [2wd] ('98-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab [2wd] ('01-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America)<br> Note: Toyota/Lexus VINs before 2010 do not reflect if the vehicle has rear-seat side airbags. Some Lexus ES, GS, & LS models are so equipped. !Code !Description !Application |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags |Tercel '96-'98, Corolla '96-'08, Camry '96-'06, Avalon '96-'97, Paseo '96-'97, Celica '96-'05,<br> Supra '96-'98, Camry Solara '99-'03, Echo '00-'05, MR2 Spyder '00-'05, Prius '01-'06,<br> Matrix '03-'08, Yaris '07-'08, Scion xA '04-'06, Lexus ES300 '96-'97, GS300 '96-'97, LS400 '96,<br> SC300/SC400 '96-'00 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '07-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '05-'09, Camry '07-'09, Scion tC '05-'07 (Opt.), Scion tC '08-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus LS430 '04-'06, LS460 '07-'09, LS600hL '08-'09, GS300 '06, GS350 '07-'09,<br> GS430 '06-'07, GS460 '08-'09, GS450h '07-'09, IS250/IS350 '06-'09, IS F '08-'09,<br> ES350 '07-'09 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Scion tC '05-'07 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Side Airbags |Corolla '98-'04 (Opt.), Camry '98-'01 (Opt.), Avalon '98-'04, Camry Solara '99-'03 (Opt.),<br> Camry Solara coupe '04-'06, Camry Solara convertible '04-'08, Celica '00-'05 (Opt.),<br> Echo '01-'05 (Opt.), Prius '01-'03 (Opt.), Matrix '03-'04 (Opt.), Lexus LS400 '97-'00,<br> ES300 '98-'01, GS300/GS400 '98-'00, IS300 '01, SC430 '02-'06 |- |9 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front-seat Side Curtain Airbags |Lexus GS300/GS430 '01-'05, IS300 '02-'05 |- |0 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Camry '02-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '04-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '07-'08,<br> Prius '04-'06 (Opt.), Prius '07-'09, Corolla '05-'08 (Opt.), Corolla '09, Matrix '05-'08 (Opt.), Matrix '09, Yaris '07-'08 (Opt.), Yaris '09, Scion xA '04-'06 (Opt.), Scion xD '08-'09, Lexus LS430 '01-'03, ES300 '02-'03, ES330 '04-'06 |- |} ===Grade=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |RAV4 ('96-'05), Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), GX470 ('03-'09), LX470 ('98-'07), LX570 ('08-'09), Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |1 |T100 [Base model] ('96-'98), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander/Highlander Hybrid [Base model] ('08-'09), RAV4 Limited 2-row ('06-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09), Venza ('09), Lexus RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09), RX400h ('06-'08) |- |2 |Previa DX ('96-'97), Tacoma [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('98-'00), Tacoma ('01-'09), T100 DX ('96-'98), Tundra [Base model] ('00-'09),<br> Sienna XLE ('04-'09), Sienna XLE Limited ('04-'05), Sienna Limited ('06-'09), Scion xB w/auto. trans. ('04-'06), RAV4 Sport 2-row ('06-'09),<br> Highlander Limited ('08-'09) |- |3 |Previa LE ('96-'97), Sienna LE, XLE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [US market] ('04-'09), Sienna LE ('04-'09), Scion xB w/man. trans. ('04-'06),<br> RAV4 [Base model, 2-row] ('06-'09), Highlander Sport ('08-'09) |- |4 |4Runner [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('96-'97), Tacoma Limited ('98-'00), T100 SR5 ('96-'98), Tundra SR5 ('00-'09), Sequoia SR5 ('01-'09),<br> 4Runner SR5, Sport ('03-'09), RAV4 Limited 3-row ('06-'09), Highlander Hybrid Limited ('08-'09) |- |5 |Land Cruiser ('96-'09), RAV4 [Base model, 3-row] ('06-'09) |- |6 |4Runner SR5 ('96-'02) |- |7 |4Runner Limited ('96-'09), Sequoia Platinum ('08-'09) |- |8 |Lexus LX450 ('96-'97), Tundra Limited ('00-'09), Sequoia Limited ('01-'09) |- |9 |Sienna CE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [Canadian market] ('04-'09) |} ===Vehicle Line=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra |- |2 |Lexus IS300 |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS350, IS F |- |3 |Echo / Yaris |- |4 |Scion xA / Scion xD |- |4 |Scion xB ('04-'06) |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Supra |- |A |Highlander |- |A |Sequoia |- |A |Venza |- |B |Avalon |- |C |Sienna |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix |- |E |Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS400 |- |F |Lexus LS430 |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |G |Lexus ES300, ES330, ES350 |- |H |Paseo |- |J |Land Cruiser |- |J |Lexus LX450 |- |K |Camry |- |L |Tercel |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS300, GS350 |- |S |Lexus GS430, GS460 |- |S |Lexus GS450h |- |T |Celica |- |U |Prius |- |U |Lexus RX300 |- |U |Lexus RX330, RX350, RX400h |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |Lexus LX470, LX570 |- |X |Lexus GS400 |- |X |Lexus GX470 |- |Y |RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |Y |Lexus SC400 |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Z |Lexus SC300 |- |} ==VIN Format 1981-1995== For vehicles prior to model year 1996 for North America and 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |V |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |N |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |1 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |3 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |G ||[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System]] |- |9 |3 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |R |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |5 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |6 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |2 |- |14 |2 |- |15 |2 |- |16 |1 |- |17 |7 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |3 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |J |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |4 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |V ||[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |D |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Drivetrain Type|Drivetrain Type]] |- |7 |2 |[[#Cab Type & Chassis|Cab Type & Chassis]] |- |8 |P ||[[#Series (Grade) & Brake System|Series (Grade) & Brake System]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} ===Engine Type 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3A-C engine. Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82), Tercel ('83-'86), Tercel wagon ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('83), Corolla Sport DX, SR5 ('84-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GELC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 ('85-'89), Corolla FX-16 ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GEC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GZE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89) |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla GT-S ('88-'91). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-F engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'89). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'95), Celica ST ('90-'93). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FE engine. Toyota Previa ('91-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('94-'95). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'85). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('84-'85). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('86). |- | D || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('93-'95). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || 1-bbl carb. Toyota 3E engine. Toyota Tercel ('87-'90). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3E-E engine. Toyota Tercel ('90-'94). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('95), Paseo ('92-'95). |- | F || 4.2L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || 2-bbl. Carb. Toyota 2F engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('81-'87). |- | F || 4.0L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3F-E engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('88-'92). |- | G || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('94-'95), Avalon ('95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2JZ-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('93-'95), Lexus SC300 ('92-'95), GS300 ('93-'95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('93-'95). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4K-C engine. Toyota Starlet ('81-'82). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4K-E engine. Toyota Starlet ('83-'84). |- | L || 2.2L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota L engine. Toyota Pickup ('81-'83). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L engine. Toyota Pickup ('84-'85). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L-T engine. Toyota Pickup ('85). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-E engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('81), Cressida ('81-'82). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-GE engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86), Cressida ('83-'88). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92), Cressida ('89-'92). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('87-'92). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 22R engine. Toyota Celica, Corona ('81-'82), Pickup ('81-'90), 4Runner ('84). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-E (EC for CA emissions version) engine.<br> Toyota Celica ('83-'85), Pickup ('84-'95), 4Runner ('85-'95). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-TE (TEC for CA emissions version) engine. Toyota Pickup ('85-'88), 4Runner ('86-'87). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 2S-ELC engine. Toyota Camry ('83-'86), Celica ST/GT ('86). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GELC engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('86-'89). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota Celica ST/GT ('87-'89), Camry ('87-'91). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GTE engine.<br> Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93), MR2 Turbo ('91-'95). |- | S || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT/GT-S ('90-'93), Celica GT ('94-'95), MR2 ('91-'95), Camry ('92-'95). |- | T || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3T-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('81-'82). |- | U || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400 ('90-'95), SC400 ('92-'95). |- | U || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('95). |- | U || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('94-'95). |- | V || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('88-'91), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-E engine. Toyota 4Runner, Pickup ('88-'95), T100 ('93-'94). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('92-'93). |- | V || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('95). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 3Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('84-'85). |- | Y || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('86-'89). |} ===Vehicle Line 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Celica rwd ('81-'85) |- |A |Celica Supra ('81-'86) |- |A |Supra ('86 1/2-'95) |- |B |Avalon ('95) |- |C |Previa ('91-'95) |- |D |T100 ('93-'95) |- |E |Corolla ('81-'95) |- |F |Lexus LS400 ('90-'95) |- |J |Land Cruiser ('81-'95) |- |K |Camry ('92-'95) |- |K |Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |L |Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) |- |L |Tercel ('83-'95) |- |L |Paseo ('92-'95) |- |N |Pickup (compact pickup & chassis cab '81-'95) |- |N |Tacoma ('95 1/2) |- |N |4Runner ('84-'95) |- |P |Starlet ('81-'84) |- |R |Van ('84-'89) |- |S |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |T |Corona ('81-'82) |- |T |Celica fwd or awd ('86-'95) |- |V |Camry ('83-'91) |- |V |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |- |W |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95) |- |X |Cressida ('81-'92) |- |Z |Lexus SC300, SC400 ('92-'95) |- |} ===Model Designation=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door or wagon w/1.8L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('94-'95): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('94-'95): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - Gas I4 ('83-'86): SV'''1'''1L, 1.8L Turbodiesel I4 [1C-TLC] ('84-'85): CV'''1'''0L, 2.0L Turbodiesel I4 [2C-TLC] ('86): CV'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota MR2 ('85-'89) AW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus LS400 ('90-'94) UCF'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - I4 ('92-'95): SXV'''1'''0L, V6 w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, V6 w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 - w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('95) MCX'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) AL12L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |2 |Toyota Camry sedan - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1L, I4 All-Trac 4WD ('88-'91): SV'''2'''5L, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Camry wagon - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1LG, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1LG |- |2 |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota MR2 ('91-'95) Base model w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: SW'''2'''1L, Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: SW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('95) UCF'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Corona ('81-'82) RT1'''3'''5L |- |3 |Toyota Tercel hatchback ('83-'86) AL21L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel wagon - 2wd: ('84-'87) AL21LG, 4wd: ('83-'88) AL25LG (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel coupe & hatchback ('87-'90) EL'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('92-'95) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('92-'95) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Celica ('81) RA'''4'''3L |- |4 |Toyota Celica Supra ('81) MA'''4'''7L |- |4 |Toyota Tercel ('91-'94) EL'''4'''2L |- |4 |Toyota Paseo ('92-'95) EL'''4'''4L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel ('95) EL'''5'''3L |- |6 |Toyota Starlet ('81-'84) KP'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Cressida - sedan w/solid (live) rear axle ('81-'82): MX'''6'''2L, sedan w/IRS ('83-'84): MX'''6'''3L, wagon ('81-'84): MX'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/22R engine ('82): RA'''6'''4L, ST & GT w/22R-E/EC engine & solid (live) rear axle ('83-'85): RA'''6'''4L,<br> GT-S w/22R-E/EC engine & IRS ('83-'85): RA'''6'''5L |- |6 |Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86) MA'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/2S-ELC engine ('86): ST1'''6'''1L, ST & GT w/3S-FE engine ('87-'89): ST1'''6'''2L, GT-S w/3S-GELC engine ('86-'89): ST1'''6'''2L,<br> All-Trac Turbo w/3S-GTE engine ('88): ST1'''6'''5L |- |7 |Toyota Corolla - w/1.8L OHV 3T-C engine ('81-'82): TE'''7'''2L, w/1.6L SOHC 4A-C engine ('83): AE'''7'''1L |- |7 |Toyota Cressida - sedan ('85-'88): MX'''7'''3L, wagon ('85-'87): MX'''7'''2LG |- |7 |Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92) MA'''7'''0L |- |8 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd, gas-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Fwd, diesel-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'85): CE'''8'''0L, Corolla FX/FX-16 Fwd 3-door hatchback ('87-'88): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Corolla Sport - Rwd, gas-powered 2-door coupe & 3-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''6L |- |8 |Toyota Cressida ('89-'92) MX'''8'''3L |- |8 |Toyota Celica ('90-'93) - ST w/1.6L 4A-FE engine: AT1'''8'''0L, GT & GT-S w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: ST1'''8'''4L, All-Trac Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: ST1'''8'''5L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('93-'95) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''2L, All-Trac 4wd 4-door sedan ('89-'90) & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''5L |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('91-'95) TCR'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Van - w/2.0L 3Y-EC engine ('84-'85): YR'''2'''1LG, w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 2wd ('86-'89): YR'''2'''2LG |- |2 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 2wd ('90-'91): RN1'''2'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 2wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('91-'95) TCR'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Van w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 4wd ('87-'89): YR'''3'''1LG |- |3 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 4wd ('90-'95): RN1'''3'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 4wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Land Cruiser 40 Series 2-door Hardtop ('81-'83) FJ'''4'''0LV |- |6 |Toyota Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - w/2F engine: FJ'''6'''0LG ('81-'87), w/3F-E engine ('88-'90): FJ'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota 4Runner 4wd - I4: RN'''6'''0LG ('84-'85), RN'''6'''1LG ('86-'89), V6 ('88-'89): VZN'''6'''1LG |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser - w/3F-E engine ('91-'92): FJ'''8'''0L, w/1FZ-FE engine ('93-'95) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |} ===Drivetrain Type=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |4wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95) |- |0 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '95 |- |1 |4wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95) |- |1 |2wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |4wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |2wd (Cargo Van) '84-'89 |- |3 |4wd (Cargo Van) '87-'89 |- |4 |2wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |5 |2wd (Pickup, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version) '84-'88 |- |5 |2wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |6 |4wd (Pickup '84-'88, 4Runner - truck version '84-'89, Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |6 |4wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |6 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '84-'85, '87-'89 |- |7 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab - Extra LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |2wd (Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |4wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |8 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '91-'93 |- |8 |2wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version '89-'93) |- |9 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '89-'93) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Series (Grade)=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Supra [base model] ('86 1/2-'92), Corolla LE ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95), Avalon XL ('95) Lexus SC400 ('92-'95) |- |1 |Starlet ('81-'84), Corolla Tercel [base model] ('81-'82), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d/4-d ('82), Tercel [base model] ('83-'89), Tercel EZ ('87),<br> Tercel [base model w/carbureted engine] ('90), Corolla [base model] ('81-'83), Camry [base model] ('87), Camry DX ('87-'95), Supra Turbo ('87-'92),<br> Corolla [base model] ('90-'92), MR2 [base model] ('91-'95), Supra [base model] ('93-'95), Avalon XLS ('95), Lexus LS400 ('90-'94), SC300 ('92-'95) |- |2 |Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d ('81), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 3-d ('81-'82), Tercel Deluxe ('83-'89), Tercel Deluxe w/carbureted engine ('90), Corolla DX ('81-'83),<br> Corolla SR5 ('83), Corolla DX 4-d sedan/5-d hatch ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('88-'89), Corona Deluxe ('81-'82),<br> Cressida ('81-'82), Cressida wagon ('83-'87), Camry DX ('83-'85), Camry DX w/gasoline engine ('86), Camry LE ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('87-'89),<br> MR2 Turbo ('91-'95), Supra Turbo ('93-'95), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91), LS400 ('95) |- |3 |Celica ST ('81-'86), Cressida sedan ('83-'92), Corolla LE ('84-'89), Camry DX turbodiesel ('86), Tercel [base model w/fuel injected engine] ('90),<br> Tercel DX ('91-'94), Camry XLE ('92-'95), Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |4 |Celica GT ('81-'86), Corolla LE Limited ('85-'86), Camry [base model] ('88-'91), Corolla DX All-Trac wagon ('88-'92), Corolla DX All-Trac sedan ('89-'90), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('90-'92), Tercel Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('90), Tercel LE ('91-'93), Camry SE ('92-'95), Corolla [base model] ('93-'95) |- |5 |Corolla SR5 ('81-'82), Corolla Sport [DX] ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('88-'89), Celica GT-S ('83-'93), Tercel SR5 ('83-'88), MR2 [base model] ('85-'89),<br> Paseo ('92-'95), Tercel [base model] ('95) |- |6 |Corona Luxury Edition ('81-'82), Camry LE ('83-'86), Corolla Sport SR5 ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 All-Trac wagon ('88-'90), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('90-'91),<br> Celica ST ('87-'93), MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89), Tercel EZ ('88-'90), Tercel [base model] ('91-'94), Tercel DX ('95) |- |7 |Celica Supra ('81-'86), Corolla FX16 ('87-'88), Celica GT coupe/liftback ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('91-'93, '95), Corolla LE ('90-'92),<br> Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |8 |Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87), Corolla GT-S Coupe ('88-'91), Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93) |- |9 |Corolla FX16 GT-S ('87-'88), Corolla DX ('93-'95) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Land Cruiser 40 Series ('81-'83), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('81-'87), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('91-'92) |- |1 |Previa DX ('91-'95), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('93-'95) |- |2 |Van Deluxe ('84-'89), 4Runner Deluxe ('85), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('88-'90), Previa LE ('91-'95) |- |3 |4Runner Deluxe ('86, '88-'89), Previa DX S/C ('95) |- |4 |4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('86-'87, '89), Previa LE S/C ('94-'95) |- |5 |4Runner SR5 ('84-'85) |- |6 |Van LE ('84-'89), 4Runner SR5 V6 ('88-'89) |- |7 |4Runner SR5 Turbo ('86-'87), 4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('90-'95) |- |9 |4Runner SR5 V6 ('90-'95) |} ===Cab Type & Chassis=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 (when following 5 or 6 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |0 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in.] (Pickup '86-'88) |- |0 |Wagon [4DR], long wheelbase (Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (T100 '93-'94) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, 4-cyl. (T100 '95) |- |1 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '84-'85) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |2 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '86-'89) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in. for 4x2, 121.9 in. for 4x4], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |4 |Panel van, 4-link rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 4wd '87-'89) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |5 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 5 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '86-'88) |- |6 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |7 |Van (Cargo Van '84-'85) |- |7 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |8 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |8 |Panel van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 2wd '86-'89) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is R) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbo gas engine (Pickup '85-'86) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is L) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |9 |Glass van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Window Van '86-'89) |} IFS= Independent Front Suspension ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Application !Restraint System |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '81-'89, MR2 '85-'89) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Sport Coupe '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback (Corolla Sport '84-'86 & in Canada '87) |Manual Belts |- |C |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR coupe (Tercel '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'89, Corona '81-'82, Camry '83-'86) |Manual Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '89) |Manual Belts |- |G |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd <br>(Starlet '81-'84, Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Tercel '83-'89, Tercel EZ '89 [some],<br> Corolla FX/FX16 '87-'88) |Manual Belts |- |H |5DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Camry '83-'86, Tercel '83-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] (MR2 '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '81-'89, Celica Supra '81-'86, Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Liftback '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |L |5DR hatchback 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '88) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR hardtop (Corolla [Sports] Hardtop '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR coupe (Corolla Sport '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Tercel '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83, '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 4wd (Tercel '83-'88) |Manual Belts |- |Z |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Tercel EZ '88 [all], '89 [some]) |Manual Belts |- |A |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '90-'92, Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |B |2DR sedan (Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Cressida '81-'92, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |F |2DR coupe (Tercel '90, Paseo '92) |Automatic Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90) |Automatic Belts |- |J |4DR sedan 4wd (Camry All-Trac '88-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |J |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '90-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |K |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |M |3DR liftback (Tercel '90) |Automatic Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Cressida '81-'87, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |S |2DR sedan (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |T |4DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |U |2DR coupe (Paseo '93-'95) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |C |2DR coupe (Lexus SC300/SC400 '92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '90-'92, Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |P |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES250 '90-'91, ES300 '92-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |B |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Lexus SC300/SC400 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '93-'95, GS300 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95, Avalon '95, Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES300 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |} '''Incomplete Passenger Cars - Body Type & Brake System''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type & Application !Brake System |- |K |2DR convertible (Celica '84-'85, '87-'89, '91-'93, '95) |Hydraulic Brakes |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !VIN Code !Description |- |C |Hardtop [2DR] ('81-'83 Land Cruiser 40 Series) |- |G |Wagon [4DR] ('81-'90 Land Cruiser 60 Series) |- |J |2DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'91 4Runner) |- |R |4DR Wagon 2WD ('91-'95 Previa) |- |S |4DR Wagon 4WD ('91-'95 Previa All-Trac) |- |V |Van ('84-'85 Van) |- |V |4DR Wagon 2WD ('90-'95 4Runner) |- |W |Wagon ('84-'89 4Runner, '86-'89 Van) |- |W |4DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'95 4Runner, '91-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |} ===Series (Grade) & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America) |+'''All have hydraulic brakes.''' !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('88, '90-'95), T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('93), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('94) |- |B |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] Turbo ('86-'87), T100 [base model] One Ton ('93), T100 DX One Ton ('94), Tacoma [base model] 2.4L 2wd ('95) |- |C |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] V6 ('88), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('93-'94), Tacoma [base model] 2.7L 4wd ('95) |- |D |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/carbureted gas engine ('84-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/diesel engine ('84-'85),<br> Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('91-'95), 4Runner - truck version [base model] ('84-'86), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe ('87-'89),<br> T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton 4-cyl. ('94-'95) |- |E |Pickup 3/4 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('85-'88), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |F |Tacoma V6 [base model] ('95), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |G |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 Turbo ('85-'88), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('89-'95), T100 DX One Ton ('95) |- |H |T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('95) |- |K |Tacoma SR5 V6 ('95) |- |M |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('88), 4Runner - truck version SR5 V6 ('88) |- |N |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('88), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [V6] ('89-'92), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe V6 ('89) |- |P |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe 4-cyl. ('91-'95) |- |R |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'90), Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84),<br> Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85-'90) |- |S |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 2wd w/fuel injected engine ('84), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 4wd w/carbureted engine ('84),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), 4Runner - truck version SR5 [4-cyl.] ('87-'88) |- |T |Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'93) |- |U |Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'88) |- |V |Van [Cargo van version] ('84-'89), Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - truck version ('87) |- |} ==VIN positions== ===Country of origin=== Position 1 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 (7A-7E) |New Zealand |- |7 (7F-70) |USA |- |8 (8A-8E) |Argentina |- |9 (9A-9E, 93-99) |Brazil |- |A (AA-AH) |South Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |South Korea |- |L |China |- |M (MA-ME, MY-M0) |India |- |M (MF-MK) |Indonesia |- |M (ML-MR) |Thailand |- |N (NL-NR) |Turkey |- |P (PA-PE) |Philippines |- |P (PL-PR) |Malaysia |- |R (RF-RK) |Taiwan |- |R (RL-RP) |Vietnam |- |S (SA-SM) |United Kingdom |- |T (TW-T2) |Portugal |- |V (VF-VR) |France |- |W |Germany |- |X (XS-XW, XZ-X0) |Russia |- |Y (YA-YE) |Belgium |} Second letter or number in parentheses is from position 2 of VIN. The characters in parentheses represent the range assigned to that particular country. ===Manufacturer (Japan/North America)=== Position 2 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |F |Fuji Heavy Industries LTD |- |G |GM |- |M |Mazda (Mexico) |- |M |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |- |N |NUMMI (Toyota car) |- |T |NUMMI (Toyota truck) |- |T |Toyota |- |Y |Toyota (Mississippi, USA) |- |8 |Toyota (Lexus - Kentucky, USA) |} ===Vehicle Type=== {{center|Position 3-Japan built models}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |D,K,N,X,1,2,7 |Passenger Car |- |A,B,F,4 |Truck |- |G |Bus |- |E,L,M,3 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) |- |5 |Incomplete Vehicle (typically a convertible) |} ===Body=== {{center|Position 4 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world, may be incorrect for most recent ones)}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD / Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Celica, Supra) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD (Corolla, Camry) / MPV, Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris) / 5DR Van AWD / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |K |5DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris, Prius) / 5DR Wagon 2WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |L |5DR Wagon 4WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |M |5DR Door Van 2WD / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |N |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 2WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |P |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 4WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |R |Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |S |3DR Liftback 4WD |- |T |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 2WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |U |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |W |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame TRD |- |X |5DR Sport Utility Wagon |- |Y |Sport Van |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD |} ===Engine=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 4 (before 1996 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |3A-C 1.5L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla Tercel, '83-'86 Tercel, '87-'88 Tercel wagon) |- |A |4A-C 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('83 Corolla, '84-'87 Corolla Sport DX, SR5) |- |A |4A-LC 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('84-'87 Corolla, '87-'88 Corolla FX) |- |A |4A-GEC 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'87 Corolla Sport GT-S) |- |A |4A-GE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'91 Corolla GT-S) |- |A |4A-F 1.6L DOHC, 16V carb. I4 ('88-'89 Corolla) |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 ('88-'95 Corolla, '90-'93 Celica ST) |- |A |4A-GELC 1.6L DOHC, 16V I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'89 MR2, '87-'88 Corolla FX16) |- |A |4A-GZE 1.6L DOHC, 16V Supercharged, IC I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'89 MR2 Supercharged) |- |A |7A-FE 1.8L DOHC, 16V I4 ('93-'95 Corolla, '94-'95 Celica ST) |- |A |2TZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('91-'95 Previa) |- |A |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('94-'95 Previa S/C) |- |C |1C-LC 1.8L diesel indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Corolla) |- |C |1C-TLC 1.8L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Camry) |- |C |2C-TLC 2.0L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('86 Camry) |- |D |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('93-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |E |3E 1.5L SOHC, 12V carb. I4 ('87-'90 Tercel) |- |E |3E-E 1.5L SOHC, 12V EFI I4 ('90-'94 Tercel) |- |E |5E-FE 1.5L DOHC, 16V I4 ('95 Tercel, '92-'95 Paseo) |- |F |2F 4.2L 2-bbl. Carb. OHV I6 ('81-'87 Land Cruiser) |- |F |3F-E 4.0L EFI OHV I6 ('88-'92 Land Cruiser) |- |G |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('94-'95 Camry V6, Lexus ES300, '95 Avalon) |- |J |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('93-'95 Supra, '93-'95 Lexus GS300, '92-'95 SC300) |- |J |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('93-'95 Supra Turbo) |- |K |4K-C 1.3L Carb. OHV I4 ('81-'82 Starlet) |- |K |4K-E 1.3L EFI OHV I4 ('83-'84 Starlet) |- |L |L 2.2L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('81-'83 Pickup) |- |L |2L 2.4L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Pickup) |- |L |2L-T 2.4L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('85 Pickup) |- |M |5M-E 2.8L SOHC, 12V I6 ('81 Celica Supra, '81-'82 Cressida) |- |M |5M-GE 2.8L DOHC, 12V I6 ('82-'86 Celica Supra, '83-'88 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GE 3.0L DOHC, 24V I6 ('86 1/2-'92 Supra, '89-'92 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GTE 3.0L DOHC, 24V turbo IC I6 ('87-'92 Supra Turbo) |- |R |22R 2.4L 2-bbl SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Celica, Corona, '81-'90 Pickup, '84 4Runner) |- |R |22R-E/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('83-'85 Celica, '84-'95 Pickup, '85-'95 4Runner) |- |R |22R-TE/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI Turbo I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('85-'88 Pickup, '86-'87 4Runner) |- |S |2S-ELC 2.0L I4 ('83-'86 Camry, '86 Celica ST/GT) |- |S |3S-GELC 2.0L I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('86-'89 Celica GT-S) |- |S |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('87-'89 Celica ST/GT, '87-'91 Camry) |- |S |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('90-'93 Celica GT/GT-S, '94-'95 Celica GT, '91-'95 MR2, '92-'95 Camry) |- |S |3S-GTE 2.0L Turbo, IC I4 ('88, '90-'93 Celica All-Trac Turbo, '91-'95 MR2 Turbo) |- |T |3T-C 1.8L OHV Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla) |- |U |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('90-'95 LS400, '92-'95 SC400) |- |U |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('95 Tacoma) |- |U |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('94-'95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |V |2VZ-FE 2.5L DOHC, 24V V6 ('88-'91 Camry V6, '90-'91 Lexus ES250) |- |V |3VZ-E 3.0L SOHC, 12V V6 ('88-'95 4Runner, Pickup, '93-'94 T100) |- |V |3VZ-FE 3.0L DOHC, 24V V6 ('92-'93 Camry V6, Lexus ES300) |- |V |5VZ-FE 3.4L DOHC, 24V V6 ('95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |Y |3Y-EC 2.0L EFI OHV I4 ('84-'85 Van) |- |Y |4Y-EC 2.2L EFI OHV I4 ('86-'89 Van) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla) |- |A |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330, '04-'08 Camry Solara) |- |A |2ZR-FXE + 1NM (Prius 2wd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('16 Prius) |- |B |7A-FE 1.8L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla, Celica ST) |- |B |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('04-'09 Prius) |- |B |2AZ-FXE + 2JM 2.4L Atkinson cycle I4 Hybrid ('07-'09 Camry Hybrid) |- |C |5E-FE 1.5L I4 ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada Tercel, '96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada Paseo) |- |C |2GR-FSE + 1KM 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 Hybrid ('07-'09 Lexus GS450h) |- |D |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('96-'98 Supra, '96-'05 Lexus GS300, '96-'00 SC300, '01-'05 IS300) |- |D |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('01-'07 Highlander, '04-'08 RAV4) |- |E |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('96-'98 Supra Turbo) |- |E |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('02-'09 Camry, '02-'08 Camry Solara, '05-'09 Scion tC, '08-'09 Scion xB, '09 Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS) |- |E |2GR-FSE 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 ('06-'09 IS350, '07-'09 Lexus GS350) |- |E |1AR-FE 2.7L I4 ('09 Venza, Highlander) |- |F |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('96-'04 Camry V6, '96-'04 Avalon, '96-'03 Lexus ES300, '98-'03 Sienna, '99-'03 Camry Solara, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '01-'03 Highlander) |- |F |2AR-FE 2.5L I4 ('09 RAV4) |- |G |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('96-'99 Celica GT, '96-'01 Camry, '99-'01 Camry Solara) |- |H |1AZ-FE 2.0L I4 ('01-'03 RAV4) |- |H |3GR-FSE 3.0L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06 Lexus GS300) |- |H |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('98-'00 GS400, '96-'00 LS400, '96-'00 SC400) |- |J |1NR-FE 1.3L I4 ('12-'15 Scion iQ) |- |J |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('96-'97 Land Cruiser, '96-'97 LX450) |- |J |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('07-'09 Lexus ES350) |- |K |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('96-'97 Previa S/C) |- |K |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('01-'03 Prius) |- |K |4GR-FSE 2.5L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06-'09 IS250) |- |K |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('05-'09 Avalon, '06-'09 RAV4, '07-'09 Camry V6, Sienna, Lexus RX350, '09 Venza) |- |L |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('96-'04 Tacoma) |- |L |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('01-'05 GS430) |- |L |1UR-FSE 4.6L VVT-iE V8 ('08-'09 GS460, '07-'09 LS460) |- |L |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For Japanese-built '09 Corolla) |- |M |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('96-'98 T100, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'00 4Runner) |- |N |5S-FNE (CNG 2.2L I4) ('00-'01 Camry) |- |N |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('06-'07 GS430, '01-'06 LS430, '02-'09 SC430) |- |N |5VZ-FE 3.4L V6 ('96-'02 4Runner, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'98 T100, '00-'04 Tundra) |- |N |2ZR-FXE Hybrid 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('10-'15 Prius) |- |P |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('96-'00 RAV4) |- |P |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'07 Highlander) |- |P |2UR-GSE 5.0L V8 ('08-'09 Lexus IS F) |- |R |1ZZ-FE 1.8L VVT-i I4 ('98-'08 Corolla, '00-'05 Celica GT, '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '03-'08 Matrix) |- |S |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('08-'09 Highlander) |- |T |1NZ-FE 1.5L I4 ('00-'05 Echo, '04-'06 Scion xA, xB, '07-'09 Yaris) |- |T |2UZ-FE 4.7L V8 ('98-'07 Land Cruiser, '00-'09 Tundra, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 4Runner, '03-'09 Lexus GX470, '98-'07 LX470) |- |U |1GR-FE 4.0L VVT-i V6 ('03-'09 4Runner, '05-'09 Tacoma, '05-'09 Tundra, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser) |- |U |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For US- & Canadian-built '09 Corolla, Matrix but also for '08-'09 Scion XD) |- |U |2UR-FSE + 1KM 5.0L VVT-iE D4S V8 Hybrid ('08-'09 LS600hL) |- |V |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('07-'09 Tundra) |- |W |3MZ-FE + 1JM, 2FM 3.3L V6 Hybrid ('06-'09 Highlander Hybrid, '06-'08 RX400h) |- |W |3UR-FBE 5.7L Dual VVT-i Flex-Fuel V8 Gas/E85 ('09 Tundra) |- |X |2TR-FE 2.7L I4 ('05-'09 Tacoma) |- |Y |2ZZ-GE 1.8L VVTL-i I4 ('00-'05 Celica GT-S, '03-'06 Matrix XRS, '05-'06 Corolla XRS) |- |Y |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('08-'09 Land Cruiser, Sequoia, '08-'09 LX570) |- |Z |2GR-FKS 3.5L V6 '15+ |- |9 |2ZR-FXE + 1NM + 1MM (Prius Awd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid |- | |- | |- |L |Electric M7M5 -- RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |S |Electric 1BM -- RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Non-North American Engines |+Position 5 (2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |2AD-FTV (2005+) |- |B |1HZ, 1HD |- |B |2AD-FHV (2005+) |- |C |2C, 2CT, 2CT-E |- |J |1AZ-FSE |- |L |2SZ-FE |- |P |2AZ-FSE |- |V |1VD-FTV |- |W |1CD-FTV |- |W |2NZ-FE |- |Z |1ZZ-FE |- |Z |3ZZ-FE |} ===Series=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) Based on the Chassis code given for the car. !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser J1'''0'''0/J1'''0'''5 |- |2 |Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J1'''2'''0 |- |} ===Restraint=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Manual Belt / 1 STD (North America), No Airbags (International) |- |2 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 1 Airbag (Driver Seat) (International) |- |3 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 2 Front Airbags (International) |- |6 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |7 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |8 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Airbags |- |9 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Front Curtain Airbags. |- |D |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Three-Row Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |} ===Model/Platform=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 / MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra / Tundra |- |3 |Echo / Yaris Verso |- |4 |Yaris / Scion xA / Scion xB / Scion xD / Urban Cruiser |- |6 |Hilux |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Highlander / Sequoia / Celica RWD / Supra |- |B |Avalon / Avensis Verso / Ipsum? |- |C |Sienna / Previa / Aygo |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix / Auris |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |G |Hilux / Fortuner |- |H |Highlander |- |J |Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado |- |K |Camry / Aurion (TRD) |- |L |Tercel / Paseo / Avensis |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma and older trucks as well |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner / Corolla Verso |- |S |Fortuner |- |T |Celica FWD |- |U |Prius |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |MR2 (non-spyder models) |- |X |Cressida |- |} === '''Check-digit''' <ref>https://vincheck.info/free-vin-decoder/free-toyota-vin-decoder</ref> === {{center|Position 9 (Check-digit that identifies the VIN as being authorized by the manufacturer).}} === Model year === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;width:30em;" |+Position 10 (International-market vehicles may have a 0 in this position) ! Code ! Year |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |- |P |2023 |- |R |2024 |- |S |2025 |} ===Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !VIN Code !Description |- |0-9 (All numeric) |Japan |- |7 |Lordstown, OH, US (GM plant) (Toyota Cavalier) |- |A |Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |A |Onnaing-Valenciennes, France ([[w:Toyota Motor Manufacturing France|TMMF]]) (Yaris hatch - US: '14-'18, Canada: '14-'19) |- |C |Cambridge, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |D |Nagakusa plant, Obu, Aichi pref., Japan (Toyota Industries plant) |- |E |Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom (TMMUK) (US/Canada: GR Corolla '26-) |- |G |Gliwice, Poland (Opel/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max EV) |- |J |Takaoka plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |J |Vigo, Spain (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce City) |- |K |Hamura, Tokyo pref., Japan (Hino Motors plant) |- |L |Miyagi plant, Ohira, Miyagi pref., Japan (Central Motor Co./Toyota Motor East Japan plant) |- |M |Tijuana, Baja CA, Mexico (TMMBC) |- |M |Atessa, Italy (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max diesel) |- |N |Kolín, Czech Republic ([[w:Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|TPCA/TMMCZ]]) |- |P |Blue Springs, MS, US (TMMMS) |- |R |Lafayette, IN, US (Subaru of Indiana Automotive) (Camry '07-'16) |- |R |Adapazari, Sakarya province, Turkey (TMMT) (US/Canada: C-HR '18-'22) |- |S |Princeton, IN, US (TMMI) |- |T |Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, Mexico (TMMGT) |- |U |Georgetown, KY, US (TMMK) |- |V |Huntsville, AL, US (MTM USA) (Corolla Cross '22-, Corolla Cross Hybrid '23-) |- |W |Woodstock, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |W |Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (Toyota GR Supra '20-'26) |- |X |San Antonio, TX, US (TMMTX) |- |X |Altona, Victoria, Australia (Toyota Australia) (closed Oct. 3, 2017) |- |Y |Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation) <br> (Scion iA '16, Yaris iA '17-'18, Yaris sedan '19-'20, Yaris hatch '20) |- |Y |Yajima Plant, Ota, Gunma pref., Japan (Subaru plant) (Toyota bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Trailseeker '26-) |- |Z |Fremont, CA, US (NUMMI) (1987-1988 Toyota Corolla FX/FX16 3-d, 1989-2010 Corolla sedan, 1992-1995 Toyota Pickup, 1995-2010 Tacoma, Toyota Voltz [For export to Japan: '02-'04]) |- |Z |Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Sevel Nord - PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce) |- |} '''Japanese Plants''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Plant owner/operator !Name & Location of plant !Vehicles produced !VIN Code used<br> (Pos. 11) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('85-'86) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'90) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'89) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('91-'95), Paseo ('92-'99), Echo ('00-'05),<br> Scion xA ('04-'06), xB ('04) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('96-'99) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xD ('08-'10), Scion iQ ('12-'15),<br> Scion iQ EV ('13), Scion xB ('12-'15) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'12), Scion xB ('08-'12),<br> Scion xD ('10-'14), Prius C ('12-'19), C-HR ('18-'22) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'11) |4 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('07-'11) |5-8 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Miyagi plant. Ohira, Miyagi prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('11-'12) |L |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('12-'14) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05) |0-3 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05-'06) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla [fwd 4-d/5-d] ('84-'87) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla Sport [rwd 2-d/3-d coupe] ('84-'87) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('88-'90), Corolla coupe ('91),<br> Corolla sedan & 2wd wagon ('91-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla All-Trac 4wd wagon ('91-'92) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('93-'96) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'08) |0-1 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'06) [No '06 found in US] |2-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09) |2, J |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla sedan ('10-'11, '13, '20-'25), Scion iM ('16), Corolla iM ('17-'18) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09-'12) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan ('22-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |7-8 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88) |0-9 (All-Trac Turbo) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('90-'99) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Celica ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica Supra ('85-'86), Supra ('86 1/2-'92) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |0-6 (ST, GT),<br> 0-3 (GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |0-3 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('05-'10) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('85-'87), Camry V6 ('88-'91),<br> Camry 4-cyl. All-Trac 4wd ('89-'91),<br> Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. 2wd ('88-'91) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('92-'93), Camry 4-cyl. ('94), Camry ('95-'96), <br> Lexus ES300 ('92-'93, '95-'96) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('94), Lexus ES300 ('94) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('97), Camry 4-cyl. ('98-'01), Lexus ES300 ('97) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('03-'06) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('98-'06), Lexus ES300 ('98-'03), <br> ES330 ('04-'05) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('98-'01) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('02) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('03) |5-6 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES330 ('04-'06), Camry SE V6 [3.3L] ('05) |5-6 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |5 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('07-'11, '18-'19), Scion tC ('11-'15),<br> Crown ('23-'25), Crown Signia ('25-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('15-'16) |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES350 ('07-'21), ES300h ('13-'20),<br> ES350h, ES350e, ES500e ('26-),<br> HS250h ('10-'12), CT200h ('11-'17), UX200 ('19-'22),<br> UX250h ('19-'24), UX300h ('25-'26) |2 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250 ('06-'15), IS200t ('16-'17),<br> IS300 RWD ('18-'19), IS300 AWD ('16-'19),<br> IS350 ('06-'19), IS F ('08-'14), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'23), RC300 AWD ('16-'23),<br> RC350 ('15-'23), RC F ('15-'23) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250, IS350 ('06-'13), IS250C/IS350C ('10-'15) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LS400 ('90-'00), LS430 ('01-'05),<br> GS300 ('93-'05), GS400 ('98-'00), GS430 ('01-'05), <br> GS300 Awd ('06), GS350 ('07-'11) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06), GS430 ('06-'07),<br> GS460 ('08-'11), GS450h ('07-'11, '13-'14),<br> GS350 ('13-'14), LS430 ('06), LS460 ('07-'17),<br> LS600hL ('08-'16), LS500 ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19),<br> GS350 ('15-'20), GS450h ('15-'18), GS F ('16-'20),<br> LC500 ('18-'19), LC500h ('18-'19), Mirai ('16-'26),<br> Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25), bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra ('23-'26),<br> Lexus RZ450e ('23-'26), RZ300e ('24-'25), RZ350e ('26-),<br> RZ550e ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida sedan ('85-'88), Cressida wagon ('85-'87) |0-5 (sedan),<br> 0-9 (wagon) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('89) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('90-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra ('93-'96), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('92-'96) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra, Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97) |0 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Supra ('97-'98), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97-'00) |1-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('02-'05) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('06-'10) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LFA ('12) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95), MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('01-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius w/pos. 14-17 of VIN from 1001-2000 ('01) |0 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('04-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09, '16-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'15) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15, '25-'26), Prius Prime ('17-'24) |3 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09) |7 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'13) [No '14 found in US] |4-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('12-'14) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('14-'17 & '18 in Canada) |J |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('84-'86) |5-9 (psgr. van),<br> 0-9 (cargo van) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('87-'89) |5-9 (2wd),<br> 0-9 (4wd) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Previa ('91-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('96), RAV4 2-d ('96-'98, '00),<br> RAV4 4wd ('99), RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd gen.] ('01) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'06) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('07-'14) |5 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'08) |6-9 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('09) |6 (until 7/31/08),<br> D (from 8/1/08) |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('10-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'26),<br> RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('14-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('19-'26), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-), Venza ('21-'24), C-HR EV '26-, bZ '26-, Subaru Uncharted '26-, Solterra '26- |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09),<br> RX400h ('06), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander Hybrid ('06-'07) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX400h ('07-'08), RX350 ('10-'19, '21-'26),<br> RX350L ('18-'22), RX450h ('10-'15), RX450hL ('18-'22),<br> RX450h+ ('24-'26), NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21),<br> NX300h ('15-'21), NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26),<br> NX350h ('22-'26), NX450h+ ('22-'26),<br> Highlander ('08-'10), Highlander Hybrid ('08-'13) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21), NX300h ('20-'21),<br> NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26), NX350h ('22-'26) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('84-'85) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('89) |0-3 (4-cyl.),<br> 0-4 (V6) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('90-'95) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('90-'94) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('95) |0-4, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('90) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('91-'92) |0-6, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('93-'94) |0-5, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('95) |0-4, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('96-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('98-'02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |0-8 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'08) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'07) |8-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('08-'09) |8-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('07) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('08-'09) |0-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hamura plant transferred to Toyota Motor Hamura, Inc. on April 1, 2026) |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Land Cruiser ('24-'26) |K |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('10-'21, '25-'26), Land Cruiser ('24-'26),<br> Lexus GX460 ('10-'23), GX550 ('24-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('22-'24) |5, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('84-'86, '88-'89) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('90-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'00) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('01-'07) |2-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('01-'06) |3-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('07) |4 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Yoshiwara plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13-'21),<br> Lexus LX570 ('08-'11, '13-'21), LX600 ('22-'26),<br> LX700h ('25-'26) |4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13) [No '14-'20 found in US] |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup ('84-'85), <br> Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |5-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab ('84-'85), Pickup/Chassis Cab w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('87-'88) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |8-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 or RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89) |7-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('90-'93) |7-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |6-7 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-1, 6-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |2-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab w/VN94 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |T100 ('93-'98) |0-9 |- |} ==Toyota WMIs== There are partial list of WMIs which are used by Toyota as well as the broader Toyota Group, including all divisions and subsidiaries: Japan: * JTD - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTK - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTN - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTX - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JT1 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (European market) * JT2 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (North American market) * JT7 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (Asia-Pacific market) * JTA - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTB - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTF - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JT4 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTG - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Bus * JTE - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JTL - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JTM - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT3 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JT5 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Incomplete Vehicle (Celica convertible, Paseo convertible, Chassis Cab pickup trucks) * JTH - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JTJ - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT6 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT8 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JAL - Isuzu Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle (S-Series) * JDA - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD1 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD2 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JD4 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Truck * JF1 - Subaru Corp., Toyota Passenger Car (86/GR86/Scion FR-S) * JHA - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHB - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JHC - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHD - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHE - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHH - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JH6 - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle North America: * 1NX - NUMMI, Toyota Passenger Car ('87-'10) * 2AY - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 2AZ - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Truck * 2T1 - TMMC, Toyota Passenger Car * 2T2 - TMMC, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 2T3 - TMMC, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 3MY - Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation, Toyota Passenger Car ('16-'20) * 3TM - TMMBC, Toyota Truck * 3TY - TMMGT, Toyota Truck * 4G3 - GM Lordstown Assembly, Toyota Passenger Car (Cavalier) ('96-'00) * 4T1 - TMMK, Toyota Passenger Car * 4T3 - TMMK, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV) * 4T4 - Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Toyota Passenger Car ('07-'16) * 4TA - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('92-'00) * 5PV - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 5TB - TMMI, Toyota Truck * 5TD - TMMI, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV), Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 5TE - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('00-'10) * 5TF - TMMTX, Toyota Truck * 5YF - TMMMS, Toyota Passenger Car * 58A - TMMK, Lexus Passenger Car * 7H4 - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Truck * 7MU - Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 7SV - TMMTX, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) Other countries: * AHH - Hino South Africa, Hino vehicles * AHT - Toyota South Africa, Toyota vehicles * LFM - FAW Toyota (China), Toyota and Ranz vehicles * LVG - GAC Toyota (China), Toyota vehicles * MBJ - Toyota Kirloskar Motor (India), Toyota vehicles * MHF - PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, Toyota vehicles * MHK - PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (Indonesia), Daihatsu and Toyota vehicles * MJE - PT Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia, Hino vehicles * MMK - Toyota Auto Works Co., Ltd. (Thailand), Toyota vehicles * MNK - Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand, Hino Vehicles * MR0 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Ban Pho and Samrong plants, Toyota vehicles * MR1 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Samrong plant (Fortuner), Toyota vehicles * MR2 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Gateway plant, Toyota vehicles * NMT - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey (TMMT), Toyota vehicles * PN1 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * PN2 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * RKL - Kuozui Motors (Taiwan), Toyota vehicles * RL4 - Toyota Motor Vietnam, Toyota vehicles * SB1 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (TMMUK), Toyota vehicles * TW1 - Toyota Caetano Portugal, Toyota vehicles * VNK - Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), Toyota vehicles * WZ1 - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra) * XW7 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), Toyota vehicles * YAR - PSA/Stellantis, Toyota Van (ProAce, ProAce City, & ProAce Max) * YBC - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra - some European-market models) * 6T1 - Toyota Australia, Toyota Passenger Car * 7A4 - Toyota New Zealand, Toyota vehicles * 8AJ - Toyota Argentina, Toyota vehicles * 9BR - Toyota Brazil, Toyota vehicles {| class="wikitable" |+ !Plant Abbreviation !Plant Name !Notes |- |MTMUSA |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |Joint venture between Toyota and Mazda |- |NUMMI |New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. |Joint venture between GM and Toyota |- |TMMBC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Baja California | |- |TMMC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada | |- |TMMGT |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Guanajuato | |- |TMMI |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana | |- |TMMK |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky | |- |TMMMS |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi | |- |TMMTX |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas | |} == External links == Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Toyota Toyota VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:RT43-157714}} <references />Online [https://epicvin.com/vin-decoder/toyota Toyota Vin Lookup] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota Car model, Toyota Vehicles- VinCheckUp |url=https://www.vincheckup.com/cars/toyota |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.vincheckup.com}}</ref> ianrm3vblhs1g59rqru3x14q2vwpedl 4664467 4664465 2026-08-25T20:05:17Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Engine Type 2010- */ 4664467 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- --> {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ==VIN Format 2010-== Toyota has used the following VIN format since 2010 for North America: {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade]] |- |4 |K |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 2010-|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series|Series]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series & Drive Wheels|Series & Drive Wheels]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line & Make|Vehicle Line & Make]] |- |8 |A ||[[#Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style|Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Yaris ['10-'12], Corolla ['10-'19], Camry ['10-'19], Avalon ['10-'19], Mirai ['16-'20], Lexus HS ['10-'12], ES ['10-'19], IS ['10-'19],<br> GS ['10-'11, '13-'19], GS F ['16-'20], LS ['10-'19]) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus IS250 AWD '10-'15, IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 AWD '11-'19, GS350 AWD '10-'11, '13-'19, LS460 AWD '10-'17, LS500 AWD '18-'19, LS500h AWD '18-'19) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Scion tC '10) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD (Lexus LS460L AWD '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'16) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD (Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C/IS350C '10-'15) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD (Lexus LS460L '10-'17) |- |H |2DR Coupe 2WD (Lexus LFA '12, RC200t '16-'17, RC300 RWD '18-'19, RC350 '15-'19, RC F '15-'19, LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris 3-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Scion tC '11-'16, Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13) |- |K |5DR Liftback or Hatchback 2WD (Yaris 5-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Lexus CT200h '11-'17, Prius C '12-'19, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Corolla Hatchback '19) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD (Prius '10-'22, Scion xD '10-'14, C-HR '18-'22) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension (Matrix Base model & S 2wd '10-'11, Matrix L & S 2wd '12-'13, Canada: Matrix '14) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD (Prius AWD-e '19-'22) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD w/IRS (Matrix S 4wd '10-'13) |- |M |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS (Matrix XRS - US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) |- |S |2DR Coupe 4WD (Lexus RC300 AWD '16-'19, RC350 AWD '15-'19) |- |U |5DR Wagon 4WD (Lexus UX250h '19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus UX200 '19) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Prius V 2012-2017 & 2018 in Canada) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |4DR Sedan (Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25) |- |A |5DR Hatchback (GR Corolla '23-'26, Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24, Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26) |- |A |Wagon (Crown Signia '25-'26) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES '26-) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Camry '25-'26) |- |Y |Wagon (Lexus UX300h 2wd '25-'26) |- |U |Wagon (Lexus UX300h Awd '25-'26) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'19, NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19,<br> NX300h '15-'19) |- |C |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '16-'21) |- |D |5DR Wagon extended length 4WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19, RX450hL '18-'19) |- |G |5DR Wagon extended length 2WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'15, Lexus LX570 '10-'11, '13-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19, NX300h '15-'16) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Scion xB '10-'15, Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'16) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |5DR Wagon (Toyota Venza '21-'24, Sequoia '23-'26, bZ4X '23-'25, Grand Highlander '24-'26, Land Cruiser '24-'26, C-HR EV '26-, Subaru Solterra '23-'25, Uncharted '26-, Lexus RZ450e '23-'25, RZ300e '24-'25, TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26, TX550h+ '24-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Toyota bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Solterra '26-, Trailseeker '26-, Lexus RZ450e '26-, RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26-) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Canadian-built Lexus RX350 [2wd/Awd] '23-'26, RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Japanese-built Lexus RX350 [2wd] '23-'26, RX450h+ '24-'26) |- |V |5DR Wagon (4Runner '25-'26) |- |6 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Hybrid '26-) |- |7 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid '26-) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |J |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |J |Tacoma XtraCab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |K |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class E GVWR] |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2020- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |D |4DR Sedan (Corolla L '20-'22) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '20-'22, LE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |V |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Convenience Package '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Premium Package '20-'22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Corolla XLE '20-'22) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '23-'26, SE Nightshade '24, FX Edition '25, LE Hybrid '23-'26, XLE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Nightshade Hybrid '24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/man. trans. '20-'22, SE Apex Edition w/man. trans. '21-'22) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, SE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |P |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. & Premium Package '20-'26) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Corolla XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, XSE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/auto. trans. '20-'27, FX Edition '26) |- |A |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |C |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'27) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Camry L '20) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Camry LE '20-'24) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |R |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Camry XLE '20-'24) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Camry SE '20-'24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Camry TRD '20) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Camry XSE '20-'24, Camry TRD '21-'24) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE '20-'22, XLE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE [decontent package] '20-'22, XLE Hybrid [decontent package] '20-'22) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD '21) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD [decontent package] '21) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Avalon XSE '20, XSE Nightshade '21, XSE Hybrid '20-'21, XSE Nightshade Hybrid '22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Avalon TRD '20-'21) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited '20-'22, Limited Hybrid '20-'22) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22, Limited Hybrid w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD '21) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD w/Advanced Safety Package '21) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model], ES300h [base model] '20-'25, ES250 AWD [base model] '21-'24) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model w/Premium Package], ES300h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> ES250 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '21-'25, ES350, ES300h, ES250 AWD F Sport Design '23-'25) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport '20-'22, ES250 AWD F Sport '21-'22, ES300h F Sport '22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport Black Line Special Edition '21) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport w/Dynamic Handling package '22, ES350 F Sport Handling '23-'25) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Luxury, ES300h Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Luxury '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Ultra Luxury, ES300h Ultra Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '21) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '22-'25, ES300h F Sport Handling '23-25) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 AWD [base model] '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport '20) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 RWD [base model], GS350 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport Black Line '20) |- |A |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model] '20-25, RC350 [base model] '20-'25, RC F [base model] '20-'24) |- |D |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> RC350 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC F [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'24) |- |G |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD F Sport '20-'25, RC300 AWD F Sport '20-'25, RC350 F Sport '20-'25) |- |J |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F [base model w/Performance Package] '20, [base model w/Carbon Package] '21-'24) |- |Y |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Track Edition '20, RC F Fuji Speedway Edition '21-'22, RC F Track Edition '23-'24) |- |B |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Final Edition '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model] '20-'22, UX250h [base model] '20-'24) |- |P |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h Premium '23-'24) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 Luxury '20-'22, UX250h Luxury '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport '20-'22, UX250h F Sport '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX250h F Sport Design '23-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport Handling '23-'24) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sienna [base model V6] '11-'12, Sienna L '13-'20) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sequoia TRD Pro '20, Lexus GX460 [base model] '10-'19) |- |W |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |R |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |X |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '11-'20, SE Premium '15-'20) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '19-'20, SE Premium '19-'20) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20, Sienna CE, LE '10,<br> Sienna [base model I4] '11-'12, Sienna LE '11-'20) |- |N |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 SE '16-'18) |- |J |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, RAV4 SE '16-'18, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20,<br> Sienna LE '10-'20, Lexus GX460 Premium '10-'13, GX460 Luxury '14-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19,<br> Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19, Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |D |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19, Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19,<br> Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- | |'''Body Type & Grade''' |- |K |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE '21-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE '21-'26) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '23-'26, Sienna XSE 25th Anniversary Edition '23, Sienna XSE w/Premium Package '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE '21-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Sienna Limited '21-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sienna Platinum '21-'26) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross L '22-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE '22-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE w/Moonroof Package '22-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE w/Convenience Package '22-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross Hybrid S, SE, XSE '23-'26, Hybrid SE Nightshade '24-'25) |- |H |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd '19-'25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd '19-'25) |- |G |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |L |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |M |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |W |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 2wd '19-'25) |- |P |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 4wd '19-'25) |- |R |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |U |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Woodland Edition Hybrid 4wd '23-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 2wd '19-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 4wd '19-'25) |- |B |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium Hybrid 4wd '21-'25) |- |J |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Adventure 4wd '19-'24, RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '20) |- |S |5DR Wagon (RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |T |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [US- & Canadian-built] |- |1 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [Japanese-built] |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XSE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 2wd '19-'25) |- |N |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 4wd '19-'25) |- |D |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE 4wd '25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '25) |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE 4wd '25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Highlander L 2wd & Awd '20-'22) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE 2wd '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE Awd '20-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, Hybrid XLE '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE w/Navigation, Hybrid XLE w/Navigation '20-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Bronze Edition '22-'23) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited, Hybrid Limited 2wd '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited Awd '20-'22, Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'21) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid Platinum 2wd '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '20-'22) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE '21-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE w/Navigation & JBL Audio '21-'22) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander L, LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE 2wd & Awd '23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid LE Nightshade, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade 2wd & Awd '24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade, Hybrid Limited 25th Anniversary Edition Awd '25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum Awd, Hybrid XLE Awd '26) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE 2wd '23-'24) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE Awd '23-'24) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited 2wd '23-'24) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '23-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum 2wd '23-'24) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '23-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 2wd '21-'24) |- |M |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 4wd '21-'24) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |B |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '22) |- |T |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 2wd '22-'24) |- |S |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 4wd '22-'24) |- |F |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 2wd '21-'24) |- |N |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |U |5DR Wagon (4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition 4wd '23) |- |P |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |H |5DR Wagon (4Runner Venture Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |D |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 2wd '21-'24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 4wd '21-'24) |- |C |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |J |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |L |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Pro 4wd '21-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sequoia SR5 '21-'22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Sport '21-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Limited '21-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Nightshade Special Edition '21-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Platinum '21-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Pro '21-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model] '20-'21, NX300h [base model] '20-'21, NX250 [base model] '22-'25, NX350 [base model] '22-'26,<br> NX350h [base model] '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Comfort package] '20, NX300h [base model w/Comfort package] '20) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21, NX300h [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX300h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX250 Premium '22-'25, NX350 Premium '22-'26, NX350h Premium '22-'26) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 Luxury '20-'21, NX300h Luxury '20-'21, NX250 Luxury '22-'23, NX350 Luxury '22-'26, NX350h Luxury '22-'26, NX450h+ [base model] '22-'25, NX450h+ Premium '26-, NX450h+ Luxury '26-) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport '20-'21) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport w/Comfort package '20, NX300 F Sport w/Premium package '21, NX300h F Sport Black Line '21) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350 F Sport Handling '22-'26, NX450h+ F Sport Handling '22-'26, Canadian-built NX350h '26-) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350h [Japanese-built] '26-) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model] '20-'22, RX350L [base model] '20-'22, RX450h [base model] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model] '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22,<br> RX450h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450h [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport '20-'22, RX450h F Sport '20-'22) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX450h F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX350 F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22, RX450h F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model] '20-'23) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'23) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 Luxury '20-'23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '23) |- |V |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Luxury/Luxury+] '24-'25) [Class E GVWR] |- |T |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Premium/Premium+, Overtrail/Overtrail+] '24-'25) [Class F GVWR] |- |C |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model] '20-'21) |- |D |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |E |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model] '20-'21) |- |F |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |N |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 [2-row base model] '22-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Premium [3-row] '22-'26) |- |M |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 F Sport [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h F Sport [3-row] '25-'26) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Luxury [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h Luxury [3-row] '25-'26) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury [2-row] '22-'24) |- |W |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Overtrail [2/3-row] '25-'26) |- |U |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Ultra Luxury [2-row] '25-'26) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |R |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport Access Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |S |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |A |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('17-'23) |- |E |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |G |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |B |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |D |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd (Canada only: '16-'17) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('21-'23) |- |} LWB=Long Wheelbase {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |J |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |K |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |L |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |M |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |R |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |U |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |T |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |C |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |E |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |D |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |N |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'17) |- |P |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'17) |- |R |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '20-'21) |- |T |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |C |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |E |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra TRD Pro CrewMax LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '19-'21) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |G |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |A |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Grade=== {{center|'''Position 4 (2022- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |K |Tundra SR ('22-'26) |- |L |Tundra SR5 ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |J |Tundra Limited ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |1 |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) ('25-'26) |- |N |Tundra Platinum ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |M |Tundra 1794 Edition ('22-'26) |- |P |Tundra TRD Pro ('22-'26) |- |V |Tundra Capstone ('22-'26) |- |W |Tundra Limited w/Nightshade Package or TRD Off-Road Package, Platinum w/TRD Off-Road Package ('24-'26), SR5 w/TRD Rally Package ('25-'26) |- |Z |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) w/Nightshade Package ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type 2010-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Highlander ('10-'19), Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 8AR-FTS engine.<br> Lexus NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21), IS200t ('16-'17), IS300 RWD ('18-'19), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'25), GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine. Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius (Two Eco, Three, Three Touring, Four, Four Touring trim levels) ('16-'18), Prius 2wd ('19-'22),<br> Corolla Hybrid ('21-'22). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 2 Front motors: 1NM (MG2), 1SM (MG1).<br> Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('20-'24). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Avalon Hybrid ('21-'22), Lexus ES300h ('21-'25). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Venza Hybrid ('21-'24). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Toyota Tundra SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition ('22-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown XLE, Limited Hybrid ('23-'25), Crown Nightshade Hybrid ('25). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26), Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26), Lexus TX350 ('24-'26),<br> 4Runner ('25-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) +<br> 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('10-'11), Lexus HS250h ('10-'12). |- | B || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('10-'15). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius (Two trim level: '16-'18), (One trim level: '17-'18), Corolla Hybrid ('20). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('20-'26), Lexus RX350h Awd ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (205 hp).<br> Toyota Avalon Awd ('21). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) (detuned version - 348 or 358 hp). Toyota Tundra SR ('22-'26). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LX600 ('22-'26), GX550 ('24-'25). |- | B || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [Japanese-built] ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla [Japanese-built] ('26-). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus TX500h Awd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26), 4Runner i-Force Max 4wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (278 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR5, TRD PreRunner, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, & Limited w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h 2wd ('25-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h Awd ('10-'15), Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('11-'16). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('10-'11). |- | C || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tundra i-Force Max ('22-'26). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX500h Awd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus TX550h+ Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [326 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, & TRD Pro] ('24). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown Signia Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [Total system hp: 323 hp on Trailhunter or 326 hp on all others]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, & TRD Pro] ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h 2wd ('26-). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus CT200h ('11-'17). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('12-'17), Avalon Hybrid ('13-'18). |- | D || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 1LM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius C ('12-'19). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp).<br> Lexus NX250 ('22-'25). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine. Toyota Highlander ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Max Awd ('24-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (228 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | D || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LX700h ('25-'26). |- | D || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [UK-built] ('26-). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2wd ('26-). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla XRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12), Matrix S, XRS ('10-'13),<br> Scion tC ('10), Scion xB ('10-'15). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('10-'17), IS350C ('10-'15),<br> GS350 ('10-'11, '13-'15), RC350 ('15-'17). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (270 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR, TRD Sport, & TRD Off-Road w/man. trans. ('24-'26). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 2VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Fwd ('26-). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('10-'17), Scion tC ('11-'16), RAV4 ('10-'18). |- | F || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('10-'15), IS250C ('10-'15). |- | F || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('16). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Crown Platinum Hybrid Max Awd ('23-'25). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor) [323 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [Trailhunter] ('24). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus RX450h Awd ('16-'22), RX450hL Awd ('18-'22). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('17-'19). |- | G || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus NX350 ('22-'26). |- | G || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Awd ('26-). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 3ZR-FAE engine. Toyota C-HR ('18-'22). |- | H || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26). |- | J || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1NR-FE engine. Scion iQ ('12-'15). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus NX300h Awd ('15-'21), RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('16-'18). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('10-'18), Camry V6 ('10-'17), Highlander ('10-'16),<br> RAV4 ('10-'12), Sienna ('10-'16), Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), RX350 ('10-'15). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h Awd ('22-'26). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX450h+ Awd ('22-'26). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('10-'17), GS460 ('10-'11). |- | M || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12), Tundra ('10-'19), Lexus GX460 ('10-'23). |- | M || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine (detuned version - 255 hp).<br> Lexus IS300 AWD ('16-'17), RC300 AWD ('16-'17). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('10-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 5JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus SC430 ('10). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('10-'14), RC F ('15-'25), GS F ('16-'20), LC500 ('18-'19). |- | P || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine.<br> Toyota Corolla sedan LE Eco ('14-'19), Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22). |- | R || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Sienna Hybrid 2wd ('21-'26). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('13-'18). |- | S || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sienna Hybrid Awd ('21-'26). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Tacoma ('10-'15), Tundra ('10). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24), FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Tundra ('11-'14). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Toyota Corolla sedan [except XRS & LE Eco] ('10-'19),<br> Matrix [base model] ('10-'13 & in Canada '14), Scion xD ('10-'14). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('10). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'18), Tundra ('10-'19). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus ES300h ('13-'18), NX300h 2wd ('15-'16). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Hybrid [all] ('19-'20), RAV4 Hybrid LE, XLE ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid Woodland Edition ('23-'25). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('10-'23), 4Runner 2wd ('10). |- | X || 4.8L || 72° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Engine co-developed by Yamaha. Toyota 1LR-GUE engine. Lexus LFA ('12). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22), Tundra ('10-'21),<br> Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21), Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21). |- | Y || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles.<br> Toyota 8GR-FXS engine + 2NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LC500h ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19). |- | Z || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine.<br> Lexus GS350 ('16-'20), RX350 ('16-'22), RX350L ('18-'22), IS350 ('18-'19), RC350 ('18-'25), ES350 ('19-'25),<br> Toyota Tacoma ('16-'23), Highlander ('17-'22), Sienna ('17-'20), Camry ('18-'24), Avalon ('19-'22). |- | 1 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp or <br> 202 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (L, LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('18-'20),<br> Camry (LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('21-'24), RAV4 ('19-'25), Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25). |- | 2 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (SE, XLE trim levels) ('18-'19),<br> Avalon Hybrid ('19-'20), Lexus ES300h ('19-'20). |- | 3 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (LE trim level) ('18-'19),<br> Camry Hybrid [all models] ('20-'24). |- | 3 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus UX200 2wd ('19-'22). |- | 4 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'22), Corolla sedan ('23-'26). |- | 5 || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LS500 ('18-'19). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (206 hp or <br> 205 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (XSE trim level) ('18-'24). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid XLE Premium, XSE, Limited ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid SE ('22-'25). |- | 6 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h 2wd ('23-'24). |- | 8 || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine (detuned version - 260 hp). Lexus IS300 AWD ('18-'19), RC300 AWD ('18-'25). |- | 9 || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius AWD-e ('19-'22). |- | 9 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h Awd ('19-'24). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2010-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | L || 41.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || M7M5 motor made by Tesla. Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14). |- | V || 12 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2KM motor. Scion iQ EV ('13). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Toyota bZ4X FWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1XM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota C-HR EV AWD ('26-), Subaru Uncharted Sport, GT AWD ('26-). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1YM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Toyota bZ4X AWD ('23-'25), Subaru Solterra AWD ('23-'25). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Lexus RZ300e FWD ('24-'25). |- | B || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted Premium FWD [Canada: FWD LR] ('26-). |- | C || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted FWD (Canada only: '26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited FWD ('26-), Lexus ES350e ('26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('26-). |- | C || 77 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ550e AWD ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited AWD ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT AWD ('26-),<br> Lexus ES500e ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Lexus RZ350e FWD ('26-). |- | E || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear). Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited AWD ('26-). |- | F || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE FWD ('26-). |- | G || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ Woodland AWD ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker AWD ('26-). |} ====Motor Type for Fuel Cell Vehicles 2016-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | V || 1.6 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Hydrogen || Front || 4JM motor. Toyota Mirai ('16-'20). |- | A || 1.24 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Hydrogen || Rear || 3KM motor. Toyota Mirai ('21-'26). |} ===Restraint System=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description !Application |- |1 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus HS250h '10-'12, ES350 '10-'25,<br> ES250 AWD '21-'25, ES300h '13-'25,<br> ES350h '26-, ES350e '26-, ES500e '26-,<br> GS200t '16-'17, GS300 '18-'19,<br> GS350 '10-'11, '13-'20, GS460 '10-'11,<br> GS450h '10-'11, '13-'18, GS F '16-'20,<br> LS460 '10-'17 (Opt.), LS600hL '10-'12 (Opt.), LS600hL '13-'16, LS500 '18-'19, LS500h '18-'19,<br> RX350 '10-'15, RX450h '10-'15, IS250 '14-'15,<br> IS200t '16-'17, IS300 RWD '18-'19,<br> IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 '14-'19, Camry '12-'24, Avalon '13-'22 |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C, IS350C '10-'15 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '10-'12, Camry '10-'11, Prius '10-'15,<br> Prius V '12-'17 & '18 in Canada,<br> Scion tC '10,<br> Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada,<br> Highlander '10-'13, Sienna '11-'14 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag (Though not reflected in the VIN, a Front passenger seat cushion airbag is also standard.) |Sienna '15-'20 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 Prime '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '25 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for all rows |Corolla '10-'13,<br> Matrix '10-'13 & in Canada '14,<br> Yaris hatchback '10-'11, Yaris sedan '10-'12,<br> Scion xD '10-'12, Scion xB '10-'15,<br> Sienna '10, FJ Cruiser '10-'14,<br> Tacoma '10-'15 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for 1st 2 rows |RAV4 '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |4Runner '10-'26, Sequoia '10-'22,<br> Tundra '10-'26, Scion tC '11-'16,<br> Tacoma '16-'23, Tacoma Double Cab '24-'26,<br> Lexus LS460 '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'12, IS250/IS350 '10-'13, IS F '10-'14,<br> CT200h '11-'17, RC200t '16-'17,<br> RC300 RWD '18-'23, RC300 AWD '16-'23,<br> RC350 '15-'23, RC F '15-'23,<br> LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'21,<br> Lexus GX460 '10-'23, LX570 '10-'11, '13-'21, LX600 '22-'26, LX700h '25-'26 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Lexus LFA '12 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25, Camry '25-'26,<br> Crown Signia '25-'26, Sequoia '23-'26,<br> bZ4X '23-'25, bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-,<br> C-HR EV '26-,<br> Subaru Solterra '23-'26, Trailseeker '26-, Uncharted '26-,<br> Lexus RZ450e '23-'26, RZ300e '24-'25,<br> RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26- |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Venza '21-'24, Grand Highlander '24-'26,<br> Lexus TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26,<br> TX550h+ '24-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Corolla Cross '22-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury '22-'24,<br> LX700h Ultra Luxury '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla '23-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24,<br> Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Tacoma XtraCab '24-'26 |- |B |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla Morizo Edition '23, GRMN Corolla '26- |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus NX250 '22-'25, NX350 '22-'26,<br> NX350h '22-'26, NX450h+ '22-'26 |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus GX550 '24-'25 |- |F |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Land Cruiser '24-'26 |- |J |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus UX200 '19-'22, UX250h '19-'24,<br> UX300h '25-'26 |- |K |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350L '18-'22, RX450hL '18-'22,<br> Sienna '21-'26 |- |L |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LS500 '18-'19 (Opt.), LS500h '18-'19 (Opt.) |- |M |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350 '16-'26, RX450h '16-'22,<br> RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26,<br> RX450h+ '24-'26, C-HR '18-'22, Corolla '21-'27, Prius '21-'22, Prius Prime '21-'22 |- |P |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Scion xD '13-'14 |- |R |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 '13-'25, RAV4 Hybrid '16-'26,<br> RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '26-,<br> Corolla '14-'20, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Highlander '14-'26, Prius '16-'20,<br> Prius Prime '17-'20, Mirai '16-'20,<br> Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'21,<br> NX300h '15-'21 |- |T |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Prius C '12-'19 |- |U |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Yaris hatchback '12-'18 & '19 in Canada |- |X |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags, and Rear Window airbag |Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13 |- |} ===Series=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Lexus LC500 ('18-'19) URZ100L, LC500h ('18-'19) GWZ100L |- |B |Scion TC ('10) ANT10L |- |B |Scion XD ('10-'14) ZSP110L |- |B |Lexus HS250h ('10-'12) ANF10L |- |B |Lexus CT200h ('11-'17) ZWA10L |- |B |Lexus LFA ('12) LFA10L |- |B |Scion iQ ('12-'15) NGJ10L, Scion iQ EV ('13) KPJ10L |- |B |Toyota Prius C ('12-'19) NHP10L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('13-'15) GRL10L, GS350 4wd ('13-'15) GRL15L |- |B |Lexus GS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & GS300 2wd ('18-'19) ARL10L, GS350 2wd ('16-'19) GRL12L, GS350 4wd ('16-'19) GRL16L, GS F ('16-'20) URL10L |- |B |Lexus GS450h ('13-'18) GWL10L |- |B |Lexus RC350 2wd ('15-'19) GSC10L, RC350 4wd ('15-'19) GSC15L, RC F ('15-'23) USC10L |- |B |Lexus RC200t 2wd ('16-'17) & RC300 2wd ('18-'19) ASC10L, RC300 4wd ('16-'19) GSC16L |- |B |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) JPD10L |- |B |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) ZGX10L |- |B |Toyota Corolla hatchback ('19-'27) MZEA12L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25) GSZ10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES300h ('19-'20) AXZH10L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Lexus UX200 ('19-'22) MZAA10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('23-'24) MZAH10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('19-'24) MZAH15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus IS250 2wd ('10-'13) GSE20L, IS250 4wd ('10-'13) GSE25L, IS350 2wd ('10-'13) GSE21L, IS350 4wd ('11-'13) GSE26L, IS F ('10-'14) USE20L |- |C |Lexus IS250C ('10-'15) GSE20L, IS350C ('10-'15) GSE21L |- |C |Scion TC ('11-'16) AGT20L |- |D |Toyota Avalon ('10-'12) GSX30L |- |D |Toyota Prius ('10-'15) ZVW30L |- |D |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15) ZVW35L |- |D |Toyota Yaris hatchback: NCP131L ('12-'18 & '19 in Canada) |- |D |Lexus IS250 2wd ('14-'15) GSE30L, IS250 4wd ('14-'15) GSE35L |- |D |Lexus IS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & IS300 2wd ('18-'19) ASE30L, IS300 4wd ('16-'19) GSE37L |- |D |Lexus IS350 2wd ('14-'19) GSE31L, IS350 4wd ('14-'19) GSE36L |- |E |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13) ZRE142L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12) AZE141L |- |E |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13 & in Canada '14) ZRE142L,<br> Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('10-'13) AZE141L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('10-'13) AZE144L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) AZE146L |- |E |Toyota Camry ('10-'11) I4: ASV40L, V6: GSV40L, Hybrid: AHV40L |- |E |Lexus ES350 ('10-'12) GSV40L |- |E |Lexus LS460 2wd ('10-'17) USF40L, LS460L 2wd ('10-'17) USF41L, LS460 4wd ('10-'17) USF45L, LS460L 4wd ('10-'17) USF46L |- |E |Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16) UVF46L |- |E |Lexus SC430 ('10) UZZ40L |- |E |Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada) ZVW41L |- |E |Toyota Avalon ('13-'18) V6: GSX40L, Hybrid: AVX40L |- |F |Toyota Camry ('12-'17) I4: ASV50L, V6: GSV50L, Hybrid: AVV50L |- |F |Toyota Prius ('16-'18) ZVW50L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, 2wd), ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd) |- |F |Toyota Prius ('19-'22) ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd), ZVW55L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22) ZVW52L (Lithium-ion Battery, PHEV, 2wd) |- |F |Lexus LS500 2wd ('18-'19) VXFA50L, LS500 4wd ('18-'19) VXFA55L |- |F |Lexus LS500h 2wd ('18-'19) GVF50L, LS500h 4wd ('18-'19) GVF55L |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'22) V6: GSX50L (2wd) |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'20) Hybrid: AXXH50L (2wd) (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('13-'18) GSV60L |- |G |Lexus ES300h ('13-'18) AVV60L |- |H |Toyota Corolla sedan ('14-'19) ZRE172L |- |H |Toyota Camry ('18-'19) I4: AXVA70L, V6: GSV70L, Hybrid: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery), AXVH71L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |J |Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18) ZRE186L |- |K |Toyota Yaris - Hatchback: NCP91L ('10-'11), 4-d sedan: NCP93L ('10-'12) |- |K |Lexus GS350 2wd ('10-'11) GRS191L, GS350 4wd ('10-'11) GRS196L |- |K |Lexus GS460 ('10-'11) URS190L |- |K |Lexus GS450h ('10-'11) GWS191L |- |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ200L |- |A |Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ201L. In '20-'21, also denotes 4wd. |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |B |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('10-'14) GSJ10L (2wd), GSJ15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV10L (2wd), GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('16 [Canada only]) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX350 ('10-'15) GGL10L (2wd), GGL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX450h ('10-'15) GYL10L (2wd), GYL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX200t ('15-'17) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('18-'19) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300h - 2wd: AYZ10L ('15-'16), 4wd: AYZ15L ('15-'19) |- |B |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('16-'23) GRN310L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Sienna ('10) 2wd: GSL20L, 4wd: GSL25L |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) TRN220L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma X-Runner Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13 & '14 in Canada & '14-'15 in HI) GRN225L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Lexus RX350 ('16-'19) GGL20L (2wd), GGL25L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX350L ('18-'19) GGL21L (2wd), GGL26L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX450h - 2wd: GYL20L ('16), 4wd: GYL25L ('16-'19) |- |C |Lexus RX450hL 4wd: GYL26L ('18-'19) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada) I4: ASL30L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'20) V6: GSL30L (2wd), GSL35L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 ('10-'12) I4: ASA38L (2wd), ASA33L (4wd), V6: GSA38L (2wd), GSA33L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14) QEA38L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN330L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('10) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('11-'13) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) TRN240L (I4) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) TRN245L (I4), GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 ('13-'18) I4: ASA42L (2wd), ASA44L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'18) AVA44L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) TRN245L (I4) |- |F |Scion XB ('10-'15) AZE151L |- |F |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('10-'15) GRN250L (V6) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('10-'13) GSK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('14) GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('10) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('11-'13) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('14-'19) UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('10) USK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('11-'17) USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('18-'21) USK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('10) UPK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('11-'19) UPK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('10-'13) USK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('14-'17) USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('18-'21) USK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Lexus GX460 ('10-'19) URJ150L |- |F |Toyota Highlander ('14-'19) I4: ASU50L (2wd), V6: GSU50L (2wd), GSU55L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU58L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 ('19-'25) I4: AXAA52L (2wd), AXAA54L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: ('19-'25) AXAH54L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd), ('21-'25) AXAL54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24) & RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25) AXAP54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12) 4.6L V8: UPK60L (2wd), UPK65L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('13-'20) 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('10) TRN260L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) TRN265L (I4), GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |H |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN270L (V6) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10) I4: TRN280L (2wd) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24) V6: GRN280L (2wd), GRN285L (4wd) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Series & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22) w/1.8L 2ZR-FAE engine: ZRE212L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 2wd: AXVA70L, V6 2wd: GSV70L, Hybrid 2wd: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Avalon ('21-'22) Hybrid: AXXH51L (2wd) (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) JPD20L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (Japan-built) |- |A |Toyota Crown ('23-'25) 2.5L Hybrid Awd: AZSH35L, 2.4L Turbo Hybrid Max Awd: TZSH35L |- |A |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Crown Signia ('25-'26) AZSH38L, Awd |- |A |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH11L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH21L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350e ('26-) XXZM21L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('20) ZWE211L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 Awd: AXVA75L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('20) GRL12L |- |B |Lexus RC300 2wd ('20-'23) ASC10L, RC350 2wd ('20-'23) GSC10L |- |B |Toyota Avalon ('21) I4 AWD: AXXA55L |- |B |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH65L, Awd |- |C |Toyota Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'26), FX Edition ('25) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA12L, 2wd |- |C |Lexus GS350 4wd ('20) GRL16L |- |C |Lexus ES300h ('21-'25) AXZH11L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |C |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24) & Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) MXWH61L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXVH80L |- |D |Lexus RC350 Awd ('20-'23) GSC15L |- |D |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('21-'22) ZWE213L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |D |Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25) AXZA15L, Awd |- |D |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (US-built) |- |D |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXVH85L |- |D |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH16L, Awd |- |D |Toyota GR Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (UK-built) |- |D |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH26L, Awd |- |D |Lexus ES500e ('26-) XXZM26L, Awd |- |E |Lexus RC300 Awd ('20-'23) GSC16L |- |E |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (Japan-built) |- |F |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE219L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |H |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE215L, Awd (Lithium-ion Battery) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 2wd: GSU70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('23-'25) I4 Turbo 2wd: TXUA70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'24) Hybrid 2wd: AXUH70L |- |A |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL20L (2wd) |- |A |Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) AXUH85L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH80L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |A |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA20L (2wd), NX350h ('26-) AAZH20L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) XEAM10L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus RZ450e ('23-'25) XEBM15L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TASA10L, Hybrid 2wd: AASH10L |- |A |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TJH250L |- |A |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TZNA50L |- |A |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL64L, Awd; RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-) AXAP64L, Awd |- |A |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-), Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 4wd: GSU75L |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('23-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TXUA75L |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus GX460 ('20-'23) URJ150L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK65L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH85L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26) MXGH15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA71L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH71L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |B |Toyota bZ4X (Early '23), Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |B |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e ('24-'25) XEBM10L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo Awd: TASA15L, Hybrid Awd: AASH15L, Hybrid Max Awd: TASH15L |- |B |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA15L (Awd), TX500h ('24-'26) TAUH15L (Awd) |- |B |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TZNA55L, i-Force MAX Hybrid 4wd: TZNH55L |- |B |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL62L, 2wd |- |B |Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM10L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Highlander ('20-'26) Hybrid 4wd: AXUH78L |- |C |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA72L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |C |Lexus LX600 ('22-'26) VJA310L (4wd), LX700h ('25-'26) VJH310L (4wd) |- |C |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA15L (Awd), RX350h ('23-'26) AALH15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus TX550h+ ('24-'26) GYU15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus RZ450e ('26-), RZ550e ('26-) XEBM25L, Awd |- |D |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ15L (Awd), NX300h ('20-'21) AYZ15L (Awd) |- |D |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL25L (Awd), RX450h ('20-'22) GYL25L (Awd) |- |D |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |D |Lexus GX550 ('24-'25) VJA252L, 4wd |- |D |Lexus RZ350e ('26-) XEBM20L, 2wd |- |E |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL21L (2wd) |- |E |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXLH40L |- |E |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA76L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH76L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |E |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA25L (Awd), NX350 ('22-'26) TAZA25L (Awd), NX350h ('22-'26) AAZH25L (Awd) |- |E |Lexus RX500h ('23-'26) TALH17L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota bZ ('26-) XEAM11L, 2wd |- |F |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL26L (Awd), RX450hL ('20-'22) GYL26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXLH45L |- |F |Lexus NX450h+ ('22-'26) AAZH26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5, TRD PreRunner XtraCab 2wd, SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab 2wd: TZNA40L (278 hp) |- |F |Toyota bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT ('26-) XEAM15L, Awd |- |G |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA77L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |G |Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26) AALH16L (Awd) |- |G |Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited ('26-) XEAM18L, Awd |- |H |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 2wd, SR Double Cab 2wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA41L (228 hp) |- |H |Toyota bZ Woodland ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker ('26-) XEAM17L, Awd |- |J |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5 XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/man. trans., SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited Double Cab 4wd: TZNA45L (278 hp w/auto. trans., 270 hp w/man. trans.) |- |K |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA46L (228 hp) |- |L |Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max Hybrid ('24-'26) TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, TRD Pro Double Cab 4wd: TZNH47L (326 total system hp [all except Trailhunter], 323 total system hp on Trailhunter) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Vehicle Line & Make=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Scion iQ, Toyota Scion iQ EV ('13) |- |1 |Toyota Tundra ('10-'21) |- |1 |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22) |- |1 |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25), ES250 AWD ('21-'25), ES300h ('19-'25) |- |1 |Lexus ES350h ('26-), ES350e ('26-), ES550e ('26-) |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS200t, IS300 RWD, IS300 AWD, IS350, IS F, IS250C, IS350C |- |3 |Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12) |- |3 |Toyota Prius C |- |4 |Toyota Scion xD |- |5 |Toyota Grand Highlander, Grand Highlander Hybrid |- |6 |Lexus TX350, TX500h, TX550h+ |- |7 |Toyota Scion tC |- |A |Lexus HS250h |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350L, RX450h, RX450hL |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350h, RX500h, RX450h+ |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X, Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) |- |B |Toyota Avalon, Avalon Hybrid |- |B |Toyota bZ |- |B |Toyota bZ Woodland |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e, RZ350e, RZ450e, RZ550e |- |C |Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid |- |C |Lexus RC200t, RC300 RWD, RC300 AWD, RC350, RC F |- |C |Subaru Solterra ('26-) |- |C |Subaru Trailseeker |- |D |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) |- |D |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-) |- |E |Toyota Corolla, GR Corolla, GRMN Corolla |- |E |Toyota Scion iM, Corolla iM |- |E |Toyota Matrix |- |E |Toyota Scion xB |- |E |Subaru Uncharted |- |F |Toyota FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |F |Lexus LS500, LS500h |- |F |Toyota Crown |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), ES300h ('13-'18) |- |G |Toyota Corolla Cross, Corolla Cross Hybrid |- |H |Toyota Highlander, Highlander Hybrid |- |H |Lexus CT200h |- |H |Lexus LFA |- |H |Lexus UX200, UX250h, UX300h |- |H |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Full-size: '10-'11, '13-'21) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Mid-size: '24-'26) |- |J |Toyota Crown Signia |- |K |Toyota Camry, Camry Hybrid |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS450h ('13-'15) |- |L |Lexus GS200t, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('16-'17) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('18) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS F ('19) |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS F ('20) |- |N |Toyota Tacoma |- |P |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15), Prius Prime ('17-'22) |- |R |Toyota 4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS350, GS460, GS450h ('10-'11) |- |U |Toyota Prius, Prius V |- |U |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |- |V |Toyota RAV4, RAV4 Hybrid, RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26), RAV4 EV |- |X |Lexus GX460, GX550 |- |X |Lexus LX570, LX600, LX700h |- |X |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Y |Lexus LC500, LC500h |- |Z |Lexus NX200t, NX300, NX300h |- |Z |Lexus NX250, NX350, NX350h, NX450h+ |} ===Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2022- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |B |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 5.5 ft. Bed |- |C |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |D |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 8.1 ft. Bed |} ==VIN Format 1996-2009== Toyota has used the following VIN format from 1996-2009 for North America and since 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |5 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |D |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |H |MPV: [[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |Truck: [[#Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System|Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |8 |C ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |S |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo) |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Avalon, '01-'03 Prius, Lexus ES, IS, GS, LS) |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD ('96-'97 Paseo, '96-'98 Celica, '96 Camry coupe, '99-'08 Camry Solara, '96-'00 Lexus SC300/SC400) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus GS300 AWD '06, GS350 AWD '07-'09, LS460 AWD '09) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD ('96-'05 Celica, '96-'98 Supra, '05-'09 Scion tC) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD ('09 Lexus LS460L AWD, '08-'09 LS600hL) |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD ('96 Corolla wagon, '96 Camry wagon, '02-'05 Lexus IS300 SportCross) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD ('97 Paseo conv., '96-'99 Celica conv., '00-'08 Camry Solara conv., '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '02-'09 Lexus SC430) |- |G |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS ('09 Matrix XRS) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD ('07-'09 Lexus LS460L) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD ('07-'09 Yaris 3-door) |- |K |4DR Hatchback or 5DR Liftback 2WD ('04-'09 Prius, '09 Yaris 5-door) / 5DR Sedan 2WD ('03-'08 Matrix 2wd, Scion xA, xD) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension ('09 Matrix Base model & S 2wd) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD ('03-'06, '09 Matrix 4wd) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 Lexus GX470) |- |D |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'97 Previa, '98-'00 Sienna, '96-'05 RAV4, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '01-'07 Highlander,<br> '96-'02 4Runner) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'97 Previa All-Trac, '96-'05 RAV4, '01-'07 Highlander, '96-'02 4Runner, '96-'09 Land Cruiser, '99-'03 Lexus RX300,<br> '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '96-'97 Lexus LX450, '98-'07 LX470, '08-'09 LX570) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'06, '08-'09 Scion xB) |- |X |2DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Y |2DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD ('98-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia) |- |} ===Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {{center|'''All have hydraulic brakes.'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |Tundra Access Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |D |Tundra Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |E |Tundra Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |G |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |H |Tacoma Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |J |T100 Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98), Tundra Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |R |Tundra Access Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |S |Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('98-'04) |- |T |T100 XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |U |T100 XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |V |Tacoma XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |W |Tacoma XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |L |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |M |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |R |Tundra Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |B |Tundra Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |S |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |C |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |E |Tundra CrewMax LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |D |Tundra CrewMax LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Engine Type 1996-2009=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('96-'97). |- | A || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330 ('04-'06),<br> Camry Solara ('04-'08). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla, Celica ST ('96-'97). |- | B || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 3CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('04-'09). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('07-'09). |- | C || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada), Paseo ('96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('07-'09). |- | D || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 2JZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Supra ('96-'98), Lexus GS300 ('96-'05), SC300 ('96-'00), IS300 ('01-'05). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('01-'07), RAV4 ('04-'08). |- | E || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('96-'98). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('02-'09), Camry Solara ('02-'08), Scion tC ('05-'09),<br> Scion xB ('08-'09), Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS ('09). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('06-'09), GS350 ('07-'09). |- | E || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine. Toyota Venza, Highlander ('09). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('96-'03), Avalon ('96-'99), Sienna ('98-'00),<br> Lexus ES300 ('96-'98), Camry Solara ('99-'03). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry LE V6, XLE V6 ('04-'06), Avalon ('00-'04),<br> Highlander ('01-'03), Sienna ('01-'03), Lexus ES300 ('99-'03), RX300 ('99-'03). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('09). |- | G || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT ('96-'99), Camry ('96-'01), Camry Solara ('99-'01). |- | H || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400, SC400 ('96-'00), GS400 ('98-'00). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1AZ-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03). |- | H || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3GR-FSE engine. Lexus GS300 ('06). |- | J || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX450 ('96-'97). |- | J || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Lexus ES350 ('07-'09). |- | K || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('96-'97). |- | K || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 2CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('01-'03). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('05-'09), RAV4 ('06-'09), Camry V6, Sienna,<br> Lexus RX350 ('07-'09), Venza ('09). |- | K || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('06-'09). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('96-'04). |- | L || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus GS430 ('01-'05). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('07-'09), GS460 ('08-'09). |- | L || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Japanese-built Toyota Corolla ('09). |- | M || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'00), T100 ('96-'98). |- | N || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'02), T100 ('96-'98), Tundra ('00-'04). |- | N || 2.2L || I4 || CNG || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FNE engine. Toyota Camry ('00-'01). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS430 ('01-'06), SC430 ('02-'09), GS430 ('06-'07). |- | P || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('96-'00). |- | P || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('04-'07). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('08-'09). |- | R || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('00 & later). Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('98-'08), Celica GT, MR2 Spyder ('00-'05),<br> Matrix ('03-'08). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('08-'09). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'05), Toyota Tundra ('00-'04),<br> Sequoia ('01-'04), 4Runner, Lexus GX470 ('03-'04). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('06-'07), Toyota 4Runner, Sequoia, Tundra, Lexus GX470 ('05-'09). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Echo ('00-'05), Yaris ('07-'09), Scion xA, xB ('04-'06). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09), Tacoma, Tundra ('05-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Scion xD ('08-'09), US- & Canadian-built Toyota Corolla ('09),<br> Matrix ('09). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09). |- | V || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Tundra ('07-'09). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid ('06-'09), Lexus RX400h ('06-'08). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Tundra ('09). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('05-'09). |- | Y || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVTL-i. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('00-'05), Matrix XRS ('03-'06), Corolla XRS ('05-'06). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Lexus LX570 ('08-'09). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence, VVTL-i= Variable Valve Timing and Lift w/Intelligence, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 1996-2009==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 27.4 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Electricity || Front || 1BM motor. Toyota RAV4 EV ('98-'03). |} ===Series 1996-2009=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('96-'97): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door ('96-'97) or wagon ('96) w/1.8L engine: AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('96-'97): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('96-'99): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry ('96) I4: SXV'''1'''0L, V6: MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 ('96) MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('96-'99) MCX'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Corolla ('98-'02) ZZE1'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Echo ('00-'05) NCP'''1'''2L |- |1 |Toyota Prius ('01-'03) NHW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) JCE'''1'''0L |- |1 |Scion TC ('05-'09) ANT1'''0'''L |- |1 |Scion XD ('08-'09) ZSP1'''1'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('96-'00) UCF'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Camry ('97-'01) I4: SXV'''2'''0L, V6: MCV'''2'''0L, CNG I4 ('00-'01): SXV'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Camry Solara - 2.2L I4 ('99-'01): SXV'''2'''0L, 2.4L I4 ('02-'03): ACV'''2'''0L, V6 ('99-'03): MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus ES300 ('97-'01) MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Avalon ('00-'04) MCX'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Prius ('04-'09) NHW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus IS250 2wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''0L, IS250 4wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''5L, IS350 ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''1L, IS F ('08-'09) USE'''2'''0L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('96-'00) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('96-'00) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Celica - GT w/1ZZ-FE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''0L, GT-S w/2ZZ-GE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) ZZW'''3'''0L |- |3 |Lexus LS430 ('01-'06) UCF'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Camry ('02-'06) I4: ACV'''3'''0L, 3.0L V6: MCV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 SE V6): MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Camry Solara ('04-'08) I4 : ACV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6: MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus ES300 ('02-'03) MCV'''3'''0L, ES330 ('04-'06) MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Corolla w/1ZZ-FE engine ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''0L, Corolla XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('05-'06) ZZE1'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 2wd ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''2L, Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 4wd ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''3L |- |3 |Toyota Avalon ('05-'09) GSX'''3'''0L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('96-'97) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |4 |Lexus SC430 ('02-'09) UZZ'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Camry ('07-'09) I4: ACV'''4'''0L, V6: GSV'''4'''0L, Hybrid: AHV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus ES350 ('07-'09) GSV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''0L, LS460L 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''1L |- |4 |Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09) UVF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''5L, LS460L 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''6L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel (US: '96-'98, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''3L |- |5 |Toyota Paseo (US: '96-'97, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''4L |- |6 |Lexus GS300 ('98-'05) JZS1'''6'''0L, GS400 ('98-'00) UZS1'''6'''0L, GS430 ('01-'05) UZS1'''6'''1L |- |6 |Scion XA ('04-'06) NCP'''6'''1L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('96-'98) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Yaris ('07-'09) Hatchback: NCP'''9'''1L, 4-d sedan: NCP'''9'''3L |- |9 |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''0L, GS300 4wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''5L |- |9 |Lexus GS350 2wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''1L, GS350 4wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''6L |- |9 |Lexus GS430 ('06-'07) UZS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS460 ('08-'09) URS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS450h ('07-'09) GWS1'''9'''1L |- |} CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('98-'07), Lexus LX470 ('98-'07) UZJ1'''0'''0L |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''0L |- |0 |Lexus LX570 ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('96-'97) TCR'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 2wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''5L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''6L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 4wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''0L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 EV 2wd ('98-'03) 4-door: BEA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Sienna ('98-'03) MCL'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03) MCU'''1'''0L (2wd), MCU'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09) V6: GRN2'''1'''0L (2wd), GRN2'''1'''5L (4wd), V8: UZN2'''1'''0L (2wd), UZN2'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('07-'09) GSJ'''1'''0L (2wd), GSJ'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota Venza 2wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''0L, V6: GGV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Venza 4wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''5L, V6: GGV'''1'''5L |- |1 |Toyota T100 I4 2wd ('96-'98) RCK'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota T100 V6 2wd ('96-'98) VCK'''1'''1L |- |2 |Toyota T100 V6 4wd ('96-'98) VCK'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('96-'97) TCR'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03) ACA'''2'''6L (2wd), ACA'''2'''1L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('04-'05) ACA'''2'''8L (2wd), ACA'''2'''3L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('04-'06) 2wd: MCL'''2'''0L, 4wd: MCL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('07-'09) 2wd: GSL'''2'''0L, 4wd: GSL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 2wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''0L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''0L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''3L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 4wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''5L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''5L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''8L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''8L |- |2 |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) UZJ1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''0L (I4) |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''5L (I4), GRN2'''2'''5L (V6) |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 2wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''3'''0L, '05-'06 4.0L V6: GSK'''3'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 2wd ('04-'06) UCK'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Sequoia ('01-'07) UCK'''3'''5L (2wd), UCK'''4'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Scion XB ('04-'06) NCP'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus RX330 ('04-'06) MCU'''3'''3L (2wd), MCU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX350 ('07-'09) GSU'''3'''0L (2wd), GSU'''3'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX400h ('06-'08) MHU'''3'''3L (2wd), MHU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('06-'08) I4: ACA'''3'''8L (2wd), ACA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('09) I4: ASA'''3'''8L (2wd), ASA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''5L (I4), GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 4wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''4'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 4wd ('04-'06) UCK'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('08) 2wd: GSU'''4'''0L, 4wd: GSU'''4'''5L, Hybrid 4wd: MHU'''4'''8L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('09) I4: ASU'''4'''0L (2wd), V6: GSU'''4'''0L (2wd), GSU'''4'''5L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU'''4'''8L (4wd) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''5'''0L (2.4L I4), VZN1'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('07-'09) GSK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Scion XB ('08-'09) AZE1'''5'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''6'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''0L (I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''5L (I4), GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Sequoia ('08-'09) 4.7L V8: UCK'''6'''0L (2wd), UCK'''6'''5L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK'''6'''0L (2wd), USK'''6'''5L (4wd) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''7'''1L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab 4wd ('01-'04) VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''7'''0L (V6) |- |8 |Toyota 4Runner - '96-'00 I4: RZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), RZN1'''8'''5L (4wd), '96-'02 V6: VZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), VZN1'''8'''5L (4wd) |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('96-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab [2wd] ('99-'04) RZN1'''9'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab [2wd] ('98-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab [2wd] ('01-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America)<br> Note: Toyota/Lexus VINs before 2010 do not reflect if the vehicle has rear-seat side airbags. Some Lexus ES, GS, & LS models are so equipped. !Code !Description !Application |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags |Tercel '96-'98, Corolla '96-'08, Camry '96-'06, Avalon '96-'97, Paseo '96-'97, Celica '96-'05,<br> Supra '96-'98, Camry Solara '99-'03, Echo '00-'05, MR2 Spyder '00-'05, Prius '01-'06,<br> Matrix '03-'08, Yaris '07-'08, Scion xA '04-'06, Lexus ES300 '96-'97, GS300 '96-'97, LS400 '96,<br> SC300/SC400 '96-'00 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '07-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '05-'09, Camry '07-'09, Scion tC '05-'07 (Opt.), Scion tC '08-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus LS430 '04-'06, LS460 '07-'09, LS600hL '08-'09, GS300 '06, GS350 '07-'09,<br> GS430 '06-'07, GS460 '08-'09, GS450h '07-'09, IS250/IS350 '06-'09, IS F '08-'09,<br> ES350 '07-'09 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Scion tC '05-'07 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Side Airbags |Corolla '98-'04 (Opt.), Camry '98-'01 (Opt.), Avalon '98-'04, Camry Solara '99-'03 (Opt.),<br> Camry Solara coupe '04-'06, Camry Solara convertible '04-'08, Celica '00-'05 (Opt.),<br> Echo '01-'05 (Opt.), Prius '01-'03 (Opt.), Matrix '03-'04 (Opt.), Lexus LS400 '97-'00,<br> ES300 '98-'01, GS300/GS400 '98-'00, IS300 '01, SC430 '02-'06 |- |9 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front-seat Side Curtain Airbags |Lexus GS300/GS430 '01-'05, IS300 '02-'05 |- |0 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Camry '02-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '04-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '07-'08,<br> Prius '04-'06 (Opt.), Prius '07-'09, Corolla '05-'08 (Opt.), Corolla '09, Matrix '05-'08 (Opt.), Matrix '09, Yaris '07-'08 (Opt.), Yaris '09, Scion xA '04-'06 (Opt.), Scion xD '08-'09, Lexus LS430 '01-'03, ES300 '02-'03, ES330 '04-'06 |- |} ===Grade=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |RAV4 ('96-'05), Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), GX470 ('03-'09), LX470 ('98-'07), LX570 ('08-'09), Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |1 |T100 [Base model] ('96-'98), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander/Highlander Hybrid [Base model] ('08-'09), RAV4 Limited 2-row ('06-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09), Venza ('09), Lexus RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09), RX400h ('06-'08) |- |2 |Previa DX ('96-'97), Tacoma [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('98-'00), Tacoma ('01-'09), T100 DX ('96-'98), Tundra [Base model] ('00-'09),<br> Sienna XLE ('04-'09), Sienna XLE Limited ('04-'05), Sienna Limited ('06-'09), Scion xB w/auto. trans. ('04-'06), RAV4 Sport 2-row ('06-'09),<br> Highlander Limited ('08-'09) |- |3 |Previa LE ('96-'97), Sienna LE, XLE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [US market] ('04-'09), Sienna LE ('04-'09), Scion xB w/man. trans. ('04-'06),<br> RAV4 [Base model, 2-row] ('06-'09), Highlander Sport ('08-'09) |- |4 |4Runner [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('96-'97), Tacoma Limited ('98-'00), T100 SR5 ('96-'98), Tundra SR5 ('00-'09), Sequoia SR5 ('01-'09),<br> 4Runner SR5, Sport ('03-'09), RAV4 Limited 3-row ('06-'09), Highlander Hybrid Limited ('08-'09) |- |5 |Land Cruiser ('96-'09), RAV4 [Base model, 3-row] ('06-'09) |- |6 |4Runner SR5 ('96-'02) |- |7 |4Runner Limited ('96-'09), Sequoia Platinum ('08-'09) |- |8 |Lexus LX450 ('96-'97), Tundra Limited ('00-'09), Sequoia Limited ('01-'09) |- |9 |Sienna CE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [Canadian market] ('04-'09) |} ===Vehicle Line=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra |- |2 |Lexus IS300 |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS350, IS F |- |3 |Echo / Yaris |- |4 |Scion xA / Scion xD |- |4 |Scion xB ('04-'06) |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Supra |- |A |Highlander |- |A |Sequoia |- |A |Venza |- |B |Avalon |- |C |Sienna |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix |- |E |Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS400 |- |F |Lexus LS430 |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |G |Lexus ES300, ES330, ES350 |- |H |Paseo |- |J |Land Cruiser |- |J |Lexus LX450 |- |K |Camry |- |L |Tercel |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS300, GS350 |- |S |Lexus GS430, GS460 |- |S |Lexus GS450h |- |T |Celica |- |U |Prius |- |U |Lexus RX300 |- |U |Lexus RX330, RX350, RX400h |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |Lexus LX470, LX570 |- |X |Lexus GS400 |- |X |Lexus GX470 |- |Y |RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |Y |Lexus SC400 |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Z |Lexus SC300 |- |} ==VIN Format 1981-1995== For vehicles prior to model year 1996 for North America and 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |V |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |N |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |1 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |3 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |G ||[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System]] |- |9 |3 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |R |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |5 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |6 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |2 |- |14 |2 |- |15 |2 |- |16 |1 |- |17 |7 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |3 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |J |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |4 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |V ||[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |D |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Drivetrain Type|Drivetrain Type]] |- |7 |2 |[[#Cab Type & Chassis|Cab Type & Chassis]] |- |8 |P ||[[#Series (Grade) & Brake System|Series (Grade) & Brake System]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} ===Engine Type 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3A-C engine. Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82), Tercel ('83-'86), Tercel wagon ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('83), Corolla Sport DX, SR5 ('84-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GELC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 ('85-'89), Corolla FX-16 ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GEC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GZE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89) |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla GT-S ('88-'91). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-F engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'89). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'95), Celica ST ('90-'93). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FE engine. Toyota Previa ('91-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('94-'95). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'85). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('84-'85). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('86). |- | D || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('93-'95). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || 1-bbl carb. Toyota 3E engine. Toyota Tercel ('87-'90). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3E-E engine. Toyota Tercel ('90-'94). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('95), Paseo ('92-'95). |- | F || 4.2L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || 2-bbl. Carb. Toyota 2F engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('81-'87). |- | F || 4.0L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3F-E engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('88-'92). |- | G || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('94-'95), Avalon ('95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2JZ-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('93-'95), Lexus SC300 ('92-'95), GS300 ('93-'95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('93-'95). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4K-C engine. Toyota Starlet ('81-'82). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4K-E engine. Toyota Starlet ('83-'84). |- | L || 2.2L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota L engine. Toyota Pickup ('81-'83). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L engine. Toyota Pickup ('84-'85). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L-T engine. Toyota Pickup ('85). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-E engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('81), Cressida ('81-'82). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-GE engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86), Cressida ('83-'88). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92), Cressida ('89-'92). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('87-'92). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 22R engine. Toyota Celica, Corona ('81-'82), Pickup ('81-'90), 4Runner ('84). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-E (EC for CA emissions version) engine.<br> Toyota Celica ('83-'85), Pickup ('84-'95), 4Runner ('85-'95). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-TE (TEC for CA emissions version) engine. Toyota Pickup ('85-'88), 4Runner ('86-'87). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 2S-ELC engine. Toyota Camry ('83-'86), Celica ST/GT ('86). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GELC engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('86-'89). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota Celica ST/GT ('87-'89), Camry ('87-'91). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GTE engine.<br> Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93), MR2 Turbo ('91-'95). |- | S || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT/GT-S ('90-'93), Celica GT ('94-'95), MR2 ('91-'95), Camry ('92-'95). |- | T || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3T-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('81-'82). |- | U || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400 ('90-'95), SC400 ('92-'95). |- | U || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('95). |- | U || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('94-'95). |- | V || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('88-'91), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-E engine. Toyota 4Runner, Pickup ('88-'95), T100 ('93-'94). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('92-'93). |- | V || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('95). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 3Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('84-'85). |- | Y || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('86-'89). |} ===Vehicle Line 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Celica rwd ('81-'85) |- |A |Celica Supra ('81-'86) |- |A |Supra ('86 1/2-'95) |- |B |Avalon ('95) |- |C |Previa ('91-'95) |- |D |T100 ('93-'95) |- |E |Corolla ('81-'95) |- |F |Lexus LS400 ('90-'95) |- |J |Land Cruiser ('81-'95) |- |K |Camry ('92-'95) |- |K |Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |L |Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) |- |L |Tercel ('83-'95) |- |L |Paseo ('92-'95) |- |N |Pickup (compact pickup & chassis cab '81-'95) |- |N |Tacoma ('95 1/2) |- |N |4Runner ('84-'95) |- |P |Starlet ('81-'84) |- |R |Van ('84-'89) |- |S |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |T |Corona ('81-'82) |- |T |Celica fwd or awd ('86-'95) |- |V |Camry ('83-'91) |- |V |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |- |W |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95) |- |X |Cressida ('81-'92) |- |Z |Lexus SC300, SC400 ('92-'95) |- |} ===Model Designation=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door or wagon w/1.8L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('94-'95): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('94-'95): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - Gas I4 ('83-'86): SV'''1'''1L, 1.8L Turbodiesel I4 [1C-TLC] ('84-'85): CV'''1'''0L, 2.0L Turbodiesel I4 [2C-TLC] ('86): CV'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota MR2 ('85-'89) AW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus LS400 ('90-'94) UCF'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - I4 ('92-'95): SXV'''1'''0L, V6 w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, V6 w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 - w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('95) MCX'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) AL12L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |2 |Toyota Camry sedan - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1L, I4 All-Trac 4WD ('88-'91): SV'''2'''5L, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Camry wagon - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1LG, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1LG |- |2 |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota MR2 ('91-'95) Base model w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: SW'''2'''1L, Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: SW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('95) UCF'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Corona ('81-'82) RT1'''3'''5L |- |3 |Toyota Tercel hatchback ('83-'86) AL21L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel wagon - 2wd: ('84-'87) AL21LG, 4wd: ('83-'88) AL25LG (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel coupe & hatchback ('87-'90) EL'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('92-'95) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('92-'95) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Celica ('81) RA'''4'''3L |- |4 |Toyota Celica Supra ('81) MA'''4'''7L |- |4 |Toyota Tercel ('91-'94) EL'''4'''2L |- |4 |Toyota Paseo ('92-'95) EL'''4'''4L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel ('95) EL'''5'''3L |- |6 |Toyota Starlet ('81-'84) KP'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Cressida - sedan w/solid (live) rear axle ('81-'82): MX'''6'''2L, sedan w/IRS ('83-'84): MX'''6'''3L, wagon ('81-'84): MX'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/22R engine ('82): RA'''6'''4L, ST & GT w/22R-E/EC engine & solid (live) rear axle ('83-'85): RA'''6'''4L,<br> GT-S w/22R-E/EC engine & IRS ('83-'85): RA'''6'''5L |- |6 |Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86) MA'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/2S-ELC engine ('86): ST1'''6'''1L, ST & GT w/3S-FE engine ('87-'89): ST1'''6'''2L, GT-S w/3S-GELC engine ('86-'89): ST1'''6'''2L,<br> All-Trac Turbo w/3S-GTE engine ('88): ST1'''6'''5L |- |7 |Toyota Corolla - w/1.8L OHV 3T-C engine ('81-'82): TE'''7'''2L, w/1.6L SOHC 4A-C engine ('83): AE'''7'''1L |- |7 |Toyota Cressida - sedan ('85-'88): MX'''7'''3L, wagon ('85-'87): MX'''7'''2LG |- |7 |Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92) MA'''7'''0L |- |8 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd, gas-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Fwd, diesel-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'85): CE'''8'''0L, Corolla FX/FX-16 Fwd 3-door hatchback ('87-'88): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Corolla Sport - Rwd, gas-powered 2-door coupe & 3-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''6L |- |8 |Toyota Cressida ('89-'92) MX'''8'''3L |- |8 |Toyota Celica ('90-'93) - ST w/1.6L 4A-FE engine: AT1'''8'''0L, GT & GT-S w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: ST1'''8'''4L, All-Trac Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: ST1'''8'''5L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('93-'95) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''2L, All-Trac 4wd 4-door sedan ('89-'90) & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''5L |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('91-'95) TCR'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Van - w/2.0L 3Y-EC engine ('84-'85): YR'''2'''1LG, w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 2wd ('86-'89): YR'''2'''2LG |- |2 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 2wd ('90-'91): RN1'''2'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 2wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('91-'95) TCR'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Van w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 4wd ('87-'89): YR'''3'''1LG |- |3 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 4wd ('90-'95): RN1'''3'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 4wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Land Cruiser 40 Series 2-door Hardtop ('81-'83) FJ'''4'''0LV |- |6 |Toyota Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - w/2F engine: FJ'''6'''0LG ('81-'87), w/3F-E engine ('88-'90): FJ'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota 4Runner 4wd - I4: RN'''6'''0LG ('84-'85), RN'''6'''1LG ('86-'89), V6 ('88-'89): VZN'''6'''1LG |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser - w/3F-E engine ('91-'92): FJ'''8'''0L, w/1FZ-FE engine ('93-'95) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |} ===Drivetrain Type=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |4wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95) |- |0 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '95 |- |1 |4wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95) |- |1 |2wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |4wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |2wd (Cargo Van) '84-'89 |- |3 |4wd (Cargo Van) '87-'89 |- |4 |2wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |5 |2wd (Pickup, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version) '84-'88 |- |5 |2wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |6 |4wd (Pickup '84-'88, 4Runner - truck version '84-'89, Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |6 |4wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |6 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '84-'85, '87-'89 |- |7 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab - Extra LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |2wd (Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |4wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |8 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '91-'93 |- |8 |2wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version '89-'93) |- |9 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '89-'93) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Series (Grade)=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Supra [base model] ('86 1/2-'92), Corolla LE ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95), Avalon XL ('95) Lexus SC400 ('92-'95) |- |1 |Starlet ('81-'84), Corolla Tercel [base model] ('81-'82), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d/4-d ('82), Tercel [base model] ('83-'89), Tercel EZ ('87),<br> Tercel [base model w/carbureted engine] ('90), Corolla [base model] ('81-'83), Camry [base model] ('87), Camry DX ('87-'95), Supra Turbo ('87-'92),<br> Corolla [base model] ('90-'92), MR2 [base model] ('91-'95), Supra [base model] ('93-'95), Avalon XLS ('95), Lexus LS400 ('90-'94), SC300 ('92-'95) |- |2 |Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d ('81), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 3-d ('81-'82), Tercel Deluxe ('83-'89), Tercel Deluxe w/carbureted engine ('90), Corolla DX ('81-'83),<br> Corolla SR5 ('83), Corolla DX 4-d sedan/5-d hatch ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('88-'89), Corona Deluxe ('81-'82),<br> Cressida ('81-'82), Cressida wagon ('83-'87), Camry DX ('83-'85), Camry DX w/gasoline engine ('86), Camry LE ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('87-'89),<br> MR2 Turbo ('91-'95), Supra Turbo ('93-'95), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91), LS400 ('95) |- |3 |Celica ST ('81-'86), Cressida sedan ('83-'92), Corolla LE ('84-'89), Camry DX turbodiesel ('86), Tercel [base model w/fuel injected engine] ('90),<br> Tercel DX ('91-'94), Camry XLE ('92-'95), Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |4 |Celica GT ('81-'86), Corolla LE Limited ('85-'86), Camry [base model] ('88-'91), Corolla DX All-Trac wagon ('88-'92), Corolla DX All-Trac sedan ('89-'90), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('90-'92), Tercel Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('90), Tercel LE ('91-'93), Camry SE ('92-'95), Corolla [base model] ('93-'95) |- |5 |Corolla SR5 ('81-'82), Corolla Sport [DX] ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('88-'89), Celica GT-S ('83-'93), Tercel SR5 ('83-'88), MR2 [base model] ('85-'89),<br> Paseo ('92-'95), Tercel [base model] ('95) |- |6 |Corona Luxury Edition ('81-'82), Camry LE ('83-'86), Corolla Sport SR5 ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 All-Trac wagon ('88-'90), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('90-'91),<br> Celica ST ('87-'93), MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89), Tercel EZ ('88-'90), Tercel [base model] ('91-'94), Tercel DX ('95) |- |7 |Celica Supra ('81-'86), Corolla FX16 ('87-'88), Celica GT coupe/liftback ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('91-'93, '95), Corolla LE ('90-'92),<br> Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |8 |Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87), Corolla GT-S Coupe ('88-'91), Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93) |- |9 |Corolla FX16 GT-S ('87-'88), Corolla DX ('93-'95) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Land Cruiser 40 Series ('81-'83), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('81-'87), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('91-'92) |- |1 |Previa DX ('91-'95), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('93-'95) |- |2 |Van Deluxe ('84-'89), 4Runner Deluxe ('85), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('88-'90), Previa LE ('91-'95) |- |3 |4Runner Deluxe ('86, '88-'89), Previa DX S/C ('95) |- |4 |4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('86-'87, '89), Previa LE S/C ('94-'95) |- |5 |4Runner SR5 ('84-'85) |- |6 |Van LE ('84-'89), 4Runner SR5 V6 ('88-'89) |- |7 |4Runner SR5 Turbo ('86-'87), 4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('90-'95) |- |9 |4Runner SR5 V6 ('90-'95) |} ===Cab Type & Chassis=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 (when following 5 or 6 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |0 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in.] (Pickup '86-'88) |- |0 |Wagon [4DR], long wheelbase (Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (T100 '93-'94) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, 4-cyl. (T100 '95) |- |1 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '84-'85) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |2 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '86-'89) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in. for 4x2, 121.9 in. for 4x4], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |4 |Panel van, 4-link rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 4wd '87-'89) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |5 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 5 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '86-'88) |- |6 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |7 |Van (Cargo Van '84-'85) |- |7 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |8 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |8 |Panel van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 2wd '86-'89) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is R) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbo gas engine (Pickup '85-'86) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is L) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |9 |Glass van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Window Van '86-'89) |} IFS= Independent Front Suspension ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Application !Restraint System |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '81-'89, MR2 '85-'89) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Sport Coupe '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback (Corolla Sport '84-'86 & in Canada '87) |Manual Belts |- |C |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR coupe (Tercel '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'89, Corona '81-'82, Camry '83-'86) |Manual Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '89) |Manual Belts |- |G |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd <br>(Starlet '81-'84, Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Tercel '83-'89, Tercel EZ '89 [some],<br> Corolla FX/FX16 '87-'88) |Manual Belts |- |H |5DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Camry '83-'86, Tercel '83-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] (MR2 '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '81-'89, Celica Supra '81-'86, Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Liftback '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |L |5DR hatchback 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '88) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR hardtop (Corolla [Sports] Hardtop '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR coupe (Corolla Sport '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Tercel '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83, '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 4wd (Tercel '83-'88) |Manual Belts |- |Z |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Tercel EZ '88 [all], '89 [some]) |Manual Belts |- |A |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '90-'92, Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |B |2DR sedan (Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Cressida '81-'92, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |F |2DR coupe (Tercel '90, Paseo '92) |Automatic Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90) |Automatic Belts |- |J |4DR sedan 4wd (Camry All-Trac '88-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |J |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '90-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |K |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |M |3DR liftback (Tercel '90) |Automatic Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Cressida '81-'87, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |S |2DR sedan (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |T |4DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |U |2DR coupe (Paseo '93-'95) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |C |2DR coupe (Lexus SC300/SC400 '92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '90-'92, Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |P |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES250 '90-'91, ES300 '92-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |B |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Lexus SC300/SC400 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '93-'95, GS300 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95, Avalon '95, Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES300 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |} '''Incomplete Passenger Cars - Body Type & Brake System''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type & Application !Brake System |- |K |2DR convertible (Celica '84-'85, '87-'89, '91-'93, '95) |Hydraulic Brakes |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !VIN Code !Description |- |C |Hardtop [2DR] ('81-'83 Land Cruiser 40 Series) |- |G |Wagon [4DR] ('81-'90 Land Cruiser 60 Series) |- |J |2DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'91 4Runner) |- |R |4DR Wagon 2WD ('91-'95 Previa) |- |S |4DR Wagon 4WD ('91-'95 Previa All-Trac) |- |V |Van ('84-'85 Van) |- |V |4DR Wagon 2WD ('90-'95 4Runner) |- |W |Wagon ('84-'89 4Runner, '86-'89 Van) |- |W |4DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'95 4Runner, '91-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |} ===Series (Grade) & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America) |+'''All have hydraulic brakes.''' !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('88, '90-'95), T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('93), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('94) |- |B |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] Turbo ('86-'87), T100 [base model] One Ton ('93), T100 DX One Ton ('94), Tacoma [base model] 2.4L 2wd ('95) |- |C |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] V6 ('88), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('93-'94), Tacoma [base model] 2.7L 4wd ('95) |- |D |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/carbureted gas engine ('84-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/diesel engine ('84-'85),<br> Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('91-'95), 4Runner - truck version [base model] ('84-'86), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe ('87-'89),<br> T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton 4-cyl. ('94-'95) |- |E |Pickup 3/4 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('85-'88), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |F |Tacoma V6 [base model] ('95), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |G |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 Turbo ('85-'88), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('89-'95), T100 DX One Ton ('95) |- |H |T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('95) |- |K |Tacoma SR5 V6 ('95) |- |M |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('88), 4Runner - truck version SR5 V6 ('88) |- |N |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('88), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [V6] ('89-'92), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe V6 ('89) |- |P |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe 4-cyl. ('91-'95) |- |R |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'90), Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84),<br> Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85-'90) |- |S |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 2wd w/fuel injected engine ('84), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 4wd w/carbureted engine ('84),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), 4Runner - truck version SR5 [4-cyl.] ('87-'88) |- |T |Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'93) |- |U |Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'88) |- |V |Van [Cargo van version] ('84-'89), Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - truck version ('87) |- |} ==VIN positions== ===Country of origin=== Position 1 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 (7A-7E) |New Zealand |- |7 (7F-70) |USA |- |8 (8A-8E) |Argentina |- |9 (9A-9E, 93-99) |Brazil |- |A (AA-AH) |South Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |South Korea |- |L |China |- |M (MA-ME, MY-M0) |India |- |M (MF-MK) |Indonesia |- |M (ML-MR) |Thailand |- |N (NL-NR) |Turkey |- |P (PA-PE) |Philippines |- |P (PL-PR) |Malaysia |- |R (RF-RK) |Taiwan |- |R (RL-RP) |Vietnam |- |S (SA-SM) |United Kingdom |- |T (TW-T2) |Portugal |- |V (VF-VR) |France |- |W |Germany |- |X (XS-XW, XZ-X0) |Russia |- |Y (YA-YE) |Belgium |} Second letter or number in parentheses is from position 2 of VIN. The characters in parentheses represent the range assigned to that particular country. ===Manufacturer (Japan/North America)=== Position 2 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |F |Fuji Heavy Industries LTD |- |G |GM |- |M |Mazda (Mexico) |- |M |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |- |N |NUMMI (Toyota car) |- |T |NUMMI (Toyota truck) |- |T |Toyota |- |Y |Toyota (Mississippi, USA) |- |8 |Toyota (Lexus - Kentucky, USA) |} ===Vehicle Type=== {{center|Position 3-Japan built models}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |D,K,N,X,1,2,7 |Passenger Car |- |A,B,F,4 |Truck |- |G |Bus |- |E,L,M,3 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) |- |5 |Incomplete Vehicle (typically a convertible) |} ===Body=== {{center|Position 4 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world, may be incorrect for most recent ones)}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD / Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Celica, Supra) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD (Corolla, Camry) / MPV, Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris) / 5DR Van AWD / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |K |5DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris, Prius) / 5DR Wagon 2WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |L |5DR Wagon 4WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |M |5DR Door Van 2WD / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |N |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 2WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |P |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 4WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |R |Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |S |3DR Liftback 4WD |- |T |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 2WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |U |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |W |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame TRD |- |X |5DR Sport Utility Wagon |- |Y |Sport Van |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD |} ===Engine=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 4 (before 1996 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |3A-C 1.5L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla Tercel, '83-'86 Tercel, '87-'88 Tercel wagon) |- |A |4A-C 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('83 Corolla, '84-'87 Corolla Sport DX, SR5) |- |A |4A-LC 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('84-'87 Corolla, '87-'88 Corolla FX) |- |A |4A-GEC 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'87 Corolla Sport GT-S) |- |A |4A-GE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'91 Corolla GT-S) |- |A |4A-F 1.6L DOHC, 16V carb. I4 ('88-'89 Corolla) |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 ('88-'95 Corolla, '90-'93 Celica ST) |- |A |4A-GELC 1.6L DOHC, 16V I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'89 MR2, '87-'88 Corolla FX16) |- |A |4A-GZE 1.6L DOHC, 16V Supercharged, IC I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'89 MR2 Supercharged) |- |A |7A-FE 1.8L DOHC, 16V I4 ('93-'95 Corolla, '94-'95 Celica ST) |- |A |2TZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('91-'95 Previa) |- |A |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('94-'95 Previa S/C) |- |C |1C-LC 1.8L diesel indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Corolla) |- |C |1C-TLC 1.8L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Camry) |- |C |2C-TLC 2.0L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('86 Camry) |- |D |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('93-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |E |3E 1.5L SOHC, 12V carb. I4 ('87-'90 Tercel) |- |E |3E-E 1.5L SOHC, 12V EFI I4 ('90-'94 Tercel) |- |E |5E-FE 1.5L DOHC, 16V I4 ('95 Tercel, '92-'95 Paseo) |- |F |2F 4.2L 2-bbl. Carb. OHV I6 ('81-'87 Land Cruiser) |- |F |3F-E 4.0L EFI OHV I6 ('88-'92 Land Cruiser) |- |G |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('94-'95 Camry V6, Lexus ES300, '95 Avalon) |- |J |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('93-'95 Supra, '93-'95 Lexus GS300, '92-'95 SC300) |- |J |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('93-'95 Supra Turbo) |- |K |4K-C 1.3L Carb. OHV I4 ('81-'82 Starlet) |- |K |4K-E 1.3L EFI OHV I4 ('83-'84 Starlet) |- |L |L 2.2L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('81-'83 Pickup) |- |L |2L 2.4L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Pickup) |- |L |2L-T 2.4L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('85 Pickup) |- |M |5M-E 2.8L SOHC, 12V I6 ('81 Celica Supra, '81-'82 Cressida) |- |M |5M-GE 2.8L DOHC, 12V I6 ('82-'86 Celica Supra, '83-'88 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GE 3.0L DOHC, 24V I6 ('86 1/2-'92 Supra, '89-'92 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GTE 3.0L DOHC, 24V turbo IC I6 ('87-'92 Supra Turbo) |- |R |22R 2.4L 2-bbl SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Celica, Corona, '81-'90 Pickup, '84 4Runner) |- |R |22R-E/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('83-'85 Celica, '84-'95 Pickup, '85-'95 4Runner) |- |R |22R-TE/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI Turbo I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('85-'88 Pickup, '86-'87 4Runner) |- |S |2S-ELC 2.0L I4 ('83-'86 Camry, '86 Celica ST/GT) |- |S |3S-GELC 2.0L I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('86-'89 Celica GT-S) |- |S |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('87-'89 Celica ST/GT, '87-'91 Camry) |- |S |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('90-'93 Celica GT/GT-S, '94-'95 Celica GT, '91-'95 MR2, '92-'95 Camry) |- |S |3S-GTE 2.0L Turbo, IC I4 ('88, '90-'93 Celica All-Trac Turbo, '91-'95 MR2 Turbo) |- |T |3T-C 1.8L OHV Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla) |- |U |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('90-'95 LS400, '92-'95 SC400) |- |U |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('95 Tacoma) |- |U |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('94-'95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |V |2VZ-FE 2.5L DOHC, 24V V6 ('88-'91 Camry V6, '90-'91 Lexus ES250) |- |V |3VZ-E 3.0L SOHC, 12V V6 ('88-'95 4Runner, Pickup, '93-'94 T100) |- |V |3VZ-FE 3.0L DOHC, 24V V6 ('92-'93 Camry V6, Lexus ES300) |- |V |5VZ-FE 3.4L DOHC, 24V V6 ('95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |Y |3Y-EC 2.0L EFI OHV I4 ('84-'85 Van) |- |Y |4Y-EC 2.2L EFI OHV I4 ('86-'89 Van) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla) |- |A |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330, '04-'08 Camry Solara) |- |A |2ZR-FXE + 1NM (Prius 2wd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('16 Prius) |- |B |7A-FE 1.8L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla, Celica ST) |- |B |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('04-'09 Prius) |- |B |2AZ-FXE + 2JM 2.4L Atkinson cycle I4 Hybrid ('07-'09 Camry Hybrid) |- |C |5E-FE 1.5L I4 ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada Tercel, '96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada Paseo) |- |C |2GR-FSE + 1KM 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 Hybrid ('07-'09 Lexus GS450h) |- |D |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('96-'98 Supra, '96-'05 Lexus GS300, '96-'00 SC300, '01-'05 IS300) |- |D |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('01-'07 Highlander, '04-'08 RAV4) |- |E |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('96-'98 Supra Turbo) |- |E |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('02-'09 Camry, '02-'08 Camry Solara, '05-'09 Scion tC, '08-'09 Scion xB, '09 Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS) |- |E |2GR-FSE 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 ('06-'09 IS350, '07-'09 Lexus GS350) |- |E |1AR-FE 2.7L I4 ('09 Venza, Highlander) |- |F |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('96-'04 Camry V6, '96-'04 Avalon, '96-'03 Lexus ES300, '98-'03 Sienna, '99-'03 Camry Solara, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '01-'03 Highlander) |- |F |2AR-FE 2.5L I4 ('09 RAV4) |- |G |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('96-'99 Celica GT, '96-'01 Camry, '99-'01 Camry Solara) |- |H |1AZ-FE 2.0L I4 ('01-'03 RAV4) |- |H |3GR-FSE 3.0L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06 Lexus GS300) |- |H |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('98-'00 GS400, '96-'00 LS400, '96-'00 SC400) |- |J |1NR-FE 1.3L I4 ('12-'15 Scion iQ) |- |J |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('96-'97 Land Cruiser, '96-'97 LX450) |- |J |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('07-'09 Lexus ES350) |- |K |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('96-'97 Previa S/C) |- |K |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('01-'03 Prius) |- |K |4GR-FSE 2.5L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06-'09 IS250) |- |K |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('05-'09 Avalon, '06-'09 RAV4, '07-'09 Camry V6, Sienna, Lexus RX350, '09 Venza) |- |L |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('96-'04 Tacoma) |- |L |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('01-'05 GS430) |- |L |1UR-FSE 4.6L VVT-iE V8 ('08-'09 GS460, '07-'09 LS460) |- |L |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For Japanese-built '09 Corolla) |- |M |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('96-'98 T100, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'00 4Runner) |- |N |5S-FNE (CNG 2.2L I4) ('00-'01 Camry) |- |N |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('06-'07 GS430, '01-'06 LS430, '02-'09 SC430) |- |N |5VZ-FE 3.4L V6 ('96-'02 4Runner, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'98 T100, '00-'04 Tundra) |- |N |2ZR-FXE Hybrid 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('10-'15 Prius) |- |P |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('96-'00 RAV4) |- |P |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'07 Highlander) |- |P |2UR-GSE 5.0L V8 ('08-'09 Lexus IS F) |- |R |1ZZ-FE 1.8L VVT-i I4 ('98-'08 Corolla, '00-'05 Celica GT, '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '03-'08 Matrix) |- |S |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('08-'09 Highlander) |- |T |1NZ-FE 1.5L I4 ('00-'05 Echo, '04-'06 Scion xA, xB, '07-'09 Yaris) |- |T |2UZ-FE 4.7L V8 ('98-'07 Land Cruiser, '00-'09 Tundra, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 4Runner, '03-'09 Lexus GX470, '98-'07 LX470) |- |U |1GR-FE 4.0L VVT-i V6 ('03-'09 4Runner, '05-'09 Tacoma, '05-'09 Tundra, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser) |- |U |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For US- & Canadian-built '09 Corolla, Matrix but also for '08-'09 Scion XD) |- |U |2UR-FSE + 1KM 5.0L VVT-iE D4S V8 Hybrid ('08-'09 LS600hL) |- |V |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('07-'09 Tundra) |- |W |3MZ-FE + 1JM, 2FM 3.3L V6 Hybrid ('06-'09 Highlander Hybrid, '06-'08 RX400h) |- |W |3UR-FBE 5.7L Dual VVT-i Flex-Fuel V8 Gas/E85 ('09 Tundra) |- |X |2TR-FE 2.7L I4 ('05-'09 Tacoma) |- |Y |2ZZ-GE 1.8L VVTL-i I4 ('00-'05 Celica GT-S, '03-'06 Matrix XRS, '05-'06 Corolla XRS) |- |Y |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('08-'09 Land Cruiser, Sequoia, '08-'09 LX570) |- |Z |2GR-FKS 3.5L V6 '15+ |- |9 |2ZR-FXE + 1NM + 1MM (Prius Awd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid |- | |- | |- |L |Electric M7M5 -- RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |S |Electric 1BM -- RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Non-North American Engines |+Position 5 (2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |2AD-FTV (2005+) |- |B |1HZ, 1HD |- |B |2AD-FHV (2005+) |- |C |2C, 2CT, 2CT-E |- |J |1AZ-FSE |- |L |2SZ-FE |- |P |2AZ-FSE |- |V |1VD-FTV |- |W |1CD-FTV |- |W |2NZ-FE |- |Z |1ZZ-FE |- |Z |3ZZ-FE |} ===Series=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) Based on the Chassis code given for the car. !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser J1'''0'''0/J1'''0'''5 |- |2 |Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J1'''2'''0 |- |} ===Restraint=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Manual Belt / 1 STD (North America), No Airbags (International) |- |2 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 1 Airbag (Driver Seat) (International) |- |3 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 2 Front Airbags (International) |- |6 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |7 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |8 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Airbags |- |9 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Front Curtain Airbags. |- |D |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Three-Row Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |} ===Model/Platform=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 / MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra / Tundra |- |3 |Echo / Yaris Verso |- |4 |Yaris / Scion xA / Scion xB / Scion xD / Urban Cruiser |- |6 |Hilux |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Highlander / Sequoia / Celica RWD / Supra |- |B |Avalon / Avensis Verso / Ipsum? |- |C |Sienna / Previa / Aygo |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix / Auris |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |G |Hilux / Fortuner |- |H |Highlander |- |J |Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado |- |K |Camry / Aurion (TRD) |- |L |Tercel / Paseo / Avensis |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma and older trucks as well |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner / Corolla Verso |- |S |Fortuner |- |T |Celica FWD |- |U |Prius |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |MR2 (non-spyder models) |- |X |Cressida |- |} === '''Check-digit''' <ref>https://vincheck.info/free-vin-decoder/free-toyota-vin-decoder</ref> === {{center|Position 9 (Check-digit that identifies the VIN as being authorized by the manufacturer).}} === Model year === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;width:30em;" |+Position 10 (International-market vehicles may have a 0 in this position) ! Code ! Year |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |- |P |2023 |- |R |2024 |- |S |2025 |} ===Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !VIN Code !Description |- |0-9 (All numeric) |Japan |- |7 |Lordstown, OH, US (GM plant) (Toyota Cavalier) |- |A |Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |A |Onnaing-Valenciennes, France ([[w:Toyota Motor Manufacturing France|TMMF]]) (Yaris hatch - US: '14-'18, Canada: '14-'19) |- |C |Cambridge, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |D |Nagakusa plant, Obu, Aichi pref., Japan (Toyota Industries plant) |- |E |Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom (TMMUK) (US/Canada: GR Corolla '26-) |- |G |Gliwice, Poland (Opel/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max EV) |- |J |Takaoka plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |J |Vigo, Spain (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce City) |- |K |Hamura, Tokyo pref., Japan (Hino Motors plant) |- |L |Miyagi plant, Ohira, Miyagi pref., Japan (Central Motor Co./Toyota Motor East Japan plant) |- |M |Tijuana, Baja CA, Mexico (TMMBC) |- |M |Atessa, Italy (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max diesel) |- |N |Kolín, Czech Republic ([[w:Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|TPCA/TMMCZ]]) |- |P |Blue Springs, MS, US (TMMMS) |- |R |Lafayette, IN, US (Subaru of Indiana Automotive) (Camry '07-'16) |- |R |Adapazari, Sakarya province, Turkey (TMMT) (US/Canada: C-HR '18-'22) |- |S |Princeton, IN, US (TMMI) |- |T |Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, Mexico (TMMGT) |- |U |Georgetown, KY, US (TMMK) |- |V |Huntsville, AL, US (MTM USA) (Corolla Cross '22-, Corolla Cross Hybrid '23-) |- |W |Woodstock, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |W |Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (Toyota GR Supra '20-'26) |- |X |San Antonio, TX, US (TMMTX) |- |X |Altona, Victoria, Australia (Toyota Australia) (closed Oct. 3, 2017) |- |Y |Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation) <br> (Scion iA '16, Yaris iA '17-'18, Yaris sedan '19-'20, Yaris hatch '20) |- |Y |Yajima Plant, Ota, Gunma pref., Japan (Subaru plant) (Toyota bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Trailseeker '26-) |- |Z |Fremont, CA, US (NUMMI) (1987-1988 Toyota Corolla FX/FX16 3-d, 1989-2010 Corolla sedan, 1992-1995 Toyota Pickup, 1995-2010 Tacoma, Toyota Voltz [For export to Japan: '02-'04]) |- |Z |Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Sevel Nord - PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce) |- |} '''Japanese Plants''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Plant owner/operator !Name & Location of plant !Vehicles produced !VIN Code used<br> (Pos. 11) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('85-'86) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'90) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'89) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('91-'95), Paseo ('92-'99), Echo ('00-'05),<br> Scion xA ('04-'06), xB ('04) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('96-'99) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xD ('08-'10), Scion iQ ('12-'15),<br> Scion iQ EV ('13), Scion xB ('12-'15) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'12), Scion xB ('08-'12),<br> Scion xD ('10-'14), Prius C ('12-'19), C-HR ('18-'22) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'11) |4 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('07-'11) |5-8 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Miyagi plant. Ohira, Miyagi prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('11-'12) |L |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('12-'14) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05) |0-3 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05-'06) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla [fwd 4-d/5-d] ('84-'87) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla Sport [rwd 2-d/3-d coupe] ('84-'87) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('88-'90), Corolla coupe ('91),<br> Corolla sedan & 2wd wagon ('91-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla All-Trac 4wd wagon ('91-'92) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('93-'96) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'08) |0-1 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'06) [No '06 found in US] |2-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09) |2, J |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla sedan ('10-'11, '13, '20-'25), Scion iM ('16), Corolla iM ('17-'18) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09-'12) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan ('22-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |7-8 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88) |0-9 (All-Trac Turbo) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('90-'99) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Celica ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica Supra ('85-'86), Supra ('86 1/2-'92) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |0-6 (ST, GT),<br> 0-3 (GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |0-3 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('05-'10) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('85-'87), Camry V6 ('88-'91),<br> Camry 4-cyl. All-Trac 4wd ('89-'91),<br> Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. 2wd ('88-'91) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('92-'93), Camry 4-cyl. ('94), Camry ('95-'96), <br> Lexus ES300 ('92-'93, '95-'96) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('94), Lexus ES300 ('94) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('97), Camry 4-cyl. ('98-'01), Lexus ES300 ('97) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('03-'06) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('98-'06), Lexus ES300 ('98-'03), <br> ES330 ('04-'05) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('98-'01) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('02) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('03) |5-6 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES330 ('04-'06), Camry SE V6 [3.3L] ('05) |5-6 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |5 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('07-'11, '18-'19), Scion tC ('11-'15),<br> Crown ('23-'25), Crown Signia ('25-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('15-'16) |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES350 ('07-'21), ES300h ('13-'20),<br> ES350h, ES350e, ES500e ('26-),<br> HS250h ('10-'12), CT200h ('11-'17), UX200 ('19-'22),<br> UX250h ('19-'24), UX300h ('25-'26) |2 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250 ('06-'15), IS200t ('16-'17),<br> IS300 RWD ('18-'19), IS300 AWD ('16-'19),<br> IS350 ('06-'19), IS F ('08-'14), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'23), RC300 AWD ('16-'23),<br> RC350 ('15-'23), RC F ('15-'23) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250, IS350 ('06-'13), IS250C/IS350C ('10-'15) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LS400 ('90-'00), LS430 ('01-'05),<br> GS300 ('93-'05), GS400 ('98-'00), GS430 ('01-'05), <br> GS300 Awd ('06), GS350 ('07-'11) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06), GS430 ('06-'07),<br> GS460 ('08-'11), GS450h ('07-'11, '13-'14),<br> GS350 ('13-'14), LS430 ('06), LS460 ('07-'17),<br> LS600hL ('08-'16), LS500 ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19),<br> GS350 ('15-'20), GS450h ('15-'18), GS F ('16-'20),<br> LC500 ('18-'19), LC500h ('18-'19), Mirai ('16-'26),<br> Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25), bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra ('23-'26),<br> Lexus RZ450e ('23-'26), RZ300e ('24-'25), RZ350e ('26-),<br> RZ550e ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida sedan ('85-'88), Cressida wagon ('85-'87) |0-5 (sedan),<br> 0-9 (wagon) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('89) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('90-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra ('93-'96), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('92-'96) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra, Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97) |0 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Supra ('97-'98), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97-'00) |1-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('02-'05) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('06-'10) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LFA ('12) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95), MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('01-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius w/pos. 14-17 of VIN from 1001-2000 ('01) |0 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('04-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09, '16-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'15) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15, '25-'26), Prius Prime ('17-'24) |3 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09) |7 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'13) [No '14 found in US] |4-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('12-'14) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('14-'17 & '18 in Canada) |J |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('84-'86) |5-9 (psgr. van),<br> 0-9 (cargo van) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('87-'89) |5-9 (2wd),<br> 0-9 (4wd) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Previa ('91-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('96), RAV4 2-d ('96-'98, '00),<br> RAV4 4wd ('99), RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd gen.] ('01) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'06) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('07-'14) |5 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'08) |6-9 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('09) |6 (until 7/31/08),<br> D (from 8/1/08) |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('10-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'26),<br> RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('14-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('19-'26), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-), Venza ('21-'24), C-HR EV '26-, bZ '26-, Subaru Uncharted '26-, Solterra '26- |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09),<br> RX400h ('06), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander Hybrid ('06-'07) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX400h ('07-'08), RX350 ('10-'19, '21-'26),<br> RX350L ('18-'22), RX450h ('10-'15), RX450hL ('18-'22),<br> RX450h+ ('24-'26), NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21),<br> NX300h ('15-'21), NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26),<br> NX350h ('22-'26), NX450h+ ('22-'26),<br> Highlander ('08-'10), Highlander Hybrid ('08-'13) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21), NX300h ('20-'21),<br> NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26), NX350h ('22-'26) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('84-'85) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('89) |0-3 (4-cyl.),<br> 0-4 (V6) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('90-'95) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('90-'94) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('95) |0-4, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('90) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('91-'92) |0-6, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('93-'94) |0-5, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('95) |0-4, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('96-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('98-'02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |0-8 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'08) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'07) |8-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('08-'09) |8-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('07) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('08-'09) |0-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hamura plant transferred to Toyota Motor Hamura, Inc. on April 1, 2026) |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Land Cruiser ('24-'26) |K |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('10-'21, '25-'26), Land Cruiser ('24-'26),<br> Lexus GX460 ('10-'23), GX550 ('24-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('22-'24) |5, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('84-'86, '88-'89) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('90-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'00) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('01-'07) |2-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('01-'06) |3-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('07) |4 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Yoshiwara plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13-'21),<br> Lexus LX570 ('08-'11, '13-'21), LX600 ('22-'26),<br> LX700h ('25-'26) |4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13) [No '14-'20 found in US] |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup ('84-'85), <br> Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |5-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab ('84-'85), Pickup/Chassis Cab w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('87-'88) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |8-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 or RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89) |7-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('90-'93) |7-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |6-7 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-1, 6-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |2-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab w/VN94 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |T100 ('93-'98) |0-9 |- |} ==Toyota WMIs== There are partial list of WMIs which are used by Toyota as well as the broader Toyota Group, including all divisions and subsidiaries: Japan: * JTD - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTK - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTN - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTX - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JT1 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (European market) * JT2 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (North American market) * JT7 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (Asia-Pacific market) * JTA - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTB - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTF - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JT4 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTG - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Bus * JTE - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JTL - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JTM - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT3 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JT5 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Incomplete Vehicle (Celica convertible, Paseo convertible, Chassis Cab pickup trucks) * JTH - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JTJ - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT6 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT8 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JAL - Isuzu Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle (S-Series) * JDA - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD1 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD2 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JD4 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Truck * JF1 - Subaru Corp., Toyota Passenger Car (86/GR86/Scion FR-S) * JHA - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHB - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JHC - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHD - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHE - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHH - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JH6 - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle North America: * 1NX - NUMMI, Toyota Passenger Car ('87-'10) * 2AY - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 2AZ - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Truck * 2T1 - TMMC, Toyota Passenger Car * 2T2 - TMMC, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 2T3 - TMMC, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 3MY - Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation, Toyota Passenger Car ('16-'20) * 3TM - TMMBC, Toyota Truck * 3TY - TMMGT, Toyota Truck * 4G3 - GM Lordstown Assembly, Toyota Passenger Car (Cavalier) ('96-'00) * 4T1 - TMMK, Toyota Passenger Car * 4T3 - TMMK, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV) * 4T4 - Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Toyota Passenger Car ('07-'16) * 4TA - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('92-'00) * 5PV - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 5TB - TMMI, Toyota Truck * 5TD - TMMI, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV), Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 5TE - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('00-'10) * 5TF - TMMTX, Toyota Truck * 5YF - TMMMS, Toyota Passenger Car * 58A - TMMK, Lexus Passenger Car * 7H4 - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Truck * 7MU - Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 7SV - TMMTX, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) Other countries: * AHH - Hino South Africa, Hino vehicles * AHT - Toyota South Africa, Toyota vehicles * LFM - FAW Toyota (China), Toyota and Ranz vehicles * LVG - GAC Toyota (China), Toyota vehicles * MBJ - Toyota Kirloskar Motor (India), Toyota vehicles * MHF - PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, Toyota vehicles * MHK - PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (Indonesia), Daihatsu and Toyota vehicles * MJE - PT Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia, Hino vehicles * MMK - Toyota Auto Works Co., Ltd. (Thailand), Toyota vehicles * MNK - Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand, Hino Vehicles * MR0 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Ban Pho and Samrong plants, Toyota vehicles * MR1 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Samrong plant (Fortuner), Toyota vehicles * MR2 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Gateway plant, Toyota vehicles * NMT - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey (TMMT), Toyota vehicles * PN1 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * PN2 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * RKL - Kuozui Motors (Taiwan), Toyota vehicles * RL4 - Toyota Motor Vietnam, Toyota vehicles * SB1 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (TMMUK), Toyota vehicles * TW1 - Toyota Caetano Portugal, Toyota vehicles * VNK - Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), Toyota vehicles * WZ1 - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra) * XW7 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), Toyota vehicles * YAR - PSA/Stellantis, Toyota Van (ProAce, ProAce City, & ProAce Max) * YBC - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra - some European-market models) * 6T1 - Toyota Australia, Toyota Passenger Car * 7A4 - Toyota New Zealand, Toyota vehicles * 8AJ - Toyota Argentina, Toyota vehicles * 9BR - Toyota Brazil, Toyota vehicles {| class="wikitable" |+ !Plant Abbreviation !Plant Name !Notes |- |MTMUSA |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |Joint venture between Toyota and Mazda |- |NUMMI |New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. |Joint venture between GM and Toyota |- |TMMBC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Baja California | |- |TMMC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada | |- |TMMGT |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Guanajuato | |- |TMMI |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana | |- |TMMK |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky | |- |TMMMS |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi | |- |TMMTX |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas | |} == External links == Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Toyota Toyota VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:RT43-157714}} <references />Online [https://epicvin.com/vin-decoder/toyota Toyota Vin Lookup] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota Car model, Toyota Vehicles- VinCheckUp |url=https://www.vincheckup.com/cars/toyota |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.vincheckup.com}}</ref> 9qyxnlizekl667ogacdfaagm1se5cvs 4664469 4664467 2026-08-25T20:07:28Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Restraint System */ 4664469 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- --> {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ==VIN Format 2010-== Toyota has used the following VIN format since 2010 for North America: {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade]] |- |4 |K |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 2010-|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series|Series]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series & Drive Wheels|Series & Drive Wheels]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line & Make|Vehicle Line & Make]] |- |8 |A ||[[#Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style|Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Yaris ['10-'12], Corolla ['10-'19], Camry ['10-'19], Avalon ['10-'19], Mirai ['16-'20], Lexus HS ['10-'12], ES ['10-'19], IS ['10-'19],<br> GS ['10-'11, '13-'19], GS F ['16-'20], LS ['10-'19]) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus IS250 AWD '10-'15, IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 AWD '11-'19, GS350 AWD '10-'11, '13-'19, LS460 AWD '10-'17, LS500 AWD '18-'19, LS500h AWD '18-'19) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Scion tC '10) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD (Lexus LS460L AWD '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'16) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD (Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C/IS350C '10-'15) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD (Lexus LS460L '10-'17) |- |H |2DR Coupe 2WD (Lexus LFA '12, RC200t '16-'17, RC300 RWD '18-'19, RC350 '15-'19, RC F '15-'19, LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris 3-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Scion tC '11-'16, Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13) |- |K |5DR Liftback or Hatchback 2WD (Yaris 5-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Lexus CT200h '11-'17, Prius C '12-'19, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Corolla Hatchback '19) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD (Prius '10-'22, Scion xD '10-'14, C-HR '18-'22) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension (Matrix Base model & S 2wd '10-'11, Matrix L & S 2wd '12-'13, Canada: Matrix '14) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD (Prius AWD-e '19-'22) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD w/IRS (Matrix S 4wd '10-'13) |- |M |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS (Matrix XRS - US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) |- |S |2DR Coupe 4WD (Lexus RC300 AWD '16-'19, RC350 AWD '15-'19) |- |U |5DR Wagon 4WD (Lexus UX250h '19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus UX200 '19) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Prius V 2012-2017 & 2018 in Canada) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |4DR Sedan (Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25) |- |A |5DR Hatchback (GR Corolla '23-'26, Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24, Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26) |- |A |Wagon (Crown Signia '25-'26) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES '26-) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Camry '25-'26) |- |Y |Wagon (Lexus UX300h 2wd '25-'26) |- |U |Wagon (Lexus UX300h Awd '25-'26) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'19, NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19,<br> NX300h '15-'19) |- |C |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '16-'21) |- |D |5DR Wagon extended length 4WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19, RX450hL '18-'19) |- |G |5DR Wagon extended length 2WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'15, Lexus LX570 '10-'11, '13-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19, NX300h '15-'16) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Scion xB '10-'15, Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'16) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |5DR Wagon (Toyota Venza '21-'24, Sequoia '23-'26, bZ4X '23-'25, Grand Highlander '24-'26, Land Cruiser '24-'26, C-HR EV '26-, Subaru Solterra '23-'25, Uncharted '26-, Lexus RZ450e '23-'25, RZ300e '24-'25, TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26, TX550h+ '24-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Toyota bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Solterra '26-, Trailseeker '26-, Lexus RZ450e '26-, RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26-) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Canadian-built Lexus RX350 [2wd/Awd] '23-'26, RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Japanese-built Lexus RX350 [2wd] '23-'26, RX450h+ '24-'26) |- |V |5DR Wagon (4Runner '25-'26) |- |6 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Hybrid '26-) |- |7 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid '26-) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |J |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |J |Tacoma XtraCab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |K |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class E GVWR] |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2020- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |D |4DR Sedan (Corolla L '20-'22) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '20-'22, LE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |V |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Convenience Package '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Premium Package '20-'22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Corolla XLE '20-'22) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '23-'26, SE Nightshade '24, FX Edition '25, LE Hybrid '23-'26, XLE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Nightshade Hybrid '24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/man. trans. '20-'22, SE Apex Edition w/man. trans. '21-'22) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, SE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |P |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. & Premium Package '20-'26) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Corolla XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, XSE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/auto. trans. '20-'27, FX Edition '26) |- |A |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |C |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'27) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Camry L '20) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Camry LE '20-'24) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |R |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Camry XLE '20-'24) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Camry SE '20-'24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Camry TRD '20) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Camry XSE '20-'24, Camry TRD '21-'24) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE '20-'22, XLE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE [decontent package] '20-'22, XLE Hybrid [decontent package] '20-'22) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD '21) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD [decontent package] '21) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Avalon XSE '20, XSE Nightshade '21, XSE Hybrid '20-'21, XSE Nightshade Hybrid '22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Avalon TRD '20-'21) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited '20-'22, Limited Hybrid '20-'22) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22, Limited Hybrid w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD '21) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD w/Advanced Safety Package '21) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model], ES300h [base model] '20-'25, ES250 AWD [base model] '21-'24) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model w/Premium Package], ES300h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> ES250 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '21-'25, ES350, ES300h, ES250 AWD F Sport Design '23-'25) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport '20-'22, ES250 AWD F Sport '21-'22, ES300h F Sport '22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport Black Line Special Edition '21) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport w/Dynamic Handling package '22, ES350 F Sport Handling '23-'25) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Luxury, ES300h Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Luxury '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Ultra Luxury, ES300h Ultra Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '21) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '22-'25, ES300h F Sport Handling '23-25) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 AWD [base model] '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport '20) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 RWD [base model], GS350 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport Black Line '20) |- |A |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model] '20-25, RC350 [base model] '20-'25, RC F [base model] '20-'24) |- |D |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> RC350 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC F [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'24) |- |G |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD F Sport '20-'25, RC300 AWD F Sport '20-'25, RC350 F Sport '20-'25) |- |J |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F [base model w/Performance Package] '20, [base model w/Carbon Package] '21-'24) |- |Y |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Track Edition '20, RC F Fuji Speedway Edition '21-'22, RC F Track Edition '23-'24) |- |B |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Final Edition '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model] '20-'22, UX250h [base model] '20-'24) |- |P |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h Premium '23-'24) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 Luxury '20-'22, UX250h Luxury '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport '20-'22, UX250h F Sport '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX250h F Sport Design '23-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport Handling '23-'24) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sienna [base model V6] '11-'12, Sienna L '13-'20) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sequoia TRD Pro '20, Lexus GX460 [base model] '10-'19) |- |W |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |R |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |X |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '11-'20, SE Premium '15-'20) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '19-'20, SE Premium '19-'20) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20, Sienna CE, LE '10,<br> Sienna [base model I4] '11-'12, Sienna LE '11-'20) |- |N |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 SE '16-'18) |- |J |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, RAV4 SE '16-'18, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20,<br> Sienna LE '10-'20, Lexus GX460 Premium '10-'13, GX460 Luxury '14-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19,<br> Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19, Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |D |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19, Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19,<br> Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- | |'''Body Type & Grade''' |- |K |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE '21-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE '21-'26) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '23-'26, Sienna XSE 25th Anniversary Edition '23, Sienna XSE w/Premium Package '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE '21-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Sienna Limited '21-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sienna Platinum '21-'26) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross L '22-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE '22-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE w/Moonroof Package '22-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE w/Convenience Package '22-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross Hybrid S, SE, XSE '23-'26, Hybrid SE Nightshade '24-'25) |- |H |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd '19-'25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd '19-'25) |- |G |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |L |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |M |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |W |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 2wd '19-'25) |- |P |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 4wd '19-'25) |- |R |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |U |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Woodland Edition Hybrid 4wd '23-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 2wd '19-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 4wd '19-'25) |- |B |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium Hybrid 4wd '21-'25) |- |J |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Adventure 4wd '19-'24, RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '20) |- |S |5DR Wagon (RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |T |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [US- & Canadian-built] |- |1 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [Japanese-built] |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XSE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 2wd '19-'25) |- |N |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 4wd '19-'25) |- |D |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE 4wd '25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '25) |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE 4wd '25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Highlander L 2wd & Awd '20-'22) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE 2wd '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE Awd '20-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, Hybrid XLE '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE w/Navigation, Hybrid XLE w/Navigation '20-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Bronze Edition '22-'23) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited, Hybrid Limited 2wd '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited Awd '20-'22, Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'21) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid Platinum 2wd '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '20-'22) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE '21-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE w/Navigation & JBL Audio '21-'22) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander L, LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE 2wd & Awd '23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid LE Nightshade, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade 2wd & Awd '24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade, Hybrid Limited 25th Anniversary Edition Awd '25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum Awd, Hybrid XLE Awd '26) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE 2wd '23-'24) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE Awd '23-'24) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited 2wd '23-'24) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '23-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum 2wd '23-'24) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '23-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 2wd '21-'24) |- |M |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 4wd '21-'24) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |B |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '22) |- |T |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 2wd '22-'24) |- |S |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 4wd '22-'24) |- |F |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 2wd '21-'24) |- |N |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |U |5DR Wagon (4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition 4wd '23) |- |P |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |H |5DR Wagon (4Runner Venture Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |D |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 2wd '21-'24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 4wd '21-'24) |- |C |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |J |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |L |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Pro 4wd '21-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sequoia SR5 '21-'22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Sport '21-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Limited '21-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Nightshade Special Edition '21-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Platinum '21-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Pro '21-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model] '20-'21, NX300h [base model] '20-'21, NX250 [base model] '22-'25, NX350 [base model] '22-'26,<br> NX350h [base model] '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Comfort package] '20, NX300h [base model w/Comfort package] '20) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21, NX300h [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX300h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX250 Premium '22-'25, NX350 Premium '22-'26, NX350h Premium '22-'26) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 Luxury '20-'21, NX300h Luxury '20-'21, NX250 Luxury '22-'23, NX350 Luxury '22-'26, NX350h Luxury '22-'26, NX450h+ [base model] '22-'25, NX450h+ Premium '26-, NX450h+ Luxury '26-) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport '20-'21) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport w/Comfort package '20, NX300 F Sport w/Premium package '21, NX300h F Sport Black Line '21) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350 F Sport Handling '22-'26, NX450h+ F Sport Handling '22-'26, Canadian-built NX350h '26-) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350h [Japanese-built] '26-) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model] '20-'22, RX350L [base model] '20-'22, RX450h [base model] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model] '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22,<br> RX450h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450h [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport '20-'22, RX450h F Sport '20-'22) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX450h F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX350 F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22, RX450h F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model] '20-'23) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'23) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 Luxury '20-'23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '23) |- |V |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Luxury/Luxury+] '24-'25) [Class E GVWR] |- |T |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Premium/Premium+, Overtrail/Overtrail+] '24-'25) [Class F GVWR] |- |C |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model] '20-'21) |- |D |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |E |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model] '20-'21) |- |F |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |N |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 [2-row base model] '22-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Premium [3-row] '22-'26) |- |M |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 F Sport [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h F Sport [3-row] '25-'26) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Luxury [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h Luxury [3-row] '25-'26) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury [2-row] '22-'24) |- |W |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Overtrail [2/3-row] '25-'26) |- |U |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Ultra Luxury [2-row] '25-'26) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |R |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport Access Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |S |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |A |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('17-'23) |- |E |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |G |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |B |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |D |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd (Canada only: '16-'17) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('21-'23) |- |} LWB=Long Wheelbase {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |J |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |K |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |L |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |M |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |R |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |U |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |T |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |C |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |E |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |D |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |N |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'17) |- |P |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'17) |- |R |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '20-'21) |- |T |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |C |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |E |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra TRD Pro CrewMax LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '19-'21) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |G |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |A |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Grade=== {{center|'''Position 4 (2022- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |K |Tundra SR ('22-'26) |- |L |Tundra SR5 ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |J |Tundra Limited ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |1 |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) ('25-'26) |- |N |Tundra Platinum ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |M |Tundra 1794 Edition ('22-'26) |- |P |Tundra TRD Pro ('22-'26) |- |V |Tundra Capstone ('22-'26) |- |W |Tundra Limited w/Nightshade Package or TRD Off-Road Package, Platinum w/TRD Off-Road Package ('24-'26), SR5 w/TRD Rally Package ('25-'26) |- |Z |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) w/Nightshade Package ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type 2010-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Highlander ('10-'19), Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 8AR-FTS engine.<br> Lexus NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21), IS200t ('16-'17), IS300 RWD ('18-'19), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'25), GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine. Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius (Two Eco, Three, Three Touring, Four, Four Touring trim levels) ('16-'18), Prius 2wd ('19-'22),<br> Corolla Hybrid ('21-'22). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 2 Front motors: 1NM (MG2), 1SM (MG1).<br> Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('20-'24). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Avalon Hybrid ('21-'22), Lexus ES300h ('21-'25). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Venza Hybrid ('21-'24). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Toyota Tundra SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition ('22-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown XLE, Limited Hybrid ('23-'25), Crown Nightshade Hybrid ('25). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26), Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26), Lexus TX350 ('24-'26),<br> 4Runner ('25-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) +<br> 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('10-'11), Lexus HS250h ('10-'12). |- | B || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('10-'15). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius (Two trim level: '16-'18), (One trim level: '17-'18), Corolla Hybrid ('20). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('20-'26), Lexus RX350h Awd ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (205 hp).<br> Toyota Avalon Awd ('21). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) (detuned version - 348 or 358 hp). Toyota Tundra SR ('22-'26). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LX600 ('22-'26), GX550 ('24-'25). |- | B || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [Japanese-built] ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla [Japanese-built] ('26-). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus TX500h Awd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26), 4Runner i-Force Max 4wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (278 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR5, TRD PreRunner, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, & Limited w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h 2wd ('25-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h Awd ('10-'15), Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('11-'16). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('10-'11). |- | C || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tundra i-Force Max ('22-'26). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX500h Awd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus TX550h+ Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [326 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, & TRD Pro] ('24). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown Signia Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [Total system hp: 323 hp on Trailhunter or 326 hp on all others]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, & TRD Pro] ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h 2wd ('26-). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus CT200h ('11-'17). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('12-'17), Avalon Hybrid ('13-'18). |- | D || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 1LM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius C ('12-'19). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp).<br> Lexus NX250 ('22-'25). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine. Toyota Highlander ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Max Awd ('24-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (228 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | D || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LX700h ('25-'26). |- | D || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [UK-built] ('26-). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2wd ('26-). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla XRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12), Matrix S, XRS ('10-'13),<br> Scion tC ('10), Scion xB ('10-'15). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('10-'17), IS350C ('10-'15),<br> GS350 ('10-'11, '13-'15), RC350 ('15-'17). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (270 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR, TRD Sport, & TRD Off-Road w/man. trans. ('24-'26). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 2VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Fwd ('26-). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('10-'17), Scion tC ('11-'16), RAV4 ('10-'18). |- | F || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('10-'15), IS250C ('10-'15). |- | F || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('16). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Crown Platinum Hybrid Max Awd ('23-'25). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor) [323 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [Trailhunter] ('24). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus RX450h Awd ('16-'22), RX450hL Awd ('18-'22). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('17-'19). |- | G || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus NX350 ('22-'26). |- | G || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Awd ('26-). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 3ZR-FAE engine. Toyota C-HR ('18-'22). |- | H || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26). |- | J || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1NR-FE engine. Scion iQ ('12-'15). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus NX300h Awd ('15-'21), RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('16-'18). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('10-'18), Camry V6 ('10-'17), Highlander ('10-'16),<br> RAV4 ('10-'12), Sienna ('10-'16), Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), RX350 ('10-'15). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h Awd ('22-'26). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX450h+ Awd ('22-'26). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('10-'17), GS460 ('10-'11). |- | M || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12), Tundra ('10-'19), Lexus GX460 ('10-'23). |- | M || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine (detuned version - 255 hp).<br> Lexus IS300 AWD ('16-'17), RC300 AWD ('16-'17). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('10-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 5JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus SC430 ('10). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('10-'14), RC F ('15-'25), GS F ('16-'20), LC500 ('18-'19). |- | P || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine.<br> Toyota Corolla sedan LE Eco ('14-'19), Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22). |- | R || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Sienna Hybrid 2wd ('21-'26). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('13-'18). |- | S || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sienna Hybrid Awd ('21-'26). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Tacoma ('10-'15), Tundra ('10). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24), FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Tundra ('11-'14). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Toyota Corolla sedan [except XRS & LE Eco] ('10-'19),<br> Matrix [base model] ('10-'13 & in Canada '14), Scion xD ('10-'14). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('10). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'18), Tundra ('10-'19). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus ES300h ('13-'18), NX300h 2wd ('15-'16). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Hybrid [all] ('19-'20), RAV4 Hybrid LE, XLE ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid Woodland Edition ('23-'25). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('10-'23), 4Runner 2wd ('10). |- | X || 4.8L || 72° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Engine co-developed by Yamaha. Toyota 1LR-GUE engine. Lexus LFA ('12). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22), Tundra ('10-'21),<br> Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21), Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21). |- | Y || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles.<br> Toyota 8GR-FXS engine + 2NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LC500h ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19). |- | Z || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine.<br> Lexus GS350 ('16-'20), RX350 ('16-'22), RX350L ('18-'22), IS350 ('18-'19), RC350 ('18-'25), ES350 ('19-'25),<br> Toyota Tacoma ('16-'23), Highlander ('17-'22), Sienna ('17-'20), Camry ('18-'24), Avalon ('19-'22). |- | 1 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp or <br> 202 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (L, LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('18-'20),<br> Camry (LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('21-'24), RAV4 ('19-'25), Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25). |- | 2 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (SE, XLE trim levels) ('18-'19),<br> Avalon Hybrid ('19-'20), Lexus ES300h ('19-'20). |- | 3 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (LE trim level) ('18-'19),<br> Camry Hybrid [all models] ('20-'24). |- | 3 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus UX200 2wd ('19-'22). |- | 4 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'22), Corolla sedan ('23-'26). |- | 5 || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LS500 ('18-'19). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (206 hp or <br> 205 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (XSE trim level) ('18-'24). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid XLE Premium, XSE, Limited ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid SE ('22-'25). |- | 6 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h 2wd ('23-'24). |- | 8 || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine (detuned version - 260 hp). Lexus IS300 AWD ('18-'19), RC300 AWD ('18-'25). |- | 9 || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius AWD-e ('19-'22). |- | 9 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h Awd ('19-'24). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2010-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | L || 41.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || M7M5 motor made by Tesla. Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14). |- | V || 12 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2KM motor. Scion iQ EV ('13). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Toyota bZ4X FWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1XM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota C-HR EV AWD ('26-), Subaru Uncharted Sport, GT AWD ('26-). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1YM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Toyota bZ4X AWD ('23-'25), Subaru Solterra AWD ('23-'25). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Lexus RZ300e FWD ('24-'25). |- | B || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted Premium FWD [Canada: FWD LR] ('26-). |- | C || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted FWD (Canada only: '26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited FWD ('26-), Lexus ES350e ('26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('26-). |- | C || 77 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ550e AWD ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited AWD ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT AWD ('26-),<br> Lexus ES500e ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Lexus RZ350e FWD ('26-). |- | E || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear). Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited AWD ('26-). |- | F || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE FWD ('26-). |- | G || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ Woodland AWD ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker AWD ('26-). |} ====Motor Type for Fuel Cell Vehicles 2016-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | V || 1.6 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Hydrogen || Front || 4JM motor. Toyota Mirai ('16-'20). |- | A || 1.24 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Hydrogen || Rear || 3KM motor. Toyota Mirai ('21-'26). |} ===Restraint System=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description !Application |- |1 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus HS250h '10-'12, ES350 '10-'25,<br> ES250 AWD '21-'25, ES300h '13-'25,<br> ES350h '26-, ES350e '26-, ES500e '26-,<br> GS200t '16-'17, GS300 '18-'19,<br> GS350 '10-'11, '13-'20, GS460 '10-'11,<br> GS450h '10-'11, '13-'18, GS F '16-'20,<br> LS460 '10-'17 (Opt.), LS600hL '10-'12 (Opt.), LS600hL '13-'16, LS500 '18-'19, LS500h '18-'19,<br> RX350 '10-'15, RX450h '10-'15, IS250 '14-'15,<br> IS200t '16-'17, IS300 RWD '18-'19,<br> IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 '14-'19, Camry '12-'24, Avalon '13-'22 |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C, IS350C '10-'15 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '10-'12, Camry '10-'11, Prius '10-'15,<br> Prius V '12-'17 & '18 in Canada,<br> Scion tC '10,<br> Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada,<br> Highlander '10-'13, Sienna '11-'14 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag (Though not reflected in the VIN, a Front passenger seat cushion airbag is also standard.) |Sienna '15-'20 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 Prime '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '25 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for all rows |Corolla '10-'13,<br> Matrix '10-'13 & in Canada '14,<br> Yaris hatchback '10-'11, Yaris sedan '10-'12,<br> Scion xD '10-'12, Scion xB '10-'15,<br> Sienna '10, FJ Cruiser '10-'14,<br> Tacoma '10-'15 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for 1st 2 rows |RAV4 '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |4Runner '10-'26, Sequoia '10-'22,<br> Tundra '10-'26, Scion tC '11-'16,<br> Tacoma '16-'23, Tacoma Double Cab '24-'26,<br> Lexus LS460 '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'12, IS250/IS350 '10-'13, IS F '10-'14,<br> CT200h '11-'17, RC200t '16-'17,<br> RC300 RWD '18-'25, RC300 AWD '16-'25,<br> RC350 '15-'25, RC F '15-'25,<br> LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'21,<br> Lexus GX460 '10-'23, LX570 '10-'11, '13-'21, LX600 '22-'26, LX700h '25-'26 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Lexus LFA '12 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25, Camry '25-'26,<br> Crown Signia '25-'26, Sequoia '23-'26,<br> bZ4X '23-'25, bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-,<br> C-HR EV '26-,<br> Subaru Solterra '23-'26, Trailseeker '26-, Uncharted '26-,<br> Lexus RZ450e '23-'26, RZ300e '24-'25,<br> RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26- |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Venza '21-'24, Grand Highlander '24-'26,<br> Lexus TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26,<br> TX550h+ '24-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Corolla Cross '22-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury '22-'24,<br> LX700h Ultra Luxury '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla '23-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24,<br> Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Tacoma XtraCab '24-'26 |- |B |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla Morizo Edition '23, GRMN Corolla '26- |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus NX250 '22-'25, NX350 '22-'26,<br> NX350h '22-'26, NX450h+ '22-'26 |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus GX550 '24-'25 |- |F |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Land Cruiser '24-'26 |- |J |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus UX200 '19-'22, UX250h '19-'24,<br> UX300h '25-'26 |- |K |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350L '18-'22, RX450hL '18-'22,<br> Sienna '21-'26 |- |L |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LS500 '18-'19 (Opt.), LS500h '18-'19 (Opt.) |- |M |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350 '16-'26, RX450h '16-'22,<br> RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26,<br> RX450h+ '24-'26, C-HR '18-'22, Corolla '21-'27, Prius '21-'22, Prius Prime '21-'22 |- |P |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Scion xD '13-'14 |- |R |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 '13-'25, RAV4 Hybrid '16-'26,<br> RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '26-,<br> Corolla '14-'20, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Highlander '14-'26, Prius '16-'20,<br> Prius Prime '17-'20, Mirai '16-'20,<br> Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'21,<br> NX300h '15-'21 |- |T |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Prius C '12-'19 |- |U |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Yaris hatchback '12-'18 & '19 in Canada |- |X |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags, and Rear Window airbag |Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13 |- |} ===Series=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Lexus LC500 ('18-'19) URZ100L, LC500h ('18-'19) GWZ100L |- |B |Scion TC ('10) ANT10L |- |B |Scion XD ('10-'14) ZSP110L |- |B |Lexus HS250h ('10-'12) ANF10L |- |B |Lexus CT200h ('11-'17) ZWA10L |- |B |Lexus LFA ('12) LFA10L |- |B |Scion iQ ('12-'15) NGJ10L, Scion iQ EV ('13) KPJ10L |- |B |Toyota Prius C ('12-'19) NHP10L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('13-'15) GRL10L, GS350 4wd ('13-'15) GRL15L |- |B |Lexus GS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & GS300 2wd ('18-'19) ARL10L, GS350 2wd ('16-'19) GRL12L, GS350 4wd ('16-'19) GRL16L, GS F ('16-'20) URL10L |- |B |Lexus GS450h ('13-'18) GWL10L |- |B |Lexus RC350 2wd ('15-'19) GSC10L, RC350 4wd ('15-'19) GSC15L, RC F ('15-'23) USC10L |- |B |Lexus RC200t 2wd ('16-'17) & RC300 2wd ('18-'19) ASC10L, RC300 4wd ('16-'19) GSC16L |- |B |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) JPD10L |- |B |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) ZGX10L |- |B |Toyota Corolla hatchback ('19-'27) MZEA12L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25) GSZ10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES300h ('19-'20) AXZH10L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Lexus UX200 ('19-'22) MZAA10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('23-'24) MZAH10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('19-'24) MZAH15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus IS250 2wd ('10-'13) GSE20L, IS250 4wd ('10-'13) GSE25L, IS350 2wd ('10-'13) GSE21L, IS350 4wd ('11-'13) GSE26L, IS F ('10-'14) USE20L |- |C |Lexus IS250C ('10-'15) GSE20L, IS350C ('10-'15) GSE21L |- |C |Scion TC ('11-'16) AGT20L |- |D |Toyota Avalon ('10-'12) GSX30L |- |D |Toyota Prius ('10-'15) ZVW30L |- |D |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15) ZVW35L |- |D |Toyota Yaris hatchback: NCP131L ('12-'18 & '19 in Canada) |- |D |Lexus IS250 2wd ('14-'15) GSE30L, IS250 4wd ('14-'15) GSE35L |- |D |Lexus IS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & IS300 2wd ('18-'19) ASE30L, IS300 4wd ('16-'19) GSE37L |- |D |Lexus IS350 2wd ('14-'19) GSE31L, IS350 4wd ('14-'19) GSE36L |- |E |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13) ZRE142L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12) AZE141L |- |E |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13 & in Canada '14) ZRE142L,<br> Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('10-'13) AZE141L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('10-'13) AZE144L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) AZE146L |- |E |Toyota Camry ('10-'11) I4: ASV40L, V6: GSV40L, Hybrid: AHV40L |- |E |Lexus ES350 ('10-'12) GSV40L |- |E |Lexus LS460 2wd ('10-'17) USF40L, LS460L 2wd ('10-'17) USF41L, LS460 4wd ('10-'17) USF45L, LS460L 4wd ('10-'17) USF46L |- |E |Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16) UVF46L |- |E |Lexus SC430 ('10) UZZ40L |- |E |Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada) ZVW41L |- |E |Toyota Avalon ('13-'18) V6: GSX40L, Hybrid: AVX40L |- |F |Toyota Camry ('12-'17) I4: ASV50L, V6: GSV50L, Hybrid: AVV50L |- |F |Toyota Prius ('16-'18) ZVW50L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, 2wd), ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd) |- |F |Toyota Prius ('19-'22) ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd), ZVW55L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22) ZVW52L (Lithium-ion Battery, PHEV, 2wd) |- |F |Lexus LS500 2wd ('18-'19) VXFA50L, LS500 4wd ('18-'19) VXFA55L |- |F |Lexus LS500h 2wd ('18-'19) GVF50L, LS500h 4wd ('18-'19) GVF55L |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'22) V6: GSX50L (2wd) |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'20) Hybrid: AXXH50L (2wd) (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('13-'18) GSV60L |- |G |Lexus ES300h ('13-'18) AVV60L |- |H |Toyota Corolla sedan ('14-'19) ZRE172L |- |H |Toyota Camry ('18-'19) I4: AXVA70L, V6: GSV70L, Hybrid: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery), AXVH71L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |J |Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18) ZRE186L |- |K |Toyota Yaris - Hatchback: NCP91L ('10-'11), 4-d sedan: NCP93L ('10-'12) |- |K |Lexus GS350 2wd ('10-'11) GRS191L, GS350 4wd ('10-'11) GRS196L |- |K |Lexus GS460 ('10-'11) URS190L |- |K |Lexus GS450h ('10-'11) GWS191L |- |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ200L |- |A |Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ201L. In '20-'21, also denotes 4wd. |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |B |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('10-'14) GSJ10L (2wd), GSJ15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV10L (2wd), GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('16 [Canada only]) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX350 ('10-'15) GGL10L (2wd), GGL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX450h ('10-'15) GYL10L (2wd), GYL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX200t ('15-'17) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('18-'19) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300h - 2wd: AYZ10L ('15-'16), 4wd: AYZ15L ('15-'19) |- |B |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('16-'23) GRN310L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Sienna ('10) 2wd: GSL20L, 4wd: GSL25L |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) TRN220L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma X-Runner Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13 & '14 in Canada & '14-'15 in HI) GRN225L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Lexus RX350 ('16-'19) GGL20L (2wd), GGL25L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX350L ('18-'19) GGL21L (2wd), GGL26L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX450h - 2wd: GYL20L ('16), 4wd: GYL25L ('16-'19) |- |C |Lexus RX450hL 4wd: GYL26L ('18-'19) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada) I4: ASL30L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'20) V6: GSL30L (2wd), GSL35L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 ('10-'12) I4: ASA38L (2wd), ASA33L (4wd), V6: GSA38L (2wd), GSA33L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14) QEA38L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN330L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('10) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('11-'13) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) TRN240L (I4) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) TRN245L (I4), GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 ('13-'18) I4: ASA42L (2wd), ASA44L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'18) AVA44L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) TRN245L (I4) |- |F |Scion XB ('10-'15) AZE151L |- |F |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('10-'15) GRN250L (V6) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('10-'13) GSK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('14) GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('10) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('11-'13) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('14-'19) UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('10) USK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('11-'17) USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('18-'21) USK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('10) UPK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('11-'19) UPK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('10-'13) USK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('14-'17) USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('18-'21) USK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Lexus GX460 ('10-'19) URJ150L |- |F |Toyota Highlander ('14-'19) I4: ASU50L (2wd), V6: GSU50L (2wd), GSU55L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU58L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 ('19-'25) I4: AXAA52L (2wd), AXAA54L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: ('19-'25) AXAH54L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd), ('21-'25) AXAL54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24) & RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25) AXAP54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12) 4.6L V8: UPK60L (2wd), UPK65L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('13-'20) 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('10) TRN260L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) TRN265L (I4), GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |H |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN270L (V6) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10) I4: TRN280L (2wd) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24) V6: GRN280L (2wd), GRN285L (4wd) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Series & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22) w/1.8L 2ZR-FAE engine: ZRE212L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 2wd: AXVA70L, V6 2wd: GSV70L, Hybrid 2wd: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Avalon ('21-'22) Hybrid: AXXH51L (2wd) (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) JPD20L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (Japan-built) |- |A |Toyota Crown ('23-'25) 2.5L Hybrid Awd: AZSH35L, 2.4L Turbo Hybrid Max Awd: TZSH35L |- |A |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Crown Signia ('25-'26) AZSH38L, Awd |- |A |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH11L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH21L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350e ('26-) XXZM21L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('20) ZWE211L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 Awd: AXVA75L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('20) GRL12L |- |B |Lexus RC300 2wd ('20-'23) ASC10L, RC350 2wd ('20-'23) GSC10L |- |B |Toyota Avalon ('21) I4 AWD: AXXA55L |- |B |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH65L, Awd |- |C |Toyota Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'26), FX Edition ('25) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA12L, 2wd |- |C |Lexus GS350 4wd ('20) GRL16L |- |C |Lexus ES300h ('21-'25) AXZH11L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |C |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24) & Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) MXWH61L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXVH80L |- |D |Lexus RC350 Awd ('20-'23) GSC15L |- |D |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('21-'22) ZWE213L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |D |Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25) AXZA15L, Awd |- |D |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (US-built) |- |D |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXVH85L |- |D |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH16L, Awd |- |D |Toyota GR Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (UK-built) |- |D |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH26L, Awd |- |D |Lexus ES500e ('26-) XXZM26L, Awd |- |E |Lexus RC300 Awd ('20-'23) GSC16L |- |E |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (Japan-built) |- |F |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE219L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |H |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE215L, Awd (Lithium-ion Battery) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 2wd: GSU70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('23-'25) I4 Turbo 2wd: TXUA70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'24) Hybrid 2wd: AXUH70L |- |A |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL20L (2wd) |- |A |Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) AXUH85L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH80L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |A |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA20L (2wd), NX350h ('26-) AAZH20L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) XEAM10L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus RZ450e ('23-'25) XEBM15L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TASA10L, Hybrid 2wd: AASH10L |- |A |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TJH250L |- |A |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TZNA50L |- |A |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL64L, Awd; RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-) AXAP64L, Awd |- |A |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-), Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 4wd: GSU75L |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('23-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TXUA75L |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus GX460 ('20-'23) URJ150L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK65L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH85L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26) MXGH15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA71L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH71L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |B |Toyota bZ4X (Early '23), Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |B |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e ('24-'25) XEBM10L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo Awd: TASA15L, Hybrid Awd: AASH15L, Hybrid Max Awd: TASH15L |- |B |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA15L (Awd), TX500h ('24-'26) TAUH15L (Awd) |- |B |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TZNA55L, i-Force MAX Hybrid 4wd: TZNH55L |- |B |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL62L, 2wd |- |B |Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM10L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Highlander ('20-'26) Hybrid 4wd: AXUH78L |- |C |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA72L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |C |Lexus LX600 ('22-'26) VJA310L (4wd), LX700h ('25-'26) VJH310L (4wd) |- |C |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA15L (Awd), RX350h ('23-'26) AALH15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus TX550h+ ('24-'26) GYU15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus RZ450e ('26-), RZ550e ('26-) XEBM25L, Awd |- |D |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ15L (Awd), NX300h ('20-'21) AYZ15L (Awd) |- |D |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL25L (Awd), RX450h ('20-'22) GYL25L (Awd) |- |D |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |D |Lexus GX550 ('24-'25) VJA252L, 4wd |- |D |Lexus RZ350e ('26-) XEBM20L, 2wd |- |E |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL21L (2wd) |- |E |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXLH40L |- |E |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA76L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH76L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |E |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA25L (Awd), NX350 ('22-'26) TAZA25L (Awd), NX350h ('22-'26) AAZH25L (Awd) |- |E |Lexus RX500h ('23-'26) TALH17L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota bZ ('26-) XEAM11L, 2wd |- |F |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL26L (Awd), RX450hL ('20-'22) GYL26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXLH45L |- |F |Lexus NX450h+ ('22-'26) AAZH26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5, TRD PreRunner XtraCab 2wd, SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab 2wd: TZNA40L (278 hp) |- |F |Toyota bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT ('26-) XEAM15L, Awd |- |G |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA77L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |G |Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26) AALH16L (Awd) |- |G |Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited ('26-) XEAM18L, Awd |- |H |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 2wd, SR Double Cab 2wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA41L (228 hp) |- |H |Toyota bZ Woodland ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker ('26-) XEAM17L, Awd |- |J |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5 XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/man. trans., SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited Double Cab 4wd: TZNA45L (278 hp w/auto. trans., 270 hp w/man. trans.) |- |K |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA46L (228 hp) |- |L |Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max Hybrid ('24-'26) TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, TRD Pro Double Cab 4wd: TZNH47L (326 total system hp [all except Trailhunter], 323 total system hp on Trailhunter) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Vehicle Line & Make=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Scion iQ, Toyota Scion iQ EV ('13) |- |1 |Toyota Tundra ('10-'21) |- |1 |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22) |- |1 |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25), ES250 AWD ('21-'25), ES300h ('19-'25) |- |1 |Lexus ES350h ('26-), ES350e ('26-), ES550e ('26-) |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS200t, IS300 RWD, IS300 AWD, IS350, IS F, IS250C, IS350C |- |3 |Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12) |- |3 |Toyota Prius C |- |4 |Toyota Scion xD |- |5 |Toyota Grand Highlander, Grand Highlander Hybrid |- |6 |Lexus TX350, TX500h, TX550h+ |- |7 |Toyota Scion tC |- |A |Lexus HS250h |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350L, RX450h, RX450hL |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350h, RX500h, RX450h+ |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X, Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) |- |B |Toyota Avalon, Avalon Hybrid |- |B |Toyota bZ |- |B |Toyota bZ Woodland |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e, RZ350e, RZ450e, RZ550e |- |C |Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid |- |C |Lexus RC200t, RC300 RWD, RC300 AWD, RC350, RC F |- |C |Subaru Solterra ('26-) |- |C |Subaru Trailseeker |- |D |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) |- |D |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-) |- |E |Toyota Corolla, GR Corolla, GRMN Corolla |- |E |Toyota Scion iM, Corolla iM |- |E |Toyota Matrix |- |E |Toyota Scion xB |- |E |Subaru Uncharted |- |F |Toyota FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |F |Lexus LS500, LS500h |- |F |Toyota Crown |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), ES300h ('13-'18) |- |G |Toyota Corolla Cross, Corolla Cross Hybrid |- |H |Toyota Highlander, Highlander Hybrid |- |H |Lexus CT200h |- |H |Lexus LFA |- |H |Lexus UX200, UX250h, UX300h |- |H |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Full-size: '10-'11, '13-'21) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Mid-size: '24-'26) |- |J |Toyota Crown Signia |- |K |Toyota Camry, Camry Hybrid |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS450h ('13-'15) |- |L |Lexus GS200t, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('16-'17) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('18) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS F ('19) |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS F ('20) |- |N |Toyota Tacoma |- |P |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15), Prius Prime ('17-'22) |- |R |Toyota 4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS350, GS460, GS450h ('10-'11) |- |U |Toyota Prius, Prius V |- |U |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |- |V |Toyota RAV4, RAV4 Hybrid, RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26), RAV4 EV |- |X |Lexus GX460, GX550 |- |X |Lexus LX570, LX600, LX700h |- |X |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Y |Lexus LC500, LC500h |- |Z |Lexus NX200t, NX300, NX300h |- |Z |Lexus NX250, NX350, NX350h, NX450h+ |} ===Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2022- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |B |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 5.5 ft. Bed |- |C |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |D |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 8.1 ft. Bed |} ==VIN Format 1996-2009== Toyota has used the following VIN format from 1996-2009 for North America and since 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |5 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |D |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |H |MPV: [[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |Truck: [[#Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System|Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |8 |C ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |S |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo) |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Avalon, '01-'03 Prius, Lexus ES, IS, GS, LS) |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD ('96-'97 Paseo, '96-'98 Celica, '96 Camry coupe, '99-'08 Camry Solara, '96-'00 Lexus SC300/SC400) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus GS300 AWD '06, GS350 AWD '07-'09, LS460 AWD '09) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD ('96-'05 Celica, '96-'98 Supra, '05-'09 Scion tC) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD ('09 Lexus LS460L AWD, '08-'09 LS600hL) |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD ('96 Corolla wagon, '96 Camry wagon, '02-'05 Lexus IS300 SportCross) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD ('97 Paseo conv., '96-'99 Celica conv., '00-'08 Camry Solara conv., '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '02-'09 Lexus SC430) |- |G |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS ('09 Matrix XRS) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD ('07-'09 Lexus LS460L) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD ('07-'09 Yaris 3-door) |- |K |4DR Hatchback or 5DR Liftback 2WD ('04-'09 Prius, '09 Yaris 5-door) / 5DR Sedan 2WD ('03-'08 Matrix 2wd, Scion xA, xD) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension ('09 Matrix Base model & S 2wd) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD ('03-'06, '09 Matrix 4wd) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 Lexus GX470) |- |D |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'97 Previa, '98-'00 Sienna, '96-'05 RAV4, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '01-'07 Highlander,<br> '96-'02 4Runner) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'97 Previa All-Trac, '96-'05 RAV4, '01-'07 Highlander, '96-'02 4Runner, '96-'09 Land Cruiser, '99-'03 Lexus RX300,<br> '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '96-'97 Lexus LX450, '98-'07 LX470, '08-'09 LX570) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'06, '08-'09 Scion xB) |- |X |2DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Y |2DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD ('98-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia) |- |} ===Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {{center|'''All have hydraulic brakes.'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |Tundra Access Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |D |Tundra Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |E |Tundra Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |G |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |H |Tacoma Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |J |T100 Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98), Tundra Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |R |Tundra Access Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |S |Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('98-'04) |- |T |T100 XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |U |T100 XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |V |Tacoma XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |W |Tacoma XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |L |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |M |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |R |Tundra Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |B |Tundra Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |S |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |C |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |E |Tundra CrewMax LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |D |Tundra CrewMax LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Engine Type 1996-2009=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('96-'97). |- | A || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330 ('04-'06),<br> Camry Solara ('04-'08). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla, Celica ST ('96-'97). |- | B || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 3CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('04-'09). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('07-'09). |- | C || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada), Paseo ('96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('07-'09). |- | D || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 2JZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Supra ('96-'98), Lexus GS300 ('96-'05), SC300 ('96-'00), IS300 ('01-'05). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('01-'07), RAV4 ('04-'08). |- | E || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('96-'98). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('02-'09), Camry Solara ('02-'08), Scion tC ('05-'09),<br> Scion xB ('08-'09), Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS ('09). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('06-'09), GS350 ('07-'09). |- | E || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine. Toyota Venza, Highlander ('09). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('96-'03), Avalon ('96-'99), Sienna ('98-'00),<br> Lexus ES300 ('96-'98), Camry Solara ('99-'03). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry LE V6, XLE V6 ('04-'06), Avalon ('00-'04),<br> Highlander ('01-'03), Sienna ('01-'03), Lexus ES300 ('99-'03), RX300 ('99-'03). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('09). |- | G || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT ('96-'99), Camry ('96-'01), Camry Solara ('99-'01). |- | H || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400, SC400 ('96-'00), GS400 ('98-'00). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1AZ-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03). |- | H || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3GR-FSE engine. Lexus GS300 ('06). |- | J || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX450 ('96-'97). |- | J || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Lexus ES350 ('07-'09). |- | K || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('96-'97). |- | K || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 2CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('01-'03). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('05-'09), RAV4 ('06-'09), Camry V6, Sienna,<br> Lexus RX350 ('07-'09), Venza ('09). |- | K || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('06-'09). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('96-'04). |- | L || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus GS430 ('01-'05). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('07-'09), GS460 ('08-'09). |- | L || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Japanese-built Toyota Corolla ('09). |- | M || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'00), T100 ('96-'98). |- | N || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'02), T100 ('96-'98), Tundra ('00-'04). |- | N || 2.2L || I4 || CNG || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FNE engine. Toyota Camry ('00-'01). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS430 ('01-'06), SC430 ('02-'09), GS430 ('06-'07). |- | P || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('96-'00). |- | P || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('04-'07). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('08-'09). |- | R || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('00 & later). Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('98-'08), Celica GT, MR2 Spyder ('00-'05),<br> Matrix ('03-'08). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('08-'09). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'05), Toyota Tundra ('00-'04),<br> Sequoia ('01-'04), 4Runner, Lexus GX470 ('03-'04). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('06-'07), Toyota 4Runner, Sequoia, Tundra, Lexus GX470 ('05-'09). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Echo ('00-'05), Yaris ('07-'09), Scion xA, xB ('04-'06). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09), Tacoma, Tundra ('05-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Scion xD ('08-'09), US- & Canadian-built Toyota Corolla ('09),<br> Matrix ('09). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09). |- | V || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Tundra ('07-'09). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid ('06-'09), Lexus RX400h ('06-'08). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Tundra ('09). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('05-'09). |- | Y || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVTL-i. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('00-'05), Matrix XRS ('03-'06), Corolla XRS ('05-'06). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Lexus LX570 ('08-'09). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence, VVTL-i= Variable Valve Timing and Lift w/Intelligence, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 1996-2009==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 27.4 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Electricity || Front || 1BM motor. Toyota RAV4 EV ('98-'03). |} ===Series 1996-2009=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('96-'97): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door ('96-'97) or wagon ('96) w/1.8L engine: AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('96-'97): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('96-'99): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry ('96) I4: SXV'''1'''0L, V6: MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 ('96) MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('96-'99) MCX'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Corolla ('98-'02) ZZE1'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Echo ('00-'05) NCP'''1'''2L |- |1 |Toyota Prius ('01-'03) NHW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) JCE'''1'''0L |- |1 |Scion TC ('05-'09) ANT1'''0'''L |- |1 |Scion XD ('08-'09) ZSP1'''1'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('96-'00) UCF'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Camry ('97-'01) I4: SXV'''2'''0L, V6: MCV'''2'''0L, CNG I4 ('00-'01): SXV'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Camry Solara - 2.2L I4 ('99-'01): SXV'''2'''0L, 2.4L I4 ('02-'03): ACV'''2'''0L, V6 ('99-'03): MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus ES300 ('97-'01) MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Avalon ('00-'04) MCX'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Prius ('04-'09) NHW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus IS250 2wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''0L, IS250 4wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''5L, IS350 ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''1L, IS F ('08-'09) USE'''2'''0L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('96-'00) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('96-'00) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Celica - GT w/1ZZ-FE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''0L, GT-S w/2ZZ-GE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) ZZW'''3'''0L |- |3 |Lexus LS430 ('01-'06) UCF'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Camry ('02-'06) I4: ACV'''3'''0L, 3.0L V6: MCV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 SE V6): MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Camry Solara ('04-'08) I4 : ACV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6: MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus ES300 ('02-'03) MCV'''3'''0L, ES330 ('04-'06) MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Corolla w/1ZZ-FE engine ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''0L, Corolla XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('05-'06) ZZE1'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 2wd ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''2L, Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 4wd ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''3L |- |3 |Toyota Avalon ('05-'09) GSX'''3'''0L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('96-'97) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |4 |Lexus SC430 ('02-'09) UZZ'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Camry ('07-'09) I4: ACV'''4'''0L, V6: GSV'''4'''0L, Hybrid: AHV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus ES350 ('07-'09) GSV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''0L, LS460L 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''1L |- |4 |Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09) UVF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''5L, LS460L 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''6L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel (US: '96-'98, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''3L |- |5 |Toyota Paseo (US: '96-'97, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''4L |- |6 |Lexus GS300 ('98-'05) JZS1'''6'''0L, GS400 ('98-'00) UZS1'''6'''0L, GS430 ('01-'05) UZS1'''6'''1L |- |6 |Scion XA ('04-'06) NCP'''6'''1L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('96-'98) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Yaris ('07-'09) Hatchback: NCP'''9'''1L, 4-d sedan: NCP'''9'''3L |- |9 |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''0L, GS300 4wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''5L |- |9 |Lexus GS350 2wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''1L, GS350 4wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''6L |- |9 |Lexus GS430 ('06-'07) UZS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS460 ('08-'09) URS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS450h ('07-'09) GWS1'''9'''1L |- |} CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('98-'07), Lexus LX470 ('98-'07) UZJ1'''0'''0L |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''0L |- |0 |Lexus LX570 ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('96-'97) TCR'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 2wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''5L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''6L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 4wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''0L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 EV 2wd ('98-'03) 4-door: BEA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Sienna ('98-'03) MCL'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03) MCU'''1'''0L (2wd), MCU'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09) V6: GRN2'''1'''0L (2wd), GRN2'''1'''5L (4wd), V8: UZN2'''1'''0L (2wd), UZN2'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('07-'09) GSJ'''1'''0L (2wd), GSJ'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota Venza 2wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''0L, V6: GGV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Venza 4wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''5L, V6: GGV'''1'''5L |- |1 |Toyota T100 I4 2wd ('96-'98) RCK'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota T100 V6 2wd ('96-'98) VCK'''1'''1L |- |2 |Toyota T100 V6 4wd ('96-'98) VCK'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('96-'97) TCR'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03) ACA'''2'''6L (2wd), ACA'''2'''1L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('04-'05) ACA'''2'''8L (2wd), ACA'''2'''3L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('04-'06) 2wd: MCL'''2'''0L, 4wd: MCL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('07-'09) 2wd: GSL'''2'''0L, 4wd: GSL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 2wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''0L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''0L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''3L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 4wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''5L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''5L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''8L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''8L |- |2 |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) UZJ1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''0L (I4) |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''5L (I4), GRN2'''2'''5L (V6) |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 2wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''3'''0L, '05-'06 4.0L V6: GSK'''3'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 2wd ('04-'06) UCK'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Sequoia ('01-'07) UCK'''3'''5L (2wd), UCK'''4'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Scion XB ('04-'06) NCP'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus RX330 ('04-'06) MCU'''3'''3L (2wd), MCU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX350 ('07-'09) GSU'''3'''0L (2wd), GSU'''3'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX400h ('06-'08) MHU'''3'''3L (2wd), MHU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('06-'08) I4: ACA'''3'''8L (2wd), ACA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('09) I4: ASA'''3'''8L (2wd), ASA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''5L (I4), GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 4wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''4'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 4wd ('04-'06) UCK'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('08) 2wd: GSU'''4'''0L, 4wd: GSU'''4'''5L, Hybrid 4wd: MHU'''4'''8L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('09) I4: ASU'''4'''0L (2wd), V6: GSU'''4'''0L (2wd), GSU'''4'''5L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU'''4'''8L (4wd) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''5'''0L (2.4L I4), VZN1'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('07-'09) GSK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Scion XB ('08-'09) AZE1'''5'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''6'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''0L (I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''5L (I4), GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Sequoia ('08-'09) 4.7L V8: UCK'''6'''0L (2wd), UCK'''6'''5L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK'''6'''0L (2wd), USK'''6'''5L (4wd) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''7'''1L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab 4wd ('01-'04) VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''7'''0L (V6) |- |8 |Toyota 4Runner - '96-'00 I4: RZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), RZN1'''8'''5L (4wd), '96-'02 V6: VZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), VZN1'''8'''5L (4wd) |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('96-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab [2wd] ('99-'04) RZN1'''9'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab [2wd] ('98-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab [2wd] ('01-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America)<br> Note: Toyota/Lexus VINs before 2010 do not reflect if the vehicle has rear-seat side airbags. Some Lexus ES, GS, & LS models are so equipped. !Code !Description !Application |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags |Tercel '96-'98, Corolla '96-'08, Camry '96-'06, Avalon '96-'97, Paseo '96-'97, Celica '96-'05,<br> Supra '96-'98, Camry Solara '99-'03, Echo '00-'05, MR2 Spyder '00-'05, Prius '01-'06,<br> Matrix '03-'08, Yaris '07-'08, Scion xA '04-'06, Lexus ES300 '96-'97, GS300 '96-'97, LS400 '96,<br> SC300/SC400 '96-'00 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '07-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '05-'09, Camry '07-'09, Scion tC '05-'07 (Opt.), Scion tC '08-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus LS430 '04-'06, LS460 '07-'09, LS600hL '08-'09, GS300 '06, GS350 '07-'09,<br> GS430 '06-'07, GS460 '08-'09, GS450h '07-'09, IS250/IS350 '06-'09, IS F '08-'09,<br> ES350 '07-'09 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Scion tC '05-'07 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Side Airbags |Corolla '98-'04 (Opt.), Camry '98-'01 (Opt.), Avalon '98-'04, Camry Solara '99-'03 (Opt.),<br> Camry Solara coupe '04-'06, Camry Solara convertible '04-'08, Celica '00-'05 (Opt.),<br> Echo '01-'05 (Opt.), Prius '01-'03 (Opt.), Matrix '03-'04 (Opt.), Lexus LS400 '97-'00,<br> ES300 '98-'01, GS300/GS400 '98-'00, IS300 '01, SC430 '02-'06 |- |9 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front-seat Side Curtain Airbags |Lexus GS300/GS430 '01-'05, IS300 '02-'05 |- |0 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Camry '02-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '04-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '07-'08,<br> Prius '04-'06 (Opt.), Prius '07-'09, Corolla '05-'08 (Opt.), Corolla '09, Matrix '05-'08 (Opt.), Matrix '09, Yaris '07-'08 (Opt.), Yaris '09, Scion xA '04-'06 (Opt.), Scion xD '08-'09, Lexus LS430 '01-'03, ES300 '02-'03, ES330 '04-'06 |- |} ===Grade=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |RAV4 ('96-'05), Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), GX470 ('03-'09), LX470 ('98-'07), LX570 ('08-'09), Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |1 |T100 [Base model] ('96-'98), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander/Highlander Hybrid [Base model] ('08-'09), RAV4 Limited 2-row ('06-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09), Venza ('09), Lexus RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09), RX400h ('06-'08) |- |2 |Previa DX ('96-'97), Tacoma [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('98-'00), Tacoma ('01-'09), T100 DX ('96-'98), Tundra [Base model] ('00-'09),<br> Sienna XLE ('04-'09), Sienna XLE Limited ('04-'05), Sienna Limited ('06-'09), Scion xB w/auto. trans. ('04-'06), RAV4 Sport 2-row ('06-'09),<br> Highlander Limited ('08-'09) |- |3 |Previa LE ('96-'97), Sienna LE, XLE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [US market] ('04-'09), Sienna LE ('04-'09), Scion xB w/man. trans. ('04-'06),<br> RAV4 [Base model, 2-row] ('06-'09), Highlander Sport ('08-'09) |- |4 |4Runner [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('96-'97), Tacoma Limited ('98-'00), T100 SR5 ('96-'98), Tundra SR5 ('00-'09), Sequoia SR5 ('01-'09),<br> 4Runner SR5, Sport ('03-'09), RAV4 Limited 3-row ('06-'09), Highlander Hybrid Limited ('08-'09) |- |5 |Land Cruiser ('96-'09), RAV4 [Base model, 3-row] ('06-'09) |- |6 |4Runner SR5 ('96-'02) |- |7 |4Runner Limited ('96-'09), Sequoia Platinum ('08-'09) |- |8 |Lexus LX450 ('96-'97), Tundra Limited ('00-'09), Sequoia Limited ('01-'09) |- |9 |Sienna CE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [Canadian market] ('04-'09) |} ===Vehicle Line=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra |- |2 |Lexus IS300 |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS350, IS F |- |3 |Echo / Yaris |- |4 |Scion xA / Scion xD |- |4 |Scion xB ('04-'06) |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Supra |- |A |Highlander |- |A |Sequoia |- |A |Venza |- |B |Avalon |- |C |Sienna |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix |- |E |Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS400 |- |F |Lexus LS430 |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |G |Lexus ES300, ES330, ES350 |- |H |Paseo |- |J |Land Cruiser |- |J |Lexus LX450 |- |K |Camry |- |L |Tercel |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS300, GS350 |- |S |Lexus GS430, GS460 |- |S |Lexus GS450h |- |T |Celica |- |U |Prius |- |U |Lexus RX300 |- |U |Lexus RX330, RX350, RX400h |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |Lexus LX470, LX570 |- |X |Lexus GS400 |- |X |Lexus GX470 |- |Y |RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |Y |Lexus SC400 |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Z |Lexus SC300 |- |} ==VIN Format 1981-1995== For vehicles prior to model year 1996 for North America and 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |V |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |N |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |1 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |3 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |G ||[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System]] |- |9 |3 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |R |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |5 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |6 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |2 |- |14 |2 |- |15 |2 |- |16 |1 |- |17 |7 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |3 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |J |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |4 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |V ||[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |D |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Drivetrain Type|Drivetrain Type]] |- |7 |2 |[[#Cab Type & Chassis|Cab Type & Chassis]] |- |8 |P ||[[#Series (Grade) & Brake System|Series (Grade) & Brake System]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} ===Engine Type 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3A-C engine. Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82), Tercel ('83-'86), Tercel wagon ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('83), Corolla Sport DX, SR5 ('84-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GELC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 ('85-'89), Corolla FX-16 ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GEC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GZE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89) |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla GT-S ('88-'91). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-F engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'89). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'95), Celica ST ('90-'93). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FE engine. Toyota Previa ('91-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('94-'95). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'85). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('84-'85). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('86). |- | D || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('93-'95). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || 1-bbl carb. Toyota 3E engine. Toyota Tercel ('87-'90). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3E-E engine. Toyota Tercel ('90-'94). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('95), Paseo ('92-'95). |- | F || 4.2L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || 2-bbl. Carb. Toyota 2F engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('81-'87). |- | F || 4.0L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3F-E engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('88-'92). |- | G || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('94-'95), Avalon ('95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2JZ-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('93-'95), Lexus SC300 ('92-'95), GS300 ('93-'95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('93-'95). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4K-C engine. Toyota Starlet ('81-'82). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4K-E engine. Toyota Starlet ('83-'84). |- | L || 2.2L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota L engine. Toyota Pickup ('81-'83). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L engine. Toyota Pickup ('84-'85). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L-T engine. Toyota Pickup ('85). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-E engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('81), Cressida ('81-'82). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-GE engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86), Cressida ('83-'88). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92), Cressida ('89-'92). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('87-'92). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 22R engine. Toyota Celica, Corona ('81-'82), Pickup ('81-'90), 4Runner ('84). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-E (EC for CA emissions version) engine.<br> Toyota Celica ('83-'85), Pickup ('84-'95), 4Runner ('85-'95). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-TE (TEC for CA emissions version) engine. Toyota Pickup ('85-'88), 4Runner ('86-'87). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 2S-ELC engine. Toyota Camry ('83-'86), Celica ST/GT ('86). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GELC engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('86-'89). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota Celica ST/GT ('87-'89), Camry ('87-'91). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GTE engine.<br> Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93), MR2 Turbo ('91-'95). |- | S || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT/GT-S ('90-'93), Celica GT ('94-'95), MR2 ('91-'95), Camry ('92-'95). |- | T || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3T-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('81-'82). |- | U || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400 ('90-'95), SC400 ('92-'95). |- | U || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('95). |- | U || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('94-'95). |- | V || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('88-'91), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-E engine. Toyota 4Runner, Pickup ('88-'95), T100 ('93-'94). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('92-'93). |- | V || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('95). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 3Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('84-'85). |- | Y || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('86-'89). |} ===Vehicle Line 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Celica rwd ('81-'85) |- |A |Celica Supra ('81-'86) |- |A |Supra ('86 1/2-'95) |- |B |Avalon ('95) |- |C |Previa ('91-'95) |- |D |T100 ('93-'95) |- |E |Corolla ('81-'95) |- |F |Lexus LS400 ('90-'95) |- |J |Land Cruiser ('81-'95) |- |K |Camry ('92-'95) |- |K |Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |L |Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) |- |L |Tercel ('83-'95) |- |L |Paseo ('92-'95) |- |N |Pickup (compact pickup & chassis cab '81-'95) |- |N |Tacoma ('95 1/2) |- |N |4Runner ('84-'95) |- |P |Starlet ('81-'84) |- |R |Van ('84-'89) |- |S |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |T |Corona ('81-'82) |- |T |Celica fwd or awd ('86-'95) |- |V |Camry ('83-'91) |- |V |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |- |W |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95) |- |X |Cressida ('81-'92) |- |Z |Lexus SC300, SC400 ('92-'95) |- |} ===Model Designation=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door or wagon w/1.8L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('94-'95): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('94-'95): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - Gas I4 ('83-'86): SV'''1'''1L, 1.8L Turbodiesel I4 [1C-TLC] ('84-'85): CV'''1'''0L, 2.0L Turbodiesel I4 [2C-TLC] ('86): CV'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota MR2 ('85-'89) AW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus LS400 ('90-'94) UCF'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - I4 ('92-'95): SXV'''1'''0L, V6 w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, V6 w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 - w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('95) MCX'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) AL12L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |2 |Toyota Camry sedan - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1L, I4 All-Trac 4WD ('88-'91): SV'''2'''5L, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Camry wagon - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1LG, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1LG |- |2 |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota MR2 ('91-'95) Base model w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: SW'''2'''1L, Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: SW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('95) UCF'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Corona ('81-'82) RT1'''3'''5L |- |3 |Toyota Tercel hatchback ('83-'86) AL21L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel wagon - 2wd: ('84-'87) AL21LG, 4wd: ('83-'88) AL25LG (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel coupe & hatchback ('87-'90) EL'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('92-'95) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('92-'95) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Celica ('81) RA'''4'''3L |- |4 |Toyota Celica Supra ('81) MA'''4'''7L |- |4 |Toyota Tercel ('91-'94) EL'''4'''2L |- |4 |Toyota Paseo ('92-'95) EL'''4'''4L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel ('95) EL'''5'''3L |- |6 |Toyota Starlet ('81-'84) KP'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Cressida - sedan w/solid (live) rear axle ('81-'82): MX'''6'''2L, sedan w/IRS ('83-'84): MX'''6'''3L, wagon ('81-'84): MX'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/22R engine ('82): RA'''6'''4L, ST & GT w/22R-E/EC engine & solid (live) rear axle ('83-'85): RA'''6'''4L,<br> GT-S w/22R-E/EC engine & IRS ('83-'85): RA'''6'''5L |- |6 |Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86) MA'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/2S-ELC engine ('86): ST1'''6'''1L, ST & GT w/3S-FE engine ('87-'89): ST1'''6'''2L, GT-S w/3S-GELC engine ('86-'89): ST1'''6'''2L,<br> All-Trac Turbo w/3S-GTE engine ('88): ST1'''6'''5L |- |7 |Toyota Corolla - w/1.8L OHV 3T-C engine ('81-'82): TE'''7'''2L, w/1.6L SOHC 4A-C engine ('83): AE'''7'''1L |- |7 |Toyota Cressida - sedan ('85-'88): MX'''7'''3L, wagon ('85-'87): MX'''7'''2LG |- |7 |Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92) MA'''7'''0L |- |8 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd, gas-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Fwd, diesel-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'85): CE'''8'''0L, Corolla FX/FX-16 Fwd 3-door hatchback ('87-'88): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Corolla Sport - Rwd, gas-powered 2-door coupe & 3-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''6L |- |8 |Toyota Cressida ('89-'92) MX'''8'''3L |- |8 |Toyota Celica ('90-'93) - ST w/1.6L 4A-FE engine: AT1'''8'''0L, GT & GT-S w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: ST1'''8'''4L, All-Trac Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: ST1'''8'''5L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('93-'95) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''2L, All-Trac 4wd 4-door sedan ('89-'90) & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''5L |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('91-'95) TCR'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Van - w/2.0L 3Y-EC engine ('84-'85): YR'''2'''1LG, w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 2wd ('86-'89): YR'''2'''2LG |- |2 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 2wd ('90-'91): RN1'''2'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 2wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('91-'95) TCR'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Van w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 4wd ('87-'89): YR'''3'''1LG |- |3 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 4wd ('90-'95): RN1'''3'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 4wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Land Cruiser 40 Series 2-door Hardtop ('81-'83) FJ'''4'''0LV |- |6 |Toyota Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - w/2F engine: FJ'''6'''0LG ('81-'87), w/3F-E engine ('88-'90): FJ'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota 4Runner 4wd - I4: RN'''6'''0LG ('84-'85), RN'''6'''1LG ('86-'89), V6 ('88-'89): VZN'''6'''1LG |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser - w/3F-E engine ('91-'92): FJ'''8'''0L, w/1FZ-FE engine ('93-'95) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |} ===Drivetrain Type=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |4wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95) |- |0 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '95 |- |1 |4wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95) |- |1 |2wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |4wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |2wd (Cargo Van) '84-'89 |- |3 |4wd (Cargo Van) '87-'89 |- |4 |2wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |5 |2wd (Pickup, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version) '84-'88 |- |5 |2wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |6 |4wd (Pickup '84-'88, 4Runner - truck version '84-'89, Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |6 |4wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |6 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '84-'85, '87-'89 |- |7 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab - Extra LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |2wd (Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |4wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |8 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '91-'93 |- |8 |2wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version '89-'93) |- |9 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '89-'93) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Series (Grade)=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Supra [base model] ('86 1/2-'92), Corolla LE ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95), Avalon XL ('95) Lexus SC400 ('92-'95) |- |1 |Starlet ('81-'84), Corolla Tercel [base model] ('81-'82), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d/4-d ('82), Tercel [base model] ('83-'89), Tercel EZ ('87),<br> Tercel [base model w/carbureted engine] ('90), Corolla [base model] ('81-'83), Camry [base model] ('87), Camry DX ('87-'95), Supra Turbo ('87-'92),<br> Corolla [base model] ('90-'92), MR2 [base model] ('91-'95), Supra [base model] ('93-'95), Avalon XLS ('95), Lexus LS400 ('90-'94), SC300 ('92-'95) |- |2 |Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d ('81), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 3-d ('81-'82), Tercel Deluxe ('83-'89), Tercel Deluxe w/carbureted engine ('90), Corolla DX ('81-'83),<br> Corolla SR5 ('83), Corolla DX 4-d sedan/5-d hatch ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('88-'89), Corona Deluxe ('81-'82),<br> Cressida ('81-'82), Cressida wagon ('83-'87), Camry DX ('83-'85), Camry DX w/gasoline engine ('86), Camry LE ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('87-'89),<br> MR2 Turbo ('91-'95), Supra Turbo ('93-'95), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91), LS400 ('95) |- |3 |Celica ST ('81-'86), Cressida sedan ('83-'92), Corolla LE ('84-'89), Camry DX turbodiesel ('86), Tercel [base model w/fuel injected engine] ('90),<br> Tercel DX ('91-'94), Camry XLE ('92-'95), Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |4 |Celica GT ('81-'86), Corolla LE Limited ('85-'86), Camry [base model] ('88-'91), Corolla DX All-Trac wagon ('88-'92), Corolla DX All-Trac sedan ('89-'90), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('90-'92), Tercel Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('90), Tercel LE ('91-'93), Camry SE ('92-'95), Corolla [base model] ('93-'95) |- |5 |Corolla SR5 ('81-'82), Corolla Sport [DX] ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('88-'89), Celica GT-S ('83-'93), Tercel SR5 ('83-'88), MR2 [base model] ('85-'89),<br> Paseo ('92-'95), Tercel [base model] ('95) |- |6 |Corona Luxury Edition ('81-'82), Camry LE ('83-'86), Corolla Sport SR5 ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 All-Trac wagon ('88-'90), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('90-'91),<br> Celica ST ('87-'93), MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89), Tercel EZ ('88-'90), Tercel [base model] ('91-'94), Tercel DX ('95) |- |7 |Celica Supra ('81-'86), Corolla FX16 ('87-'88), Celica GT coupe/liftback ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('91-'93, '95), Corolla LE ('90-'92),<br> Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |8 |Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87), Corolla GT-S Coupe ('88-'91), Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93) |- |9 |Corolla FX16 GT-S ('87-'88), Corolla DX ('93-'95) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Land Cruiser 40 Series ('81-'83), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('81-'87), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('91-'92) |- |1 |Previa DX ('91-'95), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('93-'95) |- |2 |Van Deluxe ('84-'89), 4Runner Deluxe ('85), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('88-'90), Previa LE ('91-'95) |- |3 |4Runner Deluxe ('86, '88-'89), Previa DX S/C ('95) |- |4 |4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('86-'87, '89), Previa LE S/C ('94-'95) |- |5 |4Runner SR5 ('84-'85) |- |6 |Van LE ('84-'89), 4Runner SR5 V6 ('88-'89) |- |7 |4Runner SR5 Turbo ('86-'87), 4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('90-'95) |- |9 |4Runner SR5 V6 ('90-'95) |} ===Cab Type & Chassis=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 (when following 5 or 6 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |0 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in.] (Pickup '86-'88) |- |0 |Wagon [4DR], long wheelbase (Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (T100 '93-'94) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, 4-cyl. (T100 '95) |- |1 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '84-'85) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |2 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '86-'89) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in. for 4x2, 121.9 in. for 4x4], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |4 |Panel van, 4-link rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 4wd '87-'89) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |5 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 5 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '86-'88) |- |6 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |7 |Van (Cargo Van '84-'85) |- |7 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |8 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |8 |Panel van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 2wd '86-'89) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is R) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbo gas engine (Pickup '85-'86) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is L) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |9 |Glass van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Window Van '86-'89) |} IFS= Independent Front Suspension ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Application !Restraint System |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '81-'89, MR2 '85-'89) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Sport Coupe '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback (Corolla Sport '84-'86 & in Canada '87) |Manual Belts |- |C |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR coupe (Tercel '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'89, Corona '81-'82, Camry '83-'86) |Manual Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '89) |Manual Belts |- |G |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd <br>(Starlet '81-'84, Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Tercel '83-'89, Tercel EZ '89 [some],<br> Corolla FX/FX16 '87-'88) |Manual Belts |- |H |5DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Camry '83-'86, Tercel '83-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] (MR2 '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '81-'89, Celica Supra '81-'86, Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Liftback '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |L |5DR hatchback 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '88) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR hardtop (Corolla [Sports] Hardtop '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR coupe (Corolla Sport '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Tercel '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83, '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 4wd (Tercel '83-'88) |Manual Belts |- |Z |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Tercel EZ '88 [all], '89 [some]) |Manual Belts |- |A |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '90-'92, Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |B |2DR sedan (Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Cressida '81-'92, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |F |2DR coupe (Tercel '90, Paseo '92) |Automatic Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90) |Automatic Belts |- |J |4DR sedan 4wd (Camry All-Trac '88-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |J |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '90-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |K |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |M |3DR liftback (Tercel '90) |Automatic Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Cressida '81-'87, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |S |2DR sedan (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |T |4DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |U |2DR coupe (Paseo '93-'95) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |C |2DR coupe (Lexus SC300/SC400 '92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '90-'92, Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |P |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES250 '90-'91, ES300 '92-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |B |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Lexus SC300/SC400 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '93-'95, GS300 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95, Avalon '95, Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES300 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |} '''Incomplete Passenger Cars - Body Type & Brake System''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type & Application !Brake System |- |K |2DR convertible (Celica '84-'85, '87-'89, '91-'93, '95) |Hydraulic Brakes |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !VIN Code !Description |- |C |Hardtop [2DR] ('81-'83 Land Cruiser 40 Series) |- |G |Wagon [4DR] ('81-'90 Land Cruiser 60 Series) |- |J |2DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'91 4Runner) |- |R |4DR Wagon 2WD ('91-'95 Previa) |- |S |4DR Wagon 4WD ('91-'95 Previa All-Trac) |- |V |Van ('84-'85 Van) |- |V |4DR Wagon 2WD ('90-'95 4Runner) |- |W |Wagon ('84-'89 4Runner, '86-'89 Van) |- |W |4DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'95 4Runner, '91-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |} ===Series (Grade) & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America) |+'''All have hydraulic brakes.''' !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('88, '90-'95), T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('93), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('94) |- |B |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] Turbo ('86-'87), T100 [base model] One Ton ('93), T100 DX One Ton ('94), Tacoma [base model] 2.4L 2wd ('95) |- |C |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] V6 ('88), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('93-'94), Tacoma [base model] 2.7L 4wd ('95) |- |D |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/carbureted gas engine ('84-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/diesel engine ('84-'85),<br> Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('91-'95), 4Runner - truck version [base model] ('84-'86), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe ('87-'89),<br> T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton 4-cyl. ('94-'95) |- |E |Pickup 3/4 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('85-'88), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |F |Tacoma V6 [base model] ('95), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |G |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 Turbo ('85-'88), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('89-'95), T100 DX One Ton ('95) |- |H |T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('95) |- |K |Tacoma SR5 V6 ('95) |- |M |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('88), 4Runner - truck version SR5 V6 ('88) |- |N |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('88), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [V6] ('89-'92), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe V6 ('89) |- |P |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe 4-cyl. ('91-'95) |- |R |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'90), Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84),<br> Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85-'90) |- |S |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 2wd w/fuel injected engine ('84), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 4wd w/carbureted engine ('84),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), 4Runner - truck version SR5 [4-cyl.] ('87-'88) |- |T |Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'93) |- |U |Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'88) |- |V |Van [Cargo van version] ('84-'89), Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - truck version ('87) |- |} ==VIN positions== ===Country of origin=== Position 1 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 (7A-7E) |New Zealand |- |7 (7F-70) |USA |- |8 (8A-8E) |Argentina |- |9 (9A-9E, 93-99) |Brazil |- |A (AA-AH) |South Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |South Korea |- |L |China |- |M (MA-ME, MY-M0) |India |- |M (MF-MK) |Indonesia |- |M (ML-MR) |Thailand |- |N (NL-NR) |Turkey |- |P (PA-PE) |Philippines |- |P (PL-PR) |Malaysia |- |R (RF-RK) |Taiwan |- |R (RL-RP) |Vietnam |- |S (SA-SM) |United Kingdom |- |T (TW-T2) |Portugal |- |V (VF-VR) |France |- |W |Germany |- |X (XS-XW, XZ-X0) |Russia |- |Y (YA-YE) |Belgium |} Second letter or number in parentheses is from position 2 of VIN. The characters in parentheses represent the range assigned to that particular country. ===Manufacturer (Japan/North America)=== Position 2 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |F |Fuji Heavy Industries LTD |- |G |GM |- |M |Mazda (Mexico) |- |M |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |- |N |NUMMI (Toyota car) |- |T |NUMMI (Toyota truck) |- |T |Toyota |- |Y |Toyota (Mississippi, USA) |- |8 |Toyota (Lexus - Kentucky, USA) |} ===Vehicle Type=== {{center|Position 3-Japan built models}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |D,K,N,X,1,2,7 |Passenger Car |- |A,B,F,4 |Truck |- |G |Bus |- |E,L,M,3 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) |- |5 |Incomplete Vehicle (typically a convertible) |} ===Body=== {{center|Position 4 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world, may be incorrect for most recent ones)}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD / Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Celica, Supra) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD (Corolla, Camry) / MPV, Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris) / 5DR Van AWD / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |K |5DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris, Prius) / 5DR Wagon 2WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |L |5DR Wagon 4WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |M |5DR Door Van 2WD / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |N |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 2WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |P |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 4WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |R |Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |S |3DR Liftback 4WD |- |T |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 2WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |U |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |W |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame TRD |- |X |5DR Sport Utility Wagon |- |Y |Sport Van |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD |} ===Engine=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 4 (before 1996 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |3A-C 1.5L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla Tercel, '83-'86 Tercel, '87-'88 Tercel wagon) |- |A |4A-C 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('83 Corolla, '84-'87 Corolla Sport DX, SR5) |- |A |4A-LC 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('84-'87 Corolla, '87-'88 Corolla FX) |- |A |4A-GEC 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'87 Corolla Sport GT-S) |- |A |4A-GE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'91 Corolla GT-S) |- |A |4A-F 1.6L DOHC, 16V carb. I4 ('88-'89 Corolla) |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 ('88-'95 Corolla, '90-'93 Celica ST) |- |A |4A-GELC 1.6L DOHC, 16V I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'89 MR2, '87-'88 Corolla FX16) |- |A |4A-GZE 1.6L DOHC, 16V Supercharged, IC I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'89 MR2 Supercharged) |- |A |7A-FE 1.8L DOHC, 16V I4 ('93-'95 Corolla, '94-'95 Celica ST) |- |A |2TZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('91-'95 Previa) |- |A |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('94-'95 Previa S/C) |- |C |1C-LC 1.8L diesel indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Corolla) |- |C |1C-TLC 1.8L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Camry) |- |C |2C-TLC 2.0L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('86 Camry) |- |D |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('93-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |E |3E 1.5L SOHC, 12V carb. I4 ('87-'90 Tercel) |- |E |3E-E 1.5L SOHC, 12V EFI I4 ('90-'94 Tercel) |- |E |5E-FE 1.5L DOHC, 16V I4 ('95 Tercel, '92-'95 Paseo) |- |F |2F 4.2L 2-bbl. Carb. OHV I6 ('81-'87 Land Cruiser) |- |F |3F-E 4.0L EFI OHV I6 ('88-'92 Land Cruiser) |- |G |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('94-'95 Camry V6, Lexus ES300, '95 Avalon) |- |J |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('93-'95 Supra, '93-'95 Lexus GS300, '92-'95 SC300) |- |J |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('93-'95 Supra Turbo) |- |K |4K-C 1.3L Carb. OHV I4 ('81-'82 Starlet) |- |K |4K-E 1.3L EFI OHV I4 ('83-'84 Starlet) |- |L |L 2.2L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('81-'83 Pickup) |- |L |2L 2.4L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Pickup) |- |L |2L-T 2.4L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('85 Pickup) |- |M |5M-E 2.8L SOHC, 12V I6 ('81 Celica Supra, '81-'82 Cressida) |- |M |5M-GE 2.8L DOHC, 12V I6 ('82-'86 Celica Supra, '83-'88 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GE 3.0L DOHC, 24V I6 ('86 1/2-'92 Supra, '89-'92 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GTE 3.0L DOHC, 24V turbo IC I6 ('87-'92 Supra Turbo) |- |R |22R 2.4L 2-bbl SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Celica, Corona, '81-'90 Pickup, '84 4Runner) |- |R |22R-E/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('83-'85 Celica, '84-'95 Pickup, '85-'95 4Runner) |- |R |22R-TE/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI Turbo I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('85-'88 Pickup, '86-'87 4Runner) |- |S |2S-ELC 2.0L I4 ('83-'86 Camry, '86 Celica ST/GT) |- |S |3S-GELC 2.0L I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('86-'89 Celica GT-S) |- |S |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('87-'89 Celica ST/GT, '87-'91 Camry) |- |S |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('90-'93 Celica GT/GT-S, '94-'95 Celica GT, '91-'95 MR2, '92-'95 Camry) |- |S |3S-GTE 2.0L Turbo, IC I4 ('88, '90-'93 Celica All-Trac Turbo, '91-'95 MR2 Turbo) |- |T |3T-C 1.8L OHV Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla) |- |U |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('90-'95 LS400, '92-'95 SC400) |- |U |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('95 Tacoma) |- |U |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('94-'95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |V |2VZ-FE 2.5L DOHC, 24V V6 ('88-'91 Camry V6, '90-'91 Lexus ES250) |- |V |3VZ-E 3.0L SOHC, 12V V6 ('88-'95 4Runner, Pickup, '93-'94 T100) |- |V |3VZ-FE 3.0L DOHC, 24V V6 ('92-'93 Camry V6, Lexus ES300) |- |V |5VZ-FE 3.4L DOHC, 24V V6 ('95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |Y |3Y-EC 2.0L EFI OHV I4 ('84-'85 Van) |- |Y |4Y-EC 2.2L EFI OHV I4 ('86-'89 Van) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla) |- |A |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330, '04-'08 Camry Solara) |- |A |2ZR-FXE + 1NM (Prius 2wd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('16 Prius) |- |B |7A-FE 1.8L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla, Celica ST) |- |B |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('04-'09 Prius) |- |B |2AZ-FXE + 2JM 2.4L Atkinson cycle I4 Hybrid ('07-'09 Camry Hybrid) |- |C |5E-FE 1.5L I4 ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada Tercel, '96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada Paseo) |- |C |2GR-FSE + 1KM 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 Hybrid ('07-'09 Lexus GS450h) |- |D |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('96-'98 Supra, '96-'05 Lexus GS300, '96-'00 SC300, '01-'05 IS300) |- |D |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('01-'07 Highlander, '04-'08 RAV4) |- |E |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('96-'98 Supra Turbo) |- |E |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('02-'09 Camry, '02-'08 Camry Solara, '05-'09 Scion tC, '08-'09 Scion xB, '09 Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS) |- |E |2GR-FSE 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 ('06-'09 IS350, '07-'09 Lexus GS350) |- |E |1AR-FE 2.7L I4 ('09 Venza, Highlander) |- |F |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('96-'04 Camry V6, '96-'04 Avalon, '96-'03 Lexus ES300, '98-'03 Sienna, '99-'03 Camry Solara, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '01-'03 Highlander) |- |F |2AR-FE 2.5L I4 ('09 RAV4) |- |G |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('96-'99 Celica GT, '96-'01 Camry, '99-'01 Camry Solara) |- |H |1AZ-FE 2.0L I4 ('01-'03 RAV4) |- |H |3GR-FSE 3.0L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06 Lexus GS300) |- |H |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('98-'00 GS400, '96-'00 LS400, '96-'00 SC400) |- |J |1NR-FE 1.3L I4 ('12-'15 Scion iQ) |- |J |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('96-'97 Land Cruiser, '96-'97 LX450) |- |J |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('07-'09 Lexus ES350) |- |K |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('96-'97 Previa S/C) |- |K |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('01-'03 Prius) |- |K |4GR-FSE 2.5L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06-'09 IS250) |- |K |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('05-'09 Avalon, '06-'09 RAV4, '07-'09 Camry V6, Sienna, Lexus RX350, '09 Venza) |- |L |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('96-'04 Tacoma) |- |L |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('01-'05 GS430) |- |L |1UR-FSE 4.6L VVT-iE V8 ('08-'09 GS460, '07-'09 LS460) |- |L |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For Japanese-built '09 Corolla) |- |M |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('96-'98 T100, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'00 4Runner) |- |N |5S-FNE (CNG 2.2L I4) ('00-'01 Camry) |- |N |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('06-'07 GS430, '01-'06 LS430, '02-'09 SC430) |- |N |5VZ-FE 3.4L V6 ('96-'02 4Runner, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'98 T100, '00-'04 Tundra) |- |N |2ZR-FXE Hybrid 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('10-'15 Prius) |- |P |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('96-'00 RAV4) |- |P |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'07 Highlander) |- |P |2UR-GSE 5.0L V8 ('08-'09 Lexus IS F) |- |R |1ZZ-FE 1.8L VVT-i I4 ('98-'08 Corolla, '00-'05 Celica GT, '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '03-'08 Matrix) |- |S |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('08-'09 Highlander) |- |T |1NZ-FE 1.5L I4 ('00-'05 Echo, '04-'06 Scion xA, xB, '07-'09 Yaris) |- |T |2UZ-FE 4.7L V8 ('98-'07 Land Cruiser, '00-'09 Tundra, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 4Runner, '03-'09 Lexus GX470, '98-'07 LX470) |- |U |1GR-FE 4.0L VVT-i V6 ('03-'09 4Runner, '05-'09 Tacoma, '05-'09 Tundra, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser) |- |U |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For US- & Canadian-built '09 Corolla, Matrix but also for '08-'09 Scion XD) |- |U |2UR-FSE + 1KM 5.0L VVT-iE D4S V8 Hybrid ('08-'09 LS600hL) |- |V |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('07-'09 Tundra) |- |W |3MZ-FE + 1JM, 2FM 3.3L V6 Hybrid ('06-'09 Highlander Hybrid, '06-'08 RX400h) |- |W |3UR-FBE 5.7L Dual VVT-i Flex-Fuel V8 Gas/E85 ('09 Tundra) |- |X |2TR-FE 2.7L I4 ('05-'09 Tacoma) |- |Y |2ZZ-GE 1.8L VVTL-i I4 ('00-'05 Celica GT-S, '03-'06 Matrix XRS, '05-'06 Corolla XRS) |- |Y |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('08-'09 Land Cruiser, Sequoia, '08-'09 LX570) |- |Z |2GR-FKS 3.5L V6 '15+ |- |9 |2ZR-FXE + 1NM + 1MM (Prius Awd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid |- | |- | |- |L |Electric M7M5 -- RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |S |Electric 1BM -- RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Non-North American Engines |+Position 5 (2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |2AD-FTV (2005+) |- |B |1HZ, 1HD |- |B |2AD-FHV (2005+) |- |C |2C, 2CT, 2CT-E |- |J |1AZ-FSE |- |L |2SZ-FE |- |P |2AZ-FSE |- |V |1VD-FTV |- |W |1CD-FTV |- |W |2NZ-FE |- |Z |1ZZ-FE |- |Z |3ZZ-FE |} ===Series=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) Based on the Chassis code given for the car. !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser J1'''0'''0/J1'''0'''5 |- |2 |Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J1'''2'''0 |- |} ===Restraint=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Manual Belt / 1 STD (North America), No Airbags (International) |- |2 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 1 Airbag (Driver Seat) (International) |- |3 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 2 Front Airbags (International) |- |6 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |7 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |8 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Airbags |- |9 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Front Curtain Airbags. |- |D |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Three-Row Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |} ===Model/Platform=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 / MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra / Tundra |- |3 |Echo / Yaris Verso |- |4 |Yaris / Scion xA / Scion xB / Scion xD / Urban Cruiser |- |6 |Hilux |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Highlander / Sequoia / Celica RWD / Supra |- |B |Avalon / Avensis Verso / Ipsum? |- |C |Sienna / Previa / Aygo |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix / Auris |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |G |Hilux / Fortuner |- |H |Highlander |- |J |Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado |- |K |Camry / Aurion (TRD) |- |L |Tercel / Paseo / Avensis |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma and older trucks as well |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner / Corolla Verso |- |S |Fortuner |- |T |Celica FWD |- |U |Prius |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |MR2 (non-spyder models) |- |X |Cressida |- |} === '''Check-digit''' <ref>https://vincheck.info/free-vin-decoder/free-toyota-vin-decoder</ref> === {{center|Position 9 (Check-digit that identifies the VIN as being authorized by the manufacturer).}} === Model year === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;width:30em;" |+Position 10 (International-market vehicles may have a 0 in this position) ! Code ! Year |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |- |P |2023 |- |R |2024 |- |S |2025 |} ===Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !VIN Code !Description |- |0-9 (All numeric) |Japan |- |7 |Lordstown, OH, US (GM plant) (Toyota Cavalier) |- |A |Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |A |Onnaing-Valenciennes, France ([[w:Toyota Motor Manufacturing France|TMMF]]) (Yaris hatch - US: '14-'18, Canada: '14-'19) |- |C |Cambridge, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |D |Nagakusa plant, Obu, Aichi pref., Japan (Toyota Industries plant) |- |E |Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom (TMMUK) (US/Canada: GR Corolla '26-) |- |G |Gliwice, Poland (Opel/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max EV) |- |J |Takaoka plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |J |Vigo, Spain (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce City) |- |K |Hamura, Tokyo pref., Japan (Hino Motors plant) |- |L |Miyagi plant, Ohira, Miyagi pref., Japan (Central Motor Co./Toyota Motor East Japan plant) |- |M |Tijuana, Baja CA, Mexico (TMMBC) |- |M |Atessa, Italy (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max diesel) |- |N |Kolín, Czech Republic ([[w:Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|TPCA/TMMCZ]]) |- |P |Blue Springs, MS, US (TMMMS) |- |R |Lafayette, IN, US (Subaru of Indiana Automotive) (Camry '07-'16) |- |R |Adapazari, Sakarya province, Turkey (TMMT) (US/Canada: C-HR '18-'22) |- |S |Princeton, IN, US (TMMI) |- |T |Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, Mexico (TMMGT) |- |U |Georgetown, KY, US (TMMK) |- |V |Huntsville, AL, US (MTM USA) (Corolla Cross '22-, Corolla Cross Hybrid '23-) |- |W |Woodstock, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |W |Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (Toyota GR Supra '20-'26) |- |X |San Antonio, TX, US (TMMTX) |- |X |Altona, Victoria, Australia (Toyota Australia) (closed Oct. 3, 2017) |- |Y |Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation) <br> (Scion iA '16, Yaris iA '17-'18, Yaris sedan '19-'20, Yaris hatch '20) |- |Y |Yajima Plant, Ota, Gunma pref., Japan (Subaru plant) (Toyota bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Trailseeker '26-) |- |Z |Fremont, CA, US (NUMMI) (1987-1988 Toyota Corolla FX/FX16 3-d, 1989-2010 Corolla sedan, 1992-1995 Toyota Pickup, 1995-2010 Tacoma, Toyota Voltz [For export to Japan: '02-'04]) |- |Z |Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Sevel Nord - PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce) |- |} '''Japanese Plants''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Plant owner/operator !Name & Location of plant !Vehicles produced !VIN Code used<br> (Pos. 11) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('85-'86) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'90) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'89) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('91-'95), Paseo ('92-'99), Echo ('00-'05),<br> Scion xA ('04-'06), xB ('04) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('96-'99) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xD ('08-'10), Scion iQ ('12-'15),<br> Scion iQ EV ('13), Scion xB ('12-'15) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'12), Scion xB ('08-'12),<br> Scion xD ('10-'14), Prius C ('12-'19), C-HR ('18-'22) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'11) |4 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('07-'11) |5-8 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Miyagi plant. Ohira, Miyagi prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('11-'12) |L |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('12-'14) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05) |0-3 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05-'06) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla [fwd 4-d/5-d] ('84-'87) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla Sport [rwd 2-d/3-d coupe] ('84-'87) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('88-'90), Corolla coupe ('91),<br> Corolla sedan & 2wd wagon ('91-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla All-Trac 4wd wagon ('91-'92) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('93-'96) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'08) |0-1 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'06) [No '06 found in US] |2-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09) |2, J |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla sedan ('10-'11, '13, '20-'25), Scion iM ('16), Corolla iM ('17-'18) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09-'12) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan ('22-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |7-8 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88) |0-9 (All-Trac Turbo) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('90-'99) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Celica ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica Supra ('85-'86), Supra ('86 1/2-'92) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |0-6 (ST, GT),<br> 0-3 (GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |0-3 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('05-'10) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('85-'87), Camry V6 ('88-'91),<br> Camry 4-cyl. All-Trac 4wd ('89-'91),<br> Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. 2wd ('88-'91) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('92-'93), Camry 4-cyl. ('94), Camry ('95-'96), <br> Lexus ES300 ('92-'93, '95-'96) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('94), Lexus ES300 ('94) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('97), Camry 4-cyl. ('98-'01), Lexus ES300 ('97) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('03-'06) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('98-'06), Lexus ES300 ('98-'03), <br> ES330 ('04-'05) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('98-'01) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('02) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('03) |5-6 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES330 ('04-'06), Camry SE V6 [3.3L] ('05) |5-6 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |5 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('07-'11, '18-'19), Scion tC ('11-'15),<br> Crown ('23-'25), Crown Signia ('25-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('15-'16) |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES350 ('07-'21), ES300h ('13-'20),<br> ES350h, ES350e, ES500e ('26-),<br> HS250h ('10-'12), CT200h ('11-'17), UX200 ('19-'22),<br> UX250h ('19-'24), UX300h ('25-'26) |2 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250 ('06-'15), IS200t ('16-'17),<br> IS300 RWD ('18-'19), IS300 AWD ('16-'19),<br> IS350 ('06-'19), IS F ('08-'14), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'23), RC300 AWD ('16-'23),<br> RC350 ('15-'23), RC F ('15-'23) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250, IS350 ('06-'13), IS250C/IS350C ('10-'15) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LS400 ('90-'00), LS430 ('01-'05),<br> GS300 ('93-'05), GS400 ('98-'00), GS430 ('01-'05), <br> GS300 Awd ('06), GS350 ('07-'11) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06), GS430 ('06-'07),<br> GS460 ('08-'11), GS450h ('07-'11, '13-'14),<br> GS350 ('13-'14), LS430 ('06), LS460 ('07-'17),<br> LS600hL ('08-'16), LS500 ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19),<br> GS350 ('15-'20), GS450h ('15-'18), GS F ('16-'20),<br> LC500 ('18-'19), LC500h ('18-'19), Mirai ('16-'26),<br> Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25), bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra ('23-'26),<br> Lexus RZ450e ('23-'26), RZ300e ('24-'25), RZ350e ('26-),<br> RZ550e ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida sedan ('85-'88), Cressida wagon ('85-'87) |0-5 (sedan),<br> 0-9 (wagon) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('89) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('90-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra ('93-'96), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('92-'96) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra, Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97) |0 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Supra ('97-'98), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97-'00) |1-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('02-'05) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('06-'10) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LFA ('12) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95), MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('01-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius w/pos. 14-17 of VIN from 1001-2000 ('01) |0 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('04-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09, '16-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'15) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15, '25-'26), Prius Prime ('17-'24) |3 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09) |7 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'13) [No '14 found in US] |4-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('12-'14) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('14-'17 & '18 in Canada) |J |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('84-'86) |5-9 (psgr. van),<br> 0-9 (cargo van) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('87-'89) |5-9 (2wd),<br> 0-9 (4wd) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Previa ('91-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('96), RAV4 2-d ('96-'98, '00),<br> RAV4 4wd ('99), RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd gen.] ('01) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'06) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('07-'14) |5 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'08) |6-9 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('09) |6 (until 7/31/08),<br> D (from 8/1/08) |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('10-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'26),<br> RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('14-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('19-'26), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-), Venza ('21-'24), C-HR EV '26-, bZ '26-, Subaru Uncharted '26-, Solterra '26- |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09),<br> RX400h ('06), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander Hybrid ('06-'07) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX400h ('07-'08), RX350 ('10-'19, '21-'26),<br> RX350L ('18-'22), RX450h ('10-'15), RX450hL ('18-'22),<br> RX450h+ ('24-'26), NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21),<br> NX300h ('15-'21), NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26),<br> NX350h ('22-'26), NX450h+ ('22-'26),<br> Highlander ('08-'10), Highlander Hybrid ('08-'13) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21), NX300h ('20-'21),<br> NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26), NX350h ('22-'26) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('84-'85) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('89) |0-3 (4-cyl.),<br> 0-4 (V6) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('90-'95) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('90-'94) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('95) |0-4, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('90) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('91-'92) |0-6, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('93-'94) |0-5, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('95) |0-4, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('96-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('98-'02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |0-8 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'08) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'07) |8-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('08-'09) |8-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('07) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('08-'09) |0-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hamura plant transferred to Toyota Motor Hamura, Inc. on April 1, 2026) |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Land Cruiser ('24-'26) |K |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('10-'21, '25-'26), Land Cruiser ('24-'26),<br> Lexus GX460 ('10-'23), GX550 ('24-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('22-'24) |5, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('84-'86, '88-'89) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('90-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'00) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('01-'07) |2-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('01-'06) |3-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('07) |4 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Yoshiwara plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13-'21),<br> Lexus LX570 ('08-'11, '13-'21), LX600 ('22-'26),<br> LX700h ('25-'26) |4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13) [No '14-'20 found in US] |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup ('84-'85), <br> Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |5-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab ('84-'85), Pickup/Chassis Cab w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('87-'88) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |8-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 or RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89) |7-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('90-'93) |7-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |6-7 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-1, 6-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |2-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab w/VN94 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |T100 ('93-'98) |0-9 |- |} ==Toyota WMIs== There are partial list of WMIs which are used by Toyota as well as the broader Toyota Group, including all divisions and subsidiaries: Japan: * JTD - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTK - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTN - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTX - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JT1 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (European market) * JT2 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (North American market) * JT7 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (Asia-Pacific market) * JTA - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTB - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTF - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JT4 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTG - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Bus * JTE - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JTL - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JTM - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT3 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JT5 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Incomplete Vehicle (Celica convertible, Paseo convertible, Chassis Cab pickup trucks) * JTH - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JTJ - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT6 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT8 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JAL - Isuzu Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle (S-Series) * JDA - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD1 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD2 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JD4 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Truck * JF1 - Subaru Corp., Toyota Passenger Car (86/GR86/Scion FR-S) * JHA - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHB - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JHC - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHD - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHE - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHH - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JH6 - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle North America: * 1NX - NUMMI, Toyota Passenger Car ('87-'10) * 2AY - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 2AZ - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Truck * 2T1 - TMMC, Toyota Passenger Car * 2T2 - TMMC, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 2T3 - TMMC, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 3MY - Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation, Toyota Passenger Car ('16-'20) * 3TM - TMMBC, Toyota Truck * 3TY - TMMGT, Toyota Truck * 4G3 - GM Lordstown Assembly, Toyota Passenger Car (Cavalier) ('96-'00) * 4T1 - TMMK, Toyota Passenger Car * 4T3 - TMMK, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV) * 4T4 - Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Toyota Passenger Car ('07-'16) * 4TA - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('92-'00) * 5PV - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 5TB - TMMI, Toyota Truck * 5TD - TMMI, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV), Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 5TE - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('00-'10) * 5TF - TMMTX, Toyota Truck * 5YF - TMMMS, Toyota Passenger Car * 58A - TMMK, Lexus Passenger Car * 7H4 - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Truck * 7MU - Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 7SV - TMMTX, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) Other countries: * AHH - Hino South Africa, Hino vehicles * AHT - Toyota South Africa, Toyota vehicles * LFM - FAW Toyota (China), Toyota and Ranz vehicles * LVG - GAC Toyota (China), Toyota vehicles * MBJ - Toyota Kirloskar Motor (India), Toyota vehicles * MHF - PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, Toyota vehicles * MHK - PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (Indonesia), Daihatsu and Toyota vehicles * MJE - PT Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia, Hino vehicles * MMK - Toyota Auto Works Co., Ltd. (Thailand), Toyota vehicles * MNK - Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand, Hino Vehicles * MR0 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Ban Pho and Samrong plants, Toyota vehicles * MR1 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Samrong plant (Fortuner), Toyota vehicles * MR2 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Gateway plant, Toyota vehicles * NMT - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey (TMMT), Toyota vehicles * PN1 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * PN2 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * RKL - Kuozui Motors (Taiwan), Toyota vehicles * RL4 - Toyota Motor Vietnam, Toyota vehicles * SB1 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (TMMUK), Toyota vehicles * TW1 - Toyota Caetano Portugal, Toyota vehicles * VNK - Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), Toyota vehicles * WZ1 - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra) * XW7 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), Toyota vehicles * YAR - PSA/Stellantis, Toyota Van (ProAce, ProAce City, & ProAce Max) * YBC - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra - some European-market models) * 6T1 - Toyota Australia, Toyota Passenger Car * 7A4 - Toyota New Zealand, Toyota vehicles * 8AJ - Toyota Argentina, Toyota vehicles * 9BR - Toyota Brazil, Toyota vehicles {| class="wikitable" |+ !Plant Abbreviation !Plant Name !Notes |- |MTMUSA |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |Joint venture between Toyota and Mazda |- |NUMMI |New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. |Joint venture between GM and Toyota |- |TMMBC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Baja California | |- |TMMC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada | |- |TMMGT |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Guanajuato | |- |TMMI |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana | |- |TMMK |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky | |- |TMMMS |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi | |- |TMMTX |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas | |} == External links == Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Toyota Toyota VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:RT43-157714}} <references />Online [https://epicvin.com/vin-decoder/toyota Toyota Vin Lookup] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota Car model, Toyota Vehicles- VinCheckUp |url=https://www.vincheckup.com/cars/toyota |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.vincheckup.com}}</ref> smmrhx4g7cczic9pvsjv5fdb8mgwsxa 4664470 4664469 2026-08-25T20:08:47Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Series */ 4664470 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- --> {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ==VIN Format 2010-== Toyota has used the following VIN format since 2010 for North America: {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade]] |- |4 |K |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 2010-|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series|Series]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series & Drive Wheels|Series & Drive Wheels]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line & Make|Vehicle Line & Make]] |- |8 |A ||[[#Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style|Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Yaris ['10-'12], Corolla ['10-'19], Camry ['10-'19], Avalon ['10-'19], Mirai ['16-'20], Lexus HS ['10-'12], ES ['10-'19], IS ['10-'19],<br> GS ['10-'11, '13-'19], GS F ['16-'20], LS ['10-'19]) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus IS250 AWD '10-'15, IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 AWD '11-'19, GS350 AWD '10-'11, '13-'19, LS460 AWD '10-'17, LS500 AWD '18-'19, LS500h AWD '18-'19) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Scion tC '10) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD (Lexus LS460L AWD '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'16) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD (Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C/IS350C '10-'15) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD (Lexus LS460L '10-'17) |- |H |2DR Coupe 2WD (Lexus LFA '12, RC200t '16-'17, RC300 RWD '18-'19, RC350 '15-'19, RC F '15-'19, LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris 3-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Scion tC '11-'16, Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13) |- |K |5DR Liftback or Hatchback 2WD (Yaris 5-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Lexus CT200h '11-'17, Prius C '12-'19, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Corolla Hatchback '19) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD (Prius '10-'22, Scion xD '10-'14, C-HR '18-'22) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension (Matrix Base model & S 2wd '10-'11, Matrix L & S 2wd '12-'13, Canada: Matrix '14) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD (Prius AWD-e '19-'22) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD w/IRS (Matrix S 4wd '10-'13) |- |M |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS (Matrix XRS - US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) |- |S |2DR Coupe 4WD (Lexus RC300 AWD '16-'19, RC350 AWD '15-'19) |- |U |5DR Wagon 4WD (Lexus UX250h '19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus UX200 '19) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Prius V 2012-2017 & 2018 in Canada) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |4DR Sedan (Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25) |- |A |5DR Hatchback (GR Corolla '23-'26, Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24, Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26) |- |A |Wagon (Crown Signia '25-'26) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES '26-) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Camry '25-'26) |- |Y |Wagon (Lexus UX300h 2wd '25-'26) |- |U |Wagon (Lexus UX300h Awd '25-'26) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'19, NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19,<br> NX300h '15-'19) |- |C |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '16-'21) |- |D |5DR Wagon extended length 4WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19, RX450hL '18-'19) |- |G |5DR Wagon extended length 2WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'15, Lexus LX570 '10-'11, '13-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19, NX300h '15-'16) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Scion xB '10-'15, Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'16) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |5DR Wagon (Toyota Venza '21-'24, Sequoia '23-'26, bZ4X '23-'25, Grand Highlander '24-'26, Land Cruiser '24-'26, C-HR EV '26-, Subaru Solterra '23-'25, Uncharted '26-, Lexus RZ450e '23-'25, RZ300e '24-'25, TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26, TX550h+ '24-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Toyota bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Solterra '26-, Trailseeker '26-, Lexus RZ450e '26-, RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26-) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Canadian-built Lexus RX350 [2wd/Awd] '23-'26, RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Japanese-built Lexus RX350 [2wd] '23-'26, RX450h+ '24-'26) |- |V |5DR Wagon (4Runner '25-'26) |- |6 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Hybrid '26-) |- |7 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid '26-) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |J |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |J |Tacoma XtraCab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |K |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class E GVWR] |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2020- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |D |4DR Sedan (Corolla L '20-'22) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '20-'22, LE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |V |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Convenience Package '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Premium Package '20-'22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Corolla XLE '20-'22) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '23-'26, SE Nightshade '24, FX Edition '25, LE Hybrid '23-'26, XLE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Nightshade Hybrid '24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/man. trans. '20-'22, SE Apex Edition w/man. trans. '21-'22) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, SE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |P |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. & Premium Package '20-'26) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Corolla XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, XSE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/auto. trans. '20-'27, FX Edition '26) |- |A |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |C |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'27) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Camry L '20) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Camry LE '20-'24) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |R |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Camry XLE '20-'24) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Camry SE '20-'24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Camry TRD '20) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Camry XSE '20-'24, Camry TRD '21-'24) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE '20-'22, XLE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE [decontent package] '20-'22, XLE Hybrid [decontent package] '20-'22) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD '21) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD [decontent package] '21) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Avalon XSE '20, XSE Nightshade '21, XSE Hybrid '20-'21, XSE Nightshade Hybrid '22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Avalon TRD '20-'21) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited '20-'22, Limited Hybrid '20-'22) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22, Limited Hybrid w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD '21) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD w/Advanced Safety Package '21) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model], ES300h [base model] '20-'25, ES250 AWD [base model] '21-'24) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model w/Premium Package], ES300h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> ES250 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '21-'25, ES350, ES300h, ES250 AWD F Sport Design '23-'25) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport '20-'22, ES250 AWD F Sport '21-'22, ES300h F Sport '22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport Black Line Special Edition '21) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport w/Dynamic Handling package '22, ES350 F Sport Handling '23-'25) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Luxury, ES300h Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Luxury '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Ultra Luxury, ES300h Ultra Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '21) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '22-'25, ES300h F Sport Handling '23-25) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 AWD [base model] '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport '20) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 RWD [base model], GS350 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport Black Line '20) |- |A |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model] '20-25, RC350 [base model] '20-'25, RC F [base model] '20-'24) |- |D |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> RC350 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC F [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'24) |- |G |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD F Sport '20-'25, RC300 AWD F Sport '20-'25, RC350 F Sport '20-'25) |- |J |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F [base model w/Performance Package] '20, [base model w/Carbon Package] '21-'24) |- |Y |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Track Edition '20, RC F Fuji Speedway Edition '21-'22, RC F Track Edition '23-'24) |- |B |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Final Edition '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model] '20-'22, UX250h [base model] '20-'24) |- |P |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h Premium '23-'24) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 Luxury '20-'22, UX250h Luxury '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport '20-'22, UX250h F Sport '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX250h F Sport Design '23-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport Handling '23-'24) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sienna [base model V6] '11-'12, Sienna L '13-'20) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sequoia TRD Pro '20, Lexus GX460 [base model] '10-'19) |- |W |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |R |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |X |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '11-'20, SE Premium '15-'20) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '19-'20, SE Premium '19-'20) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20, Sienna CE, LE '10,<br> Sienna [base model I4] '11-'12, Sienna LE '11-'20) |- |N |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 SE '16-'18) |- |J |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, RAV4 SE '16-'18, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20,<br> Sienna LE '10-'20, Lexus GX460 Premium '10-'13, GX460 Luxury '14-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19,<br> Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19, Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |D |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19, Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19,<br> Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- | |'''Body Type & Grade''' |- |K |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE '21-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE '21-'26) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '23-'26, Sienna XSE 25th Anniversary Edition '23, Sienna XSE w/Premium Package '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE '21-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Sienna Limited '21-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sienna Platinum '21-'26) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross L '22-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE '22-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE w/Moonroof Package '22-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE w/Convenience Package '22-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross Hybrid S, SE, XSE '23-'26, Hybrid SE Nightshade '24-'25) |- |H |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd '19-'25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd '19-'25) |- |G |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |L |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |M |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |W |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 2wd '19-'25) |- |P |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 4wd '19-'25) |- |R |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |U |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Woodland Edition Hybrid 4wd '23-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 2wd '19-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 4wd '19-'25) |- |B |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium Hybrid 4wd '21-'25) |- |J |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Adventure 4wd '19-'24, RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '20) |- |S |5DR Wagon (RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |T |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [US- & Canadian-built] |- |1 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [Japanese-built] |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XSE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 2wd '19-'25) |- |N |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 4wd '19-'25) |- |D |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE 4wd '25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '25) |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE 4wd '25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Highlander L 2wd & Awd '20-'22) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE 2wd '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE Awd '20-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, Hybrid XLE '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE w/Navigation, Hybrid XLE w/Navigation '20-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Bronze Edition '22-'23) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited, Hybrid Limited 2wd '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited Awd '20-'22, Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'21) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid Platinum 2wd '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '20-'22) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE '21-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE w/Navigation & JBL Audio '21-'22) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander L, LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE 2wd & Awd '23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid LE Nightshade, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade 2wd & Awd '24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade, Hybrid Limited 25th Anniversary Edition Awd '25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum Awd, Hybrid XLE Awd '26) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE 2wd '23-'24) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE Awd '23-'24) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited 2wd '23-'24) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '23-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum 2wd '23-'24) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '23-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 2wd '21-'24) |- |M |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 4wd '21-'24) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |B |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '22) |- |T |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 2wd '22-'24) |- |S |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 4wd '22-'24) |- |F |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 2wd '21-'24) |- |N |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |U |5DR Wagon (4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition 4wd '23) |- |P |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |H |5DR Wagon (4Runner Venture Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |D |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 2wd '21-'24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 4wd '21-'24) |- |C |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |J |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |L |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Pro 4wd '21-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sequoia SR5 '21-'22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Sport '21-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Limited '21-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Nightshade Special Edition '21-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Platinum '21-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Pro '21-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model] '20-'21, NX300h [base model] '20-'21, NX250 [base model] '22-'25, NX350 [base model] '22-'26,<br> NX350h [base model] '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Comfort package] '20, NX300h [base model w/Comfort package] '20) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21, NX300h [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX300h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX250 Premium '22-'25, NX350 Premium '22-'26, NX350h Premium '22-'26) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 Luxury '20-'21, NX300h Luxury '20-'21, NX250 Luxury '22-'23, NX350 Luxury '22-'26, NX350h Luxury '22-'26, NX450h+ [base model] '22-'25, NX450h+ Premium '26-, NX450h+ Luxury '26-) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport '20-'21) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport w/Comfort package '20, NX300 F Sport w/Premium package '21, NX300h F Sport Black Line '21) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350 F Sport Handling '22-'26, NX450h+ F Sport Handling '22-'26, Canadian-built NX350h '26-) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350h [Japanese-built] '26-) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model] '20-'22, RX350L [base model] '20-'22, RX450h [base model] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model] '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22,<br> RX450h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450h [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport '20-'22, RX450h F Sport '20-'22) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX450h F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX350 F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22, RX450h F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model] '20-'23) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'23) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 Luxury '20-'23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '23) |- |V |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Luxury/Luxury+] '24-'25) [Class E GVWR] |- |T |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Premium/Premium+, Overtrail/Overtrail+] '24-'25) [Class F GVWR] |- |C |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model] '20-'21) |- |D |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |E |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model] '20-'21) |- |F |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |N |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 [2-row base model] '22-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Premium [3-row] '22-'26) |- |M |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 F Sport [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h F Sport [3-row] '25-'26) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Luxury [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h Luxury [3-row] '25-'26) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury [2-row] '22-'24) |- |W |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Overtrail [2/3-row] '25-'26) |- |U |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Ultra Luxury [2-row] '25-'26) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |R |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport Access Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |S |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |A |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('17-'23) |- |E |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |G |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |B |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |D |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd (Canada only: '16-'17) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('21-'23) |- |} LWB=Long Wheelbase {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |J |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |K |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |L |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |M |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |R |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |U |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |T |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |C |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |E |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |D |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |N |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'17) |- |P |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'17) |- |R |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '20-'21) |- |T |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |C |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |E |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra TRD Pro CrewMax LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '19-'21) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |G |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |A |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Grade=== {{center|'''Position 4 (2022- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |K |Tundra SR ('22-'26) |- |L |Tundra SR5 ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |J |Tundra Limited ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |1 |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) ('25-'26) |- |N |Tundra Platinum ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |M |Tundra 1794 Edition ('22-'26) |- |P |Tundra TRD Pro ('22-'26) |- |V |Tundra Capstone ('22-'26) |- |W |Tundra Limited w/Nightshade Package or TRD Off-Road Package, Platinum w/TRD Off-Road Package ('24-'26), SR5 w/TRD Rally Package ('25-'26) |- |Z |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) w/Nightshade Package ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type 2010-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Highlander ('10-'19), Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 8AR-FTS engine.<br> Lexus NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21), IS200t ('16-'17), IS300 RWD ('18-'19), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'25), GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine. Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius (Two Eco, Three, Three Touring, Four, Four Touring trim levels) ('16-'18), Prius 2wd ('19-'22),<br> Corolla Hybrid ('21-'22). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 2 Front motors: 1NM (MG2), 1SM (MG1).<br> Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('20-'24). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Avalon Hybrid ('21-'22), Lexus ES300h ('21-'25). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Venza Hybrid ('21-'24). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Toyota Tundra SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition ('22-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown XLE, Limited Hybrid ('23-'25), Crown Nightshade Hybrid ('25). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26), Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26), Lexus TX350 ('24-'26),<br> 4Runner ('25-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) +<br> 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('10-'11), Lexus HS250h ('10-'12). |- | B || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('10-'15). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius (Two trim level: '16-'18), (One trim level: '17-'18), Corolla Hybrid ('20). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('20-'26), Lexus RX350h Awd ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (205 hp).<br> Toyota Avalon Awd ('21). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) (detuned version - 348 or 358 hp). Toyota Tundra SR ('22-'26). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LX600 ('22-'26), GX550 ('24-'25). |- | B || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [Japanese-built] ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla [Japanese-built] ('26-). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus TX500h Awd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26), 4Runner i-Force Max 4wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (278 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR5, TRD PreRunner, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, & Limited w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h 2wd ('25-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h Awd ('10-'15), Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('11-'16). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('10-'11). |- | C || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tundra i-Force Max ('22-'26). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX500h Awd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus TX550h+ Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [326 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, & TRD Pro] ('24). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown Signia Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [Total system hp: 323 hp on Trailhunter or 326 hp on all others]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, & TRD Pro] ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h 2wd ('26-). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus CT200h ('11-'17). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('12-'17), Avalon Hybrid ('13-'18). |- | D || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 1LM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius C ('12-'19). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp).<br> Lexus NX250 ('22-'25). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine. Toyota Highlander ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Max Awd ('24-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (228 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | D || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LX700h ('25-'26). |- | D || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [UK-built] ('26-). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2wd ('26-). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla XRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12), Matrix S, XRS ('10-'13),<br> Scion tC ('10), Scion xB ('10-'15). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('10-'17), IS350C ('10-'15),<br> GS350 ('10-'11, '13-'15), RC350 ('15-'17). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (270 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR, TRD Sport, & TRD Off-Road w/man. trans. ('24-'26). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 2VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Fwd ('26-). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('10-'17), Scion tC ('11-'16), RAV4 ('10-'18). |- | F || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('10-'15), IS250C ('10-'15). |- | F || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('16). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Crown Platinum Hybrid Max Awd ('23-'25). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor) [323 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [Trailhunter] ('24). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus RX450h Awd ('16-'22), RX450hL Awd ('18-'22). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('17-'19). |- | G || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus NX350 ('22-'26). |- | G || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Awd ('26-). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 3ZR-FAE engine. Toyota C-HR ('18-'22). |- | H || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26). |- | J || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1NR-FE engine. Scion iQ ('12-'15). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus NX300h Awd ('15-'21), RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('16-'18). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('10-'18), Camry V6 ('10-'17), Highlander ('10-'16),<br> RAV4 ('10-'12), Sienna ('10-'16), Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), RX350 ('10-'15). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h Awd ('22-'26). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX450h+ Awd ('22-'26). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('10-'17), GS460 ('10-'11). |- | M || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12), Tundra ('10-'19), Lexus GX460 ('10-'23). |- | M || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine (detuned version - 255 hp).<br> Lexus IS300 AWD ('16-'17), RC300 AWD ('16-'17). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('10-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 5JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus SC430 ('10). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('10-'14), RC F ('15-'25), GS F ('16-'20), LC500 ('18-'19). |- | P || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine.<br> Toyota Corolla sedan LE Eco ('14-'19), Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22). |- | R || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Sienna Hybrid 2wd ('21-'26). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('13-'18). |- | S || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sienna Hybrid Awd ('21-'26). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Tacoma ('10-'15), Tundra ('10). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24), FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Tundra ('11-'14). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Toyota Corolla sedan [except XRS & LE Eco] ('10-'19),<br> Matrix [base model] ('10-'13 & in Canada '14), Scion xD ('10-'14). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('10). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'18), Tundra ('10-'19). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus ES300h ('13-'18), NX300h 2wd ('15-'16). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Hybrid [all] ('19-'20), RAV4 Hybrid LE, XLE ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid Woodland Edition ('23-'25). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('10-'23), 4Runner 2wd ('10). |- | X || 4.8L || 72° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Engine co-developed by Yamaha. Toyota 1LR-GUE engine. Lexus LFA ('12). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22), Tundra ('10-'21),<br> Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21), Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21). |- | Y || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles.<br> Toyota 8GR-FXS engine + 2NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LC500h ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19). |- | Z || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine.<br> Lexus GS350 ('16-'20), RX350 ('16-'22), RX350L ('18-'22), IS350 ('18-'19), RC350 ('18-'25), ES350 ('19-'25),<br> Toyota Tacoma ('16-'23), Highlander ('17-'22), Sienna ('17-'20), Camry ('18-'24), Avalon ('19-'22). |- | 1 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp or <br> 202 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (L, LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('18-'20),<br> Camry (LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('21-'24), RAV4 ('19-'25), Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25). |- | 2 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (SE, XLE trim levels) ('18-'19),<br> Avalon Hybrid ('19-'20), Lexus ES300h ('19-'20). |- | 3 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (LE trim level) ('18-'19),<br> Camry Hybrid [all models] ('20-'24). |- | 3 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus UX200 2wd ('19-'22). |- | 4 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'22), Corolla sedan ('23-'26). |- | 5 || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LS500 ('18-'19). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (206 hp or <br> 205 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (XSE trim level) ('18-'24). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid XLE Premium, XSE, Limited ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid SE ('22-'25). |- | 6 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h 2wd ('23-'24). |- | 8 || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine (detuned version - 260 hp). Lexus IS300 AWD ('18-'19), RC300 AWD ('18-'25). |- | 9 || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius AWD-e ('19-'22). |- | 9 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h Awd ('19-'24). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2010-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | L || 41.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || M7M5 motor made by Tesla. Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14). |- | V || 12 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2KM motor. Scion iQ EV ('13). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Toyota bZ4X FWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1XM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota C-HR EV AWD ('26-), Subaru Uncharted Sport, GT AWD ('26-). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1YM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Toyota bZ4X AWD ('23-'25), Subaru Solterra AWD ('23-'25). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Lexus RZ300e FWD ('24-'25). |- | B || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted Premium FWD [Canada: FWD LR] ('26-). |- | C || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted FWD (Canada only: '26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited FWD ('26-), Lexus ES350e ('26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('26-). |- | C || 77 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ550e AWD ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited AWD ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT AWD ('26-),<br> Lexus ES500e ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Lexus RZ350e FWD ('26-). |- | E || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear). Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited AWD ('26-). |- | F || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE FWD ('26-). |- | G || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ Woodland AWD ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker AWD ('26-). |} ====Motor Type for Fuel Cell Vehicles 2016-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | V || 1.6 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Hydrogen || Front || 4JM motor. Toyota Mirai ('16-'20). |- | A || 1.24 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Hydrogen || Rear || 3KM motor. Toyota Mirai ('21-'26). |} ===Restraint System=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description !Application |- |1 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus HS250h '10-'12, ES350 '10-'25,<br> ES250 AWD '21-'25, ES300h '13-'25,<br> ES350h '26-, ES350e '26-, ES500e '26-,<br> GS200t '16-'17, GS300 '18-'19,<br> GS350 '10-'11, '13-'20, GS460 '10-'11,<br> GS450h '10-'11, '13-'18, GS F '16-'20,<br> LS460 '10-'17 (Opt.), LS600hL '10-'12 (Opt.), LS600hL '13-'16, LS500 '18-'19, LS500h '18-'19,<br> RX350 '10-'15, RX450h '10-'15, IS250 '14-'15,<br> IS200t '16-'17, IS300 RWD '18-'19,<br> IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 '14-'19, Camry '12-'24, Avalon '13-'22 |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C, IS350C '10-'15 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '10-'12, Camry '10-'11, Prius '10-'15,<br> Prius V '12-'17 & '18 in Canada,<br> Scion tC '10,<br> Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada,<br> Highlander '10-'13, Sienna '11-'14 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag (Though not reflected in the VIN, a Front passenger seat cushion airbag is also standard.) |Sienna '15-'20 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 Prime '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '25 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for all rows |Corolla '10-'13,<br> Matrix '10-'13 & in Canada '14,<br> Yaris hatchback '10-'11, Yaris sedan '10-'12,<br> Scion xD '10-'12, Scion xB '10-'15,<br> Sienna '10, FJ Cruiser '10-'14,<br> Tacoma '10-'15 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for 1st 2 rows |RAV4 '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |4Runner '10-'26, Sequoia '10-'22,<br> Tundra '10-'26, Scion tC '11-'16,<br> Tacoma '16-'23, Tacoma Double Cab '24-'26,<br> Lexus LS460 '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'12, IS250/IS350 '10-'13, IS F '10-'14,<br> CT200h '11-'17, RC200t '16-'17,<br> RC300 RWD '18-'25, RC300 AWD '16-'25,<br> RC350 '15-'25, RC F '15-'25,<br> LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'21,<br> Lexus GX460 '10-'23, LX570 '10-'11, '13-'21, LX600 '22-'26, LX700h '25-'26 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Lexus LFA '12 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25, Camry '25-'26,<br> Crown Signia '25-'26, Sequoia '23-'26,<br> bZ4X '23-'25, bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-,<br> C-HR EV '26-,<br> Subaru Solterra '23-'26, Trailseeker '26-, Uncharted '26-,<br> Lexus RZ450e '23-'26, RZ300e '24-'25,<br> RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26- |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Venza '21-'24, Grand Highlander '24-'26,<br> Lexus TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26,<br> TX550h+ '24-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Corolla Cross '22-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury '22-'24,<br> LX700h Ultra Luxury '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla '23-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24,<br> Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Tacoma XtraCab '24-'26 |- |B |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla Morizo Edition '23, GRMN Corolla '26- |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus NX250 '22-'25, NX350 '22-'26,<br> NX350h '22-'26, NX450h+ '22-'26 |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus GX550 '24-'25 |- |F |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Land Cruiser '24-'26 |- |J |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus UX200 '19-'22, UX250h '19-'24,<br> UX300h '25-'26 |- |K |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350L '18-'22, RX450hL '18-'22,<br> Sienna '21-'26 |- |L |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LS500 '18-'19 (Opt.), LS500h '18-'19 (Opt.) |- |M |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350 '16-'26, RX450h '16-'22,<br> RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26,<br> RX450h+ '24-'26, C-HR '18-'22, Corolla '21-'27, Prius '21-'22, Prius Prime '21-'22 |- |P |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Scion xD '13-'14 |- |R |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 '13-'25, RAV4 Hybrid '16-'26,<br> RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '26-,<br> Corolla '14-'20, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Highlander '14-'26, Prius '16-'20,<br> Prius Prime '17-'20, Mirai '16-'20,<br> Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'21,<br> NX300h '15-'21 |- |T |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Prius C '12-'19 |- |U |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Yaris hatchback '12-'18 & '19 in Canada |- |X |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags, and Rear Window airbag |Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13 |- |} ===Series=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Lexus LC500 ('18-'19) URZ100L, LC500h ('18-'19) GWZ100L |- |B |Scion TC ('10) ANT10L |- |B |Scion XD ('10-'14) ZSP110L |- |B |Lexus HS250h ('10-'12) ANF10L |- |B |Lexus CT200h ('11-'17) ZWA10L |- |B |Lexus LFA ('12) LFA10L |- |B |Scion iQ ('12-'15) NGJ10L, Scion iQ EV ('13) KPJ10L |- |B |Toyota Prius C ('12-'19) NHP10L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('13-'15) GRL10L, GS350 4wd ('13-'15) GRL15L |- |B |Lexus GS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & GS300 2wd ('18-'19) ARL10L, GS350 2wd ('16-'19) GRL12L, GS350 4wd ('16-'19) GRL16L, GS F ('16-'20) URL10L |- |B |Lexus GS450h ('13-'18) GWL10L |- |B |Lexus RC350 2wd ('15-'19) GSC10L, RC350 4wd ('15-'19) GSC15L, RC F ('15-'25) USC10L |- |B |Lexus RC200t 2wd ('16-'17) & RC300 2wd ('18-'19) ASC10L, RC300 4wd ('16-'19) GSC16L |- |B |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) JPD10L |- |B |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) ZGX10L |- |B |Toyota Corolla hatchback ('19-'27) MZEA12L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25) GSZ10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES300h ('19-'20) AXZH10L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Lexus UX200 ('19-'22) MZAA10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('23-'24) MZAH10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('19-'24) MZAH15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus IS250 2wd ('10-'13) GSE20L, IS250 4wd ('10-'13) GSE25L, IS350 2wd ('10-'13) GSE21L, IS350 4wd ('11-'13) GSE26L, IS F ('10-'14) USE20L |- |C |Lexus IS250C ('10-'15) GSE20L, IS350C ('10-'15) GSE21L |- |C |Scion TC ('11-'16) AGT20L |- |D |Toyota Avalon ('10-'12) GSX30L |- |D |Toyota Prius ('10-'15) ZVW30L |- |D |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15) ZVW35L |- |D |Toyota Yaris hatchback: NCP131L ('12-'18 & '19 in Canada) |- |D |Lexus IS250 2wd ('14-'15) GSE30L, IS250 4wd ('14-'15) GSE35L |- |D |Lexus IS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & IS300 2wd ('18-'19) ASE30L, IS300 4wd ('16-'19) GSE37L |- |D |Lexus IS350 2wd ('14-'19) GSE31L, IS350 4wd ('14-'19) GSE36L |- |E |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13) ZRE142L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12) AZE141L |- |E |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13 & in Canada '14) ZRE142L,<br> Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('10-'13) AZE141L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('10-'13) AZE144L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) AZE146L |- |E |Toyota Camry ('10-'11) I4: ASV40L, V6: GSV40L, Hybrid: AHV40L |- |E |Lexus ES350 ('10-'12) GSV40L |- |E |Lexus LS460 2wd ('10-'17) USF40L, LS460L 2wd ('10-'17) USF41L, LS460 4wd ('10-'17) USF45L, LS460L 4wd ('10-'17) USF46L |- |E |Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16) UVF46L |- |E |Lexus SC430 ('10) UZZ40L |- |E |Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada) ZVW41L |- |E |Toyota Avalon ('13-'18) V6: GSX40L, Hybrid: AVX40L |- |F |Toyota Camry ('12-'17) I4: ASV50L, V6: GSV50L, Hybrid: AVV50L |- |F |Toyota Prius ('16-'18) ZVW50L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, 2wd), ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd) |- |F |Toyota Prius ('19-'22) ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd), ZVW55L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22) ZVW52L (Lithium-ion Battery, PHEV, 2wd) |- |F |Lexus LS500 2wd ('18-'19) VXFA50L, LS500 4wd ('18-'19) VXFA55L |- |F |Lexus LS500h 2wd ('18-'19) GVF50L, LS500h 4wd ('18-'19) GVF55L |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'22) V6: GSX50L (2wd) |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'20) Hybrid: AXXH50L (2wd) (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('13-'18) GSV60L |- |G |Lexus ES300h ('13-'18) AVV60L |- |H |Toyota Corolla sedan ('14-'19) ZRE172L |- |H |Toyota Camry ('18-'19) I4: AXVA70L, V6: GSV70L, Hybrid: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery), AXVH71L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |J |Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18) ZRE186L |- |K |Toyota Yaris - Hatchback: NCP91L ('10-'11), 4-d sedan: NCP93L ('10-'12) |- |K |Lexus GS350 2wd ('10-'11) GRS191L, GS350 4wd ('10-'11) GRS196L |- |K |Lexus GS460 ('10-'11) URS190L |- |K |Lexus GS450h ('10-'11) GWS191L |- |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ200L |- |A |Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ201L. In '20-'21, also denotes 4wd. |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |B |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('10-'14) GSJ10L (2wd), GSJ15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV10L (2wd), GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('16 [Canada only]) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX350 ('10-'15) GGL10L (2wd), GGL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX450h ('10-'15) GYL10L (2wd), GYL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX200t ('15-'17) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('18-'19) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300h - 2wd: AYZ10L ('15-'16), 4wd: AYZ15L ('15-'19) |- |B |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('16-'23) GRN310L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Sienna ('10) 2wd: GSL20L, 4wd: GSL25L |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) TRN220L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma X-Runner Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13 & '14 in Canada & '14-'15 in HI) GRN225L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Lexus RX350 ('16-'19) GGL20L (2wd), GGL25L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX350L ('18-'19) GGL21L (2wd), GGL26L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX450h - 2wd: GYL20L ('16), 4wd: GYL25L ('16-'19) |- |C |Lexus RX450hL 4wd: GYL26L ('18-'19) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada) I4: ASL30L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'20) V6: GSL30L (2wd), GSL35L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 ('10-'12) I4: ASA38L (2wd), ASA33L (4wd), V6: GSA38L (2wd), GSA33L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14) QEA38L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN330L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('10) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('11-'13) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) TRN240L (I4) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) TRN245L (I4), GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 ('13-'18) I4: ASA42L (2wd), ASA44L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'18) AVA44L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) TRN245L (I4) |- |F |Scion XB ('10-'15) AZE151L |- |F |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('10-'15) GRN250L (V6) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('10-'13) GSK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('14) GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('10) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('11-'13) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('14-'19) UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('10) USK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('11-'17) USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('18-'21) USK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('10) UPK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('11-'19) UPK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('10-'13) USK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('14-'17) USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('18-'21) USK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Lexus GX460 ('10-'19) URJ150L |- |F |Toyota Highlander ('14-'19) I4: ASU50L (2wd), V6: GSU50L (2wd), GSU55L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU58L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 ('19-'25) I4: AXAA52L (2wd), AXAA54L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: ('19-'25) AXAH54L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd), ('21-'25) AXAL54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24) & RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25) AXAP54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12) 4.6L V8: UPK60L (2wd), UPK65L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('13-'20) 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('10) TRN260L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) TRN265L (I4), GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |H |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN270L (V6) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10) I4: TRN280L (2wd) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24) V6: GRN280L (2wd), GRN285L (4wd) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Series & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22) w/1.8L 2ZR-FAE engine: ZRE212L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 2wd: AXVA70L, V6 2wd: GSV70L, Hybrid 2wd: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Avalon ('21-'22) Hybrid: AXXH51L (2wd) (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) JPD20L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (Japan-built) |- |A |Toyota Crown ('23-'25) 2.5L Hybrid Awd: AZSH35L, 2.4L Turbo Hybrid Max Awd: TZSH35L |- |A |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Crown Signia ('25-'26) AZSH38L, Awd |- |A |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH11L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH21L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350e ('26-) XXZM21L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('20) ZWE211L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 Awd: AXVA75L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('20) GRL12L |- |B |Lexus RC300 2wd ('20-'23) ASC10L, RC350 2wd ('20-'23) GSC10L |- |B |Toyota Avalon ('21) I4 AWD: AXXA55L |- |B |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH65L, Awd |- |C |Toyota Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'26), FX Edition ('25) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA12L, 2wd |- |C |Lexus GS350 4wd ('20) GRL16L |- |C |Lexus ES300h ('21-'25) AXZH11L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |C |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24) & Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) MXWH61L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXVH80L |- |D |Lexus RC350 Awd ('20-'23) GSC15L |- |D |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('21-'22) ZWE213L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |D |Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25) AXZA15L, Awd |- |D |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (US-built) |- |D |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXVH85L |- |D |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH16L, Awd |- |D |Toyota GR Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (UK-built) |- |D |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH26L, Awd |- |D |Lexus ES500e ('26-) XXZM26L, Awd |- |E |Lexus RC300 Awd ('20-'23) GSC16L |- |E |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (Japan-built) |- |F |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE219L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |H |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE215L, Awd (Lithium-ion Battery) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 2wd: GSU70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('23-'25) I4 Turbo 2wd: TXUA70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'24) Hybrid 2wd: AXUH70L |- |A |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL20L (2wd) |- |A |Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) AXUH85L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH80L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |A |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA20L (2wd), NX350h ('26-) AAZH20L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) XEAM10L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus RZ450e ('23-'25) XEBM15L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TASA10L, Hybrid 2wd: AASH10L |- |A |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TJH250L |- |A |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TZNA50L |- |A |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL64L, Awd; RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-) AXAP64L, Awd |- |A |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-), Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 4wd: GSU75L |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('23-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TXUA75L |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus GX460 ('20-'23) URJ150L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK65L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH85L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26) MXGH15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA71L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH71L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |B |Toyota bZ4X (Early '23), Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |B |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e ('24-'25) XEBM10L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo Awd: TASA15L, Hybrid Awd: AASH15L, Hybrid Max Awd: TASH15L |- |B |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA15L (Awd), TX500h ('24-'26) TAUH15L (Awd) |- |B |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TZNA55L, i-Force MAX Hybrid 4wd: TZNH55L |- |B |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL62L, 2wd |- |B |Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM10L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Highlander ('20-'26) Hybrid 4wd: AXUH78L |- |C |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA72L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |C |Lexus LX600 ('22-'26) VJA310L (4wd), LX700h ('25-'26) VJH310L (4wd) |- |C |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA15L (Awd), RX350h ('23-'26) AALH15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus TX550h+ ('24-'26) GYU15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus RZ450e ('26-), RZ550e ('26-) XEBM25L, Awd |- |D |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ15L (Awd), NX300h ('20-'21) AYZ15L (Awd) |- |D |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL25L (Awd), RX450h ('20-'22) GYL25L (Awd) |- |D |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |D |Lexus GX550 ('24-'25) VJA252L, 4wd |- |D |Lexus RZ350e ('26-) XEBM20L, 2wd |- |E |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL21L (2wd) |- |E |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXLH40L |- |E |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA76L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH76L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |E |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA25L (Awd), NX350 ('22-'26) TAZA25L (Awd), NX350h ('22-'26) AAZH25L (Awd) |- |E |Lexus RX500h ('23-'26) TALH17L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota bZ ('26-) XEAM11L, 2wd |- |F |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL26L (Awd), RX450hL ('20-'22) GYL26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXLH45L |- |F |Lexus NX450h+ ('22-'26) AAZH26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5, TRD PreRunner XtraCab 2wd, SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab 2wd: TZNA40L (278 hp) |- |F |Toyota bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT ('26-) XEAM15L, Awd |- |G |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA77L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |G |Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26) AALH16L (Awd) |- |G |Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited ('26-) XEAM18L, Awd |- |H |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 2wd, SR Double Cab 2wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA41L (228 hp) |- |H |Toyota bZ Woodland ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker ('26-) XEAM17L, Awd |- |J |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5 XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/man. trans., SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited Double Cab 4wd: TZNA45L (278 hp w/auto. trans., 270 hp w/man. trans.) |- |K |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA46L (228 hp) |- |L |Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max Hybrid ('24-'26) TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, TRD Pro Double Cab 4wd: TZNH47L (326 total system hp [all except Trailhunter], 323 total system hp on Trailhunter) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Vehicle Line & Make=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Scion iQ, Toyota Scion iQ EV ('13) |- |1 |Toyota Tundra ('10-'21) |- |1 |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22) |- |1 |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25), ES250 AWD ('21-'25), ES300h ('19-'25) |- |1 |Lexus ES350h ('26-), ES350e ('26-), ES550e ('26-) |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS200t, IS300 RWD, IS300 AWD, IS350, IS F, IS250C, IS350C |- |3 |Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12) |- |3 |Toyota Prius C |- |4 |Toyota Scion xD |- |5 |Toyota Grand Highlander, Grand Highlander Hybrid |- |6 |Lexus TX350, TX500h, TX550h+ |- |7 |Toyota Scion tC |- |A |Lexus HS250h |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350L, RX450h, RX450hL |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350h, RX500h, RX450h+ |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X, Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) |- |B |Toyota Avalon, Avalon Hybrid |- |B |Toyota bZ |- |B |Toyota bZ Woodland |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e, RZ350e, RZ450e, RZ550e |- |C |Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid |- |C |Lexus RC200t, RC300 RWD, RC300 AWD, RC350, RC F |- |C |Subaru Solterra ('26-) |- |C |Subaru Trailseeker |- |D |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) |- |D |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-) |- |E |Toyota Corolla, GR Corolla, GRMN Corolla |- |E |Toyota Scion iM, Corolla iM |- |E |Toyota Matrix |- |E |Toyota Scion xB |- |E |Subaru Uncharted |- |F |Toyota FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |F |Lexus LS500, LS500h |- |F |Toyota Crown |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), ES300h ('13-'18) |- |G |Toyota Corolla Cross, Corolla Cross Hybrid |- |H |Toyota Highlander, Highlander Hybrid |- |H |Lexus CT200h |- |H |Lexus LFA |- |H |Lexus UX200, UX250h, UX300h |- |H |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Full-size: '10-'11, '13-'21) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Mid-size: '24-'26) |- |J |Toyota Crown Signia |- |K |Toyota Camry, Camry Hybrid |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS450h ('13-'15) |- |L |Lexus GS200t, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('16-'17) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('18) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS F ('19) |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS F ('20) |- |N |Toyota Tacoma |- |P |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15), Prius Prime ('17-'22) |- |R |Toyota 4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS350, GS460, GS450h ('10-'11) |- |U |Toyota Prius, Prius V |- |U |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |- |V |Toyota RAV4, RAV4 Hybrid, RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26), RAV4 EV |- |X |Lexus GX460, GX550 |- |X |Lexus LX570, LX600, LX700h |- |X |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Y |Lexus LC500, LC500h |- |Z |Lexus NX200t, NX300, NX300h |- |Z |Lexus NX250, NX350, NX350h, NX450h+ |} ===Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2022- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |B |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 5.5 ft. Bed |- |C |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |D |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 8.1 ft. Bed |} ==VIN Format 1996-2009== Toyota has used the following VIN format from 1996-2009 for North America and since 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |5 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |D |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |H |MPV: [[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |Truck: [[#Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System|Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |8 |C ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |S |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo) |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Avalon, '01-'03 Prius, Lexus ES, IS, GS, LS) |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD ('96-'97 Paseo, '96-'98 Celica, '96 Camry coupe, '99-'08 Camry Solara, '96-'00 Lexus SC300/SC400) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus GS300 AWD '06, GS350 AWD '07-'09, LS460 AWD '09) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD ('96-'05 Celica, '96-'98 Supra, '05-'09 Scion tC) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD ('09 Lexus LS460L AWD, '08-'09 LS600hL) |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD ('96 Corolla wagon, '96 Camry wagon, '02-'05 Lexus IS300 SportCross) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD ('97 Paseo conv., '96-'99 Celica conv., '00-'08 Camry Solara conv., '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '02-'09 Lexus SC430) |- |G |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS ('09 Matrix XRS) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD ('07-'09 Lexus LS460L) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD ('07-'09 Yaris 3-door) |- |K |4DR Hatchback or 5DR Liftback 2WD ('04-'09 Prius, '09 Yaris 5-door) / 5DR Sedan 2WD ('03-'08 Matrix 2wd, Scion xA, xD) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension ('09 Matrix Base model & S 2wd) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD ('03-'06, '09 Matrix 4wd) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 Lexus GX470) |- |D |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'97 Previa, '98-'00 Sienna, '96-'05 RAV4, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '01-'07 Highlander,<br> '96-'02 4Runner) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'97 Previa All-Trac, '96-'05 RAV4, '01-'07 Highlander, '96-'02 4Runner, '96-'09 Land Cruiser, '99-'03 Lexus RX300,<br> '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '96-'97 Lexus LX450, '98-'07 LX470, '08-'09 LX570) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'06, '08-'09 Scion xB) |- |X |2DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Y |2DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD ('98-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia) |- |} ===Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {{center|'''All have hydraulic brakes.'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |Tundra Access Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |D |Tundra Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |E |Tundra Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |G |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |H |Tacoma Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |J |T100 Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98), Tundra Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |R |Tundra Access Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |S |Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('98-'04) |- |T |T100 XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |U |T100 XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |V |Tacoma XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |W |Tacoma XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |L |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |M |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |R |Tundra Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |B |Tundra Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |S |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |C |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |E |Tundra CrewMax LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |D |Tundra CrewMax LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Engine Type 1996-2009=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('96-'97). |- | A || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330 ('04-'06),<br> Camry Solara ('04-'08). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla, Celica ST ('96-'97). |- | B || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 3CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('04-'09). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('07-'09). |- | C || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada), Paseo ('96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('07-'09). |- | D || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 2JZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Supra ('96-'98), Lexus GS300 ('96-'05), SC300 ('96-'00), IS300 ('01-'05). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('01-'07), RAV4 ('04-'08). |- | E || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('96-'98). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('02-'09), Camry Solara ('02-'08), Scion tC ('05-'09),<br> Scion xB ('08-'09), Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS ('09). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('06-'09), GS350 ('07-'09). |- | E || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine. Toyota Venza, Highlander ('09). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('96-'03), Avalon ('96-'99), Sienna ('98-'00),<br> Lexus ES300 ('96-'98), Camry Solara ('99-'03). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry LE V6, XLE V6 ('04-'06), Avalon ('00-'04),<br> Highlander ('01-'03), Sienna ('01-'03), Lexus ES300 ('99-'03), RX300 ('99-'03). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('09). |- | G || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT ('96-'99), Camry ('96-'01), Camry Solara ('99-'01). |- | H || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400, SC400 ('96-'00), GS400 ('98-'00). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1AZ-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03). |- | H || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3GR-FSE engine. Lexus GS300 ('06). |- | J || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX450 ('96-'97). |- | J || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Lexus ES350 ('07-'09). |- | K || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('96-'97). |- | K || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 2CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('01-'03). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('05-'09), RAV4 ('06-'09), Camry V6, Sienna,<br> Lexus RX350 ('07-'09), Venza ('09). |- | K || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('06-'09). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('96-'04). |- | L || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus GS430 ('01-'05). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('07-'09), GS460 ('08-'09). |- | L || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Japanese-built Toyota Corolla ('09). |- | M || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'00), T100 ('96-'98). |- | N || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'02), T100 ('96-'98), Tundra ('00-'04). |- | N || 2.2L || I4 || CNG || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FNE engine. Toyota Camry ('00-'01). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS430 ('01-'06), SC430 ('02-'09), GS430 ('06-'07). |- | P || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('96-'00). |- | P || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('04-'07). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('08-'09). |- | R || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('00 & later). Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('98-'08), Celica GT, MR2 Spyder ('00-'05),<br> Matrix ('03-'08). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('08-'09). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'05), Toyota Tundra ('00-'04),<br> Sequoia ('01-'04), 4Runner, Lexus GX470 ('03-'04). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('06-'07), Toyota 4Runner, Sequoia, Tundra, Lexus GX470 ('05-'09). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Echo ('00-'05), Yaris ('07-'09), Scion xA, xB ('04-'06). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09), Tacoma, Tundra ('05-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Scion xD ('08-'09), US- & Canadian-built Toyota Corolla ('09),<br> Matrix ('09). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09). |- | V || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Tundra ('07-'09). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid ('06-'09), Lexus RX400h ('06-'08). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Tundra ('09). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('05-'09). |- | Y || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVTL-i. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('00-'05), Matrix XRS ('03-'06), Corolla XRS ('05-'06). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Lexus LX570 ('08-'09). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence, VVTL-i= Variable Valve Timing and Lift w/Intelligence, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 1996-2009==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 27.4 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Electricity || Front || 1BM motor. Toyota RAV4 EV ('98-'03). |} ===Series 1996-2009=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('96-'97): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door ('96-'97) or wagon ('96) w/1.8L engine: AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('96-'97): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('96-'99): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry ('96) I4: SXV'''1'''0L, V6: MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 ('96) MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('96-'99) MCX'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Corolla ('98-'02) ZZE1'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Echo ('00-'05) NCP'''1'''2L |- |1 |Toyota Prius ('01-'03) NHW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) JCE'''1'''0L |- |1 |Scion TC ('05-'09) ANT1'''0'''L |- |1 |Scion XD ('08-'09) ZSP1'''1'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('96-'00) UCF'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Camry ('97-'01) I4: SXV'''2'''0L, V6: MCV'''2'''0L, CNG I4 ('00-'01): SXV'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Camry Solara - 2.2L I4 ('99-'01): SXV'''2'''0L, 2.4L I4 ('02-'03): ACV'''2'''0L, V6 ('99-'03): MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus ES300 ('97-'01) MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Avalon ('00-'04) MCX'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Prius ('04-'09) NHW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus IS250 2wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''0L, IS250 4wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''5L, IS350 ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''1L, IS F ('08-'09) USE'''2'''0L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('96-'00) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('96-'00) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Celica - GT w/1ZZ-FE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''0L, GT-S w/2ZZ-GE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) ZZW'''3'''0L |- |3 |Lexus LS430 ('01-'06) UCF'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Camry ('02-'06) I4: ACV'''3'''0L, 3.0L V6: MCV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 SE V6): MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Camry Solara ('04-'08) I4 : ACV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6: MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus ES300 ('02-'03) MCV'''3'''0L, ES330 ('04-'06) MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Corolla w/1ZZ-FE engine ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''0L, Corolla XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('05-'06) ZZE1'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 2wd ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''2L, Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 4wd ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''3L |- |3 |Toyota Avalon ('05-'09) GSX'''3'''0L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('96-'97) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |4 |Lexus SC430 ('02-'09) UZZ'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Camry ('07-'09) I4: ACV'''4'''0L, V6: GSV'''4'''0L, Hybrid: AHV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus ES350 ('07-'09) GSV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''0L, LS460L 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''1L |- |4 |Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09) UVF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''5L, LS460L 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''6L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel (US: '96-'98, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''3L |- |5 |Toyota Paseo (US: '96-'97, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''4L |- |6 |Lexus GS300 ('98-'05) JZS1'''6'''0L, GS400 ('98-'00) UZS1'''6'''0L, GS430 ('01-'05) UZS1'''6'''1L |- |6 |Scion XA ('04-'06) NCP'''6'''1L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('96-'98) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Yaris ('07-'09) Hatchback: NCP'''9'''1L, 4-d sedan: NCP'''9'''3L |- |9 |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''0L, GS300 4wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''5L |- |9 |Lexus GS350 2wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''1L, GS350 4wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''6L |- |9 |Lexus GS430 ('06-'07) UZS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS460 ('08-'09) URS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS450h ('07-'09) GWS1'''9'''1L |- |} CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('98-'07), Lexus LX470 ('98-'07) UZJ1'''0'''0L |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''0L |- |0 |Lexus LX570 ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('96-'97) TCR'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 2wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''5L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''6L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 4wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''0L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 EV 2wd ('98-'03) 4-door: BEA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Sienna ('98-'03) MCL'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03) MCU'''1'''0L (2wd), MCU'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09) V6: GRN2'''1'''0L (2wd), GRN2'''1'''5L (4wd), V8: UZN2'''1'''0L (2wd), UZN2'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('07-'09) GSJ'''1'''0L (2wd), GSJ'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota Venza 2wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''0L, V6: GGV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Venza 4wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''5L, V6: GGV'''1'''5L |- |1 |Toyota T100 I4 2wd ('96-'98) RCK'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota T100 V6 2wd ('96-'98) VCK'''1'''1L |- |2 |Toyota T100 V6 4wd ('96-'98) VCK'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('96-'97) TCR'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03) ACA'''2'''6L (2wd), ACA'''2'''1L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('04-'05) ACA'''2'''8L (2wd), ACA'''2'''3L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('04-'06) 2wd: MCL'''2'''0L, 4wd: MCL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('07-'09) 2wd: GSL'''2'''0L, 4wd: GSL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 2wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''0L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''0L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''3L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 4wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''5L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''5L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''8L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''8L |- |2 |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) UZJ1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''0L (I4) |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''5L (I4), GRN2'''2'''5L (V6) |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 2wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''3'''0L, '05-'06 4.0L V6: GSK'''3'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 2wd ('04-'06) UCK'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Sequoia ('01-'07) UCK'''3'''5L (2wd), UCK'''4'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Scion XB ('04-'06) NCP'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus RX330 ('04-'06) MCU'''3'''3L (2wd), MCU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX350 ('07-'09) GSU'''3'''0L (2wd), GSU'''3'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX400h ('06-'08) MHU'''3'''3L (2wd), MHU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('06-'08) I4: ACA'''3'''8L (2wd), ACA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('09) I4: ASA'''3'''8L (2wd), ASA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''5L (I4), GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 4wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''4'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 4wd ('04-'06) UCK'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('08) 2wd: GSU'''4'''0L, 4wd: GSU'''4'''5L, Hybrid 4wd: MHU'''4'''8L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('09) I4: ASU'''4'''0L (2wd), V6: GSU'''4'''0L (2wd), GSU'''4'''5L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU'''4'''8L (4wd) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''5'''0L (2.4L I4), VZN1'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('07-'09) GSK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Scion XB ('08-'09) AZE1'''5'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''6'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''0L (I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''5L (I4), GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Sequoia ('08-'09) 4.7L V8: UCK'''6'''0L (2wd), UCK'''6'''5L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK'''6'''0L (2wd), USK'''6'''5L (4wd) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''7'''1L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab 4wd ('01-'04) VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''7'''0L (V6) |- |8 |Toyota 4Runner - '96-'00 I4: RZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), RZN1'''8'''5L (4wd), '96-'02 V6: VZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), VZN1'''8'''5L (4wd) |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('96-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab [2wd] ('99-'04) RZN1'''9'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab [2wd] ('98-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab [2wd] ('01-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America)<br> Note: Toyota/Lexus VINs before 2010 do not reflect if the vehicle has rear-seat side airbags. Some Lexus ES, GS, & LS models are so equipped. !Code !Description !Application |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags |Tercel '96-'98, Corolla '96-'08, Camry '96-'06, Avalon '96-'97, Paseo '96-'97, Celica '96-'05,<br> Supra '96-'98, Camry Solara '99-'03, Echo '00-'05, MR2 Spyder '00-'05, Prius '01-'06,<br> Matrix '03-'08, Yaris '07-'08, Scion xA '04-'06, Lexus ES300 '96-'97, GS300 '96-'97, LS400 '96,<br> SC300/SC400 '96-'00 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '07-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '05-'09, Camry '07-'09, Scion tC '05-'07 (Opt.), Scion tC '08-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus LS430 '04-'06, LS460 '07-'09, LS600hL '08-'09, GS300 '06, GS350 '07-'09,<br> GS430 '06-'07, GS460 '08-'09, GS450h '07-'09, IS250/IS350 '06-'09, IS F '08-'09,<br> ES350 '07-'09 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Scion tC '05-'07 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Side Airbags |Corolla '98-'04 (Opt.), Camry '98-'01 (Opt.), Avalon '98-'04, Camry Solara '99-'03 (Opt.),<br> Camry Solara coupe '04-'06, Camry Solara convertible '04-'08, Celica '00-'05 (Opt.),<br> Echo '01-'05 (Opt.), Prius '01-'03 (Opt.), Matrix '03-'04 (Opt.), Lexus LS400 '97-'00,<br> ES300 '98-'01, GS300/GS400 '98-'00, IS300 '01, SC430 '02-'06 |- |9 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front-seat Side Curtain Airbags |Lexus GS300/GS430 '01-'05, IS300 '02-'05 |- |0 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Camry '02-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '04-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '07-'08,<br> Prius '04-'06 (Opt.), Prius '07-'09, Corolla '05-'08 (Opt.), Corolla '09, Matrix '05-'08 (Opt.), Matrix '09, Yaris '07-'08 (Opt.), Yaris '09, Scion xA '04-'06 (Opt.), Scion xD '08-'09, Lexus LS430 '01-'03, ES300 '02-'03, ES330 '04-'06 |- |} ===Grade=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |RAV4 ('96-'05), Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), GX470 ('03-'09), LX470 ('98-'07), LX570 ('08-'09), Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |1 |T100 [Base model] ('96-'98), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander/Highlander Hybrid [Base model] ('08-'09), RAV4 Limited 2-row ('06-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09), Venza ('09), Lexus RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09), RX400h ('06-'08) |- |2 |Previa DX ('96-'97), Tacoma [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('98-'00), Tacoma ('01-'09), T100 DX ('96-'98), Tundra [Base model] ('00-'09),<br> Sienna XLE ('04-'09), Sienna XLE Limited ('04-'05), Sienna Limited ('06-'09), Scion xB w/auto. trans. ('04-'06), RAV4 Sport 2-row ('06-'09),<br> Highlander Limited ('08-'09) |- |3 |Previa LE ('96-'97), Sienna LE, XLE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [US market] ('04-'09), Sienna LE ('04-'09), Scion xB w/man. trans. ('04-'06),<br> RAV4 [Base model, 2-row] ('06-'09), Highlander Sport ('08-'09) |- |4 |4Runner [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('96-'97), Tacoma Limited ('98-'00), T100 SR5 ('96-'98), Tundra SR5 ('00-'09), Sequoia SR5 ('01-'09),<br> 4Runner SR5, Sport ('03-'09), RAV4 Limited 3-row ('06-'09), Highlander Hybrid Limited ('08-'09) |- |5 |Land Cruiser ('96-'09), RAV4 [Base model, 3-row] ('06-'09) |- |6 |4Runner SR5 ('96-'02) |- |7 |4Runner Limited ('96-'09), Sequoia Platinum ('08-'09) |- |8 |Lexus LX450 ('96-'97), Tundra Limited ('00-'09), Sequoia Limited ('01-'09) |- |9 |Sienna CE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [Canadian market] ('04-'09) |} ===Vehicle Line=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra |- |2 |Lexus IS300 |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS350, IS F |- |3 |Echo / Yaris |- |4 |Scion xA / Scion xD |- |4 |Scion xB ('04-'06) |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Supra |- |A |Highlander |- |A |Sequoia |- |A |Venza |- |B |Avalon |- |C |Sienna |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix |- |E |Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS400 |- |F |Lexus LS430 |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |G |Lexus ES300, ES330, ES350 |- |H |Paseo |- |J |Land Cruiser |- |J |Lexus LX450 |- |K |Camry |- |L |Tercel |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS300, GS350 |- |S |Lexus GS430, GS460 |- |S |Lexus GS450h |- |T |Celica |- |U |Prius |- |U |Lexus RX300 |- |U |Lexus RX330, RX350, RX400h |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |Lexus LX470, LX570 |- |X |Lexus GS400 |- |X |Lexus GX470 |- |Y |RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |Y |Lexus SC400 |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Z |Lexus SC300 |- |} ==VIN Format 1981-1995== For vehicles prior to model year 1996 for North America and 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |V |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |N |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |1 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |3 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |G ||[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System]] |- |9 |3 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |R |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |5 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |6 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |2 |- |14 |2 |- |15 |2 |- |16 |1 |- |17 |7 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |3 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |J |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |4 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |V ||[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |D |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Drivetrain Type|Drivetrain Type]] |- |7 |2 |[[#Cab Type & Chassis|Cab Type & Chassis]] |- |8 |P ||[[#Series (Grade) & Brake System|Series (Grade) & Brake System]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} ===Engine Type 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3A-C engine. Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82), Tercel ('83-'86), Tercel wagon ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('83), Corolla Sport DX, SR5 ('84-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GELC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 ('85-'89), Corolla FX-16 ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GEC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GZE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89) |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla GT-S ('88-'91). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-F engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'89). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'95), Celica ST ('90-'93). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FE engine. Toyota Previa ('91-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('94-'95). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'85). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('84-'85). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('86). |- | D || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('93-'95). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || 1-bbl carb. Toyota 3E engine. Toyota Tercel ('87-'90). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3E-E engine. Toyota Tercel ('90-'94). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('95), Paseo ('92-'95). |- | F || 4.2L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || 2-bbl. Carb. Toyota 2F engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('81-'87). |- | F || 4.0L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3F-E engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('88-'92). |- | G || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('94-'95), Avalon ('95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2JZ-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('93-'95), Lexus SC300 ('92-'95), GS300 ('93-'95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('93-'95). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4K-C engine. Toyota Starlet ('81-'82). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4K-E engine. Toyota Starlet ('83-'84). |- | L || 2.2L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota L engine. Toyota Pickup ('81-'83). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L engine. Toyota Pickup ('84-'85). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L-T engine. Toyota Pickup ('85). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-E engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('81), Cressida ('81-'82). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-GE engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86), Cressida ('83-'88). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92), Cressida ('89-'92). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('87-'92). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 22R engine. Toyota Celica, Corona ('81-'82), Pickup ('81-'90), 4Runner ('84). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-E (EC for CA emissions version) engine.<br> Toyota Celica ('83-'85), Pickup ('84-'95), 4Runner ('85-'95). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-TE (TEC for CA emissions version) engine. Toyota Pickup ('85-'88), 4Runner ('86-'87). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 2S-ELC engine. Toyota Camry ('83-'86), Celica ST/GT ('86). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GELC engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('86-'89). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota Celica ST/GT ('87-'89), Camry ('87-'91). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GTE engine.<br> Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93), MR2 Turbo ('91-'95). |- | S || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT/GT-S ('90-'93), Celica GT ('94-'95), MR2 ('91-'95), Camry ('92-'95). |- | T || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3T-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('81-'82). |- | U || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400 ('90-'95), SC400 ('92-'95). |- | U || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('95). |- | U || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('94-'95). |- | V || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('88-'91), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-E engine. Toyota 4Runner, Pickup ('88-'95), T100 ('93-'94). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('92-'93). |- | V || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('95). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 3Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('84-'85). |- | Y || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('86-'89). |} ===Vehicle Line 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Celica rwd ('81-'85) |- |A |Celica Supra ('81-'86) |- |A |Supra ('86 1/2-'95) |- |B |Avalon ('95) |- |C |Previa ('91-'95) |- |D |T100 ('93-'95) |- |E |Corolla ('81-'95) |- |F |Lexus LS400 ('90-'95) |- |J |Land Cruiser ('81-'95) |- |K |Camry ('92-'95) |- |K |Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |L |Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) |- |L |Tercel ('83-'95) |- |L |Paseo ('92-'95) |- |N |Pickup (compact pickup & chassis cab '81-'95) |- |N |Tacoma ('95 1/2) |- |N |4Runner ('84-'95) |- |P |Starlet ('81-'84) |- |R |Van ('84-'89) |- |S |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |T |Corona ('81-'82) |- |T |Celica fwd or awd ('86-'95) |- |V |Camry ('83-'91) |- |V |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |- |W |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95) |- |X |Cressida ('81-'92) |- |Z |Lexus SC300, SC400 ('92-'95) |- |} ===Model Designation=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door or wagon w/1.8L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('94-'95): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('94-'95): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - Gas I4 ('83-'86): SV'''1'''1L, 1.8L Turbodiesel I4 [1C-TLC] ('84-'85): CV'''1'''0L, 2.0L Turbodiesel I4 [2C-TLC] ('86): CV'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota MR2 ('85-'89) AW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus LS400 ('90-'94) UCF'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - I4 ('92-'95): SXV'''1'''0L, V6 w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, V6 w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 - w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('95) MCX'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) AL12L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |2 |Toyota Camry sedan - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1L, I4 All-Trac 4WD ('88-'91): SV'''2'''5L, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Camry wagon - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1LG, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1LG |- |2 |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota MR2 ('91-'95) Base model w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: SW'''2'''1L, Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: SW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('95) UCF'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Corona ('81-'82) RT1'''3'''5L |- |3 |Toyota Tercel hatchback ('83-'86) AL21L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel wagon - 2wd: ('84-'87) AL21LG, 4wd: ('83-'88) AL25LG (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel coupe & hatchback ('87-'90) EL'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('92-'95) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('92-'95) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Celica ('81) RA'''4'''3L |- |4 |Toyota Celica Supra ('81) MA'''4'''7L |- |4 |Toyota Tercel ('91-'94) EL'''4'''2L |- |4 |Toyota Paseo ('92-'95) EL'''4'''4L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel ('95) EL'''5'''3L |- |6 |Toyota Starlet ('81-'84) KP'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Cressida - sedan w/solid (live) rear axle ('81-'82): MX'''6'''2L, sedan w/IRS ('83-'84): MX'''6'''3L, wagon ('81-'84): MX'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/22R engine ('82): RA'''6'''4L, ST & GT w/22R-E/EC engine & solid (live) rear axle ('83-'85): RA'''6'''4L,<br> GT-S w/22R-E/EC engine & IRS ('83-'85): RA'''6'''5L |- |6 |Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86) MA'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/2S-ELC engine ('86): ST1'''6'''1L, ST & GT w/3S-FE engine ('87-'89): ST1'''6'''2L, GT-S w/3S-GELC engine ('86-'89): ST1'''6'''2L,<br> All-Trac Turbo w/3S-GTE engine ('88): ST1'''6'''5L |- |7 |Toyota Corolla - w/1.8L OHV 3T-C engine ('81-'82): TE'''7'''2L, w/1.6L SOHC 4A-C engine ('83): AE'''7'''1L |- |7 |Toyota Cressida - sedan ('85-'88): MX'''7'''3L, wagon ('85-'87): MX'''7'''2LG |- |7 |Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92) MA'''7'''0L |- |8 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd, gas-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Fwd, diesel-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'85): CE'''8'''0L, Corolla FX/FX-16 Fwd 3-door hatchback ('87-'88): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Corolla Sport - Rwd, gas-powered 2-door coupe & 3-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''6L |- |8 |Toyota Cressida ('89-'92) MX'''8'''3L |- |8 |Toyota Celica ('90-'93) - ST w/1.6L 4A-FE engine: AT1'''8'''0L, GT & GT-S w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: ST1'''8'''4L, All-Trac Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: ST1'''8'''5L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('93-'95) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''2L, All-Trac 4wd 4-door sedan ('89-'90) & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''5L |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('91-'95) TCR'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Van - w/2.0L 3Y-EC engine ('84-'85): YR'''2'''1LG, w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 2wd ('86-'89): YR'''2'''2LG |- |2 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 2wd ('90-'91): RN1'''2'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 2wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('91-'95) TCR'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Van w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 4wd ('87-'89): YR'''3'''1LG |- |3 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 4wd ('90-'95): RN1'''3'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 4wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Land Cruiser 40 Series 2-door Hardtop ('81-'83) FJ'''4'''0LV |- |6 |Toyota Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - w/2F engine: FJ'''6'''0LG ('81-'87), w/3F-E engine ('88-'90): FJ'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota 4Runner 4wd - I4: RN'''6'''0LG ('84-'85), RN'''6'''1LG ('86-'89), V6 ('88-'89): VZN'''6'''1LG |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser - w/3F-E engine ('91-'92): FJ'''8'''0L, w/1FZ-FE engine ('93-'95) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |} ===Drivetrain Type=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |4wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95) |- |0 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '95 |- |1 |4wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95) |- |1 |2wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |4wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |2wd (Cargo Van) '84-'89 |- |3 |4wd (Cargo Van) '87-'89 |- |4 |2wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |5 |2wd (Pickup, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version) '84-'88 |- |5 |2wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |6 |4wd (Pickup '84-'88, 4Runner - truck version '84-'89, Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |6 |4wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |6 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '84-'85, '87-'89 |- |7 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab - Extra LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |2wd (Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |4wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |8 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '91-'93 |- |8 |2wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version '89-'93) |- |9 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '89-'93) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Series (Grade)=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Supra [base model] ('86 1/2-'92), Corolla LE ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95), Avalon XL ('95) Lexus SC400 ('92-'95) |- |1 |Starlet ('81-'84), Corolla Tercel [base model] ('81-'82), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d/4-d ('82), Tercel [base model] ('83-'89), Tercel EZ ('87),<br> Tercel [base model w/carbureted engine] ('90), Corolla [base model] ('81-'83), Camry [base model] ('87), Camry DX ('87-'95), Supra Turbo ('87-'92),<br> Corolla [base model] ('90-'92), MR2 [base model] ('91-'95), Supra [base model] ('93-'95), Avalon XLS ('95), Lexus LS400 ('90-'94), SC300 ('92-'95) |- |2 |Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d ('81), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 3-d ('81-'82), Tercel Deluxe ('83-'89), Tercel Deluxe w/carbureted engine ('90), Corolla DX ('81-'83),<br> Corolla SR5 ('83), Corolla DX 4-d sedan/5-d hatch ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('88-'89), Corona Deluxe ('81-'82),<br> Cressida ('81-'82), Cressida wagon ('83-'87), Camry DX ('83-'85), Camry DX w/gasoline engine ('86), Camry LE ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('87-'89),<br> MR2 Turbo ('91-'95), Supra Turbo ('93-'95), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91), LS400 ('95) |- |3 |Celica ST ('81-'86), Cressida sedan ('83-'92), Corolla LE ('84-'89), Camry DX turbodiesel ('86), Tercel [base model w/fuel injected engine] ('90),<br> Tercel DX ('91-'94), Camry XLE ('92-'95), Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |4 |Celica GT ('81-'86), Corolla LE Limited ('85-'86), Camry [base model] ('88-'91), Corolla DX All-Trac wagon ('88-'92), Corolla DX All-Trac sedan ('89-'90), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('90-'92), Tercel Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('90), Tercel LE ('91-'93), Camry SE ('92-'95), Corolla [base model] ('93-'95) |- |5 |Corolla SR5 ('81-'82), Corolla Sport [DX] ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('88-'89), Celica GT-S ('83-'93), Tercel SR5 ('83-'88), MR2 [base model] ('85-'89),<br> Paseo ('92-'95), Tercel [base model] ('95) |- |6 |Corona Luxury Edition ('81-'82), Camry LE ('83-'86), Corolla Sport SR5 ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 All-Trac wagon ('88-'90), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('90-'91),<br> Celica ST ('87-'93), MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89), Tercel EZ ('88-'90), Tercel [base model] ('91-'94), Tercel DX ('95) |- |7 |Celica Supra ('81-'86), Corolla FX16 ('87-'88), Celica GT coupe/liftback ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('91-'93, '95), Corolla LE ('90-'92),<br> Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |8 |Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87), Corolla GT-S Coupe ('88-'91), Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93) |- |9 |Corolla FX16 GT-S ('87-'88), Corolla DX ('93-'95) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Land Cruiser 40 Series ('81-'83), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('81-'87), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('91-'92) |- |1 |Previa DX ('91-'95), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('93-'95) |- |2 |Van Deluxe ('84-'89), 4Runner Deluxe ('85), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('88-'90), Previa LE ('91-'95) |- |3 |4Runner Deluxe ('86, '88-'89), Previa DX S/C ('95) |- |4 |4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('86-'87, '89), Previa LE S/C ('94-'95) |- |5 |4Runner SR5 ('84-'85) |- |6 |Van LE ('84-'89), 4Runner SR5 V6 ('88-'89) |- |7 |4Runner SR5 Turbo ('86-'87), 4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('90-'95) |- |9 |4Runner SR5 V6 ('90-'95) |} ===Cab Type & Chassis=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 (when following 5 or 6 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |0 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in.] (Pickup '86-'88) |- |0 |Wagon [4DR], long wheelbase (Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (T100 '93-'94) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, 4-cyl. (T100 '95) |- |1 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '84-'85) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |2 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '86-'89) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in. for 4x2, 121.9 in. for 4x4], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |4 |Panel van, 4-link rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 4wd '87-'89) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |5 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 5 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '86-'88) |- |6 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |7 |Van (Cargo Van '84-'85) |- |7 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |8 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |8 |Panel van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 2wd '86-'89) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is R) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbo gas engine (Pickup '85-'86) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is L) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |9 |Glass van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Window Van '86-'89) |} IFS= Independent Front Suspension ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Application !Restraint System |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '81-'89, MR2 '85-'89) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Sport Coupe '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback (Corolla Sport '84-'86 & in Canada '87) |Manual Belts |- |C |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR coupe (Tercel '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'89, Corona '81-'82, Camry '83-'86) |Manual Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '89) |Manual Belts |- |G |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd <br>(Starlet '81-'84, Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Tercel '83-'89, Tercel EZ '89 [some],<br> Corolla FX/FX16 '87-'88) |Manual Belts |- |H |5DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Camry '83-'86, Tercel '83-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] (MR2 '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '81-'89, Celica Supra '81-'86, Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Liftback '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |L |5DR hatchback 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '88) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR hardtop (Corolla [Sports] Hardtop '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR coupe (Corolla Sport '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Tercel '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83, '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 4wd (Tercel '83-'88) |Manual Belts |- |Z |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Tercel EZ '88 [all], '89 [some]) |Manual Belts |- |A |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '90-'92, Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |B |2DR sedan (Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Cressida '81-'92, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |F |2DR coupe (Tercel '90, Paseo '92) |Automatic Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90) |Automatic Belts |- |J |4DR sedan 4wd (Camry All-Trac '88-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |J |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '90-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |K |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |M |3DR liftback (Tercel '90) |Automatic Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Cressida '81-'87, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |S |2DR sedan (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |T |4DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |U |2DR coupe (Paseo '93-'95) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |C |2DR coupe (Lexus SC300/SC400 '92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '90-'92, Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |P |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES250 '90-'91, ES300 '92-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |B |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Lexus SC300/SC400 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '93-'95, GS300 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95, Avalon '95, Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES300 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |} '''Incomplete Passenger Cars - Body Type & Brake System''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type & Application !Brake System |- |K |2DR convertible (Celica '84-'85, '87-'89, '91-'93, '95) |Hydraulic Brakes |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !VIN Code !Description |- |C |Hardtop [2DR] ('81-'83 Land Cruiser 40 Series) |- |G |Wagon [4DR] ('81-'90 Land Cruiser 60 Series) |- |J |2DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'91 4Runner) |- |R |4DR Wagon 2WD ('91-'95 Previa) |- |S |4DR Wagon 4WD ('91-'95 Previa All-Trac) |- |V |Van ('84-'85 Van) |- |V |4DR Wagon 2WD ('90-'95 4Runner) |- |W |Wagon ('84-'89 4Runner, '86-'89 Van) |- |W |4DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'95 4Runner, '91-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |} ===Series (Grade) & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America) |+'''All have hydraulic brakes.''' !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('88, '90-'95), T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('93), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('94) |- |B |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] Turbo ('86-'87), T100 [base model] One Ton ('93), T100 DX One Ton ('94), Tacoma [base model] 2.4L 2wd ('95) |- |C |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] V6 ('88), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('93-'94), Tacoma [base model] 2.7L 4wd ('95) |- |D |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/carbureted gas engine ('84-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/diesel engine ('84-'85),<br> Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('91-'95), 4Runner - truck version [base model] ('84-'86), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe ('87-'89),<br> T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton 4-cyl. ('94-'95) |- |E |Pickup 3/4 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('85-'88), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |F |Tacoma V6 [base model] ('95), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |G |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 Turbo ('85-'88), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('89-'95), T100 DX One Ton ('95) |- |H |T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('95) |- |K |Tacoma SR5 V6 ('95) |- |M |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('88), 4Runner - truck version SR5 V6 ('88) |- |N |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('88), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [V6] ('89-'92), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe V6 ('89) |- |P |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe 4-cyl. ('91-'95) |- |R |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'90), Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84),<br> Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85-'90) |- |S |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 2wd w/fuel injected engine ('84), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 4wd w/carbureted engine ('84),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), 4Runner - truck version SR5 [4-cyl.] ('87-'88) |- |T |Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'93) |- |U |Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'88) |- |V |Van [Cargo van version] ('84-'89), Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - truck version ('87) |- |} ==VIN positions== ===Country of origin=== Position 1 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 (7A-7E) |New Zealand |- |7 (7F-70) |USA |- |8 (8A-8E) |Argentina |- |9 (9A-9E, 93-99) |Brazil |- |A (AA-AH) |South Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |South Korea |- |L |China |- |M (MA-ME, MY-M0) |India |- |M (MF-MK) |Indonesia |- |M (ML-MR) |Thailand |- |N (NL-NR) |Turkey |- |P (PA-PE) |Philippines |- |P (PL-PR) |Malaysia |- |R (RF-RK) |Taiwan |- |R (RL-RP) |Vietnam |- |S (SA-SM) |United Kingdom |- |T (TW-T2) |Portugal |- |V (VF-VR) |France |- |W |Germany |- |X (XS-XW, XZ-X0) |Russia |- |Y (YA-YE) |Belgium |} Second letter or number in parentheses is from position 2 of VIN. The characters in parentheses represent the range assigned to that particular country. ===Manufacturer (Japan/North America)=== Position 2 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |F |Fuji Heavy Industries LTD |- |G |GM |- |M |Mazda (Mexico) |- |M |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |- |N |NUMMI (Toyota car) |- |T |NUMMI (Toyota truck) |- |T |Toyota |- |Y |Toyota (Mississippi, USA) |- |8 |Toyota (Lexus - Kentucky, USA) |} ===Vehicle Type=== {{center|Position 3-Japan built models}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |D,K,N,X,1,2,7 |Passenger Car |- |A,B,F,4 |Truck |- |G |Bus |- |E,L,M,3 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) |- |5 |Incomplete Vehicle (typically a convertible) |} ===Body=== {{center|Position 4 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world, may be incorrect for most recent ones)}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD / Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Celica, Supra) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD (Corolla, Camry) / MPV, Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris) / 5DR Van AWD / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |K |5DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris, Prius) / 5DR Wagon 2WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |L |5DR Wagon 4WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |M |5DR Door Van 2WD / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |N |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 2WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |P |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 4WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |R |Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |S |3DR Liftback 4WD |- |T |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 2WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |U |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |W |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame TRD |- |X |5DR Sport Utility Wagon |- |Y |Sport Van |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD |} ===Engine=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 4 (before 1996 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |3A-C 1.5L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla Tercel, '83-'86 Tercel, '87-'88 Tercel wagon) |- |A |4A-C 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('83 Corolla, '84-'87 Corolla Sport DX, SR5) |- |A |4A-LC 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('84-'87 Corolla, '87-'88 Corolla FX) |- |A |4A-GEC 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'87 Corolla Sport GT-S) |- |A |4A-GE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'91 Corolla GT-S) |- |A |4A-F 1.6L DOHC, 16V carb. I4 ('88-'89 Corolla) |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 ('88-'95 Corolla, '90-'93 Celica ST) |- |A |4A-GELC 1.6L DOHC, 16V I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'89 MR2, '87-'88 Corolla FX16) |- |A |4A-GZE 1.6L DOHC, 16V Supercharged, IC I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'89 MR2 Supercharged) |- |A |7A-FE 1.8L DOHC, 16V I4 ('93-'95 Corolla, '94-'95 Celica ST) |- |A |2TZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('91-'95 Previa) |- |A |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('94-'95 Previa S/C) |- |C |1C-LC 1.8L diesel indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Corolla) |- |C |1C-TLC 1.8L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Camry) |- |C |2C-TLC 2.0L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('86 Camry) |- |D |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('93-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |E |3E 1.5L SOHC, 12V carb. I4 ('87-'90 Tercel) |- |E |3E-E 1.5L SOHC, 12V EFI I4 ('90-'94 Tercel) |- |E |5E-FE 1.5L DOHC, 16V I4 ('95 Tercel, '92-'95 Paseo) |- |F |2F 4.2L 2-bbl. Carb. OHV I6 ('81-'87 Land Cruiser) |- |F |3F-E 4.0L EFI OHV I6 ('88-'92 Land Cruiser) |- |G |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('94-'95 Camry V6, Lexus ES300, '95 Avalon) |- |J |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('93-'95 Supra, '93-'95 Lexus GS300, '92-'95 SC300) |- |J |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('93-'95 Supra Turbo) |- |K |4K-C 1.3L Carb. OHV I4 ('81-'82 Starlet) |- |K |4K-E 1.3L EFI OHV I4 ('83-'84 Starlet) |- |L |L 2.2L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('81-'83 Pickup) |- |L |2L 2.4L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Pickup) |- |L |2L-T 2.4L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('85 Pickup) |- |M |5M-E 2.8L SOHC, 12V I6 ('81 Celica Supra, '81-'82 Cressida) |- |M |5M-GE 2.8L DOHC, 12V I6 ('82-'86 Celica Supra, '83-'88 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GE 3.0L DOHC, 24V I6 ('86 1/2-'92 Supra, '89-'92 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GTE 3.0L DOHC, 24V turbo IC I6 ('87-'92 Supra Turbo) |- |R |22R 2.4L 2-bbl SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Celica, Corona, '81-'90 Pickup, '84 4Runner) |- |R |22R-E/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('83-'85 Celica, '84-'95 Pickup, '85-'95 4Runner) |- |R |22R-TE/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI Turbo I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('85-'88 Pickup, '86-'87 4Runner) |- |S |2S-ELC 2.0L I4 ('83-'86 Camry, '86 Celica ST/GT) |- |S |3S-GELC 2.0L I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('86-'89 Celica GT-S) |- |S |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('87-'89 Celica ST/GT, '87-'91 Camry) |- |S |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('90-'93 Celica GT/GT-S, '94-'95 Celica GT, '91-'95 MR2, '92-'95 Camry) |- |S |3S-GTE 2.0L Turbo, IC I4 ('88, '90-'93 Celica All-Trac Turbo, '91-'95 MR2 Turbo) |- |T |3T-C 1.8L OHV Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla) |- |U |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('90-'95 LS400, '92-'95 SC400) |- |U |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('95 Tacoma) |- |U |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('94-'95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |V |2VZ-FE 2.5L DOHC, 24V V6 ('88-'91 Camry V6, '90-'91 Lexus ES250) |- |V |3VZ-E 3.0L SOHC, 12V V6 ('88-'95 4Runner, Pickup, '93-'94 T100) |- |V |3VZ-FE 3.0L DOHC, 24V V6 ('92-'93 Camry V6, Lexus ES300) |- |V |5VZ-FE 3.4L DOHC, 24V V6 ('95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |Y |3Y-EC 2.0L EFI OHV I4 ('84-'85 Van) |- |Y |4Y-EC 2.2L EFI OHV I4 ('86-'89 Van) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla) |- |A |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330, '04-'08 Camry Solara) |- |A |2ZR-FXE + 1NM (Prius 2wd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('16 Prius) |- |B |7A-FE 1.8L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla, Celica ST) |- |B |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('04-'09 Prius) |- |B |2AZ-FXE + 2JM 2.4L Atkinson cycle I4 Hybrid ('07-'09 Camry Hybrid) |- |C |5E-FE 1.5L I4 ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada Tercel, '96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada Paseo) |- |C |2GR-FSE + 1KM 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 Hybrid ('07-'09 Lexus GS450h) |- |D |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('96-'98 Supra, '96-'05 Lexus GS300, '96-'00 SC300, '01-'05 IS300) |- |D |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('01-'07 Highlander, '04-'08 RAV4) |- |E |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('96-'98 Supra Turbo) |- |E |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('02-'09 Camry, '02-'08 Camry Solara, '05-'09 Scion tC, '08-'09 Scion xB, '09 Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS) |- |E |2GR-FSE 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 ('06-'09 IS350, '07-'09 Lexus GS350) |- |E |1AR-FE 2.7L I4 ('09 Venza, Highlander) |- |F |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('96-'04 Camry V6, '96-'04 Avalon, '96-'03 Lexus ES300, '98-'03 Sienna, '99-'03 Camry Solara, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '01-'03 Highlander) |- |F |2AR-FE 2.5L I4 ('09 RAV4) |- |G |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('96-'99 Celica GT, '96-'01 Camry, '99-'01 Camry Solara) |- |H |1AZ-FE 2.0L I4 ('01-'03 RAV4) |- |H |3GR-FSE 3.0L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06 Lexus GS300) |- |H |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('98-'00 GS400, '96-'00 LS400, '96-'00 SC400) |- |J |1NR-FE 1.3L I4 ('12-'15 Scion iQ) |- |J |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('96-'97 Land Cruiser, '96-'97 LX450) |- |J |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('07-'09 Lexus ES350) |- |K |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('96-'97 Previa S/C) |- |K |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('01-'03 Prius) |- |K |4GR-FSE 2.5L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06-'09 IS250) |- |K |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('05-'09 Avalon, '06-'09 RAV4, '07-'09 Camry V6, Sienna, Lexus RX350, '09 Venza) |- |L |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('96-'04 Tacoma) |- |L |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('01-'05 GS430) |- |L |1UR-FSE 4.6L VVT-iE V8 ('08-'09 GS460, '07-'09 LS460) |- |L |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For Japanese-built '09 Corolla) |- |M |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('96-'98 T100, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'00 4Runner) |- |N |5S-FNE (CNG 2.2L I4) ('00-'01 Camry) |- |N |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('06-'07 GS430, '01-'06 LS430, '02-'09 SC430) |- |N |5VZ-FE 3.4L V6 ('96-'02 4Runner, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'98 T100, '00-'04 Tundra) |- |N |2ZR-FXE Hybrid 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('10-'15 Prius) |- |P |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('96-'00 RAV4) |- |P |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'07 Highlander) |- |P |2UR-GSE 5.0L V8 ('08-'09 Lexus IS F) |- |R |1ZZ-FE 1.8L VVT-i I4 ('98-'08 Corolla, '00-'05 Celica GT, '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '03-'08 Matrix) |- |S |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('08-'09 Highlander) |- |T |1NZ-FE 1.5L I4 ('00-'05 Echo, '04-'06 Scion xA, xB, '07-'09 Yaris) |- |T |2UZ-FE 4.7L V8 ('98-'07 Land Cruiser, '00-'09 Tundra, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 4Runner, '03-'09 Lexus GX470, '98-'07 LX470) |- |U |1GR-FE 4.0L VVT-i V6 ('03-'09 4Runner, '05-'09 Tacoma, '05-'09 Tundra, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser) |- |U |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For US- & Canadian-built '09 Corolla, Matrix but also for '08-'09 Scion XD) |- |U |2UR-FSE + 1KM 5.0L VVT-iE D4S V8 Hybrid ('08-'09 LS600hL) |- |V |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('07-'09 Tundra) |- |W |3MZ-FE + 1JM, 2FM 3.3L V6 Hybrid ('06-'09 Highlander Hybrid, '06-'08 RX400h) |- |W |3UR-FBE 5.7L Dual VVT-i Flex-Fuel V8 Gas/E85 ('09 Tundra) |- |X |2TR-FE 2.7L I4 ('05-'09 Tacoma) |- |Y |2ZZ-GE 1.8L VVTL-i I4 ('00-'05 Celica GT-S, '03-'06 Matrix XRS, '05-'06 Corolla XRS) |- |Y |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('08-'09 Land Cruiser, Sequoia, '08-'09 LX570) |- |Z |2GR-FKS 3.5L V6 '15+ |- |9 |2ZR-FXE + 1NM + 1MM (Prius Awd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid |- | |- | |- |L |Electric M7M5 -- RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |S |Electric 1BM -- RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Non-North American Engines |+Position 5 (2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |2AD-FTV (2005+) |- |B |1HZ, 1HD |- |B |2AD-FHV (2005+) |- |C |2C, 2CT, 2CT-E |- |J |1AZ-FSE |- |L |2SZ-FE |- |P |2AZ-FSE |- |V |1VD-FTV |- |W |1CD-FTV |- |W |2NZ-FE |- |Z |1ZZ-FE |- |Z |3ZZ-FE |} ===Series=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) Based on the Chassis code given for the car. !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser J1'''0'''0/J1'''0'''5 |- |2 |Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J1'''2'''0 |- |} ===Restraint=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Manual Belt / 1 STD (North America), No Airbags (International) |- |2 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 1 Airbag (Driver Seat) (International) |- |3 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 2 Front Airbags (International) |- |6 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |7 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |8 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Airbags |- |9 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Front Curtain Airbags. |- |D |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Three-Row Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |} ===Model/Platform=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 / MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra / Tundra |- |3 |Echo / Yaris Verso |- |4 |Yaris / Scion xA / Scion xB / Scion xD / Urban Cruiser |- |6 |Hilux |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Highlander / Sequoia / Celica RWD / Supra |- |B |Avalon / Avensis Verso / Ipsum? |- |C |Sienna / Previa / Aygo |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix / Auris |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |G |Hilux / Fortuner |- |H |Highlander |- |J |Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado |- |K |Camry / Aurion (TRD) |- |L |Tercel / Paseo / Avensis |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma and older trucks as well |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner / Corolla Verso |- |S |Fortuner |- |T |Celica FWD |- |U |Prius |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |MR2 (non-spyder models) |- |X |Cressida |- |} === '''Check-digit''' <ref>https://vincheck.info/free-vin-decoder/free-toyota-vin-decoder</ref> === {{center|Position 9 (Check-digit that identifies the VIN as being authorized by the manufacturer).}} === Model year === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;width:30em;" |+Position 10 (International-market vehicles may have a 0 in this position) ! Code ! Year |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |- |P |2023 |- |R |2024 |- |S |2025 |} ===Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !VIN Code !Description |- |0-9 (All numeric) |Japan |- |7 |Lordstown, OH, US (GM plant) (Toyota Cavalier) |- |A |Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |A |Onnaing-Valenciennes, France ([[w:Toyota Motor Manufacturing France|TMMF]]) (Yaris hatch - US: '14-'18, Canada: '14-'19) |- |C |Cambridge, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |D |Nagakusa plant, Obu, Aichi pref., Japan (Toyota Industries plant) |- |E |Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom (TMMUK) (US/Canada: GR Corolla '26-) |- |G |Gliwice, Poland (Opel/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max EV) |- |J |Takaoka plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |J |Vigo, Spain (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce City) |- |K |Hamura, Tokyo pref., Japan (Hino Motors plant) |- |L |Miyagi plant, Ohira, Miyagi pref., Japan (Central Motor Co./Toyota Motor East Japan plant) |- |M |Tijuana, Baja CA, Mexico (TMMBC) |- |M |Atessa, Italy (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max diesel) |- |N |Kolín, Czech Republic ([[w:Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|TPCA/TMMCZ]]) |- |P |Blue Springs, MS, US (TMMMS) |- |R |Lafayette, IN, US (Subaru of Indiana Automotive) (Camry '07-'16) |- |R |Adapazari, Sakarya province, Turkey (TMMT) (US/Canada: C-HR '18-'22) |- |S |Princeton, IN, US (TMMI) |- |T |Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, Mexico (TMMGT) |- |U |Georgetown, KY, US (TMMK) |- |V |Huntsville, AL, US (MTM USA) (Corolla Cross '22-, Corolla Cross Hybrid '23-) |- |W |Woodstock, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |W |Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (Toyota GR Supra '20-'26) |- |X |San Antonio, TX, US (TMMTX) |- |X |Altona, Victoria, Australia (Toyota Australia) (closed Oct. 3, 2017) |- |Y |Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation) <br> (Scion iA '16, Yaris iA '17-'18, Yaris sedan '19-'20, Yaris hatch '20) |- |Y |Yajima Plant, Ota, Gunma pref., Japan (Subaru plant) (Toyota bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Trailseeker '26-) |- |Z |Fremont, CA, US (NUMMI) (1987-1988 Toyota Corolla FX/FX16 3-d, 1989-2010 Corolla sedan, 1992-1995 Toyota Pickup, 1995-2010 Tacoma, Toyota Voltz [For export to Japan: '02-'04]) |- |Z |Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Sevel Nord - PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce) |- |} '''Japanese Plants''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Plant owner/operator !Name & Location of plant !Vehicles produced !VIN Code used<br> (Pos. 11) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('85-'86) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'90) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'89) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('91-'95), Paseo ('92-'99), Echo ('00-'05),<br> Scion xA ('04-'06), xB ('04) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('96-'99) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xD ('08-'10), Scion iQ ('12-'15),<br> Scion iQ EV ('13), Scion xB ('12-'15) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'12), Scion xB ('08-'12),<br> Scion xD ('10-'14), Prius C ('12-'19), C-HR ('18-'22) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'11) |4 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('07-'11) |5-8 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Miyagi plant. Ohira, Miyagi prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('11-'12) |L |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('12-'14) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05) |0-3 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05-'06) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla [fwd 4-d/5-d] ('84-'87) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla Sport [rwd 2-d/3-d coupe] ('84-'87) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('88-'90), Corolla coupe ('91),<br> Corolla sedan & 2wd wagon ('91-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla All-Trac 4wd wagon ('91-'92) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('93-'96) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'08) |0-1 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'06) [No '06 found in US] |2-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09) |2, J |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla sedan ('10-'11, '13, '20-'25), Scion iM ('16), Corolla iM ('17-'18) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09-'12) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan ('22-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |7-8 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88) |0-9 (All-Trac Turbo) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('90-'99) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Celica ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica Supra ('85-'86), Supra ('86 1/2-'92) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |0-6 (ST, GT),<br> 0-3 (GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |0-3 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('05-'10) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('85-'87), Camry V6 ('88-'91),<br> Camry 4-cyl. All-Trac 4wd ('89-'91),<br> Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. 2wd ('88-'91) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('92-'93), Camry 4-cyl. ('94), Camry ('95-'96), <br> Lexus ES300 ('92-'93, '95-'96) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('94), Lexus ES300 ('94) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('97), Camry 4-cyl. ('98-'01), Lexus ES300 ('97) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('03-'06) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('98-'06), Lexus ES300 ('98-'03), <br> ES330 ('04-'05) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('98-'01) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('02) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('03) |5-6 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES330 ('04-'06), Camry SE V6 [3.3L] ('05) |5-6 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |5 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('07-'11, '18-'19), Scion tC ('11-'15),<br> Crown ('23-'25), Crown Signia ('25-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('15-'16) |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES350 ('07-'21), ES300h ('13-'20),<br> ES350h, ES350e, ES500e ('26-),<br> HS250h ('10-'12), CT200h ('11-'17), UX200 ('19-'22),<br> UX250h ('19-'24), UX300h ('25-'26) |2 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250 ('06-'15), IS200t ('16-'17),<br> IS300 RWD ('18-'19), IS300 AWD ('16-'19),<br> IS350 ('06-'19), IS F ('08-'14), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'23), RC300 AWD ('16-'23),<br> RC350 ('15-'23), RC F ('15-'23) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250, IS350 ('06-'13), IS250C/IS350C ('10-'15) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LS400 ('90-'00), LS430 ('01-'05),<br> GS300 ('93-'05), GS400 ('98-'00), GS430 ('01-'05), <br> GS300 Awd ('06), GS350 ('07-'11) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06), GS430 ('06-'07),<br> GS460 ('08-'11), GS450h ('07-'11, '13-'14),<br> GS350 ('13-'14), LS430 ('06), LS460 ('07-'17),<br> LS600hL ('08-'16), LS500 ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19),<br> GS350 ('15-'20), GS450h ('15-'18), GS F ('16-'20),<br> LC500 ('18-'19), LC500h ('18-'19), Mirai ('16-'26),<br> Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25), bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra ('23-'26),<br> Lexus RZ450e ('23-'26), RZ300e ('24-'25), RZ350e ('26-),<br> RZ550e ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida sedan ('85-'88), Cressida wagon ('85-'87) |0-5 (sedan),<br> 0-9 (wagon) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('89) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('90-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra ('93-'96), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('92-'96) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra, Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97) |0 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Supra ('97-'98), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97-'00) |1-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('02-'05) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('06-'10) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LFA ('12) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95), MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('01-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius w/pos. 14-17 of VIN from 1001-2000 ('01) |0 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('04-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09, '16-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'15) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15, '25-'26), Prius Prime ('17-'24) |3 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09) |7 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'13) [No '14 found in US] |4-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('12-'14) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('14-'17 & '18 in Canada) |J |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('84-'86) |5-9 (psgr. van),<br> 0-9 (cargo van) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('87-'89) |5-9 (2wd),<br> 0-9 (4wd) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Previa ('91-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('96), RAV4 2-d ('96-'98, '00),<br> RAV4 4wd ('99), RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd gen.] ('01) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'06) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('07-'14) |5 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'08) |6-9 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('09) |6 (until 7/31/08),<br> D (from 8/1/08) |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('10-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'26),<br> RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('14-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('19-'26), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-), Venza ('21-'24), C-HR EV '26-, bZ '26-, Subaru Uncharted '26-, Solterra '26- |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09),<br> RX400h ('06), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander Hybrid ('06-'07) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX400h ('07-'08), RX350 ('10-'19, '21-'26),<br> RX350L ('18-'22), RX450h ('10-'15), RX450hL ('18-'22),<br> RX450h+ ('24-'26), NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21),<br> NX300h ('15-'21), NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26),<br> NX350h ('22-'26), NX450h+ ('22-'26),<br> Highlander ('08-'10), Highlander Hybrid ('08-'13) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21), NX300h ('20-'21),<br> NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26), NX350h ('22-'26) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('84-'85) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('89) |0-3 (4-cyl.),<br> 0-4 (V6) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('90-'95) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('90-'94) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('95) |0-4, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('90) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('91-'92) |0-6, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('93-'94) |0-5, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('95) |0-4, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('96-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('98-'02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |0-8 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'08) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'07) |8-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('08-'09) |8-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('07) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('08-'09) |0-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hamura plant transferred to Toyota Motor Hamura, Inc. on April 1, 2026) |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Land Cruiser ('24-'26) |K |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('10-'21, '25-'26), Land Cruiser ('24-'26),<br> Lexus GX460 ('10-'23), GX550 ('24-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('22-'24) |5, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('84-'86, '88-'89) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('90-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'00) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('01-'07) |2-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('01-'06) |3-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('07) |4 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Yoshiwara plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13-'21),<br> Lexus LX570 ('08-'11, '13-'21), LX600 ('22-'26),<br> LX700h ('25-'26) |4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13) [No '14-'20 found in US] |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup ('84-'85), <br> Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |5-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab ('84-'85), Pickup/Chassis Cab w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('87-'88) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |8-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 or RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89) |7-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('90-'93) |7-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |6-7 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-1, 6-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |2-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab w/VN94 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |T100 ('93-'98) |0-9 |- |} ==Toyota WMIs== There are partial list of WMIs which are used by Toyota as well as the broader Toyota Group, including all divisions and subsidiaries: Japan: * JTD - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTK - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTN - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTX - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JT1 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (European market) * JT2 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (North American market) * JT7 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (Asia-Pacific market) * JTA - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTB - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTF - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JT4 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTG - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Bus * JTE - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JTL - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JTM - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT3 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JT5 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Incomplete Vehicle (Celica convertible, Paseo convertible, Chassis Cab pickup trucks) * JTH - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JTJ - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT6 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT8 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JAL - Isuzu Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle (S-Series) * JDA - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD1 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD2 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JD4 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Truck * JF1 - Subaru Corp., Toyota Passenger Car (86/GR86/Scion FR-S) * JHA - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHB - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JHC - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHD - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHE - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHH - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JH6 - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle North America: * 1NX - NUMMI, Toyota Passenger Car ('87-'10) * 2AY - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 2AZ - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Truck * 2T1 - TMMC, Toyota Passenger Car * 2T2 - TMMC, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 2T3 - TMMC, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 3MY - Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation, Toyota Passenger Car ('16-'20) * 3TM - TMMBC, Toyota Truck * 3TY - TMMGT, Toyota Truck * 4G3 - GM Lordstown Assembly, Toyota Passenger Car (Cavalier) ('96-'00) * 4T1 - TMMK, Toyota Passenger Car * 4T3 - TMMK, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV) * 4T4 - Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Toyota Passenger Car ('07-'16) * 4TA - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('92-'00) * 5PV - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 5TB - TMMI, Toyota Truck * 5TD - TMMI, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV), Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 5TE - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('00-'10) * 5TF - TMMTX, Toyota Truck * 5YF - TMMMS, Toyota Passenger Car * 58A - TMMK, Lexus Passenger Car * 7H4 - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Truck * 7MU - Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 7SV - TMMTX, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) Other countries: * AHH - Hino South Africa, Hino vehicles * AHT - Toyota South Africa, Toyota vehicles * LFM - FAW Toyota (China), Toyota and Ranz vehicles * LVG - GAC Toyota (China), Toyota vehicles * MBJ - Toyota Kirloskar Motor (India), Toyota vehicles * MHF - PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, Toyota vehicles * MHK - PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (Indonesia), Daihatsu and Toyota vehicles * MJE - PT Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia, Hino vehicles * MMK - Toyota Auto Works Co., Ltd. (Thailand), Toyota vehicles * MNK - Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand, Hino Vehicles * MR0 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Ban Pho and Samrong plants, Toyota vehicles * MR1 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Samrong plant (Fortuner), Toyota vehicles * MR2 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Gateway plant, Toyota vehicles * NMT - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey (TMMT), Toyota vehicles * PN1 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * PN2 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * RKL - Kuozui Motors (Taiwan), Toyota vehicles * RL4 - Toyota Motor Vietnam, Toyota vehicles * SB1 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (TMMUK), Toyota vehicles * TW1 - Toyota Caetano Portugal, Toyota vehicles * VNK - Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), Toyota vehicles * WZ1 - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra) * XW7 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), Toyota vehicles * YAR - PSA/Stellantis, Toyota Van (ProAce, ProAce City, & ProAce Max) * YBC - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra - some European-market models) * 6T1 - Toyota Australia, Toyota Passenger Car * 7A4 - Toyota New Zealand, Toyota vehicles * 8AJ - Toyota Argentina, Toyota vehicles * 9BR - Toyota Brazil, Toyota vehicles {| class="wikitable" |+ !Plant Abbreviation !Plant Name !Notes |- |MTMUSA |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |Joint venture between Toyota and Mazda |- |NUMMI |New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. |Joint venture between GM and Toyota |- |TMMBC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Baja California | |- |TMMC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada | |- |TMMGT |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Guanajuato | |- |TMMI |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana | |- |TMMK |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky | |- |TMMMS |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi | |- |TMMTX |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas | |} == External links == Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Toyota Toyota VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:RT43-157714}} <references />Online [https://epicvin.com/vin-decoder/toyota Toyota Vin Lookup] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota Car model, Toyota Vehicles- VinCheckUp |url=https://www.vincheckup.com/cars/toyota |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.vincheckup.com}}</ref> lyyv7vg0cff4idtcn9dhgk7j1ejuiww 4664471 4664470 2026-08-25T20:11:35Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Series & Drive Wheels */ 4664471 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- --> {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ==VIN Format 2010-== Toyota has used the following VIN format since 2010 for North America: {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade]] |- |4 |K |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 2010-|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series|Series]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series & Drive Wheels|Series & Drive Wheels]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line & Make|Vehicle Line & Make]] |- |8 |A ||[[#Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style|Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Yaris ['10-'12], Corolla ['10-'19], Camry ['10-'19], Avalon ['10-'19], Mirai ['16-'20], Lexus HS ['10-'12], ES ['10-'19], IS ['10-'19],<br> GS ['10-'11, '13-'19], GS F ['16-'20], LS ['10-'19]) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus IS250 AWD '10-'15, IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 AWD '11-'19, GS350 AWD '10-'11, '13-'19, LS460 AWD '10-'17, LS500 AWD '18-'19, LS500h AWD '18-'19) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Scion tC '10) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD (Lexus LS460L AWD '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'16) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD (Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C/IS350C '10-'15) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD (Lexus LS460L '10-'17) |- |H |2DR Coupe 2WD (Lexus LFA '12, RC200t '16-'17, RC300 RWD '18-'19, RC350 '15-'19, RC F '15-'19, LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris 3-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Scion tC '11-'16, Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13) |- |K |5DR Liftback or Hatchback 2WD (Yaris 5-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Lexus CT200h '11-'17, Prius C '12-'19, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Corolla Hatchback '19) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD (Prius '10-'22, Scion xD '10-'14, C-HR '18-'22) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension (Matrix Base model & S 2wd '10-'11, Matrix L & S 2wd '12-'13, Canada: Matrix '14) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD (Prius AWD-e '19-'22) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD w/IRS (Matrix S 4wd '10-'13) |- |M |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS (Matrix XRS - US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) |- |S |2DR Coupe 4WD (Lexus RC300 AWD '16-'19, RC350 AWD '15-'19) |- |U |5DR Wagon 4WD (Lexus UX250h '19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus UX200 '19) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Prius V 2012-2017 & 2018 in Canada) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |4DR Sedan (Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25) |- |A |5DR Hatchback (GR Corolla '23-'26, Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24, Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26) |- |A |Wagon (Crown Signia '25-'26) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES '26-) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Camry '25-'26) |- |Y |Wagon (Lexus UX300h 2wd '25-'26) |- |U |Wagon (Lexus UX300h Awd '25-'26) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'19, NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19,<br> NX300h '15-'19) |- |C |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '16-'21) |- |D |5DR Wagon extended length 4WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19, RX450hL '18-'19) |- |G |5DR Wagon extended length 2WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'15, Lexus LX570 '10-'11, '13-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19, NX300h '15-'16) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Scion xB '10-'15, Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'16) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |5DR Wagon (Toyota Venza '21-'24, Sequoia '23-'26, bZ4X '23-'25, Grand Highlander '24-'26, Land Cruiser '24-'26, C-HR EV '26-, Subaru Solterra '23-'25, Uncharted '26-, Lexus RZ450e '23-'25, RZ300e '24-'25, TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26, TX550h+ '24-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Toyota bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Solterra '26-, Trailseeker '26-, Lexus RZ450e '26-, RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26-) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Canadian-built Lexus RX350 [2wd/Awd] '23-'26, RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Japanese-built Lexus RX350 [2wd] '23-'26, RX450h+ '24-'26) |- |V |5DR Wagon (4Runner '25-'26) |- |6 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Hybrid '26-) |- |7 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid '26-) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |J |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |J |Tacoma XtraCab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |K |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class E GVWR] |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2020- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |D |4DR Sedan (Corolla L '20-'22) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '20-'22, LE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |V |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Convenience Package '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Premium Package '20-'22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Corolla XLE '20-'22) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '23-'26, SE Nightshade '24, FX Edition '25, LE Hybrid '23-'26, XLE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Nightshade Hybrid '24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/man. trans. '20-'22, SE Apex Edition w/man. trans. '21-'22) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, SE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |P |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. & Premium Package '20-'26) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Corolla XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, XSE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/auto. trans. '20-'27, FX Edition '26) |- |A |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |C |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'27) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Camry L '20) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Camry LE '20-'24) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |R |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Camry XLE '20-'24) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Camry SE '20-'24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Camry TRD '20) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Camry XSE '20-'24, Camry TRD '21-'24) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE '20-'22, XLE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE [decontent package] '20-'22, XLE Hybrid [decontent package] '20-'22) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD '21) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD [decontent package] '21) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Avalon XSE '20, XSE Nightshade '21, XSE Hybrid '20-'21, XSE Nightshade Hybrid '22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Avalon TRD '20-'21) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited '20-'22, Limited Hybrid '20-'22) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22, Limited Hybrid w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD '21) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD w/Advanced Safety Package '21) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model], ES300h [base model] '20-'25, ES250 AWD [base model] '21-'24) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model w/Premium Package], ES300h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> ES250 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '21-'25, ES350, ES300h, ES250 AWD F Sport Design '23-'25) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport '20-'22, ES250 AWD F Sport '21-'22, ES300h F Sport '22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport Black Line Special Edition '21) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport w/Dynamic Handling package '22, ES350 F Sport Handling '23-'25) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Luxury, ES300h Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Luxury '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Ultra Luxury, ES300h Ultra Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '21) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '22-'25, ES300h F Sport Handling '23-25) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 AWD [base model] '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport '20) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 RWD [base model], GS350 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport Black Line '20) |- |A |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model] '20-25, RC350 [base model] '20-'25, RC F [base model] '20-'24) |- |D |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> RC350 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC F [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'24) |- |G |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD F Sport '20-'25, RC300 AWD F Sport '20-'25, RC350 F Sport '20-'25) |- |J |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F [base model w/Performance Package] '20, [base model w/Carbon Package] '21-'24) |- |Y |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Track Edition '20, RC F Fuji Speedway Edition '21-'22, RC F Track Edition '23-'24) |- |B |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Final Edition '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model] '20-'22, UX250h [base model] '20-'24) |- |P |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h Premium '23-'24) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 Luxury '20-'22, UX250h Luxury '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport '20-'22, UX250h F Sport '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX250h F Sport Design '23-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport Handling '23-'24) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sienna [base model V6] '11-'12, Sienna L '13-'20) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sequoia TRD Pro '20, Lexus GX460 [base model] '10-'19) |- |W |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |R |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |X |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '11-'20, SE Premium '15-'20) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '19-'20, SE Premium '19-'20) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20, Sienna CE, LE '10,<br> Sienna [base model I4] '11-'12, Sienna LE '11-'20) |- |N |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 SE '16-'18) |- |J |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, RAV4 SE '16-'18, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20,<br> Sienna LE '10-'20, Lexus GX460 Premium '10-'13, GX460 Luxury '14-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19,<br> Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19, Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |D |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19, Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19,<br> Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- | |'''Body Type & Grade''' |- |K |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE '21-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE '21-'26) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '23-'26, Sienna XSE 25th Anniversary Edition '23, Sienna XSE w/Premium Package '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE '21-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Sienna Limited '21-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sienna Platinum '21-'26) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross L '22-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE '22-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE w/Moonroof Package '22-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE w/Convenience Package '22-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross Hybrid S, SE, XSE '23-'26, Hybrid SE Nightshade '24-'25) |- |H |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd '19-'25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd '19-'25) |- |G |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |L |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |M |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |W |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 2wd '19-'25) |- |P |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 4wd '19-'25) |- |R |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |U |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Woodland Edition Hybrid 4wd '23-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 2wd '19-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 4wd '19-'25) |- |B |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium Hybrid 4wd '21-'25) |- |J |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Adventure 4wd '19-'24, RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '20) |- |S |5DR Wagon (RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |T |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [US- & Canadian-built] |- |1 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [Japanese-built] |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XSE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 2wd '19-'25) |- |N |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 4wd '19-'25) |- |D |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE 4wd '25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '25) |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE 4wd '25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Highlander L 2wd & Awd '20-'22) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE 2wd '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE Awd '20-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, Hybrid XLE '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE w/Navigation, Hybrid XLE w/Navigation '20-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Bronze Edition '22-'23) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited, Hybrid Limited 2wd '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited Awd '20-'22, Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'21) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid Platinum 2wd '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '20-'22) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE '21-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE w/Navigation & JBL Audio '21-'22) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander L, LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE 2wd & Awd '23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid LE Nightshade, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade 2wd & Awd '24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade, Hybrid Limited 25th Anniversary Edition Awd '25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum Awd, Hybrid XLE Awd '26) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE 2wd '23-'24) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE Awd '23-'24) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited 2wd '23-'24) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '23-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum 2wd '23-'24) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '23-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 2wd '21-'24) |- |M |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 4wd '21-'24) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |B |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '22) |- |T |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 2wd '22-'24) |- |S |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 4wd '22-'24) |- |F |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 2wd '21-'24) |- |N |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |U |5DR Wagon (4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition 4wd '23) |- |P |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |H |5DR Wagon (4Runner Venture Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |D |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 2wd '21-'24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 4wd '21-'24) |- |C |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |J |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |L |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Pro 4wd '21-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sequoia SR5 '21-'22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Sport '21-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Limited '21-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Nightshade Special Edition '21-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Platinum '21-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Pro '21-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model] '20-'21, NX300h [base model] '20-'21, NX250 [base model] '22-'25, NX350 [base model] '22-'26,<br> NX350h [base model] '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Comfort package] '20, NX300h [base model w/Comfort package] '20) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21, NX300h [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX300h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX250 Premium '22-'25, NX350 Premium '22-'26, NX350h Premium '22-'26) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 Luxury '20-'21, NX300h Luxury '20-'21, NX250 Luxury '22-'23, NX350 Luxury '22-'26, NX350h Luxury '22-'26, NX450h+ [base model] '22-'25, NX450h+ Premium '26-, NX450h+ Luxury '26-) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport '20-'21) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport w/Comfort package '20, NX300 F Sport w/Premium package '21, NX300h F Sport Black Line '21) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350 F Sport Handling '22-'26, NX450h+ F Sport Handling '22-'26, Canadian-built NX350h '26-) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350h [Japanese-built] '26-) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model] '20-'22, RX350L [base model] '20-'22, RX450h [base model] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model] '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22,<br> RX450h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450h [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport '20-'22, RX450h F Sport '20-'22) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX450h F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX350 F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22, RX450h F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model] '20-'23) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'23) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 Luxury '20-'23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '23) |- |V |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Luxury/Luxury+] '24-'25) [Class E GVWR] |- |T |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Premium/Premium+, Overtrail/Overtrail+] '24-'25) [Class F GVWR] |- |C |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model] '20-'21) |- |D |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |E |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model] '20-'21) |- |F |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |N |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 [2-row base model] '22-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Premium [3-row] '22-'26) |- |M |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 F Sport [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h F Sport [3-row] '25-'26) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Luxury [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h Luxury [3-row] '25-'26) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury [2-row] '22-'24) |- |W |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Overtrail [2/3-row] '25-'26) |- |U |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Ultra Luxury [2-row] '25-'26) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |R |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport Access Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |S |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |A |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('17-'23) |- |E |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |G |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |B |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |D |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd (Canada only: '16-'17) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('21-'23) |- |} LWB=Long Wheelbase {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |J |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |K |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |L |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |M |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |R |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |U |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |T |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |C |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |E |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |D |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |N |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'17) |- |P |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'17) |- |R |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '20-'21) |- |T |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |C |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |E |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra TRD Pro CrewMax LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '19-'21) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |G |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |A |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Grade=== {{center|'''Position 4 (2022- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |K |Tundra SR ('22-'26) |- |L |Tundra SR5 ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |J |Tundra Limited ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |1 |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) ('25-'26) |- |N |Tundra Platinum ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |M |Tundra 1794 Edition ('22-'26) |- |P |Tundra TRD Pro ('22-'26) |- |V |Tundra Capstone ('22-'26) |- |W |Tundra Limited w/Nightshade Package or TRD Off-Road Package, Platinum w/TRD Off-Road Package ('24-'26), SR5 w/TRD Rally Package ('25-'26) |- |Z |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) w/Nightshade Package ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type 2010-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Highlander ('10-'19), Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 8AR-FTS engine.<br> Lexus NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21), IS200t ('16-'17), IS300 RWD ('18-'19), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'25), GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine. Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius (Two Eco, Three, Three Touring, Four, Four Touring trim levels) ('16-'18), Prius 2wd ('19-'22),<br> Corolla Hybrid ('21-'22). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 2 Front motors: 1NM (MG2), 1SM (MG1).<br> Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('20-'24). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Avalon Hybrid ('21-'22), Lexus ES300h ('21-'25). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Venza Hybrid ('21-'24). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Toyota Tundra SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition ('22-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown XLE, Limited Hybrid ('23-'25), Crown Nightshade Hybrid ('25). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26), Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26), Lexus TX350 ('24-'26),<br> 4Runner ('25-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) +<br> 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('10-'11), Lexus HS250h ('10-'12). |- | B || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('10-'15). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius (Two trim level: '16-'18), (One trim level: '17-'18), Corolla Hybrid ('20). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('20-'26), Lexus RX350h Awd ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (205 hp).<br> Toyota Avalon Awd ('21). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) (detuned version - 348 or 358 hp). Toyota Tundra SR ('22-'26). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LX600 ('22-'26), GX550 ('24-'25). |- | B || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [Japanese-built] ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla [Japanese-built] ('26-). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus TX500h Awd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26), 4Runner i-Force Max 4wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (278 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR5, TRD PreRunner, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, & Limited w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h 2wd ('25-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h Awd ('10-'15), Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('11-'16). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('10-'11). |- | C || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tundra i-Force Max ('22-'26). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX500h Awd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus TX550h+ Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [326 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, & TRD Pro] ('24). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown Signia Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [Total system hp: 323 hp on Trailhunter or 326 hp on all others]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, & TRD Pro] ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h 2wd ('26-). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus CT200h ('11-'17). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('12-'17), Avalon Hybrid ('13-'18). |- | D || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 1LM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius C ('12-'19). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp).<br> Lexus NX250 ('22-'25). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine. Toyota Highlander ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Max Awd ('24-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (228 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | D || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LX700h ('25-'26). |- | D || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [UK-built] ('26-). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2wd ('26-). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla XRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12), Matrix S, XRS ('10-'13),<br> Scion tC ('10), Scion xB ('10-'15). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('10-'17), IS350C ('10-'15),<br> GS350 ('10-'11, '13-'15), RC350 ('15-'17). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (270 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR, TRD Sport, & TRD Off-Road w/man. trans. ('24-'26). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 2VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Fwd ('26-). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('10-'17), Scion tC ('11-'16), RAV4 ('10-'18). |- | F || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('10-'15), IS250C ('10-'15). |- | F || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('16). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Crown Platinum Hybrid Max Awd ('23-'25). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor) [323 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [Trailhunter] ('24). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus RX450h Awd ('16-'22), RX450hL Awd ('18-'22). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('17-'19). |- | G || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus NX350 ('22-'26). |- | G || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Awd ('26-). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 3ZR-FAE engine. Toyota C-HR ('18-'22). |- | H || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26). |- | J || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1NR-FE engine. Scion iQ ('12-'15). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus NX300h Awd ('15-'21), RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('16-'18). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('10-'18), Camry V6 ('10-'17), Highlander ('10-'16),<br> RAV4 ('10-'12), Sienna ('10-'16), Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), RX350 ('10-'15). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h Awd ('22-'26). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX450h+ Awd ('22-'26). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('10-'17), GS460 ('10-'11). |- | M || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12), Tundra ('10-'19), Lexus GX460 ('10-'23). |- | M || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine (detuned version - 255 hp).<br> Lexus IS300 AWD ('16-'17), RC300 AWD ('16-'17). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('10-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 5JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus SC430 ('10). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('10-'14), RC F ('15-'25), GS F ('16-'20), LC500 ('18-'19). |- | P || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine.<br> Toyota Corolla sedan LE Eco ('14-'19), Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22). |- | R || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Sienna Hybrid 2wd ('21-'26). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('13-'18). |- | S || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sienna Hybrid Awd ('21-'26). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Tacoma ('10-'15), Tundra ('10). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24), FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Tundra ('11-'14). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Toyota Corolla sedan [except XRS & LE Eco] ('10-'19),<br> Matrix [base model] ('10-'13 & in Canada '14), Scion xD ('10-'14). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('10). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'18), Tundra ('10-'19). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus ES300h ('13-'18), NX300h 2wd ('15-'16). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Hybrid [all] ('19-'20), RAV4 Hybrid LE, XLE ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid Woodland Edition ('23-'25). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('10-'23), 4Runner 2wd ('10). |- | X || 4.8L || 72° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Engine co-developed by Yamaha. Toyota 1LR-GUE engine. Lexus LFA ('12). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22), Tundra ('10-'21),<br> Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21), Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21). |- | Y || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles.<br> Toyota 8GR-FXS engine + 2NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LC500h ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19). |- | Z || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine.<br> Lexus GS350 ('16-'20), RX350 ('16-'22), RX350L ('18-'22), IS350 ('18-'19), RC350 ('18-'25), ES350 ('19-'25),<br> Toyota Tacoma ('16-'23), Highlander ('17-'22), Sienna ('17-'20), Camry ('18-'24), Avalon ('19-'22). |- | 1 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp or <br> 202 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (L, LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('18-'20),<br> Camry (LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('21-'24), RAV4 ('19-'25), Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25). |- | 2 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (SE, XLE trim levels) ('18-'19),<br> Avalon Hybrid ('19-'20), Lexus ES300h ('19-'20). |- | 3 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (LE trim level) ('18-'19),<br> Camry Hybrid [all models] ('20-'24). |- | 3 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus UX200 2wd ('19-'22). |- | 4 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'22), Corolla sedan ('23-'26). |- | 5 || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LS500 ('18-'19). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (206 hp or <br> 205 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (XSE trim level) ('18-'24). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid XLE Premium, XSE, Limited ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid SE ('22-'25). |- | 6 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h 2wd ('23-'24). |- | 8 || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine (detuned version - 260 hp). Lexus IS300 AWD ('18-'19), RC300 AWD ('18-'25). |- | 9 || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius AWD-e ('19-'22). |- | 9 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h Awd ('19-'24). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2010-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | L || 41.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || M7M5 motor made by Tesla. Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14). |- | V || 12 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2KM motor. Scion iQ EV ('13). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Toyota bZ4X FWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1XM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota C-HR EV AWD ('26-), Subaru Uncharted Sport, GT AWD ('26-). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1YM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Toyota bZ4X AWD ('23-'25), Subaru Solterra AWD ('23-'25). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Lexus RZ300e FWD ('24-'25). |- | B || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted Premium FWD [Canada: FWD LR] ('26-). |- | C || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted FWD (Canada only: '26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited FWD ('26-), Lexus ES350e ('26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('26-). |- | C || 77 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ550e AWD ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited AWD ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT AWD ('26-),<br> Lexus ES500e ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Lexus RZ350e FWD ('26-). |- | E || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear). Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited AWD ('26-). |- | F || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE FWD ('26-). |- | G || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ Woodland AWD ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker AWD ('26-). |} ====Motor Type for Fuel Cell Vehicles 2016-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | V || 1.6 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Hydrogen || Front || 4JM motor. Toyota Mirai ('16-'20). |- | A || 1.24 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Hydrogen || Rear || 3KM motor. Toyota Mirai ('21-'26). |} ===Restraint System=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description !Application |- |1 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus HS250h '10-'12, ES350 '10-'25,<br> ES250 AWD '21-'25, ES300h '13-'25,<br> ES350h '26-, ES350e '26-, ES500e '26-,<br> GS200t '16-'17, GS300 '18-'19,<br> GS350 '10-'11, '13-'20, GS460 '10-'11,<br> GS450h '10-'11, '13-'18, GS F '16-'20,<br> LS460 '10-'17 (Opt.), LS600hL '10-'12 (Opt.), LS600hL '13-'16, LS500 '18-'19, LS500h '18-'19,<br> RX350 '10-'15, RX450h '10-'15, IS250 '14-'15,<br> IS200t '16-'17, IS300 RWD '18-'19,<br> IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 '14-'19, Camry '12-'24, Avalon '13-'22 |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C, IS350C '10-'15 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '10-'12, Camry '10-'11, Prius '10-'15,<br> Prius V '12-'17 & '18 in Canada,<br> Scion tC '10,<br> Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada,<br> Highlander '10-'13, Sienna '11-'14 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag (Though not reflected in the VIN, a Front passenger seat cushion airbag is also standard.) |Sienna '15-'20 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 Prime '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '25 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for all rows |Corolla '10-'13,<br> Matrix '10-'13 & in Canada '14,<br> Yaris hatchback '10-'11, Yaris sedan '10-'12,<br> Scion xD '10-'12, Scion xB '10-'15,<br> Sienna '10, FJ Cruiser '10-'14,<br> Tacoma '10-'15 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for 1st 2 rows |RAV4 '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |4Runner '10-'26, Sequoia '10-'22,<br> Tundra '10-'26, Scion tC '11-'16,<br> Tacoma '16-'23, Tacoma Double Cab '24-'26,<br> Lexus LS460 '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'12, IS250/IS350 '10-'13, IS F '10-'14,<br> CT200h '11-'17, RC200t '16-'17,<br> RC300 RWD '18-'25, RC300 AWD '16-'25,<br> RC350 '15-'25, RC F '15-'25,<br> LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'21,<br> Lexus GX460 '10-'23, LX570 '10-'11, '13-'21, LX600 '22-'26, LX700h '25-'26 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Lexus LFA '12 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25, Camry '25-'26,<br> Crown Signia '25-'26, Sequoia '23-'26,<br> bZ4X '23-'25, bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-,<br> C-HR EV '26-,<br> Subaru Solterra '23-'26, Trailseeker '26-, Uncharted '26-,<br> Lexus RZ450e '23-'26, RZ300e '24-'25,<br> RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26- |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Venza '21-'24, Grand Highlander '24-'26,<br> Lexus TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26,<br> TX550h+ '24-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Corolla Cross '22-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury '22-'24,<br> LX700h Ultra Luxury '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla '23-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24,<br> Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Tacoma XtraCab '24-'26 |- |B |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla Morizo Edition '23, GRMN Corolla '26- |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus NX250 '22-'25, NX350 '22-'26,<br> NX350h '22-'26, NX450h+ '22-'26 |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus GX550 '24-'25 |- |F |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Land Cruiser '24-'26 |- |J |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus UX200 '19-'22, UX250h '19-'24,<br> UX300h '25-'26 |- |K |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350L '18-'22, RX450hL '18-'22,<br> Sienna '21-'26 |- |L |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LS500 '18-'19 (Opt.), LS500h '18-'19 (Opt.) |- |M |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350 '16-'26, RX450h '16-'22,<br> RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26,<br> RX450h+ '24-'26, C-HR '18-'22, Corolla '21-'27, Prius '21-'22, Prius Prime '21-'22 |- |P |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Scion xD '13-'14 |- |R |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 '13-'25, RAV4 Hybrid '16-'26,<br> RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '26-,<br> Corolla '14-'20, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Highlander '14-'26, Prius '16-'20,<br> Prius Prime '17-'20, Mirai '16-'20,<br> Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'21,<br> NX300h '15-'21 |- |T |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Prius C '12-'19 |- |U |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Yaris hatchback '12-'18 & '19 in Canada |- |X |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags, and Rear Window airbag |Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13 |- |} ===Series=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Lexus LC500 ('18-'19) URZ100L, LC500h ('18-'19) GWZ100L |- |B |Scion TC ('10) ANT10L |- |B |Scion XD ('10-'14) ZSP110L |- |B |Lexus HS250h ('10-'12) ANF10L |- |B |Lexus CT200h ('11-'17) ZWA10L |- |B |Lexus LFA ('12) LFA10L |- |B |Scion iQ ('12-'15) NGJ10L, Scion iQ EV ('13) KPJ10L |- |B |Toyota Prius C ('12-'19) NHP10L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('13-'15) GRL10L, GS350 4wd ('13-'15) GRL15L |- |B |Lexus GS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & GS300 2wd ('18-'19) ARL10L, GS350 2wd ('16-'19) GRL12L, GS350 4wd ('16-'19) GRL16L, GS F ('16-'20) URL10L |- |B |Lexus GS450h ('13-'18) GWL10L |- |B |Lexus RC350 2wd ('15-'19) GSC10L, RC350 4wd ('15-'19) GSC15L, RC F ('15-'25) USC10L |- |B |Lexus RC200t 2wd ('16-'17) & RC300 2wd ('18-'19) ASC10L, RC300 4wd ('16-'19) GSC16L |- |B |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) JPD10L |- |B |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) ZGX10L |- |B |Toyota Corolla hatchback ('19-'27) MZEA12L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25) GSZ10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES300h ('19-'20) AXZH10L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Lexus UX200 ('19-'22) MZAA10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('23-'24) MZAH10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('19-'24) MZAH15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus IS250 2wd ('10-'13) GSE20L, IS250 4wd ('10-'13) GSE25L, IS350 2wd ('10-'13) GSE21L, IS350 4wd ('11-'13) GSE26L, IS F ('10-'14) USE20L |- |C |Lexus IS250C ('10-'15) GSE20L, IS350C ('10-'15) GSE21L |- |C |Scion TC ('11-'16) AGT20L |- |D |Toyota Avalon ('10-'12) GSX30L |- |D |Toyota Prius ('10-'15) ZVW30L |- |D |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15) ZVW35L |- |D |Toyota Yaris hatchback: NCP131L ('12-'18 & '19 in Canada) |- |D |Lexus IS250 2wd ('14-'15) GSE30L, IS250 4wd ('14-'15) GSE35L |- |D |Lexus IS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & IS300 2wd ('18-'19) ASE30L, IS300 4wd ('16-'19) GSE37L |- |D |Lexus IS350 2wd ('14-'19) GSE31L, IS350 4wd ('14-'19) GSE36L |- |E |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13) ZRE142L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12) AZE141L |- |E |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13 & in Canada '14) ZRE142L,<br> Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('10-'13) AZE141L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('10-'13) AZE144L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) AZE146L |- |E |Toyota Camry ('10-'11) I4: ASV40L, V6: GSV40L, Hybrid: AHV40L |- |E |Lexus ES350 ('10-'12) GSV40L |- |E |Lexus LS460 2wd ('10-'17) USF40L, LS460L 2wd ('10-'17) USF41L, LS460 4wd ('10-'17) USF45L, LS460L 4wd ('10-'17) USF46L |- |E |Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16) UVF46L |- |E |Lexus SC430 ('10) UZZ40L |- |E |Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada) ZVW41L |- |E |Toyota Avalon ('13-'18) V6: GSX40L, Hybrid: AVX40L |- |F |Toyota Camry ('12-'17) I4: ASV50L, V6: GSV50L, Hybrid: AVV50L |- |F |Toyota Prius ('16-'18) ZVW50L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, 2wd), ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd) |- |F |Toyota Prius ('19-'22) ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd), ZVW55L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22) ZVW52L (Lithium-ion Battery, PHEV, 2wd) |- |F |Lexus LS500 2wd ('18-'19) VXFA50L, LS500 4wd ('18-'19) VXFA55L |- |F |Lexus LS500h 2wd ('18-'19) GVF50L, LS500h 4wd ('18-'19) GVF55L |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'22) V6: GSX50L (2wd) |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'20) Hybrid: AXXH50L (2wd) (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('13-'18) GSV60L |- |G |Lexus ES300h ('13-'18) AVV60L |- |H |Toyota Corolla sedan ('14-'19) ZRE172L |- |H |Toyota Camry ('18-'19) I4: AXVA70L, V6: GSV70L, Hybrid: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery), AXVH71L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |J |Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18) ZRE186L |- |K |Toyota Yaris - Hatchback: NCP91L ('10-'11), 4-d sedan: NCP93L ('10-'12) |- |K |Lexus GS350 2wd ('10-'11) GRS191L, GS350 4wd ('10-'11) GRS196L |- |K |Lexus GS460 ('10-'11) URS190L |- |K |Lexus GS450h ('10-'11) GWS191L |- |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ200L |- |A |Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ201L. In '20-'21, also denotes 4wd. |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |B |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('10-'14) GSJ10L (2wd), GSJ15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV10L (2wd), GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('16 [Canada only]) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX350 ('10-'15) GGL10L (2wd), GGL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX450h ('10-'15) GYL10L (2wd), GYL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX200t ('15-'17) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('18-'19) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300h - 2wd: AYZ10L ('15-'16), 4wd: AYZ15L ('15-'19) |- |B |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('16-'23) GRN310L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Sienna ('10) 2wd: GSL20L, 4wd: GSL25L |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) TRN220L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma X-Runner Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13 & '14 in Canada & '14-'15 in HI) GRN225L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Lexus RX350 ('16-'19) GGL20L (2wd), GGL25L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX350L ('18-'19) GGL21L (2wd), GGL26L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX450h - 2wd: GYL20L ('16), 4wd: GYL25L ('16-'19) |- |C |Lexus RX450hL 4wd: GYL26L ('18-'19) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada) I4: ASL30L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'20) V6: GSL30L (2wd), GSL35L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 ('10-'12) I4: ASA38L (2wd), ASA33L (4wd), V6: GSA38L (2wd), GSA33L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14) QEA38L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN330L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('10) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('11-'13) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) TRN240L (I4) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) TRN245L (I4), GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 ('13-'18) I4: ASA42L (2wd), ASA44L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'18) AVA44L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) TRN245L (I4) |- |F |Scion XB ('10-'15) AZE151L |- |F |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('10-'15) GRN250L (V6) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('10-'13) GSK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('14) GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('10) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('11-'13) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('14-'19) UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('10) USK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('11-'17) USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('18-'21) USK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('10) UPK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('11-'19) UPK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('10-'13) USK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('14-'17) USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('18-'21) USK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Lexus GX460 ('10-'19) URJ150L |- |F |Toyota Highlander ('14-'19) I4: ASU50L (2wd), V6: GSU50L (2wd), GSU55L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU58L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 ('19-'25) I4: AXAA52L (2wd), AXAA54L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: ('19-'25) AXAH54L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd), ('21-'25) AXAL54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24) & RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25) AXAP54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12) 4.6L V8: UPK60L (2wd), UPK65L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('13-'20) 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('10) TRN260L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) TRN265L (I4), GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |H |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN270L (V6) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10) I4: TRN280L (2wd) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24) V6: GRN280L (2wd), GRN285L (4wd) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Series & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22) w/1.8L 2ZR-FAE engine: ZRE212L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 2wd: AXVA70L, V6 2wd: GSV70L, Hybrid 2wd: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Avalon ('21-'22) Hybrid: AXXH51L (2wd) (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) JPD20L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (Japan-built) |- |A |Toyota Crown ('23-'25) 2.5L Hybrid Awd: AZSH35L, 2.4L Turbo Hybrid Max Awd: TZSH35L |- |A |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Crown Signia ('25-'26) AZSH38L, Awd |- |A |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH11L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH21L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350e ('26-) XXZM21L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('20) ZWE211L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 Awd: AXVA75L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('20) GRL12L |- |B |Lexus RC300 2wd ('20-'25) ASC10L, RC350 2wd ('20-'25) GSC10L |- |B |Toyota Avalon ('21) I4 AWD: AXXA55L |- |B |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH65L, Awd |- |C |Toyota Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'26), FX Edition ('25) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA12L, 2wd |- |C |Lexus GS350 4wd ('20) GRL16L |- |C |Lexus ES300h ('21-'25) AXZH11L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |C |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24) & Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) MXWH61L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXVH80L |- |D |Lexus RC350 Awd ('20-'25) GSC15L |- |D |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('21-'22) ZWE213L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |D |Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25) AXZA15L, Awd |- |D |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (US-built) |- |D |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXVH85L |- |D |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH16L, Awd |- |D |Toyota GR Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (UK-built) |- |D |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH26L, Awd |- |D |Lexus ES500e ('26-) XXZM26L, Awd |- |E |Lexus RC300 Awd ('20-'25) GSC16L |- |E |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (Japan-built) |- |F |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE219L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |H |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE215L, Awd (Lithium-ion Battery) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 2wd: GSU70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('23-'25) I4 Turbo 2wd: TXUA70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'24) Hybrid 2wd: AXUH70L |- |A |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL20L (2wd) |- |A |Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) AXUH85L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH80L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |A |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA20L (2wd), NX350h ('26-) AAZH20L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) XEAM10L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus RZ450e ('23-'25) XEBM15L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TASA10L, Hybrid 2wd: AASH10L |- |A |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TJH250L |- |A |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TZNA50L |- |A |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL64L, Awd; RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-) AXAP64L, Awd |- |A |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-), Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 4wd: GSU75L |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('23-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TXUA75L |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus GX460 ('20-'23) URJ150L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK65L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH85L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26) MXGH15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA71L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH71L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |B |Toyota bZ4X (Early '23), Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |B |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e ('24-'25) XEBM10L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo Awd: TASA15L, Hybrid Awd: AASH15L, Hybrid Max Awd: TASH15L |- |B |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA15L (Awd), TX500h ('24-'26) TAUH15L (Awd) |- |B |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TZNA55L, i-Force MAX Hybrid 4wd: TZNH55L |- |B |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL62L, 2wd |- |B |Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM10L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Highlander ('20-'26) Hybrid 4wd: AXUH78L |- |C |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA72L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |C |Lexus LX600 ('22-'26) VJA310L (4wd), LX700h ('25-'26) VJH310L (4wd) |- |C |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA15L (Awd), RX350h ('23-'26) AALH15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus TX550h+ ('24-'26) GYU15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus RZ450e ('26-), RZ550e ('26-) XEBM25L, Awd |- |D |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ15L (Awd), NX300h ('20-'21) AYZ15L (Awd) |- |D |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL25L (Awd), RX450h ('20-'22) GYL25L (Awd) |- |D |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |D |Lexus GX550 ('24-'25) VJA252L, 4wd |- |D |Lexus RZ350e ('26-) XEBM20L, 2wd |- |E |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL21L (2wd) |- |E |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXLH40L |- |E |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA76L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH76L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |E |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA25L (Awd), NX350 ('22-'26) TAZA25L (Awd), NX350h ('22-'26) AAZH25L (Awd) |- |E |Lexus RX500h ('23-'26) TALH17L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota bZ ('26-) XEAM11L, 2wd |- |F |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL26L (Awd), RX450hL ('20-'22) GYL26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXLH45L |- |F |Lexus NX450h+ ('22-'26) AAZH26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5, TRD PreRunner XtraCab 2wd, SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab 2wd: TZNA40L (278 hp) |- |F |Toyota bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT ('26-) XEAM15L, Awd |- |G |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA77L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |G |Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26) AALH16L (Awd) |- |G |Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited ('26-) XEAM18L, Awd |- |H |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 2wd, SR Double Cab 2wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA41L (228 hp) |- |H |Toyota bZ Woodland ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker ('26-) XEAM17L, Awd |- |J |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5 XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/man. trans., SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited Double Cab 4wd: TZNA45L (278 hp w/auto. trans., 270 hp w/man. trans.) |- |K |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA46L (228 hp) |- |L |Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max Hybrid ('24-'26) TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, TRD Pro Double Cab 4wd: TZNH47L (326 total system hp [all except Trailhunter], 323 total system hp on Trailhunter) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Vehicle Line & Make=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Scion iQ, Toyota Scion iQ EV ('13) |- |1 |Toyota Tundra ('10-'21) |- |1 |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22) |- |1 |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25), ES250 AWD ('21-'25), ES300h ('19-'25) |- |1 |Lexus ES350h ('26-), ES350e ('26-), ES550e ('26-) |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS200t, IS300 RWD, IS300 AWD, IS350, IS F, IS250C, IS350C |- |3 |Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12) |- |3 |Toyota Prius C |- |4 |Toyota Scion xD |- |5 |Toyota Grand Highlander, Grand Highlander Hybrid |- |6 |Lexus TX350, TX500h, TX550h+ |- |7 |Toyota Scion tC |- |A |Lexus HS250h |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350L, RX450h, RX450hL |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350h, RX500h, RX450h+ |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X, Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) |- |B |Toyota Avalon, Avalon Hybrid |- |B |Toyota bZ |- |B |Toyota bZ Woodland |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e, RZ350e, RZ450e, RZ550e |- |C |Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid |- |C |Lexus RC200t, RC300 RWD, RC300 AWD, RC350, RC F |- |C |Subaru Solterra ('26-) |- |C |Subaru Trailseeker |- |D |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) |- |D |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-) |- |E |Toyota Corolla, GR Corolla, GRMN Corolla |- |E |Toyota Scion iM, Corolla iM |- |E |Toyota Matrix |- |E |Toyota Scion xB |- |E |Subaru Uncharted |- |F |Toyota FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |F |Lexus LS500, LS500h |- |F |Toyota Crown |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), ES300h ('13-'18) |- |G |Toyota Corolla Cross, Corolla Cross Hybrid |- |H |Toyota Highlander, Highlander Hybrid |- |H |Lexus CT200h |- |H |Lexus LFA |- |H |Lexus UX200, UX250h, UX300h |- |H |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Full-size: '10-'11, '13-'21) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Mid-size: '24-'26) |- |J |Toyota Crown Signia |- |K |Toyota Camry, Camry Hybrid |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS450h ('13-'15) |- |L |Lexus GS200t, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('16-'17) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('18) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS F ('19) |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS F ('20) |- |N |Toyota Tacoma |- |P |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15), Prius Prime ('17-'22) |- |R |Toyota 4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS350, GS460, GS450h ('10-'11) |- |U |Toyota Prius, Prius V |- |U |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |- |V |Toyota RAV4, RAV4 Hybrid, RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26), RAV4 EV |- |X |Lexus GX460, GX550 |- |X |Lexus LX570, LX600, LX700h |- |X |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Y |Lexus LC500, LC500h |- |Z |Lexus NX200t, NX300, NX300h |- |Z |Lexus NX250, NX350, NX350h, NX450h+ |} ===Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2022- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |B |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 5.5 ft. Bed |- |C |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |D |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 8.1 ft. Bed |} ==VIN Format 1996-2009== Toyota has used the following VIN format from 1996-2009 for North America and since 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |5 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |D |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |H |MPV: [[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |Truck: [[#Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System|Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |8 |C ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |S |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo) |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Avalon, '01-'03 Prius, Lexus ES, IS, GS, LS) |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD ('96-'97 Paseo, '96-'98 Celica, '96 Camry coupe, '99-'08 Camry Solara, '96-'00 Lexus SC300/SC400) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus GS300 AWD '06, GS350 AWD '07-'09, LS460 AWD '09) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD ('96-'05 Celica, '96-'98 Supra, '05-'09 Scion tC) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD ('09 Lexus LS460L AWD, '08-'09 LS600hL) |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD ('96 Corolla wagon, '96 Camry wagon, '02-'05 Lexus IS300 SportCross) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD ('97 Paseo conv., '96-'99 Celica conv., '00-'08 Camry Solara conv., '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '02-'09 Lexus SC430) |- |G |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS ('09 Matrix XRS) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD ('07-'09 Lexus LS460L) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD ('07-'09 Yaris 3-door) |- |K |4DR Hatchback or 5DR Liftback 2WD ('04-'09 Prius, '09 Yaris 5-door) / 5DR Sedan 2WD ('03-'08 Matrix 2wd, Scion xA, xD) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension ('09 Matrix Base model & S 2wd) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD ('03-'06, '09 Matrix 4wd) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 Lexus GX470) |- |D |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'97 Previa, '98-'00 Sienna, '96-'05 RAV4, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '01-'07 Highlander,<br> '96-'02 4Runner) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'97 Previa All-Trac, '96-'05 RAV4, '01-'07 Highlander, '96-'02 4Runner, '96-'09 Land Cruiser, '99-'03 Lexus RX300,<br> '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '96-'97 Lexus LX450, '98-'07 LX470, '08-'09 LX570) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'06, '08-'09 Scion xB) |- |X |2DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Y |2DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD ('98-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia) |- |} ===Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {{center|'''All have hydraulic brakes.'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |Tundra Access Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |D |Tundra Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |E |Tundra Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |G |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |H |Tacoma Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |J |T100 Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98), Tundra Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |R |Tundra Access Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |S |Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('98-'04) |- |T |T100 XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |U |T100 XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |V |Tacoma XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |W |Tacoma XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |L |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |M |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |R |Tundra Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |B |Tundra Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |S |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |C |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |E |Tundra CrewMax LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |D |Tundra CrewMax LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Engine Type 1996-2009=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('96-'97). |- | A || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330 ('04-'06),<br> Camry Solara ('04-'08). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla, Celica ST ('96-'97). |- | B || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 3CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('04-'09). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('07-'09). |- | C || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada), Paseo ('96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('07-'09). |- | D || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 2JZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Supra ('96-'98), Lexus GS300 ('96-'05), SC300 ('96-'00), IS300 ('01-'05). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('01-'07), RAV4 ('04-'08). |- | E || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('96-'98). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('02-'09), Camry Solara ('02-'08), Scion tC ('05-'09),<br> Scion xB ('08-'09), Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS ('09). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('06-'09), GS350 ('07-'09). |- | E || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine. Toyota Venza, Highlander ('09). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('96-'03), Avalon ('96-'99), Sienna ('98-'00),<br> Lexus ES300 ('96-'98), Camry Solara ('99-'03). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry LE V6, XLE V6 ('04-'06), Avalon ('00-'04),<br> Highlander ('01-'03), Sienna ('01-'03), Lexus ES300 ('99-'03), RX300 ('99-'03). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('09). |- | G || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT ('96-'99), Camry ('96-'01), Camry Solara ('99-'01). |- | H || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400, SC400 ('96-'00), GS400 ('98-'00). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1AZ-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03). |- | H || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3GR-FSE engine. Lexus GS300 ('06). |- | J || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX450 ('96-'97). |- | J || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Lexus ES350 ('07-'09). |- | K || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('96-'97). |- | K || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 2CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('01-'03). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('05-'09), RAV4 ('06-'09), Camry V6, Sienna,<br> Lexus RX350 ('07-'09), Venza ('09). |- | K || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('06-'09). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('96-'04). |- | L || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus GS430 ('01-'05). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('07-'09), GS460 ('08-'09). |- | L || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Japanese-built Toyota Corolla ('09). |- | M || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'00), T100 ('96-'98). |- | N || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'02), T100 ('96-'98), Tundra ('00-'04). |- | N || 2.2L || I4 || CNG || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FNE engine. Toyota Camry ('00-'01). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS430 ('01-'06), SC430 ('02-'09), GS430 ('06-'07). |- | P || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('96-'00). |- | P || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('04-'07). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('08-'09). |- | R || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('00 & later). Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('98-'08), Celica GT, MR2 Spyder ('00-'05),<br> Matrix ('03-'08). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('08-'09). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'05), Toyota Tundra ('00-'04),<br> Sequoia ('01-'04), 4Runner, Lexus GX470 ('03-'04). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('06-'07), Toyota 4Runner, Sequoia, Tundra, Lexus GX470 ('05-'09). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Echo ('00-'05), Yaris ('07-'09), Scion xA, xB ('04-'06). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09), Tacoma, Tundra ('05-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Scion xD ('08-'09), US- & Canadian-built Toyota Corolla ('09),<br> Matrix ('09). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09). |- | V || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Tundra ('07-'09). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid ('06-'09), Lexus RX400h ('06-'08). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Tundra ('09). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('05-'09). |- | Y || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVTL-i. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('00-'05), Matrix XRS ('03-'06), Corolla XRS ('05-'06). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Lexus LX570 ('08-'09). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence, VVTL-i= Variable Valve Timing and Lift w/Intelligence, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 1996-2009==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 27.4 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Electricity || Front || 1BM motor. Toyota RAV4 EV ('98-'03). |} ===Series 1996-2009=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('96-'97): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door ('96-'97) or wagon ('96) w/1.8L engine: AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('96-'97): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('96-'99): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry ('96) I4: SXV'''1'''0L, V6: MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 ('96) MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('96-'99) MCX'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Corolla ('98-'02) ZZE1'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Echo ('00-'05) NCP'''1'''2L |- |1 |Toyota Prius ('01-'03) NHW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) JCE'''1'''0L |- |1 |Scion TC ('05-'09) ANT1'''0'''L |- |1 |Scion XD ('08-'09) ZSP1'''1'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('96-'00) UCF'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Camry ('97-'01) I4: SXV'''2'''0L, V6: MCV'''2'''0L, CNG I4 ('00-'01): SXV'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Camry Solara - 2.2L I4 ('99-'01): SXV'''2'''0L, 2.4L I4 ('02-'03): ACV'''2'''0L, V6 ('99-'03): MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus ES300 ('97-'01) MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Avalon ('00-'04) MCX'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Prius ('04-'09) NHW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus IS250 2wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''0L, IS250 4wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''5L, IS350 ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''1L, IS F ('08-'09) USE'''2'''0L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('96-'00) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('96-'00) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Celica - GT w/1ZZ-FE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''0L, GT-S w/2ZZ-GE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) ZZW'''3'''0L |- |3 |Lexus LS430 ('01-'06) UCF'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Camry ('02-'06) I4: ACV'''3'''0L, 3.0L V6: MCV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 SE V6): MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Camry Solara ('04-'08) I4 : ACV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6: MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus ES300 ('02-'03) MCV'''3'''0L, ES330 ('04-'06) MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Corolla w/1ZZ-FE engine ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''0L, Corolla XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('05-'06) ZZE1'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 2wd ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''2L, Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 4wd ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''3L |- |3 |Toyota Avalon ('05-'09) GSX'''3'''0L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('96-'97) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |4 |Lexus SC430 ('02-'09) UZZ'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Camry ('07-'09) I4: ACV'''4'''0L, V6: GSV'''4'''0L, Hybrid: AHV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus ES350 ('07-'09) GSV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''0L, LS460L 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''1L |- |4 |Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09) UVF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''5L, LS460L 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''6L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel (US: '96-'98, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''3L |- |5 |Toyota Paseo (US: '96-'97, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''4L |- |6 |Lexus GS300 ('98-'05) JZS1'''6'''0L, GS400 ('98-'00) UZS1'''6'''0L, GS430 ('01-'05) UZS1'''6'''1L |- |6 |Scion XA ('04-'06) NCP'''6'''1L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('96-'98) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Yaris ('07-'09) Hatchback: NCP'''9'''1L, 4-d sedan: NCP'''9'''3L |- |9 |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''0L, GS300 4wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''5L |- |9 |Lexus GS350 2wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''1L, GS350 4wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''6L |- |9 |Lexus GS430 ('06-'07) UZS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS460 ('08-'09) URS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS450h ('07-'09) GWS1'''9'''1L |- |} CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('98-'07), Lexus LX470 ('98-'07) UZJ1'''0'''0L |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''0L |- |0 |Lexus LX570 ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('96-'97) TCR'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 2wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''5L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''6L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 4wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''0L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 EV 2wd ('98-'03) 4-door: BEA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Sienna ('98-'03) MCL'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03) MCU'''1'''0L (2wd), MCU'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09) V6: GRN2'''1'''0L (2wd), GRN2'''1'''5L (4wd), V8: UZN2'''1'''0L (2wd), UZN2'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('07-'09) GSJ'''1'''0L (2wd), GSJ'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota Venza 2wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''0L, V6: GGV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Venza 4wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''5L, V6: GGV'''1'''5L |- |1 |Toyota T100 I4 2wd ('96-'98) RCK'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota T100 V6 2wd ('96-'98) VCK'''1'''1L |- |2 |Toyota T100 V6 4wd ('96-'98) VCK'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('96-'97) TCR'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03) ACA'''2'''6L (2wd), ACA'''2'''1L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('04-'05) ACA'''2'''8L (2wd), ACA'''2'''3L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('04-'06) 2wd: MCL'''2'''0L, 4wd: MCL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('07-'09) 2wd: GSL'''2'''0L, 4wd: GSL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 2wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''0L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''0L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''3L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 4wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''5L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''5L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''8L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''8L |- |2 |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) UZJ1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''0L (I4) |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''5L (I4), GRN2'''2'''5L (V6) |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 2wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''3'''0L, '05-'06 4.0L V6: GSK'''3'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 2wd ('04-'06) UCK'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Sequoia ('01-'07) UCK'''3'''5L (2wd), UCK'''4'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Scion XB ('04-'06) NCP'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus RX330 ('04-'06) MCU'''3'''3L (2wd), MCU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX350 ('07-'09) GSU'''3'''0L (2wd), GSU'''3'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX400h ('06-'08) MHU'''3'''3L (2wd), MHU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('06-'08) I4: ACA'''3'''8L (2wd), ACA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('09) I4: ASA'''3'''8L (2wd), ASA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''5L (I4), GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 4wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''4'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 4wd ('04-'06) UCK'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('08) 2wd: GSU'''4'''0L, 4wd: GSU'''4'''5L, Hybrid 4wd: MHU'''4'''8L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('09) I4: ASU'''4'''0L (2wd), V6: GSU'''4'''0L (2wd), GSU'''4'''5L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU'''4'''8L (4wd) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''5'''0L (2.4L I4), VZN1'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('07-'09) GSK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Scion XB ('08-'09) AZE1'''5'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''6'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''0L (I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''5L (I4), GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Sequoia ('08-'09) 4.7L V8: UCK'''6'''0L (2wd), UCK'''6'''5L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK'''6'''0L (2wd), USK'''6'''5L (4wd) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''7'''1L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab 4wd ('01-'04) VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''7'''0L (V6) |- |8 |Toyota 4Runner - '96-'00 I4: RZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), RZN1'''8'''5L (4wd), '96-'02 V6: VZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), VZN1'''8'''5L (4wd) |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('96-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab [2wd] ('99-'04) RZN1'''9'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab [2wd] ('98-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab [2wd] ('01-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America)<br> Note: Toyota/Lexus VINs before 2010 do not reflect if the vehicle has rear-seat side airbags. Some Lexus ES, GS, & LS models are so equipped. !Code !Description !Application |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags |Tercel '96-'98, Corolla '96-'08, Camry '96-'06, Avalon '96-'97, Paseo '96-'97, Celica '96-'05,<br> Supra '96-'98, Camry Solara '99-'03, Echo '00-'05, MR2 Spyder '00-'05, Prius '01-'06,<br> Matrix '03-'08, Yaris '07-'08, Scion xA '04-'06, Lexus ES300 '96-'97, GS300 '96-'97, LS400 '96,<br> SC300/SC400 '96-'00 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '07-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '05-'09, Camry '07-'09, Scion tC '05-'07 (Opt.), Scion tC '08-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus LS430 '04-'06, LS460 '07-'09, LS600hL '08-'09, GS300 '06, GS350 '07-'09,<br> GS430 '06-'07, GS460 '08-'09, GS450h '07-'09, IS250/IS350 '06-'09, IS F '08-'09,<br> ES350 '07-'09 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Scion tC '05-'07 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Side Airbags |Corolla '98-'04 (Opt.), Camry '98-'01 (Opt.), Avalon '98-'04, Camry Solara '99-'03 (Opt.),<br> Camry Solara coupe '04-'06, Camry Solara convertible '04-'08, Celica '00-'05 (Opt.),<br> Echo '01-'05 (Opt.), Prius '01-'03 (Opt.), Matrix '03-'04 (Opt.), Lexus LS400 '97-'00,<br> ES300 '98-'01, GS300/GS400 '98-'00, IS300 '01, SC430 '02-'06 |- |9 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front-seat Side Curtain Airbags |Lexus GS300/GS430 '01-'05, IS300 '02-'05 |- |0 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Camry '02-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '04-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '07-'08,<br> Prius '04-'06 (Opt.), Prius '07-'09, Corolla '05-'08 (Opt.), Corolla '09, Matrix '05-'08 (Opt.), Matrix '09, Yaris '07-'08 (Opt.), Yaris '09, Scion xA '04-'06 (Opt.), Scion xD '08-'09, Lexus LS430 '01-'03, ES300 '02-'03, ES330 '04-'06 |- |} ===Grade=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |RAV4 ('96-'05), Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), GX470 ('03-'09), LX470 ('98-'07), LX570 ('08-'09), Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |1 |T100 [Base model] ('96-'98), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander/Highlander Hybrid [Base model] ('08-'09), RAV4 Limited 2-row ('06-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09), Venza ('09), Lexus RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09), RX400h ('06-'08) |- |2 |Previa DX ('96-'97), Tacoma [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('98-'00), Tacoma ('01-'09), T100 DX ('96-'98), Tundra [Base model] ('00-'09),<br> Sienna XLE ('04-'09), Sienna XLE Limited ('04-'05), Sienna Limited ('06-'09), Scion xB w/auto. trans. ('04-'06), RAV4 Sport 2-row ('06-'09),<br> Highlander Limited ('08-'09) |- |3 |Previa LE ('96-'97), Sienna LE, XLE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [US market] ('04-'09), Sienna LE ('04-'09), Scion xB w/man. trans. ('04-'06),<br> RAV4 [Base model, 2-row] ('06-'09), Highlander Sport ('08-'09) |- |4 |4Runner [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('96-'97), Tacoma Limited ('98-'00), T100 SR5 ('96-'98), Tundra SR5 ('00-'09), Sequoia SR5 ('01-'09),<br> 4Runner SR5, Sport ('03-'09), RAV4 Limited 3-row ('06-'09), Highlander Hybrid Limited ('08-'09) |- |5 |Land Cruiser ('96-'09), RAV4 [Base model, 3-row] ('06-'09) |- |6 |4Runner SR5 ('96-'02) |- |7 |4Runner Limited ('96-'09), Sequoia Platinum ('08-'09) |- |8 |Lexus LX450 ('96-'97), Tundra Limited ('00-'09), Sequoia Limited ('01-'09) |- |9 |Sienna CE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [Canadian market] ('04-'09) |} ===Vehicle Line=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra |- |2 |Lexus IS300 |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS350, IS F |- |3 |Echo / Yaris |- |4 |Scion xA / Scion xD |- |4 |Scion xB ('04-'06) |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Supra |- |A |Highlander |- |A |Sequoia |- |A |Venza |- |B |Avalon |- |C |Sienna |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix |- |E |Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS400 |- |F |Lexus LS430 |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |G |Lexus ES300, ES330, ES350 |- |H |Paseo |- |J |Land Cruiser |- |J |Lexus LX450 |- |K |Camry |- |L |Tercel |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS300, GS350 |- |S |Lexus GS430, GS460 |- |S |Lexus GS450h |- |T |Celica |- |U |Prius |- |U |Lexus RX300 |- |U |Lexus RX330, RX350, RX400h |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |Lexus LX470, LX570 |- |X |Lexus GS400 |- |X |Lexus GX470 |- |Y |RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |Y |Lexus SC400 |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Z |Lexus SC300 |- |} ==VIN Format 1981-1995== For vehicles prior to model year 1996 for North America and 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |V |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |N |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |1 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |3 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |G ||[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System]] |- |9 |3 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |R |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |5 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |6 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |2 |- |14 |2 |- |15 |2 |- |16 |1 |- |17 |7 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |3 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |J |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |4 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |V ||[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |D |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Drivetrain Type|Drivetrain Type]] |- |7 |2 |[[#Cab Type & Chassis|Cab Type & Chassis]] |- |8 |P ||[[#Series (Grade) & Brake System|Series (Grade) & Brake System]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} ===Engine Type 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3A-C engine. Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82), Tercel ('83-'86), Tercel wagon ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('83), Corolla Sport DX, SR5 ('84-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GELC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 ('85-'89), Corolla FX-16 ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GEC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GZE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89) |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla GT-S ('88-'91). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-F engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'89). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'95), Celica ST ('90-'93). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FE engine. Toyota Previa ('91-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('94-'95). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'85). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('84-'85). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('86). |- | D || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('93-'95). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || 1-bbl carb. Toyota 3E engine. Toyota Tercel ('87-'90). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3E-E engine. Toyota Tercel ('90-'94). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('95), Paseo ('92-'95). |- | F || 4.2L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || 2-bbl. Carb. Toyota 2F engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('81-'87). |- | F || 4.0L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3F-E engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('88-'92). |- | G || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('94-'95), Avalon ('95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2JZ-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('93-'95), Lexus SC300 ('92-'95), GS300 ('93-'95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('93-'95). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4K-C engine. Toyota Starlet ('81-'82). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4K-E engine. Toyota Starlet ('83-'84). |- | L || 2.2L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota L engine. Toyota Pickup ('81-'83). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L engine. Toyota Pickup ('84-'85). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L-T engine. Toyota Pickup ('85). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-E engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('81), Cressida ('81-'82). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-GE engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86), Cressida ('83-'88). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92), Cressida ('89-'92). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('87-'92). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 22R engine. Toyota Celica, Corona ('81-'82), Pickup ('81-'90), 4Runner ('84). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-E (EC for CA emissions version) engine.<br> Toyota Celica ('83-'85), Pickup ('84-'95), 4Runner ('85-'95). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-TE (TEC for CA emissions version) engine. Toyota Pickup ('85-'88), 4Runner ('86-'87). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 2S-ELC engine. Toyota Camry ('83-'86), Celica ST/GT ('86). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GELC engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('86-'89). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota Celica ST/GT ('87-'89), Camry ('87-'91). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GTE engine.<br> Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93), MR2 Turbo ('91-'95). |- | S || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT/GT-S ('90-'93), Celica GT ('94-'95), MR2 ('91-'95), Camry ('92-'95). |- | T || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3T-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('81-'82). |- | U || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400 ('90-'95), SC400 ('92-'95). |- | U || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('95). |- | U || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('94-'95). |- | V || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('88-'91), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-E engine. Toyota 4Runner, Pickup ('88-'95), T100 ('93-'94). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('92-'93). |- | V || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('95). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 3Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('84-'85). |- | Y || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('86-'89). |} ===Vehicle Line 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Celica rwd ('81-'85) |- |A |Celica Supra ('81-'86) |- |A |Supra ('86 1/2-'95) |- |B |Avalon ('95) |- |C |Previa ('91-'95) |- |D |T100 ('93-'95) |- |E |Corolla ('81-'95) |- |F |Lexus LS400 ('90-'95) |- |J |Land Cruiser ('81-'95) |- |K |Camry ('92-'95) |- |K |Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |L |Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) |- |L |Tercel ('83-'95) |- |L |Paseo ('92-'95) |- |N |Pickup (compact pickup & chassis cab '81-'95) |- |N |Tacoma ('95 1/2) |- |N |4Runner ('84-'95) |- |P |Starlet ('81-'84) |- |R |Van ('84-'89) |- |S |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |T |Corona ('81-'82) |- |T |Celica fwd or awd ('86-'95) |- |V |Camry ('83-'91) |- |V |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |- |W |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95) |- |X |Cressida ('81-'92) |- |Z |Lexus SC300, SC400 ('92-'95) |- |} ===Model Designation=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door or wagon w/1.8L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('94-'95): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('94-'95): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - Gas I4 ('83-'86): SV'''1'''1L, 1.8L Turbodiesel I4 [1C-TLC] ('84-'85): CV'''1'''0L, 2.0L Turbodiesel I4 [2C-TLC] ('86): CV'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota MR2 ('85-'89) AW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus LS400 ('90-'94) UCF'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - I4 ('92-'95): SXV'''1'''0L, V6 w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, V6 w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 - w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('95) MCX'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) AL12L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |2 |Toyota Camry sedan - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1L, I4 All-Trac 4WD ('88-'91): SV'''2'''5L, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Camry wagon - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1LG, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1LG |- |2 |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota MR2 ('91-'95) Base model w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: SW'''2'''1L, Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: SW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('95) UCF'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Corona ('81-'82) RT1'''3'''5L |- |3 |Toyota Tercel hatchback ('83-'86) AL21L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel wagon - 2wd: ('84-'87) AL21LG, 4wd: ('83-'88) AL25LG (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel coupe & hatchback ('87-'90) EL'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('92-'95) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('92-'95) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Celica ('81) RA'''4'''3L |- |4 |Toyota Celica Supra ('81) MA'''4'''7L |- |4 |Toyota Tercel ('91-'94) EL'''4'''2L |- |4 |Toyota Paseo ('92-'95) EL'''4'''4L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel ('95) EL'''5'''3L |- |6 |Toyota Starlet ('81-'84) KP'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Cressida - sedan w/solid (live) rear axle ('81-'82): MX'''6'''2L, sedan w/IRS ('83-'84): MX'''6'''3L, wagon ('81-'84): MX'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/22R engine ('82): RA'''6'''4L, ST & GT w/22R-E/EC engine & solid (live) rear axle ('83-'85): RA'''6'''4L,<br> GT-S w/22R-E/EC engine & IRS ('83-'85): RA'''6'''5L |- |6 |Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86) MA'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/2S-ELC engine ('86): ST1'''6'''1L, ST & GT w/3S-FE engine ('87-'89): ST1'''6'''2L, GT-S w/3S-GELC engine ('86-'89): ST1'''6'''2L,<br> All-Trac Turbo w/3S-GTE engine ('88): ST1'''6'''5L |- |7 |Toyota Corolla - w/1.8L OHV 3T-C engine ('81-'82): TE'''7'''2L, w/1.6L SOHC 4A-C engine ('83): AE'''7'''1L |- |7 |Toyota Cressida - sedan ('85-'88): MX'''7'''3L, wagon ('85-'87): MX'''7'''2LG |- |7 |Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92) MA'''7'''0L |- |8 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd, gas-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Fwd, diesel-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'85): CE'''8'''0L, Corolla FX/FX-16 Fwd 3-door hatchback ('87-'88): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Corolla Sport - Rwd, gas-powered 2-door coupe & 3-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''6L |- |8 |Toyota Cressida ('89-'92) MX'''8'''3L |- |8 |Toyota Celica ('90-'93) - ST w/1.6L 4A-FE engine: AT1'''8'''0L, GT & GT-S w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: ST1'''8'''4L, All-Trac Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: ST1'''8'''5L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('93-'95) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''2L, All-Trac 4wd 4-door sedan ('89-'90) & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''5L |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('91-'95) TCR'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Van - w/2.0L 3Y-EC engine ('84-'85): YR'''2'''1LG, w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 2wd ('86-'89): YR'''2'''2LG |- |2 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 2wd ('90-'91): RN1'''2'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 2wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('91-'95) TCR'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Van w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 4wd ('87-'89): YR'''3'''1LG |- |3 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 4wd ('90-'95): RN1'''3'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 4wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Land Cruiser 40 Series 2-door Hardtop ('81-'83) FJ'''4'''0LV |- |6 |Toyota Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - w/2F engine: FJ'''6'''0LG ('81-'87), w/3F-E engine ('88-'90): FJ'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota 4Runner 4wd - I4: RN'''6'''0LG ('84-'85), RN'''6'''1LG ('86-'89), V6 ('88-'89): VZN'''6'''1LG |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser - w/3F-E engine ('91-'92): FJ'''8'''0L, w/1FZ-FE engine ('93-'95) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |} ===Drivetrain Type=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |4wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95) |- |0 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '95 |- |1 |4wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95) |- |1 |2wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |4wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |2wd (Cargo Van) '84-'89 |- |3 |4wd (Cargo Van) '87-'89 |- |4 |2wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |5 |2wd (Pickup, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version) '84-'88 |- |5 |2wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |6 |4wd (Pickup '84-'88, 4Runner - truck version '84-'89, Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |6 |4wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |6 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '84-'85, '87-'89 |- |7 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab - Extra LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |2wd (Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |4wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |8 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '91-'93 |- |8 |2wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version '89-'93) |- |9 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '89-'93) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Series (Grade)=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Supra [base model] ('86 1/2-'92), Corolla LE ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95), Avalon XL ('95) Lexus SC400 ('92-'95) |- |1 |Starlet ('81-'84), Corolla Tercel [base model] ('81-'82), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d/4-d ('82), Tercel [base model] ('83-'89), Tercel EZ ('87),<br> Tercel [base model w/carbureted engine] ('90), Corolla [base model] ('81-'83), Camry [base model] ('87), Camry DX ('87-'95), Supra Turbo ('87-'92),<br> Corolla [base model] ('90-'92), MR2 [base model] ('91-'95), Supra [base model] ('93-'95), Avalon XLS ('95), Lexus LS400 ('90-'94), SC300 ('92-'95) |- |2 |Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d ('81), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 3-d ('81-'82), Tercel Deluxe ('83-'89), Tercel Deluxe w/carbureted engine ('90), Corolla DX ('81-'83),<br> Corolla SR5 ('83), Corolla DX 4-d sedan/5-d hatch ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('88-'89), Corona Deluxe ('81-'82),<br> Cressida ('81-'82), Cressida wagon ('83-'87), Camry DX ('83-'85), Camry DX w/gasoline engine ('86), Camry LE ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('87-'89),<br> MR2 Turbo ('91-'95), Supra Turbo ('93-'95), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91), LS400 ('95) |- |3 |Celica ST ('81-'86), Cressida sedan ('83-'92), Corolla LE ('84-'89), Camry DX turbodiesel ('86), Tercel [base model w/fuel injected engine] ('90),<br> Tercel DX ('91-'94), Camry XLE ('92-'95), Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |4 |Celica GT ('81-'86), Corolla LE Limited ('85-'86), Camry [base model] ('88-'91), Corolla DX All-Trac wagon ('88-'92), Corolla DX All-Trac sedan ('89-'90), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('90-'92), Tercel Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('90), Tercel LE ('91-'93), Camry SE ('92-'95), Corolla [base model] ('93-'95) |- |5 |Corolla SR5 ('81-'82), Corolla Sport [DX] ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('88-'89), Celica GT-S ('83-'93), Tercel SR5 ('83-'88), MR2 [base model] ('85-'89),<br> Paseo ('92-'95), Tercel [base model] ('95) |- |6 |Corona Luxury Edition ('81-'82), Camry LE ('83-'86), Corolla Sport SR5 ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 All-Trac wagon ('88-'90), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('90-'91),<br> Celica ST ('87-'93), MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89), Tercel EZ ('88-'90), Tercel [base model] ('91-'94), Tercel DX ('95) |- |7 |Celica Supra ('81-'86), Corolla FX16 ('87-'88), Celica GT coupe/liftback ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('91-'93, '95), Corolla LE ('90-'92),<br> Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |8 |Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87), Corolla GT-S Coupe ('88-'91), Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93) |- |9 |Corolla FX16 GT-S ('87-'88), Corolla DX ('93-'95) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Land Cruiser 40 Series ('81-'83), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('81-'87), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('91-'92) |- |1 |Previa DX ('91-'95), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('93-'95) |- |2 |Van Deluxe ('84-'89), 4Runner Deluxe ('85), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('88-'90), Previa LE ('91-'95) |- |3 |4Runner Deluxe ('86, '88-'89), Previa DX S/C ('95) |- |4 |4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('86-'87, '89), Previa LE S/C ('94-'95) |- |5 |4Runner SR5 ('84-'85) |- |6 |Van LE ('84-'89), 4Runner SR5 V6 ('88-'89) |- |7 |4Runner SR5 Turbo ('86-'87), 4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('90-'95) |- |9 |4Runner SR5 V6 ('90-'95) |} ===Cab Type & Chassis=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 (when following 5 or 6 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |0 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in.] (Pickup '86-'88) |- |0 |Wagon [4DR], long wheelbase (Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (T100 '93-'94) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, 4-cyl. (T100 '95) |- |1 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '84-'85) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |2 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '86-'89) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in. for 4x2, 121.9 in. for 4x4], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |4 |Panel van, 4-link rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 4wd '87-'89) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |5 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 5 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '86-'88) |- |6 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |7 |Van (Cargo Van '84-'85) |- |7 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |8 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |8 |Panel van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 2wd '86-'89) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is R) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbo gas engine (Pickup '85-'86) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is L) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |9 |Glass van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Window Van '86-'89) |} IFS= Independent Front Suspension ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Application !Restraint System |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '81-'89, MR2 '85-'89) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Sport Coupe '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback (Corolla Sport '84-'86 & in Canada '87) |Manual Belts |- |C |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR coupe (Tercel '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'89, Corona '81-'82, Camry '83-'86) |Manual Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '89) |Manual Belts |- |G |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd <br>(Starlet '81-'84, Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Tercel '83-'89, Tercel EZ '89 [some],<br> Corolla FX/FX16 '87-'88) |Manual Belts |- |H |5DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Camry '83-'86, Tercel '83-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] (MR2 '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '81-'89, Celica Supra '81-'86, Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Liftback '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |L |5DR hatchback 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '88) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR hardtop (Corolla [Sports] Hardtop '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR coupe (Corolla Sport '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Tercel '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83, '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 4wd (Tercel '83-'88) |Manual Belts |- |Z |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Tercel EZ '88 [all], '89 [some]) |Manual Belts |- |A |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '90-'92, Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |B |2DR sedan (Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Cressida '81-'92, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |F |2DR coupe (Tercel '90, Paseo '92) |Automatic Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90) |Automatic Belts |- |J |4DR sedan 4wd (Camry All-Trac '88-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |J |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '90-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |K |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |M |3DR liftback (Tercel '90) |Automatic Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Cressida '81-'87, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |S |2DR sedan (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |T |4DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |U |2DR coupe (Paseo '93-'95) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |C |2DR coupe (Lexus SC300/SC400 '92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '90-'92, Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |P |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES250 '90-'91, ES300 '92-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |B |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Lexus SC300/SC400 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '93-'95, GS300 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95, Avalon '95, Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES300 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |} '''Incomplete Passenger Cars - Body Type & Brake System''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type & Application !Brake System |- |K |2DR convertible (Celica '84-'85, '87-'89, '91-'93, '95) |Hydraulic Brakes |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !VIN Code !Description |- |C |Hardtop [2DR] ('81-'83 Land Cruiser 40 Series) |- |G |Wagon [4DR] ('81-'90 Land Cruiser 60 Series) |- |J |2DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'91 4Runner) |- |R |4DR Wagon 2WD ('91-'95 Previa) |- |S |4DR Wagon 4WD ('91-'95 Previa All-Trac) |- |V |Van ('84-'85 Van) |- |V |4DR Wagon 2WD ('90-'95 4Runner) |- |W |Wagon ('84-'89 4Runner, '86-'89 Van) |- |W |4DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'95 4Runner, '91-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |} ===Series (Grade) & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America) |+'''All have hydraulic brakes.''' !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('88, '90-'95), T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('93), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('94) |- |B |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] Turbo ('86-'87), T100 [base model] One Ton ('93), T100 DX One Ton ('94), Tacoma [base model] 2.4L 2wd ('95) |- |C |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] V6 ('88), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('93-'94), Tacoma [base model] 2.7L 4wd ('95) |- |D |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/carbureted gas engine ('84-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/diesel engine ('84-'85),<br> Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('91-'95), 4Runner - truck version [base model] ('84-'86), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe ('87-'89),<br> T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton 4-cyl. ('94-'95) |- |E |Pickup 3/4 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('85-'88), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |F |Tacoma V6 [base model] ('95), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |G |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 Turbo ('85-'88), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('89-'95), T100 DX One Ton ('95) |- |H |T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('95) |- |K |Tacoma SR5 V6 ('95) |- |M |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('88), 4Runner - truck version SR5 V6 ('88) |- |N |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('88), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [V6] ('89-'92), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe V6 ('89) |- |P |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe 4-cyl. ('91-'95) |- |R |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'90), Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84),<br> Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85-'90) |- |S |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 2wd w/fuel injected engine ('84), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 4wd w/carbureted engine ('84),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), 4Runner - truck version SR5 [4-cyl.] ('87-'88) |- |T |Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'93) |- |U |Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'88) |- |V |Van [Cargo van version] ('84-'89), Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - truck version ('87) |- |} ==VIN positions== ===Country of origin=== Position 1 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 (7A-7E) |New Zealand |- |7 (7F-70) |USA |- |8 (8A-8E) |Argentina |- |9 (9A-9E, 93-99) |Brazil |- |A (AA-AH) |South Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |South Korea |- |L |China |- |M (MA-ME, MY-M0) |India |- |M (MF-MK) |Indonesia |- |M (ML-MR) |Thailand |- |N (NL-NR) |Turkey |- |P (PA-PE) |Philippines |- |P (PL-PR) |Malaysia |- |R (RF-RK) |Taiwan |- |R (RL-RP) |Vietnam |- |S (SA-SM) |United Kingdom |- |T (TW-T2) |Portugal |- |V (VF-VR) |France |- |W |Germany |- |X (XS-XW, XZ-X0) |Russia |- |Y (YA-YE) |Belgium |} Second letter or number in parentheses is from position 2 of VIN. The characters in parentheses represent the range assigned to that particular country. ===Manufacturer (Japan/North America)=== Position 2 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |F |Fuji Heavy Industries LTD |- |G |GM |- |M |Mazda (Mexico) |- |M |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |- |N |NUMMI (Toyota car) |- |T |NUMMI (Toyota truck) |- |T |Toyota |- |Y |Toyota (Mississippi, USA) |- |8 |Toyota (Lexus - Kentucky, USA) |} ===Vehicle Type=== {{center|Position 3-Japan built models}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |D,K,N,X,1,2,7 |Passenger Car |- |A,B,F,4 |Truck |- |G |Bus |- |E,L,M,3 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) |- |5 |Incomplete Vehicle (typically a convertible) |} ===Body=== {{center|Position 4 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world, may be incorrect for most recent ones)}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD / Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Celica, Supra) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD (Corolla, Camry) / MPV, Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris) / 5DR Van AWD / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |K |5DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris, Prius) / 5DR Wagon 2WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |L |5DR Wagon 4WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |M |5DR Door Van 2WD / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |N |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 2WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |P |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 4WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |R |Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |S |3DR Liftback 4WD |- |T |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 2WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |U |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |W |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame TRD |- |X |5DR Sport Utility Wagon |- |Y |Sport Van |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD |} ===Engine=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 4 (before 1996 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |3A-C 1.5L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla Tercel, '83-'86 Tercel, '87-'88 Tercel wagon) |- |A |4A-C 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('83 Corolla, '84-'87 Corolla Sport DX, SR5) |- |A |4A-LC 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('84-'87 Corolla, '87-'88 Corolla FX) |- |A |4A-GEC 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'87 Corolla Sport GT-S) |- |A |4A-GE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'91 Corolla GT-S) |- |A |4A-F 1.6L DOHC, 16V carb. I4 ('88-'89 Corolla) |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 ('88-'95 Corolla, '90-'93 Celica ST) |- |A |4A-GELC 1.6L DOHC, 16V I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'89 MR2, '87-'88 Corolla FX16) |- |A |4A-GZE 1.6L DOHC, 16V Supercharged, IC I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'89 MR2 Supercharged) |- |A |7A-FE 1.8L DOHC, 16V I4 ('93-'95 Corolla, '94-'95 Celica ST) |- |A |2TZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('91-'95 Previa) |- |A |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('94-'95 Previa S/C) |- |C |1C-LC 1.8L diesel indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Corolla) |- |C |1C-TLC 1.8L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Camry) |- |C |2C-TLC 2.0L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('86 Camry) |- |D |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('93-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |E |3E 1.5L SOHC, 12V carb. I4 ('87-'90 Tercel) |- |E |3E-E 1.5L SOHC, 12V EFI I4 ('90-'94 Tercel) |- |E |5E-FE 1.5L DOHC, 16V I4 ('95 Tercel, '92-'95 Paseo) |- |F |2F 4.2L 2-bbl. Carb. OHV I6 ('81-'87 Land Cruiser) |- |F |3F-E 4.0L EFI OHV I6 ('88-'92 Land Cruiser) |- |G |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('94-'95 Camry V6, Lexus ES300, '95 Avalon) |- |J |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('93-'95 Supra, '93-'95 Lexus GS300, '92-'95 SC300) |- |J |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('93-'95 Supra Turbo) |- |K |4K-C 1.3L Carb. OHV I4 ('81-'82 Starlet) |- |K |4K-E 1.3L EFI OHV I4 ('83-'84 Starlet) |- |L |L 2.2L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('81-'83 Pickup) |- |L |2L 2.4L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Pickup) |- |L |2L-T 2.4L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('85 Pickup) |- |M |5M-E 2.8L SOHC, 12V I6 ('81 Celica Supra, '81-'82 Cressida) |- |M |5M-GE 2.8L DOHC, 12V I6 ('82-'86 Celica Supra, '83-'88 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GE 3.0L DOHC, 24V I6 ('86 1/2-'92 Supra, '89-'92 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GTE 3.0L DOHC, 24V turbo IC I6 ('87-'92 Supra Turbo) |- |R |22R 2.4L 2-bbl SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Celica, Corona, '81-'90 Pickup, '84 4Runner) |- |R |22R-E/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('83-'85 Celica, '84-'95 Pickup, '85-'95 4Runner) |- |R |22R-TE/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI Turbo I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('85-'88 Pickup, '86-'87 4Runner) |- |S |2S-ELC 2.0L I4 ('83-'86 Camry, '86 Celica ST/GT) |- |S |3S-GELC 2.0L I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('86-'89 Celica GT-S) |- |S |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('87-'89 Celica ST/GT, '87-'91 Camry) |- |S |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('90-'93 Celica GT/GT-S, '94-'95 Celica GT, '91-'95 MR2, '92-'95 Camry) |- |S |3S-GTE 2.0L Turbo, IC I4 ('88, '90-'93 Celica All-Trac Turbo, '91-'95 MR2 Turbo) |- |T |3T-C 1.8L OHV Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla) |- |U |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('90-'95 LS400, '92-'95 SC400) |- |U |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('95 Tacoma) |- |U |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('94-'95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |V |2VZ-FE 2.5L DOHC, 24V V6 ('88-'91 Camry V6, '90-'91 Lexus ES250) |- |V |3VZ-E 3.0L SOHC, 12V V6 ('88-'95 4Runner, Pickup, '93-'94 T100) |- |V |3VZ-FE 3.0L DOHC, 24V V6 ('92-'93 Camry V6, Lexus ES300) |- |V |5VZ-FE 3.4L DOHC, 24V V6 ('95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |Y |3Y-EC 2.0L EFI OHV I4 ('84-'85 Van) |- |Y |4Y-EC 2.2L EFI OHV I4 ('86-'89 Van) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla) |- |A |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330, '04-'08 Camry Solara) |- |A |2ZR-FXE + 1NM (Prius 2wd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('16 Prius) |- |B |7A-FE 1.8L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla, Celica ST) |- |B |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('04-'09 Prius) |- |B |2AZ-FXE + 2JM 2.4L Atkinson cycle I4 Hybrid ('07-'09 Camry Hybrid) |- |C |5E-FE 1.5L I4 ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada Tercel, '96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada Paseo) |- |C |2GR-FSE + 1KM 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 Hybrid ('07-'09 Lexus GS450h) |- |D |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('96-'98 Supra, '96-'05 Lexus GS300, '96-'00 SC300, '01-'05 IS300) |- |D |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('01-'07 Highlander, '04-'08 RAV4) |- |E |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('96-'98 Supra Turbo) |- |E |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('02-'09 Camry, '02-'08 Camry Solara, '05-'09 Scion tC, '08-'09 Scion xB, '09 Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS) |- |E |2GR-FSE 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 ('06-'09 IS350, '07-'09 Lexus GS350) |- |E |1AR-FE 2.7L I4 ('09 Venza, Highlander) |- |F |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('96-'04 Camry V6, '96-'04 Avalon, '96-'03 Lexus ES300, '98-'03 Sienna, '99-'03 Camry Solara, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '01-'03 Highlander) |- |F |2AR-FE 2.5L I4 ('09 RAV4) |- |G |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('96-'99 Celica GT, '96-'01 Camry, '99-'01 Camry Solara) |- |H |1AZ-FE 2.0L I4 ('01-'03 RAV4) |- |H |3GR-FSE 3.0L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06 Lexus GS300) |- |H |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('98-'00 GS400, '96-'00 LS400, '96-'00 SC400) |- |J |1NR-FE 1.3L I4 ('12-'15 Scion iQ) |- |J |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('96-'97 Land Cruiser, '96-'97 LX450) |- |J |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('07-'09 Lexus ES350) |- |K |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('96-'97 Previa S/C) |- |K |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('01-'03 Prius) |- |K |4GR-FSE 2.5L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06-'09 IS250) |- |K |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('05-'09 Avalon, '06-'09 RAV4, '07-'09 Camry V6, Sienna, Lexus RX350, '09 Venza) |- |L |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('96-'04 Tacoma) |- |L |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('01-'05 GS430) |- |L |1UR-FSE 4.6L VVT-iE V8 ('08-'09 GS460, '07-'09 LS460) |- |L |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For Japanese-built '09 Corolla) |- |M |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('96-'98 T100, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'00 4Runner) |- |N |5S-FNE (CNG 2.2L I4) ('00-'01 Camry) |- |N |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('06-'07 GS430, '01-'06 LS430, '02-'09 SC430) |- |N |5VZ-FE 3.4L V6 ('96-'02 4Runner, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'98 T100, '00-'04 Tundra) |- |N |2ZR-FXE Hybrid 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('10-'15 Prius) |- |P |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('96-'00 RAV4) |- |P |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'07 Highlander) |- |P |2UR-GSE 5.0L V8 ('08-'09 Lexus IS F) |- |R |1ZZ-FE 1.8L VVT-i I4 ('98-'08 Corolla, '00-'05 Celica GT, '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '03-'08 Matrix) |- |S |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('08-'09 Highlander) |- |T |1NZ-FE 1.5L I4 ('00-'05 Echo, '04-'06 Scion xA, xB, '07-'09 Yaris) |- |T |2UZ-FE 4.7L V8 ('98-'07 Land Cruiser, '00-'09 Tundra, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 4Runner, '03-'09 Lexus GX470, '98-'07 LX470) |- |U |1GR-FE 4.0L VVT-i V6 ('03-'09 4Runner, '05-'09 Tacoma, '05-'09 Tundra, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser) |- |U |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For US- & Canadian-built '09 Corolla, Matrix but also for '08-'09 Scion XD) |- |U |2UR-FSE + 1KM 5.0L VVT-iE D4S V8 Hybrid ('08-'09 LS600hL) |- |V |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('07-'09 Tundra) |- |W |3MZ-FE + 1JM, 2FM 3.3L V6 Hybrid ('06-'09 Highlander Hybrid, '06-'08 RX400h) |- |W |3UR-FBE 5.7L Dual VVT-i Flex-Fuel V8 Gas/E85 ('09 Tundra) |- |X |2TR-FE 2.7L I4 ('05-'09 Tacoma) |- |Y |2ZZ-GE 1.8L VVTL-i I4 ('00-'05 Celica GT-S, '03-'06 Matrix XRS, '05-'06 Corolla XRS) |- |Y |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('08-'09 Land Cruiser, Sequoia, '08-'09 LX570) |- |Z |2GR-FKS 3.5L V6 '15+ |- |9 |2ZR-FXE + 1NM + 1MM (Prius Awd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid |- | |- | |- |L |Electric M7M5 -- RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |S |Electric 1BM -- RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Non-North American Engines |+Position 5 (2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |2AD-FTV (2005+) |- |B |1HZ, 1HD |- |B |2AD-FHV (2005+) |- |C |2C, 2CT, 2CT-E |- |J |1AZ-FSE |- |L |2SZ-FE |- |P |2AZ-FSE |- |V |1VD-FTV |- |W |1CD-FTV |- |W |2NZ-FE |- |Z |1ZZ-FE |- |Z |3ZZ-FE |} ===Series=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) Based on the Chassis code given for the car. !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser J1'''0'''0/J1'''0'''5 |- |2 |Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J1'''2'''0 |- |} ===Restraint=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Manual Belt / 1 STD (North America), No Airbags (International) |- |2 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 1 Airbag (Driver Seat) (International) |- |3 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 2 Front Airbags (International) |- |6 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |7 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |8 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Airbags |- |9 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Front Curtain Airbags. |- |D |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Three-Row Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |} ===Model/Platform=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 / MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra / Tundra |- |3 |Echo / Yaris Verso |- |4 |Yaris / Scion xA / Scion xB / Scion xD / Urban Cruiser |- |6 |Hilux |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Highlander / Sequoia / Celica RWD / Supra |- |B |Avalon / Avensis Verso / Ipsum? |- |C |Sienna / Previa / Aygo |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix / Auris |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |G |Hilux / Fortuner |- |H |Highlander |- |J |Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado |- |K |Camry / Aurion (TRD) |- |L |Tercel / Paseo / Avensis |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma and older trucks as well |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner / Corolla Verso |- |S |Fortuner |- |T |Celica FWD |- |U |Prius |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |MR2 (non-spyder models) |- |X |Cressida |- |} === '''Check-digit''' <ref>https://vincheck.info/free-vin-decoder/free-toyota-vin-decoder</ref> === {{center|Position 9 (Check-digit that identifies the VIN as being authorized by the manufacturer).}} === Model year === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;width:30em;" |+Position 10 (International-market vehicles may have a 0 in this position) ! Code ! Year |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |- |P |2023 |- |R |2024 |- |S |2025 |} ===Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !VIN Code !Description |- |0-9 (All numeric) |Japan |- |7 |Lordstown, OH, US (GM plant) (Toyota Cavalier) |- |A |Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |A |Onnaing-Valenciennes, France ([[w:Toyota Motor Manufacturing France|TMMF]]) (Yaris hatch - US: '14-'18, Canada: '14-'19) |- |C |Cambridge, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |D |Nagakusa plant, Obu, Aichi pref., Japan (Toyota Industries plant) |- |E |Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom (TMMUK) (US/Canada: GR Corolla '26-) |- |G |Gliwice, Poland (Opel/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max EV) |- |J |Takaoka plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |J |Vigo, Spain (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce City) |- |K |Hamura, Tokyo pref., Japan (Hino Motors plant) |- |L |Miyagi plant, Ohira, Miyagi pref., Japan (Central Motor Co./Toyota Motor East Japan plant) |- |M |Tijuana, Baja CA, Mexico (TMMBC) |- |M |Atessa, Italy (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max diesel) |- |N |Kolín, Czech Republic ([[w:Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|TPCA/TMMCZ]]) |- |P |Blue Springs, MS, US (TMMMS) |- |R |Lafayette, IN, US (Subaru of Indiana Automotive) (Camry '07-'16) |- |R |Adapazari, Sakarya province, Turkey (TMMT) (US/Canada: C-HR '18-'22) |- |S |Princeton, IN, US (TMMI) |- |T |Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, Mexico (TMMGT) |- |U |Georgetown, KY, US (TMMK) |- |V |Huntsville, AL, US (MTM USA) (Corolla Cross '22-, Corolla Cross Hybrid '23-) |- |W |Woodstock, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |W |Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (Toyota GR Supra '20-'26) |- |X |San Antonio, TX, US (TMMTX) |- |X |Altona, Victoria, Australia (Toyota Australia) (closed Oct. 3, 2017) |- |Y |Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation) <br> (Scion iA '16, Yaris iA '17-'18, Yaris sedan '19-'20, Yaris hatch '20) |- |Y |Yajima Plant, Ota, Gunma pref., Japan (Subaru plant) (Toyota bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Trailseeker '26-) |- |Z |Fremont, CA, US (NUMMI) (1987-1988 Toyota Corolla FX/FX16 3-d, 1989-2010 Corolla sedan, 1992-1995 Toyota Pickup, 1995-2010 Tacoma, Toyota Voltz [For export to Japan: '02-'04]) |- |Z |Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Sevel Nord - PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce) |- |} '''Japanese Plants''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Plant owner/operator !Name & Location of plant !Vehicles produced !VIN Code used<br> (Pos. 11) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('85-'86) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'90) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'89) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('91-'95), Paseo ('92-'99), Echo ('00-'05),<br> Scion xA ('04-'06), xB ('04) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('96-'99) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xD ('08-'10), Scion iQ ('12-'15),<br> Scion iQ EV ('13), Scion xB ('12-'15) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'12), Scion xB ('08-'12),<br> Scion xD ('10-'14), Prius C ('12-'19), C-HR ('18-'22) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'11) |4 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('07-'11) |5-8 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Miyagi plant. Ohira, Miyagi prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('11-'12) |L |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('12-'14) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05) |0-3 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05-'06) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla [fwd 4-d/5-d] ('84-'87) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla Sport [rwd 2-d/3-d coupe] ('84-'87) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('88-'90), Corolla coupe ('91),<br> Corolla sedan & 2wd wagon ('91-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla All-Trac 4wd wagon ('91-'92) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('93-'96) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'08) |0-1 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'06) [No '06 found in US] |2-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09) |2, J |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla sedan ('10-'11, '13, '20-'25), Scion iM ('16), Corolla iM ('17-'18) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09-'12) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan ('22-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |7-8 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88) |0-9 (All-Trac Turbo) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('90-'99) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Celica ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica Supra ('85-'86), Supra ('86 1/2-'92) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |0-6 (ST, GT),<br> 0-3 (GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |0-3 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('05-'10) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('85-'87), Camry V6 ('88-'91),<br> Camry 4-cyl. All-Trac 4wd ('89-'91),<br> Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. 2wd ('88-'91) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('92-'93), Camry 4-cyl. ('94), Camry ('95-'96), <br> Lexus ES300 ('92-'93, '95-'96) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('94), Lexus ES300 ('94) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('97), Camry 4-cyl. ('98-'01), Lexus ES300 ('97) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('03-'06) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('98-'06), Lexus ES300 ('98-'03), <br> ES330 ('04-'05) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('98-'01) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('02) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('03) |5-6 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES330 ('04-'06), Camry SE V6 [3.3L] ('05) |5-6 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |5 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('07-'11, '18-'19), Scion tC ('11-'15),<br> Crown ('23-'25), Crown Signia ('25-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('15-'16) |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES350 ('07-'21), ES300h ('13-'20),<br> ES350h, ES350e, ES500e ('26-),<br> HS250h ('10-'12), CT200h ('11-'17), UX200 ('19-'22),<br> UX250h ('19-'24), UX300h ('25-'26) |2 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250 ('06-'15), IS200t ('16-'17),<br> IS300 RWD ('18-'19), IS300 AWD ('16-'19),<br> IS350 ('06-'19), IS F ('08-'14), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'23), RC300 AWD ('16-'23),<br> RC350 ('15-'23), RC F ('15-'23) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250, IS350 ('06-'13), IS250C/IS350C ('10-'15) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LS400 ('90-'00), LS430 ('01-'05),<br> GS300 ('93-'05), GS400 ('98-'00), GS430 ('01-'05), <br> GS300 Awd ('06), GS350 ('07-'11) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06), GS430 ('06-'07),<br> GS460 ('08-'11), GS450h ('07-'11, '13-'14),<br> GS350 ('13-'14), LS430 ('06), LS460 ('07-'17),<br> LS600hL ('08-'16), LS500 ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19),<br> GS350 ('15-'20), GS450h ('15-'18), GS F ('16-'20),<br> LC500 ('18-'19), LC500h ('18-'19), Mirai ('16-'26),<br> Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25), bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra ('23-'26),<br> Lexus RZ450e ('23-'26), RZ300e ('24-'25), RZ350e ('26-),<br> RZ550e ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida sedan ('85-'88), Cressida wagon ('85-'87) |0-5 (sedan),<br> 0-9 (wagon) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('89) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('90-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra ('93-'96), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('92-'96) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra, Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97) |0 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Supra ('97-'98), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97-'00) |1-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('02-'05) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('06-'10) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LFA ('12) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95), MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('01-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius w/pos. 14-17 of VIN from 1001-2000 ('01) |0 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('04-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09, '16-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'15) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15, '25-'26), Prius Prime ('17-'24) |3 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09) |7 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'13) [No '14 found in US] |4-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('12-'14) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('14-'17 & '18 in Canada) |J |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('84-'86) |5-9 (psgr. van),<br> 0-9 (cargo van) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('87-'89) |5-9 (2wd),<br> 0-9 (4wd) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Previa ('91-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('96), RAV4 2-d ('96-'98, '00),<br> RAV4 4wd ('99), RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd gen.] ('01) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'06) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('07-'14) |5 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'08) |6-9 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('09) |6 (until 7/31/08),<br> D (from 8/1/08) |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('10-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'26),<br> RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('14-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('19-'26), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-), Venza ('21-'24), C-HR EV '26-, bZ '26-, Subaru Uncharted '26-, Solterra '26- |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09),<br> RX400h ('06), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander Hybrid ('06-'07) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX400h ('07-'08), RX350 ('10-'19, '21-'26),<br> RX350L ('18-'22), RX450h ('10-'15), RX450hL ('18-'22),<br> RX450h+ ('24-'26), NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21),<br> NX300h ('15-'21), NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26),<br> NX350h ('22-'26), NX450h+ ('22-'26),<br> Highlander ('08-'10), Highlander Hybrid ('08-'13) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21), NX300h ('20-'21),<br> NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26), NX350h ('22-'26) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('84-'85) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('89) |0-3 (4-cyl.),<br> 0-4 (V6) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('90-'95) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('90-'94) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('95) |0-4, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('90) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('91-'92) |0-6, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('93-'94) |0-5, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('95) |0-4, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('96-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('98-'02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |0-8 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'08) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'07) |8-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('08-'09) |8-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('07) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('08-'09) |0-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hamura plant transferred to Toyota Motor Hamura, Inc. on April 1, 2026) |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Land Cruiser ('24-'26) |K |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('10-'21, '25-'26), Land Cruiser ('24-'26),<br> Lexus GX460 ('10-'23), GX550 ('24-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('22-'24) |5, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('84-'86, '88-'89) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('90-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'00) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('01-'07) |2-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('01-'06) |3-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('07) |4 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Yoshiwara plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13-'21),<br> Lexus LX570 ('08-'11, '13-'21), LX600 ('22-'26),<br> LX700h ('25-'26) |4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13) [No '14-'20 found in US] |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup ('84-'85), <br> Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |5-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab ('84-'85), Pickup/Chassis Cab w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('87-'88) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |8-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 or RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89) |7-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('90-'93) |7-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |6-7 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-1, 6-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |2-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab w/VN94 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |T100 ('93-'98) |0-9 |- |} ==Toyota WMIs== There are partial list of WMIs which are used by Toyota as well as the broader Toyota Group, including all divisions and subsidiaries: Japan: * JTD - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTK - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTN - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTX - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JT1 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (European market) * JT2 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (North American market) * JT7 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (Asia-Pacific market) * JTA - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTB - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTF - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JT4 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTG - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Bus * JTE - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JTL - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JTM - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT3 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JT5 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Incomplete Vehicle (Celica convertible, Paseo convertible, Chassis Cab pickup trucks) * JTH - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JTJ - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT6 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT8 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JAL - Isuzu Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle (S-Series) * JDA - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD1 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD2 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JD4 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Truck * JF1 - Subaru Corp., Toyota Passenger Car (86/GR86/Scion FR-S) * JHA - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHB - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JHC - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHD - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHE - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHH - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JH6 - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle North America: * 1NX - NUMMI, Toyota Passenger Car ('87-'10) * 2AY - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 2AZ - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Truck * 2T1 - TMMC, Toyota Passenger Car * 2T2 - TMMC, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 2T3 - TMMC, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 3MY - Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation, Toyota Passenger Car ('16-'20) * 3TM - TMMBC, Toyota Truck * 3TY - TMMGT, Toyota Truck * 4G3 - GM Lordstown Assembly, Toyota Passenger Car (Cavalier) ('96-'00) * 4T1 - TMMK, Toyota Passenger Car * 4T3 - TMMK, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV) * 4T4 - Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Toyota Passenger Car ('07-'16) * 4TA - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('92-'00) * 5PV - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 5TB - TMMI, Toyota Truck * 5TD - TMMI, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV), Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 5TE - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('00-'10) * 5TF - TMMTX, Toyota Truck * 5YF - TMMMS, Toyota Passenger Car * 58A - TMMK, Lexus Passenger Car * 7H4 - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Truck * 7MU - Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 7SV - TMMTX, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) Other countries: * AHH - Hino South Africa, Hino vehicles * AHT - Toyota South Africa, Toyota vehicles * LFM - FAW Toyota (China), Toyota and Ranz vehicles * LVG - GAC Toyota (China), Toyota vehicles * MBJ - Toyota Kirloskar Motor (India), Toyota vehicles * MHF - PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, Toyota vehicles * MHK - PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (Indonesia), Daihatsu and Toyota vehicles * MJE - PT Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia, Hino vehicles * MMK - Toyota Auto Works Co., Ltd. (Thailand), Toyota vehicles * MNK - Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand, Hino Vehicles * MR0 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Ban Pho and Samrong plants, Toyota vehicles * MR1 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Samrong plant (Fortuner), Toyota vehicles * MR2 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Gateway plant, Toyota vehicles * NMT - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey (TMMT), Toyota vehicles * PN1 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * PN2 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * RKL - Kuozui Motors (Taiwan), Toyota vehicles * RL4 - Toyota Motor Vietnam, Toyota vehicles * SB1 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (TMMUK), Toyota vehicles * TW1 - Toyota Caetano Portugal, Toyota vehicles * VNK - Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), Toyota vehicles * WZ1 - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra) * XW7 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), Toyota vehicles * YAR - PSA/Stellantis, Toyota Van (ProAce, ProAce City, & ProAce Max) * YBC - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra - some European-market models) * 6T1 - Toyota Australia, Toyota Passenger Car * 7A4 - Toyota New Zealand, Toyota vehicles * 8AJ - Toyota Argentina, Toyota vehicles * 9BR - Toyota Brazil, Toyota vehicles {| class="wikitable" |+ !Plant Abbreviation !Plant Name !Notes |- |MTMUSA |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |Joint venture between Toyota and Mazda |- |NUMMI |New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. |Joint venture between GM and Toyota |- |TMMBC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Baja California | |- |TMMC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada | |- |TMMGT |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Guanajuato | |- |TMMI |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana | |- |TMMK |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky | |- |TMMMS |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi | |- |TMMTX |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas | |} == External links == Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Toyota Toyota VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:RT43-157714}} <references />Online [https://epicvin.com/vin-decoder/toyota Toyota Vin Lookup] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota Car model, Toyota Vehicles- VinCheckUp |url=https://www.vincheckup.com/cars/toyota |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.vincheckup.com}}</ref> 6bghhy9ct6ytx2njg76q1yqyp9mvchl 4664472 4664471 2026-08-25T20:17:38Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Plant */ 4664472 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- --> {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} ==VIN Format 2010-== Toyota has used the following VIN format since 2010 for North America: {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade]] |- |4 |K |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 2010-|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series|Series]] |- |7 |E |[[#Series & Drive Wheels|Series & Drive Wheels]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line & Make|Vehicle Line & Make]] |- |8 |A ||[[#Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style|Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Yaris ['10-'12], Corolla ['10-'19], Camry ['10-'19], Avalon ['10-'19], Mirai ['16-'20], Lexus HS ['10-'12], ES ['10-'19], IS ['10-'19],<br> GS ['10-'11, '13-'19], GS F ['16-'20], LS ['10-'19]) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus IS250 AWD '10-'15, IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 AWD '11-'19, GS350 AWD '10-'11, '13-'19, LS460 AWD '10-'17, LS500 AWD '18-'19, LS500h AWD '18-'19) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Scion tC '10) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD (Lexus LS460L AWD '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'16) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD (Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C/IS350C '10-'15) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD (Lexus LS460L '10-'17) |- |H |2DR Coupe 2WD (Lexus LFA '12, RC200t '16-'17, RC300 RWD '18-'19, RC350 '15-'19, RC F '15-'19, LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris 3-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Scion tC '11-'16, Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13) |- |K |5DR Liftback or Hatchback 2WD (Yaris 5-door '10-'18 & '19 in Canada, Lexus CT200h '11-'17, Prius C '12-'19, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Corolla Hatchback '19) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD (Prius '10-'22, Scion xD '10-'14, C-HR '18-'22) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension (Matrix Base model & S 2wd '10-'11, Matrix L & S 2wd '12-'13, Canada: Matrix '14) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD (Prius AWD-e '19-'22) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD w/IRS (Matrix S 4wd '10-'13) |- |M |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS (Matrix XRS - US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) |- |S |2DR Coupe 4WD (Lexus RC300 AWD '16-'19, RC350 AWD '15-'19) |- |U |5DR Wagon 4WD (Lexus UX250h '19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus UX200 '19) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Prius V 2012-2017 & 2018 in Canada) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |4DR Sedan (Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25) |- |A |5DR Hatchback (GR Corolla '23-'26, Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24, Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26) |- |A |Wagon (Crown Signia '25-'26) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES '26-) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Camry '25-'26) |- |Y |Wagon (Lexus UX300h 2wd '25-'26) |- |U |Wagon (Lexus UX300h Awd '25-'26) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'19, NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19,<br> NX300h '15-'19) |- |C |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '16-'21) |- |D |5DR Wagon extended length 4WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19, RX450hL '18-'19) |- |G |5DR Wagon extended length 2WD w/3rd row seat (Lexus RX350L '18-'19) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD (Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'15, Lexus LX570 '10-'11, '13-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'19, NX300h '15-'16) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Scion xB '10-'15, Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada, FJ Cruiser '10-'14, 4Runner '10-'20, Lexus RX350 '10-'19, RX450h '10-'16) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |A |5DR Wagon (Toyota Venza '21-'24, Sequoia '23-'26, bZ4X '23-'25, Grand Highlander '24-'26, Land Cruiser '24-'26, C-HR EV '26-, Subaru Solterra '23-'25, Uncharted '26-, Lexus RZ450e '23-'25, RZ300e '24-'25, TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26, TX550h+ '24-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Toyota bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Solterra '26-, Trailseeker '26-, Lexus RZ450e '26-, RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26-) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Canadian-built Lexus RX350 [2wd/Awd] '23-'26, RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Japanese-built Lexus RX350 [2wd] '23-'26, RX450h+ '24-'26) |- |V |5DR Wagon (4Runner '25-'26) |- |6 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Hybrid '26-) |- |7 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid '26-) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |J |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('10-'15) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('10-'15) |- | |'''Body Type''' |- |J |Tacoma XtraCab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |K |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class D GVWR] |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab ('24-'26) [Class E GVWR] |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Grade=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2020- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |D |4DR Sedan (Corolla L '20-'22) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '20-'22, LE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |V |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Convenience Package '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE w/Premium Package '20-'22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Corolla XLE '20-'22) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Corolla LE '23-'26, SE Nightshade '24, FX Edition '25, LE Hybrid '23-'26, XLE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Hybrid '23-'26, SE Nightshade Hybrid '24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/man. trans. '20-'22, SE Apex Edition w/man. trans. '21-'22) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, SE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |P |4DR Sedan (Corolla SE w/auto. trans. & Premium Package '20-'26) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Corolla XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'26, XSE Apex Edition w/auto. trans. '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback SE w/auto. trans. '20-'27, FX Edition '26) |- |A |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/man. trans. '20-'22) |- |C |5DR Liftback (Corolla Hatchback XSE w/auto. trans. '20-'27) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Camry L '20) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Camry LE '20-'24) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |R |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Camry LE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Camry XLE '20-'24) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Camry SE '20-'24) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Audio Upgrade Pkg. & Blind-Spot Monitoring '20) |- |T |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. '21-'24) |- |S |4DR Sedan (Camry SE w/Convenience Pkg. & Audio Upgrade Pkg. '21-'24) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Camry TRD '20) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Camry XSE '20-'24, Camry TRD '21-'24) |- |A |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE '20-'22, XLE Hybrid '20-'22) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE [decontent package] '20-'22, XLE Hybrid [decontent package] '20-'22) |- |L |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD '21) |- |K |4DR Sedan (Avalon XLE AWD [decontent package] '21) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Avalon XSE '20, XSE Nightshade '21, XSE Hybrid '20-'21, XSE Nightshade Hybrid '22) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Avalon TRD '20-'21) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring '20-'22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Avalon Touring w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited '20-'22, Limited Hybrid '20-'22) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22, Limited Hybrid w/Advanced Safety Package '20-'22) |- |M |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD '21) |- |N |4DR Sedan (Avalon Limited AWD w/Advanced Safety Package '21) |- |C |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model], ES300h [base model] '20-'25, ES250 AWD [base model] '21-'24) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 [base model w/Premium Package], ES300h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> ES250 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '21-'25, ES350, ES300h, ES250 AWD F Sport Design '23-'25) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport '20-'22, ES250 AWD F Sport '21-'22, ES300h F Sport '22) |- |H |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport Black Line Special Edition '21) |- |J |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 F Sport w/Dynamic Handling package '22, ES350 F Sport Handling '23-'25) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Luxury, ES300h Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Luxury '21-'24) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES350 Ultra Luxury, ES300h Ultra Luxury '20-'25, ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '21) |- |B |4DR Sedan (Lexus ES250 AWD Ultra Luxury '22-'25, ES300h F Sport Handling '23-25) |- |D |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 AWD [base model] '20) |- |E |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport '20) |- |F |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 RWD [base model], GS350 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20) |- |G |4DR Sedan (Lexus GS350 F Sport Black Line '20) |- |A |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model] '20-25, RC350 [base model] '20-'25, RC F [base model] '20-'24) |- |D |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC300 AWD [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25,<br> RC350 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'25, RC F [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'24) |- |G |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC300 RWD F Sport '20-'25, RC300 AWD F Sport '20-'25, RC350 F Sport '20-'25) |- |J |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F [base model w/Performance Package] '20, [base model w/Carbon Package] '21-'24) |- |Y |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Track Edition '20, RC F Fuji Speedway Edition '21-'22, RC F Track Edition '23-'24) |- |B |2DR Coupe (Lexus RC F Final Edition '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model] '20-'22, UX250h [base model] '20-'24) |- |P |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h [base model w/Premium Package] '20-'22, UX250h Premium '23-'24) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 Luxury '20-'22, UX250h Luxury '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport '20-'22, UX250h F Sport '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX250h F Sport Design '23-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (Lexus UX200 F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport w/Premium Package '20-'22, UX250h F Sport Handling '23-'24) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sienna [base model V6] '11-'12, Sienna L '13-'20) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 2-row] '10-'12, RAV4 LE '13-'18, Highlander [base model] '10-'13, Highlander SE '11-'13, Highlander Plus '13,<br> Highlander LE, LE Plus '14-'19, Sequoia SR5 '10-'20, Sequoia TRD Sport '18-'20, Sequoia TRD Pro '20, Lexus GX460 [base model] '10-'19) |- |W |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |R |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Sport 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 XLE '13-'18, RAV4 Adventure '18) |- |X |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '11-'20, SE Premium '15-'20) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 3-row '10-'12, Highlander Sport '10, Sienna SE '19-'20, SE Premium '19-'20) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20, Sienna CE, LE '10,<br> Sienna [base model I4] '11-'12, Sienna LE '11-'20) |- |N |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 SE '16-'18) |- |J |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 [base model, 3-row] '10-'12, RAV4 SE '16-'18, Highlander SE '10, '17-'19, Highlander XLE '14-'19, Sequoia Limited '10-'20,<br> Sienna LE '10-'20, Lexus GX460 Premium '10-'13, GX460 Luxury '14-'19) |- |Y |5DR Wagon 2WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19,<br> Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19, Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |D |5DR Wagon 4WD (RAV4 Limited 2-row '10-'12, RAV4 Limited '13-'18, RAV4 Platinum '17-'18, Highlander Limited '10-'19, Highlander Limited Platinum '14-'19,<br> Sequoia Platinum '10-'20, Sienna XLE, Limited '10-'20, XLE Premium, Limited Premium '15-'20) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD (Sienna CE [Canadian market] '10) |- | |'''Body Type & Grade''' |- |K |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE '21-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Sienna LE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE '21-'26) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sienna XLE Woodland Edition '23-'26, Sienna XSE 25th Anniversary Edition '23, Sienna XSE w/Premium Package '25) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE '21-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Sienna XSE w/Plus Package '21-'25) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Sienna Limited '21-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sienna Platinum '21-'26) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross L '22-'26) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE '22-'26) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross LE w/Moonroof Package '22-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross XLE w/Convenience Package '22-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Corolla Cross Hybrid S, SE, XSE '23-'26, Hybrid SE Nightshade '24-'25) |- |H |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd '19-'25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 2wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd '19-'25) |- |G |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |L |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |M |5DR Wagon (RAV4 LE Hybrid 4wd w/Blind Spot Monitor '19-'25) |- |W |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 2wd '19-'25) |- |P |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE 4wd '19-'25) |- |R |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |U |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Woodland Edition Hybrid 4wd '23-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 2wd '19-'25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium 4wd '19-'25) |- |B |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XLE Premium Hybrid 4wd '21-'25) |- |J |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Adventure 4wd '19-'24, RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '20) |- |S |5DR Wagon (RAV4 TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |T |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [US- & Canadian-built] |- |1 |5DR Wagon (RAV4 SE Hybrid 4wd '22-'25) [Japanese-built] |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 XSE Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 2wd '19-'25) |- |N |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited 4wd '19-'25) |- |D |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Limited Hybrid 4wd '19-'25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE 4wd '25) |- |A |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid SE w/Weather & Moonroof Package 4wd '25) |- |E |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE 4wd '25) |- |F |5DR Wagon (RAV4 Prime XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid XSE w/Premium Package 4wd '25) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Highlander L 2wd & Awd '20-'22) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE 2wd '20-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, Hybrid LE Awd '20-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, Hybrid XLE '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE w/Navigation, Hybrid XLE w/Navigation '20-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Bronze Edition '22-'23) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited, Hybrid Limited 2wd '20-'22) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Highlander Limited Awd '20-'22, Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'21) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '20-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid Platinum 2wd '20-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '20-'22) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE '21-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Highlander XSE w/Navigation & JBL Audio '21-'22) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander L, LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE 2wd & Awd '23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid LE Nightshade, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade 2wd & Awd '24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander LE, XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum 2wd & Awd, Hybrid XLE, Hybrid XLE Nightshade, Hybrid Limited 25th Anniversary Edition Awd '25) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Highlander XLE, XSE, Limited, Platinum Awd, Hybrid XLE Awd '26) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE 2wd '23-'24) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid LE Awd '23-'24) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited 2wd '23-'24) |- |X |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Limited Awd '23-'26) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum 2wd '23-'24) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Highlander Hybrid Platinum Awd '23-'26) |- |E |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 2wd '21-'24) |- |M |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 4wd '21-'24) |- |Z |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |B |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 2wd '22) |- |T |5DR Wagon (4Runner Trail Special Edition 4wd '22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 2wd '22-'24) |- |S |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Sport 4wd '22-'24) |- |F |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 2wd '21-'24) |- |N |5DR Wagon (4Runner SR5 Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |U |5DR Wagon (4Runner 40th Anniversary Special Edition 4wd '23) |- |P |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road 4wd '21-'24) |- |R |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Off-Road Premium 4wd '21-'24) |- |H |5DR Wagon (4Runner Venture Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |D |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 2wd '21-'24) |- |K |5DR Wagon (4Runner Limited 4wd '21-'24) |- |C |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 2wd '21) |- |J |5DR Wagon (4Runner Nightshade Special Edition 4wd '21) |- |L |5DR Wagon (4Runner TRD Pro 4wd '21-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Sequoia SR5 '21-'22) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Sport '21-'22) |- |F |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Limited '21-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Nightshade Special Edition '21-'22) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Sequoia Platinum '21-'22) |- |E |5DR Wagon (Sequoia TRD Pro '21-'22) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model] '20-'21, NX300h [base model] '20-'21, NX250 [base model] '22-'25, NX350 [base model] '22-'26,<br> NX350h [base model] '22-'26) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Comfort package] '20, NX300h [base model w/Comfort package] '20) |- |D |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21, NX300h [base model w/heated and ventilated front seats (?)] '21) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX300h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'21, NX250 Premium '22-'25, NX350 Premium '22-'26, NX350h Premium '22-'26) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 Luxury '20-'21, NX300h Luxury '20-'21, NX250 Luxury '22-'23, NX350 Luxury '22-'26, NX350h Luxury '22-'26, NX450h+ [base model] '22-'25, NX450h+ Premium '26-, NX450h+ Luxury '26-) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport '20-'21) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX300 F Sport w/Comfort package '20, NX300 F Sport w/Premium package '21, NX300h F Sport Black Line '21) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350 F Sport Handling '22-'26, NX450h+ F Sport Handling '22-'26, Canadian-built NX350h '26-) |- |C |5DR Wagon (Lexus NX350h [Japanese-built] '26-) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model] '20-'22, RX350L [base model] '20-'22, RX450h [base model] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model] '20-'22) |- |H |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22,<br> RX450h [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Premium package] '20-'22) |- |J |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX350L [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450h [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22, RX450hL [base model w/Luxury package] '20-'22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport '20-'22, RX450h F Sport '20-'22) |- |Y |5DR Wagon (Lexus RX350 F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX450h F Sport w/Performance package '20, RX350 F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22, RX450h F Sport w/Handling package '21-'22) |- |B |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model] '20-'23) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package] '20-'23) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 Luxury '20-'23) |- |K |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '22) |- |S |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX460 [base model w/Premium package & Black Line Special Edition package] '23) |- |V |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Luxury/Luxury+] '24-'25) [Class E GVWR] |- |T |5DR Wagon (Lexus GX550 [Premium/Premium+, Overtrail/Overtrail+] '24-'25) [Class F GVWR] |- |C |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model] '20-'21) |- |D |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [3-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |E |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model] '20-'21) |- |F |4DR Wagon (Lexus LX570 [2-row base model w/Luxury package] '20-'21) |- |N |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 [2-row base model] '22-'24) |- |A |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Premium [3-row] '22-'26) |- |M |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 F Sport [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h F Sport [3-row] '25-'26) |- |G |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Luxury [3-row] '22-'26, LX700h Luxury [3-row] '25-'26) |- |L |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury [2-row] '22-'24) |- |W |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Overtrail [2/3-row] '25-'26) |- |U |5DR Wagon (Lexus LX700h Ultra Luxury [2-row] '25-'26) |} '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (2010- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |R |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport Access Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |S |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |A |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma SR, SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |C |Tacoma TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('17-'23) |- |E |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |G |Tacoma Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |B |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab Super LWB 2wd ('16-'23) |- |D |Tacoma SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('16-'23) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd (Canada only: '16-'17) |- |H |Tacoma Limited Double Cab Super LWB 4wd ('21-'23) |- |} LWB=Long Wheelbase {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |J |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |K |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |L |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |M |Tundra [base model] Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |R |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |U |Tundra [base model] Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |T |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |C |Tundra [base model] Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |E |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |D |Tundra [base model] CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('10-'13) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('10-'13) |- |N |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'17) |- |P |Tundra SR Regular Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'17) |- |R |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |U |Tundra TRD Pro Double Cab LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '20-'21) |- |T |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |C |Tundra SR, SR5 Double Cab ELWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |S |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |B |Tundra Limited Double Cab LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |E |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra SR5 CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |D |Tundra TRD Pro CrewMax LWB 4wd ('15-'17, '19-'21) |- |F |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |H |Tundra Limited CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |G |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 2wd ('14-'21) |- |A |Tundra Platinum, 1794 Edition CrewMax LWB 4wd ('14-'21) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Grade=== {{center|'''Position 4 (2022- for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |K |Tundra SR ('22-'26) |- |L |Tundra SR5 ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |J |Tundra Limited ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |1 |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) ('25-'26) |- |N |Tundra Platinum ('22-'26) [excluding other configurations listed separately] |- |M |Tundra 1794 Edition ('22-'26) |- |P |Tundra TRD Pro ('22-'26) |- |V |Tundra Capstone ('22-'26) |- |W |Tundra Limited w/Nightshade Package or TRD Off-Road Package, Platinum w/TRD Off-Road Package ('24-'26), SR5 w/TRD Rally Package ('25-'26) |- |Z |Tundra Limited CrewMax SWB 4x2 Gas-only (Non-hybrid) w/Nightshade Package ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type 2010-=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Highlander ('10-'19), Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 8AR-FTS engine.<br> Lexus NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21), IS200t ('16-'17), IS300 RWD ('18-'19), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'25), GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine. Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius (Two Eco, Three, Three Touring, Four, Four Touring trim levels) ('16-'18), Prius 2wd ('19-'22),<br> Corolla Hybrid ('21-'22). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 2 Front motors: 1NM (MG2), 1SM (MG1).<br> Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('20-'24). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Avalon Hybrid ('21-'22), Lexus ES300h ('21-'25). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Venza Hybrid ('21-'24). |- | A || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Toyota Tundra SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition ('22-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown XLE, Limited Hybrid ('23-'25), Crown Nightshade Hybrid ('25). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26), Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26), Lexus TX350 ('24-'26),<br> 4Runner ('25-'26). |- | A || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) +<br> 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26). |- | A || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid 2wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('10-'11), Lexus HS250h ('10-'12). |- | B || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('10-'15). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius (Two trim level: '16-'18), (One trim level: '17-'18), Corolla Hybrid ('20). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('20-'26), Lexus RX350h Awd ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (205 hp).<br> Toyota Avalon Awd ('21). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) (detuned version - 348 or 358 hp). Toyota Tundra SR ('22-'26). |- | B || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LX600 ('22-'26), GX550 ('24-'25). |- | B || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [Japanese-built] ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla [Japanese-built] ('26-). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid 2wd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus TX500h Awd ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26), 4Runner i-Force Max 4wd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (278 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR5, TRD PreRunner, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, & Limited w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | B || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | B || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h 2wd ('25-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h Awd ('10-'15), Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('11-'16). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('10-'11). |- | C || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tundra i-Force Max ('22-'26). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Corolla Hybrid 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius 2wd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX500h Awd ('23-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus TX550h+ Awd ('24-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [326 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, & TRD Pro] ('24). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Crown Signia Hybrid Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor)<br> [Total system hp: 323 hp on Trailhunter or 326 hp on all others]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, & TRD Pro] ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus UX300h Awd ('25-'26). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | C || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h 2wd ('26-). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus CT200h ('11-'17). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('12-'17), Avalon Hybrid ('13-'18). |- | D || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 1LM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius C ('12-'19). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp).<br> Lexus NX250 ('22-'25). |- | D || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Corolla Hybrid Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 1WM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Prius Awd ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine. Toyota Highlander ('23-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid Max Awd ('24-'26). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (228 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR w/auto. trans. ('24-'26). |- | D || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc) + 1TM (1 Front motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LX700h ('25-'26). |- | D || 1.6L || I3 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Toyota G16E-GTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota GR Corolla [UK-built] ('26-). |- | D || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid 2wd ('26-). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla XRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12), Matrix S, XRS ('10-'13),<br> Scion tC ('10), Scion xB ('10-'15). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('10-'17), IS350C ('10-'15),<br> GS350 ('10-'11, '13-'15), RC350 ('15-'17). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (270 hp).<br> Toyota Tacoma SR, TRD Sport, & TRD Off-Road w/man. trans. ('24-'26). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 2VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid Awd ('26-). |- | E || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Fwd ('26-). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('10-'17), Scion tC ('11-'16), RAV4 ('10-'18). |- | F || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('10-'15), IS250C ('10-'15). |- | F || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h 2wd ('16). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1ZM (2 Front motors), 1YM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Crown Platinum Hybrid Max Awd ('23-'25). |- | F || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine + 1TM (1 Front motor) [323 total system hp]. Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max 4wd [Trailhunter] ('24). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 6JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Lexus RX450h Awd ('16-'22), RX450hL Awd ('18-'22). |- | G || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FXS engine + 4JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('17-'19). |- | G || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus NX350 ('22-'26). |- | G || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 1VM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus ES350h Awd ('26-). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 3ZR-FAE engine. Toyota C-HR ('18-'22). |- | H || 2.4L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota T24A-FTS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26). |- | J || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1NR-FE engine. Scion iQ ('12-'15). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus NX300h Awd ('15-'21), RAV4 Hybrid Awd ('16-'18). |- | J || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('10-'18), Camry V6 ('10-'17), Highlander ('10-'16),<br> RAV4 ('10-'12), Sienna ('10-'16), Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada), Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), RX350 ('10-'15). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX350h Awd ('22-'26). |- | K || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Lexus NX450h+ Awd ('22-'26). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('10-'17), GS460 ('10-'11). |- | M || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12), Tundra ('10-'19), Lexus GX460 ('10-'23). |- | M || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine (detuned version - 255 hp).<br> Lexus IS300 AWD ('16-'17), RC300 AWD ('16-'17). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('10-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 3JM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15). |- | N || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 5JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus SC430 ('10). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('10-'14), RC F ('15-'25), GS F ('16-'20), LC500 ('18-'19). |- | P || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Valvematic. Toyota 2ZR-FAE engine.<br> Toyota Corolla sedan LE Eco ('14-'19), Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22). |- | R || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Sienna Hybrid 2wd ('21-'26). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2GR-FXE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('13-'18). |- | S || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 5NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack.<br> Toyota Sienna Hybrid Awd ('21-'26). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota Tacoma ('10-'15), Tundra ('10). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24), FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Tundra ('11-'14). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Toyota Corolla sedan [except XRS & LE Eco] ('10-'19),<br> Matrix [base model] ('10-'13 & in Canada '14), Scion xD ('10-'14). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid Awd ('10). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'18), Tundra ('10-'19). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AR-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus ES300h ('13-'18), NX300h 2wd ('15-'16). |- | W || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota RAV4 Hybrid [all] ('19-'20), RAV4 Hybrid LE, XLE ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid Woodland Edition ('23-'25). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('10-'23), 4Runner 2wd ('10). |- | X || 4.8L || 72° V10 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 40 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Engine co-developed by Yamaha. Toyota 1LR-GUE engine. Lexus LFA ('12). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22), Tundra ('10-'21),<br> Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21), Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21). |- | Y || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles.<br> Toyota 8GR-FXS engine + 2NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Lexus LC500h ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19). |- | Z || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine.<br> Lexus GS350 ('16-'20), RX350 ('16-'22), RX350L ('18-'22), IS350 ('18-'19), RC350 ('18-'25), ES350 ('19-'25),<br> Toyota Tacoma ('16-'23), Highlander ('17-'22), Sienna ('17-'20), Camry ('18-'24), Avalon ('19-'22). |- | 1 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (203 hp or <br> 202 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (L, LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('18-'20),<br> Camry (LE, XLE, SE trim levels) ('21-'24), RAV4 ('19-'25), Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25). |- | 2 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (SE, XLE trim levels) ('18-'19),<br> Avalon Hybrid ('19-'20), Lexus ES300h ('19-'20). |- | 3 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Lithium-ion Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid (LE trim level) ('18-'19),<br> Camry Hybrid [all models] ('20-'24). |- | 3 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Lexus UX200 2wd ('19-'22). |- | 4 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota M20A-FKS Dynamic Force engine.<br> Toyota Corolla Hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'22), Corolla sedan ('23-'26). |- | 5 || 3.4L || V6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4ST Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota V35A-FTS Dynamic Force engine (3445 cc).<br> Lexus LS500 ('18-'19). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota A25A-FKS Dynamic Force engine (206 hp or <br> 205 hp in Camry AWD). Toyota Camry (XSE trim level) ('18-'24). |- | 6 || 2.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota A25A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 4NM (1 Rear motor). Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Toyota RAV4 Hybrid XLE Premium, XSE, Limited ('21-'25), RAV4 Hybrid SE ('22-'25). |- | 6 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h 2wd ('23-'24). |- | 8 || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iW. Otto/Atkinson cycles. Toyota 2GR-FKS engine (detuned version - 260 hp). Lexus IS300 AWD ('18-'19), RC300 AWD ('18-'25). |- | 9 || 1.8L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2ZR-FXE engine + 1NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius AWD-e ('19-'22). |- | 9 || 2.0L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Atkinson cycle. Toyota M20A-FXS Dynamic Force engine + 3NM (2 Front motors), 1MM (1 Rear motor). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus UX250h Awd ('19-'24). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2010-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | L || 41.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || M7M5 motor made by Tesla. Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14). |- | V || 12 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2KM motor. Scion iQ EV ('13). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Toyota bZ4X FWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 71.4 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1XM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('23-'25). |- | A || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota C-HR EV AWD ('26-), Subaru Uncharted Sport, GT AWD ('26-). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 1YM motor (front), 1YM motor (rear). Toyota bZ4X AWD ('23-'25), Subaru Solterra AWD ('23-'25). |- | B || 72.8 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 1XM motor. Lexus RZ300e FWD ('24-'25). |- | B || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted Premium FWD [Canada: FWD LR] ('26-). |- | C || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Subaru Uncharted FWD (Canada only: '26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited FWD ('26-), Lexus ES350e ('26-). |- | C || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ450e AWD ('26-). |- | C || 77 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear). Lexus RZ550e AWD ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ XLE Plus, Limited AWD ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT AWD ('26-),<br> Lexus ES500e ('26-). |- | D || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Lexus RZ350e FWD ('26-). |- | E || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 3XM motor (rear). Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited AWD ('26-). |- | F || 57.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || Front || 2XM motor. Toyota bZ XLE FWD ('26-). |- | G || 74.7 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || 2XM motor (front), 2XM motor (rear).<br> Toyota bZ Woodland AWD ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker AWD ('26-). |} ====Motor Type for Fuel Cell Vehicles 2016-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | V || 1.6 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Hydrogen || Front || 4JM motor. Toyota Mirai ('16-'20). |- | A || 1.24 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Hydrogen || Rear || 3KM motor. Toyota Mirai ('21-'26). |} ===Restraint System=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description !Application |- |1 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus HS250h '10-'12, ES350 '10-'25,<br> ES250 AWD '21-'25, ES300h '13-'25,<br> ES350h '26-, ES350e '26-, ES500e '26-,<br> GS200t '16-'17, GS300 '18-'19,<br> GS350 '10-'11, '13-'20, GS460 '10-'11,<br> GS450h '10-'11, '13-'18, GS F '16-'20,<br> LS460 '10-'17 (Opt.), LS600hL '10-'12 (Opt.), LS600hL '13-'16, LS500 '18-'19, LS500h '18-'19,<br> RX350 '10-'15, RX450h '10-'15, IS250 '14-'15,<br> IS200t '16-'17, IS300 RWD '18-'19,<br> IS300 AWD '16-'19, IS350 '14-'19, Camry '12-'24, Avalon '13-'22 |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '10, IS250C, IS350C '10-'15 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '10-'12, Camry '10-'11, Prius '10-'15,<br> Prius V '12-'17 & '18 in Canada,<br> Scion tC '10,<br> Venza '10-'15 & '16 in Canada,<br> Highlander '10-'13, Sienna '11-'14 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag (Though not reflected in the VIN, a Front passenger seat cushion airbag is also standard.) |Sienna '15-'20 |- |3 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 Prime '21-'24, RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '25 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for all rows |Corolla '10-'13,<br> Matrix '10-'13 & in Canada '14,<br> Yaris hatchback '10-'11, Yaris sedan '10-'12,<br> Scion xD '10-'12, Scion xB '10-'15,<br> Sienna '10, FJ Cruiser '10-'14,<br> Tacoma '10-'15 |- |4 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Side Curtain Airbags for 1st 2 rows |RAV4 '10-'12, RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |4Runner '10-'26, Sequoia '10-'22,<br> Tundra '10-'26, Scion tC '11-'16,<br> Tacoma '16-'23, Tacoma Double Cab '24-'26,<br> Lexus LS460 '10-'17, LS600hL '10-'12, IS250/IS350 '10-'13, IS F '10-'14,<br> CT200h '11-'17, RC200t '16-'17,<br> RC300 RWD '18-'25, RC300 AWD '16-'25,<br> RC350 '15-'25, RC F '15-'25,<br> LC500 '18-'19, LC500h '18-'19 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Land Cruiser '10-'11, '13-'21,<br> Lexus GX460 '10-'23, LX570 '10-'11, '13-'21, LX600 '22-'26, LX700h '25-'26 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Lexus LFA '12 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Mirai '21-'26, Crown '23-'25, Camry '25-'26,<br> Crown Signia '25-'26, Sequoia '23-'26,<br> bZ4X '23-'25, bZ '26-, bZ Woodland '26-,<br> C-HR EV '26-,<br> Subaru Solterra '23-'26, Trailseeker '26-, Uncharted '26-,<br> Lexus RZ450e '23-'26, RZ300e '24-'25,<br> RZ350e '26-, RZ550e '26- |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Venza '21-'24, Grand Highlander '24-'26,<br> Lexus TX350 '24-'26, TX500h '24-'26,<br> TX550h+ '24-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Corolla Cross '22-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LX600 Ultra Luxury '22-'24,<br> LX700h Ultra Luxury '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla '23-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Prius '23-'26, Prius Prime '23-'24,<br> Prius Plug-in Hybrid '25-'26 |- |A |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Tacoma XtraCab '24-'26 |- |B |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for 1st row, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |GR Corolla Morizo Edition '23, GRMN Corolla '26- |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus NX250 '22-'25, NX350 '22-'26,<br> NX350h '22-'26, NX450h+ '22-'26 |- |C |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus GX550 '24-'25 |- |F |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Land Cruiser '24-'26 |- |J |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus UX200 '19-'22, UX250h '19-'24,<br> UX300h '25-'26 |- |K |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, First & Second Row Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all 3 rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350L '18-'22, RX450hL '18-'22,<br> Sienna '21-'26 |- |L |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, and Outboard Rear seat cushion airbags |Lexus LS500 '18-'19 (Opt.), LS500h '18-'19 (Opt.) |- |M |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front- & Rear-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |Lexus RX350 '16-'26, RX450h '16-'22,<br> RX350h '23-'26, RX500h '23-'26,<br> RX450h+ '24-'26, C-HR '18-'22, Corolla '21-'27, Prius '21-'22, Prius Prime '21-'22 |- |P |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Scion xD '13-'14 |- |R |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Front passenger seat cushion airbag |RAV4 '13-'25, RAV4 Hybrid '16-'26,<br> RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid '26-,<br> Corolla '14-'20, Scion iM '16, Corolla iM '17-'18,<br> Highlander '14-'26, Prius '16-'20,<br> Prius Prime '17-'20, Mirai '16-'20,<br> Lexus NX200t '15-'17, NX300 '18-'21,<br> NX300h '15-'21 |- |T |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Prius C '12-'19 |- |U |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver's Knee Airbag, and Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags |Yaris hatchback '12-'18 & '19 in Canada |- |X |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Side Curtain Airbags for all rows, Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags, Driver & Front passenger seat cushion airbags, and Rear Window airbag |Scion iQ '12-'15, Scion iQ EV '13 |- |} ===Series=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Lexus LC500 ('18-'19) URZ100L, LC500h ('18-'19) GWZ100L |- |B |Scion TC ('10) ANT10L |- |B |Scion XD ('10-'14) ZSP110L |- |B |Lexus HS250h ('10-'12) ANF10L |- |B |Lexus CT200h ('11-'17) ZWA10L |- |B |Lexus LFA ('12) LFA10L |- |B |Scion iQ ('12-'15) NGJ10L, Scion iQ EV ('13) KPJ10L |- |B |Toyota Prius C ('12-'19) NHP10L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('13-'15) GRL10L, GS350 4wd ('13-'15) GRL15L |- |B |Lexus GS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & GS300 2wd ('18-'19) ARL10L, GS350 2wd ('16-'19) GRL12L, GS350 4wd ('16-'19) GRL16L, GS F ('16-'20) URL10L |- |B |Lexus GS450h ('13-'18) GWL10L |- |B |Lexus RC350 2wd ('15-'19) GSC10L, RC350 4wd ('15-'19) GSC15L, RC F ('15-'25) USC10L |- |B |Lexus RC200t 2wd ('16-'17) & RC300 2wd ('18-'19) ASC10L, RC300 4wd ('16-'19) GSC16L |- |B |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) JPD10L |- |B |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) ZGX10L |- |B |Toyota Corolla hatchback ('19-'27) MZEA12L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25) GSZ10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus ES300h ('19-'20) AXZH10L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Lexus UX200 ('19-'22) MZAA10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('23-'24) MZAH10L, 2wd |- |B |Lexus UX250h ('19-'24) MZAH15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus IS250 2wd ('10-'13) GSE20L, IS250 4wd ('10-'13) GSE25L, IS350 2wd ('10-'13) GSE21L, IS350 4wd ('11-'13) GSE26L, IS F ('10-'14) USE20L |- |C |Lexus IS250C ('10-'15) GSE20L, IS350C ('10-'15) GSE21L |- |C |Scion TC ('11-'16) AGT20L |- |D |Toyota Avalon ('10-'12) GSX30L |- |D |Toyota Prius ('10-'15) ZVW30L |- |D |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15) ZVW35L |- |D |Toyota Yaris hatchback: NCP131L ('12-'18 & '19 in Canada) |- |D |Lexus IS250 2wd ('14-'15) GSE30L, IS250 4wd ('14-'15) GSE35L |- |D |Lexus IS200t 2wd ('16-'17) & IS300 2wd ('18-'19) ASE30L, IS300 4wd ('16-'19) GSE37L |- |D |Lexus IS350 2wd ('14-'19) GSE31L, IS350 4wd ('14-'19) GSE36L |- |E |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13) ZRE142L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine (US: '10, Canada: '10-'12) AZE141L |- |E |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('10-'13 & in Canada '14) ZRE142L,<br> Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('10-'13) AZE141L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('10-'13) AZE144L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS (US: '10, Canada: '10-'13) AZE146L |- |E |Toyota Camry ('10-'11) I4: ASV40L, V6: GSV40L, Hybrid: AHV40L |- |E |Lexus ES350 ('10-'12) GSV40L |- |E |Lexus LS460 2wd ('10-'17) USF40L, LS460L 2wd ('10-'17) USF41L, LS460 4wd ('10-'17) USF45L, LS460L 4wd ('10-'17) USF46L |- |E |Lexus LS600hL ('10-'16) UVF46L |- |E |Lexus SC430 ('10) UZZ40L |- |E |Toyota Prius V ('12-'17 & '18 in Canada) ZVW41L |- |E |Toyota Avalon ('13-'18) V6: GSX40L, Hybrid: AVX40L |- |F |Toyota Camry ('12-'17) I4: ASV50L, V6: GSV50L, Hybrid: AVV50L |- |F |Toyota Prius ('16-'18) ZVW50L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, 2wd), ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd) |- |F |Toyota Prius ('19-'22) ZVW51L (Lithium-ion Battery, 2wd), ZVW55L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota Prius Prime ('17-'22) ZVW52L (Lithium-ion Battery, PHEV, 2wd) |- |F |Lexus LS500 2wd ('18-'19) VXFA50L, LS500 4wd ('18-'19) VXFA55L |- |F |Lexus LS500h 2wd ('18-'19) GVF50L, LS500h 4wd ('18-'19) GVF55L |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'22) V6: GSX50L (2wd) |- |F |Toyota Avalon ('19-'20) Hybrid: AXXH50L (2wd) (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('13-'18) GSV60L |- |G |Lexus ES300h ('13-'18) AVV60L |- |H |Toyota Corolla sedan ('14-'19) ZRE172L |- |H |Toyota Camry ('18-'19) I4: AXVA70L, V6: GSV70L, Hybrid: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery), AXVH71L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |J |Scion iM ('16), Toyota Corolla iM ('17-'18) ZRE186L |- |K |Toyota Yaris - Hatchback: NCP91L ('10-'11), 4-d sedan: NCP93L ('10-'12) |- |K |Lexus GS350 2wd ('10-'11) GRS191L, GS350 4wd ('10-'11) GRS196L |- |K |Lexus GS460 ('10-'11) URS190L |- |K |Lexus GS450h ('10-'11) GWS191L |- |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2010- for North America) |+Assigned according to the Chassis Code given for the car. <br> Based on the 1st digit in 2-digit numbers or the 2nd digit in 3-digit numbers, which corresponds to the letter assigned.<br> For example, 0=A, 1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=E, 5=F, 6=G, 7=H, 8=J, 9=K !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ200L |- |A |Lexus LX570 ('10-'11, '13-'21) URJ201L. In '20-'21, also denotes 4wd. |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |A |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) GRN305L (V6) |- |B |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('10-'14) GSJ10L (2wd), GSJ15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV10L (2wd), GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Toyota Venza ('16 [Canada only]) I4: AGV10L (2wd), AGV15L (4wd), V6: GGV15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX350 ('10-'15) GGL10L (2wd), GGL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus RX450h ('10-'15) GYL10L (2wd), GYL15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX200t ('15-'17) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('18-'19) AGZ10L (2wd), AGZ15L (4wd) |- |B |Lexus NX300h - 2wd: AYZ10L ('15-'16), 4wd: AYZ15L ('15-'19) |- |B |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('16-'23) GRN310L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Sienna ('10) 2wd: GSL20L, 4wd: GSL25L |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('10-'14) TRN220L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma X-Runner Access Cab LWB 2wd ('10-'13 & '14 in Canada & '14-'15 in HI) GRN225L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN225L (I4) |- |C |Lexus RX350 ('16-'19) GGL20L (2wd), GGL25L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX350L ('18-'19) GGL21L (2wd), GGL26L (4wd) |- |C |Lexus RX450h - 2wd: GYL20L ('16), 4wd: GYL25L ('16-'19) |- |C |Lexus RX450hL 4wd: GYL26L ('18-'19) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |C |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN325L (V6) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'12 & '13 in Canada) I4: ASL30L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Sienna ('11-'20) V6: GSL30L (2wd), GSL35L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 ('10-'12) I4: ASA38L (2wd), ASA33L (4wd), V6: GSA38L (2wd), GSA33L (4wd) |- |D |Toyota RAV4 EV ('12-'14) QEA38L (2wd) |- |D |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('16-'23) GRN330L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('10) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Highlander ('11-'13) I4: ASU40L (2wd), V6: GSU40L (2wd), GSU45L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU48L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('10-'14) TRN240L (I4) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) TRN245L (I4), GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('10-'15) GRN245L (V6) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 ('13-'18) I4: ASA42L (2wd), ASA44L (4wd) |- |E |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'18) AVA44L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('16-'23) TRN245L (I4) |- |F |Scion XB ('10-'15) AZE151L |- |F |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('10-'15) GRN250L (V6) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('10-'13) GSK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('14) GSK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('10) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('11-'13) UPK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 2wd ('14-'19) UPK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('10) USK50L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('11-'17) USK51L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('18-'21) USK51L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK52L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('10) UPK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UPK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UPK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 4.6L V8 4wd ('11-'19) UPK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('10-'13) USK55L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('14-'17) USK56L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('18-'21) USK56L (Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK57L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |F |Lexus GX460 ('10-'19) URJ150L |- |F |Toyota Highlander ('14-'19) I4: ASU50L (2wd), V6: GSU50L (2wd), GSU55L (4wd), Hybrid: GVU58L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 ('19-'25) I4: AXAA52L (2wd), AXAA54L (4wd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: ('19-'25) AXAH54L (Nickel-metal hydride Battery, Awd), ('21-'25) AXAL54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |F |Toyota RAV4 Prime ('21-'24) & RAV4 Plug-In Hybrid ('25) AXAP54L (Lithium-ion Battery, Awd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'12) 4.6L V8: UPK60L (2wd), UPK65L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Sequoia ('13-'20) 5.7L V8: USK60L (2wd), USK65L (4wd) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('10) TRN260L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) TRN265L (I4), GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('11-'15) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN265L (V6) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |G |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('16-'23) TRN265L (I4) |- |H |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('10-'15) GRN270L (V6) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10) I4: TRN280L (2wd) |- |J |Toyota 4Runner ('10-'24) V6: GRN280L (2wd), GRN285L (4wd) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Series & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Corolla sedan L, LE, XLE ('20-'22) w/1.8L 2ZR-FAE engine: ZRE212L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 2wd: AXVA70L, V6 2wd: GSV70L, Hybrid 2wd: AXVH70L (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Avalon ('21-'22) Hybrid: AXXH51L (2wd) (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) JPD20L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (Japan-built) |- |A |Toyota Crown ('23-'25) 2.5L Hybrid Awd: AZSH35L, 2.4L Turbo Hybrid Max Awd: TZSH35L |- |A |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Crown Signia ('25-'26) AZSH38L, Awd |- |A |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH11L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH21L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus ES350e ('26-) XXZM21L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('20) ZWE211L, 2wd (Nickel-metal hydride Battery) |- |B |Toyota Camry ('20-'24) I4 Awd: AXVA75L |- |B |Lexus GS350 2wd ('20) GRL12L |- |B |Lexus RC300 2wd ('20-'25) ASC10L, RC350 2wd ('20-'25) GSC10L |- |B |Toyota Avalon ('21) I4 AWD: AXXA55L |- |B |Toyota Prius ('23-'26) MXWH65L, Awd |- |C |Toyota Corolla sedan SE, XSE ('20-'26), FX Edition ('25) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA12L, 2wd |- |C |Lexus GS350 4wd ('20) GRL16L |- |C |Lexus ES300h ('21-'25) AXZH11L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |C |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24) & Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) MXWH61L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXVH80L |- |D |Lexus RC350 Awd ('20-'25) GSC15L |- |D |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('21-'22) ZWE213L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |D |Lexus ES250 AWD ('21-'25) AXZA15L, Awd |- |D |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (US-built) |- |D |Toyota Camry ('25-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXVH85L |- |D |Lexus UX300h ('25-'26) MZAH16L, Awd |- |D |Toyota GR Corolla ('26-) GZEA14L, 4wd (UK-built) |- |D |Lexus ES350h ('26-) AXZH26L, Awd |- |D |Lexus ES500e ('26-) XXZM26L, Awd |- |E |Lexus RC300 Awd ('20-'25) GSC16L |- |E |Toyota Corolla sedan LE ('23-'26) w/2.0L M20A-FKS engine: MZEA18L, 2wd (Japan-built) |- |F |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE219L, 2wd (Lithium-ion Battery) |- |H |Toyota Corolla Hybrid sedan ('23-'26) ZWE215L, Awd (Lithium-ion Battery) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (2020- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 2wd: GSU70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('23-'25) I4 Turbo 2wd: TXUA70L |- |A |Toyota Highlander ('20-'24) Hybrid 2wd: AXUH70L |- |A |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL20L (2wd) |- |A |Lexus RX350 [Japanese-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) AXUH85L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK60L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH80L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH70L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |A |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA20L (2wd), NX350h ('26-) AAZH20L (2wd) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) XEAM10L, 2wd |- |A |Lexus RZ450e ('23-'25) XEBM15L, Awd |- |A |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TASA10L, Hybrid 2wd: AASH10L |- |A |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA10L, 2wd |- |A |Toyota Land Cruiser ('24-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TJH250L |- |A |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 2wd: TZNA50L |- |A |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL64L, Awd; RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-) AXAP64L, Awd |- |A |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-), Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('20-'22) V6 4wd: GSU75L |- |B |Toyota Highlander ('23-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TXUA75L |- |B |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus GX460 ('20-'23) URJ150L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('21-'22) USK65L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) VXKH85L, 4wd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross ('22-'26) MXGA15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid ('23-'26) MXGH15L, Awd |- |B |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA71L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 2wd: VXKH71L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |B |Toyota bZ4X (Early '23), Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |B |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA10L (2wd) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e ('24-'25) XEBM10L, 2wd |- |B |Toyota Grand Highlander ('24-'26) I4 Turbo Awd: TASA15L, Hybrid Awd: AASH15L, Hybrid Max Awd: TASH15L |- |B |Lexus TX350 ('24-'26) TAUA15L (Awd), TX500h ('24-'26) TAUH15L (Awd) |- |B |Toyota 4Runner ('25-'26) I4 Turbo 4wd: TZNA55L, i-Force MAX Hybrid 4wd: TZNH55L |- |B |Toyota RAV4 Hybrid ('26-) AXAL62L, 2wd |- |B |Subaru Uncharted ('26-) XEKM10L, 2wd |- |C |Toyota Highlander ('20-'26) Hybrid 4wd: AXUH78L |- |C |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 2wd: VXKA72L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |C |Lexus LX600 ('22-'26) VJA310L (4wd), LX700h ('25-'26) VJH310L (4wd) |- |C |Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25) YEAM15L, Awd |- |C |Lexus RX350 [Canadian-built] ('23-'26) TALA15L (Awd), RX350h ('23-'26) AALH15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus TX550h+ ('24-'26) GYU15L (Awd) |- |C |Lexus RZ450e ('26-), RZ550e ('26-) XEBM25L, Awd |- |D |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21) AGZ15L (Awd), NX300h ('20-'21) AYZ15L (Awd) |- |D |Lexus RX350 ('20-'22) GGL25L (Awd), RX450h ('20-'22) GYL25L (Awd) |- |D |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH75L (Double Cab/CrewMax, SWB) |- |D |Lexus GX550 ('24-'25) VJA252L, 4wd |- |D |Lexus RZ350e ('26-) XEBM20L, 2wd |- |E |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL21L (2wd) |- |E |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid 2wd: AXLH40L |- |E |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA76L (CrewMax, LWB), i-Force Max Hybrid 4wd: VXKH76L (CrewMax, LWB) |- |E |Lexus NX250 ('22-'25) AAZA25L (Awd), NX350 ('22-'26) TAZA25L (Awd), NX350h ('22-'26) AAZH25L (Awd) |- |E |Lexus RX500h ('23-'26) TALH17L (Awd) |- |E |Toyota bZ ('26-) XEAM11L, 2wd |- |F |Lexus RX350L ('20-'22) GGL26L (Awd), RX450hL ('20-'22) GYL26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Sienna ('21-'26) Hybrid Awd: AXLH45L |- |F |Lexus NX450h+ ('22-'26) AAZH26L (Awd) |- |F |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5, TRD PreRunner XtraCab 2wd, SR5, TRD Sport Double Cab 2wd: TZNA40L (278 hp) |- |F |Toyota bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra Limited XT, Touring XT ('26-) XEAM15L, Awd |- |G |Toyota Tundra ('22-'26) i-Force 4wd: VXKA77L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |G |Lexus RX450h+ ('24-'26) AALH16L (Awd) |- |G |Subaru Solterra Premium, Limited ('26-) XEAM18L, Awd |- |H |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 2wd, SR Double Cab 2wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA41L (228 hp) |- |H |Toyota bZ Woodland ('26-), Subaru Trailseeker ('26-) XEAM17L, Awd |- |J |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR5 XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/man. trans., SR5, TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited Double Cab 4wd: TZNA45L (278 hp w/auto. trans., 270 hp w/man. trans.) |- |K |Toyota Tacoma ('24-'26) SR XtraCab 4wd, SR Double Cab 4wd w/auto. trans.: TZNA46L (228 hp) |- |L |Toyota Tacoma i-Force Max Hybrid ('24-'26) TRD Sport, TRD Off-Road, Limited, Trailhunter, TRD Pro Double Cab 4wd: TZNH47L (326 total system hp [all except Trailhunter], 323 total system hp on Trailhunter) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Vehicle Line & Make=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2010- for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Scion iQ, Toyota Scion iQ EV ('13) |- |1 |Toyota Tundra ('10-'21) |- |1 |Toyota Sequoia ('10-'22) |- |1 |Lexus ES350 ('19-'25), ES250 AWD ('21-'25), ES300h ('19-'25) |- |1 |Lexus ES350h ('26-), ES350e ('26-), ES550e ('26-) |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS200t, IS300 RWD, IS300 AWD, IS350, IS F, IS250C, IS350C |- |3 |Toyota Yaris hatchback ('10-'18 & '19 in Canada), Yaris sedan ('10-'12) |- |3 |Toyota Prius C |- |4 |Toyota Scion xD |- |5 |Toyota Grand Highlander, Grand Highlander Hybrid |- |6 |Lexus TX350, TX500h, TX550h+ |- |7 |Toyota Scion tC |- |A |Lexus HS250h |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350L, RX450h, RX450hL |- |A |Lexus RX350, RX350h, RX500h, RX450h+ |- |A |Toyota Mirai ('21-'26) |- |A |Toyota bZ4X, Subaru Solterra ('23-'25) |- |A |Toyota Sequoia ('23-'26) |- |B |Toyota Avalon, Avalon Hybrid |- |B |Toyota bZ |- |B |Toyota bZ Woodland |- |B |Toyota Venza ('10-'15 & '16 in Canada) |- |B |Lexus RZ300e, RZ350e, RZ450e, RZ550e |- |C |Toyota Sienna, Sienna Hybrid |- |C |Lexus RC200t, RC300 RWD, RC300 AWD, RC350, RC F |- |C |Subaru Solterra ('26-) |- |C |Subaru Trailseeker |- |D |Toyota Mirai ('16-'20) |- |D |Toyota C-HR EV ('26-) |- |E |Toyota Corolla, GR Corolla, GRMN Corolla |- |E |Toyota Scion iM, Corolla iM |- |E |Toyota Matrix |- |E |Toyota Scion xB |- |E |Subaru Uncharted |- |F |Toyota FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |F |Lexus LS500, LS500h |- |F |Toyota Crown |- |G |Lexus ES350 ('10-'18), ES300h ('13-'18) |- |G |Toyota Corolla Cross, Corolla Cross Hybrid |- |H |Toyota Highlander, Highlander Hybrid |- |H |Lexus CT200h |- |H |Lexus LFA |- |H |Lexus UX200, UX250h, UX300h |- |H |Toyota Venza ('21-'24) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Full-size: '10-'11, '13-'21) |- |J |Toyota Land Cruiser (Mid-size: '24-'26) |- |J |Toyota Crown Signia |- |K |Toyota Camry, Camry Hybrid |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS450h ('13-'15) |- |L |Lexus GS200t, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('16-'17) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS450h, GS F ('18) |- |L |Lexus GS300, GS350, GS F ('19) |- |L |Lexus GS350, GS F ('20) |- |N |Toyota Tacoma |- |P |Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15), Prius Prime ('17-'22) |- |R |Toyota 4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS350, GS460, GS450h ('10-'11) |- |U |Toyota Prius, Prius V |- |U |Toyota Prius Prime ('23-'24), Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |- |V |Toyota RAV4, RAV4 Hybrid, RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26), RAV4 EV |- |X |Lexus GX460, GX550 |- |X |Lexus LX570, LX600, LX700h |- |X |Toyota C-HR ('18-'22) |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Y |Lexus LC500, LC500h |- |Z |Lexus NX200t, NX300, NX300h |- |Z |Lexus NX250, NX350, NX350h, NX450h+ |} ===Vehicle Line, Make, & Body Style=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (2022- for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |B |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 5.5 ft. Bed |- |C |Toyota Tundra, CrewMax, 6.5 ft. Bed |- |D |Toyota Tundra, Double Cab, 8.1 ft. Bed |} ==VIN Format 1996-2009== Toyota has used the following VIN format from 1996-2009 for North America and since 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |2 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |1 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |B |[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |5 |E |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Restraint System|Restraint System]] |- |8 |K ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |U |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Position!!Sample!!Description |- |1 |5 |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |D |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |H |MPV: [[#Body Type & Drive Wheels|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |4 |B |Truck: [[#Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System|Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System]] |- |5 |F |[[#Engine Type 1996-2009|Engine Type]] |- |6 |4 |[[#Series 1996-2009|Series]] |- |7 |6 |[[#Grade|Grade]] |- |8 |C ||[[#Vehicle Line|Vehicle Line]] |- |9 |8 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |9 |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |S |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |8 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |6 |- |14 |6 |- |15 |8 |- |16 |5 |- |17 |0 |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo) |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD (Tercel, Echo, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Avalon, '01-'03 Prius, Lexus ES, IS, GS, LS) |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD ('96-'97 Paseo, '96-'98 Celica, '96 Camry coupe, '99-'08 Camry Solara, '96-'00 Lexus SC300/SC400) |- |C |4DR Sedan 4WD (Lexus GS300 AWD '06, GS350 AWD '07-'09, LS460 AWD '09) |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD ('96-'05 Celica, '96-'98 Supra, '05-'09 Scion tC) |- |D |4DR Sedan LWB 4WD ('09 Lexus LS460L AWD, '08-'09 LS600hL) |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD ('96 Corolla wagon, '96 Camry wagon, '02-'05 Lexus IS300 SportCross) |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD ('97 Paseo conv., '96-'99 Celica conv., '00-'08 Camry Solara conv., '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '02-'09 Lexus SC430) |- |G |5DR Sedan 2WD w/IRS ('09 Matrix XRS) |- |G |4DR Sedan LWB 2WD ('07-'09 Lexus LS460L) |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD ('07-'09 Yaris 3-door) |- |K |4DR Hatchback or 5DR Liftback 2WD ('04-'09 Prius, '09 Yaris 5-door) / 5DR Sedan 2WD ('03-'08 Matrix 2wd, Scion xA, xD) /<br> 5DR Sedan 2WD w/torsion beam rear suspension ('09 Matrix Base model & S 2wd) |- |L |5DR Sedan 4WD ('03-'06, '09 Matrix 4wd) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 Lexus GX470) |- |D |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |E |5DR Wagon 4WD ('04-'09 Highlander) |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'97 Previa, '98-'00 Sienna, '96-'05 RAV4, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '01-'07 Highlander,<br> '96-'02 4Runner) |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'97 Previa All-Trac, '96-'05 RAV4, '01-'07 Highlander, '96-'02 4Runner, '96-'09 Land Cruiser, '99-'03 Lexus RX300,<br> '04-'06 RX330, '07-'09 RX350, '06-'08 RX400h, '96-'97 Lexus LX450, '98-'07 LX470, '08-'09 LX570) |- |K |5DR Wagon 2WD ('04-'06, '08-'09 Scion xB) |- |X |2DR Wagon 2WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Y |2DR Wagon 4WD ('96-'99 RAV4) |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD ('98-'09 Sienna, '06-'09 RAV4, '09 Venza, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser, '03-'09 4Runner, '01-'09 Sequoia) |- |} ===Cab, Chassis, Drive Wheels & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks''' {{center|'''Position 4 (1996-2009 for North America)'''}} {{center|'''All have hydraulic brakes.'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |B |Tundra Access Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |D |Tundra Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |E |Tundra Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('04-'06) |- |G |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |H |Tacoma Double Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('01-'04) |- |J |T100 Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98), Tundra Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |R |Tundra Access Cab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('00-'06) |- |S |Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('98-'04) |- |T |T100 XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |U |T100 XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'98) |- |V |Tacoma XtraCab 2wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |W |Tacoma XtraCab 4wd 1/2 Ton ('96-'04) |- |N |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |P |Tacoma Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |T |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |U |Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |L |Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |K |Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab Super LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |M |Tacoma Double Cab Super LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('05-'09) |- |J |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |K |Tundra Regular Cab SWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |L |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |M |Tundra Regular Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |R |Tundra Double Cab LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |B |Tundra Double Cab LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |S |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |C |Tundra Double Cab ELWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |E |Tundra CrewMax LWB 2wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |D |Tundra CrewMax LWB 4wd 1/2 Ton ('07-'09) |- |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Engine Type 1996-2009=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('96-'97). |- | A || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330 ('04-'06),<br> Camry Solara ('04-'08). |- | B || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla, Celica ST ('96-'97). |- | B || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 3CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('04-'09). |- | B || 2.4L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 2AZ-FXE engine + 2JM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Camry Hybrid ('07-'09). |- | C || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada), Paseo ('96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada). |- | C || 3.5L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors).<br> Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus GS450h ('07-'09). |- | D || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 2JZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Supra ('96-'98), Lexus GS300 ('96-'05), SC300 ('96-'00), IS300 ('01-'05). |- | D || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('01-'07), RAV4 ('04-'08). |- | E || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('96-'98). |- | E || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2AZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry ('02-'09), Camry Solara ('02-'08), Scion tC ('05-'09),<br> Scion xB ('08-'09), Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS ('09). |- | E || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS350 ('06-'09), GS350 ('07-'09). |- | E || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 1AR-FE engine. Toyota Venza, Highlander ('09). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('96-'03), Avalon ('96-'99), Sienna ('98-'00),<br> Lexus ES300 ('96-'98), Camry Solara ('99-'03). |- | F || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry LE V6, XLE V6 ('04-'06), Avalon ('00-'04),<br> Highlander ('01-'03), Sienna ('01-'03), Lexus ES300 ('99-'03), RX300 ('99-'03). |- | F || 2.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2AR-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('09). |- | G || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT ('96-'99), Camry ('96-'01), Camry Solara ('99-'01). |- | H || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('98 & later). Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400, SC400 ('96-'00), GS400 ('98-'00). |- | H || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1AZ-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03). |- | H || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3GR-FSE engine. Lexus GS300 ('06). |- | J || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX450 ('96-'97). |- | J || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Lexus ES350 ('07-'09). |- | K || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('96-'97). |- | K || 1.5L || I4 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Atkinson cycle. Toyota 1NZ-FXE engine + 2CM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Prius ('01-'03). |- | K || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Avalon ('05-'09), RAV4 ('06-'09), Camry V6, Sienna,<br> Lexus RX350 ('07-'09), Venza ('09). |- | K || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || D-4 Direct injection. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 4GR-FSE engine. Lexus IS250 ('06-'09). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('96-'04). |- | L || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus GS430 ('01-'05). |- | L || 4.6L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 1UR-FSE engine.<br> Lexus LS460 ('07-'09), GS460 ('08-'09). |- | L || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Japanese-built Toyota Corolla ('09). |- | M || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'00), T100 ('96-'98). |- | N || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('96-'04), 4Runner ('96-'02), T100 ('96-'98), Tundra ('00-'04). |- | N || 2.2L || I4 || CNG || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FNE engine. Toyota Camry ('00-'01). |- | N || 4.3L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS430 ('01-'06), SC430 ('02-'09), GS430 ('06-'07). |- | P || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota RAV4 ('96-'00). |- | P || 3.3L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('04-'07). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2UR-GSE engine. Lexus IS F ('08-'09). |- | R || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i ('00 & later). Toyota 1ZZ-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('98-'08), Celica GT, MR2 Spyder ('00-'05),<br> Matrix ('03-'08). |- | S || 3.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2GR-FE engine. Toyota Highlander ('08-'09). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'05), Toyota Tundra ('00-'04),<br> Sequoia ('01-'04), 4Runner, Lexus GX470 ('03-'04). |- | T || 4.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 2UZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('06-'07), Toyota 4Runner, Sequoia, Tundra, Lexus GX470 ('05-'09). |- | T || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 1NZ-FE engine. Toyota Echo ('00-'05), Yaris ('07-'09), Scion xA, xB ('04-'06). |- | U || 4.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 1GR-FE engine.<br> Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09), Tacoma, Tundra ('05-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09). |- | U || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 2ZR-FE engine. Scion xD ('08-'09), US- & Canadian-built Toyota Corolla ('09),<br> Matrix ('09). |- | U || 5.0L || V8 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || D-4S Direct/Port injection. Dual VVT-i w/intake VVT-iE. Toyota 2UR-FSE engine + 1KM (2 Front motors). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09). |- | V || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Tundra ('07-'09). |- | W || 3.3L || V6 || Gas-Electric Hybrid || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. VVT-i. Toyota 3MZ-FE engine + 1JM (2 Front motors), 2FM (1 Rear motor on AWD models). Nickel-metal hydride Battery Pack. Toyota Highlander Hybrid ('06-'09), Lexus RX400h ('06-'08). |- | W || 5.7L || V8 || Gas/E85 || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || Flex-Fuel. MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FBE engine. Toyota Tundra ('09). |- | X || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Intake VVT-i. Toyota 2TR-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('05-'09). |- | Y || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. VVTL-i. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 2ZZ-GE engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('00-'05), Matrix XRS ('03-'06), Corolla XRS ('05-'06). |- | Y || 5.7L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Dual VVT-i. Toyota 3UR-FE engine. Toyota Sequoia, Land Cruiser, Lexus LX570 ('08-'09). |} VVT-i=Variable Valve Timing w/Intelligence, VVTL-i= Variable Valve Timing and Lift w/Intelligence, CNG=Compressed Natural Gas ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 1996-2009==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 |- ! VIN !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 27.4 Kwh || Nickel-metal hydride || Electricity || Front || 1BM motor. Toyota RAV4 EV ('98-'03). |} ===Series 1996-2009=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('96-'97): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door ('96-'97) or wagon ('96) w/1.8L engine: AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('96-'97): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('96-'99): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry ('96) I4: SXV'''1'''0L, V6: MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 ('96) MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('96-'99) MCX'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Corolla ('98-'02) ZZE1'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Echo ('00-'05) NCP'''1'''2L |- |1 |Toyota Prius ('01-'03) NHW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) JCE'''1'''0L |- |1 |Scion TC ('05-'09) ANT1'''0'''L |- |1 |Scion XD ('08-'09) ZSP1'''1'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('96-'00) UCF'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Camry ('97-'01) I4: SXV'''2'''0L, V6: MCV'''2'''0L, CNG I4 ('00-'01): SXV'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Camry Solara - 2.2L I4 ('99-'01): SXV'''2'''0L, 2.4L I4 ('02-'03): ACV'''2'''0L, V6 ('99-'03): MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus ES300 ('97-'01) MCV'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Avalon ('00-'04) MCX'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Prius ('04-'09) NHW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus IS250 2wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''0L, IS250 4wd ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''5L, IS350 ('06-'09) GSE'''2'''1L, IS F ('08-'09) USE'''2'''0L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('96-'00) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('96-'00) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Celica - GT w/1ZZ-FE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''0L, GT-S w/2ZZ-GE engine ('00-'05): ZZT2'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) ZZW'''3'''0L |- |3 |Lexus LS430 ('01-'06) UCF'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Camry ('02-'06) I4: ACV'''3'''0L, 3.0L V6: MCV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 SE V6): MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Camry Solara ('04-'08) I4 : ACV'''3'''0L, 3.3L V6: MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus ES300 ('02-'03) MCV'''3'''0L, ES330 ('04-'06) MCV'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Corolla w/1ZZ-FE engine ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''0L, Corolla XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('05-'06) ZZE1'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 2wd ('03-'08) ZZE1'''3'''2L, Matrix w/1ZZ-FE engine & 4wd ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2ZZ-GE engine ('03-'06) ZZE1'''3'''3L |- |3 |Toyota Avalon ('05-'09) GSX'''3'''0L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('96-'97) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |4 |Lexus SC430 ('02-'09) UZZ'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Camry ('07-'09) I4: ACV'''4'''0L, V6: GSV'''4'''0L, Hybrid: AHV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus ES350 ('07-'09) GSV'''4'''0L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''0L, LS460L 2wd ('07-'09) USF'''4'''1L |- |4 |Lexus LS600hL ('08-'09) UVF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Lexus LS460 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''5L, LS460L 4wd ('09) USF'''4'''6L |- |4 |Toyota Corolla w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Corolla XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Matrix w/1.8L 2ZR-FE engine ('09) ZRE1'''4'''2L, Matrix S w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & torsion beam rear suspension ('09) AZE1'''4'''1L,<br> Matrix S AWD w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 4wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''4L, Matrix XRS w/2.4L 2AZ-FE engine, 2wd, & IRS ('09) AZE1'''4'''6L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel (US: '96-'98, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''3L |- |5 |Toyota Paseo (US: '96-'97, Canada: '96-'99) EL'''5'''4L |- |6 |Lexus GS300 ('98-'05) JZS1'''6'''0L, GS400 ('98-'00) UZS1'''6'''0L, GS430 ('01-'05) UZS1'''6'''1L |- |6 |Scion XA ('04-'06) NCP'''6'''1L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('96-'98) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Yaris ('07-'09) Hatchback: NCP'''9'''1L, 4-d sedan: NCP'''9'''3L |- |9 |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''0L, GS300 4wd ('06) GRS1'''9'''5L |- |9 |Lexus GS350 2wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''1L, GS350 4wd ('07-'09) GRS1'''9'''6L |- |9 |Lexus GS430 ('06-'07) UZS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS460 ('08-'09) URS1'''9'''0L |- |9 |Lexus GS450h ('07-'09) GWS1'''9'''1L |- |} CNG=Compressed Natural Gas, IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-2009 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('98-'07), Lexus LX470 ('98-'07) UZJ1'''0'''0L |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''0L |- |0 |Lexus LX570 ('08-'09) URJ2'''0'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('96-'97) TCR'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 2wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''5L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''6L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 4wd ('96-'00) 2-door: SXA'''1'''0L, 4-door: SXA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota RAV4 EV 2wd ('98-'03) 4-door: BEA'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota Sienna ('98-'03) MCL'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03) MCU'''1'''0L (2wd), MCU'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota 4Runner ('03-'09) V6: GRN2'''1'''0L (2wd), GRN2'''1'''5L (4wd), V8: UZN2'''1'''0L (2wd), UZN2'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota FJ Cruiser ('07-'09) GSJ'''1'''0L (2wd), GSJ'''1'''5L (4wd) |- |1 |Toyota Venza 2wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''0L, V6: GGV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Venza 4wd ('09) I4: AGV'''1'''5L, V6: GGV'''1'''5L |- |1 |Toyota T100 I4 2wd ('96-'98) RCK'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota T100 V6 2wd ('96-'98) VCK'''1'''1L |- |2 |Toyota T100 V6 4wd ('96-'98) VCK'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('96-'97) TCR'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('01-'03) ACA'''2'''6L (2wd), ACA'''2'''1L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota RAV4 ('04-'05) ACA'''2'''8L (2wd), ACA'''2'''3L (4wd) |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('04-'06) 2wd: MCL'''2'''0L, 4wd: MCL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Sienna ('07-'09) 2wd: GSL'''2'''0L, 4wd: GSL'''2'''5L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 2wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''0L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''0L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''3L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''3L |- |2 |Toyota Highlander 4wd - '01-'07 I4: ACU'''2'''5L, '01-'03 3.0L V6: MCU'''2'''5L, '04-'07 3.3L V6: MCU'''2'''8L, '06-'07 Hybrid: MHU'''2'''8L |- |2 |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) UZJ1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''0L (I4) |- |2 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 2wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''2'''5L (I4), GRN2'''2'''5L (V6) |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 2wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''3'''0L, '05-'06 4.0L V6: GSK'''3'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''3'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 2wd ('04-'06) UCK'''3'''1L |- |3 |Toyota Sequoia ('01-'07) UCK'''3'''5L (2wd), UCK'''4'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Scion XB ('04-'06) NCP'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus RX330 ('04-'06) MCU'''3'''3L (2wd), MCU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX350 ('07-'09) GSU'''3'''0L (2wd), GSU'''3'''5L (4wd) |- |3 |Lexus RX400h ('06-'08) MHU'''3'''3L (2wd), MHU'''3'''8L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('06-'08) I4: ACA'''3'''8L (2wd), ACA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |3 |Toyota RAV4 ('09) I4: ASA'''3'''8L (2wd), ASA'''3'''3L (4wd), V6: GSA'''3'''8L (2wd), GSA'''3'''3L (4wd) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab SWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''0L (I4) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Access Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) TRN2'''4'''5L (I4), GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab LWB 4wd ('05-'09) GRN2'''4'''5L (V6) |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Reg. Cab/Access Cab 4wd - '00-'04 3.4L V6: VCK'''4'''0L, '00-'06 V8: UCK'''4'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Tundra Double Cab V8 4wd ('04-'06) UCK'''4'''1L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('08) 2wd: GSU'''4'''0L, 4wd: GSU'''4'''5L, Hybrid 4wd: MHU'''4'''8L |- |4 |Toyota Highlander ('09) I4: ASU'''4'''0L (2wd), V6: GSU'''4'''0L (2wd), GSU'''4'''5L (4wd), Hybrid: MHU'''4'''8L (4wd) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''5'''0L (2.4L I4), VZN1'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab ELWB [4wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''5'''0L (V6) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra V6 2wd ('07-'09) GSK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), GSK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab, LWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 2wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''0L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''1L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''2L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 4.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) UCK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), UCK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), UCK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Toyota Tundra 5.7L V8 4wd ('07-'09) USK'''5'''5L (Reg. Cab, SWB), USK'''5'''6L (Reg. Cab/Double Cab/CrewMax, LWB), USK'''5'''7L (Double Cab, ELWB) |- |5 |Scion XB ('08-'09) AZE1'''5'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma Reg. Cab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''6'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab SWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''0L (I4) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Access Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) TRN2'''6'''5L (I4), GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab LWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''6'''5L (V6) |- |6 |Toyota Sequoia ('08-'09) 4.7L V8: UCK'''6'''0L (2wd), UCK'''6'''5L (4wd), 5.7L V8: USK'''6'''0L (2wd), USK'''6'''5L (4wd) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4wd ('96-'04) RZN1'''7'''1L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma Double Cab 4wd ('01-'04) VZN1'''7'''0L (V6) |- |7 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab ELWB [2wd] ('05-'09) GRN2'''7'''0L (V6) |- |8 |Toyota 4Runner - '96-'00 I4: RZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), RZN1'''8'''5L (4wd), '96-'02 V6: VZN1'''8'''0L (2wd), VZN1'''8'''5L (4wd) |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser ('96-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Reg. Cab [2wd] ('99-'04) RZN1'''9'''1L (2.7L I4) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner XtraCab [2wd] ('98-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |- |9 |Toyota Tacoma PreRunner Double Cab [2wd] ('01-'04) RZN1'''9'''6L (2.7L I4), VZN1'''9'''5L (V6) |} SWB=Short Wheelbase, LWB=Long Wheelbase, ELWB=Extra Long Wheelbase ===Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America)<br> Note: Toyota/Lexus VINs before 2010 do not reflect if the vehicle has rear-seat side airbags. Some Lexus ES, GS, & LS models are so equipped. !Code !Description !Application |- |2 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags |Tercel '96-'98, Corolla '96-'08, Camry '96-'06, Avalon '96-'97, Paseo '96-'97, Celica '96-'05,<br> Supra '96-'98, Camry Solara '99-'03, Echo '00-'05, MR2 Spyder '00-'05, Prius '01-'06,<br> Matrix '03-'08, Yaris '07-'08, Scion xA '04-'06, Lexus ES300 '96-'97, GS300 '96-'97, LS400 '96,<br> SC300/SC400 '96-'00 |- |5 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus SC430 '07-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver's Knee Airbag |Avalon '05-'09, Camry '07-'09, Scion tC '05-'07 (Opt.), Scion tC '08-'09 |- |6 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags, and Driver & Front Passenger Knee Airbags |Lexus LS430 '04-'06, LS460 '07-'09, LS600hL '08-'09, GS300 '06, GS350 '07-'09,<br> GS430 '06-'07, GS460 '08-'09, GS450h '07-'09, IS250/IS350 '06-'09, IS F '08-'09,<br> ES350 '07-'09 |- |7 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Driver's Knee Airbag |Scion tC '05-'07 |- |8 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags and Side Airbags |Corolla '98-'04 (Opt.), Camry '98-'01 (Opt.), Avalon '98-'04, Camry Solara '99-'03 (Opt.),<br> Camry Solara coupe '04-'06, Camry Solara convertible '04-'08, Celica '00-'05 (Opt.),<br> Echo '01-'05 (Opt.), Prius '01-'03 (Opt.), Matrix '03-'04 (Opt.), Lexus LS400 '97-'00,<br> ES300 '98-'01, GS300/GS400 '98-'00, IS300 '01, SC430 '02-'06 |- |9 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front-seat Side Curtain Airbags |Lexus GS300/GS430 '01-'05, IS300 '02-'05 |- |0 |Manual Belts w/Dual Front Airbags, Front-seat Side Airbags, and Front to Rear Side Curtain Airbags |Camry '02-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '04-'06 (Opt.), Camry Solara coupe '07-'08,<br> Prius '04-'06 (Opt.), Prius '07-'09, Corolla '05-'08 (Opt.), Corolla '09, Matrix '05-'08 (Opt.), Matrix '09, Yaris '07-'08 (Opt.), Yaris '09, Scion xA '04-'06 (Opt.), Scion xD '08-'09, Lexus LS430 '01-'03, ES300 '02-'03, ES330 '04-'06 |- |} ===Grade=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles & Light Duty Trucks:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |RAV4 ('96-'05), Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), GX470 ('03-'09), LX470 ('98-'07), LX570 ('08-'09), Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |1 |T100 [Base model] ('96-'98), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander/Highlander Hybrid [Base model] ('08-'09), RAV4 Limited 2-row ('06-'09), FJ Cruiser ('07-'09), Venza ('09), Lexus RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09), RX400h ('06-'08) |- |2 |Previa DX ('96-'97), Tacoma [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('98-'00), Tacoma ('01-'09), T100 DX ('96-'98), Tundra [Base model] ('00-'09),<br> Sienna XLE ('04-'09), Sienna XLE Limited ('04-'05), Sienna Limited ('06-'09), Scion xB w/auto. trans. ('04-'06), RAV4 Sport 2-row ('06-'09),<br> Highlander Limited ('08-'09) |- |3 |Previa LE ('96-'97), Sienna LE, XLE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [US market] ('04-'09), Sienna LE ('04-'09), Scion xB w/man. trans. ('04-'06),<br> RAV4 [Base model, 2-row] ('06-'09), Highlander Sport ('08-'09) |- |4 |4Runner [Base model] ('96-'00), Tacoma SR5 ('96-'97), Tacoma Limited ('98-'00), T100 SR5 ('96-'98), Tundra SR5 ('00-'09), Sequoia SR5 ('01-'09),<br> 4Runner SR5, Sport ('03-'09), RAV4 Limited 3-row ('06-'09), Highlander Hybrid Limited ('08-'09) |- |5 |Land Cruiser ('96-'09), RAV4 [Base model, 3-row] ('06-'09) |- |6 |4Runner SR5 ('96-'02) |- |7 |4Runner Limited ('96-'09), Sequoia Platinum ('08-'09) |- |8 |Lexus LX450 ('96-'97), Tundra Limited ('00-'09), Sequoia Limited ('01-'09) |- |9 |Sienna CE ('98-'03), Sienna CE [Canadian market] ('04-'09) |} ===Vehicle Line=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-2009 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra |- |2 |Lexus IS300 |- |2 |Lexus IS250, IS350, IS F |- |3 |Echo / Yaris |- |4 |Scion xA / Scion xD |- |4 |Scion xB ('04-'06) |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Supra |- |A |Highlander |- |A |Sequoia |- |A |Venza |- |B |Avalon |- |C |Sienna |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix |- |E |Scion xB ('08-'09) |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |F |Lexus LS400 |- |F |Lexus LS430 |- |F |Lexus LS460, LS460L, LS600hL |- |G |Lexus ES300, ES330, ES350 |- |H |Paseo |- |J |Land Cruiser |- |J |Lexus LX450 |- |K |Camry |- |L |Tercel |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner |- |S |Lexus GS300, GS350 |- |S |Lexus GS430, GS460 |- |S |Lexus GS450h |- |T |Celica |- |U |Prius |- |U |Lexus RX300 |- |U |Lexus RX330, RX350, RX400h |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |Lexus LX470, LX570 |- |X |Lexus GS400 |- |X |Lexus GX470 |- |Y |RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |Y |Lexus SC400 |- |Y |Lexus SC430 |- |Z |Lexus SC300 |- |} ==VIN Format 1981-1995== For vehicles prior to model year 1996 for North America and 2002 for the rest of the world: '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |V |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |N |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |1 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |3 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |G ||[[#Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System|Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System]] |- |9 |3 |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |R |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |5 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |6 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |2 |- |14 |2 |- |15 |2 |- |16 |1 |- |17 |7 |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |3 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |J |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Model Designation|Model Designation]] |- |7 |4 |[[#Series (Grade)|Series (Grade)]] |- |8 |V ||[[#Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995|Body Type & Drive Wheels]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |- |1 |J |[[#Country of origin|Country of origin]] |- |2 |T |[[#Manufacturer (Japan/North America)|Manufacturer]] |- |3 |4 |[[#Vehicle Type|Vehicle Type]] |- |4 |R |[[#Engine Type 1981-1995|Engine Type]] |- |5 |D |[[#Vehicle Line 1981-1995|Vehicle Line]] |- |6 |8 |[[#Drivetrain Type|Drivetrain Type]] |- |7 |2 |[[#Cab Type & Chassis|Cab Type & Chassis]] |- |8 |P ||[[#Series (Grade) & Brake System|Series (Grade) & Brake System]] |- |9 |X |[[../../Check digit/]] |- |10 |P |[[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Toyota/VIN Codes#Model year|Model year]] |- |11 |0 |[[#Plant|Plant]] |- |12 |1 |rowspan=6|Sequential number |- |13 |0 |- |14 |8 |- |15 |3 |- |16 |8 |- |17 |5 |} ===Engine Type 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3A-C engine. Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82), Tercel ('83-'86), Tercel wagon ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('83), Corolla Sport DX, SR5 ('84-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GELC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 ('85-'89), Corolla FX-16 ('87-'88). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GEC engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GZE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89) |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-GE engine. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha.<br> Toyota Corolla GT-S ('88-'91). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4A-F engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'89). |- | A || 1.6L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 4A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('88-'95), Celica ST ('90-'93). |- | A || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 7A-FE engine. Toyota Corolla ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FE engine. Toyota Previa ('91-'95). |- | A || 2.4L || I4 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2TZ-FZE engine. Toyota Previa S/C ('94-'95). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-LC engine. Toyota Corolla ('84-'85). |- | C || 1.8L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 1C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('84-'85). |- | C || 2.0L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2C-TLC engine. Toyota Camry ('86). |- | D || 4.5L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1FZ-FE engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('93-'95). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || 1-bbl carb. Toyota 3E engine. Toyota Tercel ('87-'90). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3E-E engine. Toyota Tercel ('90-'94). |- | E || 1.5L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5E-FE engine. Toyota Tercel ('95), Paseo ('92-'95). |- | F || 4.2L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || 2-bbl. Carb. Toyota 2F engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('81-'87). |- | F || 4.0L || I6 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3F-E engine. Toyota Land Cruiser ('88-'92). |- | G || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 1MZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('94-'95), Avalon ('95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2JZ-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('93-'95), Lexus SC300 ('92-'95), GS300 ('93-'95). |- | J || 3.0L || I6 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Sequential twin turbo. Toyota 2JZ-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('93-'95). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 4K-C engine. Toyota Starlet ('81-'82). |- | K || 1.3L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4K-E engine. Toyota Starlet ('83-'84). |- | L || 2.2L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota L engine. Toyota Pickup ('81-'83). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L engine. Toyota Pickup ('84-'85). |- | L || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Diesel || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || Indirect injection. Toyota 2L-T engine. Toyota Pickup ('85). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-E engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('81), Cressida ('81-'82). |- | M || 2.8L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 5M-GE engine. Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86), Cressida ('83-'88). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GE engine. Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92), Cressida ('89-'92). |- | M || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 7M-GTE engine. Toyota Supra Turbo ('87-'92). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 22R engine. Toyota Celica, Corona ('81-'82), Pickup ('81-'90), 4Runner ('84). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-E (EC for CA emissions version) engine.<br> Toyota Celica ('83-'85), Pickup ('84-'95), 4Runner ('85-'95). |- | R || 2.4L || I4 Turbo || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 22R-TE (TEC for CA emissions version) engine. Toyota Pickup ('85-'88), 4Runner ('86-'87). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 2S-ELC engine. Toyota Camry ('83-'86), Celica ST/GT ('86). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GELC engine.<br> Toyota Celica GT-S ('86-'89). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3S-FE engine. Toyota Celica ST/GT ('87-'89), Camry ('87-'91). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. High-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha. Toyota 3S-GTE engine.<br> Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93), MR2 Turbo ('91-'95). |- | S || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 5S-FE engine. Toyota Celica GT/GT-S ('90-'93), Celica GT ('94-'95), MR2 ('91-'95), Camry ('92-'95). |- | T || 1.8L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || 2-bbl carb. Toyota 3T-C engine. Toyota Corolla ('81-'82). |- | U || 4.0L || V8 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve || MPI. Toyota 1UZ-FE engine. Lexus LS400 ('90-'95), SC400 ('92-'95). |- | U || 2.4L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 2RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma 2wd ('95). |- | U || 2.7L || I4 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve || MPI. Toyota 3RZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('94-'95). |- | V || 2.5L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 2VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6 ('88-'91), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || SOHC,<br /> 12 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-E engine. Toyota 4Runner, Pickup ('88-'95), T100 ('93-'94). |- | V || 3.0L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 3VZ-FE engine. Toyota Camry V6, Lexus ES300 ('92-'93). |- | V || 3.4L || V6 || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve || MPI. Toyota 5VZ-FE engine. Toyota Tacoma ('95), T100 ('95). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 3Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('84-'85). |- | Y || 2.2L || I4 || Gas || OHV,<br /> 8 valve || MPI. Toyota 4Y-EC engine. Toyota Van ('86-'89). |} ===Vehicle Line 1981-1995=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |Celica rwd ('81-'85) |- |A |Celica Supra ('81-'86) |- |A |Supra ('86 1/2-'95) |- |B |Avalon ('95) |- |C |Previa ('91-'95) |- |D |T100 ('93-'95) |- |E |Corolla ('81-'95) |- |F |Lexus LS400 ('90-'95) |- |J |Land Cruiser ('81-'95) |- |K |Camry ('92-'95) |- |K |Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |L |Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) |- |L |Tercel ('83-'95) |- |L |Paseo ('92-'95) |- |N |Pickup (compact pickup & chassis cab '81-'95) |- |N |Tacoma ('95 1/2) |- |N |4Runner ('84-'95) |- |P |Starlet ('81-'84) |- |R |Van ('84-'89) |- |S |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |T |Corona ('81-'82) |- |T |Celica fwd or awd ('86-'95) |- |V |Camry ('83-'91) |- |V |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |- |W |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95) |- |X |Cressida ('81-'92) |- |Z |Lexus SC300, SC400 ('92-'95) |- |} ===Model Designation=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Corolla - 4-door w/1.6L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''1L, 4-door or wagon w/1.8L engine ('93-'95): AE1'''0'''2L |- |0 |Toyota Celica - ST w/1.8L 7A-FE engine ('94-'95): AT2'''0'''0L, GT w/2.2L 5S-FE engine ('94-'95): ST2'''0'''4L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - Gas I4 ('83-'86): SV'''1'''1L, 1.8L Turbodiesel I4 [1C-TLC] ('84-'85): CV'''1'''0L, 2.0L Turbodiesel I4 [2C-TLC] ('86): CV'''1'''1L |- |1 |Toyota MR2 ('85-'89) AW'''1'''1L |- |1 |Lexus LS400 ('90-'94) UCF'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Camry - I4 ('92-'95): SXV'''1'''0L, V6 w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, V6 w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Lexus ES300 - w/3VZ-FE engine ('92-'93): VCV'''1'''0L, w/1MZ-FE engine ('94-'95): MCV'''1'''0L |- |1 |Toyota Avalon ('95) MCX'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Corolla Tercel ('81-'82) AL12L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |2 |Toyota Camry sedan - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1L, I4 All-Trac 4WD ('88-'91): SV'''2'''5L, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota Camry wagon - I4 2WD ('87-'91): SV'''2'''1LG, V6 ('88-'91): VZV'''2'''1LG |- |2 |Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) VZV'''2'''1L |- |2 |Toyota MR2 ('91-'95) Base model w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: SW'''2'''1L, Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: SW'''2'''0L |- |2 |Lexus LS400 ('95) UCF'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Corona ('81-'82) RT1'''3'''5L |- |3 |Toyota Tercel hatchback ('83-'86) AL21L (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel wagon - 2wd: ('84-'87) AL21LG, 4wd: ('83-'88) AL25LG (does not follow the system used by all other models) |- |3 |Toyota Tercel coupe & hatchback ('87-'90) EL'''3'''1L |- |3 |Lexus SC300 ('92-'95) JZZ'''3'''1L, SC400 ('92-'95) UZZ'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Celica ('81) RA'''4'''3L |- |4 |Toyota Celica Supra ('81) MA'''4'''7L |- |4 |Toyota Tercel ('91-'94) EL'''4'''2L |- |4 |Toyota Paseo ('92-'95) EL'''4'''4L |- |4 |Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) JZS1'''4'''7L |- |5 |Toyota Tercel ('95) EL'''5'''3L |- |6 |Toyota Starlet ('81-'84) KP'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Cressida - sedan w/solid (live) rear axle ('81-'82): MX'''6'''2L, sedan w/IRS ('83-'84): MX'''6'''3L, wagon ('81-'84): MX'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/22R engine ('82): RA'''6'''4L, ST & GT w/22R-E/EC engine & solid (live) rear axle ('83-'85): RA'''6'''4L,<br> GT-S w/22R-E/EC engine & IRS ('83-'85): RA'''6'''5L |- |6 |Toyota Celica Supra ('82-'86) MA'''6'''1L |- |6 |Toyota Celica - ST & GT w/2S-ELC engine ('86): ST1'''6'''1L, ST & GT w/3S-FE engine ('87-'89): ST1'''6'''2L, GT-S w/3S-GELC engine ('86-'89): ST1'''6'''2L,<br> All-Trac Turbo w/3S-GTE engine ('88): ST1'''6'''5L |- |7 |Toyota Corolla - w/1.8L OHV 3T-C engine ('81-'82): TE'''7'''2L, w/1.6L SOHC 4A-C engine ('83): AE'''7'''1L |- |7 |Toyota Cressida - sedan ('85-'88): MX'''7'''3L, wagon ('85-'87): MX'''7'''2LG |- |7 |Toyota Supra ('86 1/2-'92) MA'''7'''0L |- |8 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd, gas-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Fwd, diesel-powered 4-door sedan & 5-door hatchback ('84-'85): CE'''8'''0L, Corolla FX/FX-16 Fwd 3-door hatchback ('87-'88): AE'''8'''2L,<br> Corolla Sport - Rwd, gas-powered 2-door coupe & 3-door hatchback ('84-'87): AE'''8'''6L |- |8 |Toyota Cressida ('89-'92) MX'''8'''3L |- |8 |Toyota Celica ('90-'93) - ST w/1.6L 4A-FE engine: AT1'''8'''0L, GT & GT-S w/2.2L 5S-FE engine: ST1'''8'''4L, All-Trac Turbo w/2.0L 3S-GTE engine: ST1'''8'''5L |- |8 |Toyota Supra ('93-'95) JZA'''8'''0L |- |9 |Toyota Corolla - Fwd 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''2L, All-Trac 4wd 4-door sedan ('89-'90) & wagon ('88-'92): AE'''9'''5L |} IRS=Independent Rear Suspension '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1981-1995 for North America) |+Based on the Chassis code given for the car !Code !Description |- |1 |Toyota Previa 2wd ('91-'95) TCR'''1'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Van - w/2.0L 3Y-EC engine ('84-'85): YR'''2'''1LG, w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 2wd ('86-'89): YR'''2'''2LG |- |2 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 2wd ('90-'91): RN1'''2'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 2wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''2'''0L |- |2 |Toyota Previa All-Trac 4wd ('91-'95) TCR'''2'''0L |- |3 |Toyota Van w/2.2L 4Y-EC engine & 4wd ('87-'89): YR'''3'''1LG |- |3 |Toyota 4Runner - w/2.4L 22R-E I4 & 4wd ('90-'95): RN1'''3'''0L, w/3.0L 3VZ-E V6 & 4wd ('90-'95): VZN1'''3'''0L |- |4 |Toyota Land Cruiser 40 Series 2-door Hardtop ('81-'83) FJ'''4'''0LV |- |6 |Toyota Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - w/2F engine: FJ'''6'''0LG ('81-'87), w/3F-E engine ('88-'90): FJ'''6'''2LG |- |6 |Toyota 4Runner 4wd - I4: RN'''6'''0LG ('84-'85), RN'''6'''1LG ('86-'89), V6 ('88-'89): VZN'''6'''1LG |- |8 |Toyota Land Cruiser - w/3F-E engine ('91-'92): FJ'''8'''0L, w/1FZ-FE engine ('93-'95) FZJ'''8'''0L |- |} ===Drivetrain Type=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |4wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95) |- |0 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '95 |- |1 |4wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95) |- |1 |2wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |4wd (T100 '93-'95) |- |2 |2wd (Cargo Van) '84-'89 |- |3 |4wd (Cargo Van) '87-'89 |- |4 |2wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |5 |2wd (Pickup, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version) '84-'88 |- |5 |2wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |6 |4wd (Pickup '84-'88, 4Runner - truck version '84-'89, Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |6 |4wd (Tacoma Regular Cab '95) |- |6 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '84-'85, '87-'89 |- |7 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab - Extra LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |2wd (Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '86-'88) |- |7 |4wd (Tacoma Xtracab '95) |- |8 |2wd (Celica convertible) [incomplete vehicle] '91-'93 |- |8 |2wd (Pickup Regular Cab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - LWB version '89-'93) |- |9 |2wd (Pickup Xtracab '89-'95, Chassis Cab Pickup - Super LWB version '89-'93) |} LWB=Long Wheelbase ===Series (Grade)=== '''Passenger Cars:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Supra [base model] ('86 1/2-'92), Corolla LE ('93-'95), Celica ST ('94-'95), Avalon XL ('95) Lexus SC400 ('92-'95) |- |1 |Starlet ('81-'84), Corolla Tercel [base model] ('81-'82), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d/4-d ('82), Tercel [base model] ('83-'89), Tercel EZ ('87),<br> Tercel [base model w/carbureted engine] ('90), Corolla [base model] ('81-'83), Camry [base model] ('87), Camry DX ('87-'95), Supra Turbo ('87-'92),<br> Corolla [base model] ('90-'92), MR2 [base model] ('91-'95), Supra [base model] ('93-'95), Avalon XLS ('95), Lexus LS400 ('90-'94), SC300 ('92-'95) |- |2 |Corolla Tercel Deluxe 2-d ('81), Corolla Tercel Deluxe 3-d ('81-'82), Tercel Deluxe ('83-'89), Tercel Deluxe w/carbureted engine ('90), Corolla DX ('81-'83),<br> Corolla SR5 ('83), Corolla DX 4-d sedan/5-d hatch ('84-'87), Corolla FX ('87-'88), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('88-'89), Corona Deluxe ('81-'82),<br> Cressida ('81-'82), Cressida wagon ('83-'87), Camry DX ('83-'85), Camry DX w/gasoline engine ('86), Camry LE ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('87-'89),<br> MR2 Turbo ('91-'95), Supra Turbo ('93-'95), Lexus ES250 ('90-'91), LS400 ('95) |- |3 |Celica ST ('81-'86), Cressida sedan ('83-'92), Corolla LE ('84-'89), Camry DX turbodiesel ('86), Tercel [base model w/fuel injected engine] ('90),<br> Tercel DX ('91-'94), Camry XLE ('92-'95), Lexus ES300 ('92-'95) |- |4 |Celica GT ('81-'86), Corolla LE Limited ('85-'86), Camry [base model] ('88-'91), Corolla DX All-Trac wagon ('88-'92), Corolla DX All-Trac sedan ('89-'90), Corolla DX fwd 4-d sedan/wagon ('90-'92), Tercel Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('90), Tercel LE ('91-'93), Camry SE ('92-'95), Corolla [base model] ('93-'95) |- |5 |Corolla SR5 ('81-'82), Corolla Sport [DX] ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('88-'89), Celica GT-S ('83-'93), Tercel SR5 ('83-'88), MR2 [base model] ('85-'89),<br> Paseo ('92-'95), Tercel [base model] ('95) |- |6 |Corona Luxury Edition ('81-'82), Camry LE ('83-'86), Corolla Sport SR5 ('84-'87), Corolla SR5 All-Trac wagon ('88-'90), Corolla SR5 Coupe ('90-'91),<br> Celica ST ('87-'93), MR2 Supercharged ('88-'89), Tercel EZ ('88-'90), Tercel [base model] ('91-'94), Tercel DX ('95) |- |7 |Celica Supra ('81-'86), Corolla FX16 ('87-'88), Celica GT coupe/liftback ('87-'95), Celica GT convertible ('91-'93, '95), Corolla LE ('90-'92),<br> Lexus GS300 ('93-'95) |- |8 |Corolla Sport GT-S ('85-'87), Corolla GT-S Coupe ('88-'91), Celica All-Trac Turbo ('88, '90-'93) |- |9 |Corolla FX16 GT-S ('87-'88), Corolla DX ('93-'95) |} '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1981-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 |Land Cruiser 40 Series ('81-'83), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('81-'87), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('91-'92) |- |1 |Previa DX ('91-'95), Land Cruiser 80 Series ('93-'95) |- |2 |Van Deluxe ('84-'89), 4Runner Deluxe ('85), Land Cruiser 60 Series ('88-'90), Previa LE ('91-'95) |- |3 |4Runner Deluxe ('86, '88-'89), Previa DX S/C ('95) |- |4 |4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('86-'87, '89), Previa LE S/C ('94-'95) |- |5 |4Runner SR5 ('84-'85) |- |6 |Van LE ('84-'89), 4Runner SR5 V6 ('88-'89) |- |7 |4Runner SR5 Turbo ('86-'87), 4Runner SR5 [4-cyl.] ('90-'95) |- |9 |4Runner SR5 V6 ('90-'95) |} ===Cab Type & Chassis=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1984-1995 for North America) !Code !Description |- |0 (when following 5 or 6 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |0 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in.] (Pickup '86-'88) |- |0 |Wagon [4DR], long wheelbase (Land Cruiser - truck version '87) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (T100 '93-'94) |- |0 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, 4-cyl. (T100 '95) |- |1 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '84-'85) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase [103 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |1 |2DR pickup, regular cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |2 |Wagon [2DR], short wheelbase (4Runner - truck version '86-'89) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |2 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS, V6 (T100 '95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, regular cab, short wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, extra long wheelbase [121.5 in. for 4x2, 121.9 in. for 4x4], IFS (Pickup '89-'95) |- |3 |2DR pickup, extended cab, IFS (Tacoma '95) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |4 |Panel van, 4-link rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 4wd '87-'89) |- |4 |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.], IFS (Chassis Cab Pickup '89-'93) |- |5 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 5 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '84-'88) |- |5 (when following 7 in 6th pos. of VIN) |2DR pickup, regular cab, super long wheelbase [137 in.] (Chassis Cab Pickup '86-'88) |- |6 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase [112.2 in.] (Pickup '84-'88) |- |7 |Van (Cargo Van '84-'85) |- |7 |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, IFS (Pickup '86-'88) |- |8 |2DR pickup, regular cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |8 |Panel van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Panel Van 2wd '86-'89) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is R) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbo gas engine (Pickup '85-'86) |- |9 (4th position of VIN is L) |2DR pickup, extended cab, long wheelbase, turbodiesel engine (Pickup '85) |- |9 |Glass van, leaf spring rear suspension (Cargo Window Van '86-'89) |} IFS= Independent Front Suspension ===Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Restraint System=== '''Passenger Cars''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type, Drive Wheels, & Application !Restraint System |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '81-'89, MR2 '85-'89) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Sport Coupe '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |C |3DR hatchback (Corolla Sport '84-'86 & in Canada '87) |Manual Belts |- |C |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |D |2DR coupe (Tercel '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Corolla '81-'89, Corona '81-'82, Camry '83-'86) |Manual Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '89) |Manual Belts |- |G |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd <br>(Starlet '81-'84, Corolla Tercel '81-'82, Tercel '83-'89, Tercel EZ '89 [some],<br> Corolla FX/FX16 '87-'88) |Manual Belts |- |H |5DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Camry '83-'86, Tercel '83-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |J |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] (MR2 '87-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '81-'89, Celica Supra '81-'86, Supra '86 1/2-'89) |Manual Belts |- |L |3DR hatchback 2wd (Corolla Liftback '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |L |5DR hatchback 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '88) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR hardtop (Corolla [Sports] Hardtop '81-'83) |Manual Belts |- |S |2DR coupe (Corolla Sport '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Tercel '84-'87) |Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Corona '81-'82, Corolla '81-'83, '88-'89) |Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 4wd (Tercel '83-'88) |Manual Belts |- |Z |3DR hatchback (liftback) 2wd (Tercel EZ '88 [all], '89 [some]) |Manual Belts |- |A |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '90-'92, Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |B |2DR sedan (Tercel '91-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Cressida '81-'92, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |F |2DR coupe (Tercel '90, Paseo '92) |Automatic Belts |- |F |4DR sedan 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90) |Automatic Belts |- |J |4DR sedan 4wd (Camry All-Trac '88-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |J |2DR Sport Coupe 2wd (Corolla '90-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |K |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |M |3DR liftback (Tercel '90) |Automatic Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 4wd (Corolla All-Trac '90-'92) |Automatic Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Cressida '81-'87, Camry '87-'91) |Automatic Belts |- |S |2DR sedan (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |T |4DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '93-'94) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |U |2DR coupe (Paseo '93-'95) |Driver-side airbag & Manual Belt,<br> Front Passenger: Automatic Shoulder Belt, Manual Lap Belt |- |C |2DR coupe (Lexus SC300/SC400 '92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '90-'92, Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |M |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '91-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '90-'92) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |P |3DR liftback 4wd (Celica All-Trac Turbo '90-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES250 '90-'91, ES300 '92-'93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '92-'93, Corolla '93) |Driver-side airbag, Manual Belts |- |B |4DR sedan 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |C |2DR coupe 2wd (Lexus SC300/SC400 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |D |2DR sedan 2wd (Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |E |4DR sedan 2wd (Lexus LS400 '93-'95, GS300 '93-'95, Camry '94-'95, Avalon '95, Tercel '95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |F |2DR coupe 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |J |3DR liftback w/Sport roof [lift-out roof panel] 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |L |3DR liftback 2wd (Supra '93-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |M |2DR coupe 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |3DR liftback 2wd (Celica '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |N |2DR coupe w/T-bar roof [T-top] 2wd (MR2 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |T |4DR hardtop 2wd (Lexus ES300 '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |V |5DR wagon 2wd (Corolla '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |W |5DR wagon 2wd (Camry '94-'95) |Dual front airbags, Manual Belts |- |} '''Incomplete Passenger Cars - Body Type & Brake System''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Body Type & Application !Brake System |- |K |2DR convertible (Celica '84-'85, '87-'89, '91-'93, '95) |Hydraulic Brakes |} ===Body Type & Drive Wheels 1981-1995=== '''Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles''' {{center|'''Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America)'''}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !VIN Code !Description |- |C |Hardtop [2DR] ('81-'83 Land Cruiser 40 Series) |- |G |Wagon [4DR] ('81-'90 Land Cruiser 60 Series) |- |J |2DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'91 4Runner) |- |R |4DR Wagon 2WD ('91-'95 Previa) |- |S |4DR Wagon 4WD ('91-'95 Previa All-Trac) |- |V |Van ('84-'85 Van) |- |V |4DR Wagon 2WD ('90-'95 4Runner) |- |W |Wagon ('84-'89 4Runner, '86-'89 Van) |- |W |4DR Wagon 4WD ('90-'95 4Runner, '91-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |} ===Series (Grade) & Brake System=== '''Light Duty Trucks & Incomplete Vehicles:''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1981-1995 for North America) |+'''All have hydraulic brakes.''' !VIN Code !Description |- |A |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('88, '90-'95), T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('93), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('94) |- |B |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] Turbo ('86-'87), T100 [base model] One Ton ('93), T100 DX One Ton ('94), Tacoma [base model] 2.4L 2wd ('95) |- |C |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] V6 ('88), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('93-'94), Tacoma [base model] 2.7L 4wd ('95) |- |D |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/carbureted gas engine ('84-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/diesel engine ('84-'85),<br> Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('91-'95), 4Runner - truck version [base model] ('84-'86), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe ('87-'89),<br> T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton 4-cyl. ('94-'95) |- |E |Pickup 3/4 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'84), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [fuel injection] ('85-'88), T100 DX 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |F |Tacoma V6 [base model] ('95), T100 SR5 1/2 Ton ('95) |- |G |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 Turbo ('85-'88), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('89-'95), T100 DX One Ton ('95) |- |H |T100 [base model] 1/2 Ton V6 ('95) |- |K |Tacoma SR5 V6 ('95) |- |M |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 V6 ('88), 4Runner - truck version SR5 V6 ('88) |- |N |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe V6 ('88), Pickup 1 Ton [base model] [V6] ('89-'92), 4Runner - truck version Deluxe V6 ('89) |- |P |Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), Pickup 1/2 Ton Deluxe 4-cyl. ('91-'95) |- |R |Pickup 1/2 Ton [base model] [carburetor] ('81-'90), Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [carburetor] ('81-'84),<br> Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/single rear wheels [fuel injection] ('85-'90) |- |S |Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 ('81-'83), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 2wd w/fuel injected engine ('84), Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 4wd w/carbureted engine ('84),<br> Pickup 1/2 Ton SR5 w/fuel injected engine ('85-'90), 4Runner - truck version SR5 [4-cyl.] ('87-'88) |- |T |Pickup - Commercial Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'93) |- |U |Pickup - Camper Chassis Cab w/dual rear wheels [fuel injection] ('86-'88) |- |V |Van [Cargo van version] ('84-'89), Land Cruiser 60 Series 4-door Wagon - truck version ('87) |- |} ==VIN positions== ===Country of origin=== Position 1 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |1 |USA |- |2 |Canada |- |3 |Mexico |- |4 |USA |- |5 |USA |- |6 |Australia |- |7 (7A-7E) |New Zealand |- |7 (7F-70) |USA |- |8 (8A-8E) |Argentina |- |9 (9A-9E, 93-99) |Brazil |- |A (AA-AH) |South Africa |- |J |Japan |- |K |South Korea |- |L |China |- |M (MA-ME, MY-M0) |India |- |M (MF-MK) |Indonesia |- |M (ML-MR) |Thailand |- |N (NL-NR) |Turkey |- |P (PA-PE) |Philippines |- |P (PL-PR) |Malaysia |- |R (RF-RK) |Taiwan |- |R (RL-RP) |Vietnam |- |S (SA-SM) |United Kingdom |- |T (TW-T2) |Portugal |- |V (VF-VR) |France |- |W |Germany |- |X (XS-XW, XZ-X0) |Russia |- |Y (YA-YE) |Belgium |} Second letter or number in parentheses is from position 2 of VIN. The characters in parentheses represent the range assigned to that particular country. ===Manufacturer (Japan/North America)=== Position 2 {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |F |Fuji Heavy Industries LTD |- |G |GM |- |M |Mazda (Mexico) |- |M |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |- |N |NUMMI (Toyota car) |- |T |NUMMI (Toyota truck) |- |T |Toyota |- |Y |Toyota (Mississippi, USA) |- |8 |Toyota (Lexus - Kentucky, USA) |} ===Vehicle Type=== {{center|Position 3-Japan built models}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Code !Description |- |D,K,N,X,1,2,7 |Passenger Car |- |A,B,F,4 |Truck |- |G |Bus |- |E,L,M,3 |Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) |- |5 |Incomplete Vehicle (typically a convertible) |} ===Body=== {{center|Position 4 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world, may be incorrect for most recent ones)}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+ !Code !Description |- |A |2DR Sedan 2WD |- |B |4DR Sedan 2WD / Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |C |2DR Coupe 2WD |- |D |3DR Liftback Coupe 2WD (Celica, Supra) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |E |4DR Station Wagon 2WD (Corolla, Camry) / MPV, Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |F |2DR Convertible 2WD |- |G |4DR Wagon 2WD |- |H |4DR Wagon 4WD |- |J |3DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris) / 5DR Van AWD / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |K |5DR Liftback 2WD (Yaris, Prius) / 5DR Wagon 2WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 2WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |L |5DR Wagon 4WD (Matrix) / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Long Bed, Small Frame |- |M |5DR Door Van 2WD / Double Cab Truck, 4WD, Extra Long Bed, Small Frame |- |N |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 2WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |P |Standard Cab 1/2 Ton Truck, 4WD, Short Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |R |Standard Cab Truck, 4WD, Standard Bed, Full-Size Frame |- |S |3DR Liftback 4WD |- |T |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 2WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |U |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame |- |W |Extra Cab/Access Pickup, 4WD, Long Bed Small Frame TRD |- |X |5DR Sport Utility Wagon |- |Y |Sport Van |- |Z |5DR Wagon 2WD |} ===Engine=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 4 (before 1996 for North America) !Code !Description |- |A |3A-C 1.5L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla Tercel, '83-'86 Tercel, '87-'88 Tercel wagon) |- |A |4A-C 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('83 Corolla, '84-'87 Corolla Sport DX, SR5) |- |A |4A-LC 1.6L SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('84-'87 Corolla, '87-'88 Corolla FX) |- |A |4A-GEC 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'87 Corolla Sport GT-S) |- |A |4A-GE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'91 Corolla GT-S) |- |A |4A-F 1.6L DOHC, 16V carb. I4 ('88-'89 Corolla) |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L DOHC, 16V EFI I4 ('88-'95 Corolla, '90-'93 Celica ST) |- |A |4A-GELC 1.6L DOHC, 16V I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('85-'89 MR2, '87-'88 Corolla FX16) |- |A |4A-GZE 1.6L DOHC, 16V Supercharged, IC I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('88-'89 MR2 Supercharged) |- |A |7A-FE 1.8L DOHC, 16V I4 ('93-'95 Corolla, '94-'95 Celica ST) |- |A |2TZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('91-'95 Previa) |- |A |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('94-'95 Previa S/C) |- |C |1C-LC 1.8L diesel indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Corolla) |- |C |1C-TLC 1.8L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Camry) |- |C |2C-TLC 2.0L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('86 Camry) |- |D |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('93-'95 Land Cruiser) |- |E |3E 1.5L SOHC, 12V carb. I4 ('87-'90 Tercel) |- |E |3E-E 1.5L SOHC, 12V EFI I4 ('90-'94 Tercel) |- |E |5E-FE 1.5L DOHC, 16V I4 ('95 Tercel, '92-'95 Paseo) |- |F |2F 4.2L 2-bbl. Carb. OHV I6 ('81-'87 Land Cruiser) |- |F |3F-E 4.0L EFI OHV I6 ('88-'92 Land Cruiser) |- |G |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('94-'95 Camry V6, Lexus ES300, '95 Avalon) |- |J |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('93-'95 Supra, '93-'95 Lexus GS300, '92-'95 SC300) |- |J |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('93-'95 Supra Turbo) |- |K |4K-C 1.3L Carb. OHV I4 ('81-'82 Starlet) |- |K |4K-E 1.3L EFI OHV I4 ('83-'84 Starlet) |- |L |L 2.2L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('81-'83 Pickup) |- |L |2L 2.4L diesel Indirect injection I4 ('84-'85 Pickup) |- |L |2L-T 2.4L turbodiesel Indirect injection I4 ('85 Pickup) |- |M |5M-E 2.8L SOHC, 12V I6 ('81 Celica Supra, '81-'82 Cressida) |- |M |5M-GE 2.8L DOHC, 12V I6 ('82-'86 Celica Supra, '83-'88 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GE 3.0L DOHC, 24V I6 ('86 1/2-'92 Supra, '89-'92 Cressida) |- |M |7M-GTE 3.0L DOHC, 24V turbo IC I6 ('87-'92 Supra Turbo) |- |R |22R 2.4L 2-bbl SOHC, 8V Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Celica, Corona, '81-'90 Pickup, '84 4Runner) |- |R |22R-E/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('83-'85 Celica, '84-'95 Pickup, '85-'95 4Runner) |- |R |22R-TE/EC 2.4L SOHC, 8V EFI Turbo I4 (EC has CA emissions) ('85-'88 Pickup, '86-'87 4Runner) |- |S |2S-ELC 2.0L I4 ('83-'86 Camry, '86 Celica ST/GT) |- |S |3S-GELC 2.0L I4 w/high-performance cylinder head developed by Yamaha ('86-'89 Celica GT-S) |- |S |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('87-'89 Celica ST/GT, '87-'91 Camry) |- |S |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('90-'93 Celica GT/GT-S, '94-'95 Celica GT, '91-'95 MR2, '92-'95 Camry) |- |S |3S-GTE 2.0L Turbo, IC I4 ('88, '90-'93 Celica All-Trac Turbo, '91-'95 MR2 Turbo) |- |T |3T-C 1.8L OHV Carb. I4 ('81-'82 Corolla) |- |U |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('90-'95 LS400, '92-'95 SC400) |- |U |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('95 Tacoma) |- |U |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('94-'95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |V |2VZ-FE 2.5L DOHC, 24V V6 ('88-'91 Camry V6, '90-'91 Lexus ES250) |- |V |3VZ-E 3.0L SOHC, 12V V6 ('88-'95 4Runner, Pickup, '93-'94 T100) |- |V |3VZ-FE 3.0L DOHC, 24V V6 ('92-'93 Camry V6, Lexus ES300) |- |V |5VZ-FE 3.4L DOHC, 24V V6 ('95 T100, '95 Tacoma) |- |Y |3Y-EC 2.0L EFI OHV I4 ('84-'85 Van) |- |Y |4Y-EC 2.2L EFI OHV I4 ('86-'89 Van) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 5 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |4A-FE 1.6L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla) |- |A |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'06 Camry SE V6, Sienna, Lexus ES330, RX330, '04-'08 Camry Solara) |- |A |2ZR-FXE + 1NM (Prius 2wd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('16 Prius) |- |B |7A-FE 1.8L I4 ('96-'97 Corolla, Celica ST) |- |B |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('04-'09 Prius) |- |B |2AZ-FXE + 2JM 2.4L Atkinson cycle I4 Hybrid ('07-'09 Camry Hybrid) |- |C |5E-FE 1.5L I4 ('96-'98 & '99 in Canada Tercel, '96-'97 & '98-'99 in Canada Paseo) |- |C |2GR-FSE + 1KM 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 Hybrid ('07-'09 Lexus GS450h) |- |D |2JZ-GE 3.0L I6 ('96-'98 Supra, '96-'05 Lexus GS300, '96-'00 SC300, '01-'05 IS300) |- |D |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('01-'07 Highlander, '04-'08 RAV4) |- |E |2JZ-GTE 3.0L Twin Turbo, IC I6 ('96-'98 Supra Turbo) |- |E |2AZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('02-'09 Camry, '02-'08 Camry Solara, '05-'09 Scion tC, '08-'09 Scion xB, '09 Corolla XRS, Matrix S, XRS) |- |E |2GR-FSE 3.5L Dual VVT-i D-4S V6 ('06-'09 IS350, '07-'09 Lexus GS350) |- |E |1AR-FE 2.7L I4 ('09 Venza, Highlander) |- |F |1MZ-FE 3.0L V6 ('96-'04 Camry V6, '96-'04 Avalon, '96-'03 Lexus ES300, '98-'03 Sienna, '99-'03 Camry Solara, '99-'03 Lexus RX300, '01-'03 Highlander) |- |F |2AR-FE 2.5L I4 ('09 RAV4) |- |G |5S-FE 2.2L I4 ('96-'99 Celica GT, '96-'01 Camry, '99-'01 Camry Solara) |- |H |1AZ-FE 2.0L I4 ('01-'03 RAV4) |- |H |3GR-FSE 3.0L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06 Lexus GS300) |- |H |1UZ-FE 4.0L V8 ('98-'00 GS400, '96-'00 LS400, '96-'00 SC400) |- |J |1NR-FE 1.3L I4 ('12-'15 Scion iQ) |- |J |1FZ-FE 4.5L I6 ('96-'97 Land Cruiser, '96-'97 LX450) |- |J |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('07-'09 Lexus ES350) |- |K |2TZ-FZE 2.4L Supercharged, IC I4 ('96-'97 Previa S/C) |- |K |1NZ-FXE 1.5L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('01-'03 Prius) |- |K |4GR-FSE 2.5L Dual VVT-i Direct Inj. V6 ('06-'09 IS250) |- |K |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('05-'09 Avalon, '06-'09 RAV4, '07-'09 Camry V6, Sienna, Lexus RX350, '09 Venza) |- |L |2RZ-FE 2.4L I4 ('96-'04 Tacoma) |- |L |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('01-'05 GS430) |- |L |1UR-FSE 4.6L VVT-iE V8 ('08-'09 GS460, '07-'09 LS460) |- |L |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For Japanese-built '09 Corolla) |- |M |3RZ-FE 2.7L I4 ('96-'98 T100, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'00 4Runner) |- |N |5S-FNE (CNG 2.2L I4) ('00-'01 Camry) |- |N |3UZ-FE 4.3L V8 ('06-'07 GS430, '01-'06 LS430, '02-'09 SC430) |- |N |5VZ-FE 3.4L V6 ('96-'02 4Runner, '96-'04 Tacoma, '96-'98 T100, '00-'04 Tundra) |- |N |2ZR-FXE Hybrid 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid ('10-'15 Prius) |- |P |3S-FE 2.0L I4 ('96-'00 RAV4) |- |P |3MZ-FE 3.3L V6 ('04-'07 Highlander) |- |P |2UR-GSE 5.0L V8 ('08-'09 Lexus IS F) |- |R |1ZZ-FE 1.8L VVT-i I4 ('98-'08 Corolla, '00-'05 Celica GT, '00-'05 MR2 Spyder, '03-'08 Matrix) |- |S |2GR-FE 3.5L Dual VVT-i V6 ('08-'09 Highlander) |- |T |1NZ-FE 1.5L I4 ('00-'05 Echo, '04-'06 Scion xA, xB, '07-'09 Yaris) |- |T |2UZ-FE 4.7L V8 ('98-'07 Land Cruiser, '00-'09 Tundra, '01-'09 Sequoia, '03-'09 4Runner, '03-'09 Lexus GX470, '98-'07 LX470) |- |U |1GR-FE 4.0L VVT-i V6 ('03-'09 4Runner, '05-'09 Tacoma, '05-'09 Tundra, '07-'09 FJ Cruiser) |- |U |2ZR-FE 1.8L Dual VVT-i I4 (For US- & Canadian-built '09 Corolla, Matrix but also for '08-'09 Scion XD) |- |U |2UR-FSE + 1KM 5.0L VVT-iE D4S V8 Hybrid ('08-'09 LS600hL) |- |V |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('07-'09 Tundra) |- |W |3MZ-FE + 1JM, 2FM 3.3L V6 Hybrid ('06-'09 Highlander Hybrid, '06-'08 RX400h) |- |W |3UR-FBE 5.7L Dual VVT-i Flex-Fuel V8 Gas/E85 ('09 Tundra) |- |X |2TR-FE 2.7L I4 ('05-'09 Tacoma) |- |Y |2ZZ-GE 1.8L VVTL-i I4 ('00-'05 Celica GT-S, '03-'06 Matrix XRS, '05-'06 Corolla XRS) |- |Y |3UR-FE 5.7L Dual VVT-i V8 ('08-'09 Land Cruiser, Sequoia, '08-'09 LX570) |- |Z |2GR-FKS 3.5L V6 '15+ |- |9 |2ZR-FXE + 1NM + 1MM (Prius Awd) 1.8L Atkinson cycle VVT-i I4 Hybrid |- | |- | |- |L |Electric M7M5 -- RAV4 EV '12-'14 |- |S |Electric 1BM -- RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |- |} {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Non-North American Engines |+Position 5 (2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |A |2AD-FTV (2005+) |- |B |1HZ, 1HD |- |B |2AD-FHV (2005+) |- |C |2C, 2CT, 2CT-E |- |J |1AZ-FSE |- |L |2SZ-FE |- |P |2AZ-FSE |- |V |1VD-FTV |- |W |1CD-FTV |- |W |2NZ-FE |- |Z |1ZZ-FE |- |Z |3ZZ-FE |} ===Series=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 6 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) Based on the Chassis code given for the car. !Code !Description |- |0 |Toyota Land Cruiser J1'''0'''0/J1'''0'''5 |- |2 |Toyota Land Cruiser Prado J1'''2'''0 |- |} ===Restraint=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 7 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Manual Belt / 1 STD (North America), No Airbags (International) |- |2 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 1 Airbag (Driver Seat) (International) |- |3 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags (North America), 2 Front Airbags (International) |- |6 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |7 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |- |8 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags and Side Airbags |- |9 |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Front Curtain Airbags. |- |D |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Three-Row Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, and Knee Airbag |- |F |Manual Belts w/2 Airbags, Side Airbags, Side Curtain Shield Airbags, and Knee Airbag (Driver Seat) |} ===Model/Platform=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 8 (1996-present for North America, 2002-present for the rest of the world) !Code !Description |- |0 |MR2 / MR2 Spyder |- |1 |Tundra / Tundra |- |3 |Echo / Yaris Verso |- |4 |Yaris / Scion xA / Scion xB / Scion xD / Urban Cruiser |- |6 |Hilux |- |7 |Scion tC |- |A |Highlander / Sequoia / Celica RWD / Supra |- |B |Avalon / Avensis Verso / Ipsum? |- |C |Sienna / Previa / Aygo |- |D |T100 |- |E |Corolla / Matrix / Auris |- |F |FJ Cruiser |- |G |Hilux / Fortuner |- |H |Highlander |- |J |Land Cruiser / Land Cruiser Prado |- |K |Camry / Aurion (TRD) |- |L |Tercel / Paseo / Avensis |- |M |Previa |- |N |Tacoma and older trucks as well |- |P |Camry Solara |- |R |4Runner / Corolla Verso |- |S |Fortuner |- |T |Celica FWD |- |U |Prius |- |V |RAV4 |- |W |MR2 (non-spyder models) |- |X |Cressida |- |} === '''Check-digit''' <ref>https://vincheck.info/free-vin-decoder/free-toyota-vin-decoder</ref> === {{center|Position 9 (Check-digit that identifies the VIN as being authorized by the manufacturer).}} === Model year === {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;width:30em;" |+Position 10 (International-market vehicles may have a 0 in this position) ! Code ! Year |- |L |1990 |- |M |1991 |- |N |1992 |- |P |1993 |- |R |1994 |- |S |1995 |- |T |1996 |- |V |1997 |- |W |1998 |- |X |1999 |- |Y |2000 |- |1 |2001 |- |2 |2002 |- |3 |2003 |- |4 |2004 |- |5 |2005 |- |6 |2006 |- |7 |2007 |- |8 |2008 |- |9 |2009 |- |A |2010 |- |B |2011 |- |C |2012 |- |D |2013 |- |E |2014 |- |F |2015 |- |G |2016 |- |H |2017 |- |J |2018 |- |K |2019 |- |L |2020 |- |M |2021 |- |N |2022 |- |P |2023 |- |R |2024 |- |S |2025 |} ===Plant=== {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" |+Position 11 !VIN Code !Description |- |0-9 (All numeric) |Japan |- |7 |Lordstown, OH, US (GM plant) (Toyota Cavalier) |- |A |Motomachi plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |A |Onnaing-Valenciennes, France ([[w:Toyota Motor Manufacturing France|TMMF]]) (Yaris hatch - US: '14-'18, Canada: '14-'19) |- |C |Cambridge, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |D |Nagakusa plant, Obu, Aichi pref., Japan (Toyota Industries plant) |- |E |Burnaston, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom (TMMUK) (US/Canada: GR Corolla '26-) |- |G |Gliwice, Poland (Opel/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max EV) |- |J |Takaoka plant, Toyota City, Aichi pref., Japan |- |J |Vigo, Spain (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce City) |- |K |Hamura, Tokyo pref., Japan (Hino Motors plant) |- |L |Miyagi plant, Ohira, Miyagi pref., Japan (Central Motor Co./Toyota Motor East Japan plant) |- |M |Tijuana, Baja CA, Mexico (TMMBC) |- |M |Atessa, Italy (PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce Max diesel) |- |N |Kolín, Czech Republic ([[w:Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|TPCA/TMMCZ]]) |- |P |Blue Springs, MS, US (TMMMS) |- |R |Lafayette, IN, US (Subaru of Indiana Automotive) (Camry '07-'16) |- |R |Adapazari, Sakarya province, Turkey (TMMT) (US/Canada: C-HR '18-'22) |- |S |Princeton, IN, US (TMMI) |- |T |Apaseo el Grande, Guanajuato, Mexico (TMMGT) |- |U |Georgetown, KY, US (TMMK) |- |V |Huntsville, AL, US (MTM USA) (Corolla Cross '22-, Corolla Cross Hybrid '23-) |- |W |Woodstock, ON, Canada (TMMC) |- |W |Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (Toyota GR Supra '20-'26) |- |X |San Antonio, TX, US (TMMTX) |- |X |Altona, Victoria, Australia (Toyota Australia) (closed Oct. 3, 2017) |- |Y |Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico (Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation) <br> (Scion iA '16, Yaris iA '17-'18, Yaris sedan '19-'20, Yaris hatch '20) |- |Y |Yajima Plant, Ota, Gunma pref., Japan (Subaru plant) (Toyota bZ Woodland '26-, Subaru Trailseeker '26-) |- |Z |Fremont, CA, US (NUMMI) (1987-1988 Toyota Corolla FX/FX16 3-d, 1989-2010 Corolla sedan, 1992-1995 Toyota Pickup, 1995-2010 Tacoma, Toyota Voltz [For export to Japan: '02-'04]) |- |Z |Lieu-Saint-Amand, France (Sevel Nord - PSA/Stellantis plant) (ProAce) |- |} '''Japanese Plants''' {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:auto;" !Plant owner/operator !Name & Location of plant !Vehicles produced !VIN Code used<br> (Pos. 11) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('85-'86) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'90) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('87-'89) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('91-'95), Paseo ('92-'99), Echo ('00-'05),<br> Scion xA ('04-'06), xB ('04) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Tercel ('96-'99) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xD ('08-'10), Scion iQ ('12-'15),<br> Scion iQ EV ('13), Scion xB ('12-'15) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'12), Scion xB ('08-'12),<br> Scion xD ('10-'14), Prius C ('12-'19), C-HR ('18-'22) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('07-'11) |4 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('07-'11) |5-8 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Miyagi plant. Ohira, Miyagi prefecture, Japan |Yaris sedan ('11-'12) |L |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Yaris hatchback ('12-'14) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05) |0-3 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |Scion xB ('05-'06) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla [fwd 4-d/5-d] ('84-'87) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla Sport [rwd 2-d/3-d coupe] ('84-'87) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('88-'90), Corolla coupe ('91),<br> Corolla sedan & 2wd wagon ('91-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla All-Trac 4wd wagon ('91-'92) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('93-'96) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'08) |0-1 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('03-'06) [No '06 found in US] |2-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09) |2, J |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla sedan ('10-'11, '13, '20-'25), Scion iM ('16), Corolla iM ('17-'18) |J |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Corolla ('09-'12) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Corolla hatchback ('19-'27), Corolla sedan ('22-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |GR Corolla ('23-'26), GRMN Corolla ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |7-8 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88) |0-9 (All-Trac Turbo) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('90-'99) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Celica ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica Supra ('85-'86), Supra ('86 1/2-'92) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('85) |4-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('86-'87) |0-6 (ST, GT),<br> 0-3 (GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Celica ('88-'89) |0-3 (ST, GT, GT-S) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('05-'10) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('85-'87), Camry V6 ('88-'91),<br> Camry 4-cyl. All-Trac 4wd ('89-'91),<br> Lexus ES250 ('90-'91) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. 2wd ('88-'91) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('92-'93), Camry 4-cyl. ('94), Camry ('95-'96), <br> Lexus ES300 ('92-'93, '95-'96) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('94), Lexus ES300 ('94) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('97), Camry 4-cyl. ('98-'01), Lexus ES300 ('97) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry 4-cyl. ('03-'06) |0-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry V6 ('98-'06), Lexus ES300 ('98-'03), <br> ES330 ('04-'05) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('98-'01) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('02) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES300 ('03) |5-6 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES330 ('04-'06), Camry SE V6 [3.3L] ('05) |5-6 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |5 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Camry LE V6, XLE V6 [3.0L] ('05) |6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Camry ('07-'11, '18-'19), Scion tC ('11-'15),<br> Crown ('23-'25), Crown Signia ('25-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Scion tC ('15-'16) |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus ES350 ('07-'21), ES300h ('13-'20),<br> ES350h, ES350e, ES500e ('26-),<br> HS250h ('10-'12), CT200h ('11-'17), UX200 ('19-'22),<br> UX250h ('19-'24), UX300h ('25-'26) |2 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Iwate plant. Kanegasaki, Iwate prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS300 ('01-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250 ('06-'15), IS200t ('16-'17),<br> IS300 RWD ('18-'19), IS300 AWD ('16-'19),<br> IS350 ('06-'19), IS F ('08-'14), RC200t ('16-'17),<br> RC300 RWD ('18-'25), RC300 AWD ('16-'25),<br> RC350 ('15-'25), RC F ('15-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus IS250, IS350 ('06-'13), IS250C/IS350C ('10-'15) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LS400 ('90-'00), LS430 ('01-'05),<br> GS300 ('93-'05), GS400 ('98-'00), GS430 ('01-'05), <br> GS300 Awd ('06), GS350 ('07-'11) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS300 2wd ('06), GS430 ('06-'07),<br> GS460 ('08-'11), GS450h ('07-'11, '13-'14),<br> GS350 ('13-'14), LS430 ('06), LS460 ('07-'17),<br> LS600hL ('08-'16), LS500 ('18-'19), LS500h ('18-'19) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GS200t ('16-'17), GS300 ('18-'19),<br> GS350 ('15-'20), GS450h ('15-'18), GS F ('16-'20),<br> LC500 ('18-'19), LC500h ('18-'19), Mirai ('16-'26),<br> Toyota bZ4X ('23-'25), bZ ('26-), Subaru Solterra ('23-'26),<br> Lexus RZ450e ('23-'26), RZ300e ('24-'25), RZ350e ('26-),<br> RZ550e ('26-) |A |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida sedan ('85-'88), Cressida wagon ('85-'87) |0-5 (sedan),<br> 0-9 (wagon) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('89) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Cressida ('90-'92) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra ('93-'96), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('92-'96) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Supra, Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97) |0 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Supra ('97-'98), Lexus SC300/SC400 ('97-'00) |1-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('02-'05) |0-9 |- |Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Higashi-Fuji plant. Susono, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus SC430 ('06-'10) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LFA ('12) |1 |- |Central Motor Co., Ltd. (merged into Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc. in '12) |Sagamihara plant. Sagamihara, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan |MR2 ('85-'89, '91-'95), MR2 Spyder ('00-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('01-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius w/pos. 14-17 of VIN from 1001-2000 ('01) |0 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('04-'05) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09, '16-'26) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'15) |0-2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius Plug-in Hybrid ('12-'15, '25-'26), Prius Prime ('17-'24) |3 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('06-'09) |7 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius ('10-'13) [No '14 found in US] |4-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tsutsumi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('12-'14) |3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Prius V ('14-'17 & '18 in Canada) |J |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('84-'86) |5-9 (psgr. van),<br> 0-9 (cargo van) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Van ('87-'89) |5-9 (2wd),<br> 0-9 (4wd) |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Fujimatsu plant. Kariya, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Previa ('91-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('96), RAV4 2-d ('96-'98, '00),<br> RAV4 4wd ('99), RAV4 EV ('98-'03) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Motomachi plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 4-d ('97-'98, '00), RAV4 2wd ('99) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd gen.] ('01) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'06) |0-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('07-'14) |5 |- |Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, Ltd. (renamed Toyota Industries Corp. in '01) |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 [2nd/3rd gen.] ('02-'08) |6-9 |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('09) |6 (until 7/31/08),<br> D (from 8/1/08) |- |Toyota Industries Corp. |Nagakusa plant. Obu, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('10-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('16-'26),<br> RAV4 Prime ('21-'24), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('25-'26) |D |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Takaoka plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |RAV4 ('14-'25), RAV4 Hybrid ('19-'26), RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid ('26-), Venza ('21-'24), C-HR EV '26-, bZ '26-, Subaru Uncharted '26-, Solterra '26- |J |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX300 ('99-'03), RX330 ('04-'06), RX350 ('07-'09),<br> RX400h ('06), Highlander ('01-'07), Highlander Hybrid ('06-'07) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. |Miyata plant. Miyawaka, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan |Lexus RX400h ('07-'08), RX350 ('10-'19, '21-'26),<br> RX350L ('18-'22), RX450h ('10-'15), RX450hL ('18-'22),<br> RX450h+ ('24-'26), NX200t ('15-'17), NX300 ('18-'21),<br> NX300h ('15-'21), NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26),<br> NX350h ('22-'26), NX450h+ ('22-'26),<br> Highlander ('08-'10), Highlander Hybrid ('08-'13) |2 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus NX300 ('20-'21), NX300h ('20-'21),<br> NX250 ('22-'25), NX350 ('22-'26), NX350h ('22-'26) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('84-'85) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('89) |0-3 (4-cyl.),<br> 0-4 (V6) |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('90-'95) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('90-'94) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4-cyl. 4wd ('95) |0-4, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('90) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('91-'92) |0-6, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('93-'94) |0-5, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner V6 4wd ('95) |0-4, 8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('96-'97) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 2wd ('98-'02) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |0-8 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner 4wd ('98-'02) |9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'08) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('03-'07) |8-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('08-'09) |8-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('07) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('08-'09) |0-9, K |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. (Hamura plant transferred to Toyota Motor Hamura, Inc. on April 1, 2026) |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |FJ Cruiser ('10-'14), Land Cruiser ('24-'26) |K |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus GX470 ('03-'09) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('10-'21, '25-'26), Land Cruiser ('24-'26),<br> Lexus GX460 ('10-'23), GX550 ('24-'25) |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |4Runner ('22-'24) |5, 6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('84-'86, '88-'89) |0-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('90-'97), Lexus LX450 ('96-'97) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser, Lexus LX470 ('98-'00) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('01-'07) |2-3 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('01-'06) |3-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Honsha plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Lexus LX470 ('07) |4 |- |Toyota Auto Body Co., Ltd. |Yoshiwara plant. Toyota City, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13-'21),<br> Lexus LX570 ('08-'11, '13-'21), LX600 ('22-'26),<br> LX700h ('25-'26) |4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Land Cruiser ('08-'11, '13) [No '14-'20 found in US] |5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup ('84-'85), <br> Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |5-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab ('84-'85), Pickup/Chassis Cab w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'88) |0-4 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab Pickup w/RN5 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('87-'88) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('86-'87) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-7 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN6 in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |8-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN6 or RN7 or Chassis Cab w/RN7 <br> in pos. 4-6 of VIN ('88) |0-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN81, VN93, or VN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup or Chassis Cab w/VN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |5-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 or RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-4 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN82 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> RN93 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |5-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-6 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |7-9 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-6 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89) |7-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('90-'93) |7-8 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-5 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/RN13 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) |6-7 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |0-1, 6-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |Pickup w/VN01 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'95) or <br> VN02 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'92) |2-5 |- |Toyota Motor Corp. |Tahara plant. Tahara, Aichi prefecture, Japan |Chassis Cab w/VN94 in pos. 4-7 of VIN ('89-'93) |0-9 |- |Hino Motors, Ltd. |Hamura plant. Hamura, Tokyo prefecture, Japan |T100 ('93-'98) |0-9 |- |} ==Toyota WMIs== There are partial list of WMIs which are used by Toyota as well as the broader Toyota Group, including all divisions and subsidiaries: Japan: * JTD - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTK - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTN - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JTX - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car * JT1 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (European market) * JT2 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (North American market) * JT7 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Passenger Car (Asia-Pacific market) * JTA - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTB - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTF - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JT4 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Truck * JTG - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Bus * JTE - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JTL - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JTM - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT3 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV/Minivan) * JT5 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota Incomplete Vehicle (Celica convertible, Paseo convertible, Chassis Cab pickup trucks) * JTH - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JTJ - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT6 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JT8 - Toyota Motor Corporation, Lexus Passenger Car * JAL - Isuzu Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle (S-Series) * JDA - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD1 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Passenger Car * JD2 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * JD4 - Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd., Daihatsu Truck * JF1 - Subaru Corp., Toyota Passenger Car (86/GR86/Scion FR-S) * JHA - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHB - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JHC - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHD - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHE - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Truck * JHH - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * JH6 - Hino Motors Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle North America: * 1NX - NUMMI, Toyota Passenger Car ('87-'10) * 2AY - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 2AZ - Hino Motors Canada, Ltd., Hino Truck * 2T1 - TMMC, Toyota Passenger Car * 2T2 - TMMC, Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 2T3 - TMMC, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 3MY - Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation, Toyota Passenger Car ('16-'20) * 3TM - TMMBC, Toyota Truck * 3TY - TMMGT, Toyota Truck * 4G3 - GM Lordstown Assembly, Toyota Passenger Car (Cavalier) ('96-'00) * 4T1 - TMMK, Toyota Passenger Car * 4T3 - TMMK, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV) * 4T4 - Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Toyota Passenger Car ('07-'16) * 4TA - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('92-'00) * 5PV - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Incomplete Vehicle * 5TB - TMMI, Toyota Truck * 5TD - TMMI, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (Minivan/SUV), Lexus Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 5TE - NUMMI, Toyota Truck ('00-'10) * 5TF - TMMTX, Toyota Truck * 5YF - TMMMS, Toyota Passenger Car * 58A - TMMK, Lexus Passenger Car * 7H4 - Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Hino Truck * 7MU - Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) * 7SV - TMMTX, Toyota Multipurpose Passenger Vehicle (SUV) Other countries: * AHH - Hino South Africa, Hino vehicles * AHT - Toyota South Africa, Toyota vehicles * LFM - FAW Toyota (China), Toyota and Ranz vehicles * LVG - GAC Toyota (China), Toyota vehicles * MBJ - Toyota Kirloskar Motor (India), Toyota vehicles * MHF - PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia, Toyota vehicles * MHK - PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (Indonesia), Daihatsu and Toyota vehicles * MJE - PT Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia, Hino vehicles * MMK - Toyota Auto Works Co., Ltd. (Thailand), Toyota vehicles * MNK - Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand, Hino Vehicles * MR0 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Ban Pho and Samrong plants, Toyota vehicles * MR1 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Samrong plant (Fortuner), Toyota vehicles * MR2 - Toyota Motor Thailand - Gateway plant, Toyota vehicles * NMT - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Turkey (TMMT), Toyota vehicles * PN1 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * PN2 - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) (Malaysia), Toyota vehicles * RKL - Kuozui Motors (Taiwan), Toyota vehicles * RL4 - Toyota Motor Vietnam, Toyota vehicles * SB1 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (TMMUK), Toyota vehicles * TW1 - Toyota Caetano Portugal, Toyota vehicles * VNK - Toyota Motor Manufacturing France (TMMF), Toyota vehicles * WZ1 - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra) * XW7 - Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), Toyota vehicles * YAR - PSA/Stellantis, Toyota Van (ProAce, ProAce City, & ProAce Max) * YBC - Magna Steyr, Toyota Passenger Car (GR Supra - some European-market models) * 6T1 - Toyota Australia, Toyota Passenger Car * 7A4 - Toyota New Zealand, Toyota vehicles * 8AJ - Toyota Argentina, Toyota vehicles * 9BR - Toyota Brazil, Toyota vehicles {| class="wikitable" |+ !Plant Abbreviation !Plant Name !Notes |- |MTMUSA |Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA |Joint venture between Toyota and Mazda |- |NUMMI |New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. |Joint venture between GM and Toyota |- |TMMBC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Baja California | |- |TMMC |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada | |- |TMMGT |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Guanajuato | |- |TMMI |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana | |- |TMMK |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky | |- |TMMMS |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Mississippi | |- |TMMTX |Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas | |} == External links == Online [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Toyota Toyota VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:RT43-157714}} <references />Online [https://epicvin.com/vin-decoder/toyota Toyota Vin Lookup] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toyota Car model, Toyota Vehicles- VinCheckUp |url=https://www.vincheckup.com/cars/toyota |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=www.vincheckup.com}}</ref> h96ou10n31byv4gxpkgen8xx4semb0x Annotations of The Complete Peanuts/1965 to 1966 0 144874 4664435 3807983 2026-08-25T15:20:04Z EmetMen 3624038 4664435 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>==1965&ndash;1966==</includeonly> Annotations to '''''The Complete Peanuts: 1965 to 1966''''' by Charles M. Schulz (Fantagraphics Books, 2007. {{ISBN |1560977248}}) *p.&nbsp;2 (January 3, 1965). Billiard balls were made from elephant ivory from the 17th century until the early 20th century. [[w:Glossary of cue sports terms#English|English]] is a term referring to putting a spin on the cue ball by striking the ball off-center with the cue. *p.&nbsp;4 (January 9, 1965). [[w:Annette Funicello|Annette Funicello]] was an original cast member of ''[[w:The Mickey Mouse Club|The Mickey Mouse Club]]'' TV show in 1955, when she was 13 years old. This strip was published on the day of her wedding to Jack Gilardi. *p.&nbsp;13 (January 30, 1965). “I could have skated all night“ presumably refers to the song "[[w:I Could Have Danced All Night|I Could Have Danced All Night]]" from the musical ''[[w:My Fair Lady|My Fair Lady]]''. *p.&nbsp;28 (March 4, 1965). A cinch notice is an official notice from a teacher that your grades are unsatisfactory. *p.&nbsp;32 (March 14, 1965). The first reference in ''Peanuts'' to the kite-eating tree. *p.&nbsp;47 (April 18, 1965). In baseball, a [[w:beanball|bean ball]] is a ball thrown by a pitcher directly at a player with the intent of hitting them. The [[w:Children's Crusade|Children's Crusade]] was a possibly legendary event that occurred in 1212 during [[w:Crusades|The Crusades]]. The [[w:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|incident at Harper’s Ferry]] was an attempt by abolitionist John Brown to start a slave revolt in 1859. *p.&nbsp;52 (April 30, 1965). In the [[w:Daniel in the lions' den|sixth chapter of Daniel]], Daniel is thrown into a lions’ den for refusing to stop praying to his god. See also October 20, 1963. *p.&nbsp;54 (May 5, 1965). First mention of Snoopy's siblings. First mention of the "Daisy Hill Puppy Farm." *p.&nbsp;70 (June 11, 1965). Roy’s first appearance. Roy was best known for later introducing [[w:Peppermint Patty|Peppermint Patty]] to the rest of the cast. See August 22, 1966. *p.&nbsp;75 (June 23, 1965). At the time of this strip, the phrase [[w:À gogo|À gogo]] was supposed to mean modern or up-to-date. The actual meaning of À gogo is “plenty” or “galore”. *p.&nbsp;84 (July 12, 1965). First instance of Snoopy writing "It was a dark and stormy night." The sentence is taken from the novel [[w:Paul Clifford|Paul Clifford]] by [[w:Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Edward Bulwer-Lytton]]. *p.&nbsp;96 (August 9, 1965). There are several meanings claimed for 'hodad', but it appears that Schulz is referring to someone who brings a surfboard to the beach but never surfs, i.e. a poser. *p.&nbsp;97 (August 14, 1965). It is difficult to know if this is a reference to the Houston Astrodome, which opened in April 1965 with natural grass as the playing surface. The grass soon died due to painted-over skylights, but artificial grass was not installed until 1966. *p.&nbsp;98 (August 15, 1965). The phone number given in the last panel was actually the phone number of producer [[w:Lee Mendelson|Lee Mendelson]], who at the time was working on the very first animated ''Peanuts'' special, ''[[w:A Charlie Brown Christmas|A Charlie Brown Christmas]]''. *p.&nbsp;99 (August 19, 1965). [[w:Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)|Brahms' Symphony No. 4 in e minor, op. 98.]] *p.&nbsp;102 (August 24, 1965). An Australian phrase meaning an all-out effort. "Bush" is Australian slang for a sparsely populated area or for wilderness. An equivalent phrase in American English would be "The Super Bowl or bust!" *p.&nbsp;107 (September 5, 1965). Lucy's comments on the relationship between sin and personal misfortune reflects the conception of happiness in the Old Testament. She will often come back to it again, for example in the doghouse fire series (see p.&nbsp;271, September 24, 1966). *p.&nbsp;109 (September 9, 1965). The phrase “It is far better to light the candle than to curse the darkness” originated in a sermon from a 1907 collection titled “The Supreme Conquest and Other Sermons Preached in America” by William L. Watkinson. Slight paraphrases are widespread, including one which was used by the founder of [[w:Amnesty International|Amnesty International]] and which inspired their logo. *p.&nbsp;113 (September 19, 1965). ''[[w:Lord Jim|Lord Jim]]'' is a novel by [[w:Joseph Conrad|Joseph Conrad]] , while the [[w:1812 Overture|1812 Overture]] is a well known piece of orchestral music composed by [[w:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]. *p.&nbsp;120 (October 6, 1965). See April 22, 1964. *p.&nbsp;122 (October 10, 1965). Snoopy’s first appearance in his most famous persona, the World War I flying ace. The [[w:Sopwith Camel|Sopwith Camel]] was a British single seat fighter aircraft employed by the allies at the end of World War I. The [[w:Manfred von Richthofen|Red Baron]] was a nickname for German fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen, the highest scoring German ace of the First World War. *p.&nbsp;129 (October 26, 1965). In the last panel, the phrase “ you try harder” is a reference to the corporate motto of [[w:Avis Rent a Car System|Avis Rent a Car]]. At the time, Avis conducted an extensive advertising campaign around the phrase “We’re number two because we try harder” versus the leading rental car company, [[w:The Hertz Corporation|Hertz]]. *p.&nbsp;135 (November 8, 1965). The beginning of Mark Antony's speech in Shakespeare's ''[[w:Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', Act III scene 2. *p.&nbsp;144 (November 29, 1965). [[w:Amblyopia|Amblyopia]] is a visual deficiency in an eye that is otherwise physically normal. Schulz calls Sally’s condition Amblyopia ex anopsia, but the symptoms and treatment sound more like Stabismic amblyopia. Sally will continue to wear the eye patch in most strips until May 1966. *p.&nbsp;147 (December 6, 1965). In 1951, the [[w:C. F. Hathaway Company|Hathaway shirt company]] ran its first advertisement that featured a distinguished man in a shirt and tie and wearing an eyepatch. The ad campaign was extremely successful and "The Man in the Hathaway Shirt" became the icon for the company. *p.&nbsp;147 (December 8, 1965). [[w:Long John Silver|Long John Silver]] is a pirate character from the novel ''[[w:Treasure Island|Treasure Island]]'' by [[w:Robert Louis Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson]]. *p.&nbsp;168 (January 24, 1966). Schulz repeats the same gag on December 20, 1966. See p.&nbsp;309. *p.&nbsp;175 (February 12, 1966). The quotation in panel 3 is from Psalm 35, verses 1 and 15. *p.&nbsp;177 (February 15, 1966). See September 28, 1964. *p.&nbsp;189 (March 14, 1966). [[wikipedia:Queen_Anne's_Revenge|Queen Anne's Revenge]] is the flagship of [[wikipedia:Blackbeard|Blackbeard]] *p.&nbsp;192 (March 21, 1966). Fort Zinderneuf is the main setting of the novel and film ''[[w:Beau Geste|Beau Geste]]'', which is about French Foreign Legionnaires. Other references to ''Beau Geste'' appear in April 1966 strips. *p.&nbsp;194 (March 27, 1966). The baseball teams that Linus lists are the [[w:National League|National League]] and the [[w:American League|American League]] second place winner for each year. *p.&nbsp;210 (May 3, 1966). Commissioner Eckert was Commissioner of Baseball [[w:Baseball Commissioner#William Eckert .281965-1968.29|William Eckert]], who was commissioner between 1965 and 1968. *p.&nbsp;215 (May 15, 1966). There is an interesting mismatch between the daily strip and the Sunday strip here—Linus, who has moved away in the daily strip is present for the baseball game in the Sunday strip! *p.&nbsp;216 (May 18, 1966). In the last panel, Schroeder is referring to another piece of music from the musical ''[[w:My Fair Lady|My Fair Lady]]'', "[[w:I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face|I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face]]". *p.&nbsp;232 (June 23, 1966). The quotation is from Jeremiah 31, verses 16-17. Linus' speech happens at a time of rising anxiety in America about the sudden escalation of the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietname War]]. *p.&nbsp;248 (July 31, 1966). [[w:KP duty|K.P.]] stands for "kitchen patrol" or “kitchen police“, military slang for kitchen duties. *p.&nbsp;253 (August 11, 1966). Snoopy describes the Allies position at the [[w:battle of Saint-Mihiel|battle of saint-Mihiel]]. *p.&nbsp;255 (August 16, 1966). Apparently a reference to the German word "Kamerad" (comrade) which was used as a term for surrender. *p.&nbsp;258 (August 22, 1966). The first appearance of [[w:Peppermint Patty|Peppermint Patty]]. *p.&nbsp;262 (September 1, 1966). [[w:Leonard Bernstein|Leonard Bernstein]] was a famous conductor and composer of the time. *p.&nbsp;294 (November 15, 1966). In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, “fuzz” was slang for the police. *p.&nbsp;307 (December 17, 1966). The quotation is from Act II, Scene II of ''[[w:Romeo and Juliet|Romeo and Juliet]]''. *p.&nbsp;309 (December 20, 1966). Schulz had drawn the same gag on January 24, 1966. 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default color}};"|1F01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF BAMBOOS|&#x1f018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ONE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE TWO OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE THREE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FOUR OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE FIVE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SIX OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SEVEN OF CIRCLES|&#x1f01f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE EIGHT OF CIRCLES|&#x1f020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE NINE OF CIRCLES|&#x1f021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE PLUM|&#x1f022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE ORCHID|&#x1f023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BAMBOO|&#x1f024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE CHRYSANTHEMUM|&#x1f025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SPRING|&#x1f026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE SUMMER|&#x1f027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE AUTUMN|&#x1f028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE WINTER|&#x1f029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE JOKER|&#x1f02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHJONG TILE BACK|&#x1f02b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Domino Tiles''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL BACK|&#x1f030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-00|&#x1f031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-01|&#x1f032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-02|&#x1f033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-03|&#x1f034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-04|&#x1f035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-05|&#x1f036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-00-06|&#x1f037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-00|&#x1f038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-01|&#x1f039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-02|&#x1f03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03|&#x1f03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-04|&#x1f03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-05|&#x1f03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-06|&#x1f03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-00|&#x1f03f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-01|&#x1f040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-02|&#x1f041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-03|&#x1f042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-04|&#x1f043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-05|&#x1f044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-02-06|&#x1f045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-00|&#x1f046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-01|&#x1f047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-02|&#x1f048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-03|&#x1f049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-04|&#x1f04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-05|&#x1f04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-03-06|&#x1f04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-00|&#x1f04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-01|&#x1f04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-02|&#x1f04f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-03|&#x1f050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-04|&#x1f051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-05|&#x1f052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-04-06|&#x1f053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-00|&#x1f054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-01|&#x1f055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-02|&#x1f056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-03|&#x1f057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-04|&#x1f058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-05|&#x1f059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-05-06|&#x1f05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-00|&#x1f05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-01|&#x1f05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-02|&#x1f05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-03|&#x1f05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-04|&#x1f05f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-05|&#x1f060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-06-06|&#x1f061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL BACK|&#x1f062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-00|&#x1f063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-01|&#x1f064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-02|&#x1f065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-03|&#x1f066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-04|&#x1f067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-05|&#x1f068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-00-06|&#x1f069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-00|&#x1f06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-01|&#x1f06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-02|&#x1f06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-03|&#x1f06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-04|&#x1f06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-05|&#x1f06f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-01-06|&#x1f070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-00|&#x1f071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-01|&#x1f072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02|&#x1f073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-03|&#x1f074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-04|&#x1f075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-05|&#x1f076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-06|&#x1f077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-00|&#x1f078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-01|&#x1f079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-02|&#x1f07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-03|&#x1f07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-04|&#x1f07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-05|&#x1f07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-03-06|&#x1f07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-00|&#x1f07f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-01|&#x1f080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-02|&#x1f081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-03|&#x1f082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-04|&#x1f083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-05|&#x1f084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-04-06|&#x1f085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-00|&#x1f086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-01|&#x1f087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-02|&#x1f088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-03|&#x1f089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-04|&#x1f08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-05|&#x1f08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-05-06|&#x1f08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-00|&#x1f08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-01|&#x1f08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-02|&#x1f08f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F09x |style="background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-03|&#x1f090;}}||style="background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-04|&#x1f091;}}||style="background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-05|&#x1f092;}}||style="background:#75ffab;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-06-06|&#x1f093;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Playing Cards''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BACK|&#x1f0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF SPADES|&#x1f0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF SPADES|&#x1f0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF SPADES|&#x1f0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF SPADES|&#x1f0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF SPADES|&#x1f0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF SPADES|&#x1f0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF SPADES|&#x1f0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF SPADES|&#x1f0ae;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0Bx |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF HEARTS|&#x1f0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF HEARTS|&#x1f0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF HEARTS|&#x1f0be;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD RED JOKER|&#x1f0bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0Cx |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF DIAMONDS|&#x1f0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD BLACK JOKER|&#x1f0cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0Dx |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD ACE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TWO OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD THREE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOUR OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FIVE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SIX OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD SEVEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD EIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD NINE OF CLUBS|&#x1f0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD JACK OF CLUBS|&#x1f0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KNIGHT OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD QUEEN OF CLUBS|&#x1f0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD KING OF CLUBS|&#x1f0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD WHITE JOKER|&#x1f0df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD FOOL|&#x1f0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-1|&#x1f0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-2|&#x1f0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-3|&#x1f0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-4|&#x1f0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-5|&#x1f0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-6|&#x1f0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-7|&#x1f0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-8|&#x1f0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-9|&#x1f0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-10|&#x1f0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-11|&#x1f0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-12|&#x1f0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-13|&#x1f0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-14|&#x1f0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-15|&#x1f0ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F0Fx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-16|&#x1f0f0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-17|&#x1f0f1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-18|&#x1f0f2;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-19|&#x1f0f3;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-20|&#x1f0f4;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYING CARD TRUMP-21|&#x1f0f5;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO FULL STOP|&#x1f100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ZERO COMMA|&#x1f101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT ONE COMMA|&#x1f102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT TWO COMMA|&#x1f103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT THREE COMMA|&#x1f104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FOUR COMMA|&#x1f105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT FIVE COMMA|&#x1f106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SIX COMMA|&#x1f107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT SEVEN COMMA|&#x1f108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT EIGHT COMMA|&#x1f109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIGIT NINE COMMA|&#x1f10a;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10b;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ZERO|&#x1f10c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ZERO WITH SLASH|&#x1f10d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW|&#x1f10e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED DOLLAR SIGN WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f10f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f11e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f11f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F12x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARENTHESIZED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f12a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f12b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f12c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CD|&#x1f12d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED WZ|&#x1f12e;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COPYLEFT SYMBOL|&#x1f12f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F13x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f130;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f134;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f135;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f13a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f13b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f13c;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f13d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f13e;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f13f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F14x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f140;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f141;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f142;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f143;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f144;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f145;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f146;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f147;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f148;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f149;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HV|&#x1f14a;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED MV|&#x1f14b;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SD|&#x1f14c;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SS|&#x1f14d;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED PPV|&#x1f14e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED WC|&#x1f14f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F15x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f156;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f15a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f15b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f15c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f15d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f15e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f15f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F16x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f169;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MC SIGN|&#x1f16a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MD SIGN|&#x1f16b;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED MR SIGN|&#x1f16c;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CC|&#x1f16d;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH|&#x1f16e;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE|&#x1f16f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x1f170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B|&#x1f171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C|&#x1f172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D|&#x1f173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x1f174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F|&#x1f175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G|&#x1f176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H|&#x1f177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I|&#x1f178;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J|&#x1f179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K|&#x1f17a;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L|&#x1f17b;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M|&#x1f17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N|&#x1f17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x1f17e;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f17f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q|&#x1f180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R|&#x1f181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S|&#x1f182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T|&#x1f183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U|&#x1f184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V|&#x1f185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W|&#x1f186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X|&#x1f187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y|&#x1f188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z|&#x1f189;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSSED NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P|&#x1f18a;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED IC|&#x1f18b;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED PA|&#x1f18c;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED SA|&#x1f18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED AB|&#x1f18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED WC|&#x1f18f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F19x |style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE DJ|&#x1f190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CL|&#x1f191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED COOL|&#x1f192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FREE|&#x1f193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ID|&#x1f194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NEW|&#x1f195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED NG|&#x1f196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED OK|&#x1f197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SOS|&#x1f198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK|&#x1f199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VS|&#x1f19a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED THREE D|&#x1f19b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SECOND SCREEN|&#x1f19c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWO K|&#x1f19d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FOUR K|&#x1f19e;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED EIGHT K|&#x1f19f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED FIVE POINT ONE|&#x1f1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SEVEN POINT ONE|&#x1f1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED TWENTY-TWO POINT TWO|&#x1f1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SIXTY P|&#x1f1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED ONE HUNDRED TWENTY P|&#x1f1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LATIN SMALL LETTER D|&#x1f1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HC|&#x1f1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HDR|&#x1f1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED HI-RES|&#x1f1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED LOSSLESS|&#x1f1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED SHV|&#x1f1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED UHD|&#x1f1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED VOD|&#x1f1ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MASK WORK SYMBOL|&#x1f1ad;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOMOBIKI SYMBOL|&#x1f1ae;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1Ex |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A|&#x1f1e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER B|&#x1f1e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C|&#x1f1e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER D|&#x1f1e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER E|&#x1f1ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER F|&#x1f1eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER G|&#x1f1ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER H|&#x1f1ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER I|&#x1f1ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER J|&#x1f1ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F1Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER K|&#x1f1f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER L|&#x1f1f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER M|&#x1f1f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER N|&#x1f1f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER O|&#x1f1f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER P|&#x1f1f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Q|&#x1f1f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER R|&#x1f1f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER S|&#x1f1f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER T|&#x1f1f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER U|&#x1f1fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER V|&#x1f1fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER W|&#x1f1fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER X|&#x1f1fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Y|&#x1f1fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER Z|&#x1f1ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F20x |style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE HIRAGANA HOKA|&#x1f200;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO|&#x1f201;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA SA|&#x1f202;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F21x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-624B|&#x1f210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B57|&#x1f211;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53CC|&#x1f212;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED KATAKANA DE|&#x1f213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591A|&#x1f215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-89E3|&#x1f216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929|&#x1f217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EA4|&#x1f218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6620|&#x1f219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121|&#x1f21a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6599|&#x1f21b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D|&#x1f21c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F8C|&#x1f21d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D|&#x1f21e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65B0|&#x1f21f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F22x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-521D|&#x1f220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D42|&#x1f221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F|&#x1f222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA9|&#x1f223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58F0|&#x1f224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5439|&#x1f225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F14|&#x1f226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6295|&#x1f227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6355|&#x1f228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00|&#x1f229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f22a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-904A|&#x1f22b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DE6|&#x1f22c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D|&#x1f22d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F3|&#x1f22e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6307|&#x1f22f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F23x |style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8D70|&#x1f230;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981|&#x1f232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7A7A|&#x1f233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408|&#x1f234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E80|&#x1f235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709|&#x1f236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6708|&#x1f237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7533|&#x1f238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5272|&#x1f239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55B6|&#x1f23a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-914D|&#x1f23b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F24x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672C|&#x1f240;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E09|&#x1f241;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E8C|&#x1f242;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B89|&#x1f243;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70B9|&#x1f244;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6253|&#x1f245;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76D7|&#x1f246;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52DD|&#x1f247;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TORTOISE SHELL BRACKETED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6557|&#x1f248;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F25x |style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE|&#x1f250;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ACCEPT|&#x1f251;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F26x |style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR FU|&#x1f260;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR LU|&#x1f261;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHOU|&#x1f262;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR XI|&#x1f263;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR SHUANGXI|&#x1f264;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUNDED SYMBOL FOR CAI|&#x1f265;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F30x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CYCLONE|&#x1f300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOGGY|&#x1f301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED UMBRELLA|&#x1f302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NIGHT WITH STARS|&#x1f303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE OVER MOUNTAINS|&#x1f304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNRISE|&#x1f305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CITYSCAPE AT DUSK|&#x1f306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNSET OVER BUILDINGS|&#x1f307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAINBOW|&#x1f308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDGE AT NIGHT|&#x1f309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER WAVE|&#x1f30a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOLCANO|&#x1f30b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILKY WAY|&#x1f30c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE EUROPE-AFRICA|&#x1f30d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE AMERICAS|&#x1f30e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTH GLOBE ASIA-AUSTRALIA|&#x1f30f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F31x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOBE WITH MERIDIANS|&#x1f310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAXING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING GIBBOUS MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WANING CRESCENT MOON SYMBOL|&#x1f318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRESCENT MOON|&#x1f319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEW MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FULL MOON WITH FACE|&#x1f31d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUN WITH FACE|&#x1f31e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOWING STAR|&#x1f31f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F32x |style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOOTING STAR|&#x1f320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THERMOMETER|&#x1f321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DROPLET|&#x1f322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN|&#x1f323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN WITH SMALL CLOUD|&#x1f324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD|&#x1f325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SUN BEHIND CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH RAIN|&#x1f327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH SNOW|&#x1f328;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH LIGHTNING|&#x1f329;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOUD WITH TORNADO|&#x1f32a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOG|&#x1f32b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIND BLOWING FACE|&#x1f32c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT DOG|&#x1f32d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TACO|&#x1f32e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BURRITO|&#x1f32f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F33x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHESTNUT|&#x1f330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEEDLING|&#x1f331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EVERGREEN TREE|&#x1f332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECIDUOUS TREE|&#x1f333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM TREE|&#x1f334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CACTUS|&#x1f335;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT PEPPER|&#x1f336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULIP|&#x1f337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHERRY BLOSSOM|&#x1f338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROSE|&#x1f339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIBISCUS|&#x1f33a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNFLOWER|&#x1f33b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOSSOM|&#x1f33c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF MAIZE|&#x1f33d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR OF RICE|&#x1f33e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HERB|&#x1f33f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F34x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR LEAF CLOVER|&#x1f340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAPLE LEAF|&#x1f341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALLEN 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SILHOUETTE|&#x1f465;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOY|&#x1f466;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRL|&#x1f467;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN|&#x1f468;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN|&#x1f469;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAMILY|&#x1f46a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN AND WOMAN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO MEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO WOMEN HOLDING HANDS|&#x1f46d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE OFFICER|&#x1f46e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMAN WITH BUNNY EARS|&#x1f46f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F47x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIDE WITH VEIL|&#x1f470;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH BLOND HAIR|&#x1f471;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH GUA PI MAO|&#x1f472;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN WITH TURBAN|&#x1f473;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER MAN|&#x1f474;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER WOMAN|&#x1f475;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY|&#x1f476;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION WORKER|&#x1f477;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCESS|&#x1f478;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE OGRE|&#x1f479;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE GOBLIN|&#x1f47a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GHOST|&#x1f47b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY ANGEL|&#x1f47c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTRATERRESTRIAL ALIEN|&#x1f47d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALIEN MONSTER|&#x1f47e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|IMP|&#x1f47f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F48x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SKULL|&#x1f480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INFORMATION DESK PERSON|&#x1f481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUARDSMAN|&#x1f482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DANCER|&#x1f483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPSTICK|&#x1f484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL POLISH|&#x1f485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE MASSAGE|&#x1f486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRCUT|&#x1f487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BARBER POLE|&#x1f488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYRINGE|&#x1f489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILL|&#x1f48a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS MARK|&#x1f48b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOVE LETTER|&#x1f48c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RING|&#x1f48d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GEM STONE|&#x1f48e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISS|&#x1f48f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F49x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOUQUET|&#x1f490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUPLE WITH HEART|&#x1f491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEDDING|&#x1f492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEATING HEART|&#x1f493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROKEN HEART|&#x1f494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO HEARTS|&#x1f495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPARKLING HEART|&#x1f496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GROWING HEART|&#x1f497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH ARROW|&#x1f498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE HEART|&#x1f499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN HEART|&#x1f49a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|YELLOW HEART|&#x1f49b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PURPLE HEART|&#x1f49c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART WITH RIBBON|&#x1f49d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVOLVING HEARTS|&#x1f49e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART DECORATION|&#x1f49f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND SHAPE WITH A DOT INSIDE|&#x1f4a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC LIGHT BULB|&#x1f4a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGER SYMBOL|&#x1f4a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOMB|&#x1f4a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING SYMBOL|&#x1f4a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COLLISION SYMBOL|&#x1f4a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLASHING SWEAT SYMBOL|&#x1f4a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROPLET|&#x1f4a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DASH SYMBOL|&#x1f4a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PILE OF POO|&#x1f4a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLEXED BICEPS|&#x1f4aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY SYMBOL|&#x1f4ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEECH BALLOON|&#x1f4ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THOUGHT BALLOON|&#x1f4ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE FLOWER|&#x1f4ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUNDRED POINTS SYMBOL|&#x1f4af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY BAG|&#x1f4b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CURRENCY EXCHANGE|&#x1f4b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CREDIT CARD|&#x1f4b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH DOLLAR SIGN|&#x1f4b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH EURO SIGN|&#x1f4b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BANKNOTE WITH POUND SIGN|&#x1f4b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY WITH WINGS|&#x1f4b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND AND YEN SIGN|&#x1f4b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAT|&#x1f4ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f4bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFCASE|&#x1f4bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIDISC|&#x1f4bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f4be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC|&#x1f4bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|DVD|&#x1f4c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FILE FOLDER|&#x1f4c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CURL|&#x1f4c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE FACING UP|&#x1f4c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CALENDAR|&#x1f4c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAR-OFF CALENDAR|&#x1f4c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX|&#x1f4c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH UPWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHART WITH DOWNWARDS TREND|&#x1f4c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR CHART|&#x1f4ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLIPBOARD|&#x1f4cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND PUSHPIN|&#x1f4cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAPERCLIP|&#x1f4ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STRAIGHT RULER|&#x1f4cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR RULER|&#x1f4d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK TABS|&#x1f4d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEDGER|&#x1f4d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK|&#x1f4d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTEBOOK WITH DECORATIVE COVER|&#x1f4d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED BOOK|&#x1f4d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN BOOK|&#x1f4d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN BOOK|&#x1f4d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUE BOOK|&#x1f4d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE BOOK|&#x1f4d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKS|&#x1f4da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAME BADGE|&#x1f4db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCROLL|&#x1f4dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEMO|&#x1f4dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEPHONE RECEIVER|&#x1f4de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGER|&#x1f4df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX MACHINE|&#x1f4e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE ANTENNA|&#x1f4e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUBLIC ADDRESS LOUDSPEAKER|&#x1f4e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEERING MEGAPHONE|&#x1f4e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OUTBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INBOX TRAY|&#x1f4e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PACKAGE|&#x1f4e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|E-MAIL SYMBOL|&#x1f4e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCOMING ENVELOPE|&#x1f4e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ENVELOPE WITH DOWNWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f4e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH RAISED FLAG|&#x1f4ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN MAILBOX WITH LOWERED FLAG|&#x1f4ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTBOX|&#x1f4ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POSTAL HORN|&#x1f4ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F4Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWSPAPER|&#x1f4f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE|&#x1f4f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW AT LEFT|&#x1f4f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIBRATION MODE|&#x1f4f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOBILE PHONE OFF|&#x1f4f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO MOBILE PHONES|&#x1f4f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTENNA WITH BARS|&#x1f4f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA|&#x1f4f7;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CAMERA WITH FLASH|&#x1f4f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEO CAMERA|&#x1f4f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELEVISION|&#x1f4fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO|&#x1f4fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VIDEOCASSETTE|&#x1f4fc;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FILM PROJECTOR|&#x1f4fd;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PORTABLE STEREO|&#x1f4fe;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PRAYER BEADS|&#x1f4ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F50x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWISTED RIGHTWARDS ARROWS|&#x1f500;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f501;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHTWARDS AND LEFTWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS WITH CIRCLED ONE OVERLAY|&#x1f502;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f503;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ANTICLOCKWISE DOWNWARDS AND UPWARDS OPEN CIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f504;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f505;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH BRIGHTNESS SYMBOL|&#x1f506;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f507;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER|&#x1f508;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f509;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f50a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BATTERY|&#x1f50b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC PLUG|&#x1f50c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-POINTING MAGNIFYING GLASS|&#x1f50e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK WITH INK PEN|&#x1f50f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F51x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOSED LOCK WITH KEY|&#x1f510;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEY|&#x1f511;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOCK|&#x1f512;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN LOCK|&#x1f513;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL|&#x1f514;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL WITH CANCELLATION STROKE|&#x1f515;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOKMARK|&#x1f516;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LINK SYMBOL|&#x1f517;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RADIO BUTTON|&#x1f518;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACK WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f519;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|END WITH LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOON WITH RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP WITH UPWARDS ARROW ABOVE|&#x1f51d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ONE UNDER EIGHTEEN SYMBOL|&#x1f51e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYCAP TEN|&#x1f51f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F52x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN CAPITAL LETTERS|&#x1f520;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN SMALL LETTERS|&#x1f521;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR NUMBERS|&#x1f522;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR SYMBOLS|&#x1f523;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INPUT SYMBOL FOR LATIN LETTERS|&#x1f524;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE|&#x1f525;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELECTRIC TORCH|&#x1f526;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRENCH|&#x1f527;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER|&#x1f528;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUT AND BOLT|&#x1f529;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOCHO|&#x1f52a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PISTOL|&#x1f52b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROSCOPE|&#x1f52c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TELESCOPE|&#x1f52d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYSTAL BALL|&#x1f52e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED STAR WITH MIDDLE DOT|&#x1f52f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F53x |{{H:title|dotted=no|JAPANESE SYMBOL FOR BEGINNER|&#x1f530;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIDENT EMBLEM|&#x1f531;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f532;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE BUTTON|&#x1f533;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED CIRCLE|&#x1f534;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE CIRCLE|&#x1f535;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f536;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f537;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL ORANGE DIAMOND|&#x1f538;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL BLUE DIAMOND|&#x1f539;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWN-POINTING SMALL RED TRIANGLE|&#x1f53d;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53e;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f53f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F54x |style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f540;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE WITH HALF-CIRCLE BELOW|&#x1f541;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CROSS POMMEE|&#x1f542;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED LEFT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f543;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTCHED RIGHT SEMICIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f544;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SYMBOL FOR MARKS CHAPTER|&#x1f545;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LATIN CROSS|&#x1f546;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LATIN CROSS|&#x1f547;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CELTIC CROSS|&#x1f548;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OM SYMBOL|&#x1f549;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOVE OF PEACE|&#x1f54a;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAABA|&#x1f54b;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUE|&#x1f54c;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SYNAGOGUE|&#x1f54d;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MENORAH WITH NINE BRANCHES|&#x1f54e;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL OF HYGIEIA|&#x1f54f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F55x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE OCLOCK|&#x1f550;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO OCLOCK|&#x1f551;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE OCLOCK|&#x1f552;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR OCLOCK|&#x1f553;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE OCLOCK|&#x1f554;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX OCLOCK|&#x1f555;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f556;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT OCLOCK|&#x1f557;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE OCLOCK|&#x1f558;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN OCLOCK|&#x1f559;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN OCLOCK|&#x1f55a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE OCLOCK|&#x1f55b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ONE-THIRTY|&#x1f55c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWO-THIRTY|&#x1f55d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE THREE-THIRTY|&#x1f55e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FOUR-THIRTY|&#x1f55f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F56x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE FIVE-THIRTY|&#x1f560;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SIX-THIRTY|&#x1f561;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE SEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f562;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE EIGHT-THIRTY|&#x1f563;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE NINE-THIRTY|&#x1f564;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TEN-THIRTY|&#x1f565;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE ELEVEN-THIRTY|&#x1f566;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCK FACE TWELVE-THIRTY|&#x1f567;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER|&#x1f568;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH ONE SOUND WAVE|&#x1f569;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEAKER WITH THREE SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56a;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN|&#x1f56b;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLHORN WITH SOUND WAVES|&#x1f56c;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGING BELL|&#x1f56d;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOK|&#x1f56e;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANDLE|&#x1f56f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F57x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MANTELPIECE CLOCK|&#x1f570;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SKULL AND CROSSBONES|&#x1f571;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PIRACY|&#x1f572;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLE|&#x1f573;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN BUSINESS SUIT 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!style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK UP POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDEWAYS BLACK DOWN POINTING INDEX|&#x1f5a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN POINTING BACKHAND INDEX|&#x1f5a3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HEART|&#x1f5a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP COMPUTER|&#x1f5a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KEYBOARD AND MOUSE|&#x1f5a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE NETWORKED COMPUTERS|&#x1f5a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER|&#x1f5a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POCKET CALCULATOR|&#x1f5a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HARD SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFT SHELL FLOPPY DISK|&#x1f5ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAPE CARTRIDGE|&#x1f5ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRED KEYBOARD|&#x1f5ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE BUTTON MOUSE|&#x1f5b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACKBALL|&#x1f5b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD PERSONAL COMPUTER|&#x1f5b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HARD DISK|&#x1f5b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREEN|&#x1f5b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINTER ICON|&#x1f5b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAX ICON|&#x1f5b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPTICAL DISC ICON|&#x1f5b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT|&#x1f5b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH TEXT AND PICTURE|&#x1f5ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH PICTURE|&#x1f5bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH TILES|&#x1f5bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FRAME WITH AN X|&#x1f5be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK FOLDER|&#x1f5bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDER|&#x1f5c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OPEN FOLDER|&#x1f5c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD INDEX DIVIDERS|&#x1f5c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARD FILE BOX|&#x1f5c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FILE CABINET|&#x1f5c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE|&#x1f5c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NOTE PAD|&#x1f5c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE|&#x1f5c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAGE|&#x1f5c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NOTE PAD|&#x1f5ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY DOCUMENT|&#x1f5cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGE|&#x1f5cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY PAGES|&#x1f5cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOCUMENT|&#x1f5ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE|&#x1f5cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGES|&#x1f5d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WASTEBASKET|&#x1f5d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL NOTE PAD|&#x1f5d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPIRAL CALENDAR PAD|&#x1f5d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DESKTOP WINDOW|&#x1f5d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIMIZE|&#x1f5d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAXIMIZE|&#x1f5d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERLAP|&#x1f5d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOCKWISE RIGHT AND LEFT SEMICIRCLE ARROWS|&#x1f5d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANCELLATION X|&#x1f5d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INCREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DECREASE FONT SIZE SYMBOL|&#x1f5db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPRESSION|&#x1f5dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLD KEY|&#x1f5dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLED-UP NEWSPAPER|&#x1f5de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGE WITH CIRCLED TEXT|&#x1f5df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|STOCK CHART|&#x1f5e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DAGGER KNIFE|&#x1f5e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIPS|&#x1f5e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAKING HEAD IN SILHOUETTE|&#x1f5e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS ABOVE|&#x1f5e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS BELOW|&#x1f5e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS LEFT|&#x1f5e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE RAYS RIGHT|&#x1f5e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SPEECH BUBBLE|&#x1f5e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TWO SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE SPEECH BUBBLES|&#x1f5eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THOUGHT BUBBLE|&#x1f5ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ANGER BUBBLE|&#x1f5ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F5Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD BUBBLE|&#x1f5f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTNING MOOD|&#x1f5f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BALLOT|&#x1f5f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD SCRIPT X|&#x1f5f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT CHECK MARK|&#x1f5f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLOT BOX WITH BOLD CHECK|&#x1f5f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WORLD MAP|&#x1f5fa;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNT FUJI|&#x1f5fb;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOKYO TOWER|&#x1f5fc;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STATUE OF LIBERTY|&#x1f5fd;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SILHOUETTE OF JAPAN|&#x1f5fe;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOYAI|&#x1f5ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Emoticons''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F60x |style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE|&#x1f600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND SMILING EYES|&#x1f604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HALO|&#x1f607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HORNS|&#x1f608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINKING FACE|&#x1f609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f60a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SAVOURING DELICIOUS FOOD|&#x1f60b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f60c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f60d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SUNGLASSES|&#x1f60e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMIRKING FACE|&#x1f60f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F61x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL FACE|&#x1f610;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXPRESSIONLESS FACE|&#x1f611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UNAMUSED FACE|&#x1f612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COLD SWEAT|&#x1f613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PENSIVE FACE|&#x1f614;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFUSED FACE|&#x1f615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONFOUNDED FACE|&#x1f616;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE|&#x1f617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE THROWING A KISS|&#x1f618;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61a;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE|&#x1f61b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND WINKING EYE|&#x1f61c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH STUCK-OUT TONGUE AND TIGHTLY-CLOSED EYES|&#x1f61d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED FACE|&#x1f61e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORRIED FACE|&#x1f61f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F62x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGRY FACE|&#x1f620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING FACE|&#x1f621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING FACE|&#x1f622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSEVERING FACE|&#x1f623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH LOOK OF TRIUMPH|&#x1f624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DISAPPOINTED BUT RELIEVED FACE|&#x1f625;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FROWNING FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f626;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANGUISHED FACE|&#x1f627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FEARFUL FACE|&#x1f628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY FACE|&#x1f629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPY FACE|&#x1f62a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRED FACE|&#x1f62b;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRIMACING FACE|&#x1f62c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOUDLY CRYING FACE|&#x1f62d;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f62e;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUSHED FACE|&#x1f62f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F63x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH AND COLD SWEAT|&#x1f630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE SCREAMING IN FEAR|&#x1f631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTONISHED FACE|&#x1f632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUSHED FACE|&#x1f633;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING FACE|&#x1f634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIZZY FACE|&#x1f635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITHOUT MOUTH|&#x1f636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK|&#x1f637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING CAT FACE WITH SMILING EYES|&#x1f638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY|&#x1f639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH|&#x1f63a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING CAT FACE WITH HEART-SHAPED EYES|&#x1f63b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CAT FACE WITH WRY SMILE|&#x1f63c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KISSING CAT FACE WITH CLOSED EYES|&#x1f63d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POUTING CAT FACE|&#x1f63e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CRYING CAT FACE|&#x1f63f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F64x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WEARY CAT FACE|&#x1f640;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY FROWNING FACE|&#x1f641;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLIGHTLY SMILING FACE|&#x1f642;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UPSIDE-DOWN FACE|&#x1f643;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ROLLING EYES|&#x1f644;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH NO GOOD GESTURE|&#x1f645;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OK GESTURE|&#x1f646;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON BOWING DEEPLY|&#x1f647;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f648;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f649;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY|&#x1f64a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAPPY PERSON RAISING ONE HAND|&#x1f64b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON RAISING BOTH HANDS IN CELEBRATION|&#x1f64c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON FROWNING|&#x1f64d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH POUTING FACE|&#x1f64e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH FOLDED HANDS|&#x1f64f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ornamental Dingbats''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F65x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH WEST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED NORTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TURNED SOUTH EAST POINTING LEAF|&#x1f657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f659;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING VINE LEAF|&#x1f65f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F66x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH WEST POINTING BUD|&#x1f665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NORTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SOUTH EAST POINTING BUD|&#x1f667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOLLOW QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT|&#x1f66a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOLID QUILT SQUARE ORNAMENT IN BLACK SQUARE|&#x1f66b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ROCKET|&#x1f66f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F67x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f670;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SCRIPT LIGATURE ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f671;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f672;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LIGATURE OPEN ET ORNAMENT|&#x1f673;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f674;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SWASH AMPERSAND ORNAMENT|&#x1f675;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE TURNED COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f676;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f677;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT|&#x1f678;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f679;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SANS-SERIF INTERROBANG ORNAMENT|&#x1f67b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SOLIDUS|&#x1f67c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY REVERSE SOLIDUS|&#x1f67d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE CHECKER BOARD|&#x1f67f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Transport and Map Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F68x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCKET|&#x1f680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HELICOPTER|&#x1f681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STEAM LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY CAR|&#x1f683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN|&#x1f684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIGH-SPEED TRAIN WITH BULLET NOSE|&#x1f685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAIN|&#x1f686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|METRO|&#x1f687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT RAIL|&#x1f688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STATION|&#x1f689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM|&#x1f68a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRAM CAR|&#x1f68b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS|&#x1f68c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING BUS|&#x1f68d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLLEYBUS|&#x1f68e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUS STOP|&#x1f68f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F69x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MINIBUS|&#x1f690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AMBULANCE|&#x1f691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CAR|&#x1f693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING POLICE CAR|&#x1f694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAXI|&#x1f695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING TAXI|&#x1f696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING AUTOMOBILE|&#x1f698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECREATIONAL VEHICLE|&#x1f699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DELIVERY TRUCK|&#x1f69a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ARTICULATED LORRY|&#x1f69b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRACTOR|&#x1f69c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONORAIL|&#x1f69d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN RAILWAY|&#x1f69e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUSPENSION RAILWAY|&#x1f69f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN CABLEWAY|&#x1f6a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AERIAL TRAMWAY|&#x1f6a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIP|&#x1f6a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROWBOAT|&#x1f6a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPEEDBOAT|&#x1f6a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT|&#x1f6a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CONSTRUCTION SIGN|&#x1f6a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POLICE CARS REVOLVING LIGHT|&#x1f6a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGULAR FLAG ON POST|&#x1f6a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOOR|&#x1f6aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO ENTRY SIGN|&#x1f6ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO SMOKING SYMBOL|&#x1f6ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PUT LITTER IN ITS PLACE SYMBOL|&#x1f6ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DO NOT LITTER SYMBOL|&#x1f6af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NON-POTABLE WATER SYMBOL|&#x1f6b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLE|&#x1f6b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO BICYCLES|&#x1f6b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUNTAIN BICYCLIST|&#x1f6b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEDESTRIAN|&#x1f6b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NO PEDESTRIANS|&#x1f6b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILDREN CROSSING|&#x1f6b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMENS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RESTROOM|&#x1f6bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BABY SYMBOL|&#x1f6bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOILET|&#x1f6bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER CLOSET|&#x1f6be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOWER|&#x1f6bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6Cx |style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATH|&#x1f6c0;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BATHTUB|&#x1f6c1;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSPORT CONTROL|&#x1f6c2;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUSTOMS|&#x1f6c3;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGGAGE CLAIM|&#x1f6c4;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT LUGGAGE|&#x1f6c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRIANGLE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1f6c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROHIBITED SIGN|&#x1f6c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED INFORMATION SOURCE|&#x1f6c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOYS SYMBOL|&#x1f6c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRLS SYMBOL|&#x1f6ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COUCH AND LAMP|&#x1f6cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLEEPING ACCOMMODATION|&#x1f6cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING BAGS|&#x1f6cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BELLHOP BELL|&#x1f6ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BED|&#x1f6cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6Dx |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACE OF WORSHIP|&#x1f6d0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OCTAGONAL SIGN|&#x1f6d1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOPPING TROLLEY|&#x1f6d2;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STUPA|&#x1f6d3;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PAGODA|&#x1f6d4;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HINDU TEMPLE|&#x1f6d5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HUT|&#x1f6d6;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ELEVATOR|&#x1f6d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LANDSLIDE|&#x1f6d8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHTHOUSE|&#x1f6d9;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEATBELT SIGN|&#x1f6da;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NO CARS|&#x1f6db;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WIRELESS|&#x1f6dc;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLAYGROUND SLIDE|&#x1f6dd;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHEEL|&#x1f6de;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RING BUOY|&#x1f6df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMMER AND WRENCH|&#x1f6e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHIELD|&#x1f6e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OIL DRUM|&#x1f6e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORWAY|&#x1f6e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RAILWAY TRACK|&#x1f6e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR BOAT|&#x1f6e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING MILITARY AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP-POINTING SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SMALL AIRPLANE|&#x1f6e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTHEAST-POINTING AIRPLANE|&#x1f6ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE DEPARTURE|&#x1f6eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRPLANE ARRIVING|&#x1f6ec;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HOT AIR BALLOON|&#x1f6ed;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AIRSHIP|&#x1f6ee;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAPLANE|&#x1f6ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F6Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SATELLITE|&#x1f6f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONCOMING FIRE ENGINE|&#x1f6f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE|&#x1f6f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PASSENGER SHIP|&#x1f6f3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCOOTER|&#x1f6f4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTOR SCOOTER|&#x1f6f5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CANOE|&#x1f6f6;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SLED|&#x1f6f7;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING SAUCER|&#x1f6f8;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SKATEBOARD|&#x1f6f9;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AUTO RICKSHAW|&#x1f6fa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKUP TRUCK|&#x1f6fb;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLER SKATE|&#x1f6fc;}}||style="background:#768b4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FORKLIFT|&#x1f6fd;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EXCAVATOR|&#x1f6fe;}}||style="background:#457d8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUBMARINE|&#x1f6ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Alchemical Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F70x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUINTESSENCE|&#x1f700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AIR|&#x1f701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR FIRE|&#x1f702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR EARTH|&#x1f703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WATER|&#x1f704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUAFORTIS|&#x1f705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA|&#x1f706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA REGIA-2|&#x1f707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE|&#x1f708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AQUA VITAE-2|&#x1f709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR|&#x1f70a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-2|&#x1f70b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR-3|&#x1f70c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SULFUR|&#x1f70d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PHILOSOPHERS SULFUR|&#x1f70e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BLACK SULFUR|&#x1f70f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F71x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE|&#x1f710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-2|&#x1f711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MERCURY SUBLIMATE-3|&#x1f712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CINNABAR|&#x1f713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT|&#x1f714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NITRE|&#x1f715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL|&#x1f716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VITRIOL-2|&#x1f717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT|&#x1f718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ROCK SALT-2|&#x1f719;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GOLD|&#x1f71a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SILVER|&#x1f71b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE|&#x1f71c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON ORE-2|&#x1f71d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF IRON|&#x1f71e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF IRON|&#x1f71f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F72x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ORE|&#x1f720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR IRON-COPPER ORE|&#x1f721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF COPPER|&#x1f722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER|&#x1f723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CROCUS OF COPPER-2|&#x1f724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF COPPER ANTIMONIATE|&#x1f726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF COPPER|&#x1f727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS|&#x1f728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TIN ORE|&#x1f729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LEAD ORE|&#x1f72a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ANTIMONY ORE|&#x1f72b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATE OF SALT OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VINEGAR OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f72f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F73x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY|&#x1f730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS OF ANTIMONY-2|&#x1f731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS|&#x1f732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-2|&#x1f733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-3|&#x1f734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REGULUS-4|&#x1f735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI|&#x1f736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALKALI-2|&#x1f737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MARCASITE|&#x1f738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SAL-AMMONIAC|&#x1f739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ARSENIC|&#x1f73a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR|&#x1f73b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR REALGAR-2|&#x1f73c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AURIPIGMENT|&#x1f73d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BISMUTH ORE|&#x1f73e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR|&#x1f73f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F74x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TARTAR-2|&#x1f740;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR QUICK LIME|&#x1f741;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX|&#x1f742;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-2|&#x1f743;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BORAX-3|&#x1f744;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALUM|&#x1f745;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR OIL|&#x1f746;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SPIRIT|&#x1f747;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TINCTURE|&#x1f748;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR GUM|&#x1f749;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR WAX|&#x1f74a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDER|&#x1f74b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CALX|&#x1f74c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TUTTY|&#x1f74d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CAPUT MORTUUM|&#x1f74e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SCEPTER OF JOVE|&#x1f74f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F75x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CADUCEUS|&#x1f750;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR TRIDENT|&#x1f751;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STARRED TRIDENT|&#x1f752;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR LODESTONE|&#x1f753;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SOAP|&#x1f754;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR URINE|&#x1f755;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HORSE DUNG|&#x1f756;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ASHES|&#x1f757;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POT ASHES|&#x1f758;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BRICK|&#x1f759;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR POWDERED BRICK|&#x1f75a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR AMALGAM|&#x1f75b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM|&#x1f75c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR STRATUM SUPER STRATUM-2|&#x1f75d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR SUBLIMATION|&#x1f75e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PRECIPITATE|&#x1f75f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F76x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISTILL|&#x1f760;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE|&#x1f761;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DISSOLVE-2|&#x1f762;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PURIFY|&#x1f763;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR PUTREFACTION|&#x1f764;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE|&#x1f765;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-2|&#x1f766;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-3|&#x1f767;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-4|&#x1f768;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR CRUCIBLE-5|&#x1f769;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR ALEMBIC|&#x1f76a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF MARY|&#x1f76b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR BATH OF VAPOURS|&#x1f76c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR RETORT|&#x1f76d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HOUR|&#x1f76e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR NIGHT|&#x1f76f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F77x |style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR DAY-NIGHT|&#x1f770;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR MONTH|&#x1f771;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF DRAM|&#x1f772;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR HALF OUNCE|&#x1f773;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOT OF FORTUNE|&#x1f774;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OCCULTATION|&#x1f775;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNAR ECLIPSE|&#x1f776;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VESTA FORM TWO|&#x1f777;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ASTRAEA FORM TWO|&#x1f778;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYGIEA FORM TWO|&#x1f779;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARTHENOPE FORM TWO|&#x1f77a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HAUMEA|&#x1f77B;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKEMAKE|&#x1f77C;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GONGGONG|&#x1f77D;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|QUAOAR|&#x1f77E;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCUS|&#x1f77F;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F78x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK LEFT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f780;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK UP-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f781;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK RIGHT-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f782;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK DOWN-POINTING ISOSCELES RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f783;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f784;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f785;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f786;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f787;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f788;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f789;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CIRCLE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL CIRCLE|&#x1f78a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROUND TARGET|&#x1f78b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY SQUARE|&#x1f78c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SLIGHTLY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f78d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f78f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F79x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f790;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f791;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f792;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY WHITE SQUARE|&#x1f793;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f794;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM SQUARE|&#x1f795;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUARE TARGET|&#x1f796;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY DIAMOND|&#x1f797;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f798;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f799;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK VERY SMALL DIAMOND|&#x1f79a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE DIAMOND CONTAINING BLACK MEDIUM DIAMOND|&#x1f79b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIAMOND TARGET|&#x1f79c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK TINY LOZENGE|&#x1f79d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK VERY SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK MEDIUM SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f79f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE LOZENGE CONTAINING BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|&#x1f7a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY BOLD GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY GREEK CROSS|&#x1f7a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIN SALTIRE|&#x1f7a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SALTIRE|&#x1f7a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SALTIRE|&#x1f7aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SALTIRE|&#x1f7ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SALTIRE|&#x1f7ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY FIVE SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EXTREMELY HEAVY SIX SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOLD EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK|&#x1f7bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM THREE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOUR POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|REVERSE LIGHT FOUR POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY FIVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY SIX POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIX POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MEDIUM EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7Dx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|VERY HEAVY EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d2;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR|&#x1f7d3;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY TWELVE POINTED PINWHEEL STAR|&#x1f7d4;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d5;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED TRIANGLE|&#x1f7d6;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d7;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE CIRCLED SQUARE|&#x1f7d8;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE POINTED WHITE STAR|&#x1f7d9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE VERTICAL BAR|&#x1f7da;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLET IN DOUBLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7db;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW CIRCLE|&#x1f7e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE CIRCLE|&#x1f7e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN CIRCLE|&#x1f7e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE RED SQUARE|&#x1f7e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BLUE SQUARE|&#x1f7e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE ORANGE SQUARE|&#x1f7e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE YELLOW SQUARE|&#x1f7e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE GREEN SQUARE|&#x1f7e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE PURPLE SQUARE|&#x1f7ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LARGE BROWN SQUARE|&#x1f7eb;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY NOT EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7ec;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F7Fx |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY EQUALS SIGN|&#x1f7f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOUBLE CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL LINE|&#x1f7f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED BOTTOM RIGHT OBLIQUE HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1f7f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1f7f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TRANSPARENT CUBE|&#x1f7f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CUBE|&#x1f7f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL DOUBLE WHITE SMALL SQUARE|&#x1f7f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH BOTTOM HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH TOP HALF BISECTED|&#x1f7fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE SQUARE WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BISECTING LINES|&#x1f7fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT FLATTENED RIGHT TRIANGLE|&#x1f7fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHOMBUS|&#x1f7ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F80x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH MEDIUM TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f80b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F81x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH SMALL EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY UPWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH LARGE EQUILATERAL ARROWHEAD|&#x1f81f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F82x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH NARROW SHAFT|&#x1f823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH MEDIUM SHAFT|&#x1f827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH BOLD SHAFT|&#x1f82b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f82f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F83x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH VERY HEAVY SHAFT|&#x1f833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS FINGER-POST ARROW|&#x1f837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SQUARED ARROW|&#x1f83b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f83f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F84x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY COMPRESSED ARROW|&#x1f843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS HEAVY ARROW|&#x1f847;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F85x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT RIGHT SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UP DOWN SANS-SERIF ARROW|&#x1f859;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F86x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f860;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f861;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f862;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f863;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f864;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f865;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f866;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST LIGHT BARB ARROW|&#x1f867;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f868;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f869;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS BARB ARROW|&#x1f86b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST BARB ARROW|&#x1f86f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F87x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST MEDIUM BARB ARROW|&#x1f877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f87f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F88x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED LEFTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f880;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED UPWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f881;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f882;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED DOWNWARDS VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f883;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f884;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED NORTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f885;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH EAST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f886;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WIDE-HEADED SOUTH WEST VERY HEAVY BARB ARROW|&#x1f887;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F89x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f890;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f891;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f892;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f893;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f894;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f895;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f896;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS WHITE ARROW WITHIN TRIANGLE ARROWHEAD|&#x1f897;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f898;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f899;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH NOTCHED TAIL|&#x1f89b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f89c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f89d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE HALF|&#x1f89e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE THIRD|&#x1f89f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BOTTOM-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BOTTOM SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS TOP SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS RIGHT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS LEFT-SHADED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS BACK-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS FRONT-TILTED SHADOWED WHITE ARROW|&#x1f8ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH ONE|&#x1f8ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE ARROW SHAFT WIDTH TWO THIRDS|&#x1f8ad;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8Bx |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING UPWARDS THEN NORTH WEST|&#x1f8b0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING SOUTH WEST|&#x1f8b1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH LOWER HOOK|&#x1f8b2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS BLACK ARROW TO BAR|&#x1f8b3;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b4;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED UPWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED RIGHTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b6;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8b7;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NORTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8b9;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH EAST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8ba;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOUTH WEST ARROW FROM BAR|&#x1f8bb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8Cx |style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM DOWNWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8c1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8Dx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW OVER LONG LEFTWARDS ARROW|&#x1f8d0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON OVER LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORT RIGHTWARDS HARPOON ABOVE LONG LEFTWARDS HARPOON|&#x1f8d5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X|&#x1f8d6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOUBLE SLASH|&#x1f8d7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG LEFT RIGHT ARROW WITH DEPENDENT LOBE|&#x1f8d8;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F90x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CIRCLED CROSS FORMEE|&#x1f902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH FOUR DOTS|&#x1f903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH THREE DOTS|&#x1f904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS|&#x1f905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT|&#x1f906;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF CIRCLE|&#x1f907;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK|&#x1f908;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK|&#x1f909;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARD FACING NOTCHED HOOK WITH DOT|&#x1f90b;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHED FINGERS|&#x1f90c;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEART|&#x1f90d;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BROWN HEART|&#x1f90e;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINCHING HAND|&#x1f90f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F91x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZIPPER-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONEY-MOUTH FACE|&#x1f911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH THERMOMETER|&#x1f912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NERD FACE|&#x1f913;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THINKING FACE|&#x1f914;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH HEAD-BANDAGE|&#x1f915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROBOT FACE|&#x1f916;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HUGGING FACE|&#x1f917;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIGN OF THE HORNS|&#x1f918;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CALL ME HAND|&#x1f919;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED BACK OF HAND|&#x1f91a;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91b;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT-FACING FIST|&#x1f91c;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDSHAKE|&#x1f91d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGERS CROSSED|&#x1f91e;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|I LOVE YOU HAND SIGN|&#x1f91f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F92x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH COWBOY HAT|&#x1f920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOWN FACE|&#x1f921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAUSEATED FACE|&#x1f922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLLING ON THE FLOOR LAUGHING|&#x1f923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DROOLING FACE|&#x1f924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LYING FACE|&#x1f925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE PALM|&#x1f926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SNEEZING FACE|&#x1f927;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH ONE EYEBROW RAISED|&#x1f928;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH STAR EYES|&#x1f929;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRINNING FACE WITH ONE LARGE AND ONE SMALL EYE|&#x1f92a;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH FINGER COVERING CLOSED LIPS|&#x1f92b;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SERIOUS FACE WITH SYMBOLS COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92c;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND HAND COVERING MOUTH|&#x1f92d;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN MOUTH VOMITING|&#x1f92e;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOCKED FACE WITH EXPLODING HEAD|&#x1f92f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F93x |{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT WOMAN|&#x1f930;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BREAST-FEEDING|&#x1f931;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALMS UP TOGETHER|&#x1f932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SELFIE|&#x1f933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRINCE|&#x1f934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAN IN TUXEDO|&#x1f935;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTHER CHRISTMAS|&#x1f936;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRUG|&#x1f937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON DOING CARTWHEEL|&#x1f938;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JUGGLING|&#x1f939;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FENCER|&#x1f93a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODERN PENTATHLON|&#x1f93b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WRESTLERS|&#x1f93c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WATER POLO|&#x1f93d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HANDBALL|&#x1f93e;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVING MASK|&#x1f93f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F94x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WILTED FLOWER|&#x1f940;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DRUM WITH DRUMSTICKS|&#x1f941;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CLINKING GLASSES|&#x1f942;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TUMBLER GLASS|&#x1f943;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOON|&#x1f944;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOAL NET|&#x1f945;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIFLE|&#x1f946;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRST PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f947;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SECOND PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f948;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THIRD PLACE MEDAL|&#x1f949;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOXING GLOVE|&#x1f94a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARTIAL ARTS UNIFORM|&#x1f94b;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CURLING STONE|&#x1f94c;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LACROSSE STICK AND BALL|&#x1f94d;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOFTBALL|&#x1f94e;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLYING DISC|&#x1f94f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F95x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CROISSANT|&#x1f950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AVOCADO|&#x1f951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUCUMBER|&#x1f952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BACON|&#x1f953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|POTATO|&#x1f954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARROT|&#x1f955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGUETTE BREAD|&#x1f956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GREEN SALAD|&#x1f957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHALLOW PAN OF FOOD|&#x1f958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STUFFED FLATBREAD|&#x1f959;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EGG|&#x1f95a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GLASS OF MILK|&#x1f95b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEANUTS|&#x1f95c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWIFRUIT|&#x1f95d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PANCAKES|&#x1f95e;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUMPLING|&#x1f95f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F96x |{{H:title|dotted=no|FORTUNE COOKIE|&#x1f960;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKEOUT BOX|&#x1f961;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHOPSTICKS|&#x1f962;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOWL WITH SPOON|&#x1f963;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUP WITH STRAW|&#x1f964;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COCONUT|&#x1f965;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROCCOLI|&#x1f966;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PIE|&#x1f967;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PRETZEL|&#x1f968;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CUT OF MEAT|&#x1f969;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SANDWICH|&#x1f96a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANNED FOOD|&#x1f96b;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFY GREEN|&#x1f96c;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANGO|&#x1f96d;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOON CAKE|&#x1f96e;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BAGEL|&#x1f96f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F97x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH SMILING EYES AND THREE HEARTS|&#x1f970;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YAWNING FACE|&#x1f971;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SMILING FACE WITH TEAR|&#x1f972;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PARTY HORN AND PARTY HAT|&#x1f973;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH UNEVEN EYES AND WAVY MOUTH|&#x1f974;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OVERHEATED FACE|&#x1f975;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FREEZING FACE|&#x1f976;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NINJA|&#x1f977;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISGUISED FACE|&#x1f978;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE HOLDING BACK TEARS|&#x1f979;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PLEADING EYES|&#x1f97a;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SARI|&#x1f97b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LAB COAT|&#x1f97c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GOGGLES|&#x1f97d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIKING BOOT|&#x1f97e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT SHOE|&#x1f97f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F98x |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRAB|&#x1f980;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LION FACE|&#x1f981;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCORPION|&#x1f982;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TURKEY|&#x1f983;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|UNICORN FACE|&#x1f984;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EAGLE|&#x1f985;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUCK|&#x1f986;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAT|&#x1f987;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARK|&#x1f988;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OWL|&#x1f989;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOX FACE|&#x1f98a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTERFLY|&#x1f98b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEER|&#x1f98c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GORILLA|&#x1f98d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LIZARD|&#x1f98e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RHINOCEROS|&#x1f98f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F99x |style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHRIMP|&#x1f990;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SQUID|&#x1f991;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GIRAFFE FACE|&#x1f992;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ZEBRA FACE|&#x1f993;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEDGEHOG|&#x1f994;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAUROPOD|&#x1f995;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|T-REX|&#x1f996;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRICKET|&#x1f997;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KANGAROO|&#x1f998;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LLAMA|&#x1f999;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PEACOCK|&#x1f99a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIPPOPOTAMUS|&#x1f99b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PARROT|&#x1f99c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RACCOON|&#x1f99d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOBSTER|&#x1f99e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOSQUITO|&#x1f99f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9Ax |style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MICROBE|&#x1f9a0;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BADGER|&#x1f9a1;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SWAN|&#x1f9a2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAMMOTH|&#x1f9a3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DODO|&#x1f9a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SLOTH|&#x1f9a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OTTER|&#x1f9a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGUTAN|&#x1f9a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SKUNK|&#x1f9a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAMINGO|&#x1f9a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OYSTER|&#x1f9aa;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEAVER|&#x1f9ab;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BISON|&#x1f9ac;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAL|&#x1f9ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUIDE DOG|&#x1f9ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PROBING CANE|&#x1f9af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT RED HAIR|&#x1f9b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT CURLY HAIR|&#x1f9b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT BALD|&#x1f9b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|EMOJI COMPONENT WHITE HAIR|&#x1f9b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BONE|&#x1f9b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG|&#x1f9b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FOOT|&#x1f9b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTH|&#x1f9b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERHERO|&#x1f9b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUPERVILLAIN|&#x1f9b9;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY VEST|&#x1f9ba;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EAR WITH HEARING AID|&#x1f9bb;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOTORIZED WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bc;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MANUAL WHEELCHAIR|&#x1f9bd;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL ARM|&#x1f9be;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MECHANICAL LEG|&#x1f9bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9Cx |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHEESE WEDGE|&#x1f9c0;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CUPCAKE|&#x1f9c1;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SALT SHAKER|&#x1f9c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEVERAGE BOX|&#x1f9c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GARLIC|&#x1f9c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ONION|&#x1f9c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FALAFEL|&#x1f9c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WAFFLE|&#x1f9c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUTTER|&#x1f9c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MATE DRINK|&#x1f9c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE CUBE|&#x1f9ca;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLE TEA|&#x1f9cb;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROLL|&#x1f9cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STANDING PERSON|&#x1f9cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNEELING PERSON|&#x1f9ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEAF PERSON|&#x1f9cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH MONOCLE|&#x1f9d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ADULT|&#x1f9d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHILD|&#x1f9d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|OLDER ADULT|&#x1f9d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BEARDED PERSON|&#x1f9d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH HEADSCARF|&#x1f9d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN STEAMY ROOM|&#x1f9d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON CLIMBING|&#x1f9d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON IN LOTUS POSITION|&#x1f9d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGE|&#x1f9d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FAIRY|&#x1f9da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VAMPIRE|&#x1f9db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MERPERSON|&#x1f9dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ELF|&#x1f9dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GENIE|&#x1f9de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZOMBIE|&#x1f9df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9Ex |style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAIN|&#x1f9e0;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORANGE HEART|&#x1f9e1;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BILLED CAP|&#x1f9e2;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SCARF|&#x1f9e3;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GLOVES|&#x1f9e4;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COAT|&#x1f9e5;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOCKS|&#x1f9e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RED GIFT ENVELOPE|&#x1f9e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRECRACKER|&#x1f9e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JIGSAW PUZZLE PIECE|&#x1f9e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEST TUBE|&#x1f9ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PETRI DISH|&#x1f9eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DNA DOUBLE HELIX|&#x1f9ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMPASS|&#x1f9ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ABACUS|&#x1f9ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FIRE EXTINGUISHER|&#x1f9ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1F9Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOLBOX|&#x1f9f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRICK|&#x1f9f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGNET|&#x1f9f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LUGGAGE|&#x1f9f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTION BOTTLE|&#x1f9f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPOOL OF THREAD|&#x1f9f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BALL OF YARN|&#x1f9f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SAFETY PIN|&#x1f9f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TEDDY BEAR|&#x1f9f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BROOM|&#x1f9f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BASKET|&#x1f9fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROLL OF PAPER|&#x1f9fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BAR OF SOAP|&#x1f9fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SPONGE|&#x1f9fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RECEIPT|&#x1f9fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NAZAR AMULET|&#x1f9ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Chess Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING|&#x1fa00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN|&#x1fa01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK|&#x1fa02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP|&#x1fa03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT|&#x1fa04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN|&#x1fa05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREE|&#x1fa06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED FORTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KING|&#x1fa2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED QUEEN|&#x1fa2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED ROOK|&#x1fa2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED BISHOP|&#x1fa2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED KNIGHT|&#x1fa2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS TURNED PAWN|&#x1fa2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE DEGREES|&#x1fa32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KING ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS QUEEN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS ROOK ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS BISHOP ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS PAWN ROTATED TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY DEGREES|&#x1fa44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS KNIGHT ROTATED THREE HUNDRED FIFTEEN DEGREES|&#x1fa47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER|&#x1fa4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEUTRAL CHESS EQUIHOPPER ROTATED NINETY DEGREES|&#x1fa4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA5x |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa50;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-QUEEN|&#x1fa51;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-ROOK|&#x1fa52;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS KNIGHT-BISHOP|&#x1fa53;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa54;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa55;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS FERZ|&#x1fa56;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS ALFIL|&#x1fa57;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa58;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS WAZIR|&#x1fa59;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5a;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS CAMEL|&#x1fa5b;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS GIRAFFE|&#x1fa5d;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5e;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK CHESS DABBABA|&#x1fa5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED GENERAL|&#x1fa60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED MANDARIN|&#x1fa61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED ELEPHANT|&#x1fa62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED HORSE|&#x1fa63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CHARIOT|&#x1fa64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED CANNON|&#x1fa65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI RED SOLDIER|&#x1fa66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK GENERAL|&#x1fa67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK MANDARIN|&#x1fa68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK ELEPHANT|&#x1fa69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK HORSE|&#x1fa6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CHARIOT|&#x1fa6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK CANNON|&#x1fa6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|XIANGQI BLACK SOLDIER|&#x1fa6d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA7x |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BALLET SHOES|&#x1fa70;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ONE-PIECE SWIMSUIT|&#x1fa71;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRIEFS|&#x1fa72;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTS|&#x1fa73;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THONG SANDAL|&#x1fa74;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIGHT BLUE HEART|&#x1fa75;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GREY HEART|&#x1fa76;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINK HEART|&#x1fa77;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DROP OF BLOOD|&#x1fa78;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ADHESIVE BANDAGE|&#x1fa79;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STETHOSCOPE|&#x1fa7a;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|X-RAY|&#x1fa7b;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRUTCH|&#x1fa7c;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOOD BAG|&#x1fa7d;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INHALER|&#x1fa7e;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX OF PILLS|&#x1fa7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA8x |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|YO-YO|&#x1fa80;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KITE|&#x1fa81;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PARACHUTE|&#x1fa82;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BOOMERANG|&#x1fa83;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAGIC WAND|&#x1fa84;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PINATA|&#x1fa85;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NESTING DOLLS|&#x1fa86;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARACAS|&#x1fa87;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLUTE|&#x1fa88;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HARP|&#x1fa89;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TROMBONE|&#x1fa8a;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|METEOR|&#x1fa8b;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ERASER|&#x1fa8c;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NET WITH HANDLE|&#x1fa8d;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TREASURE CHEST|&#x1fa8e;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHOVEL|&#x1fa8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FA9x |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RINGED PLANET|&#x1fa90;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAIR|&#x1fa91;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAZOR|&#x1fa92;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AXE|&#x1fa93;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIYA LAMP|&#x1fa94;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BANJO|&#x1fa95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MILITARY HELMET|&#x1fa96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ACCORDION|&#x1fa97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LONG DRUM|&#x1fa98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COIN|&#x1fa99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CARPENTRY SAW|&#x1fa9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SCREWDRIVER|&#x1fa9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LADDER|&#x1fa9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HOOK|&#x1fa9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR|&#x1fa9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WINDOW|&#x1fa9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FAAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PLUNGER|&#x1faa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING NEEDLE|&#x1faa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KNOT|&#x1faa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUCKET|&#x1faa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MOUSE TRAP|&#x1faa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHBRUSH|&#x1faa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEADSTONE|&#x1faa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PLACARD|&#x1faa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ROCK|&#x1faa8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MIRROR BALL|&#x1faa9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|IDENTIFICATION CARD|&#x1faaa;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOW BATTERY|&#x1faab;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAMSA|&#x1faac;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FOLDING HAND FAN|&#x1faad;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIR PICK|&#x1faae;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHANDA|&#x1faaf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FABx |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLY|&#x1fab0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WORM|&#x1fab1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEETLE|&#x1fab2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COCKROACH|&#x1fab3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POTTED PLANT|&#x1fab4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOOD|&#x1fab5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FEATHER|&#x1fab6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LOTUS|&#x1fab7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CORAL|&#x1fab8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EMPTY NEST|&#x1fab9;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEST WITH EGGS|&#x1faba;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HYACINTH|&#x1fabb;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JELLYFISH|&#x1fabc;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WING|&#x1fabd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEAFLESS TREE|&#x1fabe;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOOSE|&#x1fabf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FACx |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ANATOMICAL HEART|&#x1fac0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LUNGS|&#x1fac1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEOPLE HUGGING|&#x1fac2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT MAN|&#x1fac3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PREGNANT PERSON|&#x1fac4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERSON WITH CROWN|&#x1fac5;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FINGERPRINT|&#x1fac6;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LIVER|&#x1fac7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAIRY CREATURE|&#x1fac8;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CENTAUR|&#x1fac9;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGONFLY|&#x1faca;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KIWI BIRD|&#x1facb;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MONARCH BUTTERFLY|&#x1facc;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCA|&#x1facd;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOOSE|&#x1face;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DONKEY|&#x1facf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FADx |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLUEBERRIES|&#x1fad0;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BELL PEPPER|&#x1fad1;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OLIVE|&#x1fad2;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLATBREAD|&#x1fad3;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMALE|&#x1fad4;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FONDUE|&#x1fad5;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TEAPOT|&#x1fad6;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POURING LIQUID|&#x1fad7;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BEANS|&#x1fad8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|JAR|&#x1fad9;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GINGER ROOT|&#x1fada;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PEA POD|&#x1fadb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ROOT VEGETABLE|&#x1fadc;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PICKLE|&#x1fadd;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RASPBERRY|&#x1fade;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPLATTER|&#x1fadf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FAEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MELTING FACE|&#x1fae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SALUTING FACE|&#x1fae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH OPEN EYES AND HAND OVER MOUTH|&#x1fae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PEEKING EYE|&#x1fae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH DIAGONAL MOUTH|&#x1fae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOTTED LINE FACE|&#x1fae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BITING LIP|&#x1fae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BUBBLES|&#x1fae7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHAKING FACE|&#x1fae8;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH BAGS UNDER EYES|&#x1fae9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DISTORTED FACE|&#x1faea;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CRACKING FACE|&#x1faeb;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH SQUINTING EYES|&#x1faec;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLEVER FACE|&#x1faed;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE WITH PALM ON CHEEK|&#x1faee;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FIGHT CLOUD|&#x1faef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FAFx |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB CROSSED|&#x1faf0;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS HAND|&#x1faf2;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM DOWN HAND|&#x1faf3;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PALM UP HAND|&#x1faf4;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INDEX POINTING AT THE VIEWER|&#x1faf5;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HEART HANDS|&#x1faf6;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf7;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS PUSHING HAND|&#x1faf8;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1faf9;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS THUMB SIGN|&#x1fafa;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|THREE FINGER SALUTE|&#x1fafb;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND SNAPPING FINGERS|&#x1fafc;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HAND WITH INDEX FINGER AND THUMB FORMING CIRCLE|&#x1fafd;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEG KICKING|&#x1fafe;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMP|&#x1faff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1|&#x1fb00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2|&#x1fb01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12|&#x1fb02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3|&#x1fb03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13|&#x1fb04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23|&#x1fb05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-123|&#x1fb06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-4|&#x1fb07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-14|&#x1fb08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-24|&#x1fb09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-124|&#x1fb0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-34|&#x1fb0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-134|&#x1fb0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-234|&#x1fb0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1234|&#x1fb0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-5|&#x1fb0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-15|&#x1fb10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-25|&#x1fb11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-125|&#x1fb12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-35|&#x1fb13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-235|&#x1fb14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1235|&#x1fb15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-45|&#x1fb16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-145|&#x1fb17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-245|&#x1fb18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1245|&#x1fb19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-345|&#x1fb1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1345|&#x1fb1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2345|&#x1fb1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12345|&#x1fb1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-6|&#x1fb1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-16|&#x1fb1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-26|&#x1fb20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-126|&#x1fb21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-36|&#x1fb22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-136|&#x1fb23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-236|&#x1fb24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1236|&#x1fb25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-46|&#x1fb26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-146|&#x1fb27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1246|&#x1fb28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-346|&#x1fb29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1346|&#x1fb2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2346|&#x1fb2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12346|&#x1fb2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-56|&#x1fb2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-156|&#x1fb2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-256|&#x1fb2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1256|&#x1fb30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-356|&#x1fb31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1356|&#x1fb32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2356|&#x1fb33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12356|&#x1fb34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-456|&#x1fb35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-1456|&#x1fb36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-2456|&#x1fb37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-12456|&#x1fb38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-3456|&#x1fb39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-13456|&#x1fb3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BLOCK SEXTANT-23456|&#x1fb3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fb56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE|&#x1fb5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT BLOCK DIAGONAL LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fb61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO UPPER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fb66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT BLOCK DIAGONAL UPPER MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fb67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND RIGHT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LEFT AND LOWER TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER TRIANGULAR ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VERTICAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-2|&#x1fb76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-3|&#x1fb77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-4|&#x1fb78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-5|&#x1fb79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-6|&#x1fb7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-7|&#x1fb7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fb80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HORIZONTAL ONE EIGHTH BLOCK-1358|&#x1fb81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fb87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THREE QUARTERS BLOCK|&#x1fb8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK|&#x1fb8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER HALF MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FB9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF BLOCK AND LOWER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND LOWER HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb92;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF INVERSE MEDIUM SHADE AND RIGHT HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECKER BOARD FILL|&#x1fb96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HEAVY HORIZONTAL FILL|&#x1fb97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT FILL|&#x1fb98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT FILL|&#x1fb99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER AND LOWER TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT AND RIGHT TRIANGULAR HALF BLOCK|&#x1fb9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER RIGHT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER LEFT TRIANGULAR MEDIUM SHADE|&#x1fb9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT AND MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT AND MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO UPPER CENTRE TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL STROKE|&#x1fbaf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|ARROWHEAD-SHAPED POINTER|&#x1fbb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE CHECK MARK|&#x1fbb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF RUNNING MAN|&#x1fbb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|INVERSE DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH TIP LEFTWARDS|&#x1fbb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHTWARDS ARROW AND UPPER AND LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOWNWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPWARDS ARROW AND RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK|&#x1fbb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT HALF FOLDER|&#x1fbba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|VOIDED GREEK CROSS|&#x1fbbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT OPEN SQUARED DOT|&#x1fbbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL CROSS|&#x1fbbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE DIAGONAL DIAMOND|&#x1fbbf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE HEAVY SALTIRE WITH ROUNDED CORNERS|&#x1fbc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT THIRD WHITE RIGHT POINTING INDEX|&#x1fbc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEGATIVE SQUARED QUESTION MARK|&#x1fbc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE|&#x1fbc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH ARMS RAISED|&#x1fbc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING LEFT|&#x1fbc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE LEANING RIGHT|&#x1fbc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|STICK FIGURE WITH DRESS|&#x1fbc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbca;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WHITE CROSS MARK|&#x1fbcb;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAISED SMALL LEFT SQUARE BRACKET|&#x1fbcc;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BLACK SMALL UP-POINTING CHEVRON|&#x1fbcd;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT TWO THIRDS BLOCK|&#x1fbce;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT ONE THIRD BLOCK|&#x1fbcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT|&#x1fbd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT|&#x1fbd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER CENTRE|&#x1fbd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE CENTRE TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER CENTRE TO UPPER RIGHT|&#x1fbdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO MIDDLE LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL LOWER LEFT TO UPPER CENTRE TO LOWER RIGHT|&#x1fbde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO MIDDLE RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT|&#x1fbdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF WHITE CIRCLE|&#x1fbe3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|UPPER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LOWER CENTRE ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE LEFT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MIDDLE RIGHT ONE QUARTER BLOCK|&#x1fbe7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP JUSTIFIED LOWER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|RIGHT JUSTIFIED LEFT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbe9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM JUSTIFIED UPPER HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEFT JUSTIFIED RIGHT HALF BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP RIGHT JUSTIFIED LOWER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM LEFT JUSTIFIED UPPER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BOTTOM RIGHT JUSTIFIED UPPER LEFT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TOP LEFT JUSTIFIED LOWER RIGHT QUARTER BLACK CIRCLE|&#x1fbef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FBFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ZERO|&#x1fbf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT ONE|&#x1fbf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT TWO|&#x1fbf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT THREE|&#x1fbf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FOUR|&#x1fbf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT FIVE|&#x1fbf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SIX|&#x1fbf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1fbf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1fbf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SEGMENTED DIGIT NINE|&#x1fbf9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ALARM BELL SYMBOL|&#x1fbfa;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FCFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD0x |style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RECTANGULAR TABLE|&#x1fd00;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ESCALATOR|&#x1fd01;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BULLDOZER|&#x1fd02;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FLAT TYRE|&#x1fd03;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|EARTHQUAKE|&#x1fd04;}}||style="background:#457d8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TRICYCLE|&#x1fd05;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD1x |style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NAIL CLIPPER|&#x1fd10;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOOTHPASTE|&#x1fd11;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PLIER|&#x1fd12;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KNIFE WITH CUTTING BOARD|&#x1fd13;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|RAKE|&#x1fd14;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TISSUE BOX|&#x1fd15;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CLOTHES HANGER|&#x1fd16;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRILL|&#x1fd17;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEWING BUTTON|&#x1fd18;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COOKING POT|&#x1fd19;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|APRON|&#x1fd1a;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BINOCULARS|&#x1fd1b;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INCENSE|&#x1fd1c;}}||style="background:#768b4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PIGGY BANK|&#x1fd1d;}}||style="background:#768b4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRAY CAN|&#x1fd1e;}}||style="background:#768b4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|PERFUME GLASS BOTTLE|&#x1fd1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD2x |style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GOLD BAR|&#x1fd20;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CYMBALS|&#x1fd21;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|XYLOPHONE|&#x1fd22;}}||style="background:#457d8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CONCRETE BLOCK|&#x1fd23;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD4x |style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SPRING ONION|&#x1fd40;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRAPEFRUIT|&#x1fd41;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ICE POP|&#x1fd42;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CINNAMON STICKS|&#x1fd43;}}||style="background:#768b4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUGAR CUBES|&#x1fd44;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|POMEGRANATE|&#x1fd45;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DRAGON FRUIT|&#x1fd46;}}||style="background:#457d8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOFFEE|&#x1fd47;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD5x |style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|ORCHID|&#x1fd50;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAMELEON|&#x1fd51;}}||style="background:#aeaf4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|OSTRICH|&#x1fd52;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MOLE|&#x1fd53;}}||style="background:#97a24a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARIGOLD|&#x1fd54;}}||style="background:#5d7e4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WOMBAT|&#x1fd55;}}||style="background:#457d6d;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SEAHORSE|&#x1fd56;}}||style="background:#457d8a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOUCAN|&#x1fd57;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD7x |style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|STOMACH|&#x1fd70;}}||style="background:#bba757;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|INTESTINE|&#x1fd71;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD8x |style="background:#768b4a;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|FACE REVEALING FACE|&#x1fd80;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1FFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#000000;color:white"|&nbsp;||style="background:#000000;color:white;"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} a8xy8z1jnoynyn7xvggvp9jzbef3laq Chess/Algebraic notation 0 158282 4664485 4567222 2026-08-26T02:14:13Z ~2026-46292-71 3624135 hi 4664485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:SCD algebraic notation.png|right|Chessboard notation|frame]] '''Algebraic notation''' is used to record and describe the moves in a game of chess. It is now standard among all chess organizations hi ks, magazines, and newspapers. ==Naming squares on the board== Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical ''files'' are labeled '''a''' through '''h''', from White's left to White's right. Similarly, the horizontal ''ranks'' are numbered from '''1''' to '''8''', starting from White's home rank. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. The white king, for example, starts the game on square '''e1'''. The black knight on '''b8''' can move to '''a6''' and '''c6'''. Chess notations are a way to determine any unique point on the board. ==Naming the pieces== Each type of piece (other than pawns) is identified by an uppercase letter, usually the first letter in the name of that piece in whatever language is spoken by the player recording. :'''K''' for king :'''Q''' for queen :'''R''' for rook :'''B''' for bishop :'''N''' for knight (since '''K''' is already used). Pawns are not indicated by a letter, but by the absence of such a letter—it is not necessary to distinguish between pawns for normal moves, as only one pawn can move to any one square. ==Notation for moves== Each move of a piece is indicated by the piece's letter, plus the coordinate of the destination square. For example '''Be5''' (move a bishop to '''e5'''), '''Nf3''' (move a knight to '''f3'''), '''c5''' (move a pawn to '''c5'''—no initial in the case of pawn moves). ===Notation for captures=== When a piece makes a capture, an '''x''' is inserted between the initial and the destination square. For example, '''Bxe5''' (bishop captures the piece on '''e5'''). When a pawn makes a capture, the ''file'' from which the pawn departed is used in place of a piece initial. For example, '''exd5''' (pawn on the '''e'''-file captures the piece on '''d5'''). ===Disambiguating moves=== If two (or more) identical pieces can move to the same square, the piece's initial is followed by (in descending order of preference): # the '''file''' of departure if they differ; # the '''rank''' of departure if the files are the same but the ranks differ; # both the '''file''' and '''rank''' if neither alone uniquely defines the piece (after a pawn promotion, if three or more of the same piece are able to reach the square). For example: :With two knights on '''g1''' and '''d2''', either of which might move to '''f3''', the move is indicated as '''Ngf3''' or '''Ndf3''', as appropriate. :With two knights on '''g5''' and '''g1''', the moves are '''N5f3''' or '''N1f3'''. :With three knights on '''e1''', '''g5''', and '''g1''', the moves are '''Nef3''', '''N5f3''', or '''Ng1f3'''. As above, an '''x''' may be used to indicate a capture: for example, '''Nexf3''', '''N5xf3''', and '''Ng1xf3'''. ===Pawn promotion=== If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move, for example '''f8Q''', '''f8B''', or '''f8(Q)'''. The use of '''f8=Q''' is discouraged for technical reasons. ===Castling=== Castling is indicated by the special notations '''O-O''' (or '''0-0''') for kingside castling and '''O-O-O''' (or '''0-0-0''') for queenside castling. ===Check and checkmate=== :A move which places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation "+" added. :Double check is sometimes represented "++". :Checkmate can likewise be indicated "#" (some use "++" or "mate" instead). ===End of game=== The notation '''1-0''' at the end of the moves indicates that white won, '''0-1''' indicates that black won, and '''½-½''' indicates a draw. Often there is no special indication of ''how'' a player won (other than checkmate, see above), so simply "1-0" or "0-1" may be written to show that one player resigned. Sometimes the word "Resigns" (or "White resigns" or "Black resigns" as appropriate) is used to show this. ==Example== '''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O'''. Moves may be interspersed with text. When the score resumes with a black move, an ellipsis (...) takes the place of the white move, for example: :'''1.e4 e5''' :'''2.Nf3''' :'''Black now defends his pawn''' :'''2...Nc6''' :'''3.Bb5 Nf6''' :'''4.O-O''' An ellipsis is also used when a score ''starts'' with a Black move (when the score is not of a complete game but starts from a diagrammed position). However, helpmates usually use an opposite convention; Black moves first by default and ''White'' moves are indicated with an ellipsis if no Black move precedes. *Please note: There is no space between the period and the term. When correct algebraic notation is used, a .txt file may be renamed with the .pgn extension to create a working .pgn file that can be loaded by any modern chess program that reads .pgn files. ==Common shorthand notation== ===Regarding specific moves=== The following short-hand notations are sometimes used to comment single moves: {| class="wikitable" |- | style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | ! || A good move |- | style="text-align:center;" | !! || An excellent move |- | style="text-align:center;" | ? || A mistake |- | style="text-align:center;" | ?? || A blunder |- | style="text-align:center;" | !? || An interesting move that may not be best |- | style="text-align:center;" | ?! || A dubious move, but not easily refuted |- | style="text-align:center;" | TN || A theoretical novelty |- |} ===Regarding specific positions=== The following short-hand notations are sometimes used to describe the annotator's view of the balance of strength between White and Black, in respect to a specific position on the board: {| class="wikitable" |- | style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | ∞ || ''Unclear''. It is unclear who (if anyone) has an advantage. This is often used when a position is highly asymmetrical, such as Black having a ruined pawn structure but dangerous active piece-play. |- | style="text-align:center;" | =/∞ || ''With compensation''. This symbol indicates that whoever is down in material has compensation for the material. |- | style="text-align:center;" | = || ''Even position''. This symbol indicates that the annotator believes that White and Black have equal chances. |- | style="text-align:center;" | +/= || ''Slight advantage''. This symbol indicates that White has slightly better chances. In a similar way, if Black has the slightly better position it is reversed: =/+ |- | style="text-align:center;" | +/− || ''Advantage''. This symbol indicates that White has much better chances. If instead this is the case for Black, it is reversed: −/+ Also, it is often written as ± for White advantage, ∓ for Black advantage; the other similar symbols can be written in that style too. |- | style="text-align:center;" | +− || ''Decisive advantage''. This symbol indicates that White has a winning advantage. It is reversed if Black has the winning position: −+ |- |} ==Future reading== This page covers algebraic notation use on Wikibooks, for a detailed general usage see Wikipedia's [[W:Algebraic chess notation|Algebraic notation]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook?id=32&view=category Official FIDE rules on algebraic notation] (see E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / Appendix&nbsp;C) {{BookCat}} nu2b50fqvemztrvefmnxltcyrlotc9c 4664486 4664485 2026-08-26T02:14:58Z Mazbel 911334 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-46292-71|~2026-46292-71]] ([[User talk:~2026-46292-71|talk]]) to last version by ShakespeareFan00 4567222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:SCD algebraic notation.png|right|Chessboard notation|frame]] '''Algebraic notation''' is used to record and describe the moves in a game of chess. It is now standard among all chess organizations and most books, magazines, and newspapers. ==Naming squares on the board== Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical ''files'' are labeled '''a''' through '''h''', from White's left to White's right. Similarly, the horizontal ''ranks'' are numbered from '''1''' to '''8''', starting from White's home rank. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. The white king, for example, starts the game on square '''e1'''. The black knight on '''b8''' can move to '''a6''' and '''c6'''. Chess notations are a way to determine any unique point on the board. ==Naming the pieces== Each type of piece (other than pawns) is identified by an uppercase letter, usually the first letter in the name of that piece in whatever language is spoken by the player recording. :'''K''' for king :'''Q''' for queen :'''R''' for rook :'''B''' for bishop :'''N''' for knight (since '''K''' is already used). Pawns are not indicated by a letter, but by the absence of such a letter—it is not necessary to distinguish between pawns for normal moves, as only one pawn can move to any one square. ==Notation for moves== Each move of a piece is indicated by the piece's letter, plus the coordinate of the destination square. For example '''Be5''' (move a bishop to '''e5'''), '''Nf3''' (move a knight to '''f3'''), '''c5''' (move a pawn to '''c5'''—no initial in the case of pawn moves). ===Notation for captures=== When a piece makes a capture, an '''x''' is inserted between the initial and the destination square. For example, '''Bxe5''' (bishop captures the piece on '''e5'''). When a pawn makes a capture, the ''file'' from which the pawn departed is used in place of a piece initial. For example, '''exd5''' (pawn on the '''e'''-file captures the piece on '''d5'''). ===Disambiguating moves=== If two (or more) identical pieces can move to the same square, the piece's initial is followed by (in descending order of preference): # the '''file''' of departure if they differ; # the '''rank''' of departure if the files are the same but the ranks differ; # both the '''file''' and '''rank''' if neither alone uniquely defines the piece (after a pawn promotion, if three or more of the same piece are able to reach the square). For example: :With two knights on '''g1''' and '''d2''', either of which might move to '''f3''', the move is indicated as '''Ngf3''' or '''Ndf3''', as appropriate. :With two knights on '''g5''' and '''g1''', the moves are '''N5f3''' or '''N1f3'''. :With three knights on '''e1''', '''g5''', and '''g1''', the moves are '''Nef3''', '''N5f3''', or '''Ng1f3'''. As above, an '''x''' may be used to indicate a capture: for example, '''Nexf3''', '''N5xf3''', and '''Ng1xf3'''. ===Pawn promotion=== If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is indicated after the move, for example '''f8Q''', '''f8B''', or '''f8(Q)'''. The use of '''f8=Q''' is discouraged for technical reasons. ===Castling=== Castling is indicated by the special notations '''O-O''' (or '''0-0''') for kingside castling and '''O-O-O''' (or '''0-0-0''') for queenside castling. ===Check and checkmate=== :A move which places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation "+" added. :Double check is sometimes represented "++". :Checkmate can likewise be indicated "#" (some use "++" or "mate" instead). ===End of game=== The notation '''1-0''' at the end of the moves indicates that white won, '''0-1''' indicates that black won, and '''½-½''' indicates a draw. Often there is no special indication of ''how'' a player won (other than checkmate, see above), so simply "1-0" or "0-1" may be written to show that one player resigned. Sometimes the word "Resigns" (or "White resigns" or "Black resigns" as appropriate) is used to show this. ==Example== '''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 4.O-O'''. Moves may be interspersed with text. When the score resumes with a black move, an ellipsis (...) takes the place of the white move, for example: :'''1.e4 e5''' :'''2.Nf3''' :'''Black now defends his pawn''' :'''2...Nc6''' :'''3.Bb5 Nf6''' :'''4.O-O''' An ellipsis is also used when a score ''starts'' with a Black move (when the score is not of a complete game but starts from a diagrammed position). However, helpmates usually use an opposite convention; Black moves first by default and ''White'' moves are indicated with an ellipsis if no Black move precedes. *Please note: There is no space between the period and the term. When correct algebraic notation is used, a .txt file may be renamed with the .pgn extension to create a working .pgn file that can be loaded by any modern chess program that reads .pgn files. ==Common shorthand notation== ===Regarding specific moves=== The following short-hand notations are sometimes used to comment single moves: {| class="wikitable" |- | style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | ! || A good move |- | style="text-align:center;" | !! || An excellent move |- | style="text-align:center;" | ? || A mistake |- | style="text-align:center;" | ?? || A blunder |- | style="text-align:center;" | !? || An interesting move that may not be best |- | style="text-align:center;" | ?! || A dubious move, but not easily refuted |- | style="text-align:center;" | TN || A theoretical novelty |- |} ===Regarding specific positions=== The following short-hand notations are sometimes used to describe the annotator's view of the balance of strength between White and Black, in respect to a specific position on the board: {| class="wikitable" |- | style="text-align:center; width:3em;" | ∞ || ''Unclear''. It is unclear who (if anyone) has an advantage. This is often used when a position is highly asymmetrical, such as Black having a ruined pawn structure but dangerous active piece-play. |- | style="text-align:center;" | =/∞ || ''With compensation''. This symbol indicates that whoever is down in material has compensation for the material. |- | style="text-align:center;" | = || ''Even position''. This symbol indicates that the annotator believes that White and Black have equal chances. |- | style="text-align:center;" | +/= || ''Slight advantage''. This symbol indicates that White has slightly better chances. In a similar way, if Black has the slightly better position it is reversed: =/+ |- | style="text-align:center;" | +/− || ''Advantage''. This symbol indicates that White has much better chances. If instead this is the case for Black, it is reversed: −/+ Also, it is often written as ± for White advantage, ∓ for Black advantage; the other similar symbols can be written in that style too. |- | style="text-align:center;" | +− || ''Decisive advantage''. This symbol indicates that White has a winning advantage. It is reversed if Black has the winning position: −+ |- |} ==Future reading== This page covers algebraic notation use on Wikibooks, for a detailed general usage see Wikipedia's [[W:Algebraic chess notation|Algebraic notation]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook?id=32&view=category Official FIDE rules on algebraic notation] (see E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / Appendix&nbsp;C) {{BookCat}} gnbzpc13bvx1ot3vw01mnv5k7m71yur Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Assessment Strategies/Journals 0 159483 4664570 4643934 2026-08-26T08:41:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} ===<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: jokerman;">Journals: A Puzzle Piece In Personal Communication</span></div>''by Amy B. Williams''=== ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Learning Objectives Of Reader</span>== :::*Be able to comprehend the important role that journals have in the classroom. :::*Understand how journals can be used as an assessment method. :::*Comprehend examples of using journals for language, math and science. ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Introduction</span>== Who ever said assessment wasn't fun? That is old news as journals are invading the classrooms! Journals have become a wonderful non-traditional assessment tool that falls under the category of personal communication. Teachers are understanding the role that journals have in the classroom and the benefits they provide for students. Journals aren't just for writing your deepest and darkest secrets while being kept hidden under your mattress! Throughout this article you will understand that the purpose of a journal is to allow students to have a voice. A voice that reflects their understanding and knowledge on a subject instead of just reiterating another person's ideas that they have memorized word-for-word. It is an informal style of writing that results in a student thinking for themselves. ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream For Journals!</span>== All the interest in journals is due to the fact that this type of personal communication encourages students to look at subjects and facts that they may have been intimidated by so the student feels more adventurous and willing to explore their ideas in writing (White, 2008). Journals aren't just for writing either; they can also involve drawing, painting and role-playing (Miami Museum of Science, 2008). If journaling is done correctly it can provide the following information: :::::*"Help students pinpoint what they know and don't know. :::::*Connect previous knowledge with what the student is currently studying. :::::*Summarize what the student understands and their knowledge on a topic. :::::*Help students understand important questions to ask. :::::*Help student keep his or her thoughts more organized. :::::*Support an interdisciplinary approach to education. :::::*Help student see in a more visual approach to learning. :::::*Allow student to take a tentative idea and make it more permanent" (Burchfield, 2005). Students with a journal generally have clearer thoughts and an increased ability to explain a concept while the teacher can truly grasp the type of learner that student really is. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #E9CFEC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 2px #8E35EF; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|color=#000000|face='LUCIDA'}} '''Using Journals In Math''' [http://www.geocities.com/kaferico/writemat.htm?200812] This is a fantastic website for teachers to use journals in Math class. You can even click on a PDF of a Math Journal! '''This is a must see!''' (Geocities.com, 2008) {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Journal: A Teacher's Best Friend</span>== The timing of a journal assignment includes different options with before, during, or after a lesson. There are two general types of journals in a classroom: 1. A journal that students are given very little direction on and the student writes down their thoughts, feelings and ideas, 2. A journal where the student is given a prompt or a specific topic to write on that has boundaries and guidelines needed for accuracy (Miami Museum of Science, 2008). Some teachers assign journal writing without grades. If this is the case, then the teacher will be more apt to correct grammar and spelling and make comments and appropriate praise. Journals also can be used for more class discussion and participation. If a student writes their ideas and understandings down on paper, then greater class discussion results. According to Hillocks, if a teacher uses journals in the classroom it allows that teacher to not only look through a window into how the student is thinking and learning, but ''how'' they learn. In other words, a journal shows if a student is struggling with a subject, their strengths and weaknesses, and if there are any misconceptions involved in learning. According to Burchfied, Journals also answer specific questions for a teacher: :::::*Can the student organize information? :::::*Can the student explain a specific concept? :::::*Does the student use communication skills correctly to communicate an idea? :::::*Is the student confident in his or her abilities? :::::*What is the student feeling? :::::*Is the student's response coherent and well-structured (Burchfield, et al, 200 To give credit to journals for an assessment method is an understatement. It is obvious that journals provide a deeper depth and understanding into a student, which can only benefit teachers. Journals can be as simple as loose leaf papers in a folder, a spiral notebook labeled Journal, or store bought journals. ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">To Grade Or Not To Grade...</span>== Grades are not necessary in journaling, but it is suggested to follow a specific rubric if assigning a grade. If grades are not given on a specific assignment, here are some great ideas on assessing a student's journal (Burchfield, et al., 2005): :::::*Because some of the writing is informal it is best to focus on content rather than mechanics. :::::*Be positive, encouraging and accepting of the student's writing. :::::*Single out one or two things to comment on and don't undertake the entire journal. :::::*Be specific when you comment on a specific problem. :::::*When appropriate, have students edit one another's journal. :::::*Ask students to read aloud, when appropriate, so the classroom becomes more conducive to sharing and confidence levels increase. :::::*After students have completed three journal entries, ask them to choose their best entry, revise it and have other students begin peer ::::::editing. :::::*Allow for more revisions after peer editing and grading then post it on a classroom blog or website. Again, grading isn't always a definite with journals and should be left up to the discretion of the teacher. ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Examples of Journal Assignments: Don't Enter The Classroom Without Them!</span>== <table WIDTH="56%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #E9CFEC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 2px #8E35EF; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''<big><big>Different Types of Journals</big></big>''' <big>'''Daily Journals'''</big> ::::*My most embarrassing moment... ::::*What I would like to change about school... ::::*My best friend is... ::::*The best thing that ever happened to me... ::::*The saddest thing that ever happened to me... ::::*What I want to be when I grow up... ::::*If I could change the world I would... <big>'''Specific Subject Prompts'''</big> <big>'''Math'''</big> ::::*Does math scare you? ::::*Design two mathematical bumper stickers--one funny and one serious. ::::*If I were better at math, I would... ::::*If math could be a color (shape or sound) it would be...because... ::::*My best kept secret about math is... ::::*What kind of math figure are you? (Circle, square, triangle, parallelogram, etc.) Why? (Geocities.com, 2008) <big>'''Language'''</big> ::::*Record in journal your personal thoughts and feelings after reading "The Diary of Anne Frank." (or any book the student has read) ::::*What does Anne's diary tell us about her? (or any main character of a book) ::::*If you could talk to Anne, what would you ask her? (or any author) ::::*Give a different ending to the book you just finished. ::::*What if you were the main character? ::::*Explain how you feel the character was like in the book. ::::*Draw a picture of a scene from the book and write a sentence underneath. ::::*Across the top of your journal write WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHY and WHEN...answer all these questions. ::::*Pick a President and write a letter to them about what you wish would be different and why? ::::*If you could have dinner with any past or present famous person who would it be and why? ::::*Student writes a paragraph using three vocabulary words written on the board. ::::*Write four Jeopardy style questions based on the lesson you were just taught. (Teachervision.com, 2007) <big>'''Science'''</big> ::::*Have students record any science experiment results over a period of time. ::::*Record the amount of snowfall over a 2 week period, along with the temperature outside at time of snowfall and the amount of snow. ::::*Record in journal the stages of a classroom bean seedling during growth stages. ::::*Record which cup of water (1 hot, 1 cold and 1 room temp)freezes first and how long it took. (Teachervision.com, 2007) </td></tr></table> ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Final Thoughts</span>== Journals are like a telescope into a student's mind. This type of personal communication allows students to express what they are feeling about specific topics. It is taking learning beyond the basics to see things as they really are and not just skimming the surface. Teachers are in the classroom for a reason, which is to impact the student academically, socially and emotionally. A journal is simply a collection of a student's feelings, ideas and thoughts put down in black and white. Incorporating journals into the classroom takes commitment and organization, but the payoff is an exciting and motivating way for students to learn. ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Get Out Your Pencils Please: Quiz Time</span>== 1. Journals are an assessment method that fall under the category: :::a. Selected response :::b. Extended written response :::c. Performance assessment :::d. Personal communication 2. If a journal is used correctly in the classroom, it can: :::a. Connect the student's previous knowledge to what they are currently learning. :::b. Tell a teacher the student deserves an A or F. :::c. Inform the teacher if the student needs a different seating arrangement. :::d. Allow the student to ignore the teacher's lesson. 3. The benefit of a journal for a teacher is: :::a. One less thing to grade in an overwhelming job. :::b. Tells the teacher if the student can explain a specific topic. :::c. It helps the classroom seem less cluttered. :::d. Allows the teacher to learn more about the student '''except''' for how he or she is feeling. 4. Stella has just completed an informal journal assignment for language in Mrs. Williams's classroom. Mrs. Williams is now ready to assess Stella's journal. What is the best method to consider? :::a. It is best to focus on Stella's content rather than the mechanics of her journal. :::b. Because it is an informal journal assignment, Stella should receive a specific grade. :::c. Not even grade Stella's journal because it would focus on her character and not her capability. :::d. Never asses a journal because it is to be used as a "filler" assignment when there is free time. 5. Mrs. Williams has just assigned a journal assignment after all the students read "The Diary of Anne Frank." She wants to compare and assess what the students predicted the diary meant to Anne Frank before they read the book and what they feel it meant to her after they finished the book. Why would Mrs. Williams be assessing this? :::a. She can't think of another prompt for a journal topic. :::b. The students seem like they are losing interest and this is a great way to motivate them. :::c. She wants to assess if the students have fully grasped the concept of the diary and how it become a source of support for Anne Frank. :::d. She knows Anne Frank is covered on the VA SOL and she feels this would be a good way to teach the students. ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">Answers</span>== 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. c ==<span style="color: #8E35EF; font-family: mistral;">References</span>== Burchfield, Kimberly, Jorgensen, Patricia, R., McDowell, Kimberly, G., and Rahn, Jim. (n.d). Writing In The Mathematics Curriculum. Retrieved on July 10, 2008 from http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/math/institutes/1993/37burc.html Forms of Alternative Assessment. (2008). Miami Museum of Science-Alternative Assessment Definitions. Retrieved on July 8, 2008, from http://www.miamisci.org/ph/lpdefine.html Geocities.com (2008) Writing In Mathematics-Math Students Know All The Angles. Retrieved July 7, 2008, from http://www.geocities.com/kaferico/writemat.htm?200812 Hillocks, George, The Testing Trap: How State Writing Assessment Control Learning. 2002. London: Teachers College Press. Teachervision.com (2007). Journaling Tips, Strengths, Strategies, & Topics. Retrieved July 5, 2008, from Http://www.teachervision.fen.com/writing/teaching-methods/6382.html 436bj590nw2immbxnhxuonh80gwh2pq Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Diversity/ADHD 0 180789 4664517 4643468 2026-08-26T06:54:36Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664517 wikitext text/x-wiki ===<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: jokerman;">Help! I have a student with ADHD. What can I do?</span></div> ''by Amy B. Williams''=== ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Learning Objectives Of Reader</span>== :::* Be able to recognize symptoms of ADHD. :::* Comprehend the need for behavioral modification to be used in the classroom with an ADHD student. :::* Be able to differentiate between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. :::* Understand the important role of the teacher in making a connection with the ADHD student. ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Introduction</span>== It is inevitable in a teacher's career that a student diagnosed with ADHD will be present in their classroom. It will most likely be one of the biggest challenges a teacher can face. They can experience frustration and exhaustion, which will then trickle down to the rest of their students in the classroom. Turning the event of having a student with ADHD into a positive experience, incorporating behavioral modifications, and using classroom techniques will result in success. Success for the teacher, the ADHD student and the entire classroom. Behavior modifications and classroom modifications can be the lifeline for a teacher with an ADHD student, but more importantly, they teach the student very valuable skills to exist within the confines of their diagnosis. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF0099;{{text default color}};border: solid 2px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|color=#E3E4FA|face='LUCIDA'}} http://www.ed.gov/teachers/needs/speced/adhd/adhd-resource-pt2.pdf '''Teaching Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder''' '''Instructional Strategies And Practices''' Written by the U.S Department of Education and covers everything from how to identify ADHD, great teacher strategies to classroom seating plans. It is 32 pages full of everything a teacher needs to survive in the classroom! {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">It's Everywhere, It's Everywhere: Statistical Data and Information</span>== Let's begin by briefly looking into the scientific data to allow for a better understanding of ADHD. ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The American Psychiatric Association defines ADHD as a "persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequently displayed and more severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development" (Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000, p.&nbsp;85). ADD stands for Attention Deficit Disorder and is also a form of ADHD. ADD is not accompanied by hyperactivity (Swanson, 2007). Barkley discusses in his book the staggering toll that ADHD has unleashed on society. He conservatively estimates that 1-2 ADHD students will be present in every classroom in the United States. This breaks down to 2.5 million school-age students that are diagnosed with ADHD or 5-8% of all children attending school (Barkley, 2005). So in every classroom there will most likely be two students diagnosed with ADHD. Teachers are going to have to be proactive by understanding the symptoms of ADHD so let's discuss some a teacher might encounter with an ADHD student. ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">You're So Smart Now Act Like It: Characteristics of ADHD</span>== Not too uncommon words from a teacher who is frustrated with a student's behavior who they feel is bright and clever, but just can't get to the final stage in a project, sentence or thought. Teachers also witness the impulsive, unorganized, and easily distracted student, along with the fidgety hands, excessive talking, forgetfulness and inability to stay in their seat (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2000). In Charles's book, he discusses a hidden meaning behind the inappropriate behavior of a student with ADHD. The hidden meaning is a cry for help saying "reach me and their desire for a connection with their teacher and to be accepted" (Charles, 2008, p.&nbsp;167). Teachers can look at the glass half-full or half-empty when dealing with a student with ADHD. Making a connection with the student and incorporating behavior and classroom modifications will yield a higher success rate. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF0099;{{text default color}};border: solid 2px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|color=#E3E4FA|face='LUCIDA'}} http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/teacher.shtml '''Classroom Interventions for Children with ADHD''' Outstanding website for teachers to use in the classroom that is full of ideas and strategies. It gives different scenarios with appropriate accommodations that should be made. '''Don't enter the classroom without it!''' {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Dr. Pavlov, May I Use A Dog Or Two?: Behavior Modification</span>== Two words can sum up the teacher's approach to the ADHD student in the classroom: behavior modification. It will be their life preserver when dealing with the student by using both positive and negative reinforcement. Let's look closer into just what positive and negative reinforcement consists of: ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Positive Reinforcement</span>== :::* A touch on the shoulder and a smile so the student knows what good behavior is (Barkley, 2005). :::* Ask the ADHD student what types of rewards they enjoy within the first few days of school (Rief, 2007.) :::* Tape a piece of paper down on the corner of a desk and as you pass by the student place a sticker on it (Barkley, 2005). :::* Place smiley posters up randomly throughout the classroom and stand next to one when the student is making good choices (Barkley, ::::2005). :::* Use verbal reinforcement with positive praise (Harwell, 2001). An example might be, "How wonderful you raised your hand instead of ::::just blurting out the answer Hayden." To change the reward system up a bit, allow special privileges like lunch with the teacher, ::::extra time on the computer, and extra recess (Barkley, 2005). :::* Use a token system for immediate rewards. In other words, a teacher might want to start with every 2-3 tokens resulting in candy, ::::stickers, special classroom duties or free play (Barkley, 2005). :::* Give the ADHD student specific tasks (e.g., turning off/on lights, pencil and paper pusher) that will require movement in the ::::classroom. Students can also be allowed to move around the room quietly after they complete a task (Nowacek and Mamlin, 2007. An ::::example might be, "Hayden, when you are finished with your writing I want you to quietly get up and walk around the classroom for me ::::three times while you are keeping your eyes and hands to yourself." ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Negative Reinforcement</span>== :::* Ignoring mild inappropriate behavior (Nowacek and Mamlin, 2007). An example might be, "Alright, I see all but two of my students sitting in ::::their chairs and getting ready to go to lunch." This is purposely ignoring the inappropriate behavior, while rewarding the students with ::::appropriate behavior. :::* Putting a hand on the student's shoulder to remind him or her their behavior is escalating ("Advice for schools..., 2005). :::* If the student is destructive or disruptive, the teacher can incorporate a time out system where the student is immediately asked to put away ::::their work and place their head on their desk (Barkley, 2005). :::* Use a timer that is started when bad behavior is occurring, which is then taken off recess time for the ADHD student (Barkley, 2005). :::* Start each day by giving the student 15 minutes of free time to use in the classroom. From that time, the teacher can deduct a minute of free ::::time for every instance the student was seen not working or acting inappropriately (Barkley, 2005). Behavior modification is a useful and positive tool that emphasizes appropriate behavior instead of inappropriate behavior. In addition to behavior modification, there are some other techniques teachers can also incorporate inside the classroom. Let's take a closer look at some of these techniques in the next section. ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Tricks Of The Trade: Classroom Modifications</span>== Not only is behavioral modification and reinforcement pivotal in dealing with ADHD students, but just as imperative are classroom modifications. One simply cannot have one without the other. This is really what it is all about: surviving and keeping control of the classroom. Let's take a closer look at the following techniques, which can be used as a cheat sheet for teachers in dealing with ADHD students: :::* Provide structure at all times in the classroom and remain calm (Charles, 2008). :::* Get eye contact before giving instructions or asking questions (Rief, 2005). :::* Stand close to the student to allow for less distraction (Charles, 2008). :::* State directions in a logical and ordered sequence (e.g., first, next, last). The teacher should aim for educating the student on how to ::::follow rules as quickly as possible without repeating them (Charles, 2008). :::* Have the student repeat verbal instructions to ensure he or she clearly understands what is being said (Rief, 2007). :::* Provide advanced warning when a change is about to take place (e.g., in five minutes we are going to put away our math work and begin our ::::reading). This reduces anxiety and frustration (Rief, 2007). :::* Use webbing techniques for writing and graphic organizers, which helps with visual-spatial skills (Harwell, 2007). :::* Take five minutes with the student each day to make sure he or she is using a planner for organization (Harwell, 2007). :::* Charts and outlines are useful in maintaining attention and understanding concepts (Harwell, 2007). :::* Divide tasks into chunks to help decrease frustration and make tasks obtainable (Swanson, 2007). An example might be, "Hayden, we ::::will do 15 minutes of writing and 5 minutes of computer." :::* Consider shortening assignments if they are too long and overwhelming to the student (Nowacek and Mamlin, 2007). :::* Utilize the computer as much as possible with an ADHD student as it will give them immediate feedback (Amen, 2001). :::* Give the student encouraging and positive feedback to increase his or her motivation and attention (Rief, 2005). :::* Consider how desks are arranged in the classroom and be sure ADHD students are grouped with other non-diagnosed students. Frequently switch ::::groups of two students so the ADHD student builds relationships with other students in the classroom. An ADHD student wants nothing more than ::::to be accepted by others (Nowacek and Mamlin, 2007). It's a great idea to have a copy of these techniques handy, even laminated, to reference them quickly when just beginning to teach a student with ADHD. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF0099;{{text default color}};border: solid 2px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|color=#E3E4FA|face='LUCIDA'}} http://user.cybrzn.com/kenyonck/add/teaching_tips.html '''Teaching Tips For Those Working With ADHD Kids''' Dawn Hogan, a 2nd grade teacher from Connecticut, has a fantastic website for teachers. Her first hand experience and knowledge are priceless. '''This is a must see!''' {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Final Thoughts</span>== As learned in this article, there is no magic pill or ointment to make the symptoms of ADHD disappear. The teacher needs to be able to face this adversity with a smile, words of support and determination. A deep connection with the ADHD student along with both behavior and classroom modifications are more likely to result in a stimulating and positive educational experience. Teamwork involving teachers, the ADHD student, parents, fellow students and administration is the only way to help combat the diagnosis of ADHD. Students who are ADHD must be taught not just from a book, but they also need to hear they are special and discover that their differences are okay. The success rate for ADHD students depends on the teacher, the teacher's attitude, classroom tips and techniques being used, and their knowledge and comfort level of behavior modification involving ''both'' positive and negative reinforcements. ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Get Out Your Pencils Please: Quiz Time</span>== :::::::::::::::::'''Multiple Choice Questions:''' ::::::::1. During the first few days of school, it is imperative that the teacher do which of the following: ::::::::::::A. Let the student know the teacher rules the classroom with an iron fist. ::::::::::::B. Allow the student to choose what rules are best for him or her. ::::::::::::C. Make sure the student knows the teacher would like him or her transferred to another classroom. ::::::::::::D. Discuss with the student what rewards work best for him or her. ::::::::2. What two types of approaches are the most effective for teachers when dealing with an ADHD student: ::::::::::::A. Don't be too firm and only give hugs as a reward. ::::::::::::B. Behavior modification and classroom modification. ::::::::::::C. Corporal punishment and expulsion. ::::::::::::D. Discipline ''every'' misbehavior the student does and not allow any recess. ::::::::3. When an ADHD student is completing a task it is best to do the following: ::::::::::::A. Insist he or she must hurry so the teacher can stay on task. ::::::::::::B. Have the teacher divide the task into sub-units or chunks so finality is obtainable. ::::::::::::C. Help the student with the answers because it make the teacher look better to have higher student grades. ::::::::::::D. Tell the other students in the classroom there will be no recess if the ADHD student does not finish in time. ::::::::4. Mrs. Williams is the teacher in a classroom with an ADHD student named Hayden. She is trying a new class behavior program :::::::::by flipping of green, yellow, and red cards. Which choice best describes Mrs. Williams? ::::::::::::A. Ready to retire and fed up. ::::::::::::B. Utilizing positive reinforcement and appropriate classroom techniques. ::::::::::::C. She is known as the school's yeller and the staff is afraid of approaching her. ::::::::::::D. Begging to get rid of the ADHD student so she can enjoy the rest of the year. ::::::::5. Mrs. Williams notices that Hayden has not made a connection with the class and she is concerned. How might she ease him :::::::::into a group scenario? ::::::::::::A. Pair him with another ADHD student who might better understand his feelings. ::::::::::::B. Allow for more time to pass hoping eventually the class will grow to accept him. ::::::::::::C. Be more flexible with groups and begin to show the class she accepts him and has a connection with him. ::::::::::::D. Talk about the situation with other teachers in the employee lounge. ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">Answers</span>== 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.C ==<span style="color: #FF0099; font-family: mistral;">References</span>== "Advice for schools teaching children with ADHD.: <u>The Practioner</u> (July 7, 2005): 525. 1-2. <u>Academic OneFile</u>. Gale. Lord Fairfax Community College. 27 May 2008. Amen, Daniel. (2001). Healing ADD: The Breakthrough Program That Allows You To See and Heal the 6 Types of ADD. New York: Berkley Books. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Barkley, Russell, A.(2005). Taking Charge of ADHD: The complete, authoritative guide for parents (rev. ed.). New York: Gilford. Charles, C., M. (2008). Today's Best Classroom Management Strategies: Paths to Positive Discipline. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Harwell, Joan, M. (2007). Complete Learning Disabilities Handbook. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Nowacek, E., Jane, & Mamlin, Nancy. "General education teachers and students with ADHD: what modifications are made?" Preventing School Failure 51.3 (Spring 2007): 28 (8), 11-14. <u>Academic OneFile</u>. Gale. Lord Fairfax Community College. 27 May 2008. <u>http://www.galegroup.com</u> Rief, Sandra. (2005). How To Reach And Teach Children With ADD/ADHD: Practical Techniques, Strategies, and Interventions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Swanson, Carl. "Students with ADHD." ''Journal of Singing'' 64.2 (Nov-Dec 2007): 217 (5). <u>Academic OneFile</u>. Gale. Lord Fairfax Community College. 27 May 2008, 1-2, 1-8. <u>http://www.galegroup.com.</u> http://user.cybrzn.com/kenyonck/add/teaching_tips.html. Teaching Tips For Those Working With ADHD Kids. http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/teacher.shtml. Classroom Interventions For Children With ADHD. http://www.ed.gov/teachers/needs/speced/adhd/adhd-resource-pt2.pdf. Teaching Children With Attention Deficit Disorder Hyperactivity Disorder: Instructional Strategies and Practices 2004. {{FEIA/Rating|111}} {{BookCat}} 3mj44eljmswkkn66bd1sltncw0dyzw0 Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Effective Schools/Pre-K 0 180797 4664561 4643730 2026-08-26T08:08:25Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center/top}}[[File:Crayola 24pack 2005.jpg|280px]] <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #15317E; border: solid 0px #FF0000; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial; FONT font-size: medium;">The direction in which education starts a man will determine his future life. - Plato</span> </td></tr></table> {{center/end}} {{center/top}} <big><span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: baveuse; ALIGN="left" FONT font-size: xxx-large;">The Pros and Cons of Pre-K</span></big> <span style="color: #15317E;">By Andrea Simmons</span><span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial;"></span> {{center/end}} == Learning Targets== {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} <big>The Readers Will Be Able To:</big> *Identify arguments that support pre-kindergarten education. *Identify arguments that oppose pre-kindergarten education. *Understand the vital role teachers have in the success of a pre-kindergarten program. *Understand the significance of parental involvement in measuring long-term academic gains for children who attend pre-kindergarten. {{font/end}} == <span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial;">Introduction</span>== <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #15317E;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFFC17; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="color: #FFFC17; font-family: arial; FONT font-size: small;"> For information on the history of Pre-Kindergarten in the United States visit http://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/site/c.kjJXJ5MPIwE/b.2556065/k.E644/Prek_What_the_research_shows.htm#history </span> </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} One of the most critical decisions a parent will make is when and where to begin their child’s formal education. Various schools of thought exist on the matter ranging from beginning a traditional academic curriculum once the child is toilet trained to retaining the child in the home so the parent can home school. A commonality exists in all cases and that is the expectation for the preschooler to gain a solid foundation in academics, social interaction, and cognitive functioning in order to enable their future scholastic achievements. Before enrolling a child in any sort of preschool program, it is imperative the parents evaluate their child’s readiness and define their expectations for the preschool program. In a 2005 study conducted in Charlottesville, Virginia, researchers found dissimilarities between the expectations of teachers and the expectations of parents for preschool children (Lane, Stanton-Chapman, Jamison & Phillips, 2007). Their findings suggest the importance of communication between teachers and parents and the necessity of making the child aware of the desires of both (Lane et al., 2007). A child’s success in any early childhood education program hinges on the guidance given to them by their parents and teachers. {{font/end}} == {{font|color=#FF0000|face='arial'|The Pros}} == {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} <big>Potential for Early Identification</big> Proponents of pre-kindergarten education identify the potential for early identification of learning disabilities as a basis for their position. Early identification increases the likelihood the child will achieve greater academic gains and avoid the development of secondary problems (Steele, 2004). These secondary problems include “frustration, anxiety, behavior problems, greater academic deficiencies, and subsequent motivation problems” (Steele, 2004, pp.&nbsp;75–76). As with any prospective problem, an early diagnosis increases the chances of improvement. Thus, experts in various fields agree the ages between birth and five are crucial for early detection of a child’s learning deficits (Steele, 2004). <big>The Early Impact (EI) Program</big> According to Larmar and Gatfield (2007), “The Early Impact (EI) Program is an early intervention and prevention program for reducing the incidence of conduct problems in pre-school aged children” (p.&nbsp;703). A 2006 study regarding the effectiveness of the program surveyed 455 preschool children and found significant gains in the management of behavior problems in pre-kindergarten students (Larmar & Gatfield, 2007). Additionally, parents, teachers, and students all acknowledged a positive regard for the EI program (Larmar & Gatfield, 2007). Implications of such research suggest the possibility for implementation in preschools across the country with the prospect to negate behavior problems in a child prior to them entering kindergarten thus reducing the need for further discipline at the elementary school level. <big>Greater Academic Gains/Closing the Gap</big> It has been widely noted that significant academic gaps exist for children of low socioeconomic status and varied multicultural backgrounds (Perez-Johnson & Maynard, 2007). According to Perez-Johnson and Maynard (2007), “Our focus on the period of early childhood stems from two critical research-based observations. First, early childhood is when achievement gaps first emerge. Second, early childhood represents an optimal period for intervention, because gaps compound and become more costly and difficult to address as time passes by” (p.&nbsp;588). It is their belief that if a child from a disadvantaged background can be reached at an early point, then it is plausible they will enter kindergarten on a “level playing field” (Perez-Johnson & Maynard, 2007). Although it seems Caucasian children are more likely to be enrolled in preschool programs assessed to be of better quality, African-American and Hispanic children are still benefiting greatly from their attendance in government sponsored programs such as Head Start. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #15317E;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFFC17; padding: 1em;" valign=top>{{font|color=#FFFF33|face='arial'|“Public funding of early education programs is probably already reducing ethnic and racial gaps. Large shares of Hispanic and black children are attending Head Start; as an upper bound, we estimate that the black-white test score gap at school entry might be as much as 24 percent larger in the absence of Head Start” (Magnuson & Waldfogel, 2005, p.&nbsp;187).}}</td></tr></table> Proponents of a universal pre-kindergarten program cite the potential to balance the academic performance levels of all U.S. children as a paramount purpose to substantiate their cause. {{font/end}} == <span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial;">The Cons</span>== {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} <big>Pre-K Isn't Cost Effective</big> With the recent presidential election, this topic has been thrust to the center of a national debate. Critics question spending scarce state and federal resources on the education of preschoolers when students in upper grade levels are not performing as expected. In a recent Wall Street Journal article, two contributors from the Reason Foundation presented evidence against President Obama’s claim that “every dollar spent on preschool will produce a 10-fold return” (Dalmia & Snell, 2008). It is their assertion a universal preschool program would be of little value until the failures of the K-12 system can be repaired (Dalmia & Snell, 2008). In Virginia, only 13 percent of those children enrolled in preschool attend a state funded program (VA Snapshot, 2009). Thus, parents who do not meet the guidelines for a state funded program are left to bear the financial burden of enrolling their child in a private preschool. Critics assert that whether the burden is assumed by the state or the parent the gains do not substantiate the cost. <big>Lack of Parental Involvement</big> Opponents of mandatory pre-kindergarten contend instruction becomes less advantageous if concepts learned are not reinforced in the home by the caregivers. A study including 77 children attending a Head Start program examined the relationship between a child’s language acquisition skills and “parental nurturance” (Merlo, Bowman & Barnett, 2007). Researchers followed up with the 77 students approximately four years later and found those who lived in a more loving home environment with greater parental involvement displayed greater gains in their early reading skills (Merlo et al., 2007). Unfortunately, no universal preschool program in the world can compel parents to maintain an active interest in their child’s academic progress if they choose to be estranged from the learning process. <big>Inappropriate Curriculum</big> Currently, preschools, especially private ones, vary widely on the type of programs implemented in their institutions. Additionally, many early childhood educators are not trained to differentiate instruction for students who perform on either end of the academic spectrum. While much focus remains on the early childhood special education, those students who may later be categorized as gifted are left behind. Also, those students characterized as “twice-exceptional preschoolers” can often be overlooked in the preschool classroom. This term refers to those students who may have academic deficits in one area but show extraordinary abilities in another (Chamberlin, Buchanan & Vercimak, 2007). Recommendations for the improvement of preschool curriculum include the merging of special education and gifted education methods to reach children at every sector of the academic continuum (Chamberlin et al., 2007). {{font/end}} == <span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial;">Conclusion</span> == {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} In examining the plethora of opinions on early childhood education, certain factors must exist in order for a child to attain lasting academic benefits from their pre-kindergarten instruction. These include open communication among teachers, parents, and students, clearly defined expectations for the young pupils, proper training of early childhood educators, and ample parental involvement. With such components in place, children can derive many advantages from their attendance in pre-kindergarten program including possible early identification of learning disabilities, a decrease in problematic behaviors, and a more level playing field. However, since each child is different, every case needs to be considered on an individual basis with the well-being of the child remaining the primary focus. As a parent who has research the subject in depth on behalf of my own child, I would like to offer the following advice for others now making similar decisions. First, know your child. This sounds simple but some programs focus on social growth while others stress academic gains. Enroll your child in a program that best suits them. Second, evaluate your options based on cost, transportation availability, accreditation, and any other elements you find important in a preschool program. Prior to enrollment, interview the director, observe the classroom your child would join, and, if possible, speak with your child’s prospective teacher to gain a sense of his or her teaching philosophies. Lastly, I would advocate you trust your instincts both as a parent and as a current or future educator. If the program you are considering does not seem to fit your child’s needs, then find one that does. Likewise, if you feel teaching your child the basic skills from home is most beneficial, you should provide ample opportunity for socialization through playgroups and work diligently from home to ensure your child is prepared for kindergarten. Simply, a mandatory pre-kindergarten is not the answer. The answer lies in allowing parents to make decisions based upon the best interest of their child and trusting their determinations. {{font/end}} == <span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial;">Q & A</span> == {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} <big>1. Which of the following <u>IS NOT</u> one of the arguments for pre-kindergarten education?</big> a) A decrease in behavior problems as the student enters elementary school b) Lessening parent responsibility for child's academic gains c) Possible early identification of learning disabilities d) The leveling of the playing field for children from disadvantaged backgrounds <big>2. Which of the following <u>IS NOT</u> one of the arguments against pre-kindergarten education?</big> a) Costs more substantial than academic gains b) Inadequate parental involvement and/or nurturance c) Lack of adequate curriculum to service needs of ALL students d) Possible early identification of learning disabilities <big>3. Mrs. Smith teaches 4-year old Zachary who exhibits great ability in phonemic awareness but has a documented disability, ADHD. In order to best suit his individual needs, Mrs. Smith wants to utilize the most beneficial research-based teaching strategies available. As a colleague, what sort of advice would you give Mrs. Smith?</big> a) Combine both special education and gifted education methods to reach this twice-exceptional preschooler b) Focus on Zachary's advanced early literacy skills and hope the behavior corrects itself c) Treat Zachary the same as all the other students so as not to stigmatize him d) Use positive reinforcement techniques to counteract Zachary's negative ADHD related behaviors <big>4. One of your brightest 4-year old students, Sophia, seems to grasp number recognition during your lessons at school. Since she is so interested in numbers, you send home worksheets so she can continue to practice while not at school. However, you have begun to notice that after the weekends Sophia returns to school with the worksheets blank and displays little improvement in her overall counting skills. What additional factor seems to be at play in this situation?</big> a) Sophia does too many extracurricular activities on the weekend to complete worksheets b) Sophia is not receiving the parental nurturing she needs from her single mother who works two jobs c) Sophia is probably just not as interested as she appeared to be in class d) Sophia may have a learning disability in math {{font/end}} == <span style="color: #FF0000; font-family: arial;">References</span> == {{font/top|color="#15317E"|face='arial'}} Chamberlin, S., Buchanan, M., & Vercimak, D. (2007, January 1). Serving twice-exceptional preschoolers: Blending gifted education and early childhood special education practices in assessment and program planning. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 30(3), 372-394. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ756559) Retrieved January 31, 2009, from ERIC database. Dalmia, Shikha, and Lisa Snell (2008, Aug 22). Protect our kids from preschool. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2009, from <http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121936615766562189-email.html>. Lane, K., Stanton-Chapman, T., Jamison, K., & Phillips, A. (2007, January 1). Teacher and parent expectations of preschoolers' behavior: Social skills necessary for success. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 27(2), 86-97. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ786586) Retrieved January 31, 2009, from ERIC database. Larmar, S., & Gatfield, T. (2007, January 1). The early impact program: An early intervention and prevention program for children and families at-risk of conduct problems. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 4(4), 703-713. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ805604) Retrieved January 31, 2009, from ERIC database. Magnuson, K., & Waldfogel, J. (2005). Early childhood care and education: Effects on ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. Future of Children, 15(1), 169-96. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from ERIC database. Merlo, L., Bowman, M., & Barnett, D. (2007, January 1). Parental nurturance promotes reading acquisition in low socioeconomic status children. Early Education and Development, 18(1), 51-69. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ772206) Retrieved January 31, 2009, from ERIC database. Perez-Johnson, I., & Maynard, R. (2007, October 1). The case for early, targeted interventions to prevent academic failure. Peabody Journal of Education, 82(4), 587-616. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EJ780707) Retrieved January 31, 2009, from ERIC database. Steele, M. (2004). Making the case for early identification and intervention for young children at risk for learning disabilities. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(2), 75-9. Retrieved January 30, 2009, from ERIC database. Virginia Snapshot. (2009). Retrieved February 1, 2009, from Pre-K Now: <http://www.preknow.org/resource/mapping/snapshot.cfm?scode=va>. Picture Retrieved February 1, 2009, from Wikimedia Commons: <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crayola_24pack_2005.jpg>. Quote Retrieved February 1, 2009, from Wikiquote: <http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Plato>. Additional information on the history of pre-kindergarten in the United States Retrieved February 1, 2009, from The Center for Public Education: <http://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/site/c.kjJXJ5MPIwE/b.2556065/k.E644/Prek_What_the_research_shows.htm#history>. {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #15317E;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFFC17; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|color=#FFFC17|face='arial'|size=2}} <big>ANSWERS</big> 1. b) Preschool doesn't lessen a parent's role in their child's academic success. 2. d) Early identification of learning disabilities is an argument for pre-kindergarten education. 3. a) Although Zachary has multiple needs, none of them should be ignored. Mrs. Smith should research twice-exceptional students and utilize both special and gifted education tactics with this student. 4. b) Sophia does not appear to be receiving reinforcement of concepts learned within the home. Therefore, she is not retaining the information as expected. {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} k7ou5hd7mrnnyohyrz3vj5x9oxvect8 Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Standardized Testing/Advanced Placement 0 180811 4664562 4643776 2026-08-26T08:08:55Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664562 wikitext text/x-wiki <big><big><big><big>'''Advanced Placement Tests'''</big></big></big></big> ''by Shannon Green'' == What is Advanced Placement? == According the website that sponsors the Advanced Placement Test, www.CollegeBoard.com, "The AP Program is a collaboration between motivated students, dedicated teachers, and committed high schools, colleges, and universities. Since 1955, the AP Program has enabled millions of students to take college-level courses and exams, and to earn college credit or placement while still in high school" (K-12 Services, AP Program Section, 2008, ¶ 4). These classes allow high school students a glimpse at what a college level course would be like. As we approach the end of 2008, it has become more apparent that a college degree is necessary in order to remain competitive in the job market. One way that high school students can have a head start is by participating in the Advanced Placement classes offered by their high school and by taking the Advanced Placement (AP) test offered by College Board. Depending on the score that is received on the AP test (most often a score of 3 or higher is required) and the selected College, it is possible for a first semester College Freshman student to begin school with college credits already on his transcript. This article will discuss the basics of the AP Test and explain the benefits that are associated with taking the test. It will also explore the current problems and criticism of the AP Test program. == What are AP Tests? == Advanced Placement (AP) Tests are taken by students who wish to receive college credit before starting college. These tests are given by ''College Board'', the same company that issues the SAT. The AP program offers 37 courses and exams across 22 subject areas. It is even possible to take an AP test without taking an AP class! The tests are graded on a scale of 1-5, and students who received a 3 or higher may be able to receive college credits. The tests are often 60% multiple-choice and 40% free-response. The multiple-choice section is graded by computer and the free-response section is graded by a group of college professors and AP class teachers (AP, 2008, The Grade-Setting Process Section). Once a student has decided to take an AP test, he needs to register at www.collegeboard.com and pay the $86 testing fee per exam he registers to take. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"> <big><big>'''The following is a list of AP Classes and Exams'''</big></big> "Art History, Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A, Computer Science AB Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, English Language, English Literature, Environmental Science, European History, French Language, French Literature, German Language, Comp Government & Politics, U.S. Government & Politics, Human Geography, Italian Language and Culture Japanese, Language and Culture, Latin Literature, Latin: Virgil, Music Theory, Physics B, Physics C, Psychology, Spanish Language Spanish Literature, Statistics, Studio Art, U.S. History, World History" (AP, 2008, AP Courses and Exams Section). ''Visit this website for more information and to download course descriptions and learn more about the AP Subjects'' [http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/subjects.html] </span></div> </td></tr></table> == AP Tests sound great, how does a student get started? == The following is an example of what a typical high school student who wishes to take an AP Test might encounter: ''Jimmy wants to take the AP Biology exam because he is hoping to receive college credit before entering into his freshman year at Old Dominion University. Jimmy first visits the AP Test website at www.collegeboard.com. He signs up to take the AP Biology test and pays $86 for the testing fee. He is a good student in his AP Biology class and is hoping that he can receive a grade of 3 so that he can receive college credits before entering college. He has checked the ODU Admissions website at http://admissions.odu.edu/undergraduate.php?page=APscores and knows that if he gets a 3 on the AP Biology Exam he can get 4 credits that would be equivalent to him taking the following classes: BIOL 108N, 115N, 109N or 116N. If he is able to score a 4 or a 5 on the exam he can get 8 credits for BIOL 115N and 116N! On test day, Jimmy reports to his test center with a couple of No.2 pencils, a pen, and his ID. He opens his exam booklet and answers the questions in the multiple-choice section. Next he moves onto the free-response section and the first question reads as follows:'' '''"Flowering plants have evolved various strategies for fertilization.''' '''a. Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plants.''' '''b. Discuss TWO mechanism of pollen transfer and the adaptations that facilitate each mechanism.''' '''Some species of flowering plants have evolved mechanism to prevent self-fertilization.''' '''c. Discuss and evolutionary advantage of preventing self-fertilization.''' '''d. Discuss TWO mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization."''' ( AP, Biology, 2008, Sample Questions & Guidelines, Free Response section, p.&nbsp;4). ''After three hours, Jimmy completes his test and a few months later his scores are sent to him, his high school and to ODU. Jimmy was thrilled because he received a 5 on his exam and is going to start his freshman year of college with 8 credits!'' Jimmy's exam was a summative assessment of what he learned in his AP course. The above example is good illustration of what an AP exam would test. The exam would require the student to draw on the basic knowledge that he or she would have learned throughout class. == Benefits of the AP Courses and Tests == The example above illustrates one of the major benefits of taking the AP Test, college credit. By receiving college credit, the incoming freshman student may be able to skip the introductory classes and move on to more advanced study. This would allow the student to take more interesting classes as well as classes more focused on his major. If a student received credit for an AP English exam, he may be able to satisfy all of his English requirements with that exam. By not having to take English during his freshman year he can concentrate on classes that are part of his major curriculum. This would be a great benefit to the student, not to mention the financial benefit. On a cost basis, it may be more economical for the student to spend $86 on the test fee and receive 3 college credits than it would be to pay for the 3 credits taking the class at the University. Another benefit of taking the AP test is the reflection it may have on the student. The Admissions department at ODU may look at Jimmy's AP Test score and the fact that he took AP classes and view him as a student committed to education and academics. This may improve his chances of being accepted into the program. "In applying to colleges and universities with highly competitive applicant pools, students can use AP scores as a way to signal their challenging curriculum. For applicants from schools that grant a grade premium for an AP course, the scores also allow students to boost their grade-point averages" (Oxtoby, 2007, p.&nbsp;45). Students who take AP classes and AP tests may also receive additional benefits when they are college students. "Students who take Advanced Placement courses in high school appear more likely to graduate from college within four years and have higher grade point averages in college than similar students who aren't exposed to such classes, according to an unpublished study by researchers in Texas" (Klein, 2007, p.&nbsp;7). ==Does race make a difference?== While it may not seem like a problem, more and more high school students are taking the AP Exam. As a result those receiving a score of 3 or above have slipped and the average score has been down over the past four years (Cech & Holovach, 2008). While not every racial and ethnic group is being negatively affected, such as Asian, Asian American and Pacific Islanders, Cech and Holovach report "the percentage of passing exams taken by Hispanic students slipped by 5.5 percentage points over the past fours years, to 43 percent in 2007. This gap would further widen if there was no AP Spanish-language exam. Cech and Holovach quote Mr. Packer from the College Board on this fact. He states that without the AP Spanish-language exam "the percentage of Hispanic students sitting in an AP class and earning a 3 or better drops to 7.5 percentage" (2008, Gaps in Scores Section, ¶ 11). The percentages of passing scores among the group the College Board refers to as black or African-American slipped by nearly 4 points, to just 25 percent" (2008, Gaps in Scores section, ¶ 8). <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FCDFFF; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> To learn more about a program that provides grants to increase the participation of low-income students in AP classes and tests click here [http://www.ed.gov/programs/apincent/index.html] </td></tr></table>While test scores still seemed to indicate a disparity among the races, there are some advancements being made. "Through encouragement from federal, state, and local governments, more and more schools are incorporating advanced material into their curricula, so students from all walks of life- not just from elite prep schools- have access to more challenging courses (Oxtoby, 2008, p.45). == The Downside to AP Classes and Tests== Are we providing a benefit to our students by offering more and more AP classes and exams? Are these classes and tests really preparing them for college? When I was in high school I took an AP Chemistry class because I was planning on entering college as a Chemistry major, my major has since changed by my experience with this AP class did provide me with insight that may affect other students of AP courses. After completing the year of AP Chemistry I decided <u>not</u> to take the AP Exam because I did not feel like I had been able to comprehend the basic skills necessary to achieve a passing score. As a result, I took an introductory Chemistry class my first semester of college. While taking the college level class I realized that my knowledge of the foundations of Chemistry were not strong enough and it would not have been beneficial to me to have taken the AP Exam and received a passing score because I would have struggled in the future Chemistry classes I had to take as a Chemistry major. I realized that I really had not learned enough in my AP class to provide me with the knowledge to be a successful student. My personal incident occurred over 10 years ago, but it may still be happening to students today. David Oxtoby expands on this point in his article ''The Rush to Take More AP Courses Hurts Students, High Schools, and Colleges'', he states, "Although I applaud the effort to make challenging courses available to growing numbers of high school students, I worry that advanced-placement programs are rapidly becoming the latest way in which schools are "teaching to the test", rather than using creativity to excite and challenge students. Too much of the high school curriculum is turning into a pale imitation of college courses instead of providing the solid foundation students need to build on in the future, and the new pressures associated with these courses are distorting both the high school experience and the nature of the courses being taught" (2007, p.&nbsp;44). Perhaps the competitiveness of the current student has increased the drive to add more and more AP courses, but what benefit are we providing to our students if we are not providing them with the basic foundations that will prepare them to be successful college students? == Conclusion == There are benefits and draw backs to AP tests and classes. Students can benefit from the exposure to advanced level classes. They can benefit in college by being prepared for a typical college-level class. They can even benefit by receiving college credits before entering a university. This can help them by being able to skip over introductory courses that they are already proficient in and allowing them to start more advanced work in their freshman year. What teachers need to be observant of in teaching AP classes is making sure that we are not just "teaching to the test". We need to make sure that the students are receiving a strong foundation in these classes otherwise they will not be successful college students. Statistically, more and more students are taking the AP tests, but how should we view this statistic when the gap of passing scores is widening between the races? This seems to indicate that while schools are providing AP classes to a wider range of students there is still a disparity among minority students. We as teachers need to make sure that we are preparing our AP students in the foundations of the AP subjects and not pushing them to just "pass the test". "Admissions offices also need to communicate with schools that an AP label is less important than a challenging and innovative course. Above all, there needs to be more opportunities for colleges and high school teachers to talk with each other about the kinds of high school curricula that best prepare students for college, taking into account the real differences between secondary and post secondary levels of education. The truth is that making our high schools more like colleges will not necessarily help them provide a superior education. Nor will it necessarily provide graduates with a better preparation for success when they encounter true college-level work" (Oxtoby, 2007, p.&nbsp;46). == Quiz == 1. What high school classes expose students to college-level curriculum? a. accelerated level b. advanced placement c. gifted and talented d. honors level 2. How many subject areas can a students take an AP test in? a. 22 b. 30 c. 37 d. 59 3. A student wants to increase her chances of standing out to college admissions. What could help emphasize her commitment to academics? a. participate in the school play b. play on a varsity sports team c. take AP courses and exams d. volunteer at a charity 4. Joe wants to be a Math major when he enters college. He is already has a very good understand of the foundations of Calculus and is taking an AP Calculus course at his high school. What chould Joe do if he wants to receive college credit for Calculus before entering college? a. have his teacher write a letter to the Admissions department stating what a great student Joe is in Math b. receive a perfect score on the Math sections of the SATs c. sign up for and take the Calculus AP exam d. tell his college calculus professor that he already took the class in high school Answers: 1.b, 2.a, 3.c, 4.c == References == AP (2008). ''About AP.'' Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/about.html AP (2008). ''AP courses & exams.'' Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/subjects.html AP (2008). ''Biology.'' Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/sub_bio.html?biology AP (2008). ''Sample questions and scoring guidelines.'' Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap08_biology_frq.pdf Cech, S., & Holovach, R. (2008). AP Trends: Tests soar, scores slip. ''Education Week,'' 27(24), 1-13. Retrieved October 22, 2008, from Education Research Complete database. Klein, A. (2007). Researchers see college benefits for students who took AP courses. ''Education Week,'' 26(22), 7-7. Retrieved October 22, 2008, from Education Research Complete database. K-12 Services (2008). ''AP Program.'' Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://professionals.collegeboard.com/k-12/assessment/ap Oxtoby, D. (2007). The rush to take more AP courses hurts students, high schools, and colleges. ''Education Digest,'' 73(2), 43-46. Retrieved October 22, 2008, from Education Research Complete database. {{FEIA/Rating|528}} {{BookCat}} m14ieq35kqytta95lepeuv4hp1hqy57 Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Educational Philosophy/Defined 0 180819 4664498 4664161 2026-08-26T06:38:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big><big><big>What are Education Philosophies?</big></big></big>''' '''by Dionne Nichols''' ---- <big>'''Introduction'''</big> What makes a teacher? Teaching is like a salad. Think about it. If you were to attend a party for any given holiday, the number of and variations to each salad recipe that might be present for consumption could outnumber those present at the party. There are so many different ways to teach, varying circumstances to take into account, and philosophies to apply to each classroom. And what better way to have a positive impact on the world than to offer knowledge for consumption? The term ‘teacher’ can be applied to anyone who imparts knowledge of any topic, but it is generally more focused on those who are hired to do so (teach, n.d., n.p.). In imparting knowledge to our students, it is inevitable that we must take into account our own personal philosophies, or pedagogies, and determine not only how we decide what our philosophies are, but also how those impact our consumers. <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #6CC417;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> ''An analogy is one of a teacher's most useful tools. It helps the instructor relate a difficult concept to something the students will already have the infrastructure for, thus enabling the students to cement the ideas in their mind.'' </td></tr></table> <big>'''Lessons in Pedagogy'''</big> Early teacher education classes frequently separated the concept of philosophy into separate schools (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;8). “Philosophy has been taught in the theoretical realm rather than the practical sense,” meaning that the ideas were placed before the teachers without the scaffolding to create a bridge into the classroom (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;7). The teachers, as students, were given a body of thought and expected to translate that into lessons for their own students. Once you have the idea, how do you apply it to teaching? What, exactly, are education philosophies? According to Thelma Roberson (2000), most prospective teachers confuse their beliefs with the ideas of teaching (p.&nbsp;6). Education philosophies, then, are not what you want to do in class to aid learning, but why you do them and how they work. For example, Roberson’s students state they “want to use cooperative learning techniques” in their classroom. The question posed is, why? “[I]s cooperative learning a true philosophy or is it something you do in the classroom because of your belief about the way children learn?” (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;6). Philosophies need to translate ideas into action – if you want to use certain techniques, then you need to understand how they are effective in the classroom to create that portion of your education philosophy. It helps to have an overview of the various schools out there. Philosophies of Education have traveled down a tree of branches. The first four support branches of philosophy are the Idealist school, the Realist school, the Pragmatist school, and the Existential schools of thought (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;99). It might help to look at the tree and its individual branches rather than read about them...<ul><li>Idealism - focuses on a subject-matter curriculum emphasizing the great ideas of the culture. You must ponder ideas to make them whole (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;99). <li>Realism - A subject-matter curriculum stressing objective knowledge and values. Reality is objective, meaning everyone should obtain the same results regardless of what he does or how he consider concepts (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;101)<ul><li>Perennialism - Focuses on human concerns that have caused concern for centuries, revealed through 'great works' (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;110)<li>Essentialism - Rooted partially in Idealism, as well - Emphasizes skills and subjects that demonstrate the cultural heritage and contribute to society (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;110)</ul><li>Pragmatism - Instruction is organized around problem-solving following the steps of the scientific method - emphasizes the need to act on concepts by testing them (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;104).<ul><li>Progressivism - Instruction features problem solving and group activities - The instructor acts as a facilitator as opposed to a leader (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;110)<li>Social Reconstructionism - Instruction that focuses on significant social and economic problems in an effort to solve them (Ornstein, 2003, pg.110)</ul><li>Existentialism - Classroom dialogue stimulates awareness - each person creates an awareness gleaned from discussion and encourages deep personal reflection on his or her convictions (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;108).</ul> '''Perennialism''' Perennialists are instructors who feel that the knowledge that has been passed through the ages should be continued as the basis of the curriculum, like the classic works of Plato and Einstein. Perennialists base their teachings on reason, logic, and analytical thought. Only information that stood the test of time is relevant. They do not illicit student input. The classes most likely to be considered under this approach would be history, science, math, and religion classes (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). '''Positivism''' The instructors whose teaching philosophies are based on documented facts and tangible truths are normally those who would be in the math and science departments. These teachers do not feel that religion and the supernatural should be a part of the thinking process. The idea of uncertainty and the unknown is considered illogical (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). '''Behaviorism''' '''Behaviorists believe in rewards and punishments as an approach to controlling the teaching environment due to their belief in the intrinsic nature of humans to react to internal or external stimuli. This teacher-centered system ultimately allows the students to be controlled by the educator, who makes the environment pleasant or unpleasant depending on the students' behavior (Foundations of Education, pg.1).''' '''Essentialism''' '''Essentialists believe that there is a universal pool of knowledge needed by all students. The fundamentals of teaching are the basis of the curriculum: math, science, history, foreign language, and English. Vocational classes are not seen as a necessary part of educational training. Classrooms are formal, teacher-centered, and students are passive learners. Evaluations are predominately through testing, and there are few, if any, projects or portfolios. These instructors easily accept the No Child Left-Behind Act because test scores are the main form of evaluation (Foundations of Education, pg. 1).''' '''Progressivism''' '''This is a student-centered form of instruction where students follow the scientific method of questioning and searching for the answer. Evaluations include projects and portfolios. Current events are used to keep students interested in the required subject matter. Students are active learners as opposed to passive learners. The teacher is a facilitator rather than the center of the educational process. Student input is encouraged, and students are asked to find their interpretation of the answer (Educational Philosophies in the classroom, pg.1).''' '''Reconstructionism''' '''This student-centered philosophy strives to instill a desire to make the world a better place. It places a focus on controversial world issues and uses current events as a springboard for the thinking process. These students are taught the importance of working together to bring about change. These teachers incorporate what is happening in the world with what they are learning in the classroom (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1).''' '''Constructivism''' '''Active participation is the key to this teaching style. Students are free to explore their own ideas and share concepts with one another in nontraditional ways. “Hands on activity […] is the most effective way of learning and is considered true learning” (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1).''' '''Humanism/ Existentialism''' Also a student-centered philosophy, this educational method is based on the idea that the students should be presented with choices about the learning process. The student is engaged in all aspects of learning and works together with the teacher and her peers to develop a curriculum and evaluation system that allows for individual interests and abilities (Educational philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #ECD872;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> Your philosophy of education is what you believe about education and the way children learn.” - Roberson pg 4 </td></tr></table> In addition, the ‘constructivist’ school of philosophy, rooted in the Pragmatic pedagogy and branched off from the 'Social Reconstructivist' school, has gained much popularity. Around the turn of the century (early 1990s), many teachers felt the rote memorization and mindless routine that was common then was ineffective, and began to look for alternate ways to reach their students (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;111). Through the constructivist approach, "students “construct” knowledge through an interaction between what they already think and know and with new ideas and experiences” (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;8). This is an active learning process that leads to deeper understanding of the concepts presented in class, and is based on the abilities and readiness of the children rather than set curriculum guidelines (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;112). Constructivism "emphasizes socially interactive and process-oriented 'hands on' learning in which students work collaboratively to expand and revise their knowledge base" (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;112). Essentially, knowledge which is shaped by experience is reconstructed, or altered, to assist the student in understanding new concepts (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;112). You, as the teacher, help the students build the scaffolding they need to maintain the information even after the test is taken and graded. <big>'''Four Philosophies in Assessment'''</big> Once you know how you want to lead your classroom, it is important to consider how to assess your students' progress. And when we think of school, we automatically consider the threesome subjects, Reading, Writing, and ‘Rithmatic. In all aspects of learning, however, the ability to communicate comes to the forefront. Communication is used in class discussion as well as unit test short answers. Writing is present in almost all subjects in some form, and writing translates to communication. Richard Fulkerson (2000), in his article “Four Philosophies of Composition,” questions whether “a […] set of four philosophies of composition might exist, each one stressing a different element in the communicative transaction” (p.&nbsp;3). Fulkerson’s schools of communicative philosophy fall into the following categories:<ul><li>'''Expressionism:''' a way of writing that demonstrates the students’ thoughts and can be lead by “non-directive teachers, some of whom insist that one neither can nor should evaluate writing” or more hands-on teachers who “design classroom activities to maximize student self-discovery” (p.&nbsp;5). This school of thought emphasizes the student. <li>'''Rhetorical:''' this school states that good writing is adapted to achieve a specific reaction from the audience (p.&nbsp;6). This is focused on the connection between goal and process in completing assignments, and it emphasizes the audience. <li>'''Mimesis:''' states that “a clear connection exists between good writing and good thinking” and focuses on logic and reason as exemplified in the completion of assignments (p.&nbsp;5). This school emphasizes a well-rounded student in that, research, prior knowledge, and the ability to recognize both sides of an argument are necessary for success (p.&nbsp;6). <li>'''Formalism:''' this school focuses primarily on the form of the assignment – it disregards content to the extent that poor grammar can distract the audience from absorbing the content, and therefore, the work is judged “primarily by whether it shows certain internal [mistakes]” (p.&nbsp;4).</ul> While most teachers fall primarily into one school of composition pedagogy, Fulkerson (2000) points out that it is necessary to hold on to them all when he states “they are not mutually exclusive” (p.&nbsp;6). The trick is to learn when each is applicable and to what extent it should be employed. <big>'''Hooked on Phonics?'''</big> So, you know how you want to lead your class, and you have an idea as to which kind of 'grader' you are. What next? Another area where teachers have struggled is simply in helping their students learn to or improve their reading. How do we teach reading? The two battling schools of thought are between those who support Whole Language, and those who support Phonics. “The disputes have been dubbed the Reading Wars, and the participants call them ‘vicious’” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Several states have even intervened and enacted laws mandating one or the other. But what are they? Just as their names state, the difference is in how the words are read. Phonics was taught primarily in the 1970s (Collins, 1997, n.p.) and study the individual components of each word, called ‘phonemes,’ which are the “smallest meaningful sounds in a language” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). “Cat, for example, has three: “kuh-aa-tuh” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). A reader needs to understand how the words are broken up and that each letter has its own sound in order to read (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Phonic teaching focuses on code learning. Once the students understand the ‘code,’ and how the words phonemes are put together, they are supposed to be able to understand the entire word. Whole language advocates disagree with the process of breaking each word down. They feel readers cannot focus on every letter in a word, or every word in a text (Collins, 1997, n.p.) and made their opinions known during the 1980s (Collins, 1997, n.p.). If they did, “and if they tried to translate what they saw into sounds, reading would be much too cumbersome” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Instead, whole language teachers instruct their students in ‘skipping strategies’ – ways of guessing which word comes next to fill in any blanks (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Overall, reading is considered an organic process by which the students learn phonics “only when a question about phonics comes up in the course of reading” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Whole language focuses on the meaning behind the words. <big>'''Which is better?'''</big> Just as in many other walks of life, statistics and studies show that one philosophy of teaching will prevail over another. The National Assessment of Educational Progress, as stated in J. Collin’s article (1997), claims that “from 1971 to 1980 there was a steady improvement in the reading comprehension of nine-year-olds. However, during the 1980s…the scores did not improve and rather declined” (n.p.). The 1990s brought the topic full circle. It was then that Marilyn Adams, a cognitive psychologist, wrote a book describing the best methods to teach learning. “Programs that combined systematic phonics instruction with meaning emphasis seemed to work best of all” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). The key to reading is that words need to be recognized so the brain can interpret the meaning behind it (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Thus, putting the two methods together was necessary for correct comprehension of the concepts presented. <big>'''What else do I need to know?'''</big> We’ve discussed the accepted definition of pedagogy, varying schools of thought for assessment, and the difference between reading philosophies. Your salad components are increasing by number exponentially. But what toppings to you add to your thought salad? What else do you need to consider when you are setting up your classroom, your teaching styles, and your lessons? Teaching is the hardest job you can have. You are in a position to touch hundreds of lives over the course of a career, and yet, how do you succeed? The fact remains that “when a teacher and his/her students face each other in the classroom they must truly work with each other” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). How else can you ensure that the students are learning what you are teaching? <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #C5908E;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> [You] may spend as much as 60 hours a week creating lesson plans, teaching, advising students, grading, supervising extracurricular activities and meeting with colleagues and parents” Valerie Marchant – ''Time'' </td></tr></table> The first thing to keep in mind is your own knowledge basis. Cadenas (1999) recommends that you “renew and refresh your knowledge of the subject matter” (n.p.) to stay on top of changes and help you incorporate them in to your lessons. Our world changes so rapidly that to stay on top of technology, your field of expertise, or even other areas that can be integrated into your subject matter, it is necessary to take a class or attend a seminar every once in a while (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). Next, “prepare interesting, colorful, captivating lesson plans and deliver then with gusto” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). An entertaining teacher will help cement information into a student’s memory with much more ease than one who is monotone or inactive (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). The more entertaining you are, the deeper a connection you will make with your students, as well. In addition to the captivating lesson, make sure “it [is] a number one priority to ensure that your student can follow the lesson” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). This will assist all your students in grasping the information you are placing before them in class, and will help you reach students of all learning styles (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). You don’t want to end up teaching only to the auditory learners and leaving the visual learners to fend for themselves! Last, “help your students to put their learning to use immediately” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). Show them how the lessons you are teaching are applicable to them so they feel like school is worth an investment of time and energy (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). If nothing else, have them help each other out in class to reinforce the lesson! <big>'''Conclusion'''</big> You are ready to graze at a Fourth of July picnic. You walk over to the table, and you see an array of salads ready for you to dive in to them. How do you pick which ones you want to sample now or save for later? How do you narrow the choices down? Educational philosophies are as abundant as salads at any holiday spread. And even though the difference between one potato salad and the one next to it is an addition of mustard, the two are by no means exactly alike. Your classes will be just as diverse. You will have students from all economic classes, with differing levels of English language ability, and all bringing various and beautiful experiences to your class. How do you reach each individual? Knowing who you are as a teacher before you enter the classroom will help significantly. Teaching is so much more than just the content. Teaching is a learning curve on philosophy that will never be finished. Just as your classroom will change every year, continue to alter your philosophies. See what works for you and your students on a collaborative level.'''In the words of J. W. Apps, “a working philosophy is never completely developed the ultimate working philosophy never reached. We’re always moving toward, hopefully, a more complete, and thus more useful, working philosophy.” (The Educational Philosophies of Training and Development Professors, Leaders, and Practitioners, pg. 1)''' ---- ---- <big>'''Study Questions'''</big> 1. Amy is working with her third grade class to improve their reading skills. She is asking them to write the words on a specific list down and break them apart based on their syllables and then combine them back into their original words. Amy is making use of which theory for reading? a. Whole Language b. Phonics c. A combination of the two 2. Lou asks his students to critique their formal essays for APA formatting and grammar. He then asks them to write him an informal letter explaining their thought process on the formal essay, and how they thought they did overall on it. Lou is implementing which two schools of philosophy of assessment? a. Formalism and Mimesis b. Mimesis and Rhetorical c. Rhetorical and Expressionism d. Expressionism and Formalism 3. A student who is writing her formal pedagogy paper for class expresses an interest in incorporating technology into her history class. She then lists several ways she will consistently make use of technology in her classroom. In order to ensure technology is part of her pedagogy, what does this student need to do? a. Develop the reason behind why she wants to use technology, including an explanation for what she hopes to accomplish b. Develop her lesson plans fully so she has alternatives in case the electricity goes out, her LCD projector blows a bulb, etc. c. Research statistics that show pros and cons to using technology in the classroom d. Interview experienced teachers to hear what they have to say about using technology in the classroom 4. A student receives his paper back from his teacher and on it is written a comment, “Where is the opponent’s viewpoint?” This student’s teacher is focusing on which philosophy for assessment? a. Rhetoricism b. Mimesis c. Expressionism d. Formalism 5. Adam has been teaching for 11 years and needs to complete his recertification points to maintain his licensure. He signs up for a conference on reaching students with learning disabilities. Which step is he taking to help him stay focused on his original purpose of teaching? a. Applicability to real life b. Ensuring all students can participate c. Refresh his pedagogical knowledge d. Preparation of lesson plans ---- Answers: 1(b); 2(d); 3(a); 4(b); 5(c) ---- <big>'''References'''</big> Cadenas, H. G. (1999). Revitalize your teaching—four key elements for success. ''Contemporary'' ''Education'', 70 (2), 5-7. Retrieved on January 28, 2008, from Wilsonweb.com website: http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790e1e9c442f93fe94fd3dd814f5b54d3854a715b6e9cc14f3538d830ddf5e8d15a6&fmt=H Chef Larry's fall salad with fruit and roasted nut confetti walnut vinaigrette (n.d.). ''County'' ''Television Network''. Retrieved on February 2, 2008, from USASearch.gov website: http://usasearch.gov/search?v%3aproject=firstgov-images&v%3afile=viv_896%4031%3ahDAOGw&v%3aframe=viewimage&v%3astate=root%7croot-20-20%7c0&id=Ndoc22&rpaid=& Collins, J. (1997, October 27). How Johnny should read. ''Time''. Retrieved on January 28, 2008, from Time.com website: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987253-1,00.html Fulkerson, R. (2000). Four philosophies of composition. In E. Corbett, N. Myers and G. Tate (Eds.), ''The writing teacher’s sourcebook'' (4th ed.) (pp.&nbsp;3–8). New York: Oxford University Press. Marchant, V. (2000, May 29). Why not teach next? ''Time''. Retrieved on January 28, 2008, from Time.com website: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997031-1,00.html Ornstein, A. and Daniel Levine. (2003). ''Foundations of education'' (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Pedagogy. (n.d.). ''Wordnet 3.0''. Retrieved February 3, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pedagogy Roberson, T. (2000 September 29). Philosophy of philosophy: making the connection between philosophy and pedagogy for preservice teachers (Paper presented at Meeting for the Society for Philosophy and History of Education, Biloxi, MS 2000). teach. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged'' (v 1.1). Retrieved February 3, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/teach Ganly, S. ''Educational philosophies in the classroom''. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Associated Content website: http://www.associatedcontent.com {{BookCat}} rg3o2qtdsfdm2i0t2bzp1uom8gqcqlo Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/History of Education/Teacher Education 0 180827 4664544 4650654 2026-08-26T07:38:51Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664544 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''History of Teacher Education'''</big> by Rebeca Coleman ---- == Learning Targets == Students should be able to understand the beginnings of teacher education, starting in the ancient times. Students should understand the progression from few requirements to many requirements to teach. == Introduction == Teacher education has changed quite a bit over the last few hundred years. Teachers have gone from scholars to men and women in a schoolroom to trained educators from specific schools. Over time though, the gift of being able to teach stayed true in those teachers. == Before the Seventeenth Century == In earlier times, priests and prophets taught noble and wealthy children skills that were needed to excel in business and politics. Priests were treated well because of their great knowledge. The first private teacher was Confucius in the fifth century BCE. In Ancient Greece, knowledge was considered very sacred and the same ideology passed through the time of Christianity. Education was not very popular among lower classes of people until after the Middle Ages. The Roman Catholic Church took responsibility and created centers of learning, which eventually became the great universities of Europe, including Cambridge (John’s 2003). == The Beginnings of Specific Training == <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #F778A1;{{Text default color}};border: solid 4px #B041FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>"Children are guilty of unpardonable rudeness when they spit in the face of a companion; neither are they excusable who spit from windows or on walls or furniture." St. John Baptist de la Salle (de la Salle, 1695) </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> Specific teacher training originated in France in 1685 by St. John Baptist de la Salle (Teacher 2007). The training spread through Europe through the monitorial system, which is the method of education where there are number of students at a bench, a monitor (older student) who is instructed by the teacher and then instructs the younger students, and then the teacher (Teacher 2007). It spread through Europe thanks to August Hermann Francke and Johann Pestalozzi. It came to the United States in the early 1800s through this system (Teacher 2007). Schools could be a student’s room in a wealthy household or a one-room schoolhouse for poorer groups of children. == Teacher Education Moves to the United States == Teachers were predominantly male before the early 1800s. Men were taught to read and write from the early days of language, and women were not taught very widely until the nineteenth century. This made it very difficult for them to teach. If a person could read and write, that person was basically qualified to teach. Teachers were chosen based on their moral quality by the local government (John’s 2003). In the 1820s, teacher training became important in the universities and academies in the United States. Women could only be taught in teacher training academies, while men could be taught in universities (History 2007). Samuel Hall created the first private normal after-high school teaching school which taught teachers in 1823. The first government funded normal school was created in Massachusetts in 1837 (John’s 2003). Henry Barnard and Horace Mann helped the spread of more normal teacher-education schools (Teacher 2007). More and more universities then began to take note and included teaching schools within them. By the end of the eighteenth century, there were 127 state-supported normal schools and a larger number of private normal schools (Angus 2001 p.&nbsp;6). Teachers were starting to be required to be certified in the late nineteenth century (Angus 2001 p.&nbsp;4). Pennsylvania was the first state in 1834 to require tests to show general knowledge of arithmetic, writing, and reading (Ravitch 2003). And by the middle of the nineteenth century, most other states required this sort of testing. This was a huge development because before this testing came about on the state level, teachers only had to prove themselves to the cities and counties and that usually rested upon a teacher’s morality. By mid-century, the test also started to require history, spelling, grammar, and geography (Ravitch 2003). == Teaching Styles and Schools == There were two different types of teaching styles-eastern and western. Eastern normal schools mainly taught to young women with no prior teaching experience, and aimed at teaching them for elementary education. The western normal schools taught mainly older students, especially more men, and the teaching was aimed at getting young women better jobs and then young men better administrative jobs (Angus 2001). This difference in teaching led to a change from normal schools to teaching schools in the late 1800s. There also became more requirements to attend teaching schools. The first two graduate schools in education were established at New York University (1887) and then Teachers College, Columbia University (1888), and since then graduate programs have increased exponentially (Teacher 2007). Graduate schools gave the idea to teachers to consider themselves as a profession, which became a very controversial idea in the twentieth century, and continues to remain one today. == The Twentieth Century == By the beginning of the twentieth century, there came about the idea to make teaching more of a profession, with specific standards for certification. At this point, every state had different standards. There also was dispute because, since the creation of graduate programs, teachers wanted to be considered a profession, just like law and medicine, but they were not considered such to the professional world. This was mostly because it was such a new idea for it to be a profession, and also there were no specific standards yet. So the American Council on Education established a National Teacher’s Examination in the 1930s (Ravitch 2007). This was very controversial. There was a large setback with this test because of World War II. There was a teacher shortage, and school systems did not have the luxury of caring if a teacher was properly certified or not. After World War II, though, it became more received. The requirements for having the testing became more rigorous (Angus 2001 p.&nbsp;21). == Arguments == Some people argue that teachers should better themselves and should learn the latest teaching research to stay on top of everything, much like in the medical field with new medical advancements (Ravitch 2007). People like this argue that teaching cannot become a viable profession until such measures are taken to learn from history and continue to learn from research. Some people question the competency of teacher’s policy analysis (Martinez 2008). == My Beliefs == <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #F778A1;{{Text default color}};border: solid 2px #B041FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>"What is nobler than to mold the character of the young? I consider that he who knows how to form the youthful mind is truly greater than all painters, sculptors and all others of that sort." St. John Chrysostom (Chrysostom) </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> I believe that teaching is a profession in itself. I think it is important along with law and medicine in the professional field. Where would doctors and lawyers be without the teachers who taught them? I believe that teachers should educate themselves and keep up-to-date on current research and ideas. Technology is wonderful and should be integrated into classrooms, especially with younger generations now growing up entirely in a technologically advanced world. == References == Angus, D. L. Professionalism and the Public Good: A Brief History of Teacher Certification. (2001). Retrieved September 17, 2008 from Educational Resources Information Center. Crysostom, J. Retrieved from http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1346 De la Salle, J. B. (1695). Retrieved from http://www.memorable-quotes.com/st++john+baptist+de+la+salle,a1155.html John’s History of Education. (2003). Retrieved September 17, 2008, from http://historyeducationinfo.com/edu4.htm Martinez, M. (2008, September 1). Competencies and Higher Education Policy Analysts [Abstract]. Educational Policy, 22 (5), 623-639. Retrieved from SAGE Journals Online. doi:10.1177/0895904807307068 Ravitch, D. Strengthen Teacher Quality (2003, August 23). Retrieved from http://www.ed.gov/admins/tchrqual/learn/preparingteachersconference/ravitch.html Teacher Training. (2007). In The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0848026.html == Questions == 1. Who is considered the first private teacher? (A) St. John Baptist de la Salle (B) Samuel Hall (C) David Angus (D) Confucius 2. Where was the first graduate school for education established? (A) Columbia University (B) New York University (C) Harvard University (D) Carnegie Mellon University 3. What is a reason behind the monitorial system being effective? (A) The teacher only had to teach a handful of students and could relax the rest of the time. (B) The teacher did not have to try very hard. (C) The teacher was able to teach older students and then help younger students understand as necessary. (D) It was not effective. 4. What describes the western style of teacher education? (A) Only male students, with the intent to get them into administrative positions. (B) Only female students, with the intent to get them into administrative positions. (C) Mostly older students, but the intent was to get young women into better teaching jobs and young men into administrative positions. (D) Mostly younger students, but the intent was to get young women into better administrative positions and young men into better teaching positions. Answers 1. D, 2. B, 3. C., 4. C {{FEIA/Rating|70}} {{BookCat}} p4p1ljr4w6chcxt0qmewl1l9r83k7ml Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Educational Reform/New Visions 0 180829 4664501 4664330 2026-08-26T06:40:12Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664501 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''New Visions of Education: Magnet and Charter Schools'''</big> <big>By: jyaeg001</big> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Learning Targets''' Students will be able to: *Define the terms "magnet school" and "charter school." *Explain how the school populations of magnet and charter schools are chosen. *List the pros and cons of magnet and charter schools. *Summarize what the research about these two forms of education reveals. *Explain the concerns that teachers and parents should have about magnet and charter schools. </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Introduction'''</span> In the early 1980s, the National Commission on Excellence in Education issued a report card for the public schools of the United States that showed a sharp decline in students’ achievement scores (Noll, 2005). As a response to the news that the United States was no longer a leading country in preparing its youth for the future, educational reforms were initiated in many public school districts. Magnet schools and charter schools were two approaches that stirred excitement among parents and many educators. Exactly what are these alternative forms of education termed magnet and charter schools? Who is allowed to attend magnet and charter schools? What do proponents and critics say about magnet and charter schools? According to the research, how to magnet and charter schools compare with traditional public schools and what are the implications of the research findings for parents and teachers? <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What is a magnet school?'''</span> A magnet school is designed to do just what its name suggests: attract students. Within any student population, there are children with a variety of interests and career aspirations. Magnet schools offer specialized curriculums that appeal to particular student groups, such as young people who want to study in depth such areas as foreign languages, drama, computer technology, or advanced sciences. These schools are under the umbrella of a larger school district and may even be housed in an existing school that also offers a traditional curriculum (Villaverde, 2003). Magnet schools receive at least part of their funding from the sponsoring public school district. In addition, because magnet schools can assist in attracting racially mixed student populations from different socio-economic backgrounds, federal government grants related to desegregation are available to help support the costs of some schools (Villaverde, 2003). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Who is allowed to attend a magnet school?'''</span> The student population of magnet schools can be chosen in more than one way. The enrollment process often begins with the parents of an interested student filling out an application. Some districts choose students solely on the basis of a lottery that includes applicants from different income levels, neighborhoods, ethnic backgrounds, gender, and races. Other districts also have application requirements related to minimum academic achievement levels. Parents list their first, second, and third choice for magnet school attendance on their applications. Waiting lists are compiled for those students who do not receive immediate placement. With these restrictions, free choice is more accurately termed controlled choice (Archbald, 2004). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''To learn more about the goals of magnet schools, funding, and current legislation affecting magnet schools, visit the site of Magnet Schools of America at [[www.magnet.edu]].''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What is a charter school?'''</span> A charter school is a “publicly funded school that is typically governed by a group or organization under a contract or charter with the state…In return for funding and autonomy, the charter school must meet accountability standards” (National Center for Education Statistics, 2007, par.2). The charters list the school’s goals, details about the programs offered, specifics about student body selection, and the criteria that will be used for assessment (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). The charters have time constraints that typically range from three to five years. At the end of that time period, the charter-granting overseers, such as state officials, make a continuance decision based on how the terms of the charter have been met. A charter school may be founded by teachers or administrators within a school district, by a group of parents, or even by a private or community organization. Federal grants are available to assist with the initial costs, and funds also come from the school districts whose students are being served by the charter school (Peterson, 2003). Like magnet schools, most charter schools are focused on providing more effective, innovative programs than parents are offered in traditional public schools (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Who is allowed to attend a charter school?'''</span> Since charter schools receive state and federal funding, they need to meet the same diversity requirements as public schools and “reflect the social/ethnic makeup of their district” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;226). There is an application process that may require meeting certain other criteria, such as passing an audition if the charter school has a curriculum that emphasizes theatrical arts. Many schools have no restrictions and often choose the student population on the basis of lottery outcomes. Using the lottery is a way to fairly decide who gains admittance to these schools with much smaller enrollments than most public schools (Noll, 2005). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''For more information about the charter school movement, how to start a charter school, and state requirements, go to [[www.uscharterschools.org]].''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What do proponents say about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. Proponents of magnet and charter schools believe that these schools provide much-desired options for parents who are dissatisfied with the job that public schools are doing. Magnet and charter schools are especially appealing to those parents whose children are from lower socio-economic backgrounds and have been placed in schools with below average achievement statistics (Peterson 2003). 2. Magnet and charter schools encourage competition and make public schools more aware of and more involved in improving their curriculums, teachers’ performance, and administration procedures (Villaverde, 2003). 3. When compared with most traditional public schools, both magnet and charter schools offer better student-teacher ratios and smaller, more personal school environments that help prevent student dropouts and capitalize on students’ interests (Noll 2005). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''The director of the organization called Friends of Choice in Urban Schools stated about alternative schools that they “provide choices for parents, opportunities for teachers, and better schooling right now to some kids, rather than making them wait for yet another system-wide overhaul” (Buckley and Schneider, 2007, p.&nbsp;285).''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What do critics say about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. These special schools can drain school districts’ budgets and result in districts having less money to meet the needs of a much larger percentage of students (Peterson, 2003). 2. Magnet and charter schools have failed to attract diverse student populations that match the composition of the communities’ school districts, and the existing diversity requirements are not being enforced (Archbald, 2004). 3. The average achievement scores of students in magnet and charter schools are not higher than those of traditional public schools (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What does the research reveal about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. '''Use of public funds and effects on school districts''': A Western Michigan University study (1998) concluded that "charter schools may not be living up to their promise of educational innovation and more effective use of public money” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;227). An extensive UCLA study of California charter schools (1998) in ten school districts found “no evidence that charter schools can do more with less” (Noll, 2005. p.&nbsp;226). Marc Bernstein, a New York school district superintendent, explains that when money is taken from public school districts for the operation of charter and magnet schools, “there are but two choices: raise taxes or reduce programming. Either choice has serious consequences for public education” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;228). 2. '''Diversity of student populations in magnet and charter schools''': A 2003 study of magnet schools across the nation was reported in ''Sociology of Education''. The researchers examined the effect of magnet school choice on the socio-economic stratification in school districts with magnet school as compared with the socio-economic stratification in school districts without magnet schools. The study did not find a positive growth in the socio-economic redistribution of students as a result of offering magnet school choices (Archbald, 2004). Similar research findings of charter schools were reported earlier in a Minneapolis study (1997) and a Texas study (2002). The reason for this failure of specialty schools to redistribute students more equitably along socio-economic lines was believed to be due to parents’ reluctance to have their children bussed long distances and due to parents’ reluctance to “face the prospect of their child being in a small minority…parents were likely to sort themselves along racial/ethnic lines” (Buckley and Schneider, 2007, p.&nbsp;122). A 2004 study of magnet schools reported in the ''Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk'' found that magnet schools did not significantly affect racial and class segregation because many magnet schools have entrance requirements that can only be met by students from higher income areas (Neild, 2004). 3. '''Achievement''': Magnet and charter schools typically attract higher achieving students, so it could be predicted that achievement scores of students attending these schools would be higher than students in traditional public schools. However, a November 2004 report by the National Assessment Governing Board concluded from its testing of elementary students in public school and elementary students in charter schools that the average achievement scores of those students enrolled in charter schools were lower than those students in public schools (National Education Association, 2008). The UCLA study of seventeen California charter schools (1998), mentioned above, also did not find an increase in academic scores (Noll, 2005). Finally, in 2006, the Public Policy Institute of California studied the magnet and charter schools in the city of San Diego and concluded that “on the whole, there was no systematic improvement or deterioration in test scores from participating in a choice program” (Betts and Rice, 2006, p.&nbsp;184). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Conclusion: What are the considerations for parents and teachers in relation to magnet and charter schools?'''</span> There are success stories among the many magnet and charter schools started across the nation, but the overall research findings concerning average achievement levels are not favorable to these school reforms. Parents may want to consider using their influence to encourage school districts to offer innovative educational programs for all students, rather than creating or encouraging separate schools. Teachers may need to voice their concerns about the financial resources that are siphoned from the school districts for these unproven schools that serve a small proportion of the community’s children. This outflow of tax dollars affects the curriculums that public schools can afford. Both parents and teachers should be concerned about the fact that specialty schools can further segregate children along racial, socio-economic, and ethnic lines since school choice can often mean choosing to attend a school with students of the same backgrounds. Rather than creating the diversity that was intended by these school reforms, school choice could actually foster the growth of the very prejudices that a free public education for all was meant to eliminate. <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''References'''</span> Archbald, D. (2004). School choice: magnet schools and the liberation model. ''Sociology of Education'', 77 (4), 283-310. Betts, J. and Rice, L. (2006). '' Does School Choice work: Effects on Student'' ''Integration and Achievement''. San Diego, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Buckley, J. and Schneider, M. (2007). ''Charter Schools: Hope or Hype?'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). Contexts of elementary and secondary education: school choice. Retrieved September 14, 2008 from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section4/indicator32. National Education Association. (2008). Charter schools. Retrieved September 15, 2008 from http://www.nea.org/charter/index.html Neild, R. (2004). The effects of magnet schools on neighborhood high schools: an examination of achievement among entering freshmen. ''Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk,''9 (1), 1-21. Noll, J. (2005). ''Taking Sides: Educational Issues.'' Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Peterson, P. (2003). ''The Future of School Choice''. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution. Villaverde, L. (2003). ''Contemporary Education Issues: Secondary Schools.'' Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Questions'''</span> 1. How do magnet and charter schools differ? a. Charter schools have their own governing documents that specify assessment criteria. b. Charter schools receive no public funding. c. Magnet and charter school do not differ. d. Charter schools always require IQ and achievement scores for admittance while magnet schools are always open to anyone in the district. 2. What does the research reveal about the diversity of magnet and charter school student populations? a. The diversity meets existing stated requirements. b. There is no diversity c. The diversity of magnet and charter schools is identical with the school systems in the area. d. The diversity in many charter and magnet schools does not match the diversity of the school systems in which they are located. 3. If you were a parent facing the choice of placing your child in an existing charter school, what question would the research findings lead you to ask the charter school principal in order to safeguard your child? a. What recreational programs are offered for my child? b. How many teachers are employed by this school? c. How do achievement levels of this charter school compare with the achievement levels of the existing public schools? d. Are the parental monthly payments automatically deducted or is a tuition bill sent? 4. If the school district where you were working planned to open a charter school, what question would the research findings lead you to ask at the school board budget meeting? a. Will the charter school have penalties for uniform dress code violations? b. What career training will the charter school offer students? c. How will the district's administrators make sure that the charter school follows all the rules and regulations of the school district? d. How will the loss of money to this new charter school's operation impact the current school district's programs? <br> <span style="color: #660099;">Answers 1.a, 2.d, 3.c, 4.d</span> {{FEIA/Rating|80}} {{BookCat}} i7rxlpgrnoxvoq5cjt3nh0igr7umrr7 4664505 4664501 2026-08-26T06:41:38Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664505 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''New Visions of Education: Magnet and Charter Schools'''</big> <big>By: jyaeg001</big> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Learning Targets''' Students will be able to: *Define the terms "magnet school" and "charter school." *Explain how the school populations of magnet and charter schools are chosen. *List the pros and cons of magnet and charter schools. *Summarize what the research about these two forms of education reveals. *Explain the concerns that teachers and parents should have about magnet and charter schools. </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Introduction'''</span> In the early 1980s, the National Commission on Excellence in Education issued a report card for the public schools of the United States that showed a sharp decline in students’ achievement scores (Noll, 2005). As a response to the news that the United States was no longer a leading country in preparing its youth for the future, educational reforms were initiated in many public school districts. Magnet schools and charter schools were two approaches that stirred excitement among parents and many educators. Exactly what are these alternative forms of education termed magnet and charter schools? Who is allowed to attend magnet and charter schools? What do proponents and critics say about magnet and charter schools? According to the research, how to magnet and charter schools compare with traditional public schools and what are the implications of the research findings for parents and teachers? <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What is a magnet school?'''</span> A magnet school is designed to do just what its name suggests: attract students. Within any student population, there are children with a variety of interests and career aspirations. Magnet schools offer specialized curriculums that appeal to particular student groups, such as young people who want to study in depth such areas as foreign languages, drama, computer technology, or advanced sciences. These schools are under the umbrella of a larger school district and may even be housed in an existing school that also offers a traditional curriculum (Villaverde, 2003). Magnet schools receive at least part of their funding from the sponsoring public school district. In addition, because magnet schools can assist in attracting racially mixed student populations from different socio-economic backgrounds, federal government grants related to desegregation are available to help support the costs of some schools (Villaverde, 2003). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Who is allowed to attend a magnet school?'''</span> The student population of magnet schools can be chosen in more than one way. The enrollment process often begins with the parents of an interested student filling out an application. Some districts choose students solely on the basis of a lottery that includes applicants from different income levels, neighborhoods, ethnic backgrounds, gender, and races. Other districts also have application requirements related to minimum academic achievement levels. Parents list their first, second, and third choice for magnet school attendance on their applications. Waiting lists are compiled for those students who do not receive immediate placement. With these restrictions, free choice is more accurately termed controlled choice (Archbald, 2004). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''To learn more about the goals of magnet schools, funding, and current legislation affecting magnet schools, visit the site of Magnet Schools of America at [[www.magnet.edu]].''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What is a charter school?'''</span> A charter school is a “publicly funded school that is typically governed by a group or organization under a contract or charter with the state…In return for funding and autonomy, the charter school must meet accountability standards” (National Center for Education Statistics, 2007, par.2). The charters list the school’s goals, details about the programs offered, specifics about student body selection, and the criteria that will be used for assessment (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). The charters have time constraints that typically range from three to five years. At the end of that time period, the charter-granting overseers, such as state officials, make a continuance decision based on how the terms of the charter have been met. A charter school may be founded by teachers or administrators within a school district, by a group of parents, or even by a private or community organization. Federal grants are available to assist with the initial costs, and funds also come from the school districts whose students are being served by the charter school (Peterson, 2003). Like magnet schools, most charter schools are focused on providing more effective, innovative programs than parents are offered in traditional public schools (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Who is allowed to attend a charter school?'''</span> Since charter schools receive state and federal funding, they need to meet the same diversity requirements as public schools and “reflect the social/ethnic makeup of their district” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;226). There is an application process that may require meeting certain other criteria, such as passing an audition if the charter school has a curriculum that emphasizes theatrical arts. Many schools have no restrictions and often choose the student population on the basis of lottery outcomes. Using the lottery is a way to fairly decide who gains admittance to these schools with much smaller enrollments than most public schools (Noll, 2005). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''For more information about the charter school movement, how to start a charter school, and state requirements, go to [[www.uscharterschools.org]].''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What do proponents say about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. Proponents of magnet and charter schools believe that these schools provide much-desired options for parents who are dissatisfied with the job that public schools are doing. Magnet and charter schools are especially appealing to those parents whose children are from lower socio-economic backgrounds and have been placed in schools with below average achievement statistics (Peterson 2003). 2. Magnet and charter schools encourage competition and make public schools more aware of and more involved in improving their curriculums, teachers’ performance, and administration procedures (Villaverde, 2003). 3. When compared with most traditional public schools, both magnet and charter schools offer better student-teacher ratios and smaller, more personal school environments that help prevent student dropouts and capitalize on students’ interests (Noll 2005). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''The director of the organization called Friends of Choice in Urban Schools stated about alternative schools that they “provide choices for parents, opportunities for teachers, and better schooling right now to some kids, rather than making them wait for yet another system-wide overhaul” (Buckley and Schneider, 2007, p.&nbsp;285).''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What do critics say about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. These special schools can drain school districts’ budgets and result in districts having less money to meet the needs of a much larger percentage of students (Peterson, 2003). 2. Magnet and charter schools have failed to attract diverse student populations that match the composition of the communities’ school districts, and the existing diversity requirements are not being enforced (Archbald, 2004). 3. The average achievement scores of students in magnet and charter schools are not higher than those of traditional public schools (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What does the research reveal about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. '''Use of public funds and effects on school districts''': A Western Michigan University study (1998) concluded that "charter schools may not be living up to their promise of educational innovation and more effective use of public money” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;227). An extensive UCLA study of California charter schools (1998) in ten school districts found “no evidence that charter schools can do more with less” (Noll, 2005. p.&nbsp;226). Marc Bernstein, a New York school district superintendent, explains that when money is taken from public school districts for the operation of charter and magnet schools, “there are but two choices: raise taxes or reduce programming. Either choice has serious consequences for public education” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;228). 2. '''Diversity of student populations in magnet and charter schools''': A 2003 study of magnet schools across the nation was reported in ''Sociology of Education''. The researchers examined the effect of magnet school choice on the socio-economic stratification in school districts with magnet school as compared with the socio-economic stratification in school districts without magnet schools. The study did not find a positive growth in the socio-economic redistribution of students as a result of offering magnet school choices (Archbald, 2004). Similar research findings of charter schools were reported earlier in a Minneapolis study (1997) and a Texas study (2002). The reason for this failure of specialty schools to redistribute students more equitably along socio-economic lines was believed to be due to parents’ reluctance to have their children bussed long distances and due to parents’ reluctance to “face the prospect of their child being in a small minority…parents were likely to sort themselves along racial/ethnic lines” (Buckley and Schneider, 2007, p.&nbsp;122). A 2004 study of magnet schools reported in the ''Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk'' found that magnet schools did not significantly affect racial and class segregation because many magnet schools have entrance requirements that can only be met by students from higher income areas (Neild, 2004). 3. '''Achievement''': Magnet and charter schools typically attract higher achieving students, so it could be predicted that achievement scores of students attending these schools would be higher than students in traditional public schools. However, a November 2004 report by the National Assessment Governing Board concluded from its testing of elementary students in public school and elementary students in charter schools that the average achievement scores of those students enrolled in charter schools were lower than those students in public schools (National Education Association, 2008). The UCLA study of seventeen California charter schools (1998), mentioned above, also did not find an increase in academic scores (Noll, 2005). Finally, in 2006, the Public Policy Institute of California studied the magnet and charter schools in the city of San Diego and concluded that “on the whole, there was no systematic improvement or deterioration in test scores from participating in a choice program” (Betts and Rice, 2006, p.&nbsp;184). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Conclusion: What are the considerations for parents and teachers in relation to magnet and charter schools?'''</span> There are success stories among the many magnet and charter schools started across the nation, but the overall research findings concerning average achievement levels are not favorable to these school reforms. Parents may want to consider using their influence to encourage school districts to offer innovative educational programs for all students, rather than creating or encouraging separate schools. Teachers may need to voice their concerns about the financial resources that are siphoned from the school districts for these unproven schools that serve a small proportion of the community’s children. This outflow of tax dollars affects the curriculums that public schools can afford. Both parents and teachers should be concerned about the fact that specialty schools can further segregate children along racial, socio-economic, and ethnic lines since school choice can often mean choosing to attend a school with students of the same backgrounds. Rather than creating the diversity that was intended by these school reforms, school choice could actually foster the growth of the very prejudices that a free public education for all was meant to eliminate. <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''References'''</span> Archbald, D. (2004). School choice: magnet schools and the liberation model. ''Sociology of Education'', 77 (4), 283-310. Betts, J. and Rice, L. (2006). '' Does School Choice work: Effects on Student'' ''Integration and Achievement''. San Diego, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Buckley, J. and Schneider, M. (2007). ''Charter Schools: Hope or Hype?'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). Contexts of elementary and secondary education: school choice. Retrieved September 14, 2008 from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section4/indicator32. National Education Association. (2008). Charter schools. Retrieved September 15, 2008 from http://www.nea.org/charter/index.html Neild, R. (2004). The effects of magnet schools on neighborhood high schools: an examination of achievement among entering freshmen. ''Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk,''9 (1), 1-21. Noll, J. (2005). ''Taking Sides: Educational Issues.'' Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Peterson, P. (2003). ''The Future of School Choice''. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution. Villaverde, L. (2003). ''Contemporary Education Issues: Secondary Schools.'' Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Questions'''</span> 1. How do magnet and charter schools differ? a. Charter schools have their own governing documents that specify assessment criteria. b. Charter schools receive no public funding. c. Magnet and charter school do not differ. d. Charter schools always require IQ and achievement scores for admittance while magnet schools are always open to anyone in the district. 2. What does the research reveal about the diversity of magnet and charter school student populations? a. The diversity meets existing stated requirements. b. There is no diversity c. The diversity of magnet and charter schools is identical with the school systems in the area. d. The diversity in many charter and magnet schools does not match the diversity of the school systems in which they are located. 3. If you were a parent facing the choice of placing your child in an existing charter school, what question would the research findings lead you to ask the charter school principal in order to safeguard your child? a. What recreational programs are offered for my child? b. How many teachers are employed by this school? c. How do achievement levels of this charter school compare with the achievement levels of the existing public schools? d. Are the parental monthly payments automatically deducted or is a tuition bill sent? 4. If the school district where you were working planned to open a charter school, what question would the research findings lead you to ask at the school board budget meeting? a. Will the charter school have penalties for uniform dress code violations? b. What career training will the charter school offer students? c. How will the district's administrators make sure that the charter school follows all the rules and regulations of the school district? d. How will the loss of money to this new charter school's operation impact the current school district's programs? <br> <span style="color: #660099;">Answers 1.a, 2.d, 3.c, 4.d</span> {{FEIA/Rating|80}} {{BookCat}} hg1bew0mh1wl13nbverd3kvwafzd3t7 4664506 4664505 2026-08-26T06:41:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664506 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''New Visions of Education: Magnet and Charter Schools'''</big> <big>By: jyaeg001</big> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Learning Targets''' Students will be able to: *Define the terms "magnet school" and "charter school." *Explain how the school populations of magnet and charter schools are chosen. *List the pros and cons of magnet and charter schools. *Summarize what the research about these two forms of education reveals. *Explain the concerns that teachers and parents should have about magnet and charter schools. </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Introduction'''</span> In the early 1980s, the National Commission on Excellence in Education issued a report card for the public schools of the United States that showed a sharp decline in students’ achievement scores (Noll, 2005). As a response to the news that the United States was no longer a leading country in preparing its youth for the future, educational reforms were initiated in many public school districts. Magnet schools and charter schools were two approaches that stirred excitement among parents and many educators. Exactly what are these alternative forms of education termed magnet and charter schools? Who is allowed to attend magnet and charter schools? What do proponents and critics say about magnet and charter schools? According to the research, how to magnet and charter schools compare with traditional public schools and what are the implications of the research findings for parents and teachers? <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What is a magnet school?'''</span> A magnet school is designed to do just what its name suggests: attract students. Within any student population, there are children with a variety of interests and career aspirations. Magnet schools offer specialized curriculums that appeal to particular student groups, such as young people who want to study in depth such areas as foreign languages, drama, computer technology, or advanced sciences. These schools are under the umbrella of a larger school district and may even be housed in an existing school that also offers a traditional curriculum (Villaverde, 2003). Magnet schools receive at least part of their funding from the sponsoring public school district. In addition, because magnet schools can assist in attracting racially mixed student populations from different socio-economic backgrounds, federal government grants related to desegregation are available to help support the costs of some schools (Villaverde, 2003). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Who is allowed to attend a magnet school?'''</span> The student population of magnet schools can be chosen in more than one way. The enrollment process often begins with the parents of an interested student filling out an application. Some districts choose students solely on the basis of a lottery that includes applicants from different income levels, neighborhoods, ethnic backgrounds, gender, and races. Other districts also have application requirements related to minimum academic achievement levels. Parents list their first, second, and third choice for magnet school attendance on their applications. Waiting lists are compiled for those students who do not receive immediate placement. With these restrictions, free choice is more accurately termed controlled choice (Archbald, 2004). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''To learn more about the goals of magnet schools, funding, and current legislation affecting magnet schools, visit the site of Magnet Schools of America at [[www.magnet.edu]].''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What is a charter school?'''</span> A charter school is a “publicly funded school that is typically governed by a group or organization under a contract or charter with the state…In return for funding and autonomy, the charter school must meet accountability standards” (National Center for Education Statistics, 2007, par.2). The charters list the school’s goals, details about the programs offered, specifics about student body selection, and the criteria that will be used for assessment (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). The charters have time constraints that typically range from three to five years. At the end of that time period, the charter-granting overseers, such as state officials, make a continuance decision based on how the terms of the charter have been met. A charter school may be founded by teachers or administrators within a school district, by a group of parents, or even by a private or community organization. Federal grants are available to assist with the initial costs, and funds also come from the school districts whose students are being served by the charter school (Peterson, 2003). Like magnet schools, most charter schools are focused on providing more effective, innovative programs than parents are offered in traditional public schools (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Who is allowed to attend a charter school?'''</span> Since charter schools receive state and federal funding, they need to meet the same diversity requirements as public schools and “reflect the social/ethnic makeup of their district” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;226). There is an application process that may require meeting certain other criteria, such as passing an audition if the charter school has a curriculum that emphasizes theatrical arts. Many schools have no restrictions and often choose the student population on the basis of lottery outcomes. Using the lottery is a way to fairly decide who gains admittance to these schools with much smaller enrollments than most public schools (Noll, 2005). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''For more information about the charter school movement, how to start a charter school, and state requirements, go to [[www.uscharterschools.org]].''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What do proponents say about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. Proponents of magnet and charter schools believe that these schools provide much-desired options for parents who are dissatisfied with the job that public schools are doing. Magnet and charter schools are especially appealing to those parents whose children are from lower socio-economic backgrounds and have been placed in schools with below average achievement statistics (Peterson 2003). 2. Magnet and charter schools encourage competition and make public schools more aware of and more involved in improving their curriculums, teachers’ performance, and administration procedures (Villaverde, 2003). 3. When compared with most traditional public schools, both magnet and charter schools offer better student-teacher ratios and smaller, more personal school environments that help prevent student dropouts and capitalize on students’ interests (Noll 2005). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''The director of the organization called Friends of Choice in Urban Schools stated about alternative schools that they “provide choices for parents, opportunities for teachers, and better schooling right now to some kids, rather than making them wait for yet another system-wide overhaul” (Buckley and Schneider, 2007, p.&nbsp;285).''' </td></tr></table> <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What do critics say about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. These special schools can drain school districts’ budgets and result in districts having less money to meet the needs of a much larger percentage of students (Peterson, 2003). 2. Magnet and charter schools have failed to attract diverse student populations that match the composition of the communities’ school districts, and the existing diversity requirements are not being enforced (Archbald, 2004). 3. The average achievement scores of students in magnet and charter schools are not higher than those of traditional public schools (Buckley and Schneider, 2007). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''What does the research reveal about magnet and charter schools?'''</span> 1. '''Use of public funds and effects on school districts''': A Western Michigan University study (1998) concluded that "charter schools may not be living up to their promise of educational innovation and more effective use of public money” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;227). An extensive UCLA study of California charter schools (1998) in ten school districts found “no evidence that charter schools can do more with less” (Noll, 2005. p.&nbsp;226). Marc Bernstein, a New York school district superintendent, explains that when money is taken from public school districts for the operation of charter and magnet schools, “there are but two choices: raise taxes or reduce programming. Either choice has serious consequences for public education” (Noll, 2005, p.&nbsp;228). 2. '''Diversity of student populations in magnet and charter schools''': A 2003 study of magnet schools across the nation was reported in ''Sociology of Education''. The researchers examined the effect of magnet school choice on the socio-economic stratification in school districts with magnet school as compared with the socio-economic stratification in school districts without magnet schools. The study did not find a positive growth in the socio-economic redistribution of students as a result of offering magnet school choices (Archbald, 2004). Similar research findings of charter schools were reported earlier in a Minneapolis study (1997) and a Texas study (2002). The reason for this failure of specialty schools to redistribute students more equitably along socio-economic lines was believed to be due to parents’ reluctance to have their children bussed long distances and due to parents’ reluctance to “face the prospect of their child being in a small minority…parents were likely to sort themselves along racial/ethnic lines” (Buckley and Schneider, 2007, p.&nbsp;122). A 2004 study of magnet schools reported in the ''Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk'' found that magnet schools did not significantly affect racial and class segregation because many magnet schools have entrance requirements that can only be met by students from higher income areas (Neild, 2004). 3. '''Achievement''': Magnet and charter schools typically attract higher achieving students, so it could be predicted that achievement scores of students attending these schools would be higher than students in traditional public schools. However, a November 2004 report by the National Assessment Governing Board concluded from its testing of elementary students in public school and elementary students in charter schools that the average achievement scores of those students enrolled in charter schools were lower than those students in public schools (National Education Association, 2008). The UCLA study of seventeen California charter schools (1998), mentioned above, also did not find an increase in academic scores (Noll, 2005). Finally, in 2006, the Public Policy Institute of California studied the magnet and charter schools in the city of San Diego and concluded that “on the whole, there was no systematic improvement or deterioration in test scores from participating in a choice program” (Betts and Rice, 2006, p.&nbsp;184). <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Conclusion: What are the considerations for parents and teachers in relation to magnet and charter schools?'''</span> There are success stories among the many magnet and charter schools started across the nation, but the overall research findings concerning average achievement levels are not favorable to these school reforms. Parents may want to consider using their influence to encourage school districts to offer innovative educational programs for all students, rather than creating or encouraging separate schools. Teachers may need to voice their concerns about the financial resources that are siphoned from the school districts for these unproven schools that serve a small proportion of the community’s children. This outflow of tax dollars affects the curriculums that public schools can afford. Both parents and teachers should be concerned about the fact that specialty schools can further segregate children along racial, socio-economic, and ethnic lines since school choice can often mean choosing to attend a school with students of the same backgrounds. Rather than creating the diversity that was intended by these school reforms, school choice could actually foster the growth of the very prejudices that a free public education for all was meant to eliminate. <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''References'''</span> Archbald, D. (2004). School choice: magnet schools and the liberation model. ''Sociology of Education'', 77 (4), 283-310. Betts, J. and Rice, L. (2006). '' Does School Choice work: Effects on Student'' ''Integration and Achievement''. San Diego, CA: Public Policy Institute of California. Buckley, J. and Schneider, M. (2007). ''Charter Schools: Hope or Hype?'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. National Center for Education Statistics. (2007). Contexts of elementary and secondary education: school choice. Retrieved September 14, 2008 from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2007/section4/indicator32. National Education Association. (2008). Charter schools. Retrieved September 15, 2008 from http://www.nea.org/charter/index.html Neild, R. (2004). The effects of magnet schools on neighborhood high schools: an examination of achievement among entering freshmen. ''Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk,''9 (1), 1-21. Noll, J. (2005). ''Taking Sides: Educational Issues.'' Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Peterson, P. (2003). ''The Future of School Choice''. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution. Villaverde, L. (2003). ''Contemporary Education Issues: Secondary Schools.'' Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <br> <span style="color: #660099;">'''Questions'''</span> 1. How do magnet and charter schools differ? a. Charter schools have their own governing documents that specify assessment criteria. b. Charter schools receive no public funding. c. Magnet and charter school do not differ. d. Charter schools always require IQ and achievement scores for admittance while magnet schools are always open to anyone in the district. 2. What does the research reveal about the diversity of magnet and charter school student populations? a. The diversity meets existing stated requirements. b. There is no diversity c. The diversity of magnet and charter schools is identical with the school systems in the area. d. The diversity in many charter and magnet schools does not match the diversity of the school systems in which they are located. 3. If you were a parent facing the choice of placing your child in an existing charter school, what question would the research findings lead you to ask the charter school principal in order to safeguard your child? a. What recreational programs are offered for my child? b. How many teachers are employed by this school? c. How do achievement levels of this charter school compare with the achievement levels of the existing public schools? d. Are the parental monthly payments automatically deducted or is a tuition bill sent? 4. If the school district where you were working planned to open a charter school, what question would the research findings lead you to ask at the school board budget meeting? a. Will the charter school have penalties for uniform dress code violations? b. What career training will the charter school offer students? c. How will the district's administrators make sure that the charter school follows all the rules and regulations of the school district? d. How will the loss of money to this new charter school's operation impact the current school district's programs? <br> <span style="color: #660099;">Answers 1.a, 2.d, 3.c, 4.d</span> {{FEIA/Rating|80}} {{BookCat}} bykhlpamvzto18jzmm4x7vh2ffru8kg Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Diversity/ELLs 0 180835 4664567 4643872 2026-08-26T08:40:01Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big>How Should We Teach English Language Learners?</big>''' By: Tatiana Torres ---- Teaching English Language Learners can be a very difficult task without any understanding of the issue. However, with the proper knowledge of successful methods and approaches to the matter, it can be a very successful and rewarding experience. There are many different ideas of how to make an experience of teaching ELLs (English Language Learners) a positive one. The main idea to keep in mind is that every situation is different and different people respond well to different things, so there is no right or wrong way to handle English Language Learners. There are however, a few main ideas that have been popularly used throughout diverse classrooms and have had successful end results. ==Helping ELLs Understand the Teacher== It is very commonly said to keep your ELLs in mind when speaking to the class and making special adjustments to the way you speak to make it a little easier on the ELLs to understand basic directions, along with providing additional assistance where it is needed apart from class lecture. The idea is not to single an English Language Learner out from their group of fellow classmates, but rather, allow them to build relationships with the teacher as well as with their classmates by giving them the help that they need on a more personal level. “Diverse children should be part of a learning community where people acknowledge, help, and support one another”.i Using lots of visual aids when teaching ELLs makes their learning easier because it gets rid of the language barrier. Other helpful strategies include activities that are hands on, giving the students the option of participating when they feel comfortable, and understanding that time is needed to master a new language. vi <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big></big>“Use visual cues such as posters, overhead pictures, slide shows, videos, and illustrated books. Use active methods of learning such as games, skits, songs, partner interviews and structured conversation with classmates”.ii</span></div> </td></tr></table> ==Alienation== When English Language Learners are put into an environment where they are at a disadvantage because of the language barrier along with a serious culture shock with being in a completely different country that has numerous differences in culture norms, ELLs can become very alienated and depressed.i “Many children are made fun of when they try to speak English and also when they speak their native language; so they end up silent and withdraw from participation. This further interferes with their learning and achievement.”iii This problem can be avoided by making all of the students culturally understanding. Another approach to helping this problem is to seat students with similar backgrounds near each other so they can help each other with instructions and understanding. It is also important to make sure that the English Language Learners culturally understand proper classroom behavior such as when it is appropriate to speak and when it is appropriate to sit and listen. Other cultures may have different norms in this environment and could cause the student to be embarrassed in front of their peers if the difference is not properly understood. ==Usage of Translators== The aid of translators can be very useful in a classroom with numerous students that speak the same foreign language. This can be used in communication with non-English speaking parents. In a note going home to the parents, the translator can be used to translate the note into the parents’ language so that foreign parents can also be involved in their children’s school lives and are not less involved because of the language barrier. This is an example where it is also important to remember that parents can also feel alienated and depressed from the same struggles that their children have with a language barrier. However, it is not safe to assume that all of the non-English speaking parents always want to speak in their native language, some parents may be offended by this since they are trying to learn how to speak English and want to practice speaking English as much as they can. It is important to get to know each of the parents and know their preference with speaking and adjust to that in proper manner. If a teacher shows the effort to learn the ELLs native language as well that could be a very flattering and rewarding experience for both the ELL student and their parents. It is easier to have a productive and positive environment in a classroom if everyone is happy and comfortable with the each other; this includes parents of the students. It is very important for teachers of English Language Learners to remember that their students have a different cultural background then the rest of the class. Good ways to make that factor a positive learning opportunity is to allow the students to do learning activities where they learn about different cultures around the world, including the ones of their classmates. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>“Plan assignments that bring student’s cultures, families, languages, and experiences front and center”.ii</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> ==Cultural Differences== It is recommended that teachers use questions frequently throughout a lesson. Doing this offers ELLs the chance to use English and a chance for the teacher to assess the English Language Learner’s grasp on the information that is being presented to them. “…Teachers must know the stages of language acquisition and be able to determine what stage each ELL is in…By knowing the stages of language acquisition and stage-appropriate questions, a teacher can engage students at the correct level of discourse”.iv It is important as the teacher to make yourself familiar with the students background. Learning about the students culture will not only make you more aware of the student but will also show the student that you care. Because ELL students feel like outcasts this could help stop that feeling of complete isolation. More importantly, “students whose native culture is valued have a greater sense of self-worth and higher academic achievement”. vi ==Things To Remember== There are general standards schools have that can help teachers stay on track of keeping an equal learning environment, which may be forgotten with the challenge of teaching English Language Learners. There must be a supportive, as well as challenging atmosphere in the school. There must be strong instructional leadership in the school. It is necessary to have a special learning environment that tends to the needs of all of the students according to the differences in their needs. There must be a curriculum that balances both basic and higher-order skills. There must be instructional strategies that help understanding of material being learned along with being able to practice those skills. And family involvement to build a strong environment between the home and the school.v To sum up, teaching English Language Learners is not just a job for ESL (English as a second language) teachers to deal with. Although the aid of ESL teachers and translators can be very helpful when teaching ELLs, a teacher cannot depend on them solely, there are other factors that can and will affect their classroom as well. Therefore, it is key for the teacher to try not just one approach, but several approaches, because each classroom is different as well as each student. What works for most of the classroom may not work for one particular ELL individual, leaving them feeling alienated. Teachers can even get creative and try their own approach they think may work. The idea is to just keep trying until the right one is found and the whole class is happy and able to learn properly. ---- ==Questions== 1. Juana, an ELL student in your class, has suddenly become extremely quiet. When spoken to, she avoids responding, and when she does respond, she talks very quietly. However, it is noticed that this behavior is only in school; her family has not seen any change in her behavior. What is the most likely cause for Juana’s change in behavior in the classroom? a. Juana does not like the curriculum and is rebelling. b. Juana doesn’t like the teacher and doesn’t want to talk as a result. c. Juana has misunderstood the culture and thinks that silence is the appropriate behavior in school. d. Juana is being made fun of by her peers when she speaks and is feeling alienated as a result. 2. What is a good way to open students’ minds to other cultures? a. Give them candy each time they ask someone of another culture about their culture. b. Have them do projects on other cultures. c. Tell them to go on vacation to another country. d. Write a letter to their parents asking them to expose them more to other cultures. 3. It is time for parent-teacher night and while half of your class is Hispanic, you don’t know if their parents speak any English. What is the best approach in order to make them comfortable with talking to you, while not offending them by assuming that they don’t know how to speak any English? a. Hire a translator to translate a letter that is being sent home to the parents asking if any special accommodations need to be made for anyone. b. Ask the ELL students if their parents speak any English. c. Tell the ELL students to come with their parents so that they can translate. d. Just hope that everything goes well. 4. Why are general school standards important to remember when teaching ELLs? a. It makes learning easier on students coming from different backgrounds. b. They can keep the teacher on track when a special situation starts taking them in other directions. c. They keep other teachers on the same level of expertise. d. They are easy solutions to problems with parents. 5. Why do visual aids help with teaching ELLs? a. Visuals help with understanding of words they don’t know. b. Just as with regular students, some ELLs are visual learners, so giving them visuals helps them learn better. c. Visuals give them some distraction from the language that they do not understand. d. Visuals help get their minds working. ---- ==Answers== 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. A ==References== i. Lee, Seungyoun et al. “A Case Study of an Early Childhood Teacher’s Perspective on Working with English Language Learners”. Multicult Educ. Wilson Web. ii. Peterson, Bob and Dawson Salas, Kelley. “Working Effectively With English Language Learners”. Rethinking Schools, 2002. http://www.rethinkingschools.org/publication/newteacher/NTBilingual.shtml iii. Pellino, Karen. “Effective Strategies For Teaching English Language Learners”. Teachnology, 2007. http://www.teach-nology.com/tutorials/teaching/esl/print.htm iv. Hill, Jane and Flynn, Kathleen. “Asking the right questions”. Wilson Web. http://www.NSDC.org v. Linquanti, Robert. “English language Acquisition and Academic Success: What Do We Know?”. WestEd, 1999. <http://www.wested.org/policy/pubs/fostering/know.htm> vi. Christy, Janice. "Helping English Language Learners in the Classroom". Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005. <http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/subject/help_ELL.phtml> {{FEIA/Rating|114}} {{BookCat}} pcc46d5ba39onmz5mvpncwhzra249lz Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Sociological Influences/Helplessness 0 180841 4664556 4643562 2026-08-26T07:50:39Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664556 wikitext text/x-wiki <table WIDTH="85%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF3366;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b><big>Learned Helplessness In Our Students And Learning How We HELP! </big></b></span></div> </td></tr></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b>By Amy Baker (ABake028)</b></span></div> <table WIDTH="35%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #56A5EC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FF3366; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><b><u>Contents</u></b></span></div> 1. Learning Targets 2. What is learned helplessness? 3. How does this affect my students? 4. How can I teach these students? 5. Conclusion 6. Multiple Choice Questions 7. References</td></tr></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b><u>Learning Targets</u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;">Students should be able to...</div> 1. Understand what learned helplessness means for students 2. Understand the traits related to learned helplessness 3. Implement some strategies to help with learned helplessness in the classroom <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>What Is Learned Helplessness?</b></span> The bell rang and students began pouring into the classroom, slowly they put away their backpacks and began trickling to their desks amongst all the chatter. Now that they were all seated, we were ready for our morning brain warm ups! Math worksheets were handed out and a sea of whining filled the classroom. “I can’t do this,” “These are all hard problems,” “I give up,” “How do you do these? I don’t know how!” Before students even have a chance to see what they were working on they feel defeated. This is known as learned helplessness or a psychological condition in which a student “has learned to act or behave helpless in a particular situation, even when they have the power to change their unpleasant or even harmful circumstance" (Seligman, 1975). <table WIDTH="65%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF3366;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: medium;"><b>“Students who are repeatedly exposed to school failure are particularly at risk for the development of learned helplessness” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 172).</b></span></div></td></tr></table> Learned helplessness “exists when individuals believe that their own behavior has no influence on consequent events” (Seligman, 1975). Seligman believes this phenomenon is comprised of three different parts “(a) an undermining of one’s motivation to respond; (b) a retardation of one’s ability to learn that responding works; and (c) an emotional disturbance, usually depression or anxiety.” For students this becomes a vicous cycle since one component can directly affect another and rapidly create a snowball pattern. Typically students are depressed about past failures and “begin to doubt their intellectual abilities, and this leads them to doubt that they can do anything to help overcome their difficulties. They then lessen their achievement efforts, particularly when faced with difficult material, and this leads in turn to continued failure” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 172). Obviously, students who are wrapped up in this snowball effect get the overwhelming feeling that they will never get problems correct. This becomes a difficult task for students to overcome. <table WIDTH="110%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #56A5EC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FF3366; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><b><u>10 Ways to see if your student exhibits learned helplessness behaviors!</u></b></span></div> Does your student…. 1. Prefer to do easy problems rather than hard ones? 2. Takes little independent initiative? 3. Fail one part of a task and is certain to fail at the entire task? 4. Make negative or degrading comments about his/her ability when s/he performs poorly? 5. Give up when you correct them? 6. Stop trying when s/he encounters an obstacle in school work? 7. Asks for help from aides, other students more than necessary? 8. Fail a few problems, and continues to do poorly even though the problems are within his/her ability range? 9. Not respond with enthusiasm and pride when asked how s/he is doing on an academic task? 10. Attribute their good grade to luck, problems being easy or you were being nice? <div style="text-align: center;">Student Behavior Checklist (Fincham et al. 1989)</div></td></tr></table> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #56A5EC;"><b>How does learned helplessness affect my students?</b></span> When students are feeling as though they cannot “control” their failure, they do show some symptoms. The most common signs of learned helplessness are those of “shared depression symptoms such as passivity, interjected hostility, weight loss, appetite loss, and social deficits. In addition to these familiar signs, learned helplessness also has some diagnostic symptoms including depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal ideation” (Wikipedia, 2008). This is a lot for a child to have to deal with in addition to learning the information being presented. These depression like symptoms affect students in their educational learning. Fincham, Hokoda, Sanders asserts that if a child finds new material particularly difficult he/she falls into a defensive pattern, learned helplessness, which increases obstacles in learning (1989, pg. 138). This psychological condition can greatly affect academics because of the snowball effect. Academic failures of the past lead to flawed deductive reasoning in children, the conclusion of which is that failure is the norm. This vicious cycle of failure, doubt and failure again can manifest in both academic achievement and social development. Thus learned helplessness is not only an additional learning barrier but also a comforting internal excuse (Wikipedia, 2008). Once behind in academic skills, students feel hopeless and lose interest in even trying. Since we know this condition can cripple our students’ education, how do we prevent this from entering our classrooms? <table WIDTH="85%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF3366;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b>Do You Promote Learned Helplessness? [http://www.chickmoorman.com/PAhelplessness.html Take This Quiz!]</b></span></div></td></tr></table> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>How can I teach these students?</b></span> What we do know is that students with learned helplessness exhibit symptoms similar to depression. As teachers we do have tricks up our sleeves to help eliminate learned helplessness behaviors in our classrooms. Sutherland and Singh believe “academic failure may result in students’ receiving little positive reinforcement” ( 2004, pg.169). The first thing we can attempt with these students is forms of positive reinforcement. When good performance is achieved; perhaps positive verbal feedback, tokens, stickers or some type of reward for a job well done; anything that will give these students a pat on the back and make them feel worthy. This, over time, will hopefully build the students’ confidence and begin to break down those depressive behaviors. Additionally, studies have shown that the teacher-student dynamic is contributing to the development and maintenance of learned helplessness. It is not that teachers actively reinforce learned helplessness behaviors but rather because of student disposition, positive reinforcement occurs so seldom between teachers and students that students are unfamiliar with the positive reinforcement dynamic (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 171). For this method to be effective it needs to occur over time and it needs to be consistent so the student learns the connection between the performance and the praise. In addition to the positive praise we give students, we also need to be aware of the type of critical response we give. Criticisms directed towards students like "I'm very disappointed in you" are often received as personal attacks and further reinforce the underlying depressive emotions of learned helplessness that are represented as "I'm no good, I'm a failure." However, process criticism like "Maybe you can think of another way to do it?" leads to a healthier academic attitude. This paradigm is mirrored in the person versus process praise dynamic as well. Person praise such as "I'm very proud of you" leads to student centered outcomes such as "I'm a success, I'm a failure;" whereas process praise like "You must have tried really hard" leades to challenge centered outcomes such as "I can do this" (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 175). As teachers we have to be conscious to make our criticisms and praise about the process of the problem not the person so that the failure can be attributed to the actual work not an intelligence factor. Since we know positive reinforcement is helpful over time it is necessary to make process praise a part of our everyday curriculum. But how can we aide these students with academic performance? Tests of course!! Research shows that with learned helplessness “students who had hard questions before the easy questions would tend to give up on the easy questions due to frustration…the perceived failure alone was sufficient to make students feel helpless and give up on the test” (Firman et al., 2004, pg. 692). What does this mean for us? To avoid this test anxiety we can alter our tests so that all students can feel successful while taking them. “For decades, teachers and test developers have been advised to arrange the test items in the ascending order of difficulty so that the test takers would be motivated by the early successful experience and continue the test” (Firman et al., 2004, pg. 692). This method will hopefully motivate your students and build confidence so that over time (and throughout the test) they may begin attributing their success in the beginning questions with intellectual ability rather than external occurrences. <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #56A5EC;"><b>Conclusion</b></span> In today’s society, our students have additional pressure for high academic performance from their parents, school systems, and state tests. This additional anxiety often leads to learned helplessness behaviors that we see in the classroom more and more. Although these behaviors are difficult to handle in our classroom management, it is our duty to try different methods to combat this condition. Evidence shows that “teachers provide less academic instruction to students who exhibit problem behavior” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 169). We need to make conscious efforts to give special attention to these students so that they may succeed in their academic career. In addition to the one on one time, we have to remember to stay positive and model positive behavior in our classroom. For these students a “lack of positive reinforcement leads to a lack of confidence, a developmental increase in the need for external approval, a perception that one has little control over outcomes in one’s life, and ultimately a decrease in motivation” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 173). This is often a difficult task to accomplish all year long, but keep it simple: praise, praise, praise on procedure and model the positive behaviors in your classroom. <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>Multiple Choice Questions</b></span> 1. Students with learned helplessness believe A. Once they have help they can succeed B. Other students can learn to help them C. Teachers are great and always teach great lessons D. They will continue to fail on future problems 2. Students with learned helplessness may exhibit all of the following EXCEPT: A. Ask their peers for help B. Give up when you correct them C. Prefer easy questions over hard D. Sit quietly and not respond 3. Telling a student “I really like that you showed your long division work” is an example of A. Person criticism B. Person praise C. Process criticism D. Process praise 4. To best create a test to avoid learned helplessness behaviors teachers can A. Create special tests for these students B. Place factual questions before conceptual questions C. Read the test out loud D. Use all multiple choice questions <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #56A5EC;"><b>Answers</b></span> 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B) <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>References</b></span> Fincham, F.D., Hokoda, A., & Sanders, R.J. (1989). Learned Helplessness, Test Anxiety, and Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis. Child Development, 60, 138-145. Firman, M., Hwang, C., Copella, M., & Clark, S. (2004). Learned Helplessness: The Effect of Failure on Test-Taking. Education, 124(4), 688-693. Learned Helplessness. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness.html Moorman, C. The Language of Learned Helplessness Quiz. Skill Training and Resources for Parents and Educators. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://www.chickmoorman.com/PAhelplessness.html Seligman, M.E.P. (1975). Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman. Sutherland, K.S., & Singh, N.N. (2004). Learned Helplessness and Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: Deprivation in the Classroom. Behavioral Discorders, 29(2), 169-181. {{FEIA/Rating|144}} {{BookCat}} auncm2qq3eti711v7dwygesy6bjpjlw Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Educator as a Professional/Careers 0 181060 4664530 4654108 2026-08-26T07:27:01Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664530 wikitext text/x-wiki <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <gallery class="center"> Image:soft_crab.jpg Image:tangier_weekend.jpg Image:exhibit_viewing.jpg Image:immature-tomato-1.jpg </gallery> <div style="text-align: center;"> {{font/top|color="#663300" face="LUCIDA"}} == Non-Traditional Educational Careers == <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" > == ''Learning Targets'' == <ul><li> Advantages and Disadvantages of non-traditional educators <li> Creative Methods and Techniques <li> Value of Feedback.</ul> </td></tr></table> {{font/end}}</div> </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} There are many new approaches to recruiting educators in high need subject areas including alternative and expedited routes to teacher licensure and career switching programs in order to gain the expertise of educators with previous professional work experiences. Many people who are considering a career change look to teaching as a way to incorporate and apply their existing knowledge in a content area. Many elementary, middle, and high schools are actively accepting applications for teachers in what the Virginia Department of Education calls the “critical shortage areas such as mathematics, foreign languages, sciences, and technology education” (Education). However, there is yet another educational career opportunity that is emerging and gaining respect and popularity in the classroom by the students ''and'' teachers! {{font/end}} {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} == What is a ''non-traditional'' educational career? == Classroom based teachers are taking their students outside of their classroom and visiting science, nature, and history centers seeking more effective learning (Price). These centers employ educational coordinators who deliver information to students through unique and creative methods. These non-traditional educators, sometimes called “field teachers” (Payne), bring a unique edge to the educational experience for students and teachers alike. Non-traditional educators integrate different learning methods to meet the needs of different types of learners in a real world setting. They incorporate new knowledge with social interaction by prepare exciting lessons and creative activities for the students such as inside of the classroom or outside during a field trip. Non-traditional educators work with school teachers to meet the needs of the students and lesson plans as well as work with a school system’s high expectations that the experience will be worthwhile (Payne). {{font/end}} {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} == Are they effective? == Non-traditional educators who present information to students through field trips, guest lectures, and other types of class demonstrations are gaining recognition for their effective teaching styles. <big>''Advantages''</big> Non-traditional educators have some advantage over the traditional classroom teachers and lesson plans. “Teachers teach daily. If there is an important message, a different instructor can be a breath of fresh air to the students. If an important message is taught incorrectly, you are sending the wrong message, and in my case, it could be deadly.”(Packett, 2009) Non-traditional educators are an expert within the subject matter being taught. They generally present the same information to audiences on a regular basis. Packett discussed his advantage of his work history and experience that provided his concentrated knowledge base. It allowed him to "hone in on it and perfect it.” Although field educators have advantages over a classroom based teacher, a cooperative relationship can be established. Pre-visit and post-visit classroom based lessons can emphasize the learning experience. Also, guest speakers and field educators can give validity to the classroom teacher by repeating terms and lessons that have been introduced in the classroom (Payne). “we offer things that support and complement” what can be taught in the classroom. <big>''Disadvantages''</big> Non-traditional educators have a limited time to learn the types of students that are present in a classroom or in a class group. This can present as a disadvantage for an instructor. Also acting as a disadvantage is the limited amount of time to present subject material given the distance for travel or time restraints that surround the field trip or classroom period. <big>''Student Benefits''</big> Non-traditional educators recognize that students learn in different ways and there is a responsibility to teachers to present new knowledge in a way for all types of learners to benefit. Some students need to have a reason for learning, some are able to learn new facts without needing a personal connection, while some students benefit most from exploring and learning firsthand (Payne). Non-traditional educators take these differences into consideration and use various teaching techniques to connect to as many individual students in a classroom. ''Connection to their world'' Students benefit from out-of-the-classroom opportunities that non-traditional educators present for many reasons. The presentations allow students the chance to connect with a new environment outside of the classroom. Also, students are eager to learn if the lessons of the classroom can be applied to their real world (Payne). Teagle further explains, “we are also teaching students the value of working in the field. History is not just in books, but in the artifacts.” ''Alternative to Lectures'' Some non-traditional educators use constructivist principles and social interactions using small groups as an alternative to lecture methods (Payne). Payne explains, “Telling is not teaching”. ''Small, interactive groups'' He explained that during field trips, smaller groups led by parent chaperones and teachers allow for easier orchestration of rotating stations, maximizing the amount learning for students and exposure to new material. “When I’m in the classroom, I tend to have larger groups. When groups get large, retention goes down.” ''A unique perspective'' When students and teachers take field trips and visit farms, museums, and other places, visitors "get the sights and smells and all of the student’s senses are filled" (Packett, 2009). Teagle adds, “we offer a different perspective of the 1700’s and a unique setting to the students. We are teaching kids how to make research and learning a continuous process. We are unearthing new information every day, just as we’ve shown them in the artifacts digging station”(Teagle, 2009). {{font/end}} {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} == Who are they? == Non-traditional educators come from a variety of backgrounds to teach a variety of specialty subjects. They are safety educators, museum interpreters and curators, history and environmental site educators, and trainers for advanced educational workshops. Andrew Packett, Public Relations Coordinator for [http://www.nnec.com/ Northern Neck Electric Cooperative], has 20 years of experience as a non-traditional educator. Formerly a [http://www.dare.com DARE Drug Abuse Resistance Education] officer for drug prevention, he currently teaches electrical safety to elementary school children. Packett says “Who better to go into the classroom to teach electrical safety, but me. It should be an expert in the field.” After spending several years as an interpreter for [http://www.shirleyplantation.com/ Shirley Plantation], Virginia’s historic first plantation, Robert Teagle is the Education Director and Curator for [www.christchurch1735.org/ Historic Christ Church]. His years of experience in interpretation and personal interest in Virginia history offer visitors a unique perspective. Some historical and environmental site educators use their settings' existing resources as a tool for teaching. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation’s [http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=edu_sfe_resid_pi Port Isobel Island Study Center] and [http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=edu_sfe_resid_fox/ Fox Island Study Center] offer the perfect setting for their Field Educators to carry out [http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=lrn_sub_teachers/ Chesapeake Classrooms] courses. An interesting alternative is the National Park Service’s [http://www.nps.gov/learn/trt/ Teacher to Ranger to Teacher program] that draws from all perspectives as a traditional classroom instructor, a Ranger student, and a field instructor (Interpretation and Education). {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" > {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} ''"Instructors draw upon their expertise as professional scientists, authors, historians, artists, and adventurers" - National Park Service, Institutes and Field Schools '' {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} == Advice from the experts == <big>''Persue it!''</big> Robert Teagle encourages all educators who are considering a non-traditional career to "Persue it!" He has created an impressive workshop for elementary age school children, complete with take home art work and post-visit history fairs where children can win exciting prizes. <big>''Be Enthusiastic!''</big> Andrew Packett encourages non-traditional educators to incorporate excitement into their presentations. “I come into the classroom very enthusiastic! The level of enthusiasm you must maintain, to capture students’ attention and keep it, can be exhausting!” <big>''Learn the Terms!''</big> Packett also recommends familiarizing yourself with the public school system. Field educators should target the curriculum. "You must address the Virginia SOL’s or you may not get into the classroom." Also, if classroom experience is limited, a field educator "must enter the classroom and observe the grade levels that you will be presenting information to. You need to understand the terminology and acronyms in current public school systems!" <big>''Make it fun!''</big> Teagle and Packett both agree that field experiences and guest speakers into the classroom must include an element of entertainment. Make it fun! Use active learning and hands-on stations. <big>''Value of Feedback''</big> Lastly, field educators place high value on post-visit feedback from classrooms and teachers. Questionnaires can be completed by the students and teachers as well as informal types of feedback such as thank you letters from the schools. Assessments that occur during the educational sessions are also of value. Teagle says "kids provide the best critiques". When performing activities with the children, he critiques his own lesson plans and learns best by doing activities with the children. He concludes that he uses this valuable feedback to help shape the content of future school groups. {{font/end}} == Test Your Knowledge == {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} 1. What is another name for non-traditional educators, a term coined by Payne? a.substitute teacher b.field officers c.field teachers d.classroom teacher 2.A large school group arrives to Jamestown for a visit to this historic first settlement. The group of 90 students were only able to travel with 3 teachers and one adult parent of a student. When the adults discussed how they will split up the students into smaller group activities, the one parent admitted that they were not comfortable leading a group of students alone. This meant that there would be groups of 20 children each. Which of the following statements will be true? a.The large groups of children will retain more new information. b.The large groups of children will have no impact on their retention of the new information. c.The large groups of children will retain less information. d.None of the above. 3. What is one way for a classroom based teacher and a non-traditional "field" teacher to create a cooperative relationship? a.immediately upon completion of the presentation of the field teacher, the classroom teacher should correct the misinformation. b.discuss the lesson plan before the presentation of new material and create pre- and post-visit activities. c.classroom teacher discusses success of field trip and expertise of field teacher with principle and recommends hiring that person for the next nine week session of earth science. 4. Which of the following is not a role of a non-traditional educator? a.incorporate new knowledge with social interaction. b.avoid incorporation of SOL material in presentations as to avoid interruption in the lesson plans of the classroom based teacher. c.integrate various teaching styles to appeal to the many types of learners that exist in a classroom. d.provide opportunities to apply their new knowledge in a real world setting 5. Which of the following situations would be the best way for a field teacher to go about getting feedback after a class presentation? a.The field teacher contacts the classroom teacher by phone. b.The field teacher contacts each student's parent by phone for an interview. c.The field teacher gives the classroom teacher questionnaires to be completed immediately following the presentation and offers to pick up the completed questionnaires in 3 days. Answers: 1)c 2)c 3)b 4)b 5)c {{font/end}} == References == {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} Education, D. o. (n.d.). Virigina Career Switcher Alternative Route to Licensure Program. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/newvdoe/CareerSwitcher/ Interpretation and Education. (n.d.). Retrieved February 7, 2009, from National Park Service: www.nps.gov/learn/institutes.htm Packett, A. (2009, February 6). Public Relations Specialist, Northern Neck Electric. (R. Crowther, Interviewer) Payne, B., Sumter, M., & Sun, I. (2003, Fall2003). BRINGING THE FIELD INTO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CLASSROOM: FIELD TRIPS, RIDE-ALONGS, AND GUEST SPEAKERS. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 14(2), 327-344. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. Price, Sabra & Hein, George E. (1991). More than a field trip: science programmes for elementary school groups at museums. International Journal of Science Education, 13 (5), 505-519. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/0950069910130502 Spencer, J. (Winter 2001-2002). From Traditional to Radical: One Teacher's Oddyssey. Thought and Action - The NEA Higher Education Journal , 93-100. Teagle, R. (2009, February 6). Education Director and Curator, The Foundation for Historic Christ Church. (R. Crowther, Interviewer) {{font/end}} == References of Photography == {{font/top|color=#663300|face='Lucida'}} www.freephotos.lu - free domain photography www.easystockphotos.com/education/ - free domain photography <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <gallery class="center"> Image:aquarium-fish-23.jpg Image:branch-with-lot-of-apples.jpg Image:bird-7.jpg Image:telescope_viewing.jpg </gallery> </td></tr></table> {{font/end}} {{FEIA/Rating|27}} {{BookCat}} nngmwn40flfp8gb8u1tvnfql5gerv4t Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/History of Education/19th Century 0 181080 4664566 4643868 2026-08-26T08:39:29Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664566 wikitext text/x-wiki <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #006666; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font/top|color=#006666|face='GEORGIA'}}{{big/top}} Educational Milestones of the 19th Century by Amber Showalter {{big/end}}{{font/end}} </div> </td></tr></table> ==LEARNING TARGETS== 1. Students should be able to identify the Common School Period and its goals. 2. Students should be able to identify two of the major innovators of education in the 19th century. ---- ==INTRODUCTION== The 19th century encompassed many changes in America. One change in particular that influenced our education system was the beginning of the public school system. This movement made education available to the masses. Reformers and education innovators of the time worked tirelessly to make education public instead of private, free, and state maintained. In this article we will review the era of educational history known as the "common school movement, or the "common school period". We will also discuss two of the major educational innovators that were integral in developing the first public schools, or common schools and their curriculum. ---- ==THE COMMON SCHOOL PERIOD== The years 1830 until 1872 are known as the "common school movement" or the "common school period." During this period in history, great changes were made in public schooling in nearly every state of the union. The goals of the common school movement were to provide a free education for '''all''' children, to train and educate teachers, and to establish state control over public schools (Church, 1976). Prior to common schools, the closest thing to public schools were the schools that existed in some of the northern British colonies. They often only lasted for 10 –12 weeks per year, favored boys, and were not free. As a result, race, gender, and family wealth greatly influenced education (Stone, 2001). There were many arguments in defense of the common school. As the immigrant population grew in the northern states during this period, the common school was used to “Americanize” all foreigners (Payne). Yet another argument for common schools was from advocates like Horace Mann. Mann believed that a common education for all meant that society in general would be more productive and prosperous. He once wrote that education “can raise more abundant harvests, and multiply the conveniences of domestic life;...it can build, transport, manufacture, mine, navigate, fortify;...a single new idea is often worth more to an individual than a hundred workmen” (Church, 1976, p.&nbsp;66). A typical day in a common school would begin around 8:45&nbsp;a.m. and last until 4 p.m. Usually breaks were taken for recess and for lunch. The children learned from textbooks such as ''McGuffey Readers'' and Webster’s ''American Spelling Book''. A teacher might receive $25 a month as salary and would stay with families in the surrounding areas (Huntington, 2005). <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFFF; border: solid 10px #006666; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font/top|color=#006666|face='GEORGIA'}}{{big/top}}TO VIEW A PICTURE OF A COMMON SCHOOL AND ITS STUDENTS GO TO: http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicschool/photo_gallery/photo1.html {{big/end}}{{font/end}}</div> </td></tr></table> ---- ==HORACE MANN== Horace Mann was born in Franklin, Massachusetts in 1796. His education began in a one-room schoolhouse and continued until he reached Brown University. He later studied law and found himself in the political arena. He was soon appointed to the newly formed Massachusetts State Board of Education in the position of Secretary. He served as Secretary from 1837 until 1848 (Sass, 2008). Mann became known as the “Father of the Common School” (Stone, 2001). He believed that education was a universal right for all. Everyone should have the opportunity to attend school no matter what their social class or income may be. Mann also advocated for a longer school year and the funding of schools to be the responsibility of the state instead of the individual. He helped establish laws for compulsory attendance and these laws were in every state by 1918 (Payne). Mann also advocated for a more trained and professional teacher. Training institutions called normal schools were established for teachers. The first public normal school was opened in 1839 (Church, 1976). Mann knew that the key to elevating the standard of learning was to elevate the standards in which the teachers were trained. He sought to make teaching a profession (Stone, 2001). ---- ==PROFESSOR WILLIAM HOLMES MCGUFFEY== One of the key problems for educational reformers during the 19th century, was the creation of a curriculum. A small publishing company called Truman and Smith played a vital role in the first textbooks for American children. Truman and Smith wanted to sell textbooks, but first they had to find someone to write these books. Their search ended with William McGuffey (Payne, The McGuffey Readers). McGuffey had already published his first reader in 1841 that introduced children to his ethical code. The book contained fifty-five lessons and the child modeled in this book was prompt, good, kind, honest and truthful (Payne, The McGuffey Readers). The child depicted in the McGuffey Readers was white and Protestant. The second reader appeared almost simultaneously with the first. It had eighty-five lessons, sixteen pictures, and one hundred sixty pages. There were lessons on a multitude of topics. Children learned about history, biology, and even table manners (Payne, The McGuffey Readers). The secular tone of the McGuffey Reader was unlike any of the other Puritan texts from that era (Sass, 2008). Reformers believed that the moral training of children occurred hand in hand with their academic training. The McGuffey Readers provided the necessary lessons in conjunction with a moral undertone. McGuffey Readers were called “eclectic readers” because they were written from a number of sources. They were considered remarkable literary works and had great influence (Payne). The McGuffey Readers have sold over 100 million copies since 1836 (Church, 1976). <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFFF; border: solid 10px #006666; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font/top|color=#006666|face='GEORGIA'}}{{big/top}}TO SEE A PICTURE OF A MCGUFFEY READER GO TO: http://mcguffeyreaders.com/pics/1stmgreaderhb.jpg {{big/end}}{{font/end}}</div> </td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFFF; border: solid 10px #006666; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;">{{font/top|color=#006666|face='GEORGIA'}}{{big/top}} "The following stanza is copied from page 61 of the edition of 1844 to illustrate the method of presenting words: I like to see a lit-tle dog, And pat him on the head; So pret-ti-ly he wags his tail When-ev-er he is fed." (Vail, 1911, p.&nbsp;6) {{big/end}}{{font/end}}</div> </td></tr></table> ---- ==CONCLUSION== The 19th century was a turning point in American education. The beginning of public schools, school reform and state funding were just a few of these changes. Innovators and reformers sought to make education available to the masses and not just to the wealthy and privileged. Innovators and reformers like Horace Mann and William Holmes McGuffey made it possible for common schools to establish themselves as the first public schools in the nation. This era and its innovators paved the way for our public school system as we know it today. ---- ==MULTIPLE CHOICE== 1. What was the 19th century called in reference to educational reform? a. The Old School Movement b. The New School Movement c. The Common School Movement d. The High School Movement 2. Who was considered the "Father of the Common School"? a. Horace Mann b. William McGuffey c. Thomas Jefferson d. John Joseph Hughes 3. Who wrote one of the first text<s></s>books or readers ever used in public schools? a. George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson c. William McGuffey d. Horace Mann 4. Education reformers such as Horace Mann wanted to make school_____________. a. fun, creative, and worthwhile b. attainable, religious, and moral c. free, public, and state maintained d. expensive, private, and secular 5. One of the three goals of reformers who supported common schools was____________. a. to get rich b. to educate teachers c. to be famous d. to make school only for the elite ---- ==ANSWERS== 1. C, 2. A, 3. C, 4. C, 5. B ---- ==CITATIONS== Church, Robert (1976). Education in the United States, an interpretive history. New York: The Free Press. Huntington, Tom (April 2005). School days. Civil War Times, 44(1),14 Payne, Shannon (No Date Posted). The history of education in America. Retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.chesapeake.edu/library/EDU_101/eduhist_19thC.asp Payne, Shannon (No Date Posted). The mcguffey readers. Retrieved on February 9, 2009 from http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/mcguffey.html Sass, Edward, Ed.D (2008). American educational history: a hypertext timeline. College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University, Retrieved on February 4, 2009 from http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html Stone Lantern Films (2001). School: the story of American public education. Presented by KCET/Hollywood. Retrieved February 4, 2009 from http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicshool/innovators/mann.html Stone Lantern Films (2001). School: the story of American public education. Presented by KCET/Hollywood. Retrieved February 4, 2009 from http://www.pbs.org/kcet/publicshool/photo_gallery/photo1.html Vail, Henry H. (1911). A history of the mcguffey readers. Cleveland: The Burrow Brothers Co., Retrieved on February 9, 2009 from http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/gutenberg/1/5/5/7/15577/15577-h/15577-h.htm {{FEIA/Rating|60}} {{BookCat}} mf7dee97wl1rn2tv9hltid02t17d093 Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Educational Reform/Vouchers 0 181097 4664571 4643938 2026-08-26T08:42:34Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664571 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''THE PROS AND CONS OF SCHOOL VOUCHERS'''</big></big></span> by Lucyna Russell <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Learning Targets'''''</big></big></span> 1. Readers will learn what school vouchers are. 2. Readers will learn what proponets of school vouchers say. 3. Readers will learn what opponents of school vouchers say. 4. Readers will learn if school vouchers work. [[File:pictureofschoolbus.jpg|450px|right]] <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Table of Contents'''''</big></big></span> 1. What are school vouchers? 2. Proponents of school vouchers. 3. Opponents of school vouchers. 4. Do school vouchers work? 5. Conclusion 6. Can you answer these questions? 7. Answers 8. References <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''What are school vouchers?'''''</big></big></span> A school voucher, also called an education voucher, is a certificate issued by the government by which parents can pay for the education of their children at a school of their choice, rather than the public school to which they are assigned(Wikipedia). School vouchers can also be considered scholarships funded by the government, private organizations, or both. These funds are given directly to the family instead of the public schools. Parents then have the choice to choose whatever public or private school they would like their child to attend (Coulson 1998,). There has been heated controversy on the subject of educational vouchers. There are many variables to be considered. One to be considered is who would receive school vouchers? Is everyone with school aged children eligible or do we target specific groups? There are many plans being proposed as to how to use school vouchers. One being restricting vouchers to private schools that will accept vouchers as full payment and limiting vouchers to low income families, children with disabilities, and those attending substandard schools (McCarthy,2007). <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Proponets of School Vouchers'''''</big></big></span> {| WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right" |- | style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign="top" | " Support for vouchers is highest among African Americans and Hispanics. Within these two groups, supporters outnumber opponents by as much as five to one." (Howell,2008) |} One of the arguments for school vouchers is that low income families should have the same opportunity to send their children to any school they desire as do wealthy parents (Messerli 2008). Proponents of school vouchers argue that vouchers targeted to low income families more clearly serve the goal of enhancing equal opportunity (Howell, West, & Peterson, 2008). Another argument for school vouchers is that through competition public schools will be made better (Matus, 2008). Competition between school will increase, thus forcing public schools to be more efficient and public schools will be compelled to teach values such as hard work, respect, and discipline(Messerli,2008). Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist, argued that school quality would improve with free-market competition as the student and their money would go to good schools and leave the bad ones behind(Boyd,2006). Market pressures will improve education for everyone because incompetent schools will be eliminated(McCarthy,2007). Yet, another argument is that private schools would help improve children's values and their academics. Private schools have a certain reputation and a proven history of results. Private schools do not have an accountability to the government, but to the parents of their children. If they do not do well, the parents can remove the children. This kind of dynamic forces the private schools to do better(Messerli,2008). Another factor to consider is that private schools are not bound by the same government regulations as public schools are and can therefore have more flexibility in their teaching methods.(Messerli,2008). Statistically, parents of voucher students are more satisfied with their current schooling than non voucher parents. Parents are more satisfied with the overall school performance in discipline, academics, class sizes, and racial mix(Rouse, Burrow,2009). One more argument for school vouchers is that it would bring more diversity and equality into the schools(Messerli,2008). Howard Fuller, Ph.D, Director of the Institute for the Transformation of Learning at Marquette University in Wisconsin, states that "we should focus vouchers on poor and working class families who do not have the resources to move if they live in communities where schools do not work, nor do they have the resources to put their children in private schools."(Boyd,2008) It is true that poor and minority students are limited to their educational choices and are forced to go to failing schools(Boyd,2008). African-American students who participated in the voucher program in New York City Schools Choice Scholarship Program stated that they were more satisfied, the classrooms were more diverse, and they received higher scores on their test compared to students in public schools (Boyd,2008). <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Opponents of School Vouchers'''''</big></big></span> {| WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right" |- | style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign="top" | In the Washington DC Opportunity Scholarship Program the statistics showed that of those who participated: *65% went to Roman Catholic schools *17% went to other religious schools *18% went to non-sectarian schools (Wolf,Gutman,Puma,etc.,2007) |} One of the arguments against school vouchers is that they violate the 1st Amendment which is the separation of church and state. Most private schools are religious and the majority of school vouchers go to religious schools, therefore, government funding to religious schools violates the 1st Amendment.(Messerli,2008). There have been many court decisions opposing and supporting the inclusion of religious schools. "The central question concerning the legality of state-supported school voucher plans under the U.S. Constitution is whether the inclusion of religious schools violates the First Amendment's establishment clause by allowing government funds to flow to religious institutions. Claims have also been made that free exercise and equal protection rights are abridged if religious schools are excluded from voucher programs that allow nonsectarian private schools to participate." (McCarthy,2007) The Supreme Court answered that question in 2002 when it upheld the decision in, ''Zelman v. Simmons-Harris''.The Supreme Court decided that the Cleveland Scholarship Program which allowed public funds for private education was neutral in providing choices to families and answered the establishment clause question in 2002(McCarthy,2007). In other words, it was not unconstitutional to provide public funding for religious education if it is the parents choice. However, a state is not required to include secular schools if other private schools are participating (McCarthy,2007). Another argument against school vouchers is that public schools will lose their fundings. This would be devastating to schools who are already underfunded. As it is, public schools are underfunded and cannot keep up with the rising cost of books, technology, security, and, salary. To take even more money away would be detrimental(Messerli,2008). Arguments for vouchers are that a "an education voucher system should be no more expensive than the current system as the state (or other public entity) would simply send a voucher check to schools for each participating child rather than to the local public school or district. However, if implemented on a large scale, there may be other, less appreciated costs that would depend critically on the design of the program." (Rouse, Barrow,2009). What else needs to be kept in mind is how the programs are handled. Who would fund the transportation of children, the record keeping, the monitoring of enrollments and, the handling of voucher disputes when amounts are varied. These factors could actually exceed what is being estimated now and would not make school vouchers "cost-neutral"(Rouse, Barow,2009). Yet, another argument against school vouchers is the right for private schools to discriminate. Unlike public schools, private schools are not required by law to accept everyone. Therefore, they could discriminate between who they can accept or make their standards higher to make it harder for certain families to get in (Messerli,2008). One more argument against school vouchers is ironically the same as the argument for school vouchers. This is that private schools are not accountable to the government. The argument is that private schools do not have to follow that same rules and regulation and teaching methods proposed by the government. This in turn leaves private schools with no accountability to anyone and their performance cannot be monitored (Messerli,2008). <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Do School Vouchers Work?'''''</big></big></span> The jury is still out on whether or not school vouchers improve academics in students. Although there are some reports on successes,the "empirical evidence regarding the impact of vouchers on parent choice, student achievement, and fiscal school management is inconclusive and incomplete" (McCarthy,2007). A report that came out by the Department of Education stated that there were no significant differences in math and reading scores compared with students that were not on a voucher system. This report was focused on the Washington Dc Opportunity Scholarship fund a year later (Wolf, Guttman, etc.,2007). Even the longest running voucher programs in Milwaukee, Wisconsin(1990)and Cleveland, Ohio(1990) showed insignificant results when it came to students academic success (McCarthy,2007). <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Conclusion'''''</big></big></span> The school voucher debate has been a controversial topic for many years. Both the proponents and opponents carry equally weighted arguments. As to whether these arguments can be adjudicated through data and research remains unclear. The only data we have received is from small samples and it has been inconclusive. It is impossible to know what the data would show with a larger sample and over an extended period of time. Though, it would be interesting to see! <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Can You Answer These Questions?'''''</big></big></span> 1. Public School Vouchers are funded by '''a.''' low income families. '''b.''' private organizations. '''c.''' the government. '''d.''' the government and/or private organizations. 2. All of these are arguments for school vouchers EXCEPT '''a.''' Funds are taken away from public schools. '''b.''' Increased competition between schools. '''c.''' Increased diversity in schools. '''d.''' More choices for low income families. 3. Chelsea is a disabled student under the school voucher program, '''a.''' she is eligible to receive school vouchers. '''b.''' she is not eligible to receive school vouchers. ''' c.''' she needs to have low grades in order to be eligible. '''d.''' she does not qualify because of her disability. 4. Whether or not school vouchers work depends on '''a.''' the government '''b.''' parents '''c.''' private schools '''d.''' more data and research with larger samples. <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''Answers'''''</big></big></span> 1. '''d''' 2. '''a''' 3. '''a''' 4. '''d''' <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''''References'''''</big></big></span> Boyd, H. (2008). The school voucher debate. Retrieved February 16, 2009 from http://www.education.com/print/School_Vouchers/ Coulson, A.J. (1998). School vouchers. Retrieved February 16, 2009 from http://www.schoolchoices.org/roo/vouchers.htm. Krueger, A.B., Zhu,P.(2004). Another look at the New York City school voucher experiment. The American Behavioral Scientist, 47(5), 658–698. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 515764731). Howell, W. G., ''et al.'' (2008). The 2008 education next - PEPG survey of public opinion. Education Next, 8(4), 12–26. Matus, R., Times Staff Writer. (2008). Support for school vouchers growing. St. Petersburg Times, retrieved February 8, 2009 from http://www.tampabay.com/news/education/k12/article510630.ece McCarthy, M. (2007). Determining the legality of school vouchers: are state courts the new venue?. Journal of Education Finance, 32(3), 352–72. Messerli, J.(2008). Should school vouchers be given to pay for private schools, even if they're religious schools?. retrieved February 16, 2009 from http://www.balancedpolitics.org/school_vouchers.htm Rouse, C.E., & Barrow, L. (2009). School vouchers and student achievement: Recent evidence, remaining questions. Annual Review of Economics. Annual Review of Economics- ncspe.org, 1, 1-49 Wikipedia retrieved February 8, 2009 from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_voucher Wolf, P., Gutman, B., Puma, M., Rizzo, L., Eissa, N., Silverberg, M. (2007). Evaluation of the DC opportunity scholarship program: Impacts after one year. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1–153. {{FEIA/Rating|82}} {{BookCat}} 49b1kpenq9we4wo5yxftpnnrgbmch9q Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Sociological Influences/Violence 0 181138 4664504 4664345 2026-08-26T06:41:19Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664504 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xxx-large;">How Schools and Teachers Can Create</span> <span style="font-size: xxx-large;">Safe Schools and Eliminate Bullying</span> </div> Wiki Article by Amanda M. Artzer ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Learning Target</span></div>== This article’s learning targets are designed to help future teachers. Outside links are provided to help readers even further. The article is broken down into many sections for easy understanding. The point of this article is to enable readers to gain control of their classroom. It focuses on bullying, and how to identify bullies. Readers should be able to recognize some of the signs of school bullying. Ideas and ways of preventing bullying will be suggested to help future teachers eliminate violence in schools. Readers will have a grasp of what to do about bullying. ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Bullying</span></div>== Children are more often the target of violence, rather than the cause. Schools should be a safe place for all students. (U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences , 2007) For statistics visit http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/. <span style="font-size: medium;">Bullying is a form of violence. What is bullying?<br></span> <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"> From 1994-1999, 253 deaths were associated with violent events. Of these, 74.5% were caused by guns. “In 1998-99 academic year, 3,523 students were expelled for bringing a firearm to school.” “Nearly 8% of adolescents in urban junior and senior high schools miss at least one day of school each month because they are afraid to attend.” (National Education Association Health Information Network, 2005) </span></div> </td></tr></table> Bullying can be physical, threats, teasing, and exclusion. The bully will often blame their target for their actions. (StopBullyingNow ) <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Why are people bullied? Here are some examples</span> (Teens health, 2007).<br></div> • They are shy<br> • They look different<br> • They do not fit in<br> • Race<br> • Sexual orientation<br> • They are an easy target<br> • Social status <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Types of Bullying<br></span></div> • Physical <br> o Punching, kicking, sexual assault, showing, tripping, etc.<br> • Psychological<br> o An example of this gossip, and spreading rumors about a person.<br> • Verbal<br> o Such as teasing and taunting a person.<br> • A newer one is Cyber bullying<br> o Cruelty through instant messages, web pages, emails, etc. <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Who bullies?<br></span></div> They are people who feel the need to dominate others. They can think of themselves as the greatest, or be very insecure. Others have personality disorders (Teens health, 2007). <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;">What is bullying?</span> <span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;">“Physical aggression: hitting, kicking, pushing, choking, punching<br> • Verbal aggression: threatening, taunting, teasing, starting rumors, hate speech.<br> • Exclusion from activities: This does not mean that a student should have to be friends with every other student; it does mean that children should not be allowed to systematically exclude others: "No one play with Mary;" "No one wants to play with him;" "Don't be her friend."</span> (StopBullyingNow) </div> </td></tr></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Examples of Bullying<br></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The McKinney North High School and The Texas Cheerleading Scandal<br></span></div> Five cheerleaders at McKinney high school in Dallas, Texas were at the heart of a huge scandal. They did not just bully students, but they bullied teachers as well. The girls called themselves the “Fab Five” and were the top social clique at their school. The “ringleader” of the group was the daughter of the principal, Linda Theret. On homecoming night, some of the girls arrived to the dance already drunk.“When one teacher told a squad member to quit chatting on her cell phone in class, the girl replied, "Shut up, I'm talking to my Mom." When another teacher, on a separate occasion, was disciplining her, the girl replied, “Pull your panties out of a wad.” The girls drove five cheerleading coaches to quit in three years. The last coach the girls dealt with, Michaela Ward, was bullied by the girls as well. “Among the pranks they allegedly pulled on Ward: giving her what the report described as a "chocolate tampon" and sending racy text messages from her cell phone to her husband and another coach.” When pictures of the girls surfaced on the internet of them in Condom shops, and drinking; the girls were suspended from the cheerleading squad. When they were told they would be kicked off if another incident occurred a girl replied, “Good luck with that.” Ward is the one who took action. She resigned from the school, and went to the media ( Kovach, Campo-Flores , 2007). ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Reducing Violence</span></div>== <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Why is it important to rid schools of violence? <br></span></div> If violence is addressed in a school, before the students reach adulthood, it can help eliminate violence and crime in communities (SafeYouth ). <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How can schools reduce violence?<br></span></div> In order to effectively address the problem, schools must have a plan and not act blindly. According to the 2000 Safeguarding Our Children:An Action Guide, from the Departments of Education and Justice and the American Institutes of Research, studies have found plans need three separate criteria: 1. Positive behavior must be addressed and supported. This does not just include discipline, but extends to academics as well. Teachers must provide a “caring school environment,” and engage students to participate and excel. Love and support should be shown to all students, and not just negative behavior should be noticed. 2. Students who have “…severe academic or behavioral difficulties early on…” should be recognized and helped immediately. This should begin early on, before problems can escalate and become overwhelming challenges. Services, such as tutoring and counseling, should be provided. 3. Students who are “…experiencing significant emotional and behavioral problems…” should have intervention from schools. Schools needs to collaborate with outside sources, such as “…social services, mental health providers, and law enforcement and juvenile justice authorities.” <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How can teachers prevent violence in their classrooms?<br></span></div> How will you, a future teacher, recognize gang members? Schools must work with their teachers. General staff meetings are routinely held at schools to help teachers understand the specific threats of violence in their school’s community. An example of this would be possible gang activities, and ways to identify members of a nearby gang. Administrators also listen to teachers, because teachers may have prior knowledge through interaction with students (Schwartz, 1996). <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How do you prevent students from being involved in gangs? <br></span></div> Positive attention is the best way to prevent violence before it happens. Teachers often identify problems before administrators, because of their close contact with students. Teachers should offer help with schoolwork, let administrators know of possible concerns with a student, “…or even just [be] a sympathetic ear.” If you notice any at risk student, or a student being bullied, let the administrators of your school know. Do not ignore your concerns (Schwartz, 1996). <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But, how can schools further help future teachers?<br></span></div> Possible future and further help for teachers would be training how to prevent violence. Many bus drivers already go through similar training. This will help teachers feel more secure, and “…to deal safety with violence should it erupt.” Programs must include identifying risks and what to do in situations (Schwartz, 1996). Unfortunately, not all schools provide these services. If your school does not, provided below are a few links for help. <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Links:</span><br></div> http://www.stopbullyingnow.com/interven1.htm http://www.nobully.org.nz/guidelines.htm http://www.timeforkids.com/TFK/teachers/wr/article/0,27972,1859590,00.html <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Above is mentioned that a teacher must have the right environment. But, how do you create a nurturing classroom? What are some things a teacher SHOULD NOT do?<br></span></div> In order for children to gain your trust, and have a nurturing classroom, do not sit back behind a desk while students do exercises at their desks. Let them know you are there to help. Walk around and make sure no one has questions.<br> Do not verbalize frustration, or “pick on” students. Be very mindful of comments that can be hurtful, or considered negative reinforcement. Never yell or scream at a student. Make sure that you, the teacher, do not become a bully (StopBullyingNow). Link for more information to assess what makes a teacher a bully: http://www.stopbullyingnow.com/bullying%20by%20teachers.htm. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"> “T.E.A.C.H.<br> T – Tailor for diversity. Make it a point to know as much as possible about your students, including their diverse cultural, ethnic, behavioral, and learning characteristics, along with stressors they may experience outside of school. <br> E – Encourage positive behavior. Aim for a 4:1 ratio of positive comments to negative corrections for all the students. <br> A – Arrange the environment for success. Teach your behavioral expectations directly and immediately through collaboratively-established classroom rules and well designed classroom routines. <br> C – Consult your peers. Seek collaboration with experienced teachers and specialists before difficult problems start to become entrenched. <br> H – Hug yourself. Prevent stress and burnout by focusing each day on what you are accomplishing and not just on what is frustrating.” <br> (The Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment) </span></div> </td></tr></table> ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Look for at Risk Students</span></div>== <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">How do I identify these students?<br></span></div> Students who are not attending class, and are disruptive are an example. Other factors are listed on the TeachSafeSchools website. It is important to catch them early (The Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment). Look for disruptive behavior, and wonder why a student is acting that way. Try to understand students as best as possible. Enforce behavior in September to establish authority. Sit disruptive children near the teaching area. For more ways to intervene, go to http://www. teachsafeschools. org/bully_menu5. html#5b . Some of the examples listed are: <br> “Never use victim’s names with the bulling student so as to reduce retaliation possibilities.”(The Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment) ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Personal Analysis</span></div>== Teachers are not just responsible for teaching, but also need to look out for students. They have a responsibility to students to try to help them out as much as possible. Teachers should make students feel safe and comfortable to learn in their classroom. <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Overall Summary of this Article<br></span></div> 1. Do not be afraid to tell administrators your concerns.<br> 2. Positive reinforcement allows for a better classroom environment. <br> 3. Stop problems before they become problems.<br> 4. Collaborating allows for more effective problem solving.<br> 5. Teaching is not the only responsibility of teachers in the classroom. ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Questions:</span></div>== <span style="font-size: medium;">Some might have more than one answer. Select from the choice what the best answer is.</span> 1. On the first day of school, Ms. Stevens is welcoming her class of fourth graders. Her student, Sean, immediately begins being disruptive. He is talking and making jokes while they are reading out loud. Of the choices below, which would be the best action for Ms. Stevens to do?<br> a. Send Sean to the Principal’s office.<br> b. Verbalize her discontent for his behavior with anger, and make him write his name on the board.<br> c. Next class she should move him closer to her desk, and try to enforce positive behavior.<br> d. Sit him in the back of the classroom and ignore him the rest of the day. 2. What does bullying include?<br> a. Showing off, being disruptive, teasing<br> b. Refusing to do activities<br> c. Teasing, being rude to others<br> d. Physical and Emotional abuse 3. What percentage of adolescents in urban and junior and senior high schools, miss at least one day of school each month because of fear to attend?<br> a. 5%<br> b. 6%<br> c. 7%<br> d. 8% 4. Mrs. Evans suspects a student in her class of being involved in a gang. What is the best action?<br> a. Call his parents<br> b. Notify an administrator<br> c. Ignore her concern<br> d. Give him detention 5. Behavioral enforcement and rules should begin when?<br> a. After exams<br> b. After a student acts up<br> c. The first day of class<br> d. When many students are disruptive <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Answers to questions:</span></div> 1. The best answer is “C.” Ms. Stevens does not know why Sean was acting that way. Was he bored? Did he finish ahead of the other students? Is he having trouble reading? Or is it another issue? <br> 2. “D” is the answer. Please review the bullying section.<br> 3. “D” is the answer here as well, and the information is in a sidebar.<br> 4. “B” is the best answer. Mrs. Evans should not ignore it, and the parents may not care that he is in a gang.<br> 5. The best answer is “C.” Let students know from the first day of class what the rules are, and what you expect. ==<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">References Used in Article </span></div>== Kovach, G, & Campo-Flores, A (2007). Mean Girls. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from http://www.newsweek.com/id/37993. National Education Association Health Information Network, (2005, June 17). Statistics: Gun Violence in Our Communities. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from National Education Association Health Information Network website: http://www.neahin.org/programs/schoolsafety/gunsafety/statistics.htm SafeYouth, Elements of Effective School Violence Prevention Plans. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from SafeYouth website: http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/faq/schoolplan.asp Schwartz, W (1996). ''An Overview of Strategies To Reduce School Violence''. ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education, New York NY. Retrieved February 4, 2009 from http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/overview.htm StopBullyingNow, Identifying Bullying. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from Stop Bullying Now website: http://www.stopbullyingnow.com/identify.htm StopBullyingNow, What can educators do about bullying by school staff? Retrieved February 4, 2009, from StopBullyingNow website: http://www.stopbullyingnow.com/bullying%20by%20teachers.htm Teens health, (2007, June). Teens health. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from Dealing With Bullying website: http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/problems/bullies.html The Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment, Classroom Management. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from TeachSafeSchools website: http://www.teachsafeschools.org/improving-school-safety.html The Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention and Treatment, Improving School Safety. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from TeachSafeSchools website: http://www.teachsafeschools.org/improving-school-safety.html U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences (2007, December). Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from National Center for Education Statistics website: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Other Links Listed</span></div> http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ http://www.stopbullyingnow.com/interven1.htm http://www.nobully.org.nz/guidelines.htm http://www.timeforkids.com/TFK/teachers/wr/article/0,27972,1859590,00.html http://www.stopbullyingnow.com/bullying%20by%20teachers.htm http://www.teachsafeschools.org/bully_menu5-2.html#5g http://www.teachsafeschools.org/bully_menu5.html#5b {{FEIA/Rating|152}} {{BookCat}} 2hbn2qnrkgv2cavybcndv6u32pxihck Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Involving Students/Self-Regulation 0 181247 4664559 4643656 2026-08-26T08:04:15Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664559 wikitext text/x-wiki <u>'''<big>Students becoming Self-Regulated Learners in Distance Learning Programs</big>'''</u> By: Jessica Coleman <u>'''Learning Targets'''</u> 1. Students should be able to identify processes that classify self-regulated learning. 2. Students should be able to recognize the effective strategies of becoming a self-regulated learner. 3. Students should be able to classify the six dimensions of being a self-regulated learner. <u>'''Introduction'''</u> Technology has brought our society a long way. College students use to attended regular classes on campus in classrooms with the teacher lecturing right in front of them. Technology has brought us so far that college students these days are able to sit at home in their pajamas and take their college classes at online. There are more and more Distance Learning Programs being offered each year from a wide variety of colleges. Many students are choosing to take online courses these days because it allows them more time to complete other tasks, while still working on their education. Online classes is an excellent way for students to obtain their degree. Students that decided to pursue online class must be self-regulated learners. When students are taking online classes there is no teacher in front of them stressing how important it is to stay on target and complete task on time. Students must be organized and motivated to complete their class work on time, therefore students must be self-regulated learners. Self-regulated learning refers to the processes by which individual learners attempt to observe and organize their own learning (Motivation: Self-Regulated Learning, 2009). <u>'''Students as Self-Regulated Learners'''</u> When we hear the word self-regulated learners we automatically think of students. Did you know that students at almost any age are capable of taking charge of their own learning. The fact that almost all people are capable of self-regulation does not mean that they actually take effective charge of their own learning (Self-Regulation of Learning, 1992). Students have the choice of being a self-regulated learner or not. When taking a distance learning course students can organize a schedule so that they know they will complete their assignments on time. Students can also but their assignments off and be procrastinators instead of self-regulated learners. Students that are self-regulated learners develop more effective strategies to help them with their learning task (Self-Regulation of Learning, 1992). <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFCCCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FF99CC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #8D38C9; font-family: LUCIDA;"> <big>When faced with a learning task, self-regulated learners typically do the following:</big> <big>1. They begin by analyzing the task and interpreting task requirements in terms of their current knowledge and beliefs.</big> <big>2. They set task-specific goals, which they use as a basis for selecting, adapting, and possibly inventing strategies that will help them accomplish their objectives.</big> <big>3. After implementing strategies, they monitor their progress toward goals, thereby generating internal feedback about the success of their efforts.</big> <big>4. They adjust their strategies and efforts based on their perception of ongoing progress.</big> <big>5. They use motivational strategies to keep themselves on task when they become discouraged or encounter difficulties.</big> </span></div> </td></tr></table> <u>'''Six Dimensions to being a Self-Regulated Learner'''</u> There are many other points of views on self-regulated learning and how it relates to students using technology. One view is that students who are active and take control of their own learning at any age level or in any learning situation perform better and achieve better results. Students that already use these tactics must nurture them. Students who have the skills must develop them to be more successful (Self Regulated Learners and Distance Education Theory, 1997). Students in the distance education program will be more successful if they have developed this style because they are more involved in the decision-making that occurs. Technology allows students to take control of their own learning (Self Regulated Learners and Distance Education Theory, 1997). There are six dimensions to being a self-regulated learner which include: <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFCCCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FF99CC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #8D38C9; font-family: LUCIDA;"> <big>1. Epistemological beliefs: a person's own understanding of their system of knowing. Knowing about this gives a person the ability to see where they fit into learning or how it influences them. It also influences confidence. The more the learner understands about a particular situation the more success they will experience. Pre-tests or pre-instruction discussion can heighten this awareness.</big> <big>2. Motivation: The will to learn or get better at learning has to come from internal or external motivation. In the case of the self-regulated learner this motivation comes from recognizing the importance of the task at hand and through personal development.</big> <big>3. Metacognition: Knowledge about cognition and awareness of one's own thinking and learning. This fits with the use of learning strategies. The student must know what tools they have in the toll box and how well they use them. This creates a more active involvement on the part of the learner as they have to asses the situation based on their own abilities and use the learning skills that they see as appropriate or successful.</big> <big>4. Learning strategies: Strategies the learner is aware of and how they utilize them. Students need the skills to handle various learning situations. This means a shift from content. To skill development. Giving the student a system of strategies and helping to develop them is a major step towards creating self-regulated learners.</big> <big>5. Contextual sensitivity: The ability to understand a particular learning situation and how to identify the problem and solve it. This skill can be developed by shoeing the learner how to identify problems. Learners who do not know what they are being asked to solve will never achieve success. They may not know To look for clues or important information contained in the question. Working through examples will build this skill. Have part of the solution to each problem be the identification of what is being asked for.</big> <big>6. Environmental utilization/control: Use of external resources to achieve solutions. Personal experience and knowledge can add to a person's ability to reach a solution, Learners should be taught to broaden their view of learning to include other resources. Oftentimes events or items we see are not being related provide us with valuable assistance.</big> </span></div> </td></tr></table> <u>'''Self-Regulation Learning Example'''</u> Self-regulation involves developing key processes, setting goals, time management, learning strategies, self-evaluation, self-attributions, seeking information, and important self-motivational beliefs (Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner, 2002). I will provide an example of self-regulated learning to help everyone understand how it effects students in everyday life. The link listed below gives a descriptive example of a self-regulated learning experience. <table WIDTH="70%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF0099;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> This link that provides a vivid example of how to become a self-regulated learner: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NQM/is_2_41/ai_90190493/?tag=content;col1</td></tr></table> In the example that was presented in this link we are told about a high school student named Tracy who is obsessed with MTV. We are told that she has a very important mid-term math exam coming up in the next two weeks. In this example we are told that she has begun to study for mid-term while she relaxes herself by listening to popular music. Tracy has not set any study goals, she just tells herself to do as well as she can on the test and she will be pleased with that. She uses no specific learning strategies for condensing and memorizing important material and does not plan out her study time. By not having a specific learning strategy Tracy ends up cramming before the test for a few hours. Tracy attributes her learning difficulties to an intrinsic lack of mathematical ability and is very defensive about her poor study methods. She does not ask for any help from others because she is afraid of “looking stupid” in front or her peers. She finds studying to be anxiety-provoking, has little self-confidence in achieving success, and sees little intrinsic value in acquiring mathematical skill (Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: an overview, 2002). This example shows us what happens when students are not self-regulated learners. This is an example of what happens when students do not take the time to organize their materials and set goals in order for them to succeed in their studies. This is a perfect example of a procrastinator. Tracy put off studying for her mid-term and she ended up cramming right before the big test and did not do so well. We find that when we put things off, such as studying we do not do so well when it comes time to take the test. This is a perfect example of what happens when students are not self-regulated learners. By reading this example students should learn from Tracy’s mistake and learn how to become a self-regulated learner. If students would become self-regulated learners, cramming before a test would never happen. This is a ideal example for students to read before taking any course. They should realize that they have to be self-regulated learners in able for them to succeed. <u>'''Conclusion'''</u> After reading all of this important information on self-regulated learners in the distance learning program we should now realize how important it is to be a self-regulated learner. In able for every person to achieve in school they need to be self-regulated learners. Students need to realize that in order to do well in their college classes they need to set goals, maintain time management, develop learning strategies, seek information, and the most important have self-motivational beliefs. If students are self-regulated learners they will exceed in anything they put their mind too. I believe that distance learning programs are great for self-regulated learners and I hope that these programs will encourage more students to be self-regulated learners. Always remember, “Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence” (Learning Quotes, 2009). <u>'''Multiple Choice Questions'''</u> 1. There are six dimensions of being a self-regulated learner. Here are five dimensions: Epistemological Beliefs, Metacognition, Learning Strategies, Contextual Sensitivity, Environmental Utilization/Control. Which dimension is the missing? A. Time Management B. Motivation C. Self-Evaluation D. Setting Goals 2. The first step self-regulated learners typically do when faced with a learning task is A. They begin by analyzing the task and interpreting task requirements in terms of their current knowledge and beliefs B. They monitor their progress toward goals, thereby generating internal feedback about the success of their efforts C. They set task-specific goals, which they use us a basis for selecting, adapting, and possibly inventing strategies that will help them accomplish their objectives D. They use motivational strategies to keep themselves on task when they become discouraged or encounter difficulties 3. Matthew is studying for his final exam in English which is two weeks away. What skills should he use to make a good grade on his final exam? A. Set goals for himself B. Study with other classmates C. Time management D. All of the above 4. Ashley has a Science test coming up in five days. Ashley is not doing so well in her Science class. Which choice would not help Ashley do well on her Science test? A. Ask her peers to help her study B. Motivate herself by setting attainable goals C. Manage her time each day so she will have adequate time to study D. Watch her favorite TV program every night <u>'''Answers'''</u> 1. B. Motivation 2. A. They begin by analyzing the task and interpreting task requirements in terms of their current knowledge and beliefs 3. D. All of the above 4. D. Watch her favorite TV program every night <u>'''References'''</u> Adams, Abigail (2009). Learning Quotes. Retrieved April 6, 2009, Web site: http://www.inspirationalquotes4u.com/directorysites/index.html Miles, C. (1992). Self-Regulation of Learning. Retrieved April 6, 2009, Web site: http://education.calumet.purdue.edu/vockell/EdPsyBook/Edpsy7/edpsy7_self.htm Wilson, Jay (1997, June). Self Regulated Learners and Distance Education Theory. Retrieved April 6, 2009, Web site: http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/wilson/wilson.html Zimmerman, Barry J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: an overview. Retrieved April 6, 2009, Web site: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NQM/is_2_41/ai_90190493/?tag=content;col1 (2009). Motivation: Self-Regulated Learning. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from Answers.com Web site: http://www.answers.com/topic/motivation-self-regulated-learning [[User:Jcole045|Jcole045]] ([[User talk:Jcole045|talk]]) 12:16, 17 April 2009 (UTC) {{FEIA/Rating|331}} {{BookCat}} op8t100f3dlp9049lt6zfc1gz7ffszo Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Grading/Praise 0 181300 4664550 4650464 2026-08-26T07:47:55Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664550 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><big><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;">To Praise or Not Praise? Tricky Question</span></span></big></div> <div style="text-align: center;">by Jennifer Peace</div> == <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;">Learning Targets</span></span> == *To understand the definition of ''praise'' *To understand the pros and cons of using praise *To understand how to use praise effectively in the classroom ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> Introduction: What is praise?</span></span> == Many teachers may concur that a productive classroom is one filled with encouragement, positivity, and praise. However, many educators are unaware of the negative effects of praise or are unskilled at praising students effectively. ''Praise'' is defined as the "expression of approval, commendation, or admiration" (The Freedictionary). Usually, praise is given to a student upon completion of a task (Driscoll and Hitz 3). Praise goes beyond telling a student if they are right or wrong by expressing "positive teacher affect (surprise, delight, excitement) and/or placing the students behavior in context by giving information about its value or its implications about the students status" (Brophy 5). For example, it a student answers a question correctly, instead of simply telling the student they are correct, the teacher may say "Nice!" or "Yes, smart!" Essentially, a praise statement is a value judgement the teacher makes of the student. ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> Pros and Cons of Using Praise </span></span> == Using rewards, both tangible and verbal, is a common practice in classrooms, and teachers have found success using praise as a reinforcer. In his article, "Teacher's Praise: A Functional Analysis," Jere Brophy states that "praise allows a direct statement of the contingency between the behavior and the reinforcement...in the very act of praising, teachers can identify the specific behaviors they are trying to reinforce" (7). Essentially, praise is valuable because the teacher is able to explicitly highlight the specific desired behavior. Additionally, praise has been deemed more effective than tangible rewards when the goal is to encourage motivation. In fact, "the more abstract and symbolic forms of reward are, the more powerful they are" (Marzano, ''et al.'' 57). While it is still unclear why praise works better than tanglible rewards, it is apparent that praise can be useful in the classroom. However, according to Brophy, "the fact that praise ''can'' function as a reinforcer does not mean that it always or usually ''does''" (Brophy 7). Researchers are now suggesting that there are many weaknesses with praise, and that it sometimes can be more detrimental than beneficial. While the purpose of praise is to increase self esteem, often it can deplete it. When a teacher praises a student for a mundane task, the student may feel as though the teacher did not think he/she was capable of performing successfully. Also, praises like, "Great!" and "Nice!" make students feel as though they must always live up to that standard. Thus, praise discourages students from taking risks and speaking out because they fear failure (Driscoll & Hitz). Additionally, praise is not always productive. According to Driscoll and Hitz, praise is only useful when the student cares what the teacher thinks of him. While at a young age a student might crave a teacher's approval, as the child ages this becomes less and less the case. Therefore, praises like, "Smart answer!" and "You're a genius!" only work for students who need their intelligence to be affirmed (1989). Along a related vein, when teachers use "empty" praises, or praise all students using the exact same phrase for every task completed, the praise becomes worthless; the student does not feel special or significant because the praise is general or universal and not unique (Driscoll & Hitz). Finally, using praise as a classroom management strategy can in fact be counterproductive because it is based on manipulation. Many teachers use the behavior of a student to redirect those who are off task. For example, a teacher may say, "I like how Billy is reading his book!" or "Look how nicely Sara is sitting on the carpet with her legs criss crossed." These statements encourage conformity and will undoubtedly be met with defiance (Driscoll and Hitz). In the end, no one likes being controlled and manipulated. ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> Effective Praise: A How-to Guide </span></span>== Despite the research suggesting that praise can be detrimental, when used effectively, praise can be advantageous. The key, according to Driscoll and Hitz in their article, "Praise in the Classroom", is to replace empty or overblown praise with statements of encouragement which "refers to a positive acknowledgement response that focuses on student's efforts or specific attributes of work completed. Unlike praise, encouragement does not place judgement on student work or give information regarding its value or implications of student status" (2009). Effecive praise statements are those that are not exaggerated or insincere, but allow the teacher to acknowledge a student's answer and show appreciation for the student's level of effort. For example, if a student answers correctly or incorrectly, a simple "Yes, thank you" or "No, the answer is B" works to "inform the student without adding distracting emotions" (Hermin & Toth). Also, a more effective form of praise is to take the focus off of judging the student and instead place it on showing appreciation. According to Hermin and Toth in "Responding to Student Comments and Using Praise Effectively," in many situations, "I" statements work better than "you" statements. For example, instead of saying, "Awsome answer Jay! Your answer was really genius!" which "carries the tone of one person judging another," the teacher could say, "I really appreciate how well you answered that question, Jay!" This allows the teacher to "merely communicate honest, personal appreciation. It is an honest statement, not a mechanical platitude, certainly not an empty exaggeration" (2009). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #3B9C9C;{{Text default color}};border: solid 6px #800080; padding: 1em;" valign=top><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">"I was amazed at how empty my praise had become. So often I felt vaguely dishonest. Yet, I, too was addicted to praise. It wasn't easy to break the habit. I'm getting a non praise habit, but slowly. I mainly ask opinion questions and respond with thank you's. I'm surprised how easy the shift was on students. I put the following list on my desk, and that is helping me *Honest Appreciatives: Thank you. *Plain corrects: Yes. *Plain incorrects: No, the answer is... *Spontaneous Delights: Truly felt compliments *Praise and Rewards for All: The group did well today. <div style="text-align: center;">-Tom Clarence, High School History Teacher ''extracted from '''Inspiring Active Learning''' (Harmin & Toth)''</div></span></td></tr></table>. ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> Example Analysis </span></span>== '''A teacher is preparing her students for the final benchmark before SOL tests. She is really trying to concentrate on getting those students who are below average and afraid of participating to speak up. She singles out one of these students to answer a question, and he gives the incorrect response. The teacher says, "The correct answer is internal conflict but that was a good risk to take on your part" and continues on to the next review question.''' This is an example of an informal assessment in a classroom where the teacher is trying to determine what concepts have been mastered and which need more review time. It shows a teacher using effective praise to maintain confidence among students and encourage participation. This is an example of effective praise because, when the student answers incorrecly, the teacher provides the correct answer and shows her appreciation for the student's bravery. The teacher has managed to take the focus off of the incorrect answer and place it on the students risk taking. Therefore, the student does not dwell on the incorrect answer, but is instead left with the confidence to try again. The student is not made to feel foolish for giving an answer that was incorrect, inferior by having another student answer the question when he could not, or weak by having the teacher give him hint after hint until the teacher practically provides the answer for him. ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> Conclusion: My thoughts </span></span>== As with any other classroom strategy, the use of praise has its benefits as well as its weaknesses. However, if teachers use praise appropriately, there can be a positive response from the students. Today's youth are starving for attention and will engage in positive or even negative behavior to attain it. I feel it is important for teachers to recognize the diligence and worth of their students on a consistent basis. Students must feel as though they are important and appreciated in order to constructively contribute to the classroom. To send this message, teachers should not simply dole out praise over any minimal achievement or use the same statement of praise for every task. This cookie cutter form of recognition fails to focalize on the individual worth and uniqueness of each student. Instead, it is important for teachers to praise students by encouraging them to continue working hard and doing their best. For example, teachers should make an effort to recognize when students are working on a difficult task and commend their perseverance. Everything a child does should not be "Great!" or "Nice!" because eventually the phrase becomes monotonous and is not task specific. Essentially, praise should encourage the student to feel competent and appreciative of their own effort. ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> Multiple Choice </span></span>== '''1. What is praise?''' a. an expression of approval or admiration b. a phrase used only when students pass a test c. a phrase used by teachers to let students know they are upset d. a tangible reward '''2. What is one argument against using praise?''' a. It can hurt students' feelings. b. It can lower self esteem. c. It only works when students like the teacher. d. It only encourages motivation. '''3. Mrs. Lease notices that several students are not on task and, in order to get them on task, says, "I really like how Sam is working on the problems and not talking to his neighbor." Based on what you know about using praise effectively, how do you think Sam's classmates will react?''' a. They will immediately stop talking and work on their problems. b. They will feel resentment towards Sam and continue talking. c. They will ask for forgiveness from Mrs. Lease. d. They will give Sam a high five on the playground. '''4. A student provides the correct answer and the teacher responds with, "Yes, thank you. That was the answer I was looking for." Is this an example of effective praise?''' a. No, the teacher is not specific enough. b. No, the teacher does not tell the student how he feels about her level of intelligence. c. Yes, the teacher judges the answer without judging the student. d. Yes, the teacher makes the student feel smarter than the rest of the class. Answers: 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. c ==<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="color: purple;"> References </span></span>== Brophy, Jere. (1981). Teacher praise: A functional analysis. Review of Educational Research,51,(1),5. Retrieved February 8, 2009 from http://rer.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/cgi/reprint/51/1/5 Driscoll, A. & Hitz, R. (1989). Praise in the classroom. Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://ericdigests.org/pre-9213/praise.htm The FreeDictionary (2009). Retrieved March 19, 2009 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/praise Harman, M. & Toth, M. (1994). ''Inspiring Active Learning: A Handbook for Teachers''. Ch. 20 Responding to student comments and using praise appropriately. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Marzano, R. & Pickering, D, & Pollock, J. (2001). ''Classroom Instruction that Works''. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. {{FEIA/Rating|391}} {{BookCat}} cm0i8b12zyk7512ka5bu8wp0qr7qisw Engineering Thermodynamics/Print version 0 192355 4664406 2777257 2026-08-25T12:06:21Z IanVG 3323284 added four saturated fluid tables to print version 4664406 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--__NOTOC__-->__NOEDITSECTION__ {{Print entry|Preface}} {{Print entry|Introduction}} {{Print entry|Thermodynamic Systems}} {{Print entry|Zeroth Law}} {{Print entry|First Law}} {{Print entry|Second Law}} {{Print entry|Third Law}} {{Print entry|Applications}} {{Print entry|Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table}} {{Print entry|Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table}} {{Print entry|Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table}} {{Print entry|Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table}} {{Print entry|Further Reading}} btw1tk4a5w7jkt6py4u1sx6sqw1djln Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Sample Wiki Article 1 0 193977 4664541 4650760 2026-08-26T07:34:50Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664541 wikitext text/x-wiki <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: large;"><b>Educational Milestones of the 21st Century<br>by Stacy Thurber</b></span></td></tr></table> <ol><li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">Introduction</span></u></li> <li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">Technology</span></u></li> <li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">No Child Left Behind</span></u></li> <li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">The Voucher Debate</span></u></li> <li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">Test Your Knowledge</span></u></li> <li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">Sources</span></u></li> <li><u><span style="color: #FF0000;">Answers</span></u></li> </ol> <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><b>Learning Targets</b></span><td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><b>Technology is not all fun and games there are some serious issues that are associated with it.</b></span></td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><b>No Child Left Behind may be frustrating, but it has some good effects.</b></span></td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><b>Schools Vouchers; Help or Hindrance, you decide...</b></span></td></tr></table> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>Introduction</u>'''</span></span> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;">Just as our lives have changed over the years, education has as well. In the beginning, all children were educated together in little one room school houses. Eventually that was changed to two separating our children based on the grade level that we perceived them to be at. Children were once even separated based on the color of their skin. Today we have moved past all of that and the latest trend in education is moving our children into learning based on 21st century skills instead of 20th century skills. Since the year 2000 there have been numerous changes that have been implemented towards making these improvements in our education system possible, including the No Child Left Behind Law and improvements in technology education for students and teachers as well. The question now arises as to whether our children will be able to stand up and succeed in this new and ever changing world. I feel that given many of the recent changes that have happened that they will not only succeed, but they will excel and at the same time teach the teachers a few things along the way. <table WIDTH="27%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> "The Economy is Global Market Competition is fierce Businesses innovate Technology advances Workplaces adapt Individuals create and participate Jobs and lives change."(21st Century skills 2008)</td></tr></table> </div> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>Technology</u>'''</span></span> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;">The days where if you had a P.C. you were considered cool are gone. Today it is becoming more and more commonplace to use technology to teach our students. However, one of the most difficult tasks for most teachers, is how can you teach with technology if they themselves do not know how to use the applications. The answer is simple, teach the teachers through workshops or by sending them back to school. Once the teachers have been properly instructed on how to use technology in the classroom, the real teaching can begin. There is still one question that persists, how can technology best be used in the classroom? In today's day and age there are numerous applications that can be used including but not limited to, the internet, united streaming, PowerPoint, Webquests, etc. All of these applications if used correctly can make learning come alive for the student, making it cool to stay awake rather to sleep in class during the lesson. However, there is one problem that seems to be becoming more and more prevalent in our school systems today and that is a lack of funding. According to board members attending the National School Boards Association, "shortfalls in state budgets, coupled with pessimistic predictions about local revenues, are forcing them to look for ways to trim next school year’s budgets and educational technology programs could be among the casualties. In fact leaner school budgets could slam ed-tech programs nationwide. Nevada is one of the many states that will likely see cuts in ed-tech funding."(Nagel, 2007) Basically many teachers are forced to fend for themselves when it comes to integrating technology into the classroom. Will this ever change? I am sure that it will, but as with everything, you sometimes have to give up something in order to get something else, which means that our elected officials will have to decide what is more important our students being prepared for work in the 21st century or only having the basic skills that are required of them by state and national standards, only time will tell what will happen. <table WIDTH="27%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> “Technology in education or instruction is more than the technical application of tools, machines, computers, products and communication systems (such as multimedia, computerized instruction, games, simulations or interactive video).” (Wikibooks, 2007) “It also encompasses the "application of the principles of science in order to solve learning problems..." (Seels, 1994 </td></tr></table> </div> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>No Child Left Behind</u>'''</span></span> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;">In 2001, President George W. Bush passed the No Child Left Behind Law. According to the United States Department of Education website the NCLB "is built on four principles: accountability for results, more choices for parents, greater local control and flexibility, and an emphasis on doing what works based on scientific research."(U. S. Department of Education-No Child Left Behind, 2008) For many new teachers in Virginia the most frustrating thing that has been created as a result of the NCLB is the Standards Of Learning, or the SOL's. One of the reasons that many new teachers feel frustrated by the SOL's is that there is more pressure to teach to the test. However, after reading the four pillars a little bit closer a greater understanding of the good that can come from the NCLB should be realized. <u>Stronger Accountability for Results</u> "Under No Child Left Behind, states are working to close the achievement gap and make sure all students, including those who are disadvantaged, achieve academic proficiency. Annual state and school district report cards inform parents and communities about state and school progress. Schools that do not make progress must provide supplemental services, such as free tutoring or after-school assistance; take corrective actions; and, if still not making adequate yearly progress after five years, make dramatic changes to the way the school is run." (...) <u>More Freedom for States and Communities</u> "Under No Child Left Behind, states and school districts have unprecedented flexibility in how they use federal education funds. For example, it is possible for most school districts to transfer up to 50 percent of the federal formula grant funds they receive under the Improving Teacher Quality State Grants, Educational Technology, Innovative Programs, and Safe and Drug-Free Schools programs to any one of these programs, or to their Title I program, without separate approval. This allows districts to use funds for their particular needs, such as hiring new teachers, increasing teacher pay, and improving teacher training and professional development." (...) <u>Proven Education Methods</u> "No Child Left Behind puts emphasis on determining which educational programs and practices have been proven effective through rigorous scientific research. Federal funding is targeted to support these programs and teaching methods that work to improve student learning and achievement. In reading, for example, No Child Left Behind supports scientifically based instruction programs in the early grades under the Reading First program and in preschool under the Early Reading First program." (...) <u>More Choices for Parents</u> "Parents of children in low-performing schools have new options under No Child Left Behind. In schools that do not meet state standards for at least two consecutive years, parents may transfer their children to a better-performing public school, including a public charter school, within their district. The district must provide transportation, using Title I funds if necessary. Students from low-income families in schools that fail to meet state standards for at least three years are eligible to receive supplemental educational services, including tutoring, after-school services, and summer school. Also, students who attend a persistently dangerous school or are the victim of a violent crime while in their school have the option to attend a safe school within their district."(U. S. Department of Education-No Child Left Behind, 2008) It is a fact that many people find change hard to deal with, but in the long run changing the way we educate our children can only lead to great things. </div> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>The Voucher Debate</u>'''</span></span> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;">Currently one of the most controversial topics within the field of education is the discussion over whether or not school vouchers should be used. Most who are against the idea of school vouchers claim that it is unconstitutional. They claim that parents will turn around and use the money given to them to help fund a religious education for their children. This idea sounds sort of ridiculous because as most people know there should be a separation of church and state. On the other side of the issue are those who feel school vouchers will be extremely beneficial to those presently in the school system, and future members of the school system as well. The advocates for school vouchers say that the funds will be in the hands of the parents and that they can do with the money as they please. This in turn takes the state completely out of the picture hence there is no more concern that the notion of separation of church and state will get messed with in any way shape or form. Since this is such a controversial topic, discussion about it will probably be ongoing, but who knows a compromise might be in plans for the future in that respect only time will tell.(Ediger, 2004). </div> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>Test Your Knowledge</u>'''</span></span> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;"><b>1) Which of the following applications is NOT used in the classroom?</b> a) PowerPoint b) Darpanet c) United Streaming d) Internet </div> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;"><b>2)What are the four principles of No Child Left Behind?</b> a) Technology, NCLB, the internet and testing b) Love, loyalty, friendship and understanding c) Accountability for Results, more freedom for States and Communities, Proven Education Methods, and more choices for parents d) testing, testing, testing and more testing </div> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;"><b> 3) Under NCLB parents of students in under-preforming schools can transfer their children to a better performing public school in their district. How many years does a parent have to wait to make this change?</b> a) 5 years b) 2 years c) 0 years, there is no time limit on the time frame that a parent has to transfer their child to another school. d) parents can only transfer their students to a different school once that student has graduated from that particular school. </div> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;"><b> 4) Mary and her mother live in the East End of West Chester, an area that has a high crime rate and poorly performing schools. Next year will be Mary's first year of high school and her mother who only wants the best for her daughter fears that Mary will not live up to her potential. Mary's mother desperately wants to see her daughter succeed. Of the choices below which is the best advice to give to Mary's mother?</b> a) There is really nothing to tell Mary's mother. b) Mary's mother needs to look into getting a loan for a private school. Private schools are proven to be the best educational institutions for our children. c) Mary's mother needs to inquire about the School Voucher Program. d) Mary's mother needs sell the place where they are currently living and buy either a house or an apartment in a better school district. </div> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;"><b> 5) Rob's teacher is extremely old fashioned and only gives old fashioned lectures where he talks and the students copy down what he is saying. Lately Rob has been skipping his class in order because he is getting bored with just writing down notes everyday. Rob really wants to incorporate some aspect of technology into the period, not only would it be beneficial to him, but to his classmates as well. Of the following choices which is the best way for him to go about getting his goal accomplished?</b> a) Start a discussion with his teacher about the benefits of using technology in the classroom. b) Schedule a meeting with the principal and ask him to instruct the teacher to start using technology or else he will take legal action. c) Start a discussion with the teacher where you proceed to tell the teacher how old and stupid that he is that he has not caught up with the times. d) Bring your little sister/brother to class and show your teacher what they know in an effort make him feel belittled. </div> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>Sources</u>'''</span></span> <div style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS', sans-serif; font-size:small;"> 1) Ediger, Marlow (2004). Vouchers and the public schools. College Student Journal, December, 2003. Retrieved June 3, 2008. http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/hww/results/getResults.jhtml?_DARGS=/hww/results/results_common.jhtml.7 2) Nagel, D. (2007). Groups Resond to Proposed EETT Cuts. The Journal .) 3) 21st century skills. (2008, March). Retrieved May 31, 2008, from http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/p21_brochure_-final4.pdf 4) U. S. Department of Education-No Child Left Behind. (2008, June 2). Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml 5) Wikibooks. (2007, April). Retrieved May 31, 20087, from Wikibooks: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Instructional_Technology <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #FF0000;">'''<u>Answers</u>'''</span></span> 1) correct answer: b 2) correct answer: c 3) correct answer: b 4) correct answer: c 5) correct answer: a </div> {{BookCat}} 1prv6bpcje8x4ccflgz2dxkwmkr7rmy Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 1/1.7.1 0 194011 4664531 4654070 2026-08-26T07:27:52Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664531 wikitext text/x-wiki <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <gallery class="center"> Image:soft_crab.jpg Image:tangier_weekend.jpg Image:exhibit_viewing.jpg Image:immature-tomato-1.jpg </gallery> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #663300; font-family: LUCIDA;"> == Non-Traditional Educational Careers== </span></div> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" > == Learning Targets == <ul><li> Advantages and Disadvantages of non-traditional educators <li> Creative Methods and Techniques <li> Value of Feedback.</ul> </td></tr></table> </td></tr></table> There are many new approaches to recruiting educators in high need subject areas including alternative and expedited routes to teacher licensure and career switching programs in order to gain the expertise of educators with previous professional work experiences. Many people who are considering a career change look to teaching as a way to incorporate and apply their existing knowledge in a content area. Many elementary, middle, and high schools are actively accepting applications for teachers in what the Virginia Department of Education calls the “critical shortage areas such as mathematics, foreign languages, sciences, and technology education” (Education). However, there is yet another educational career opportunity that is emerging and gaining respect and popularity in the classroom by the students ''and'' teachers! == What is a ''non-traditional'' educational career?== Classroom based teachers are taking their students outside of their classroom and visiting science, nature, and history centers seeking more effective learning (Price). These centers employ educational coordinators who deliver information to students through unique and creative methods. These non-traditional educators, sometimes called “field teachers” (Payne), bring a unique edge to the educational experience for students and teachers alike. Non-traditional educators integrate different learning methods to meet the needs of different types of learners in a real world setting. They incorporate new knowledge with social interaction by prepare exciting lessons and creative activities for the students such as inside of the classroom or outside during a field trip. Non-traditional educators work with school teachers to meet the needs of the students and lesson plans as well as work with a school system’s high expectations that the experience will be worthwhile (Payne). == Are they effective?== Non-traditional educators who present information to students through field trips, guest lectures, and other types of class demonstrations are gaining recognition for their effective teaching styles. ===Advantages=== Non-traditional educators have some advantage over the traditional classroom teachers and lesson plans. “Teachers teach daily. If there is an important message, a different instructor can be a breath of fresh air to the students. If an important message is taught incorrectly, you are sending the wrong message, and in my case, it could be deadly.”(Packett, 2009) Non-traditional educators are an expert within the subject matter being taught. They generally present the same information to audiences on a regular basis. Packett discussed his advantage of his work history and experience that provided his concentrated knowledge base. It allowed him to "hone in on it and perfect it.” Although field educators have advantages over a classroom based teacher, a cooperative relationship can be established. Pre-visit and post-visit classroom based lessons can emphasize the learning experience. Also, guest speakers and field educators can give validity to the classroom teacher by repeating terms and lessons that have been introduced in the classroom (Payne). “we offer things that support and complement” what can be taught in the classroom. ===Disadvantages=== Non-traditional educators have a limited time to learn the types of students that are present in a classroom or in a class group. This can present as a disadvantage for an instructor. Also acting as a disadvantage is the limited amount of time to present subject material given the distance for travel or time restraints that surround the field trip or classroom period. ===Student Benefits=== Non-traditional educators recognize that students learn in different ways and there is a responsibility to teachers to present new knowledge in a way for all types of learners to benefit. Some students need to have a reason for learning, some are able to learn new facts without needing a personal connection, while some students benefit most from exploring and learning firsthand (Payne). Non-traditional educators take these differences into consideration and use various teaching techniques to connect to as many individual students in a classroom. ''Connection to their world'' Students benefit from out-of-the-classroom opportunities that non-traditional educators present for many reasons. The presentations allow students the chance to connect with a new environment outside of the classroom. Also, students are eager to learn if the lessons of the classroom can be applied to their real world (Payne). Teagle further explains, “we are also teaching students the value of working in the field. History is not just in books, but in the artifacts.” ''Alternative to Lectures'' Some non-traditional educators use constructivist principles and social interactions using small groups as an alternative to lecture methods (Payne). Payne explains, “Telling is not teaching”. ''Small, interactive groups'' He explained that during field trips, smaller groups led by parent chaperones and teachers allow for easier orchestration of rotating stations, maximizing the amount learning for students and exposure to new material. “When I’m in the classroom, I tend to have larger groups. When groups get large, retention goes down.” ''A unique perspective'' When students and teachers take field trips and visit farms, museums, and other places, visitors "get the sights and smells and all of the student’s senses are filled" (Packett, 2009). Teagle adds, “we offer a different perspective of the 1700’s and a unique setting to the students. We are teaching kids how to make research and learning a continuous process. We are unearthing new information every day, just as we’ve shown them in the artifacts digging station”(Teagle, 2009). == Who are they?== Non-traditional educators come from a variety of backgrounds to teach a variety of specialty subjects. They are safety educators, museum interpreters and curators, history and environmental site educators, and trainers for advanced educational workshops. Andrew Packett, Public Relations Coordinator for [http://www.nnec.com/ Northern Neck Electric Cooperative], has 20 years of experience as a non-traditional educator. Formerly a [http://www.dare.com DARE Drug Abuse Resistance Education] officer for drug prevention, he currently teaches electrical safety to elementary school children. Packett says “Who better to go into the classroom to teach electrical safety, but me. It should be an expert in the field.” After spending several years as an interpreter for [http://www.shirleyplantation.com/ Shirley Plantation], Virginia’s historic first plantation, Robert Teagle is the Education Director and Curator for [www.christchurch1735.org/ Historic Christ Church]. His years of experience in interpretation and personal interest in Virginia history offer visitors a unique perspective. Some historical and environmental site educators use their settings' existing resources as a tool for teaching. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation’s [http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=edu_sfe_resid_pi Port Isobel Island Study Center] and [http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=edu_sfe_resid_fox/ Fox Island Study Center] offer the perfect setting for their Field Educators to carry out [http://www.cbf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=lrn_sub_teachers/ Chesapeake Classrooms] courses. An interesting alternative is the National Park Service’s [http://www.nps.gov/learn/trt/ Teacher to Ranger to Teacher program] that draws from all perspectives as a traditional classroom instructor, a Ranger student, and a field instructor (Interpretation and Education). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" > ''"Instructors draw upon their expertise as professional scientists, authors, historians, artists, and adventurers" <br>- National Park Service, Institutes and Field Schools '' </td></tr></table> == Advice from the experts== <big>''Persue it!''</big> Robert Teagle encourages all educators who are considering a non-traditional career to "Persue it!" He has created an impressive workshop for elementary age school children, complete with take home art work and post-visit history fairs where children can win exciting prizes. <big>''Be Enthusiastic!''</big> Andrew Packett encourages non-traditional educators to incorporate excitement into their presentations. “I come into the classroom very enthusiastic! The level of enthusiasm you must maintain, to capture students’ attention and keep it, can be exhausting!” <big>''Learn the Terms!''</big> Packett also recommends familiarizing yourself with the public school system. Field educators should target the curriculum. "You must address the Virginia SOL’s or you may not get into the classroom." Also, if classroom experience is limited, a field educator "must enter the classroom and observe the grade levels that you will be presenting information to. You need to understand the terminology and acronyms in current public school systems!" <big>''Make it fun!''</big> Teagle and Packett both agree that field experiences and guest speakers into the classroom must include an element of entertainment. Make it fun! Use active learning and hands-on stations. <big>''Value of Feedback''</big> Lastly, field educators place high value on post-visit feedback from classrooms and teachers. Questionnaires can be completed by the students and teachers as well as informal types of feedback such as thank you letters from the schools. Assessments that occur during the educational sessions are also of value. Teagle says "kids provide the best critiques". When performing activities with the children, he critiques his own lesson plans and learns best by doing activities with the children. He concludes that he uses this valuable feedback to help shape the content of future school groups. == Test Your Knowledge == 1. What is another name for non-traditional educators, a term coined by Payne? a.substitute teacher b.field officers c.field teachers d.classroom teacher 2.A large school group arrives to Jamestown for a visit to this historic first settlement. The group of 90 students were only able to travel with 3 teachers and one adult parent of a student. When the adults discussed how they will split up the students into smaller group activities, the one parent admitted that they were not comfortable leading a group of students alone. This meant that there would be groups of 20 children each. Which of the following statements will be true? a.The large groups of children will retain more new information. b.The large groups of children will have no impact on their retention of the new information. c.The large groups of children will retain less information. d.None of the above. 3. What is one way for a classroom based teacher and a non-traditional "field" teacher to create a cooperative relationship? a.immediately upon completion of the presentation of the field teacher, the classroom teacher should correct the misinformation. b.discuss the lesson plan before the presentation of new material and create pre- and post-visit activities. c.classroom teacher discusses success of field trip and expertise of field teacher with principle and recommends hiring that person for the next nine week session of earth science. 4. Which of the following is not a role of a non-traditional educator? a.incorporate new knowledge with social interaction. b.avoid incorporation of SOL material in presentations as to avoid interruption in the lesson plans of the classroom based teacher. c.integrate various teaching styles to appeal to the many types of learners that exist in a classroom. d.provide opportunities to apply their new knowledge in a real world setting 5. Which of the following situations would be the best way for a field teacher to go about getting feedback after a class presentation? a.The field teacher contacts the classroom teacher by phone. b.The field teacher contacts each student's parent by phone for an interview. c.The field teacher gives the classroom teacher questionnaires to be completed immediately following the presentation and offers to pick up the completed questionnaires in 3 days. Answers: 1)c 2)c 3)b 4)b 5)c == References == Education, D. o. (n.d.). Virigina Career Switcher Alternative Route to Licensure Program. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/newvdoe/CareerSwitcher/ Interpretation and Education. (n.d.). Retrieved February 7, 2009, from National Park Service: www.nps.gov/learn/institutes.htm Packett, A. (2009, February 6). Public Relations Specialist, Northern Neck Electric. (R. Crowther, Interviewer) Payne, B., Sumter, M., & Sun, I. (2003, Fall2003). BRINGING THE FIELD INTO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CLASSROOM: FIELD TRIPS, RIDE-ALONGS, AND GUEST SPEAKERS. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 14(2), 327-344. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. Price, Sabra & Hein, George E. (1991). More than a field trip: science programmes for elementary school groups at museums. International Journal of Science Education, 13 (5), 505-519. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/0950069910130502 Spencer, J. (Winter 2001-2002). From Traditional to Radical: One Teacher's Oddyssey. Thought and Action - The NEA Higher Education Journal , 93-100. Teagle, R. (2009, February 6). Education Director and Curator, The Foundation for Historic Christ Church. (R. Crowther, Interviewer) == References of Photography == www.freephotos.lu - free domain photography <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFCC66; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <gallery class="center"> Image:aquarium-fish-23.jpg Image:branch-with-lot-of-apples.jpg Image:bird-7.jpg Image:telescope_viewing.jpg </gallery> </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} q90jyemu91c96can9bwug5upmg9l7jd Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/2.1.1 0 194014 4664508 4664172 2026-08-26T06:42:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big><big><big>What are Education Philosophies?</big></big></big>''' '''by Dionne Nichols''' ---- <big>'''Introduction'''</big> What makes a teacher? Teaching is like a salad. Think about it. If you were to attend a party for any given holiday, the number of and variations to each salad recipe that might be present for consumption could outnumber those present at the party. There are so many different ways to teach, varying circumstances to take into account, and philosophies to apply to each classroom. And what better way to have a positive impact on the world than to offer knowledge for consumption? The term ‘teacher’ can be applied to anyone who imparts knowledge of any topic, but it is generally more focused on those who are hired to do so (teach, n.d., n.p.). In imparting knowledge to our students, it is inevitable that we must take into account our own personal philosophies, or pedagogies, and determine not only how we decide what our philosophies are, but also how those impact our consumers. <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #6CC417;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> ''An analogy is one of a teacher's most useful tools. It helps the instructor relate a difficult concept to something the students will already have the infrastructure for, thus enabling the students to cement the ideas in their mind.'' </td></tr></table> <big>'''Lessons in Pedagogy'''</big> Early teacher education classes frequently separated the concept of philosophy into separate schools (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;8). “Philosophy has been taught in the theoretical realm rather than the practical sense,” meaning that the ideas were placed before the teachers without the scaffolding to create a bridge into the classroom (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;7). The teachers, as students, were given a body of thought and expected to translate that into lessons for their own students. Once you have the idea, how do you apply it to teaching? What, exactly, are education philosophies? According to Thelma Roberson (2000), most prospective teachers confuse their beliefs with the ideas of teaching (p.&nbsp;6). Education philosophies, then, are not what you want to do in class to aid learning, but why you do them and how they work. For example, Roberson’s students state they “want to use cooperative learning techniques” in their classroom. The question posed is, why? “[I]s cooperative learning a true philosophy or is it something you do in the classroom because of your belief about the way children learn?” (Roberson, 2000, p.&nbsp;6). Philosophies need to translate ideas into action – if you want to use certain techniques, then you need to understand how they are effective in the classroom to create that portion of your education philosophy. It helps to have an overview of the various schools out there. Philosophies of Education have traveled down a tree of branches. The first four support branches of philosophy are the Idealist school, the Realist school, the Pragmatist school, and the Existential schools of thought (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;99). It might help to look at the tree and its individual branches rather than read about them...<ul><li>Idealism - focuses on a subject-matter curriculum emphasizing the great ideas of the culture. You must ponder ideas to make them whole (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;99). <li>Realism - A subject-matter curriculum stressing objective knowledge and values. Reality is objective, meaning everyone should obtain the same results regardless of what he does or how he consider concepts (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;101)<ul><li>Perennialism - Focuses on human concerns that have caused concern for centuries, revealed through 'great works' (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;110)<li>Essentialism - Rooted partially in Idealism, as well - Emphasizes skills and subjects that demonstrate the cultural heritage and contribute to society (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;110)</ul><li>Pragmatism - Instruction is organized around problem-solving following the steps of the scientific method - emphasizes the need to act on concepts by testing them (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;104).<ul><li>Progressivism - Instruction features problem solving and group activities - The instructor acts as a facilitator as opposed to a leader (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;110)<li>Social Reconstructionism - Instruction that focuses on significant social and economic problems in an effort to solve them (Ornstein, 2003, pg.110)</ul><li>Existentialism - Classroom dialogue stimulates awareness - each person creates an awareness gleaned from discussion and encourages deep personal reflection on his or her convictions (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;108).</ul> '''Perennialism''' Perennialists are instructors who feel that the knowledge that has been passed through the ages should be continued as the basis of the curriculum, like the classic works of Plato and Einstein. Perennialists base their teachings on reason, logic, and analytical thought. Only information that stood the test of time is relevant. They do not illicit student input. The classes most likely to be considered under this approach would be history, science, math, and religion classes (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). '''Positivism''' The instructors whose teaching philosophies are based on documented facts and tangible truths are normally those who would be in the math and science departments. These teachers do not feel that religion and the supernatural should be a part of the thinking process. The idea of uncertainty and the unknown is considered illogical (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). '''Behaviorism''' Behaviorists believe in rewards and punishments as an approach to controlling the teaching environment due to their belief in the intrinsic nature of humans to react to internal or external stimuli. This teacher-centered system ultimately allows the students to be controlled by the educator, who makes the environment pleasant or unpleasant depending on the students' behavior (Foundations of Education, pg.1). '''Essentialism''' Essentialists believe that there is a universal pool of knowledge needed by all students. The fundamentals of teaching are the basis of the curriculum: math, science, history, foreign language, and English. Vocational classes are not seen as a necessary part of educational training. Classrooms are formal, teacher-centered, and students are passive learners. Evaluations are predominately through testing, and there are few, if any, projects or portfolios. These instructors easily accept the No Child Left-Behind Act because test scores are the main form of evaluation (Foundations of Education, pg. 1). '''Progressivism''' This is a student-centered form of instruction where students follow the scientific method of questioning and searching for the answer. Evaluations include projects and portfolios. Current events are used to keep students interested in the required subject matter. Students are active learners as opposed to passive learners. The teacher is a facilitator rather than the center of the educational process. Student input is encouraged, and students are asked to find their interpretation of the answer (Educational Philosophies in the classroom, pg.1). '''Reconstructionism''' This student-centered philosophy strives to instill a desire to make the world a better place. It places a focus on controversial world issues and uses current events as a springboard for the thinking process. These students are taught the importance of working together to bring about change. These teachers incorporate what is happening in the world with what they are learning in the classroom (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). '''Constructivism''' Active participation is the key to this teaching style. Students are free to explore their own ideas and share concepts with one another in nontraditional ways. “Hands on activity […] is the most effective way of learning and is considered true learning” (Educational Philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). '''Humanism/ Existentialism''' Also a student-centered philosophy, this educational method is based on the idea that the students should be presented with choices about the learning process. The student is engaged in all aspects of learning and works together with the teacher and her peers to develop a curriculum and evaluation system that allows for individual interests and abilities (Educational philosophies in the Classroom, pg.1). <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #ECD872;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> Your philosophy of education is what you believe about education and the way children learn.” - Roberson pg 4 </td></tr></table> In addition, the ‘constructivist’ school of philosophy, rooted in the Pragmatic pedagogy and branched off from the 'Social Reconstructivist' school, has gained much popularity. Around the turn of the century (early 1990s), many teachers felt the rote memorization and mindless routine that was common then was ineffective, and began to look for alternate ways to reach their students (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;111). Through the constructivist approach, "students “construct” knowledge through an interaction between what they already think and know and with new ideas and experiences” (Roberson, 2000, p. 8). This is an active learning process that leads to deeper understanding of the concepts presented in class, and is based on the abilities and readiness of the children rather than set curriculum guidelines (Ornstein, 2003, p.112). Constructivism "emphasizes socially interactive and process-oriented 'hands on' learning in which students work collaboratively to expand and revise their knowledge base" (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;112). Essentially, knowledge which is shaped by experience is reconstructed, or altered, to assist the student in understanding new concepts (Ornstein, 2003, p.&nbsp;112). You, as the teacher, help the students build the scaffolding they need to maintain the information even after the test is taken and graded. <big>'''Four Philosophies in Assessment'''</big> Once you know how you want to lead your classroom, it is important to consider how to assess your students' progress. And when we think of school, we automatically consider the threesome subjects, Reading, Writing, and ‘Rithmatic. In all aspects of learning, however, the ability to communicate comes to the forefront. Communication is used in class discussion as well as unit test short answers. Writing is present in almost all subjects in some form, and writing translates to communication. Richard Fulkerson (2000), in his article “Four Philosophies of Composition,” questions whether “a […] set of four philosophies of composition might exist, each one stressing a different element in the communicative transaction” (p.&nbsp;3). Fulkerson’s schools of communicative philosophy fall into the following categories:<ul><li>'''Expressionism:''' a way of writing that demonstrates the students’ thoughts and can be lead by “non-directive teachers, some of whom insist that one neither can nor should evaluate writing” or more hands-on teachers who “design classroom activities to maximize student self-discovery” (p.&nbsp;5). This school of thought emphasizes the student. <li>'''Rhetorical:''' this school states that good writing is adapted to achieve a specific reaction from the audience (p.&nbsp;6). This is focused on the connection between goal and process in completing assignments, and it emphasizes the audience. <li>'''Mimesis:''' states that “a clear connection exists between good writing and good thinking” and focuses on logic and reason as exemplified in the completion of assignments (p.&nbsp;5). This school emphasizes a well-rounded student in that, research, prior knowledge, and the ability to recognize both sides of an argument are necessary for success (p.&nbsp;6). <li>'''Formalism:''' this school focuses primarily on the form of the assignment – it disregards content to the extent that poor grammar can distract the audience from absorbing the content, and therefore, the work is judged “primarily by whether it shows certain internal [mistakes]” (p.&nbsp;4).</ul> While most teachers fall primarily into one school of composition pedagogy, Fulkerson (2000) points out that it is necessary to hold on to them all when he states “they are not mutually exclusive” (p.&nbsp;6). The trick is to learn when each is applicable and to what extent it should be employed. <big>'''Hooked on Phonics?'''</big> So, you know how you want to lead your class, and you have an idea as to which kind of 'grader' you are. What next? Another area where teachers have struggled is simply in helping their students learn to or improve their reading. How do we teach reading? The two battling schools of thought are between those who support Whole Language, and those who support Phonics. “The disputes have been dubbed the Reading Wars, and the participants call them ‘vicious’” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Several states have even intervened and enacted laws mandating one or the other. But what are they? Just as their names state, the difference is in how the words are read. Phonics was taught primarily in the 1970s (Collins, 1997, n.p.) and study the individual components of each word, called ‘phonemes,’ which are the “smallest meaningful sounds in a language” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). “Cat, for example, has three: “kuh-aa-tuh” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). A reader needs to understand how the words are broken up and that each letter has its own sound in order to read (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Phonic teaching focuses on code learning. Once the students understand the ‘code,’ and how the words phonemes are put together, they are supposed to be able to understand the entire word. Whole language advocates disagree with the process of breaking each word down. They feel readers cannot focus on every letter in a word, or every word in a text (Collins, 1997, n.p.) and made their opinions known during the 1980s (Collins, 1997, n.p.). If they did, “and if they tried to translate what they saw into sounds, reading would be much too cumbersome” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Instead, whole language teachers instruct their students in ‘skipping strategies’ – ways of guessing which word comes next to fill in any blanks (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Overall, reading is considered an organic process by which the students learn phonics “only when a question about phonics comes up in the course of reading” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Whole language focuses on the meaning behind the words. <big>'''Which is better?'''</big> Just as in many other walks of life, statistics and studies show that one philosophy of teaching will prevail over another. The National Assessment of Educational Progress, as stated in J. Collin’s article (1997), claims that “from 1971 to 1980 there was a steady improvement in the reading comprehension of nine-year-olds. However, during the 1980s…the scores did not improve and rather declined” (n.p.). The 1990s brought the topic full circle. It was then that Marilyn Adams, a cognitive psychologist, wrote a book describing the best methods to teach learning. “Programs that combined systematic phonics instruction with meaning emphasis seemed to work best of all” (Collins, 1997, n.p.). The key to reading is that words need to be recognized so the brain can interpret the meaning behind it (Collins, 1997, n.p.). Thus, putting the two methods together was necessary for correct comprehension of the concepts presented. <big>'''What else do I need to know?'''</big> We’ve discussed the accepted definition of pedagogy, varying schools of thought for assessment, and the difference between reading philosophies. Your salad components are increasing by number exponentially. But what toppings to you add to your thought salad? What else do you need to consider when you are setting up your classroom, your teaching styles, and your lessons? Teaching is the hardest job you can have. You are in a position to touch hundreds of lives over the course of a career, and yet, how do you succeed? The fact remains that “when a teacher and his/her students face each other in the classroom they must truly work with each other” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). How else can you ensure that the students are learning what you are teaching? <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #C5908E;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> [You] may spend as much as 60 hours a week creating lesson plans, teaching, advising students, grading, supervising extracurricular activities and meeting with colleagues and parents” Valerie Marchant – ''Time'' </td></tr></table> The first thing to keep in mind is your own knowledge basis. Cadenas (1999) recommends that you “renew and refresh your knowledge of the subject matter” (n.p.) to stay on top of changes and help you incorporate them in to your lessons. Our world changes so rapidly that to stay on top of technology, your field of expertise, or even other areas that can be integrated into your subject matter, it is necessary to take a class or attend a seminar every once in a while (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). Next, “prepare interesting, colorful, captivating lesson plans and deliver then with gusto” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). An entertaining teacher will help cement information into a student’s memory with much more ease than one who is monotone or inactive (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). The more entertaining you are, the deeper a connection you will make with your students, as well. In addition to the captivating lesson, make sure “it [is] a number one priority to ensure that your student can follow the lesson” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). This will assist all your students in grasping the information you are placing before them in class, and will help you reach students of all learning styles (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). You don’t want to end up teaching only to the auditory learners and leaving the visual learners to fend for themselves! Last, “help your students to put their learning to use immediately” (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). Show them how the lessons you are teaching are applicable to them so they feel like school is worth an investment of time and energy (Cadenas, 1999, n.p.). If nothing else, have them help each other out in class to reinforce the lesson! <big>'''Conclusion'''</big> You are ready to graze at a Fourth of July picnic. You walk over to the table, and you see an array of salads ready for you to dive in to them. How do you pick which ones you want to sample now or save for later? How do you narrow the choices down? Educational philosophies are as abundant as salads at any holiday spread. And even though the difference between one potato salad and the one next to it is an addition of mustard, the two are by no means exactly alike. Your classes will be just as diverse. You will have students from all economic classes, with differing levels of English language ability, and all bringing various and beautiful experiences to your class. How do you reach each individual? Knowing who you are as a teacher before you enter the classroom will help significantly. Teaching is so much more than just the content. Teaching is a learning curve on philosophy that will never be finished. Just as your classroom will change every year, continue to alter your philosophies. See what works for you and your students on a collaborative level.'''In the words of J. W. Apps, “a working philosophy is never completely developed the ultimate working philosophy never reached. We’re always moving toward, hopefully, a more complete, and thus more useful, working philosophy.” (The Educational Philosophies of Training and Development Professors, Leaders, and Practitioners, pg. 1)''' ---- ---- <big>'''Study Questions'''</big> 1. Amy is working with her third grade class to improve their reading skills. She is asking them to write the words on a specific list down and break them apart based on their syllables and then combine them back into their original words. Amy is making use of which theory for reading? a. Whole Language b. Phonics c. A combination of the two 2. Lou asks his students to critique their formal essays for APA formatting and grammar. He then asks them to write him an informal letter explaining their thought process on the formal essay, and how they thought they did overall on it. Lou is implementing which two schools of philosophy of assessment? a. Formalism and Mimesis b. Mimesis and Rhetorical c. Rhetorical and Expressionism d. Expressionism and Formalism 3. A student who is writing her formal pedagogy paper for class expresses an interest in incorporating technology into her history class. She then lists several ways she will consistently make use of technology in her classroom. In order to ensure technology is part of her pedagogy, what does this student need to do? a. Develop the reason behind why she wants to use technology, including an explanation for what she hopes to accomplish b. Develop her lesson plans fully so she has alternatives in case the electricity goes out, her LCD projector blows a bulb, etc. c. Research statistics that show pros and cons to using technology in the classroom d. Interview experienced teachers to hear what they have to say about using technology in the classroom 4. A student receives his paper back from his teacher and on it is written a comment, “Where is the opponent’s viewpoint?” This student’s teacher is focusing on which philosophy for assessment? a. Rhetoricism b. Mimesis c. Expressionism d. Formalism 5. Adam has been teaching for 11 years and needs to complete his recertification points to maintain his licensure. He signs up for a conference on reaching students with learning disabilities. Which step is he taking to help him stay focused on his original purpose of teaching? a. Applicability to real life b. Ensuring all students can participate c. Refresh his pedagogical knowledge d. Preparation of lesson plans ---- Answers: 1(b); 2(d); 3(a); 4(b); 5(c) ---- <big>'''References'''</big> Cadenas, H. G. (1999). Revitalize your teaching—four key elements for success. ''Contemporary'' ''Education'', 70 (2), 5-7. Retrieved on January 28, 2008, from Wilsonweb.com website: http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid=0bc05f7a67b1790e1e9c442f93fe94fd3dd814f5b54d3854a715b6e9cc14f3538d830ddf5e8d15a6&fmt=H Chef Larry's fall salad with fruit and roasted nut confetti walnut vinaigrette (n.d.). ''County'' ''Television Network''. Retrieved on February 2, 2008, from USASearch.gov website: http://usasearch.gov/search?v%3aproject=firstgov-images&v%3afile=viv_896%4031%3ahDAOGw&v%3aframe=viewimage&v%3astate=root%7croot-20-20%7c0&id=Ndoc22&rpaid=& Collins, J. (1997, October 27). How Johnny should read. ''Time''. Retrieved on January 28, 2008, from Time.com website: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987253-1,00.html Fulkerson, R. (2000). Four philosophies of composition. In E. Corbett, N. Myers and G. Tate (Eds.), ''The writing teacher’s sourcebook'' (4th ed.) (pp.&nbsp;3–8). New York: Oxford University Press. Marchant, V. (2000, May 29). Why not teach next? ''Time''. Retrieved on January 28, 2008, from Time.com website: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997031-1,00.html Ornstein, A. and Daniel Levine. (2003). ''Foundations of education'' (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Pedagogy. (n.d.). ''Wordnet 3.0''. Retrieved February 3, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pedagogy Roberson, T. (2000 September 29). Philosophy of philosophy: making the connection between philosophy and pedagogy for preservice teachers (Paper presented at Meeting for the Society for Philosophy and History of Education, Biloxi, MS 2000). teach. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged'' (v 1.1). Retrieved February 3, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/teach Ganly, S. ''Educational philosophies in the classroom''. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from Associated Content website: http://www.associatedcontent.com {{BookCat}} 7oymkzkhzerr9lau6ns4nhxur2woluw Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/2.6.1 0 194027 4664572 4643959 2026-08-26T08:43:06Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664572 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="color: #005CB9; font-family: LUCIDA;"> <big><big>'''Teacher-Centered vs. Student-Centered Philosophies'''</big> </big> <big><big></big></big> </span> == Learning Targets == Readers will be able to understand the differences of teacher-centered philosophies and student-centered philosophies. == Introduction == In today’s school, there are essentially two types of teaching philosophies. Both types will be different in their teaching styles; however, both want the best for their students. So what kind of teachers am I talking about? I am talking about teacher-centered and student centered teachers. Their philosophies are different. What type are you? Your ideas and attitudes about education will help shape what kind of teacher you want to be. == Students vs. Teachers == Even though both teacher-centered and student-centered teachers what to help the students learn, they are like night and day in their approaches. Teacher-centered philosophies focus around essentialism and perennialism. Some of the most popular student-centered philosophies include progressivism, social reconstructionism, and existentialism. According to Mary P. Driscoll, “teacher-centered and student-centered views put primacy on the learning of the student, and all other aspects of the learning environment and instruction are planned from that initial standpoint” (1999). <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #5CB3FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #5CB3FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>Check out this website. Here is a great article from Teacher Vision that helps explain the differences between student and teacher-centered approaches. '''http://www.teachervision.fen.com/teaching-methods-and-management/curriculum-planning/4786.html'''</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == What are Teacher-Centered Philosophies? == Teacher-centered philosophies are the ones you are probably most familiar with. These philosophies focus on what the teacher wants his or her students to learn. There are a lot of factors that determine what kind of teaching philosophies to use. Shawn A. Faulkner and Christopher M. Cook state that “the state tests seem to drive the curriculum and warrant more teacher-focused instructional methods—lecture, worksheets, and whole-class discussion” (2006). We remember this from our own experiences in school. Do you remember when you were in class and the teacher was in front and she lectured to you? Everyone student remembers taking notes off of the blackboard. These are just two examples of teacher-centered practices. Kathy Brown clarifies that “the teacher-centered approach is associated chiefly with the transmission of knowledge” (2003). Getting the knowledge out and to the student is the main focus. The students are accountable for what they have learned and the teachers are also. Teachers are in control and they plan out activities and learning strategies according to specific times during the lesson (Teacher Vision). Teacher-centered philosophies that are mostly used in teaching include essentialism and perennialism. Let us briefly look at these two philosophies. '''<big>1. Essentialism in the Classroom</big>''' In the excerpt of the book Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, authors David Miller Sadker, Ph.D and Karen R. Zittleman, Ph.D state how “Essentialism strives to teach students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines” (2007). What this means is that our society has certain viewpoints and practices that schools must pass down to students in a more authoritarian way. According to William Gaudelli, who is an assistant professor of social studies education at the University of Central Florida, “essentialists concern themselves with teaching students how to survive, succeed in their lives, and not be a burden to others” (Gaudelli, 2002). Essentialist teachers believe that what they teach will help their students in real-life situations as they grow older (Gaudelli, 2002). In the classroom, you will most likely see traditional subjects such as math, English, science, and history as the foundations of learning. “Essentialist teachers rely on achievement tests scores to evaluate progress and teachers expect that students will leave school not only with basic skills, but also disciplined, practical minds that are capable of applying lessons taught in school in the real world” (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). In essence, teachers want their students to be able to use what they have learned in school and use it appropriately in the real world. '''<big>2. Perennialism in the Classroom</big>''' Perennialism and essentialism may sounds somewhat alike, but perennialists are in fact different in their approaches. “Perennialists recommend that students learn directly from the “Great Books”—works by history's finest thinkers and writers, books meaningful today as when they were first written” (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). “Perennialist generally prefer a past orientation, because it tends to be based on historical truth, rather than conjecture about the present and guessing about the future” (Gaudelli, 2002). This means that perennialists believe that a student can be influence by such heroes in our past like Washington and Lincoln. In a perennialist classroom, the teacher will focus on the importance of reading and will often use the underlying reading lessons to make a moral point (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). These teachers want to teach their students how to be excellent leaders in society just like history portrays. == What are Student-Centered Philosophies? == <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #2554C7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #5CB3FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>“what a child can do today with assistance, she will be able to do by herself tomorrow.” -Lev Vygotsky.</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> Student-centered learning is just what is says. It is basically learning by doing. Teachers believe that education should be child-centered. According to Julie K. Brown, she basically says that “student-centered instruction is when the planning, teaching, and assessment revolve around the needs and abilities of the students” (2008). This is quite the opposite from what you have just read. “Regardless of variations in developmental levels, all children are exposed to the same content in the same time period and the teacher’s role is to facilitate growth by utilizing the interests and unique needs of students as a guide for meaningful instruction” (Teacher Vision). According to Becky A. Smerdon and David T. Burkam, “students develop analytic skills that can be applied to other problems and situations, rather than accept their teachers’ explanation” (1999). This technique gives the students the chance to use their abilities and experiences to solve problems and find new ways of learning. One example of this would be if a math teacher lets his or her students work in groups to solve different problems or let students create their own test. With student centered learning, students and teachers are committed to working together and finding the best achievable way of learning. '''<big>1. Progressivism in the Classroom</big>''' “Progressivisms build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students, and encourage students to work together cooperatively” (Sadker and Zittleman). The progressivist teacher would use games like Monopoly or Jeopardy to illustrate important points. Unlike Perennialists, Progressivists do not believe in teaching “Great Books,” but use “computer simulations, field trips, and interactive websites on the Internet to offer realistic learning challenges for students, and build on students’ multiple intelligences” (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). Many props are used to expand the students’ abilities and to make them think a little differently. Instead of just lecturing to students, teachers try to find more interesting ways to communicate important learning techniques and this “affords students opportunities to explore ideas and construct knowledge based on their own observations and experiences” (Smerdon and Burkam, 1999). Teachers ultimately serve as their students’ guide and they want their students to use problem-solving strategies they have learned in class to help manage the challenges of life. '''<big>2. Social Reconstructivism in the Classroom</big>''' “Social Reconstructionism encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive inequities, and as the name implies, reconstruct into a new and more just social order” (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). Social reform is the key to this type of philosophy and social challenges and problems help guide teachers with their message. A social reconstructionist teacher wants to not only inform their students, but rouse emotions and point out the inequalities that surround them and the world (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). The teacher engages the students to discuss and address problems such as poverty, homelessness, violence and many more issues that create disparity. The teacher’s role is to explore social problems, suggest alternate perspectives, and assist students’ examinations of these problems (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). For examples in the classroom, “one group of students might analyze news coverage of racial and ethic groups of a community or students might arrest and trial records in order to determine the role race plays in differential application of the law” (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). The main focus of this philosophy is to help students find ways to improve society. The teacher wants the student to value society and realize that there is unfairness in the world and it is important to be aware and act as advocates for those who are being judged. '''<big>3. Existentialism in the Classroom</big>''' Existentialism is another student-centered philosophy. “Existentialism places the highest degree of importance on student perceptions, decisions, and actions” and individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is true or false, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). To sum it up, students make choices and then take the time to evaluate those choices. “The teacher’s role is to help students define their own essence by exposing them to various paths they may take in life and by creating an environment in which they can freely choose their way” (Sadker and Zittleman, 2007). This philosophy means that students think for themselves and are aware of responsibilities assigned to them. Existentialism philosophies say no to tradition and focuses on the students’ unique talents. The teacher views each student as an individual and students learn how to achieve their full potential by trying new concepts. == Conclusion == There are many philosophies that come along with teacher and student-centered teaching. Which one is the best? It depends on the content being taught. Research indicates that teachers’ personal and professional characteristics are related to how they teach (Smerdon and Berkam, 1999). The way a teacher feels comfortable with the subject matter may influence him or her on how the subject will be taught. The most important goal is to teach the students and help them prepare for life after school. Both teacher-centered and student-centered philosophies can achieve that for the student. == Questions == 1. This teaching-centered philosophy believes in teaching students the accumulated knowledge of our civilization through core courses in the traditional academic disciplines A. essentialism B. extentialism C. perennialism D. progressivism 2. This type of learning involves the individual students’ learning and the teacher acts as a facilitator in the classroom. A. principal-centered learning B. school-centered learning C. student-centered learning D. teaching-centered learning 3. Marie is a third grade teacher and is playing a monopoly-like game with her students to review for their math test. After the game, she will also let her students work together and play math games on the computer. Marie's approach is related to A. essentialism B. extentialism C. perennialism D. progressivism 4. Which characteristic would NOT be found in a teacher-centered classroom? A. cooperative learning B. lecturing C. strict rules D. students taking notes off the blackboard Answers 1. A, 2. C, 3. D, 4. A == References == Brown, K.L. From teacher-centered to learner-centred curriulum: Improving learning in diverse classrooms. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3673/is_200310/ai_n9332034 Brown, J. K. (2008). Student-Centered Instruction: Involving Students in Their Own Education. Music Educators Journal, 94(5), 30-35. Driscoll, M.P. Reconceptualizing processes and agents of learning in an environment perspective. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from http://www.unesco.org/education/educprog/lwf/dl/driscoll_.pdf Faulkner, S.A. (2006). Testing vs. Teaching: The Perceived Impact of Assessment Demands on Middle Grades Instructional Practices. Research in Middle Level Education Online, 29(7), 1-13. Gaudelli, W. (2002). U.S. Kids Don’t Know U.S. History: The NAEP Study, Perspectives, and Presuppositions. The Social Studies (Washington, D.C.), 93(5), 197-201. Sadker, D. & Zittleman K. (2007). Teachers School and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. 207-217. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from http://education.com/reference/article/Ref_Teacher_Centered Smerdon, B.A. & Burkam, D.T. (1999). Access to Constructivist and Didactic Teaching: Who Gets It? Where Is It Practiced? Teachers College Record, 101(1), 5-30. TeacherVision. Learned-Centered vs. Curriculum-Centered Teachers: Which Type Are You? Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www.teachervision.fen.com/teaching-methods-and-management/curriculum-planning/4786.html. {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=24}} {{BookCat}} sic7tuzwxaelm9ppj5lguxh1mkcewhk Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/3.3.2 0 194036 4664503 4664335 2026-08-26T06:40:56Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664503 wikitext text/x-wiki <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #669999;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 5px #000000; padding: 1em;" valign=top> ==<div style="text-align: center;">How Far We've Come</div>== ---- ==<div style="text-align: center;">Learning Targets</div>== <br> 1. Be able to identify important cases involving social and educational issues. 2. Be able to understand percentages and ratios in accordance to statistical facts. 3. Be able to identify important aspects of the Bilingual Act. ---- When sitting in class one day, look to the person on your left, then look to the person on your right. Chances are at least one of those two students will be a student of color, and also, a female. A series of laws has changed the face of education to include minorities and women. By understanding where we have come from, education can move forward and develop new ways for learning. ---- == Brown VS The Board Of Education == Schools in the state of Kansas had been segregated since the late 1870's because of a state law that allowed cities of 15,000 people to build schools for children African American children and White Children. In many of the black schools across the country, most of the buildings were made of wood with no indoor plumbing, and kept the rooms heated with wood, coal, or kerosene stoves. By contrast, white schools had many more schools made of brick, had indoor plumbing facilities, and had hot water heat. Across the country, $195 was spent for every one African American child, compared to $317 spent on white children. (One with school pics.) By 1950, eleven court challenges about the desegregation of schools in Kansas made it to the Kansas State Supreme Court. While none of these cases overturned the law, at least the ball got rolling. In 1950 Topeaka NAACP organized another case with the main complaint that the children of the thirteen families involved in this case, had to ride school buses in order to reach segregated schools that were far from their homes. Even though there would be a white school just a few blocks away, the black children were not allowed to attend. When this case reached the federal court in Kansas, it was ruled that segregation was not illegal because the state provided the same facilities to each school. The NAACP then appealed to the United States Supreme court and their case was joined by similar cases from South Carolina, Delaware, Virginia, and Washington D.C. Combining these five cases under the name (underlined) Oliver L. Brown ''et al.'' vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, KS et al. It was special counsel Thurgood Marshall who argued that segregation was unconstitutional because it denied African Americans equal protection guaranteed by the 14th amendment. ---- == Virginia Local News == After the historic case of (italics) Brown vs the Board of Education, young African American school children were encouraged by their parents and family members to join the NAACP and attempt to integrate into the white school system. At the time, and this was after the ruling of the court case is Kansas, not one public school in the state of Virginia had been integrated yet. When all was said and done, 151 students attempted to transfer from their black schools and attend white schools. Before this could happen, members of the school board in Norfolk made the children jump through hoops by making them take academic and psychological tests. After reviewing all the test scores, the board denied all 151 students at first. However, after meeting with the District Court they allowed 17 of the 151 students to attend the white high schools (The Brown Decision). <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #3399FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #000000; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666; face="interview with Norfolk 17 "><big>'''TO WATCH INTERVIEWS WITH THE NORFOLK 17 GO TO: http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/norfolk17.htm'''</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> ---- == Women in Education == A new tide was turning after the 19th Amendment was signed giving women the right to vote in America. Thanks to the unending dedication of Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, who picketed the White House every day, suffered the batons of policemen, were then imprisoned and forced to eat food while on a hunger strike, women no longer belonged to their husbands and could start seeking an education for themselves outside the home. Suddenly, women were able to have their voices heard and count among their male counterparts. However,when it came to women in the education system, the inequalities were still clear. Men were still the predominantsex at universities, and generally, men also received most of the diplomas handed out by universities. It wasn't until after the end of World War II that change starts to come. In 1945, the first woman was accepted to Harvard Medical School(Eisenmann appendix). Harvard didn't start accepting women into their undergraduate programs until 1973. In 1972, Title IX in the Educational Amendments of 1972 was created to so that, "No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid." :In 1994, women received 38% of medical degrees, compared with 9% in 1972. :In 1994, women earned 43% of law degrees, compared with 7% in 1972. :In 1994, 44% of all doctoral degrees to U.S. citizens went to women, up from 25% in 1977 ---- <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #000000;color:white;border: solid 10px #669999; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FFFFFF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big> == Did You Know? == Did you know that in 1915, A list of rules was published for female teachers. 1) You will not keep company with men 2) You will not marry during the term of contract. 3) You must be home between hours of 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. 4) You must not loiter downtown in any of the ice cream stores. 5) You may not travel beyond the city limits unless you have the permission of the chairman of the board. 6) You may not ride in a carriage or automobile with any man unless it be your father or your brother. 7) You may not smoke cigarettes. 8) You may not dress in bright colors, and you may not under any circumstances dye your hair. 9) You must wear at least two petticoats, and your dresses may not be shorter than 2 inches above your ankles. (2009, January). Rules for 1915 Female Teachers (Reprinted from The Nebraska Farmer, September 1999). Nebraska State Education Association VOICE, p.&nbsp;1. .</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> ---- == Bilingual Education Act of 1968 == The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 was established to provide students who couldn't speak English well, attending public schools, the opportunity to be taught in their native tongue. What good is providing a student with facilites, textbooks, and teachers if they do not understand the language in which they are taught in? Interestingly enough, the practice of teaching a student in a different language started before 1968. Before World War II, if a student did not speak English they were taught in their native language. However, as the Cold War started and fear of communism spread, this method of teaching was no longer practiced. Everything in that era had to be "American." How was speaking another language patriotic? Thankfully, after the Cold War, the nation started questioning the behavior of the federal government toward "non-American behavior," and they didn't like what they saw. Thus, in 1968 the act was born. == Test Your Know How! == What could be another rule added to the 1915 Rules for Female Teachers? A. You may not tutor the children individually. B. You may not wear the color black C. You may not be pregnant during the school term D. You may not wear your hair down. In 1994 what was the percentage of women with law degrees? A. 51% B. 39% C. 90% D. 44% What's the dollar difference spent between a black child and a white child? A. $122 B. $201 C. $59 D. $677 In what state did Brown vs The Board of Education originate in? A. Nebraska B. California C. Kansas D. Mexico Answers: c, d, a, c == References== Eisenmann, Linda ed. A Historical Dictionary of Women's Education In the United States. Greenwood Press: 1998. Selected Moments of the 20th Century (October 2004). Retrieved February 6, 2009. from website: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/research/edu20/moments/1915rules.html Selected Moments of the 20th Century (October 2004). Retrieved February 6, 2009. from website: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/research/edu20/moments/1968kipp.html The Brown Decision in Norfolk, Virginia. Retrieved February 5, 2009. from website: 2009http://www.littlejohnexplorers.com/jeff/brown/norfolk17.htm Separate But Not Equal: Race, Education, and Prince Edward County, Virginia (July 2007). Retrieved February 6, 2009. from website: http://www.library.vcu.edu/jbc/speccoll/pec02.html Shaw, S., & Lee J.(2009) Women's Voices, Feminist Visions. New York, NY: Mc Graw Hill Higher Education. {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=31}} </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} opow5q5hc7b197scsmgtzyys6u3f4s1 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/Editor Sign-Up Page 0 194058 4664532 4652331 2026-08-26T07:29:15Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664532 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">Chapter 2 -- Editor Sign-Up Page</span></div> <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top align=left> <span style="font-size: large;">Students...</span> To sign up for an editor duty, click "edit this page", and sign your username (using four tildes) directly after the name of the duty you want to claim. '''Remember''', each editor duty will be completed by only one student. This means, if a username appears next to a duty, that duty is ''not available''. Please choose another editor duty in this or another chapter. '''EXAMPLE:''' <span style="color: blue;">'''Chapter Introduction'''</span> [[User:PbakerODU|PbakerODU]] ([[User talk:PbakerODU|talk]]) 19:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC) This indicates that [[User:PbakerODU|PbakerODU]] correctly signed up for this editor duty. </td></tr></table> == Editor Duties == [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/Chapter Introduction|'''Chapter Introduction''']] [[User:Rebecca.hechler|Rebecca.hechler]] ([[User talk:Rebecca.hechler|talk]]) 23:40, 16 May 2009 (UTC) [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/Chapter Review|'''Chapter Review''']] [[User:Mlipl001|Mlipl001]] ([[User talk:Mlipl001|talk]]) 14:13, 13 May 2009 (UTC) [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 2/Additional Resources|'''Additional Resources''']] <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Questions?''' Refer to [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book|'''How to Use This Book''']] </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} sslsnnbi4n9spss1cl0unhcxpc4rwjs Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/Editor Sign-Up Page 0 194059 4664546 4652122 2026-08-26T07:42:19Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664546 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">Chapter 3 -- Editor Sign-Up Page</span></div> <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top; text align=left> <span style="font-size: large;">Students...</span> To sign up for an editor duty, click "edit this page", and sign your username (using four tildes) directly after the name of the duty you want to claim. '''Remember''', each editor duty will be completed by only one student. 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Refer to [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book|'''How to Use This Book''']] </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} kg5uvco5aqwcuwhiaiw28rkqyh3ivtv Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/Editor Sign-Up Page 0 194077 4664499 4664163 2026-08-26T06:39:25Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664499 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="center"><span style="font-size:xx-large;">Chapter 9 -- Editor Sign-Up Page</span></div> <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top; text align=left> <span style="font-size:large;">Students...</span> To sign up for an editor duty, click "edit this page", and sign your username (using four tildes) directly after the name of the duty you want to claim. '''Remember''', each editor duty will be completed by only one student. 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'''EXAMPLE:''' <span style="color:blue;">'''Chapter Introduction'''</span> [[User:PbakerODU|PbakerODU]] ([[User talk:PbakerODU|talk]]) 19:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC) This indicates that [[User:PbakerODU|PbakerODU]] correctly signed up for this editor duty. </td></tr></table> == Editor Duties == [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/Chapter Introduction|'''Chapter Introduction''']][[User:Aferg006|Aferg006]] ([[User talk:Aferg006|talk]])aferg006 [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/Chapter Review|'''Chapter Review''']] [[User:Scrai010|Scrai010]] ([[User talk:Scrai010|talk]]) 02:49, 15 May 2009 (UTC) [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/Additional Resources|'''Additional Resources''']][[User:Jnewh001|Jnewh001]] ([[User talk:Jnewh001|talk]]) 15:31, 12 May 2009 (UTC) <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Questions?''' Refer to [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book|'''How to Use This Book''']] </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} t6597p4jsw769sxtxsowqjtmzog0iuk Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 4/4.6.2 0 194083 4664516 4643252 2026-08-26T06:54:01Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664516 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"> == Code Switching in the Classroom == </div> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFF66;{{text default color}};border: solid 10px #736F6E; padding: 1em;" valign=right> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0033CC; font-family: TAHOMA;"> '''Learning Targets:''' 1. The student will be able to define “code-switching” in terms of definition and educational practice. 2. The student will be able to identify the main points of the code-switching debate. 3. The student will be able to identify the difference between the correctionist and the contrastivist approach. 4. The student will be able to identify how to as a teacher teach code-switching effectively to a group of students. </span></div> </td></tr></table> '''What is Code Switching?''' If you search for the word “code switching” at Google.com you will find a variety of sources offering definitions for the term. You will find most commonly as you search through the links available that “code switching” is a linguistics term referring to the ability to switch between different dialects and/or languages by a person during conversation. So that’s the “textbook” definition as we call it, but as future educators you need more than just the “textbook” definition, what you need to know is what code-switching means in regards to education; and why you should choose to implement, or not implement, it as a tool in your future classrooms. So let’s dig a little deeper and go beyond standard definitions and into how code-switching will affect you. '''Code Switching from an Educational perspective''' From an educator’s perspective, code-switching isn’t just switching back and forth mid-sentence between two different languages or dialects; in an educational context it is much more than that. Code-switching in the classroom means the use by teacher of different forms of informal and formal English to teach students in ways that are easier for them to understand and possibly to help students differentiate between formal and informal English more effectively. (Kasperczyk) <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFF66;{{text default color}};border: solid 10px #0033FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0033FF; font-family: VERANDA;"><big>"Teaching students to code-switch is a student-centered approach to learning." (Coffee).</big></span></div></td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFF66;{{text default color}};border: solid 10px #0033FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center>[[File:slang.jpg]]</td></tr></table> '''The Code-Switching Debate''' To introduce and help you understand the code-switching debate we’re going to talk a little about the Ebonics debate. This will show us a recent example of one of the types of arguments that are going on in today's schools related to code-switching. The Ebonics debate encompassed the argument over if the way of speaking used primarily by African Americans, formally named “Ebonics”, should be taught and used in schools or if it should be banned. The debate was at it’s peak in the 1990’s when a number of lawsuits were brought to court concerning the use of Ebonics in the classroom. On one side it was being argued that Ebonics should not be taught in English classrooms because it hinders the learning of the children who use it. Opponents of Ebonics cited that language skills are directly related to success in academics and African American students are behind in terms of academic success. (Mufwene, 1999). On the other side of the debate, proponents of the use of Ebonics claimed that the validity of Ebonics should be acknowledged and used to assist the teaching of Standard English. (Mufwene, 1999). If we compare the Ebonics debate to the code-switching debate we basically see the same things. The debate over code switching includes whether or not different dialects and/or slang should be used in the classroom to help teach children more effectively. The code switching debate not only includes the debate over inclusion of the African-American dialect it also includes arguments from Creole speakers, Hispanic-American, Native American, Asian-American, and virtually any other micro-culture that can be found clustered in areas of our country. (De Fina, 2007) The United States of America is one of the most diverse nations on earth. Countless races, cultures, communities and languages can be found from border to border. This diversity affects our interactions with one another in every aspect of our lives. Though what is often overlooked is how our education is greatly affected by language diversity, especially in our elementary school classrooms. (Sert,2005) Think back to your elementary school days, were you good at English, or was it one of your more difficult subjects? Now imagine that your teacher had taught you Standard English while speaking to you in the dialect that you were most familiar with, or in the way of speaking that you were immersed in when you were at home. Would this have helped you learn or would it have impaired you from fully learning Standard English? What if your teacher had switched back and forth between using Standard English and the most common dialect of the area you lived to teach you other subjects? Would this have affected your learning in any way? Two big questions facing educators today are will it help my students to code-switch or will it hurt them? And should students who are bi-lingual or use a dialect such as Ebonics or Creole be taught Standard English in the same way it is taught to second language learners? Current research points to both code-switching and teaching Standard English to certain children in the way of second language learners, as being much more helpful to students than harmful. (De Fina, 2007) <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFF66;{{text default color}};border: solid 10px #736F6E; padding: 1em; color=#000000 face='TAHOMA'" valign=left> '''Effective Code-Switching Classroom Practices:''' 1. Simulate a job interview with two applicants, one using informal English and slang and the other using formal English. This activity will help students learn how to use language in the correct context and the type of language used has a strong impact on others perceptions of that person (McCoy, 2006). 2. Have students translate conversations or sentences from informal English to standard English. (McCoy, 2006) 3. Give students examples of different situations in which they may encounter a choice between using formal English and informal English. Show them that when speaking to different people, and that in different situations, one use of the language is more appropriate than the other. 4. Have your students give a tribute speech on someone in their home community in the dialect or language in which the person would speak. This helps the student to develop pride in their culture and language history. </td></tr></table> '''I code-switch in my classroom, now how can I teach my students to code-switch effectively?''' There are two approaches to teaching code-switching the correctionist approach and the contrastivist approach (Coffee). The correctionist approach can be seen when the teacher decides that a student’s home speech is incorrect, or is bad English and needs to be corrected to proper English. The teacher then tries to change the student’s speech in every situation, formal or informal to Standard English. This approach tries to abolish all other forms of English and establish Standard English as the student’s only form of communication.(Coffee) The contrastivist approach can be seen when the teacher acknowledges that the English language comes in many different varieties and a student’s home language doesn’t need to be abolished. The teacher then begins to teach the student how to effectively switch between their home language and Standard English. (Coffee). Current research suggests that the contrastivist approach is much more helpful to a students learning than the correctionist approach. By using the contrastivist approach students are not made to feel less intelligent because the dialect they use is not Standard English. Students are made to feel included and are generally more willing to learn when this approach is use. Teaching students to code-switch is a student-centered approach to learning. (Coffee). '''Conclusion''' So it is up to you as teachers whether or not you feel that code-switching in your classroom will be helpful or harmful. I would suggest, if you are considering using it, that you research ways to do it effectively more in depth, and discuss its use with other teachers at your school or perhaps your school principal. Each school and each classroom will be different so make sure you are familiar with the positives and negatives of what you are doing before you try anything new. Code-switching can be a helpful tool in my opinion as long as it is used correctly and appropriately. [[File:teachingj.jpg]] == Quiz Yourself== '''1. Code-Switching as it relates to an educational perspective is best defined as which of the following?''' A. The use of formal English by a teacher to teach different informal forms of English to students. B. Use by the teacher of Standard English to teach students the correct way of speaking. C. Switching between different languages or dialects in conversation. D. Use by the teacher of different forms of English, formal and informal, to help students learn more effectively. '''2. Which of the following might be argued by an opponent for the use of code-switching in the classroom?''' A. "By teaching students how and when it is appropriate to code-switch they are learning more effectively." B. "A student's home dialect should be used to help teach them Standard English." C. "Students using their home dialect in the classroom are being hindered by the constructs of their dialects and thus are not learning how to use Standard English effectively. " D. "Students who are not made to forget their home dialect enjoy learning more than those who are. " '''3. According to the "contrastivist" approach,''' A. A student's home dialect should be forgotten and not used in the classroom. B. The teacher acknowledges that the English language comes in many varieties and uses an integrated approach to teaching students English. C. The teacher should try to change the way students speak in all situations, formal and informal. D. The teacher decides that the student's home dialect is bad English. '''4. Which of the following would NOT be a good way to teach your students how to code switch?''' A. Placing students in groups and assigning each group an unfamiliar dialect that they must use for the day. B. Write a sentence on the board in informal English and have the students translate it to formal English. C. Give the students a hypothetical situation in which they are interviewing the President of the United States and ask them to come up with two interview questions in the form of English they think would be best to use in that situation. D. Have students make up two conversations, one between the student and a family member, and the other between the student and a peer, then have them compare and contrast the dialect differences. == References == 1. Coffey, Heather. Code Switching. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from Learn NC Web site: http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/4558 2. De Fina, Anna (2007).Code switching and the construction of ethnic identity in a community of practice.. Language in Society. 36, 371-392. 3. Kaplan-Moss , Jacob (January 13, 2009). Descriptivists and Prescriptivists. Retrieved February 10, 2009, Web site: http://jacobian.org/writing/descriptivists-and-prescriptivists/ 4. Kasperczyk, Lesley-Anne. Implementing Code-Switching in the Classroom. Retrieved February 10, 2009, Web site: http://www.daemen.edu/academics/SRT/articles_files/DURF_Kasperczyk_2005_Paper.pdf 5. Mufwene, Salikoko (1999). EBONICS AND STANDARD ENGLISH IN THE CLASSROOM: SOME ISSUES. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics., Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/mufwene/gurt99.html 6. McCoy, William. (2006). Helping students find a voice, by giving them the words. California English, 24-25. 7. Sert, Olcay (2005). The functions of code switching in ELT classrooms. The Internet TESL Journal, XI, Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sert-CodeSwitching.html Answers to Quiz: 1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=47}} {{BookCat}} slpacea09o0guiac0o8rjmxlpwnydey Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12/Author Sign-Up Page 0 194121 4664552 4651896 2026-08-26T07:48:42Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664552 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-large;">Chapter 12—Author Sign-Up Page</span></div> <table WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top; text align=left> <span style="font-size: large;">Students...</span> To sign up for an author duty, click "edit this page", and sign your username (using four tildes) directly after the name of the duty you want to claim. '''Remember''', each author duty will be completed by only one student. This means, if a username appears next to a duty, that duty is ''not available''. Please choose another author duty in this or another chapter. '''EXAMPLE:''' <span style="color: blue;">'''Chapter FAQ'''</span> [[User:PbakerODU|PbakerODU]] ([[User talk:PbakerODU|talk]]) 19:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC) This indicates that [[User:PbakerODU|PbakerODU]] correctly signed up for this editor duty. </td></tr></table> == Author Duties == [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12/Experts Take Sides|'''Experts Take Sides''']] [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12/In the News|'''In the News''']][[User:Scrai010|Scrai010]] ([[User talk:Scrai010|talk]]) 02:43, 15 May 2009 (UTC) [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12/Chapter FAQ|'''Chapter FAQ''']][[User:Jwigg009|Jwigg009]] ([[User talk:Jwigg009|talk]]) 13:08, 26 May 2009 (UTC) [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12/The Scoop From Someone Who Knows|'''The Scoop From Someone Who Knows''']] <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #3366FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Questions?''' Refer to [[Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book|'''How to Use This Book''']] </td></tr></table> {{BookCat}} 4xav6zy2c2em1y69k24ltzuklmdal7p Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 14/14.4.2 0 194192 4664573 4644000 2026-08-26T08:43:30Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664573 wikitext text/x-wiki <big> '''Zeros and Missing Work: What's a Teacher to Do?''' </big> '''By Sarah Rooks''' == Learning Targets == '''Readers should be able to…''' • Understand the effect zeros have on students’ grades • Identify alternatives to zeros in the grade book • Gain knowledge of about four mainstream theories to use when a student is missing assignments == Introduction == The deadline for progress reports for the new school year is approaching, and almost everything is perfect. This afternoon, a few days before grades are due, the teacher even has the entire planning time to go over the grade book. Reviewing the low or failing grades, he is in a state of disbelief and begins to wonder if there are some grades he misplaced or forgot to enter. After some searching and a moment of reflection, he shakes his head and demands of the classroom of empty desks their missing assignments. Another moment passes and he sarcastically sighs, “I would have received a similar response from students.” What does he do now? Zeros and missing assignments: they happen to the best, worst, novice, and veteran teachers alike. Doing background research online, I encountered blog after blog devoted to the issue. Does this not speak volumes of the frustration that teachers experience when they open their grade books? Four theories of development were researched to provide intervention techniques to help teachers find causes, as well as solutions, among students who do not turn in assignments. There are groups who support reforming the grading scale to remove zeros completely. Other groups of teachers believe that students earn zeros for overdue assignments and homework. In addition, many teachers are adjusting their degree of flexibility- or rigidness- of accepting late work depending upon the type of assignment. While a variety of methods, theories, and opinions exist on zeros and missing assignments, their common goal is to improve students’ grades via ethical means. == Four Theories of Development == How should a teacher get a student to stop missing assignments? Dr. Isabel Killoran explains behaviorism, constructivism, maturational theory, and ecological theory, and how they can help teachers answer that question. The author does state that there are other theories of development and that every individual will have his or her own opinion as to the best theory for the situation. The chart provides a clear overview of her article. Behaviorism indicates that people’s behavior can be either positively or negatively reinforced. The article demonstrates both reinforcers in the following example: “…Let’s assume that every time [the student] comes to school without her homework done she has to stay in for recess with you. She may enjoy being with you, which would make this positive reinforcement. On the other hand, she may also be trying to avoid something outside, such as bullies. …[K]eeping her in would be negative reinforcement because you would be removing a situation she wants gone…. If this is what she wants she will continue not doing her homework.” (Killoran, page 2004). The teacher would need to determine what the student likes or dislikes, and then apply either positive or negative reinforcement. With an approach through constructivism, the teacher first needs to determine which developmental stage the student is in. When that is known, the teacher needs to select work appropriate for the developmental stage. If the issue of missing assignments is only happening repeatedly among that one student, then this approach can be considered. If the entire class is behind or far ahead, perhaps the issue is with the assignment itself. For the purposes of explanation on how to intervene with the constructivism theory, one student in the class seems to be at a different developmental stage. The teacher would need to adjust the assignment for that one student, in addition to “encouraging interaction that will lead to the next level” (Killoran, 2004). The maturational theory sounds similar to constructivism, but they have distinct differences. Maturational theorists agree that the student is not at the developmental stage; however, it is due to the student’s biological factors (Killoran, 2004). The student will require extra time for completing the assignment and should not be rushed into the next level. The ecological systems theory, developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, states there is a person and a series of systems in his environment. The person and systems interact with one another. The teacher needs to find which system is inhibiting completion of assignments and resolve the specific issue. This can be complicated as the person and all his systems connect to each other as well as other possible people. '''Table 1 - ''Problem Behavior Not Completing Homework''''' (Killoran, 2004). <table border="2"> <tr> <th>Theory of Development</th> <th>Explanation</th> <th>Intervention</th> </tr> <td>Behaviorism</td> <td>Child is receiving a reinforcer for not completing her homework. </td> <td> Identify an appropriate reinforcer and present it upon completion of homework. </td> <tr> <td>Constructivism</td> <td>Child is functioning at a different operational level than what is required to complete the homework.</td> <td>Give the child homework at the correct level. Continue to set up the classroom to encourage interaction that will lead to the next level.</td> <tr> <td>Maturation Theory</td> <td>Child is unable to understand the work.</td> <td>Give the gift of time. Do not push the child. Give the child developmentally appropriate homework.</td> <tr> <td>Ecological Systems Theory</td> <td>Something in the child’s environment is interfering with the child’s ability or desire to complete the homework.</td> <td>Ask the child if there is a problem at home or in school. Work with the parents or peers to help the child complete the work.</td> </table> == Keep or Outlaw the Zero? == Perhaps none of the four above-mentioned theories work well some teachers’ styles or beliefs. To relieve teachers and students of zeros, some people are trying to remove the zero from the grading system. This is not just a move to become the popular teacher among the students. Its basis is correlating letter grades to number grades. For example, the lowest passing grade is a D. Using the City of Newport News, Virginia’s grading scale, 65/100 is the lowest possible D. This makes 0-64 an F, therefore making 64 a failing grade. Applying the author’s viewpoint, the student who does not turn in the assignment will receive a 64, not a 0, in the grade book. It is mathematically difficult to recover from a few zeros in the grade book (Reeves, 2004). For another example, if the first homework assignment receives a 100, and the second received a zero, then the student’s homework average is a 50, or an F. By replacing the zero in the above example with a failing number grade (64), the student’s homework average is an 82, which is a C. Although most classes provide students with several homework assignments, it is common for students to not do their homework and still receive passing scores on the quizzes, tests and other work. This theory has the potential to prevent D students from failing the class in addition to making the difference between an A and a B. In British Columbia, Canada, some principals are “ordering [teachers] to never give zeros when marking class assignments [and] to accept late work…” (Vancouver Sun, 2009), which is based on a program called Assessment for Learning. The article also mentions that the program allows students to re-take tests until they receive a passing score. One teacher is glad that schools are considering different avenues; however, he believes the teacher should not be forced to implement this program. Some teachers hold the opinion that the principals are using the program as a means to increase graduation rates. The majority of members of the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation, parents, and other teachers are against and even outraged by these practices. Teachers’ and parents’ responses to this article online support the keeping of zeros and the refusing to accept late work. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #0033FF; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0033FF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big> '''Here is a link to the ''Vancouver Sun'' article''' http://www.vancouversun.com/News/told+easy+students+teachers/1392821/story.html </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == How to Deal == First determine the polices regarding late work in your school (About.com, 2009). Many schools include these policies in their student handbooks, so students and parents can refer to the handbook if they question the teacher’s decision. Popular suggestions for homework are using a specific in-box for collection, or a stamp to indicate that the assignment is on time. Some teachers have found that incompletes (an “I”) motivate their students. One teacher’s students got irritated when they received an I instead of knowing their real grade, so they learned to stay on top of their deadlines (middleweb.com, 2009). For big projects or tests turned in after the due date (without an excused absence) many teachers deduct ten points for each day it is late. This technique is meant to motivate students but sometimes this frustrates teachers whose “A student” is willing to accept a B because he or she is working, too busy, procrastinating, etc. Trial-and-error is a recurring theme in the published discussions, blogs and message boards by teachers who are still searching for solutions to this issue. Even though different teachers use different methods, they share the same attitude, which is to make their expectations clear and be consistent with their own policies, procedures, and consequences. == Conclusion == Nothing, nil, nought, zip, zilch, goose egg… in the English language, there are so many words which mean ''zero''. While doing only thirty hours of observation for my ECI 301 class, I heard many synonyms for zero and even more teachers beg students for missing assignments. As future educators, we want young people to do well in school so they are better prepared for life’s real responsibilities. Determining why a student has zeros and missing work opens the door to a myriad of solutions to help improve grades. Insightful and knowledgeable teachers possess the skills to create the delicate balance between tough love and second chances in the classroom. == Multiple Choice Questions == '''1. James earns the following grades on six homework assignments: 0, 0, 50, 100, 100, 100. What is his current homework grade and is he passing based on the following grading scale: A 92-100; B 83-91; C 74-82; D 73-65; F Below 65?''' A. 58, F, not passing B. 70, D, passing C. 80, C, passing D. 87.5, B, passing '''2. James earns the following grades on homework assignments: 0, 0, 50, 100, 100, 100. His teacher gives zeros for late assignments, half credit for partially completed, and 100 for completed. His passing homework grade means the difference between a D and an F. What are some options his teacher can use help James pass the class?''' A. Allow James to re-do the two missing homework assignments B. Give the highest failing grade, a 64 for the late and partial assignments, giving him an 82 C for homework. C. Replace the zeros with Is to allow an opportunity for make-up work D. The teacher can choose from all of the above '''3. James’s teacher wonders why he completed half of the assignments and did not complete the others. She discovers that he works a part-time job and that his family really needed the money. By allowing extra credit for on-time assignments as positive reinforcement, what theory of development is the teacher using?''' A. Behaviorism B. Constructivism C. Maturational theory D. Ecological theory '''4. What is one difference between constructivism and maturational theory?''' A. Behavior of the student B. Biological factors C. Developmental stages D. Outside parties’ influences Answers: 1)A; 2)D; 3)A; 4)B == References == ''Grading Scale (Student Evaluation) – High School.'' Newport News Public Schools. Retrieved March 19, 2009. from Newport News Public Schools Web Site: http://sbo.nn.k12.va.us/resources/grading.html. ''In case you missed it- Failing grades for late assignments: teaching responsibility or giving permission to fail?'' Retrieved March 21, 2009. http://www.middleweb.com/INCASEfailingrades.html Kelly, M. ''How to Deal with Late Work and Make Up Work: Late Work and Make Up Work Policies.'' Retrieved March 21, 2009. From About.com. Website: http://712educators.about.com/od/classroomhelpers/a/Late_Work.htm Killoran, I. (2003, December). Why Is Your Homework Not Done? How Theories of Development Affect Your Approach in the Classroom. ''Journal of Instructional Psychology'', 30(4), 309-315. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection database. Reeves, D. (2004, December). The Case Against the Zero. ''Phi Delta Kappan'', 86(4), 324-325. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. Steffenhagen, J. (2009). We’re told to go easy on students, B.C. teachers say. Retrieved March 19, 2009, from ''The Vancouver Sun'' Web site: http://www.vancouversun.com/News/told+easy+students+teachers/1392821/story.html {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=165}} {{BookCat}} 2o0q1t04e2yu980bignhki49a1z34yu Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 14/14.6.3 0 194218 4664545 4652162 2026-08-26T07:39:29Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664545 wikitext text/x-wiki == Personal Conferences for Assessment == ''by Sarah Macomber'' == Introduction == <big>A personal conference is a conversation with a student that allows both the teacher and the student talk about where the student is in the class, and what things the student may need to focus on. Personal conferences give students goals to aim for, and to get a chance to assess their work in the class. Conferences can be a great way to give feedback to the student while letting the teacher know what areas need more attention.</big> <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF8C6;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #8B31C7; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #571B7e; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>"Ultimately, parents and educators share a common goal: to improve the future quality of life for children by seeing that they receive the best possible education. With each party working alone, there is less chance of reaching that goal. But in working together there is power, and children deserve to have their parents and teachers work together as equals." (Stevens and Tollafield,2003)</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == Learning Targets == <div style="font-size:larger;"> '''Students should be able to:''' *State what a personal conference is. *List the advantages of personal conferences. *List the disadvantages of personal conferences.</div> == Student-Teacher Conferences == <big>Student/Teacher conferences can help close the achievement gap by showing students what they need to work on, and what goals they need to set for themselves. It is important for students to have a chance to assess their own work, and to have one-on-one time to address their concerns. Conferences let teachers see how the students are doing not only academically, but in social and personal areas as well. (Akmal, 2002) It is important for the student to feel comfortable in the conference, and not feel that they are in trouble or have been singled out. The more comfortable the student feels, the more willing they are to open up about problems they may be experiencing. Having a formal structure for conferences lets the student know what to expect and calm anxieties they may feel. (Akmal, 2002) Conferences can be more casual as well by having them take place during class time, and having them be shorter and more direct.</big> == Parent-Teacher-Student Conferences == <big>An important goal in a parent/teacher conference is to create an alliance between the teacher and the parent. Both parties want the student to succeed and to have the best education possible. When setting up conferences, teachers should be sure to set them up with all the parents, and not just with those whose children are having problems in the class. While meeting with the parent, teachers should listen and be open to the parent's point of view. (Stevens and Tollafield, 2003) It is important for the teacher to be positive about the student, and to state some of their strengths while conferencing with the parents. "When explaining things like test scores to parents, teachers should be prepared to explain such specialized terms as "standard score" or "percentile" without oversimplifying. Visual aids or examples can often help with this task." (Stevens and Tollafield, 2003) </big> <big><u>'''Student Involvement'''</u></big> <big>When possible, the student should be involved in the parent/teacher conference. They are the ones who will be most affected by the decisions made in the conference. Students can feel anxious if they are left at home while their parent meets with the teacher at school. Sending a letter home with the students helps parents to better understand their role in the conference as well as what to expect. (Enz and Serafini, 1995) Parents are often curious about their child's progress, and teachers can share with them how the student is doing and what they have observed in the classroom. At the conference, students can have a chance to show the parents a notebook or portfolio of their work. Students are often excited to get a chance to share their hard work and what they have accomplished. (Enz and Serafini, 1995)</big> == Disadvantages == <big>Although conferences can be beneficial to all parties involved, attendance is often a problem many teachers face. "Research shows that 40% of parents never attend school programs." (Stevens and Tolafield, 2003) Oftentimes, both parents are working during the day, so teachers should be prepared to accommodate those parents who can't take off of work. Student/Teacher conferences can be equally as hard to set up. Holding these conferences during class time can take time away from instruction.</big> == Quiz == 1. Teachers should only hold conferences with the parents whose children have problems in the class. A. True B. False 2. Why are student/teacher conferences important? A. Students can set new goals for themselves. B. Students get a chance to assess their work. C. Teachers find out what they need to focus on in class. D. All of the above. 3. Research shows that 40% of parents never attend school programs. A. True B. False Answers: 1. B 2. D 3. A == References == Enz, Billie J., Serafini, Frank. (1995). Assessment. Involving Students in the Assessment Process. ''Teaching PreK-8, 25''(5), 96-97. Retrieved from Eric Database. Stevens, Brenda A., Tollafield, Andrew. (2003). Creating Comfortable and Productive Partner/Teacher Conferences. ''Phi Delta Kappan, 84''(7), 521-24. Retrieved from Eric Database. Akmal, Tariq T. (2002 January/February). Ecological Approaches to Sustained Silent Reading. ''Clearing House, 75''(3), 154-57. Retrieved from Eric Database. {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=170}} {{BookCat}} hreblwjskj4ipn0v42j257fr9agnmmp Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 14/14.8.2 0 194232 4664502 4664334 2026-08-26T06:40:31Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664502 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><big><span style="color: purple; font-family: baveuse; ALIGN="right" FONT font-size: xxx-large;">'''The Bubble Test-Friend or Foe?'''</span></big></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: ARIAL NARROW;"><big><big>'''By: Hillary Childress'''</big></big></span></div> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #6666FF; padding: 1em;" valign=top> [[File:Hayley - younger sister.JPG]] </td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #387C44; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"> <big>'''<big>Learning Targets</big>'''</big> * After reading this article the reader will have gained knowledge about what standardized testing is and the drawbacks it not only brings to students but as well as the teachers. The article will also present other affective methods of assessing students. </span></div> </td></tr></table> =A little History = Standardized tests are given from 3rd grade all the way through 12th grade, and for some students, as well as the teachers that are required to give them, when presented with these tests they are filled with a feeling of anxiety and fear. What is a standardized test? The North Central Regional Educational Laboratory defines a standardized test as “one that is administered under standardized or controlled conditions that specify where, when, how, and for how long children may respond to the questions or prompts” (Learning Point Associates). Standardized tests have been required in the United States since 1965 when the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (also known as ESEA) was passed. This act gave federal funds to public school, to make sure the money was being put to good use the government mandated that schools give standardized test (Popham). Then with the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) passed in 2002 has put more pressure on public schools regarding standardized tests scores. The NCLB states that teachers of core academic subjects in a school that receives federal funds, must be highly qualified (American Federation of teachers). The state and federal government can determine what they feel is highly qualified by standardized test scores, if a school performs under average for consecutive years that school is in danger of losing federal funds. Does standardized testing really measure how well a school or teacher is doing their job? The answer is no. There are several reasons why standardized tests should no longer be used to assess a student’s understanding of material. =Teaching for the Test= The phrase “teaching for the test” simply means that teachers teach curriculum that is likely to appear on a standardized test and drill this information into their students (The Center for Public Education). This can lead to students simply memorizing the information instead of learning and therefor retaining the material even after the test has been given. This can also lead to narrower curriculum and excluding material that while vital is not tested. There is also the fear of devoting to much classroom time to prepping for the tests which can produce severely stressed students as well as teachers (The Center for Public Education). With so much pressure being placed on students and teachers to succeed what happens to creativity in the classroom? =Creativity Crisis= When teachers have to worry about meeting test standards and have to teach for the test, creativity gets put on the backburner and with it is a child’s excitement to learn. When a teacher whether it be a new or experienced, are handed a large binder at the beginning of the year with the curriculum that needs to be taught, it can be overwhelming. Creativity sparks interest into students; with so much time is monopolized by preparing for the tests, teachers have little time to come up with creative lesson plans. =Test Anxiety Attack= Clarkson College defines test anxiety as “being so afraid or worried about a test that performance suffers” (Clarkson College). Some symptoms of test taking anxiety are; increased heart rate,dizziness,sweating,stomach or head ache, feelings of low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and there are many other(Zbordnik) The fear can be so strong that no matter how long the student spent preparing for the test, once the students looks at the test, all previous knowledge is forgotten. The TestEdge National Demonstration Study reported on the Institute of HeartMath site, stated that 61% of high school students suffer from test anxiety and from 61%, 26% are handicapped by their anxiety. This information shows that perhaps students should be assessed by using one or many of other assessment methods. =Conclusion= There are many reasons as to why standardized tests are not the best form of assessment and this article has only scratched the surface as to why. Standardized test are not the only form of assessing someone’s knowledge and we should explore the other methods of assessment. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #800080; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #408080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big> ''' "An Education isn't how much you have committed to memory, or even how much you know. It's being able to differentiate between what you know and what you don't" -- ''Quoted from Anatole France from http://www.etni.org.il/quotes/education.htm .''''' </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> ='''<big>Test your Knowledge</big>'''= 1. How many High School students suffer from test anxiety? *A.68% *B.62% *C.61% *D.67% 2. When was ESEA passed? *A.1965 *B.1967 *C.1963 *D.1970 3. Mrs. Martin is teaching the exact curriculum that was tested on a previous SOL test. Mrs. Martin is doing what? *A.Teaching the test *B.Preparing her students properly for the test *C.Test teaching *D.Teaching for the test 4. When Charlie is handed his test he starts panicking and can remember anything he has learned. What is Charlie suffering from? *A.Test Anxiety *B.Anxiety of tests *C.He is just worrying too much *D.All of the above =Cheat Sheet= *1. C *2. A *3. D *4. A =References= Gross, P. (2005).Is Creativity Being Left Behind. Retrieved March 21, 2009, bnet. Website: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4009/is_200504/ai_n13505185 France, A. (1997).Education-Quotes. Retrieved March 22, 2009, ETNI-English Teachers Network.Website: http://www.etni.org.il/quotes/education.htm Popham, J.W. (2009).F for Assessment: Standardized Test Fails. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from Edutopia: The George Lucas Educational Foundation. Website: http://www.edutopia.org/f-for-assessment Zbornik, J. (2001). Test Anxiety: Conceptualization and Remediation Strategies. Retrieved March 21, 2009, American Psychiatric Association. Website: http://www.lkwdpl.org/schools/specialed/zbornik1.htm (2003).Meeting NCLB’s Highly Qualifified Guidelines. Retrieved March 21, 2009, The American Federation of Teachers. Website: http://www.aft.org/topics/nclb/downloads/ESEANEAAFT.pdf (2006). Research Q and A: Standardized Tests and their impact on Schooling. Retrieved March 21, 2009, The Center for Public Education. Website: http://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/site/c.kjJXJ5MPIwE/b.1536819/k.A774/Research_Q__A_Standardized_tests_and_their_impact_on_schooling.htm#qu4 (2009). Solutions for Stress: Overcoming Test Anxiety. Retrieved March 21, 2009, Institute of HeartMath. Website: http://www.heartmath.org/for-you/overcoming-test-anxiety.html Standardized Test. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from Learning Point Associates. Website: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/students/earlycld/ea5lk3.htm (2005).Test Taking Anxiety. Retrieved March 21, 2009, Clarkson College. Website: http://www.clarksoncollege.edu/Current_Students/General_Services/Success_Center/Test_Taking_Anxiety/ {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=174}} {{BookCat}} 42ximixns20ijulbkd8v58dqla0go3n Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/How to Use This Book/Posting an Article and Posting a Picture 0 194270 4664557 4643642 2026-08-26T07:51:06Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} == Posting an article == <li>Go to the page where you want to post <li>Click "edit this page" <li>Type away. <li>Play around with the editing tools above the window (putting your mouse on top of the icons will tell you what each button does) == Posting a picture you have stored on your computer == '''Step 1''' Step 1 is to upload the picture file to Wikibooks: <ul> <li>1. Under the toolbox menu on the left click on Upload file</li> <li>2. Browse to find the picture you want to use - this should appear in the Source line</li> <li>3. Name the picture and write it down exactly as you have named it - this goes in the Destination file name</li> <li>4. Select the proper copyright/license information (Remember NOT to use any images that are copyrighted. Use images you took yourself or ones that are in the public domain, the creative commons, or from other copyleft sources) - if you took the picture yourself - look for the recommended license-</li> <li>5. Hit upload file</li></ul> '''Step 2''' Step 2 is to place the image where you want it in Wikibooks <ul> <li>1. Go to the page when you want to post your picture</li> <li>2. Click edit this page</li> <li>3. Click the icon of the picture in the tool box at the top of the editing window (this is the 6th button from the left - it will insert this text: bracket bracket colon example.jpg bracket bracket</li> <li>4. Replace example.jpg with the name of your picture</li> <li>5. Click "save page" and see if your picture comes up</li> <li> Here is a picture of my son (click edit this page to see my code) [[Image:Donovan1.jpg|300px|center]]</li> </ul> '''Step 3''' Step 3: Make the image the size you want and place it on the left, the right or the center <ul> <li>1. You can control the size of your picture by saying how many pixels you want it to be. This picture of my son is 300 pixels. To do this - add a vertical line (look on the keyboard above the enter key) then the number of pixels you want the image to be and then the abbreviation px for pixels e.g. Image:Donovan1.jpg|300px - this would be inside the double brackets</li> <li>2. You can place the image on the left, right or center. To do this add a vertical line (shift + the key above enter) and the word left, right or center e.g. Image:Donovan1.jpg|300px|right - this would be inside the double brackets</li> <li>Here is my son smaller and on the right</li> [[Image:Donovan1.jpg|100px|right|Donovan, age 3]] </ul> '''Step 4''' Step 4: You can add a caption to your picture If you want a title to appear when you put the mouse over the image, you need to only add the title at the end of your image file - after a vertical line and before the closing brackets (e.g. Image:Donovan1.jpg|100px|right|Donovan, age 3 - this would be inside the double brackets). If you want an actual caption to appear I have found only two ways to do this: <li>1. Make the image a thumbnail - then you can add a caption</li> <li>To do this add the word |thumb| after the image name and add a caption by typing a title before the closing bracket </li> <li>e.g.(this would all be inside the double brackets) Image:image name.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Donovan, age 3 <li>see my example below</li> [[Image:Donovan1.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Donovan, age 3]] <li>2. Put the image into a table - then you can add color, text, etc.</li> <li>You can control whether the table is centered, right aligned or left aligned (mine is centered, see the code that says ALIGN="center"</li> <li>You can control the size of the table (mine is 40% of the page, WIDTH = 40%)</li> <li>You can control the color and size of the border (color = pink - FFBDBD; size = 5px)and background (cream - FFFFCC), the width of the padding in the background (padding:1em) </li> <li>You can control whether the caption is centered or aligned to the left or right (I have it centered - you can see I have "center" typed in <> before my title</li> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> [[Image:Donovan1.jpg|300px]] <div style="text-align: center;"> ''Donovan, age 3.'' </div></td></tr></table> [http://html-color-codes.com/ Here's a link to a webpage that lists the codes for lots of different colors] == Here are some websites that you can find pictures free of copyright == [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons] [http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons Creative Commons] dcn6fazlp19rkh3egqonlfdv6khm3qy Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 5/5.2.1 0 194445 4664529 4656820 2026-08-26T07:25:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="85%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF3366;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><big><b>Learned Helplessness In Our Students And Learning How We HELP!</b></big></span></div> </td></tr></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b>By Amy Baker (ABake028)</b></span></div> <table WIDTH="35%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #56A5EC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FF3366; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><u>Contents</u></b></div> 1. Learning Targets 2. What is learned helplessness? 3. How does this affect my students? 4. How can I teach these students? 5. Conclusion 6. Multiple Choice Questions 7. References </div></td></tr></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b><u>Learning Targets</u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;">Students should be able to...</div> 1. Understand what learned helplessness means for students 2. Understand the traits related to learned helplessness 3. Implement some strategies to help with learned helplessness in the classroom <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>What Is Learned Helplessness?</b></span> The bell rang and students began pouring into the classroom, slowly they put away their backpacks and began trickling to their desks amongst all the chatter. Now that they were all seated, we were ready for our morning brain warm ups! Math worksheets were handed out and a sea of whining filled the classroom. “I can’t do this,” “These are all hard problems,” “I give up,” “How do you do these? I don’t know how!” Before students even have a chance to see what they were working on they feel defeated. This is known as learned helplessness or a psychological condition in which a student “has learned to act or behave helpless in a particular situation, even when they have the power to change their unpleasant or even harmful circumstance" (Seligman, 1975). <table WIDTH="65%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF3366;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: medium;"><b>“Students who are repeatedly exposed to school failure are particularly at risk for the development of learned helplessness” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 172). </b></span></div></td></tr></table> Learned helplessness “exists when individuals believe that their own behavior has no influence on consequent events” (Seligman, 1975). Seligman believes this phenomenon is comprised of three different parts “(a) an undermining of one’s motivation to respond; (b) a retardation of one’s ability to learn that responding works; and (c) an emotional disturbance, usually depression or anxiety.” For students this becomes a vicous cycle since one component can directly affect another and rapidly create a snowball pattern. Typically students are depressed about past failures and “begin to doubt their intellectual abilities, and this leads them to doubt that they can do anything to help overcome their difficulties. They then lessen their achievement efforts, particularly when faced with difficult material, and this leads in turn to continued failure” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 172). Obviously, students who are wrapped up in this snowball effect get the overwhelming feeling that they will never get problems correct. This becomes a difficult task for students to overcome. <table WIDTH="110%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #56A5EC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FF3366; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|face='Arial'|size=3}} <div style="text-align: center;"><b><u>10 Ways to see if your student exhibits learned helplessness behaviors!</u></b></div> Does your student…. 1. Prefer to do easy problems rather than hard ones? 2. Takes little independent initiative? 3. Fail one part of a task and is certain to fail at the entire task? 4. Make negative or degrading comments about his/her ability when s/he performs poorly? 5. Give up when you correct them? 6. Stop trying when s/he encounters an obstacle in school work? 7. Asks for help from aides, other students more than necessary? 8. Fail a few problems, and continues to do poorly even though the problems are within his/her ability range? 9. Not respond with enthusiasm and pride when asked how s/he is doing on an academic task? 10. Attribute their good grade to luck, problems being easy or you were being nice? <div style="text-align: center;">Student Behavior Checklist (Fincham et al. 1989)</div> {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #56A5EC;"><b>How does learned helplessness affect my students</b></span> When students are feeling as though they cannot “control” their failure, they do show some symptoms. The most common signs of learned helplessness are those of “shared depression symptoms such as passivity, interjected hostility, weight loss, appetite loss, and social deficits. In addition to these familiar signs, learned helplessness also has some diagnostic symptoms including depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal ideation” (Wikipedia, 2008). This is a lot for a child to have to deal with in addition to learning the information being presented. These depression like symptoms affect students in their educational learning. Fincham, Hokoda, Sanders asserts that if a child finds new material particularly difficult he/she falls into a defensive pattern, learned helplessness, which increases obstacles in learning (1989, pg. 138). This psychological condition can greatly affect academics because of the snowball effect. Academic failures of the past lead to flawed deductive reasoning in children, the conclusion of which is that failure is the norm. This vicious cycle of failure, doubt and failure again can manifest in both academic achievement and social development. Thus learned helplessness is not only an additional learning barrier but also a comforting internal excuse (Wikipedia, 2008). Once behind in academic skills, students feel hopeless and lose interest in even trying. Since we know this condition can cripple our students’ education, how do we prevent this from entering our classrooms? <table WIDTH="85%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF3366;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: black; font-size: large;"><b>Do You Promote Learned Helplessness? [http://www.chickmoorman.com/PAhelplessness.html Take This Quiz!]</b></span></div></td></tr></table> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>How can I teach these students?</b></span> What we do know is that students with learned helplessness exhibit symptoms similar to depression. As teachers we do have tricks up our sleeves to help eliminate learned helplessness behaviors in our classrooms. Sutherland and Singh believe “academic failure may result in students’ receiving little positive reinforcement” ( 2004, pg.169). The first thing we can attempt with these students is forms of positive reinforcement. When good performance is achieved; perhaps positive verbal feedback, tokens, stickers or some type of reward for a job well done; anything that will give these students a pat on the back and make them feel worthy. This, over time, will hopefully build the students’ confidence and begin to break down those depressive behaviors. Additionally, studies have shown that the teacher-student dynamic is contributing to the development and maintenance of learned helplessness. It is not that teachers actively reinforce learned helplessness behaviors but rather because of student disposition, positive reinforcement occurs so seldom between teachers and students that students are unfamiliar with the positive reinforcement dynamic (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 171). For this method to be effective it needs to occur over time and it needs to be consistent so the student learns the connection between the performance and the praise. In addition to the positive praise we give students, we also need to be aware of the type of critical response we give. Criticisms directed towards students like "I'm very disappointed in you" are often received as personal attacks and further reinforce the underlying depressive emotions of learned helplessness that are represented as "I'm no good, I'm a failure." However, process criticism like "Maybe you can think of another way to do it?" leads to a healthier academic attitude. This paradigm is mirrored in the person versus process praise dynamic as well. Person praise such as "I'm very proud of you" leads to student centered outcomes such as "I'm a success, I'm a failure;" whereas process praise like "You must have tried really hard" leades to challenge centered outcomes such as "I can do this" (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 175). As teachers we have to be conscious to make our criticisms and praise about the process of the problem not the person so that the failure can be attributed to the actual work not an intelligence factor. Since we know positive reinforcement is helpful over time it is necessary to make process praise a part of our everyday curriculum. But how can we aide these students with academic performance? Tests of course!! Research shows that with learned helplessness “students who had hard questions before the easy questions would tend to give up on the easy questions due to frustration…the perceived failure alone was sufficient to make students feel helpless and give up on the test” (Firman et al., 2004, pg. 692). What does this mean for us? To avoid this test anxiety we can alter our tests so that all students can feel successful while taking them. “For decades, teachers and test developers have been advised to arrange the test items in the ascending order of difficulty so that the test takers would be motivated by the early successful experience and continue the test” (Firman et al., 2004, pg. 692). This method will hopefully motivate your students and build confidence so that over time (and throughout the test) they may begin attributing their success in the beginning questions with intellectual ability rather than external occurrences. <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #56A5EC;"><b>Conclusion</b></span> In today’s society, our students have additional pressure for high academic performance from their parents, school systems, and state tests. This additional anxiety often leads to learned helplessness behaviors that we see in the classroom more and more. Although these behaviors are difficult to handle in our classroom management, it is our duty to try different methods to combat this condition. Evidence shows that “teachers provide less academic instruction to students who exhibit problem behavior” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 169). We need to make conscious efforts to give special attention to these students so that they may succeed in their academic career. In addition to the one on one time, we have to remember to stay positive and model positive behavior in our classroom. For these students a “lack of positive reinforcement leads to a lack of confidence, a developmental increase in the need for external approval, a perception that one has little control over outcomes in one’s life, and ultimately a decrease in motivation” (Sutherland and Singh, 2004, pg. 173). This is often a difficult task to accomplish all year long, but keep it simple: praise, praise, praise on procedure and model the positive behaviors in your classroom. <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>Multiple Choice Questions</b></span> 1. Students with learned helplessness believe A. Once they have help they can succeed B. Other students can learn to help them C. Teachers are great and always teach great lessons D. They will continue to fail on future problems 2. Students with learned helplessness may exhibit all of the following EXCEPT: A. Ask their peers for help B. Give up when you correct them C. Prefer easy questions over hard D. Sit quietly and not respond 3. Telling a student “I really like that you showed your long division work” is an example of A. Person criticism B. Person praise C. Process criticism D. Process praise 4. To best create a test to avoid learned helplessness behaviors teachers can A. Create special tests for these students B. Place factual questions before conceptual questions C. Read the test out loud D. Use all multiple choice questions <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #56A5EC;"><b>Answers</b></span> 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B) <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font color: #FF3366;"><b>References</b></span> Fincham, F.D., Hokoda, A., & Sanders, R.J. (1989). Learned Helplessness, Test Anxiety, and Academic Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis. Child Development, 60, 138-145. Firman, M., Hwang, C., Copella, M., & Clark, S. (2004). Learned Helplessness: The Effect of Failure on Test-Taking. Education, 124(4), 688-693. Learned Helplessness. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_helplessness.html Moorman, C. The Language of Learned Helplessness Quiz. Skill Training and Resources for Parents and Educators. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from http://www.chickmoorman.com/PAhelplessness.html Seligman, M.E.P. (1975). Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman. Sutherland, K.S., & Singh, N.N. (2004). Learned Helplessness and Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: Deprivation in the Classroom. Behavioral Discorders, 29(2), 169-181. {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=54}} cg2skz4mf0tpk99eah5kazon01ske47 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 5/5.5.2 0 194454 4664560 4643662 2026-08-26T08:04:51Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="Center"><tr><td style="background-color: grey;;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px blue; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: purple; FONT font-size: xxx-large; font-family: impact;">'''Let's Talk About Sex Education'''<br /></span></div> </td></tr></table> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Lucida Handwriting;"><big><big>'''By: Samantha Herring'''</big></big></span></div> ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''Learning Targets'' </span> == *Students will be able to identify the history of sex education and understand its purpose *Students will identify the issue of who should teach sex education *Students will use both sides of the controversy to form their own opinion of whether parents or not the public school systems should teach sex education *Students will understand that there is a compromise, no matter the argument ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''Introduction'' </span> == Sex education is the instruction about sex and human sexuality. In 1913, sex education programs were first introduced to public school systems. With teenage pregnancy rates higher than ever and the serious threat of the contraction of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as HIV, the role of sex education in the school is of greater importance now than ever before. Children are now faced with problems at a much earlier age than in the past. There must be a way to reach the children before they are in such need of help because they are clueless about the devastating problems around them (Sex education, 2007). ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''Purpose'' </span> == <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: grey;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px purple; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: rockwell;">''Four main goals of school-based sex education programs are;'' ''1. To provide accurate information about human sexuality''<br> ''2. To provide an opportunity for young people to develop and understand their values, attitudes, and beliefs about sexuality''<br> ''3. To help young people develop relationships and interpersonal skills''<br> ''4. To help young people exercise responsibility regarding sexual relationships, including addressing abstinence, pressures to become prematurely involved in sexual intercourse and the use of contraception and other sexual health measures (Sex Education in Public Schools, 2007).''<br /></span></div> </td></tr></table> The primary purpose of school-based sex education is to help young people build a foundation as they mature into sexually healthy adults. Such programs respect the diversity of values and beliefs represented in the community (Sex education in Schools, 2006). Sex education seeks to assist young people in understanding a positive view of sexuality, provide them with information and skills about taking care of their sexual health, and help them make sound decisions now and in the future. ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''The Controversy'' </span> == Since the introduction of sex education in the public school system there has been an on going debate over sex education within our society. There is no federal law or policy requiring sex or HIV education. Currently, 18 states and the District of Columbia require schools to teach sex education, but 32 have not made sex education an essential part of the educational curriculum (Issues and Answers, 2004). The reason such debate arose over the years is because there are many diverse opinions about the topic. Both sides agree that some form of sex education is needed. Children these days do not understand the results their actions may bring upon them. Over the past few years the U.S has had more than double the teenage pregnancy rate of any western industrialized country, with more than a million teenagers becoming pregnant each year (Sex Education, 2007). Teenagers have the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) of any age group, with one in four young people contracting an STD by the age of 21. In 1994, 417 new AIDS cases were diagnosed among 13-19 year olds, and 2,684 new cases among 20-24 year olds. Since infection may occur up to 10 years before an AIDS diagnosis, most of those people were infected with HIV either as adolescents or pre-adolescents (Sex Education in Public Schools, 2007). Studies have shown that sex education begun before youth are sexually active helps young people stay abstinent and use protection when they do become sexually active. ''It is apparent that it is needed, but who should teach it?'' ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''Parents'' </span> == The eleven percent of our country against sex education in public schools is concerned with the innocence of our children. These Americans think that sex education should be taught at home by the children's parents. Their argument is that educating children about sex and other sexual activities is inappropriate because it robs them of their childhood (Sex and Relationship Education, 2007). Some parents also do not agree with what the children are taught. If the parents have the privilege to teach their children and the choice about what to teach them, they can do it when they feel as if it is appropriate. ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''Public Schools'' </span> == It is easy to understand why eighty-nine percent of America supports sex education in public schools. Some children feel uncomfortable approaching their parents about sexual issues and by providing sex education in the classroom it eliminates the awkwardness between children and their parents (What Children are Taught About Sex, 2003). If we left it up to all parents to provide their children with sex education, the education is not guaranteed like it is at school. Those parents who feel that sex education encourages children to engage in sexual activities are wrong because it has been proven that sex education does not increase the sexual activity among students. ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''The Argument'' </span> == Unlike homes, schools do not burden children with moral restrictions. Schools can resolve the "conflict between morality and reality" by offering unbiased statements of fact. Parents only offer their children information based on their beliefs where as a teacher is there to educate the children about everything, not just what he or she believes in. Without the biased opinions of the parents, young people are given the chance to explore gender differences and how ethnicity and sexuality can influence people's feelings and options. They are also able to decide for themselves what the positive qualities of relationships are. Effective sex education in the classroom also provides young people with an opportunity to explore the reasons why people have sex, and to think about how it involves emotions, respect for one self and other people and their feelings, decisions and bodies (Issues and Answers, 2004). Parents do not always offer all possibilities of sex. Most parents just instruct their children as abstinence being the only choice. With sex education, not only are teens being taught the seriousness and responsibilities of parenthood, but also ways to prevent pregnancy. Abstinence is taught as the best choice, but methods of birth control and other contraceptives are explained. Since sex education has been required in some schools the pregnancy rate in the US has been at a steady decline due to highly effective and long-acting contraceptive methods among sexually experienced teenagers (Sex Education in Schools, 2006). Being such a disgusting topic, many parents do not inform their children of STDs. With more knowledge of the dangers of STDs and how nasty they are (which is taught during sex education in public schools), young people will be less likely to have numerous partners. Sex education stresses that condoms are not completely effective against HIV/AIDS or that there is a cure for AIDS (Issues and Answers, 2004). ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''The Compromise'' </span> == Since some parents are so set on the idea of educating their children about sex the education system themselves and the government has given these parents the right to withdraw their children from sex education. This law for the right to withdraw has been in affect since 2002. With this option, it gives the parents who feel as if they will do a better job educating their children to do so. It also allows the supporters of sex education to have their children sexually educated. With this compromise, it allows both sides of the argument to get what they want. Not only are parents allowed to withdraw their children, school boards also allow parents to help plan the curriculum of sex education. By critiquing the curriculum to better correspond to a child’s age; this may help the way some parents feel. For example, in primary school children begin to experience both the birth and death of family members. During sex education, for this age, children should be taught that "humans can produce offspring" and about lifecycles of birth and death. By coordinating the curriculum to the child’s age, the opposing party no longer feels that the children are being robbed of their innocence. Also, this will pleases supporters of sex education because the children will still be getting the education that they need to live a healthy life (Sex Education in Schools, 2006). ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''References'' </span> == “Issues and Answers.” Seicus. 04 Feb 2009. Seicus Org. 2 May 2004 <http://www.siecus.org/pubs/fact/fact0007.html>. “Sex and Relationship education.” Parents Centre. 04 Feb 2009. Department for Education and Skills. 1 Jan 2007 <http://www.parentscentre.gov.uk/educationandlearning/whatchildrenlearn/curriculumandassessment/sexandrelationshipeducation/>. "Sex education." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 04 Feb 2009, 16:28 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Apr 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php=Sex_education&oldid=118808929>. “Sex Education in Public Schools.” An Informative Source and Resource Guide for Parents. 04 Feb 2009. The Public School Parent’s Network. 24 Feb 2007 <http://www.psparents.net/sex_education.htm>. “Sex Education in Schools.” About, Parenting Adolescents. 04 Feb 2009. About, Inc. 22 Feb 2006 <http://parentingteens.about.com/od/teensexuality/a/sex_education.htm>. “What Children are Taught About Sex.” BBC News. 04 Feb 2009. BBC, Inc. 20 Apr 2003 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/1959741.stm>. ==<span style="color: blue; face="rockwell">''Self Quiz'' </span> == <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: grey;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px purple; padding: 1em;" valign=center> 1. What year did public schools first introduce self education? <br> A. 1923<br> B. 1913<br> C. 2002<br> D. 1956 2. What is the ratio of the number of young people contracting a STD before the age of 21? <br> A. 1:3<br> B. 1:9<br> C. 1:4<br> D. 1:6 3. Why do you think more people agree that sex education should be taught in public schools?<br> A. Because parents do not know enough to teach their children. <br> B. Because parents do not have the same resources as teachers. <br> C. Because there has been a decrease in teen pregnancy and STDs among children in schools that teach sex education.<br> D. Because the number of teens that practice abstinence is decreasing. 4. Joe's grandmother died when he was in the 4th grade. Although he was old enough to know that she was not coming back, he didn't understand what had happen. This really made Joe wonder about where people come from. What would be the importance of sex education during this time in his life? <br> A. Joe would learn about personal hygiene. <br> B. Joe would learn where his grandmother went and why she had left. <br> C. Joe would learn about the life cycles of birth and death. <br> D. Joe would be able to relate to other students. <small>(answers: 1,b 2,c 3,c 4,c)</small> </td></tr></table> {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=61}} 0gp47su5j3arj24qagaeugfo68bvlu7 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 5/5.7.1 0 194459 4664555 4643549 2026-08-26T07:49:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664555 wikitext text/x-wiki ==<span style="font-size: xxx-large;">Student Mobility</span>== '''''By: Joshua Tarwater''''' <table WIDTH="85%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCCC;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 2.5px #336633; padding: 1em;" valign=top> "'''Student mobility''' refers to the phenomenon of students changing schools for reasons other than grade promotion" (Hartman, 2002)</td></tr></table> {{big/top}} ==<span style="COLOR = "8B0000""> <i>Learning Targets</i></span> == Students will be able to: * Define Student Mobility * Describe in detail the effects of Student Mobility on a student's productivity * Identify common trends on Student Mobility * Identify effective practices which can lower the adverse emotional effects on those students who are "mobile" {{big/end}} == ''Introduction'' == As a teacher, one might begin each year by asking themselves questions such as: 'What subjects am I teaching? Where will I be teaching? How will I go about teaching?' and of course, 'Who am I teaching?' Unfortunately, due to student mobility, answering this last question could turn out as a difficult concern. As the economy changes, so might a student's financial situation, living environments, and basic needs might change as well which could lead to a student having to move from home to home, city to city, or even just school to school. Even in some instances, even a student attending a Private school might have to switch to public schooling due to lack of funds or problems in the home or current classroom. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCCCCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 2.5px #336633; padding: 1em;" valign=top> "A national longitudinal survey . . . found that 31 percent of eighth graders had changed schools two or more times between the first and eighth graders and 10 percent changed schools two or more times between the eighth grade and twelfth grades, not counting regular promotions between elementary, middle and high schools" (Rumberger & Larson, 1998 p.&nbsp;2). </td></tr></table> == '' How Might Student Mobility Effect The Student? '' == A student's move within a school district, state, country, what have you, can be due to a myriad of reasons. This move might not always be a physical move, but could also be an extremely emotional and unavoidable relocation altogether. Some students who are moving short distances have the possible chance of less immediate change in their lifestyle. Contrary to short moves, a student who is making a further move may be leaving close friends, family members, or possibly just a familiar environment, which ultimately could adversely effect their emotional status. Some effects on students losing these familiarities might feel insignificant, lost, displaced, or even "home-sick" regardless if moving with their nuclear family or not. The bonds this child might have made prior to one, or multiple move(s) have either just been severed or compromised. This switch in emotional states could lead to distraction from their studies and their involvement in their new educational domain. As North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL) states, "Student mobility has a negative impact on educational achievement for students and schools, creating an achievement gap between mobile and nonmobile students. Frequent relocation interrupts regular attendance, continuity of lesson content, and the development of relationships with teachers and peers. In addition, high student mobility has a slowing effect on basic skills acquisition, creating a long-term risk of school failure and dropout. Another risk, because academic records are not always available, is inappropriate placement in a new school. . . " (Paik & Phillips, 2002). I feel that this statement is extremely relevant and gives good examples concerning what to look out for as an educator. Signs such as self-displacement or removal from peers, sadness, dropping grades, or less attendance and participation might indicate to an educator that this child could be in need of therapy. I use the term therapy loosely; I don't believe that every child's problem should be resolved by medication or a psychiatrist, however, peer study groups, meetings with family members, and special attention to this student could give them the self-worth needed to progress in this new environment. ==''Student Mobility's Effect On The Classroom''== In the classroom, student mobility adds to the tension of not only those students who are dealing with a new environment, but assuredly so those students who are coping with the addition of a new classmate as well. Thinking back to elementary and middle school it would be safe to assume there were the typical archetypes one could expect to encounter in the classroom' such as; the quiet one, the bully, the crier, the clown, and the nerd (amongst others). Imagine learning your peers' traits and characteristics, the process of self-discovery and creating a level of comfort in your surroundings. Now remove yourself from that comfortable environment and move yourself to a completely new school and having to undergo the process all over. Not only are you conforming yourself to learn characteristics of those surrounding you, finding a lunch buddy, surviving dodge ball, you are also the "new kid". All that was previously mentioned could possibly be a huge distraction and a lot to cope with. These stresses along with whatever the reasoning behind the student's move ultimately could be detrimental to a student's productivity in the classroom. Due to Student Mobility such distractions and in-classroom tensions can result in "lower achievement levels due to discontinuity of curriculum between schools, behavioral problems, difficulty developing peer relationships, and a greater risk for dropping out" (Hartman, 2002). ==''The Who of Mobility''== Most studies done on Student Mobility lead to a general consensus as to who undergoes a higher level of mobility and those who do not. In an article posted on EdWeek.org, a website run by Editorial Projects in Education, Inc., the three groups of which had the highest level of mobility where children of migrant workers, homeless children, and low-income children (Student Mobility, 2008). These children are at risk of higher mobility due to migration of family from one location to another location either due to location and availability of work. Unfortunately, this type of move is usually unavoidable and leaves the student feeling insecure or with a lack of a sense of home. Educators who observe these types of moves typically live in areas which undergo crop rotations or are near a border of another country. This being said, educators in those areas would be well off to try and establish in the classroom a type of familiarity with the student to aide their attention levels and learning while in that classroom. This would also help the student comfortable which might allow the formation of bonds with the teacher and those around him or her. These statistics, as with many other researches, do not include military families in their research. Reasoning for this particular omission would be the special circumstances that the departments of the Military and Department of Defense consider and implement to reduce to the effects of mobility on their students and children. "Approximately 13 percent of these students attend schools run by the Department of Defense. Due to targeted programs aimed at reducing the negative affects of mobility, DOD students tend to have high academic achievement" (Student Mobility, 2008). Reasoning behind this would be the level of study done on family members of extremely mobile federally dictated families. Families who are moved by the government are usually around other families who have to move around - strangely enough giving them a bonding point. Along with being surrounded by others who must move, private schools on military bases are much smaller and allow the students to grow and connect with each other and their teacher in a way that crammed public schools might not be able to. ==''How to Fight the Effects of Mobility''== Glori Chaika graciously offers a few examples of what can be done in the classroom to attempt reversing the effects of Mobility on younger students. Chaika suggests: * "A class could throw a party at the end of the last day for a child who is moving. At the party, each child in the class could say one thing he or she will miss or one thing he or she appreciates about the child who is leaving. * A class could give a child who is moving a going-away gift. A nice remembrance is a good-bye book with photos of classmates and notes from them. Or children can draw pictures of themselves and use talk bubbles in which to say a farewell to their classmate. A card, an autograph book, a T-shirt signed by each classmate, or an address book with the address of everyone in the class are other gifts the class could give a child who is moving. * A teacher could send letters from a child's classmates to the child's new school to greet the child when she or he gets there." By utilizing these suggestions, teachers are giving the student a small type of buffer that would aide the student with coping with a move. Where these will not completely remedy the hindrance at hand, it alleviates a degree of post- or pre-move stress and tensions the child might be undergoing. ==''References''== Chaika, Glori (1999). Student mobility: Helping children cope with a moving experience. ''Education World, The Educator's Best Friend'', Accessed September 17, 2008, from http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr134.shtml Hartman, C. (2002), High classroom turnover: How children get left behind. ''Rights at Risk: Equality in an Age of Terrorism'', 227-244. Paik, S. Z. & Phillips, R. (2002). Student mobility in rural communities: What are the implications for student achievement?. ''Education Policy'', Accessed September 16, 2008, from http://www.ncrel.org/policy/pubs/html/rmobile/effect.htm Rumerger, R. W. & Larson, K. A. (1998). Student Mobility and the increasing risk of high-school dropout. ''American Journal of Education'', 107(1) 1-3. (September 21, 2004). Student mobility. ''Editorial Projects in Education'', Retrieved September 19, 2008, from http://www.edweek.org/rc/issues/student-mobility/ ==''Tell Me What You Know''== 1) What Does Student Mobility Refer to? a) student movement from school to school b) student movement from subject to subject c) student progression through grade levels d) student transportation to and from school 2) Maria is a student new to the 7th grade class. It does not seem as though she is close with any of her classmates, does not communicate well with others or the teacher, does not maintain regular and consistent attendance, nor does she do well on her assignments. Maria is a student that falls into which category? a) foreign exchange b) has a speech impediment c) inclusion student d) new student to the school or area 3) As a child who undergoes frequent mobility, I am likely to experience . . . a) lower grades and test scores b) lower peer relationship development c) lower level of comprehension and retention of information d) all of the above 4) Out of Eighth grade students ___% of students have moved schools more than twice excluding progression to middle/high school. a) 14% b) 26% c) 31% d) 87% <small>answers - a,d,d,c</small> {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=64}} {{BookCat}} 4coxqhkg1cajnr8hcli5r8nqvvqetr2 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 6/6.2.2 0 194468 4664507 4664166 2026-08-26T06:42:27Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664507 wikitext text/x-wiki == Charter and Magnet Schools == <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <u>'''Learning Targets'''</u> The reader should be able to: 1. Understand exactly what charter and magnet schools are, as well as identify their differences and similarities. 2. Identify how advocates and opponents feel about these alternative schools. 3. Know the names of several charter and magnet schools located in Virginia. </td></tr></table> == A Brief History == Charter and magnet schools have been around for about thirty years. They offer choices to parents who are looking for something a bit different from public schools but who can't afford to send their children to expensive private schools. Charter schools are defined as non-sectarian public schools that operate with freedom from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public schools (WestEd, 2000). It is said that the term "charter" may have originated in the 1970's when a New England educator suggested that small groups of teachers be given contracts or charters by their local school boards to explore new approaches to teaching. The idea was then publicized and in 1991 Minnesota became the first state to pass charter school laws. Today, charter schools exist in 39 states. Magnet schools are defined as public schools that provide specialized curriculums and instructional approaches to attract students from a variety of neighborhoods (ECS, 2009). Magnet schools pride themselves on being racially diverse; they employ lottery systems, first-come-first-serve methods, and application processes to ensure that everyone has an equal chance. They aim to end minority group isolation. == Pro's and Con's of Chartering == There are many drawbacks and benefits to charter schools. Some of the benefits include: 1. They create choices for parents and students within the public school system (WestEd, 2000). 2. They provide a system of accountability for results in public education (...). 3. They encourage innovative teaching practices (...). 4. The competition provided by charter schools forces school districts to improve the performance of their schools in order to attract and retain students and dollars (Education Commission of the States, 2009). 5. Encourage community and parental involvement in public education (WestEd, 2000) You may be asking yourself, what does this all mean? Well, because charter schools are still considered public schools, anyone can attend. They offer alternatives to parents and students who may be dissatisfied with their local public school systems. They are also an alternative to expensive private schools. The system of accountability means that these schools have to produce results that their students are learning and that the school is meeting academic standards set out in the charter agreement or risk closure. Most charters are granted for three to five years, if the school has shown positive results then the charters are usually renewed. Teachers are also granted a bit more freedom with regards to teaching practices. They do not have to adhere to such a strict curriculum, like many public schools do. This fact alone attracts many teachers to charter schools. There are also many opponents to charter schools. They make many valid and interesting points. 1. Because charter schools operate as a business, as well as a learning institution, they are subject to market forces that may eventually force them to close, depriving students of a continuous education (ECS, 2009). 2. Charter schools sometimes segregate students along racial and class lines and fail to adequately serve students with disabilities or limited English proficiency (...). 3. They are bad schools (Maranto, 2007). It is true that charter schools can be opened by organizations, corporations, or just some people with some money to spend. (They do have to adhere to the guidelines laid out in the charter contracts.) I can understand how this fact can lead people to believe that their child's educations will be based on whatever these businesses think the students should be learning. This problem can be solved by simple research. Before sending your child to a charter school be sure to check up on the school, teachers, and administrators to insure that the school really has your childs' education in mind. Also because the charters are not subject to the same rules and regulations as regular public schools, there can be instances of racial and social class segregation and discrimination. While this is highly unlikely, research should still be done to ensure there will be no discrimination. Some schools just fail, whether public or private, magnet or charter. Sometimes there is a lack of funding, lack of attendance, lack of staff, or just a lack of performance. The only reason it looks worse when charter schools fail is that they are forced to close, while regular public schools remain opened. This fact forces charter schools to try their best to produce positive results. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <u>'''List of Charter Schools in Virginia'''</u> [http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/Instruction/OCP/charterschools.html] </td></tr></table> == Pro's and Con's of Magnets == Some benefits of magnet schools include: 1. They offer specialized programs that emphasize a consistent theme or method of teaching, they encourage student and teacher commitment (ECS, 2009). 2. They create alternatives for students who have specific interests or needs. 3. Because students who attend magnet schools are often from outside neighborhoods, they are introduced to new people and can form new relationships (ECS, 2009. Magnet schools are also public schools. They offer specialized approaches for students who are somewhat advanced. Because magnets are sometimes specialized (arts, science, mathematics, etc.) they are chosen by students who have an interest in these things. Students and parents alike choose magnets because of the personalization of learning programs. They base their curriculums on students needs. Students that attend magnets are often from different neighborhoods around the school itself, this opens up new doors for these students. They meet new friends, teachers, and administrators who may have a significant impact on their lives. They wouldn't have met any of these people if they stayed in public school and only attended schools in their district. Some oppositions to magnet schools are: 1. The admissions criteria for magnets are selective and sometimes students with poor grades or behavioral problems are not chosen to attend. 2. Low-income and ESL students are underrepresented (ECS 2009). 3. They draw scarce energy and resources away from improving neighborhood schools (ECS, 2009). It is true that magnet schools do have criteria for selecting their students, usually it is the more advanced children that attend. A child who has had poor grades in the past or who has had repeated behavioral problems may not be selected. This can lead to those children who are not selected feeling left out. Also studies have shown that children from low-income and English as a second language families tend to be underrepresented in magnet schools (ECS, 2009) . Also, if all of these children are bussed out of their public school districts, it takes away from those public schools. If attendance is down for that public school then the school boards are less likely to give them extra funding and resources. They put more energy into the public schools that have a large student body, so the children at these under-funded public schools could possibly suffer. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <u>'''List of Magnet Schools in Virginia'''</u> [http://www.publicschoolreview.com/state_magnets/stateid/VA] </td></tr></table> == Quiz == 1. What is a charter school? a. A school that you send children with severe behavioral problems to. b. A school for incredibly gifted children. c. A non-sectarian public school that operates without all of the rules and regulations of a traditional public school. d. A school that prepares young children for the grueling tasks presented in college. 2. What is a magnet school? a. A school where you learn all about magnets and what makes them so attractive. b. A public school that provides a specialized curriculums and instructional approaches. c. A schools that prepares children who plan on attending law school. d. A non-sectarian public school that operates without all of the rules and regulations of a traditional public school. 3. Little Johnny is in third grade and he is a math whiz. He is far more advanced than the others in his class. He gets straight A's on every report card, and always finishes his assignments before any of the other students. Lately his teacher notices that he is restless and acting out. She knows that Johnny doesn't have any behavioral problems but thinks he is not receiving enough challenge from her assignments. What should little Johnny's teacher do? a. Make him do the other students classwork when he finishes early. b. Nothing, it is normal for children to be bored in class. c. Recommend to his parents and the principal that he be considered for the local magnet school program. d. Send him to the principals office. 4. If I, as a parent, was dissatisfied with my local public school system, what should I do? a. Demand that you be allowed to sit in on your child's class and correct the teacher every time you think he/she is wrong. b. Look into the option of charter and/or magnet schools on your area. c. Noting, it isn't your fault if your child grows up without a proper education. d.Take your child out of school and buy him/her a computer, they can learn everything from the internet. == References == Education Commission of the States (2007). ''Charter Schools''. Retrieved February 1, 2009, from http://www.ecs.org/html/IssueSection.asp?issueid=20&s=Pros+%26+Cons. Education Commission of the States (2007). ''Magnet/Specialized Schools''. Retrieved February 2, 2009 from http://www.ecs.org/html/IssueSection.asp?issueid=80&s=Pros+%26+Cons. Magnet Schools of America (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.magnet.edu/modules/content/index.php?id=1 Maranto, r. (2007, March 5) Charter schools are the future. ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'', p. B02. Virginia Department of Education. n/d. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/Instruction/OCP/charterschools.html. Virginia Magnet Schools (2003-2009). Retrieved February 4, 2009, from http://www.publicschoolreview.com/state_magnets/stateid/VA. WestEd (2000, August). Steps to Starting a Charter School [Online]. Available: http://www.uscharterschools.org/pub/uscs_docs/ta/steps.htm. == Quiz Answers == 1.c 2.b 3.c 4.b {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=71}} {{BookCat}} 1vkzbed7656kjbzdxe7cvh1jhhl3hdv Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/9.3.2 0 194544 4664558 4644215 2026-08-26T08:03:36Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{center/top}} {{font|color=#153E7E|face='bookman old style'|{{big|'''The Importance of Effective Schools and How America Can Make Their Schools More Effective'''|2}}}} {{font|color=#488AC7|face="tahoma"|}} [[Image:Classroom2.jpg|640px]] {{center/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Learning Targets'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} 1. Students should know the reasons why effectiveness in education is important. 2. Students should be able to understand the characteristics which make a school effective. 3. Given a list of characteristics, students should be able to identify whether they are effective or ineffective. {{font/end}} ---- {{center|{{font|color=#153E7E|face='bookman old style'|{{big|'''Introduction'''}}}}}} {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} People often talk about the importance of education and how schools need to improve. However, that is usually as far as the idea goes. This is because everyone has different definitions for what an effective school is and how to improve ineffective schools. Just because a student goes to school every day, it does not mean the school is doing the best job they can. There is always room for improvement, even in the best of schools. Essentially, an effective school is one which is conducted in a safe environment by qualified teachers (Ashley, 2006). Everyone in the education field should have goals and high expectations for the school and its students (Ashley, 2006). Students should not only be taught academics, but also life skills (Ashley, 2006). There are many schools which are not at this level of effectiveness, though. Ineffective schools are most commonly found in high poverty areas (NEA, 2001). They typically are not well funded, do not have enough technology, and do not have highly qualified leaders (NEA, 2001). Improving ineffective schools should be one of America's top priorities. A good education is the foundation of every qualified professional in this country. There have been many studies done to find out what makes high performing schools effective (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). These studies show that there are six top factors which make a school effective, among other characteristics. {{font/end}} ---- {{center|{{font|color=#153E7E|face='bookman old style'|{{big|'''Positive Classroom Environment'''}}}}}} {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} The classroom environment is a very important aspect of an effective school. If a student does not feel safe or comfortable while in their classroom, they will not be able to focus on what is being taught. It is essential that students feel safe while in school (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Even though 98% of teachers and 93% of students say they feel safe in their school, safety is still a topic of debate (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Making schools safe begins with teaching students respect, for themselves and others (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Another key step in safety is to identify student problems early, before the student turns to violence to solve them (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #98AFC7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 6px #153E7E;text-align:center; color:#153E7E padding: 1em;" valign=center> {{font|face='tahoma'|{{big|1=[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0x3RvQ3elQo&feature=related Watch this short clip to hear why schools need to be safe and how they can improve safety.]}}}} </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} Aside from safety, it is also valuable for students to feel at ease while at school (Ashley, 2006). They should feel able to approach their teacher and other students (Ashley, 2006). The learning environment should also be open, clean, colorful, and inviting (Armstrong, 2002). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Qualified Educational Leaders'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} Having qualified leaders in the field of education is essential for success. These are the people who are around the children for approximately 35 hours each week. They are the people who will teach, inspire, and guide the students and they need to be qualified to do so. The school leadership begins with the principal. The principal should be open and honest with teachers and staff (Ashley, 2006). They should make themselves approachable so teachers feel comfortable approaching them with new ideas (Ashley, 2006). Principals should allow their teachers to be creative and innovative in the classroom (Ashley, 2006). {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #98AFC7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 6px #153E7E; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #736F6E; font-family: tahoma;"><big>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Z1zA_5rdZE Watch this short clip to hear why effective teachers are necessary and how schools can draw them in.]</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} The other aspect of school leadership is the teachers. Schools should require that all of their teachers are highly qualified and fully certified (NEA, 2001). There also needs to be incentives for teachers who meet these requirements and do their job well (Lockheed, Levin, 1993). Incentives could include mentoring programs to help teachers adjust and loan forgiveness for those who teach in low performing schools (NEA, 2001). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Setting Goals'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} Setting goals for schools and students is an important process. It helps to motivate people when there is something specific to aim for. It is also a good way to show the clear path to success. The principal should work with the teachers to develop a plan and mission for the school (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Once they have done this, they should share it with the students (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Goals should include specific strategies and techniques for improvement and progress (NEA, 2001). Also, everyone should be pushed to work hard in order to achieve the goals and be successful and effective (Ashley, 2006). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''High Expectations for Students'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} It is a known fact that people often live up to what is expected of them. If you do not expect much from a person, they often will not give you much. This is why it is crucial for teachers to expect their students to do well so there is a standard for students to uphold. {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #98AFC7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 6px #153E7E; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #736F6E; font-family: tahoma;"><big>[http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/students/atrisk/at6lk11.htm Read this article to learn about how valuable high expectations are in education.]</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} Each student should be expected to do their best on each assignment, despite previous performance or social background (Ashley, 2006). There is no reason that any student should be held to a lower standard than any other student (Ashley, 2006). When a teacher holds low expectations for a student, they tend to treat them differently (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). They may even give those students less praise and less communication (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Once teachers have made their expectations clear to the students, they need to develop objectives that the students can excel in (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Conducting and Implementing Research and Funding'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} It is necessary for schools to conduct research for many reasons. They need to use their research findings in order to find out what works in schools and what does not. Then, schools need to receive funding in order to implement plans that support the research findings. Research should be conducted in many different ways in order to reach each student (Lockheed, Levin, 1993). Everyone in the field of education should pay close attention to the findings in order to figure out where next to go with the school curriculum (Lockheed, Levin, 1993). If the research shows that something is not working, the subject or technique should be discarded and a new plan should be implemented (Lockheed, Levin, 1993). One of the biggest problems when it comes to funding in education is the difference of funds spent on students in high poverty areas compared to those in better financed schools (NEA, 2001). Low performing schools need the funding the most due to all of the resources they are already lacking (NEA, 2001). However, all schools need more funding in order to provide everything necessary for each student to get the best education possible (NEA, 2001). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Monitoring Student Progress'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} One of the best ways to see if the school curriculum is effective is by monitoring student progress. If a large majority of students are not progressing, it probably means that there needs to be massive curriculum changes. On the other hand, if only a few students are struggling, it most likely is a sign that they need extra help. {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><td style="background-color: #98AFC7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 6px #153E7E; padding: 1em;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #736F6E; font-family: tahoma;"><big>[http://www.ascd.org/authors/ed_lead/el200502_safer.html Read this article to learn about the importance of monitoring student progress.]</big></span></div> </td></table> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} The best plan to have when monitoring progress is to take a well rounded approach since one test is not a good measure for everyone (NEA, 2001). Progress reports should be made so students can know their own strengths and weaknesses, as well as where they are now and future goals (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). Students should be assessed in comparison to national averages as well as to see if they know the material (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). There have also been studies done which show that doing homework is a good way to monitor progress and raise student achievement scores (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Other Factors'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} ''Early Start'' Typically, when a child starts attending school is based on their age. However, a child's age does not have much to do with their ability to learn. Some children may be ready to start learning earlier than the minimum required age. Educational studies have shown that children who attend early start schools receive better grades and have higher IQs as adults (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). ''Extended Learning'' It is common sense that more time spent in school means more time spent learning. This exra learning time could help students who are struggling to catch up with their classmates (NEA, 2001). Other methods to extend learning include longer school years, more testing, more graded homework assignments, and more after school programs (NEA, 2001). ''Better Behavior'' One of the biggest complaints from well behaved students is that their teachers spend too much time disciplining students with behavioral issues (Ashley, 2006). When teachers have to stop their lesson in order to discipline a student, it causes a huge disruption for the rest of the class. Teachers need to be taught how to handle all of these minor interruptions, as well as major disciplinary issues, so that valuable learning time is not lost (Ashley, 2006). ''Smaller Classes and Schools'' Whenever a student is in the position to receive extra support and attention, they are likely to excel in their schoolwork. Small class size, particularly during elementary school, typically has a positive effect on students because they receive more individual attention (NEA, 2001). Studies have shown that, for older students, being in smaller schools is most beneficial (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). It has been proven that students who attend small schools are more likely to pass their classes and attend college (Sadker, Zittleman, 2006). {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #98AFC7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 6px #153E7E; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #736F6E; font-family: tahoma;"><big>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FinnGerberBoydZaharias2005.png Look at this chart to see the effect of small class size on graduation rates.]</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} ''Community Partnerships'' The saying, "It takes a village to raise a child," is true when it comes to a child's education, as well. A child will only benefit if teachers, parents, policy makers, and any other community figures are involved in their education (Ashley, 2006). It is also beneficial if all of these people involved share their ideas with each other about how to improve education (Ashley, 2006). It is extremely important for parents to have chances to be involved with their child's education by opportunities such as skill workshops and volunteer programs (NEA, 2001). ''Student Driven Curriculum'' There have been studies which have shown that when students have a hand in developing the curriculum, they are more invested in it (Armstrong, 2002). This is also a good way to develop assignments in which all learning styles are addressed (Armstrong, 2002). After all, the students are the ones who know how they learn best. Also, students have said that they learn better when assignments are individualized and engaging (Armstrong, 2002). ''Technology'' Using technology at schools and for homework can be a great thing for students. Technology can be an excellent motivational tool for students who are otherwise disinterested (NEA, 2001). Schools can also use technology to keep track of student behavior and to monitor progress (NEA, 2001). ''Planning for the Future'' It is vital that schools help prepare their students for the future. Students should leave school with the knowledge that lifelong learning is the key to success (Armstrong, 2002). Also, students who leave high school to enter the "real world" should have been taught the skills necessary for surviving it (Armstrong, 2002). {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Conclusion'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} Education is the key to success in this country. It is vital that we do everything we can in order to ensure that each student gets the best education available. This is important because these students are going to be entering professional fields and, possibly, even teaching the next generation. Simply attending school does not guarantee a good education. There are many factors which must be used together in order to build the best education possible. It is necessary for schools to have positive, open environments with highly qualified leaders. It is also crucial for schools to research progress in order to see what is or is not working so they are able to build a balanced curriculum. A school does not just need to offer an education, they need to offer each student the best education they possibly can. By implementing as many of these factors as they can, a school can give each student a well rounded, successful, and effective education. {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Questions'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} 1. In what areas are ineffective schools most common? A) affluent areas in America B) other countries C) middle class suburbs D) high poverty areas 2. What percentage of students say they feel safe in their school? A) 55% B) 93% C) 25% D) 72% 3. A school is described as having minimally qualified teachers, an unsafe environment, and not enough funding. What type of education would this school provide? A) ineffective B) excellent C) effective D) well rounded 4. A school wants to become more effective. Which of the following is something they should do to accomplish this? A) spend most of the funding on athletics to bring in more money and attention B) have the principal develop the curriculum by himself as he sees fit C) develop incentives to attract highly qualified teachers D) increase class sizes to increase learning {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''Answers'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C {{font/end}} ---- <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #153E7E; font-family: bookman old style;"><big>'''References'''</big></span></div> {{font/top|color=#488AC7|face='tahoma'}} Armstrong, Sara (February 2004). What makes a good school: Students speak up at leadership forum. ''Edutopia'', Retrieved September 10, 2008, from http://www.edutopia.org/what-makes-good-school-students-speak-leadership-forum Ashley, D (June 2006). Creating an effective school. ''Curriculum Management Update'', Retrieved September 10, 2008, from http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/creating-an-effective-school-1034 Lockheed, Levin (1993). What do we know about school effectiveness and school improvement. ''World Bank'', Retrieved September 10, 2008, from http://www1.worldbank.org/education/est/resources/topic%20papers/Types%20of%20policy.doc NEA (February 2001). America's top education priority: Lifting up low performing schools. ''National Education Association'', Retrieved September 10, 2008, from http://www.nea.org/priorityschools/priority.html Sadker, D, & Zittleman, K (2006). What makes a school effective?. ''McGraw Hill'', Retrieved September 10, 2008, from http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_What_Makes_School/# {{font/end}} {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=105}} {{BookCat}} m5rvh4gtwho6m2c6hfm7i2o1p6bct5s Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/9.4.1 0 194545 4664547 4652105 2026-08-26T07:43:10Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664547 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><big>'''School and Community Partnerships: Communities In Schools'''</big></div> {| align="top left" | __TOC__ |} <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: blue;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: LUCIDA HANDWRITING;"><big>“I could sit in my garage all day long and that doesn't’t make me a car. I can sit in class all day and that does’t make me a student. It is what you DO that makes you a student.” Jamie Accashian, Principal</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> '''Learning Targets''' Students should be able to: <ol> <li>Define and give two examples of what a School and Community Partnership is.</li> <li>Have working knowledge of what Communities In Schools is.</li> <li>Name two benefits of School and Community Partnerships.</li> </ol> == '''Introduction''' == Let's imagine this scenario. You are a first year freshman English teacher. You have a student who has the potential to be very successful. However, you have noticed recently that he has skipped classes, not turned in assignments, and went from makings "B's" to "D-'s" and "F". You talk to the student and he tells you that he has had to take on two jobs to help support his family. What do you do? How can you help him? == '''What is School and Community Partnerships'''== A school-community partnership involves "the connections between schools and community individuals, organizations, and businesses that are forged to promote students' social, emotional, physical, and intellectual development" (Saunders, 2001). These organizations can give money or volunteer their time and services. A few ways they can volunteer their time is by mentoring a student, tutoring, or just allowing a student to shadow them. == '''Why do we need Community Partnerships in our Schools?''' == Schools are being held accountable for students learning and what they know. However, schools cannot do this alone. This is where school and community partnerships come into play. In these different partnerships students are given the best opportunities to succeed in school because the community can sometimes provide resources that schools cannot really afford to provide. In a personal interview with Mr. Bob Cartwright, he said that, "in tight monetary times, the financial advantages to the school are apparent" (B. Cartwright, personal communication, September 30, 2008). == '''What is Community In Schools?''' == Communities In Schools (CIS) is a nationwide organization that helps to prevent students from dropping out of school and being prepared to become active and productive citizens in their communities (Communities in Schools At A Glance). CIS is a place where students can feel safe and feel as though someone actually cares about what happens to them. They are free to learn and not worry about being bullied. For some they are given a second chance at an education. One thing CIS helps to provide is alternative high schools that offer both day and night programs. The teacher in the above scenario could recommend this to her student. The principal and the faculty would have worked with the student to help him be able to work to help his family and to still get his degree. They could even transpose his work experience into high school credit and work with his job to make sure he is able to attend school. The teachers are caring and go out of their way to help their students. I know all of this because I was lucky enough to experience it. I was that student that wanted to learn but had a hard time functioning in regular high school. The night school program was strict, as with any Community In Schools (CIS) program. Attendance is mandatory and if you miss so many days of school, you are dismissed from the program until the next semester. (B. Cartwright, personal communication, September 30, 2008). <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> Communities In Schools are making a difference in students’ lives. Click here to read all about them: http://www.cisnet.org/about/success.asp </td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Interviews''' </td></tr></table> After my sophomore year, I was dealing with more family issues at home and being picked on at school. It got to the point that I really did not want to go to school and begged to be sent to a private school. Private school was not feasible and I had heard about an alternative high school that my best friend attended. It was called Burger King Academy, and the only ties we had to Burger King were that we received generous amounts of monetary funding from them. We were still a public high school in Chesterfield County, VA. The school is now called Community High School. I actually felt free at school to learn and not be fearful of being picked on because it was simply not tolerated. Our principal was not only a leader for us but also a mentor. The teachers were able to really get to know me there because there were fewer students in my class. I had a relationship bond with them that if something was bothering me I could talk to them about it and I knew they would help me if they could. They were some of the inspirations in why I wanted to go into teaching. I still talk and visit with them today. == '''Benefits of School and Community Partnerships''' == There is research out there about the many benefits of community and school partnerships. One benefit is opportunities for students to take what they have learned in the classroom and apply it to a project that is meaningful (Bouillion and Gomez, 2001). One way this is happening is through a program called, Junior Achievement. This program pairs business professionals with students in local schools. I remember being in middle school and participating in Junior Achievement in one of my classes. Our class was broken up into groups and we were to form our own businesses. We had to come up with everything from the product to the price and everything in between. A second benefit is students are able to build real relationships and networks to prepare them for the "real world". Through Communities in Schools, as well as other regular high schools, students are given a chance to network with professionals in the business world through cooperative education programs. A student at a CIS school would work during the day and turn in the work to the teacher. The class would be more of an independent study course. A third benefit is one that affects students' attendance rates. Research done by Sheldon (2007) has shown that the stronger the connection between school and community partnerships, the better school attendance is. Students test scores on achievement test went up when schools partnered with the community (Sheldon, 2003). When schools and communities partner together students graduation rates increase According to Chesterfield County Public Schools website, more than 1,000 students graduated from Chesterfield County Public Schools with the help of CIS. <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> "As I reflect, I keep remembering the students that could see the light at the end of the tunnel, and who could, quite often, say that they were proud of setting and reaching a goal for the first time in their lives. But they need not say it; it was always apparent in their positive attitudes, and their proud smiles." ~ Mr. Bob Cartwright </td></tr></table> In my personal interview with two people who worked in a Communities in Schools (CIS) High School, I asked them about the benefits of Communities in Schools (CIS). According to Coach Jamie Accashian students benefit both "financially" and through "marketable skills that would lead to direct employment" (J. Accashian, personal communication, September 22, 2008). A teacher at the night school program said, "A hand-picked, and volunteer staff that was more in tune with the needs of, and approaches to, these special situation students" (B. Cartwright, personal communication, September 30, 2008). == '''Conclusion''' == School and Community partnerships can provide students today with a better education and help with the demands put on the schools to meet expectations set by federal and state education mandates. The partnerships can provide monetary and non-monetary support. Through Communities in Schools students can have access to resources that can help them succeed in school. The benefits of community and school partnerships are numerous. In a world that is changing every moment and with more pressure being put on teachers to make sure students meet high standards of excellence, the community can help. In my opinion all we need to do is ask. == '''References''' == Accashion, J. (n.d.) from Chestefield Community High School website Chesterfield Community HIgh School: Myths and Legends http://www.chesterfield.k12.va.us/Schools/Community_HS/FAQ/Misconceptions.html B. Cartwright (personal communication, September 30, 2008) http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Education_and_Instructional_Assessment/Edition_3/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/9.4.2/Interviews Bouillion, L. M., & Gomez, L. M. (2001). Connecting School and Community with Science Learning: Real World Problems and School - Community Partnerships as Contextual Scaffolds. ''Journal of Research in Science Teaching,38''(8) 878-898. Chesterfield County Public Schools 2008, ''Communities in Schools of Chesterfield. (n.d.)'' Retrieved September 19, 2008, from http://www.chesterfield.k12.va.us/CCPS/community/community.htm Communities In Schools (n.d.). ''Communities In Schools At A Glance''/ Retrieved September 19, 2008, from http://www.cisnet.org/member/library/resources/downloads/Communities%20In%20Schools-At-A-Glance%20Final.pdf J. Accashion (personal communication, September 22, 2008) http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Education_and_Instructional_Assessment/Edition_3/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/9.4.2/Interviews Sanders, M. G. (2001). The Role of "Community" in Comprehensive School, Family, and Community Partnership Programs. ''The Elementary School Journal, 102''(1), 19-34. Sheldon, S. B. (2003). Linking School-Family-Community Partnerships in Urban Elementary Schools to Student Achievement on State Tests. ''The Urban Review, 35''(2), 149-165. Sheldon, S. B. (2007). Improving Student Attendance with School, Family, and Community Partnerships. ''The Journal of Educational Research, 100''(5), 267-275. == '''Questions''' == 1. What is not considered to be a development promoted by a school and community partnership? A. Cognitive B. Emotional C. Intellectual D. Physical 2. What is Community In School (CIS) actively trying to prevent happening to students? A. Absences B. Bullying C. Dropping Out D. Partying 3. What is one way in which you, as a teacher, can make a project meaningful? A. Assign the student a book and have them report on what they read. B. Get students involved by solving a "real-world" problem by having them participate in a clean-up project at a nearby creak. C. Have a party once everyone has completed the project. D. Have students individually work on a project and present the class. 4. What is one way in which you, as a teacher, could get the business community involved in your school? A. Hold Parent/Teacher conferences B. Hold a Parent Teacher Association Meeting C. Hold a school pep rally D. Write a letter to a particular business asking for sponsorship of an enrichment program for the students == '''Answers''' == <ol> <li> A. Cognitive </li> <li> C. Dropping Out </li> <li> B. Get students involved by solving a "real-world" problem by having them participate in a clean-up project at a nearby creak.</li> <li>D. Write a letter to a particular business asking for sponsorship of an enrichment program for the students </li> </ol> {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=106}} {{BookCat}} tnocrcjak8eglixx9mwu9csog97x0kh Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 10/10.1.1 0 194549 4664564 4643814 2026-08-26T08:09:28Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''<big><big>''<big>Teachers: Found in Genes, Books, or Both? </big>''</big></big>''' == Learning Targets == Students should be able to: 1. Understand that some people are born with certain qualities that make them better suited for the job. 2. Understand the benefits of proper training and experience. 3. Understand that the teaching profession demands more than just training ensure success. == Introduction == While good teachers are essential, great teaches are invaluable. We always remember our greatest teachers. They are the ones that not only educated us, but the ones that motivated and pushed us to our greatest potential. They were driven by the passion of intellectual aspiration. They are the ones that we looked up to as role models, giving us inspiration to one day repay their dedication and teach our future students with as much passion as when they taught us. They are the individuals we go back to visit to reaffirm how great they once were and how great they still are. These are the teachers that we are so fortunate to have had in our lives. <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #33FF99;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #009966; padding: 1em;" valign=right> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: SEGOE PRINT;"><big>'''"It's easy to make a buck. It's a lot tougher to make a difference." -Tom Brokaw''' (Brokaw 2009)</big></span></div></td></tr></table> But what makes up a great teacher? Some say it is in the genetic make-up of individuals who are born with distinct, innate qualities and characteristics that makes them better equipped for working in the classroom. Others say that taking courses and reading through textbooks makes a teacher better suited for the job. But who is to say that it can not be somewhere in the middle. Taking into consideration the ideas behind both sides, maybe the answer to the question 'are teachers born or made?' is simply both? == It's in the Genes == Some believe that genetics and the structured DNA sequence that makes up an individual plays a significant role in how that individual can excel within the classroom as a teacher. A person's genetic sequence can enable them to inherit certain characteristics and qualities that enables their nurturing and teaching side to emerge. These innate characteristics and personality traits can not necessarily be taught, and by tapping into inner talents, the full potential of the teacher can be discovered. "By nature, some people possess a combination of personality characteristics that are conducive to effective teaching" (Malikow, 2006 1). Having a caring, patient, encouraging, and joyous personality really makes a 'born' teacher stand out compared to a 'made' teacher. These innate characteristics along with many others can not be learned or acquired from reading a textbook or by taking education courses; you either have them or you don't. For a teacher from Framingham, Massachusetts, he had all these qualities and much more. Everyone always remembered Charles Sposato as a natural-born teacher, he went above and beyond expectations. Mr. Sposato was known to be full of spirit and have high amounts of energy that he brought in the classroom to ensure that his students would always be surrounded by a positive environment (Spitz 2007). He even helped a student's family buy needed clothing when money was scarce (Spitz 2007). All the little things really do add up. Based on Mr. Sposato's actions, he was more than a teacher to his students, and he didn't learn that by reading through any textbook. <table WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #33FF99;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #009966; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: SEGOE PRINT;"><big>'''"Teaching is the only major occupation of man for which we have not yet developed tools that make an average person capable of competence and performance. In teaching we rely on the "naturals," the ones who somehow know how to teach." -Peter Drucker''' Drucker 2007)</big></span></div></td></tr></table> Along with many other professions, teaching is primarily based on leadership and communication (Vilhanova 2008). Teachers must have the ability to lead and guide their classroom in a way that promotes controlled and free thinking. It is very important for teachers to be able to communicate effectively, not only to the students but to the parents as well. Communicating to the students is so important to the learning process. If a teacher can not get his/her point across, then it is very possible for the students to not understand the lesson being taught. Communication must be present among, both the teacher and the student. This is where the student can begin to gain trust from the teacher, and vice versa, where the teacher can gain trust from the student (Vilhanova 2008). Gaining each other's trust is very valuable because they are able to rely on each other. All these aspects and characteristics can only be obtained if it is present in the individuals genes. They can not be taught or learned and that is why, those who possess these innate traits must use them productively or else they would just go to waste. == It's in the Books == To some individuals, an excellent education and a comprehensive training creates the best foundation in the classroom setting and that natural talent helps but it can't provide for the necessities that makes up an adequate and positive teaching environment. Being good or great at something does not always mean that there will always be passion. People who may not possess a natural talent for teaching, but are determined to still become a teacher, may have more passion that those born with the gift. These individuals would have to work harder for their reward, which shows how driven and committed they truly are. <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #33FF99; border: solid 10px #009966; padding: 1em;" valign=right> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: SEGOE PRINT;"><big>'''"...even the most brilliant scientists may not know how to communicate their knowledge to children." -Jay Mathews''' (Mathews 2002)</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> The main point for teacher education and training programs is to inform teachers about effective instruction methods that can be very beneficial to improve and make the overall classroom experiences more desirable and more successful (Malikow, 2006 2). Once the teacher training and education is completed, the teachers become higher quality because it allowed teachers to gain more practice and experience. In essence, teachers really do 'make themselves' (Moore, 2004 6). Teachers' work reflects on the students' work. Studies have shown that teachers, with no means of education training or certification, have a negative influence on students in the classroom. Teachers without this proper training, have a higher percentage of students in their class that scored lower on standardized tests (Mathews 2002). Other studies have revealed that the individuals who received a five-year degree from a teacher education program, tend to stay teaching longer that those who graduated with a four-year degree; also, the individuals with four-year degrees stay teaching longer than those with little or no training at all (Mathews 2002). According to Education Secretary, Roderick P. Paige, and his teacher quality report, he states that "we now have concrete evidence that smart teachers with solid content knowledge have the greatest effect on student achievement" (Mathews 2002). Well isn't that exactly what teachers strive to accomplish? They want their students to be able to reach their greatest or maximum potential and to get the most out of their education. There is an old saying that parents want what is best for their children. Can't teachers want what is best for their students? The answer is of course, and by spending more time taking extra classes or going through additional educational training, this really underlines how the average teacher can be 'made' into a great teacher. == It's Both == To the others who fall in the middle, including myself, we believe that great teachers are a combination between the two. Having the qualities, characteristics, and drive in becoming a good teacher is one thing, but taking classes to better educate yourself on how to better your students really takes it over the edge into becoming a great teacher. Who is to say that teachers who seem to be born with this raw, natural talent, couldn't benefit from some type of educational training to reemphasize their strengths and build on their weaknesses. Teachers are a lot like athletes and artists. All three were born with talents, and those talents will be refined because of the training and performance that comes along with each career (Malikow 1). Even the people that were born with all the traits that would make them an excellent teaching candidate, they still might be missing something. If they do not have the desire, drive, or passion to become a teacher, then these innate traits can be thrown out the window. Proper training and experience will help give advise on different techniques and methods that can be utilized. After teaching for quit some time, the teacher will be able to throw out the methods and techniques that did not work or fix the methods to better suit or accommodate the students. Practice makes perfect! == Quiz == '''1. Caring, encouraging, nurturing, showing leadership, and patience ...''' a. are innate characteristics that make up a great teacher b. are qualities that make up a good person c. are traits that teachers can learn d. can be taught '''2. What is one main point for teacher education and training programs?''' a. they learn innate qualities and characteristics that makes them better equipped for working in the classroom b. they make teachers better role models and they are liked more by their students c. to inform teachers about effective instruction methods that can be very beneficial to improve and make the overall classroom experiences more desirable and more successful d. all of the above '''3. What did Mr. Sposato do that went above and beyond?''' a. he focused most of his attention to the students that really needed it b. he helped a student's family buy needed clothing when money was scarce c. he never assigned homework d. he never gave a 'bad' grade '''4. How are teachers similar to athletes and artists?''' a. all of them like to exercise on a daily basis b. all of them took classes on how to draw c. they were born with talents, and those talents will be refined because of the training and performance that comes along with each career d. they are determined to do what is right '''5. So, are teachers born or made?''' a. born b. both c. made d. still under much debate and people have different viewpoints and opinions about it == Resources == Brokaw, Tom. (2009). Tom Brokaw quotes. BrainyQuote. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/tombrokaw105667.html Drucker, Peter. (2007). Quotations about teachers. The quote garden. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.quotegarden.com/teachers.html Malikow, Max. (2006). Are teachers born or made? The necessity of teacher training. National Forum of Teacher Education Journal [Electronic],16 3E. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Malikow,%20Max%20Are%20Teachers%20Born%20or%20Made Mathews, Jay. (2002). Teacher training: too much or not enough? Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41591-2002Jul8.html Moore, Alex. (2004). The good teacher: dominant discourses in teaching and teacher education. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. Spitz, Julia. (2007). Charles Sposato: a natural-born teacher. The Metrowest Daily News [Electronic]. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1434249505 Vilhanova, Anna. (2008). The teacher as a leader: which qualities make a teacher a leader in the classroom. Humanising Language Teaching [Electronic]. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http://www.hltmag.co.uk/jan08/sart07.htm == Answers == 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. d {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} fh6b61obg9d16u9i7bkg31pi4lz7r9f Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 11/11.1.1 0 194557 4664542 4650721 2026-08-26T07:35:46Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664542 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;"><big><big><big><big><big>'''Cooperative Learning and the Social Nature of Learning'''</big></big></big></big></big></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;"><big>by Aaron Burdon</big></span></div> ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Overview</span>== <table WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Learning Targets''' - Upon completion, the reader should understand the following: {{font/top|face='Andy'}}{{big/top}} • The definition of cooperative learning and how it differs from other styles of learning. • Effective application of cooperative learning in today's classroom, such as Jigsaw and Round Robin style learning. • Advantages to cooperative learning. • Possible challenges with cooperative learning, such as social anxiety, and possible methods to overcome them. {{big/end}}{{font/end}} </td></tr></table> Our comprehension of our vast universe grows each day. With every new discovery and information gathered from researchers across the globe, we continue to come closer and closer to our understanding of the universe we live in. Not long ago, we believed that the world was flat; however, today we have access to real time pictures taken from satellites orbiting our world to prove its true form. What we teach our children today may be far advanced from what we learned as children ourselves. New discoveries may lead to future generations treating the knowledge of today as obsolete and outdated. Perhaps equally as important to what we teach our students is also how we teach them to learn the material. As we grow in our understanding of how the human brain operates, we must also use this understanding to help us learn more efficiently. One of the more widely accepted methods of learning that is being applied in today's classroom is that of cooperative learning. This method differs in many ways to that of traditional lecture methods of learning. In this article, we will explore the many ways to effectively apply cooperative learning, the advantages, and the possible challenges of this method. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">What Is Cooperative Learning?</span>== [[File:Funny_Kids1.jpg|150px|left]] The traditional classroom often consists of classes in which children of similar ability levels are taught together. Nearly all classrooms in the United States are taught by grade level specific to the age of the student rather than his or her ability. Many schools also group students according to their apparent ability levels, but this risks becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy for each respective group. By placing students into group in this way, we run the risk of those placed in low-level learning groups perceiving themselves as unintelligent or slow-witted. Grouping students together with varying levels of ability and backgrounds can help eliminate this threat. A very popular method of learning in this way is called cooperative learning. <table WIDTH="27%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Cooperative learning''' is the collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals. (Berk, 2008)</td></tr></table> '''Cooperative learning''' is defined as "the collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals." (Berk, 2008) Unlike traditional methods, cooperative learning lets students enhance the weaknesses of their peers with their own strengths. Students feel a part of a team rather than isolated and students deemed as having low-ability can benefit from those considered higher. In a symbiotic relation, higher-level students also tend to do better by teaching the learned material to their peers. According to Robert E. Slavin of Johns Hopkins University, there are four major perspectives on cooperative learning, which are motivational, social cohesion, cognitive development, and cognitive elaboration (Slavin, 1995). The '''motivational perspective''' focuses on the reward for the group in achieving their objective, and that the only way for the group to achieve this goal is to learn how to work together. The theory that students want each other to succeed is more in keeping with the '''social cohesion perspective''', but is similar to the motivational perspective in that the members of the group are motivated to succeed, but instead of goal oriented, it is more motivated by compassion. <table WIDTH="35%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> {{font/top|face='Andy'}}<big>'''Four major perspectives on cooperative learning:'''</big> <u>motivational</u> - group focused on common goal <u>social cohesion</u> - group wants each other to succeed <u>cognitive development</u> - the human brain simply learns better in a group environment <u>cognitive elaboration</u> - the best way to {{font/end}}</td></tr></table> The '''cognitive development''' perspective takes a very different approach to cooperative learning in that it contends that the interaction of students with their peers stimulates the mind and increases the ability to learn. Unlike being motivated by a common goal or by compassion for their peers, those who follow the cognitive development perspective feel that the human brain simply learns better in a group environment than on its own. A variation of this is the fourth theory of '''cognitive elaboration''', which contends that the best way to enhance the knowledge already present in the brain is to in turn explain it to ones peers. This slightly differs from cognitive development perspective in that the members of the group must already have some knowledge of the material before entering the group. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">What are some Cooperative Learning examples?</span>== For almost a quarter of a century, Dr. Spenser Kagan has been developing teaching structures of learning based on cooperative learning, called Kagan Structures, to help in the classroom as well the business world. (Kagan, 2008) [[File:Scotty_n_CeCe1.jpg|right|150px]] One of Kagan's most widely used method of cooperative learning is that of '''RoundRobin''', purposely spelled as one word to differentiate the term from the standard definition of round robins, a type of athletic tourneyment. In a RoundRobin group, each learner takes a turn orally presenting the material that they have learned, helping them to better organize their thoughts on the material. Kagan says that labeling methods of cooperative learning like RoundRobin are beneficial to the student because "students know exactly what to do" when instructed to use a specified method. According to Kagan, this is also helpful to instructors in that it helps facilitate communication among peers in learning from each other how to teach. <table WIDTH="35%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top><span style="font-family: Andy;"><big>'''Examples of Cooperative Learning:'''</big> <u>RoundRobin (Kagan)</u> - the group takes turns orally presenting the material. <u>Jigsaw (Aronson)</u> - learners are split up into groups, assigned portions of the material to learn, meet with learners from other groups assigned the same portion, and then return to their groups to teach the material they have learned. </span></td></tr></table> Another method that is fast becoming a popular form of cooperative classroom learning is that of the '''Jigsaw''' method. Elliot Aronson, Professor Emeritus at the University of California in Santa Cruz, first implemented his Jigsaw method in 1971 initially as a way to deal with the sudden desegregation of schools in Austin, Texas. By placing students into groups with various social and ethnic differences each with the same goal to succeed, the hostility became muted as the students were forced to work together to achieve success. The Jigsaw method gets its name because each student is a vital piece of the overall puzzle that is the learning task. Students are first divided into groups and assigned various portions of the material to become an expert on. Then, each student meets with students from other group assigned to the same portion of the material and discuss what they have learned. This allows for the student to share what he or she learned on their own while also hearing other students perspectives. Eventually, these students return to their original groups and in turn teaches the members of their group the material that they learned. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Advantages and Possible Challenges of Cooperative Learning</span>== As mentioned earlier, there are many advantages to cooperative learning supported by empirical evidence. Students who participate in cooperative learning programs have outperformed students in traditional learning programs at the elementary, secondary, and collage levels, as cited in Boling and Robinson's article on how cooperative learning is used in lecture-based distance learning. According to the journal article, students have been shown to increase social skills, perceptions of their own ability, and the relevance of the material they are learning (Boling 1999). Although cooperative learning can be highly effective, there are also some possible challenges in this style. One of the major criticisms of cooperative learning is that it tends to hold back the learning potential of those students who are naturally gifted. Oftentimes, students who are prone to social anxiety and prefer to work alone may suffer a negative effect of cooperative learning. Instructors must understand that cooperative learning is not for everyone and must compliment or supplement some material to students who thrive in a less socially active environment. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Conclusion</span>== In conclusion, cooperative learning is a very different style of learning than how traditional school systems have taught student. There are a number of theories behind why this method tends to be effective; however, there are still a number of unknown variables out there that make cooperative learning hardly the absolute best way to present material. Still, learning methods like Kagan's RoundRobin and Aronson's Jigsaw techniques have proven to be very helpful and have empirical evidence that supports the increase in participants learning ability. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Quiz Time!!!</span>== Think you have the gist of it? Let's put your reading comprehension (and my communication skills) to the test....literally! Please take a moment to run through these 8 multiple choice questions and then compare your answers to the correct ones at the bottom. Good luck and thanks for playing! '''Question 1:''' What is '''cooperative learning'''? A Collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals. B) A type of social interaction in which children orient toward a common goal, such as act out a make believe theme or working on a project together. C) A style of learning that incorporates small groups of like minded students with similar backgrounds and learning styles in order to enhance their learning potential. D) A small, diverse group of students goofing off on a project that they were supposed to turn in last week. '''Question 2:''' Which of the following would be the best example of effective '''cooperative learning'''? A) A group of students with similar interests in books forming a reading club to discuss their favorite books, and voting on which will be their club's official favorite each week. B) A small group of students of different cultural backgrounds sharing their favorite foods from their native land with each other. C) A large, diverse group of students assigned to each write a two-page paper on their political party leanings, to be turned in and graded by the instructor. D) A small group of students with differing political views tasked with a presentation comparing and contrasting where both Presidential Candidates in this year's election stand on issues related to education. '''Question 3:''' Which of the following is <u>not</u> one of the four major theoretical perspectives of cooperative learning, according to Slavin? A) Learners are motivated by a common goal and must work together to achieve this goal. B) Learners want their peers to succeed and are fueled by compassion to help them learn. C) Learners learn better when they have to repeat or teach the material that they have learned to their peers. D) Learners have a higher ability to retain knowledge if they are seen as the leader of a cooperative learning group and assert themselves as such. '''Question 4:''' Which of the following could one not use the Jigsaw or Round Robin techniques of learning? A) A team of lawyers must find a precedent for their client's situation and convince the judge and jury to issue a verdict of "not guilty" in light of this information. B) Students of an economics class must find a newspaper article that relates to their current lesson and present it to the class. C) A basketball team faces their rival in the upcoming championship game and they must develop new plays to overcome their opponents notorious offense. D) All of the above can take advantage of either Jigsaw or Round Robin techniques. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Answers to the Quiz!!!</span>== Ok, let's see how we did..... '''1)''' - A) According to Berk, the definition of cooperative learning is "collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals." (Berk 470) '''2)''' - D) The group with the Candidate comparison would be the best choice in that the students are given a task, must resolve differences of opinion, and work toward the common goal of the presentation. '''3)''' - D) A cooperative learner taking charge as the leader sometimes can have an adverse effect on the rest of the group and is not one of the four perspectives mentioned by Slavin. The other three responses are motivational, social cohesion, and cognitive elaboration perspective. '''4)''' - D) Jigsaw and Round Robin techniques are not exclusive to the classroom and can be used in a variety of circumstances, such as preparing for a legal case, an upcoming championship basketball game, or reading a newspaper article. ---- ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">References</span>== Berk, Laura E.. "Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood" <u>Infants, Children, and Adolescents</u> . 6th. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2008. Kagan, Dr. Spencer. "A Brief History of Kagan Structures." <u>Kagan Online</u>. Spring 2003. The Kagan Club. 21 Sep 2008 <http://www.kaganonline.com/KaganClub/index.html>. Aronson, Dr. Elliot. "Overview of the Technique." <u>Jigsaw Classroom</u>. Spring 2008. Social Psychology Network. 21 Sep 2008 <http://www.jigsaw.org/overview.htm>. Boling, Nancy C., Daniel H. Robinson. "Interactive Study, Interactive Multi-Media, or Cooperative Learning: Which Activity Best Supplements Lecture-Based Distance Learning?." <u>Journal of Educational Psychology</u> 91 No.1 (1999): 169–174. Slavin, Robert E.. "Research on Cooperative Learning and Achievement: What We Know, What We Need to Know." October 1995. Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk Johns Hopkins University. {{BookCat}} o089vhvvji6fgpqwaydsuiodhpprcm3 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 11/11.5.2 0 194567 4664518 4643470 2026-08-26T06:57:46Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664518 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''The Praise Debate'''</big></big> <big><big>'''By Catherine Byrd'''</big></big></span></div> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''Learning Targets'''</big></big></span> <div style="color:#808000" face="LUCIDA">Students should be able to: a) Differentiate between intelligence and effort praise and identify which one is more effective in a classroom setting b) Distinguish how much praise in a classroom is beneficial to a student's future c) Give reasons and examples as to why praising a student is important and the emotional positives it has on students </div> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''Introduction'''</big></big></span> <div style="color:#808000" face="LUCIDA">Most parents and educators would say that praise is important to a childs development of self esteem; so one would think that the more praise, the better. Right? Not always. Some educators and psychologists believe that praise is good but if done too often then it loses its effect and molds children that are constantly seeking approval (Delision, 2000). The question now raised is how much praise is too much and what exactly should be praised? As humans, we prefer to be praised for our correct efforts than be criticized for what we did wrong. We are a society that thrives on individual recognition. As teachers, we need to criticize and praise our students but need to explore and research how to praise students and determine what is beneficial and what is damaging. </div> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''Honest Feedback'''</big></big></span> <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{text default color}}; border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>'I do not believe you can give anyone self esteem, but you can create an environment where it can grow.' ( J.D. Hawkins, 2000)</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> <div style="color:#808000" face="LUCIDA">Marshall Duke, a clinical psychologist, says that a child's strengths need to be identified and developed which will lead to more self confidence rather than continuous praise. Feedback to children that is honest is more beneficial than an empty praise. Being honest with children while they are young will help them survive in the real world because if not then they will not know how to deal with adversity as they become adults (Delision, 2000). Many people believe that praise leads to higher self esteem and that high self esteem results in happier children that perform better in school but there is no research to support that idea. Duke told Education World 'Self esteem does not make them happier, achieve more, or become more capable' (Delision, 2000).</div> <span style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'"><big><big>'''Intelligence Praise or Effort Praise'''</big></big></span> <div style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'>A study was done by Melissa Kamins, Claudia Mueller and Carol Dweck to determine whether intelligence praise or effort praise is more effective on children. Intelligence praise is when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart and effort praise is when the teacher emphasizes the student's success because of their hard work. The results of the study showed that students who were praised on their intelligence had a goal to look smart even if it meant sacrificing learning. Students that were praised based on their efforts had a goal to learn new things even if it seems challenging or risky (Aronson, 2002). The results of this study show that not all praise is beneficial to students and that if praise is going to be used by teachers then it should be practiced in a manner that has positive learning outcomes. Research has found that giving too much praise to students can lessen self-motivation and lead to children becoming dependent on rewards for their work. One study found that when teachers praised preschoolers for doing an activity that they were already excited to do, the children lost some motivation to do the activity. 'Children have an intrinsic desire to learn. Ineffective praise can stifle students' natural curiosity and desire to learn by focusing their attention on extrinsic rewards rather than the intrinsic rewards that come from the task itself' (Hitz, 1989).</div> <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>To see a video on how children should be praised, click here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wqo4c-FlFGE</big></span></div></td></tr></table> '''<span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>Like a Cheerleader</big></big></span>''' <div style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'>"The praise keeps them going<nowiki>'' (Lori Palmer, 2000) 'Praise is defined as verbal comments indicating approval, commendation or achievement' (Madsen, Becker & Thomas 1968). This is essentially the most important tool a teacher can have. When students are praised constantly, they know they are being praised for trying. Lori Palmer believes that 'all children benefit from steady praise' (Delision, 2000). Praise is a type of positive reinforcement and is used to motivate students to behave and achieve positively. Praising also helps teachers manage individuals or groups (Hitz, 1989). Praise is important to a child'</nowiki>s confidence in class and fosters independence in the classroom. Students see praise as a way of teachers expressing their appreciation. Praise should be used on a daily basis and can be an effective tool for change as well (CTER, 2007).</div> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''Effective Praise'''</big></big></span> <span style="color: #808000; font-family: LUCIDA;">Praise is very effective in the classroom. Praise gives students information on how valuable their accomplishments are. Students who are praised often, better appreciate their thinking and problem solving skills and know that the teacher expects the same effort in the future. Not only is praise a teacher's way of expressing appreciation but it encourages students to appreciate their own work giving them a sense of self gratification (Kizlik, 2009).</span> <span style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'"><big><big>'''Conclusion'''</big></big></span> <span style="color: #808000; font-family: LUCIDA;">In my opinion, I believe that praise should be used in the classroom but used in a way that is effective to the student. My research has found that there is no evidence that praise should not be used at all in the classroom. The argument is rather what type of praise is positive and how often praise should be given. I agree that effort praise should be used in the classroom. A good balance of praise and criticism should be given. There are no perfect people in this world and until then everyone including young and old students should be given honest feedback even if it is not what they want to here. Although I believe honest feedback should be given, adults and educators [alike] need to give a solution as to how a student or child can improve.</span> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''References'''</big></big></span> <div style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'>Aronson, Joshua. (2002). Messages that motivate: how praise molds students' beliefs, motivation, and performance [Electronic version]. Improving Academic Achievement, 37-56. CTER. (2007). Retrieved February 7, 2009 from the CTER Wiki: http://www.wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Praise. Delision, Ellen. (2000). Can adults praise children too much? Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://www.education-world.com/a_curr302.shtml. Hitz, R., Driscoll, A. (1989). Praise in the classroom. Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://ericdigests.org/pre-9213/praise.htm. Kizlik, Bob. (2009). Education information for new and future teachers. Retrieved February 7, 2009 from http://www.adprima.com/managing.htm. Madsen, C., Becker W., Thomas D. (1968). Rules, praise, and ignoring: elements of elementary classroom control. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 5.</div> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''Questions'''</big></big></span> <div style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'">'''1. Which is the correct definition for intelligence praise?''' a. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart b. when a teacher emphasizes the student's success because of their hard work c. when a teacher emphasizes the student's success because of teamwork d. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they were intelligent enough to ask the teacher for help '''2. Which is the correct definition for effort praise?''' a. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they were intelligent enough to ask the teacher for help b. when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart c. when a teacher emphasizes the student's success because of teamwork d. when a teacher emphasizes the student's success because of their hard work '''3. Michelle turns in an assignment and her teacher tells her, 'Your research was excellent, Good work.' The following week Michelle works really hard on her next research paper to impress her teacher as she had in the past. What type of praise did Michelle's teacher give her?''' a. effective praise b. encouragement praise c. dependence praise d. motivation praise '''4. Alex is in the third grade. Alex turned in his journal entry to his teacher and she gave him a tootsie roll and said, 'There were no grammar errors in your journal entry today, you did great!' The next day, Alex rushes to complete his journal entry hoping he earns a piece of candy. Which answer BEST describes the type of behavior Alex is demonstrating?''' a. Alex has an intrinsic desire to do his best work b. Alex has become dependent on a reward for his work c. Alex has developed a 'get it over with' attitude towards his work d. Alex wants to prove to his teacher how smart he is by finishing his work first.</div> <span style="color: #FF0080; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''Answers'''</big></big></span> <div style="color:#808000; font-family:'Lucida'>1. A when a teacher emphasizes to a student that they did well because they are smart 2. D when a teacher emphasizes the student's success because of their hard work 3. A effective praise 4. B Alex has become dependent on a reward for his work.</div> {{BookCat}} m4dxyuj6ni56wjvx7wqkh7qrneaa9l4 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 12/12.2.1 0 194574 4664535 4650879 2026-08-26T07:31:14Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664535 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;"><big><big><big><big><big>'''Child Abuse and Nelgect-Teachers' Role'''</big></big></big></big></big></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;"><big>Hillary Childress</big></span></div> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FCDFFF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <big>" A good teacher is like a candle-it consumes itself to light the way for others" </big> http://www.indianchild.com/teachers_quotes.htm </table> =Learning Targets= *Students should be able to detect signs of Child abuse and child neglect in a classroom. *Students will know the proper procedure of reporting suspicions of child abuse or neglect. *Students will know the 3 types of Child abuse and the statistics on all 3. =Introduction= To a student a teacher can be seen as someone they can tell their deepest darkest secrets too. So what happens when a student tells a teacher some information that might suggest child abuse or neglect? Teachers need to know how to handle child abuse suspicions on the legal and ethical level and how to recognize it. Definitions The lines between child abuse and child neglect can get a little hazy sometimes. The Child Welfare Information Gateway has defined child abuse as "Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk or serious harm"€ ( Child Welfare Information Gateway,2008) There are 3 different types of Child abuse; physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The Child Welfare Information Gateway also defines the three types of abuse *Physical - "is non-accidental physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, shaking, throwing, stabbing, choking, hitting, burning, or otherwise harming the child." (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008) *Emotional - "pattern of behavior that impairs a child's development of sense of self-worth" (Child Welfare Information Gateway,2008) *Sexual - "activities by a parent or caregiver such as fondling a child's genitals, penetration, incest, rape, sodomy, indecent exposure, and exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic material" ( Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008) Child abuse can be seen as causing immediate harm to the child. While child neglect might not cause immediate harm to the child, over time, child neglect can cause physical and developmental harm. Child Neglect it defined as Child Neglect - "the failure of a parent, guardian or other caregiver to provide for a child's basic needs." (Child Welfare Information Gateway,2008) Those needs can be put into four catergories: physical, medical, educational, and emotional. =Statistics= A teacher needs to know the statistics of child abuse and neglect, once they know the numbers they will see how dyer the situation is and how important it is to know how to respond to child abuse and neglect.The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System is a federal organization that collects data and statistics on child abuse and neglect every year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). In the year 2006 there was an estimated 3.3 million cases and of those cases over half of them were reported by professionals, such as teachers (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2008) in the year 2006 the data showed * 905,000 victims of Child abuse or neglect * 51.5% were girls an 48.2% were boys * 48.8% were white,22.8% were African-America, and 18.4 were Hispanic The data that was collected also showed the child neglect was more common than child abuse, in years past the NCANDs reported that child abuse was more prevalent that child neglect. In 2006 the data showed * 64.1% were victims of neglect * 16% were victims of physical abuse * 8.8% were victims of sexual abuse * 6.6% were victims of emotional abuse =Detecting Child Abuse or Neglect= As teachers we spend an average of 7 hours, 5 days a week with our students. So besides their parents, we are the people that the children spent most of their time with, and this allows us to create a relationship of trust with our students. The relationship that is created is one that is so strong that a teacher will do anything to protect their students. So by knowing how to detect abuse and neglect, teachers are better prepared to protect their students. We also get to know our students behavioral patterns, and if changes occur. A dramatic change in behavior can be a warning sign of child abuse or neglect (Coleman). According to Dr. Coleman, a child psychologist some other warning signs of child abuse or neglect both physical and emotional. They are as follows(Coleman). * Bruises, lumps, welts * Repeated broken bones * Burns * Shyness around adults * Is often absent * Frequent accidents-such as wetting their pants * Lack of concentration * Poor academic performance * High aggression * Early arrival to school and reluctance to leave * Unsociable When it comes to detecting the possibility of child neglect the warning signs can be a lot more apparent and can be easily seen by the outer appearance of the child. Some of the things to look for if a teacher suspects a child is being neglected are as follows (Duncan, 2001) * Child appears to be always hungry * Unorganized train of thought * Child appears to suffer from medical and dental neglect * Child comes to class in clothes that appear dirty and worn =Reporting Suspicions of Child Abuse or Neglect= When teachers suspect child abuse or neglect they sometimes hesitate to report it, this may be because of a fear that the parents of the child may retaliate against the child, or they feel that even if it is reported nothing will be done. As teachers those we are mandated to report any suspicions of child abuse or neglect. This is stated in the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act(CAPTA) if a teacher fails to report any suspicions they can face disciplinary action up to and including termination and criminal liabilities(Smith, 2007). When a teacher suspects that a child is being abused in most school the teacher will file a report for the principal once the report is filled it is normally given to the guidance counselor who will be the one to contact the local depart of Child Protective Services(CPS)(Citizens Information). The website also states that if a child confides in a child that the teacher should record the conversations. The teacher also needs to have the child's basic information such as; name , address, phone number, details about the suspected abuse, and information about the potential perpetrator(Duncan, 2001). The CPS will determine in the information is substantial enough for an investigation. The CPS will normally send the mandated reporter a letter, but a family's right to privacy is still of importance. So a mandated reporter might know that the CPS investigated but may not know the findings or results of the investigation (Duncan, 2001). =Conclusion= So in conclusion teachers have not only a legal responsibility but an ethical responsibility to protect their students. Teachers should pay attention to students' behavior and create strong relationships with their students. If this happens, I feel that we will see a huge drop in numbers of children dying from child abuse and neglect. Every child deserves a happy and safe childhood and as educators we can help ensure that they are happy and healthy. [[File:joey_on_vacation.JPG]] =Test your knowledge Time= 1. What percentage of abuse/neglect victims are white A. 49.5 B. 48.8 C. 30.3 D. 29.8 2. What percentage of victims of abuse are victims of sexual abuse A. 2.3 B. 45.5 C. 19.2 D. 8.8 3. Mrs. Smith has a student that comes into class with dirty clothes and seems to always be hungry. The teacher suspects child neglect. What should the teacher do? A. The teacher is just overacting and just forget about it B. The teacher should punish the child for coming into her classroom looking dirty C. The teacher should go talk to the principal D. The teacher should give the child a cracker and tell him/her to stop complaining 4. Henry is 5 and tells his teacher that his bottom hurts and lately Henry has been coming into school with bruises all over his arm. What should the teacher do? A. Just forget it, Henry must be telling a story. B. Record the conversation and go to the principal. C. Go have a talk with Henry’s parents. D. Go tell the principal. =<div style="text-align: center;">'''cheat Sheet'''</div>= 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B = Reference= Child Welfare Information Gateway.(2008).What is child abuse and neglect?.Retrieved February 7, 2009, From Child Welfare Inofrmation Gateway. Web site: http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/whatiscan.cfm Children's Bureau.(2008).NCANDS Survey Instrument.Retri ved February 7, 2009, from Department of Health and Human Services. Web site: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/systems/ncands/survey.htm Coleman, M. What should you do when you suspect child abuse. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from Scholastic.com. Web site: http://content.scholastic.com/browse/aticle.jsp?id=4435 Duncan,N. When should teachers report abuse? Retrieved February 7, 2009,from Children’s Voice Article.Web site: http://www.cwla.org/articles/cv0111teachers.htm Smith,S.(2007). Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from Smith Law firm. Web site: http://www.smith-lawfirm.com/mandatory_reporting.htm (2008).Reporting child abuse are primary and post primary leve. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from Citizens Information.Web site: http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/education/primary-and-post-primary-education/attendance-and-discipline-in-schools/child_abuse Quote Provided by: http://www.indianchild.com/teachers_quotes.htm {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=138}} {{BookCat}} 39ocvwf03zlj9w4xcqrqfervghqvfon Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 13/13.1.2 0 194583 4664549 4650506 2026-08-26T07:47:25Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664549 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Technology in the Classroom: Help or Hindrance? == == Learning Targets == <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: GEORGIA;"><big>'''Understand how technology is used in the classroom''' </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: GEORGIA;"><big>'''Get an understanding for the different technology tools available and how they can be used in a classroom''' </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: GEORGIA;"><big>'''Know the positive and negative effects technology can have on a classroom and how a teacher can use technology in an effective way that helps students'''</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == Introduction == Technology integration in the classroom is becoming as common as reading and writing. Teachers in schools today are either using technology in their classrooms or learning how to use technology in their classroom. In the last five years there has been a big push for teachers to become technology savvy or at least technological competent so they can use it in their classrooms. And we are not just talking high school level classrooms. Technology is becoming part of everyday life for first and second grade classrooms just as much as it is becoming a part of high school and college classrooms. == Help == There are two sides to the use of technology in a classroom. One side is that the use of technology involves activities that encourage students to become involved and directly active parts of their lessons. (Frye, Dornisch, 2008) Students, for the most part, favor activities that allow them to be interactive in the classroom. In fact, when given a choice, a high school class chose to read their material for the course using interactivity that allowed them to become personally involved in their work rather than simply reading the material out of their textbook and listening to a lecture. (Frye, Dornisch, 2008) This in turn makes researchers and teachers realize that technology is a positive thing to have in a classroom because it helps students become involved in their school work. Using technology can give students a firsthand look at what they are studying and gives them more control over their work. There are many examples of technology that use student interaction to teach lessons rather than simply writing down notes so students can simply "copy and listen". A Webquest is an activity that is taking the classrooms by storm and has been for a while. It is completed usually by the teacher and involves a sort of adventure that incorporates technology. (Dodge 2007) Students are given a task and they go through the Webquest and its activities in order to finish that task. In the end, they learn a lesson in an interactive way that allows them to feel that they have been a vital role in their learning experience. These lessons involve tools such as PowerPoint and Dreamweaver, and students can point and click and go to different websites and sources in order for them to finish the task. Another technology friendly tool that teachers are using are interactive games that are used to teach students lessons. There are so many websites that cater to teachers and give them the tools or sources to use these games. Many of them involve the student playing alone or with a partner or small group. These games teach subjects from math and reading to science and history. Another aspect of using technology in classrooms that many think is helpful for students is the use of video cameras, which allow for streaming live to different classrooms across the country and the world. Although this is not something that is done in every classroom across the country and does require certain equipment, it is said to be a very positive activity for students. Instead of learning about other regions of the country or world, they get to see it first hand in other classrooms. They can talk to the teacher and students in those classrooms and ask them questions about where they live and how their lives are different or the same as theirs. All these activities, technology advocates say, foster a child's need to be interactive in their learning and in turn helps them become more involved and they are more excited about being involved. According to Dr. Kimberly Moore Kneas and Dr. Bruce Perry, the technologies that benefit young children the most are the ones that allow them to be interactive and allow them to develop their curiosity and thinking skills. (Kneas, Perry, 2008) They also point out that students like to have a reason for doing a task or assignment other than "just because the teacher said so". The use of technology allows students to feel that they have a real purpose for what they are learning and in turn, they perform better. (Kneas, Perry, 2008) It appears that word has gotten out about the use of technology in the classroom. According to Education Next, taxpayers, corporations and other contributors have spent over 60 million dollars to provide schools all over the world with computers, and this is only in the last two decades. (Christensen, Horn, 2008) <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: BROADWAY;"><big>"Children are already accustomed to a world that moves faster and is more exciting than anything a teacher in front of a classroom can do" Major Owens </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == Hindrance == While there are many arguments and facts that point to the benefits of using technology in the classroom, there is another side to the story. There are many examples, arguments and statistics that bring out the not so beneficial side of using technology in classrooms. While many teachers are accepting technology in their classrooms and trying to embrace it with enthusiasm, there are just as many teachers who are putting their foot down and arguing that technology is not a necessity in the classroom and should not be treated as one. In response to an article posted by Jim Holland on the Techlearning website titled "When Teachers Don't Get It: Myths, Misconceptions and other Taradiddle", a teacher argues with the logic that number one, technology is a great thing to have in classrooms and is essential, and number two, that teachers who don't involve technology in their classrooms are rather lazy and unwilling to change. The arguments are that teachers have state standards they must help their students reach. (Johnson, 2006)That is just a simple fact that no teacher can argue. These standards are usually taken very seriously and are probably the most important factor that school boards and states look at. While teachers are trying to make sure that their students are mastering these skills and passing the state tests, there is little time for trying to integrate technology into every part of their classroom. Many teachers' jobs depend on making sure that the students meet the goals required. The teacher argues that until technology skills are a part of the state standards they will not be essential to the classroom. (Johnson, 2006) Another argument that some teachers might have is that their schools do not equip them with the proper equipment to even use technology in their lesson plans. Some teachers only have learning labs and they can use them at a very certain time during the day. These labs sometimes don't even have enough computers for each student in their classroom, forcing some students to share which can cause problems in their lesson plans. Technological equipment such as computers, cameras and even Ipods can offer great learning tools. They can help students research a topic or find information from all over the world, they can help a student listen to a lecture in their own time and they can give students access to classrooms in other parts of the country. On the other side of that, they can help students cheat on exams and help students get access to harmful and inappropriate information and material streaming on the net. Teachers must be very careful when giving their students access to the internet. Although most schools have blocks on any website that is inappropriate, sometimes this can slip by the system. Students can get pictures, information and videos that are extremely inappropriate and harmful to them. This is where technology can be quite scary. At home a lot of children have access to the internet and there are some homes that do not regulate the use of the internet very well. This can not only lead to problems at home but at school. If a student knows where this information is and wants to show it to some friends at school, there might be ways to get around the schools strict internet policies and get to this information. This is where teachers must regulate their students use of the internet and promote the internet for academic research. Another side of technology that can be troubling is the use of an IPod. While many teachers, even in high schools, have allowed IPods in their rooms to record a lecture, it can cater to cheaters. (Carstairs 2007) In Meridian, Idaho and at other schools around the nation, IPods are being forced out of classrooms. These devices can be hidden under clothing and a tiny wire and an ear piece can be transmitted to the ear without a teacher ever knowing. They can be used to download formulas and a student can actually record all the answers to a test and simply download it into their music list and listen to it during the test. (Carstairs 2007) In an argument defending more traditional teaching and shying away from overusing technology in the classroom, Lowell Monke points out that in classrooms with very young children, there is a need to see, feel and relate to a subject at hand. Computers, he states, simply cannot offer this type of experience. The need to get hands on experience, like touching a plant while learning about them, and the experiences that come with that cannot be offered by a machine like a computer. (Monke, 2004) Only hands on, teacher to student and student to subject interaction can offer this experience to young students. This is an experience that is said to be critical to young children's learning. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC9933;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: BROADWAY;"><big>In the year 2000 (yes 2000!) the National Center for Education Statistics revealed that 99% of teachers had access to a computer! And that was eight years ago! </big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == So What's the Verdict?== As you can read and see, technology in the classroom has many promoters who believe that technology can only help students in their learning and help them become more active in the classroom. There are also others who simply say that technology brings on bad practices and can give students access to information they should not be seeing and can take teachers away from the standards that they are taught to teach by. Either way you look at it, technology clearly has its advantages and disadvantages but if classrooms today are any indication on which way the educational world is leaning, it looks like the promoters might be winning right now. == A Personal Look == In my experience as a student and as an aspiring teacher, I must agree that technology in the classroom can have many benefits for the teacher and the student. It can open the students world to so many new things without ever leaving the classroom. Who can say they traveled to Spain in class today if they did not have access to the computer where they could see real pictures of places as if they were there? I think that is something that must be incorporated to classroom because it can only add enrichment to students everyday activities and their learning. However, I know that there are problems with technology that must be taken care of. Student should not and cannot have access to inappropriate material and technology should not be used to promote cheating and other harmful behavior. Now, after reading this, what's your opinion? == References == *Carstairs, Marguerite (April 2007). Active in English. Retrieved September 19, 2008, from www.activeenglish.biz/moodle *Christensen, Horn, Clayton, Michael (2008).How Do We Transform Our Schools?. Education Next. 8, 13-19. *Dodge, Bernie (2007). Webquest.org. Retrieved September 19, 2008, from Webquest Web site: www.webquest.org *Frye, Nancy, Dornisch, Michele (2008).Teacher Technology Use and Student Evaluations: The Moderating Role of Content Area. J. Educational Technology Systems. 36, 305-317. *Kneas, Kimberly, Perry, Bruce (2008). Using Technology in the Early Childhood Classroom. Scholastic, Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4055&FullBreadCrumb=%3Ca+href%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.scholastic.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsearch%2F%3FNtt%3Dkimberly%2Bkneas%26query%3Dkimberly%2Bkneas%26Ntk%3DSCHL30_SI%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchallpartial%26N%3D0%22+class%3D%22endecaAll%22%3EAll+Results%3C%2Fa%3E *Johnson, Doug (2006). Doug Johnsons Blue Skunk Blog. Retrieved September 19, 2008, from The Blue Skunk Blog Web site: doug-johnson.squarespace.com *Monke, Lowell (2004).The Human Touch. Education Next. 4, 10-14. == Multiple Choice Questions == 1. An example of using technology to teach a lesson would be:<br> a. Note taking<br> b. Reading out loud in class<br> c. Talking in groups<br> d. Webquest Activity 2. What technological device is being banned from a lot of classrooms?<br> a. Cameras<br> b. CD players<br> c. Computers<br> d. Ipod 3. What could be a valid argument for not wanting technology to become prominent in the classroom?<br> a. It causes students to fight with each other over the equipment<br> b. It forces students to use technology when they it will not help them <br> c. Students can access information that is harmful for them using the internet<br> d. Teachers don't get any credit for teaching anymore 4. What could be a valid argument for wanting technology to become prominent in the classroom?<br> a. It helps students become active in their learning <br> b. It helps students become smarter than their parents<br> c. It helps students become smarter than their teachers<br> d. It will help students with their speech == Answer Key == 1.) D 2.) D 3.) C 4.) A {{BookCat}} qpzqq2fzhv6769615srklnce360gwf2 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 8/8.4.1 0 194789 4664551 4651977 2026-08-26T07:48:19Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664551 wikitext text/x-wiki AP & IB: Are we moving toward a National curriculum? Written by Ken Gauss National standards play a critical role in today’s educational community. These standards shape what is taught to students, and more importantly, how teachers teach. National standards have a profound impact not just on the regular education classroom, but also the advanced programs including Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate. ==National Standards== In education, there has always been a debate over what to teach our students. In addition, it is important to remember that how something is taught is as valuable as what is being taught. The top programs in today’s American school system are the Advanced Placement program and the International Baccalaureate program. When creating national standards, these programs must be held in high regard. The brightest students along with the best teachers participate in these programs. National standards should be developed that can challenge not only students but teachers as well. ==International Baccalaureate== The International Baccalaureate Organization states that educational standards are a key part in the development of sound students and teachers (IBO.org). The IB student completes a rigorous program and is challenged on a daily basis. While the students work their way through the program they are forced to meet objectives. Within the IB program, students reach above and beyond what is typically expected of them. IB students must understand how the learning system is not compiled of separate parts, but is the sum of all parts together. National standards can unify students and objectives together as one. “The International Baccalaureate Theory of Knowledge program provides students a complete view of education” (High Performance). Students have the chance to examine each area of education. Students begin to realize that while learning is different for each area, the basic methods used are the same. In this way students are pushed to understand how each content area interacts. Within each way of knowing is an intermittent part of the others. Each area in and of itself directly affects the others. Once students understand the standards they achieve a better understanding of their learning experience. These standards which can be transferred directly to the national system enhance the learning experience. In this portion of the program students begin to breakdown the walls that divide learning, and view the educational instrument as a whole. Through this portion of the International Baccalaureate program, students understand that each standard directly affects the others. ==Advanced Placement== Advanced Placement program also provides students with an opportunity to challenge themselves at a higher level. In the Advanced Placement program students are given college level work, and upon completion, they are given the chance to receive college credit for their efforts. Since these advanced students are learning on a college level they are exposed to college-level material. Being that national standards must push the envelope in the world of education, it is pivotal for advanced placement to play a role in the creation of these standards. As students study in the AP program, they are constantly forced to look outside the box, and approach problems full circle. This skill proves to be vital in the forming of any type of national standard. If they are allowed to only approach problems from the most obvious viewpoint they are denied the experience of seeing problems through. Also they do not gain the chance to observe these from different angles, and achieve solutions which shy away from the norm. More often than not educational problems can’t be solved with the most obvious solution. By taking the Advanced Placement outlook students see problems in different way, and thus find more complete solutions. Standards are a vital part of education. In every educational community standards can vary, and students are taught differently. This leads to varying educational levels across the country. In recognizing this problem, it is easily understood that national standards need to be established in order to form a more complete educational plan. With both the International Baccalaureate and Advanced Placement programs, students are challenged to bring out their fullest potential. With this in mind, we can see that national standards should be shaped around these programs. Not all students are capable of performing in advanced programs, but all students should be challenged to their maximum potentials. When standards are made that require students to reach inside themselves, the ultimate result is students that are better than before. These standards create students who not only solve problems, but understand the issues surrounding the problems. ==Conclusion== In the creation of national standards, teachers and students must understand that these advanced programs provide an excellent base to build an educational program. Students who are taught within these standards develop as complete packages in the world’s eye. Teachers who teach with these standards not only better students, but better themselves. In teaching on a higher level, teachers inspire students and provide a much needed advancement in the national educational standard. Students pushed to be better themselves ultimately become people who push for a better tomorrow. In establishing a national standard largely influenced by advanced programs there can only be an improvement in education as a whole. With teachers and students constantly pushed to better themselves the entire nation will improve. <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFB5D;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS; font-size: medium;"><b>"It is better to solve one problems five ways than five problems one way" - George Polya</b></span></td></tr></table> ==References== Agnes, Michael (1999). Webster’s New World College Dictionary (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan. Kelley, Linda Molner (2004). Why Induction Matters. Journal of Teacher Education 55 (5), 438-559. Retrieved on February 10, 2007 from Education: A SAGE Full-Text Database "NH Partnership for High Performance Schools." 2005. The Jordan Institute. 1 Feb. 2007 <http://www.nhphps.org/>. "A High Performance School." Oregon DOE. 1 Feb. 2007 <http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/school/highperform.shtml>. International Baccalaureate Organization www.ibo.org. ==Multiple Choice== 1. IB differs from normal education classes in that a. IB students only do independent study b. Students have a customized IB curriculum c. Students take regular classes, but are expected to do more work d. There is no difference 2. The IBO states that educational standards are key in a. Creating a strong school b. Establishing smart students c. Development of sound students and teachers 3. Which class provides IB students a full view of education a. Theory of Knowledge b. Logic and Ethics c. IB Psychology 4. In Advanced placement students are given what type of work a. Honors level work b. The same work as other students c. College level work 5. One main goal of the AP programs is to a. Have students look outside the box b. Develop complete students. c. Prepare students for the challenges of college d. All of the above ==Multiple Choice Answers== 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=95}} {{BookCat}} hvv7hedi0zrduaoaebcbpe9wdas7g66 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 10/10.5.1 0 194795 4664540 4650802 2026-08-26T07:33:46Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664540 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;"><big><big><big><big><big>'''Cooperative Learning and the Social Nature of Learning'''</big></big></big></big></big></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;"><big>by Aaron Burdon</big></span></div> ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Overview</span>== <table WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Learning Targets''' - Upon completion, the reader should understand the following: <div style="font-size:larger; font-family:'Andy'> • The definition of cooperative learning and how it differs from other styles of learning. • Effective application of cooperative learning in today's classroom, such as Jigsaw and Round Robin style learning. • Advantages to cooperative learning. • Possible challenges with cooperative learning, such as social anxiety, and possible methods to overcome them. </div> </td></tr></table> Our comprehension of our vast universe grows each day. With every new discovery and information gathered from researchers across the globe, we continue to come closer and closer to our understanding of the universe we live in. Not long ago, we believed that the world was flat; however, today we have access to real time pictures taken from satellites orbiting our world to prove its true form. What we teach our children today may be far advanced from what we learned as children ourselves. New discoveries may lead to future generations treating the knowledge of today as obsolete and outdated. Perhaps equally as important to what we teach our students is also how we teach them to learn the material. As we grow in our understanding of how the human brain operates, we must also use this understanding to help us learn more efficiently. One of the more widely accepted methods of learning that is being applied in today's classroom is that of cooperative learning. This method differs in many ways to that of traditional lecture methods of learning. In this article, we will explore the many ways to effectively apply cooperative learning, the advantages, and the possible challenges of this method. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">What Is Cooperative Learning?</span>== [[Image:Funny_Kids1.jpg|150px|left]] The traditional classroom often consists of classes in which children of similar ability levels are taught together. Nearly all classrooms in the United States are taught by grade level specific to the age of the student rather than his or her ability. Many schools also group students according to their apparent ability levels, but this risks becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy for each respective group. By placing students into group in this way, we run the risk of those placed in low-level learning groups perceiving themselves as unintelligent or slow-witted. Grouping students together with varying levels of ability and backgrounds can help eliminate this threat. A very popular method of learning in this way is called cooperative learning. <table WIDTH="27%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''Cooperative learning''' is the collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals. (Berk, 2008)</td></tr></table> '''Cooperative learning''' is defined as "the collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals." (Berk, 2008) Unlike traditional methods, cooperative learning lets students enhance the weaknesses of their peers with their own strengths. Students feel a part of a team rather than isolated and students deemed as having low-ability can benefit from those considered higher. In a symbiotic relation, higher level students also tend to do better by teaching the learned material to their peers. According to Robert E. Slavin of Johns Hopkins University, there are four major perspectives on cooperative learning, which are motivational, social cohesion, cognitive development, and cognitive elaboration (Slavin, 1995). The '''motivational perspective''' focuses on the reward for the group in achieving their objective, and that the only way for the group to achieve this goal is to learn how to work together. The theory that students want each other to succeed is more in keeping with the '''social cohesion perspective''', but is similar to the motivational perspective in that the members of the group are motivated to succeed, but instead of goal oriented, it is more motivated by compassion. <table WIDTH="35%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top><span style="font-family: Andy;"> <big>'''Four major perspectives on cooperative learning:'''</big> <u>motivational</u> - group focused on common goal <u>social cohesion</u> - group wants each other to succeed <u>cognitive development</u> - the human brain simply learns better in a group environment <u>cognitive elaboration</u> - the best way to </span></td></tr></table> The '''cognitive development''' perspective takes a very different approach to cooperative learning in that it contends that the interaction of students with their peers stimulates the mind and increases the ability to learn. Unlike being motivated by a common goal or by compassion for their peers, those who follow the cognitive development perspective feel that the human brain simply learns better in a group environment than on its own. A variation of this is the fourth theory of '''cognitive elaboration''', which contends that the best way to enhance the knowledge already present in the brain is to in turn explain it to ones peers. This slightly differs from cognitive development perspective in that the members of the group must already have some knowledge of the material before entering the group. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">What are some Cooperative Learning examples?</span>== For almost a quarter of a century, Dr. Spenser Kagan has been developing teaching structures of learning based on cooperative learning, called Kagan Structures, to help in the classroom as well the business world. (Kagan, 2008) [[image:Scotty_n_CeCe1.jpg|right|150px]] One of Kagan's most widely used method of cooperative learning is that of '''RoundRobin''', purposely spelled as one word to differentiate the term from the standard definition of round robins, a type of athletic tourneyment. In a RoundRobin group, each learner takes a turn orally presenting the material that they have learned, helping them to better organize their thoughts on the material. Kagan says that labeling methods of cooperative learning like RoundRobin are beneficial to the student because "students know exactly what to do" when instructed to use a specified method. According to Kagan, this is also helpful to instructors in that it helps facilitate communication among peers in learning from each other how to teach. <table WIDTH="35%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #CC99FF;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #56A5EC; padding: 1em;" valign=top><span style="font-family: Andy;"><big>'''Examples of Cooperative Learning:'''</big> <u>RoundRobin (Kagan)</u> - the group takes turns orally presenting the material. <u>Jigsaw (Aronson)</u> - learners are split up into groups, assigned portions of the material to learn, meet with learners from other groups assigned the same portion, and then return to their groups to teach the material they have learned. </span></td></tr></table> Another method that is fast becoming a popular form of cooperative classroom learning is that of the '''Jigsaw''' method. Elliot Aronson, Professor Emeritus at the University of California in Santa Cruz, first implemented his Jigsaw method in 1971 initially as a way to deal with the sudden desegregation of schools in Austin, Texas. By placing students into groups with various social and ethnic differences each with the same goal to succeed, the hostility became muted as the students were forced to work together to achieve success. The Jigsaw method gets its name because each student is a vital piece of the overall puzzle that is the learning task. Students are first divided into groups and assigned various portions of the material to become an expert on. Then, each student meets with students from other group assigned to the same portion of the material and discuss what they have learned. This allows for the student to share what he or she learned on their own while also hearing other students perspectives. Eventually, these students return to their original groups and in turn teaches the members of their group the material that they learned. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Advantages and Possible Challenges of Cooperative Learning</span>== As mentioned earlier, there are many advantages to cooperative learning supported by empirical evidence. Students who participate in cooperative learning programs have outperformed students in traditional learning programs at the elementary, secondary, and collage levels, as cited in Boling and Robinson's article on how cooperative learning is used in lecture-based distance learning. According to the journal article, students have been shown to increase social skills, perceptions of their own ability, and the relevance of the material they are learning (Boling 1999). Although cooperative learning can be highly effective, there are also some possible challenges in this style. One of the major criticisms of cooperative learning is that it tends to hold back the learning potential of those students who are naturally gifted. Oftentimes, students who are prone to social anxiety and prefer to work alone may suffer a negative effect of cooperative learning. Instructors must understand that cooperative learning is not for everyone and must compliment or supplement some material to students who thrive in a less socially active environment. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Conclusion</span>== In conclusion, cooperative learning is a very different style of learning than how traditional school systems have taught student. There are a number of theories behind why this method tends to be effective; however, there are still a number of unknown variables out there that make cooperative learning hardly the absolute best way to present material. Still, learning methods like Kagan's RoundRobin and Aronson's Jigsaw techniques have proven to be very helpful and have empirical evidence that supports the increase in participants learning ability. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Quiz Time!!!</span>== Think you have the gist of it? Let's put your reading comprehension (and my communication skills) to the test....literally! Please take a moment to run through these 8 multiple choice questions and then compare your answers to the correct ones at the bottom. Good luck and thanks for playing! '''Question 1:''' What is '''cooperative learning'''? A) Collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals. B) A type of social interaction in which children orient toward a common goal, such as act out a make believe theme or working on a project together. C) A style of learning that incorporates small groups of like minded students with similar backgrounds and learning styles in order to enhance their learning potential. D) A small, diverse group of students goofing off on a project that they were supposed to turn in last week. '''Question 2:''' Which of the following would be the best example of effective '''cooperative learning'''? A) A group of students with similar interests in books forming a reading club to discuss their favorite books, and voting on which will be their club's official favorite each week. B) A small group of students of different cultural backgrounds sharing their favorite foods from their native land with each other. C) A large, diverse group of students assigned to each write a two page paper on their political party leanings, to be turned in and graded by the instructor. D) A small group of students with differing political views tasked with a presentation comparing and contrasting where both Presidential Candidates in this year's election stand on issues related to education. '''Question 3:''' Which of the following is <u>not</u> one of the four major theoretical perspectives of cooperative learning, according to Slavin? A) Learners are motivated by a common goal and must work together to achieve this goal. B) Learners want their peers to succeed and are fueled by compassion to help them learn. C) Learners learn better when they have to repeat or teach the material that they have learned to their peers. D) Learners have a higher ability to retain knowledge if they are seen as the leader of a cooperative learning group and assert themselves as such. '''Question 4:''' Which of the following could one not use the Jigsaw or Round Robin techniques of learning? A) A team of lawyers must find a precedent for their client's situation and convince the judge and jury to issue a verdict of "not guilty" in light of this information. B) Students of an economics class must find a newspaper article that relates to their current lesson and present it to the class. C) A basketball team faces their rival in the upcoming championship game and they must develop new plays to overcome their opponents notorious offense. D) All of the above can take advantage of either Jigsaw or Round Robin techniques. ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">Answers to the Quiz!!!</span>== Ok, let's see how we did..... '''1)''' - A) According to Berk, the definition of cooperative learning is "collaboration on a task by a small group of students who resolve differences of opinion, share responsibility, consider one another's ideas, and work toward common goals." (Berk 470) '''2)''' - D) The group with the Candidate comparison would be the best choice in that the students are given a task, must resolve differences of opinion, and work toward the common goal of the presentation. '''3)''' - D) A cooperative learner taking charge as the leader sometimes can have an adverse effect on the rest of the group and is not one of the four perspectives mentioned by Slavin. The other three responses are motivational, social cohesion, and cognitive elaboration perspective. '''4)''' - D) Jigsaw and Round Robin techniques are not exclusive to the classroom and can be used in a variety of circumstances, such as preparing for a legal case, an upcoming championship basketball game, or reading a newspaper article. ---- ==<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Andy;">References</span>== Berk, Laura E.. "Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood" <u>Infants, Children, and Adolescents</u> . 6th. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2008. Kagan, Dr. Spencer. "A Brief History of Kagan Structures." <u>Kagan Online</u>. Spring 2003. The Kagan Club. 21 Sep 2008 <http://www.kaganonline.com/KaganClub/index.html>. Aronson, Dr. Elliot. "Overview of the Technique." <u>Jigsaw Classroom</u>. Spring 2008. Social Psychology Network. 21 Sep 2008 <http://www.jigsaw.org/overview.htm>. Boling, Nancy C., Daniel H. Robinson. "Interactive Study, Interactive Multi-Media, or Cooperative Learning: Which Activity Best Supplements Lecture-Based Distance Learning?." <u>Journal of Educational Psychology</u> 91 No.1 (1999): 169-174. Slavin, Robert E.. "Research on Cooperative Learning and Achievement: What We Know, What We Need to Know." October 1995. Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed at Risk Johns Hopkins University. {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=118}} {{BookCat}} 9qqvommov8i2urp7a9naccpdx8t15yr Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 10/10.7.2 0 194800 4664553 4650278 2026-08-26T07:49:06Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664553 wikitext text/x-wiki == Life Long Learning == <span style="color: #660099;">Heather Campbell</span> == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #CC0066;">C</span>ontinuing Educating Educators to Educate Better == <span style="color: #CC0066;">Learning Targets and Goals</span> Through reading this article, the student or teacher should be able to : *identify and define life long learning, *identify the importance of life long learning, *identify and locate opportunities offered in life long learning. <span style="color: #00CC33;">Defining Life Long Learning</span> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFCC; border: solid 10px #33FF99; padding: 1em;" valign=top> Get over the idea that only children should spend their time in study. Be a student so long as you still have something to learn, and this will mean all your life. ~Henry L. Doherty. </td></tr></table> Attending a seminar, taking a night class, and passing a test are all ways that people easily identify as lifelong learning. Lifelong learning is more than just attending organized seminars and classes, it's taking opportunities to enrich life and increase knowledge daily. The definitions of lifelong learning vary a bit depending upon who is asked to define it. In ''Philosophical Perspectives on Lifelong Learning,'' lifelong learning is described as a slippery word being compared to terms such as 'democracy' and 'religion' and having no true way to quantify it. Overall the idea agreed upon is continual education starting directly after being slapped by a doctor and continuing until six feet under, with a strong focus on the times after leaving the structured school environment. (Aspin, 2007) 'Lifelong learning is a continuous engagement in acquiring and applying knowledge and skills in the context of authentic, self-directed problems.' (Fischer, 1996) Life long learning is something that educators and students may achieve alike. Life long learning is a way for teachers to enrich their lives and their classrooms. By planting the seeds of a love of learning, teachers are able to encourage students to continue searching for knowledge through their lives. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #3366FF;">I</span>mpacts and <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #3366FF;">I</span>mportance == <span style="color: #3366FF;">Importance</span> Teaching today is a constantly changing and increasingly more important role in students' lives. An article in <u>Science Daily</u>, looking at new science teachers explains how more and more teachers are being placed into classrooms feeling overwhelmed and undertrained. A suggestion that is made is to pair new teachers with retired teachers to help further their learning and mentor them in the classroom (GMU, 2008). Having a mentor helping the teacher is a way to continue that instructor's education while active in the classroom environment. The mentor helps the new teacher teach by sharing their experiences and it will show in how the students learn. The traditional teaching of books, chalk and blackboards are still present in the education; however, there are many new things that are now involved in the classroom environment. 'A global economy hungry for customized, portable and on-demand educational platforms coupled with the Internet’s rise to dominance as the ubiquitous medium of information delivery means that e-learning is increasingly gaining respect as an innovative and viable pedagogical tool, especially for subjects that require multimedia, collaboration tools (wikis, blogs and course-management systems, for example), and other bandwidth-hungry applications prevalent today'(University of Illonois, 2008). Knapper also touched on that topic of how many of the developed nations are using technology to learn and share information. Going so far as to suggest that if students are unable to navigate the technology they will be incapable of continuing their education in the real world. A large part of today's work force requires using the newer technology.(Knapper, Cropley, 2000) <span style="color: #3366FF;">Impact</span> Teachers continuing their education can have an impact on students' education as they learn to use technology in the classrooms and learn more on the subject that will be reflected in how students learn to face the new education age and continue their learning. It is impossible for a teacher who does not know how to use technology to teach it. ''Science Daily'' pointed out that with today's decreasing economy and more accessible e-learning many of the businesses today are using internet classes. (ICWE, 2009) Face to Face teaching uses a lot of time and money as well as limiting a class size, where as a broadcasted e-class can reach hundreds of employees with no need to pay travel or boarding costs, while being viewed on the students schedule. In today's internet phase of daily needs for new information in some fields students need to be better prepared to surf the net, find credible sources and use technology. Just the students need to learn so do the educators to help facilitate. Flipping through the pages of a dusty old book, feeling the corse pages turn in your hands is still a valuable way to learn. Technology is not the only way to continue to learn through out life and by instilling a love of reading into students when they are not surfing the internet for ideas they can be curled up with a good book that might teach them a thing or two not only about facts and figures but also about social and culture factors in the world around them. By promoting reading of books instead of passages with questions after them students will be more apt to continue to read later in life, reading is an adventure and after you've taken a few it draws you back for more. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #FF9999;">T</span>oday's Opportunities == [[Image:zoopic.JPG|300px|left]] In today's day and age there are countless possibilities to further learning. There are structured classes offered at almost every university, as well as seminars and conventions. Almost any subject possible to think about you can find a place on the internet to take a class on or listen to a speech on in a hundred different languages. Type "lifelong learning" into google and you get over a thousand pages most of them places of higher education. There are also thousands of physical and online libraries that almost anyone can access for free or next to nothing. There are also a highly overlooked daily ways to learn. Local, state, and national parks, zoos and museums are all ways to find more information most fairly inexpensive but full of information. There are cooking exposes, college plays, high school concerts everywhere there are opportunities for further learning one only needs to look and search. Teachers have a responsibility not only to learn for themselves to better their teaching but also to help foster and teach their students so they too can continue to learn through life. It's important to remember as well that many of the newer students will be better educated on computers and there is no shame in using students as a resource as well. *The picture above is of a hippopotamus. I'd never seen one in real life before last week when I visited the National Zoo, somewhere I've been many times in my life, but those things are huge. I know the stats and I've seen the nature shows but to be not ten feet away from the thing it just awed and amazed me and now I really know and can explain something I've known for years that a hippo really could crush my little Accord with ease. Visiting the zoo is just one way of practicing lifelong learning with out having to attend a class. Below is a box with just a few websites that are examples of ways to further learning. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFCC99;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FF9900; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/15-steps-to-cultivate-lifelong-learning.html http://www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/PPI/HOPE/index.html http://www.museumca.org/usa/ http://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #660099;">S</span>oap Box == <span style="color: #660099;">The proverbial soap box</span> Almost every student has encountered ''that class'' where he or she has no idea why he or she are spending his or her precious time learning about rocket science calculus, when he or she wants to be a rock star singer. Likewise almost every teacher has had that student who asked 'Why?', where the teacher could up with no answer, besides 'I had to endure the same kinds of classes during my education'. Mine was history, and I spent most of my early years excelling in history but never understanding why it should mean anything to me. I had absolutely no idea why dead people should be important. They are now dead and gone how can they impact me? I had a teacher in middle school who didn't make us memorize the dates of when things happened as long as we could put them in order and locate them in the right century. It boggled my mind that she was less concerned about the numbers and more concerned about us learning why history was important and how it can affect our lives. I'm a naturally curious kid but if I don't see a need in the subject than it's hard to be curious about it. Her vast knowledge and love of the discipline pored into her teaching and then into us. I developed a love in learning about history, seeing how a choice of one or a few people can affect everyone underneath them. I am a firm believer that a vast majority of knowledge and wisdom we hold comes from living life, exploring our world and asking WHY a lot, and to the right people. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #CC0066;">T</span>he bow == *Life long learning is continuing to learn after the cap has been thrown and the yearbooks go dusty. It encompasses taking classes, reading books and in general living life. *Life long learning is important to educators to help better teach their subjects, for students as continuing education is required in almost any career, and for both to be able to navigate in the java script world of today. Life long learning can impact how teachers teach and students learn. *Life long learning opportunities are all around us and by simple use of the internet it is possible to find almost any subject, genre, or idea and where and how to learn more about it. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #66FF66;">S</span>ample questions == 1. The continual acquiring and applying knowledge in life situations can be defined as *a. cyclical learning. *b. life long learning. *c. common sense. *d. beringer's learning philosophy. 2. Our current economic crisis is leading more businesses to focus education through *a. electronic means. *b. federal grants. *c. personal mentorship. *d. self help seminars. 3. Janet has worked for a company for twenty years as a secretary and finds it very difficult to navigate the new online scheduling system she is so frustrated at times she thinks she should just quite and let someone younger taker her place who knows more about computers. What is Janet's best option. *a. Quit the job you can't teach an old dog new tricks. *b. File a complaint that the new scheduling program is biased against older users. *c. Ask her son to give her a quick lesson on computers. *d. Bang her keyboard against a wall. 4. Marcus has wanted to be a teacher his whole life and has worked hard to get his degree in English so he can teach the great bard's work. He applies for jobs in his area and finds there is little need for English teachers, he loves the area and has lived her his whole life. One school is willing to give him a job teaching one English class but only if he will teach two public speaking classes as well. What option should Marcus take? *a. Don't take the job if he is not qualified to teach public speaking that is an outrage. *b. Don't take the job he can move to find somewhere that will let him teach what he wants. *c. Take the job how hard can public speaking be, and he'll have a book. *d. Take the job but over the summer take a course in public speaking while reading a few books on rhetoric. <span style="color: #66FF66;">Answers</span> Knowledge *1. B *2. A Application *3. C asking someone who is well informed on the subject is continuing life long learning *4. D teachers have a responsibility to know their subject and try to learn as much as possible on them == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #FF3366;">R</span>eferences == Aspin, David (2007). Philosophical Perspectives on Lifelong Learning . New York, NY: Springer. Fischer, Gerhard (1996). Making learning part of life. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from Center for Life Long Learning and Design Web site: http://www.ask.com/barq=Philosophy+of+Long+Life+Learning&page=1&qsrc=6&zoom=Branches+of+%3CKW%3EPhilosophy%3C%2FKW%3E%7C%3CKW%3EPhilosophy%3C%2FKW%3E+Topics%7C%3CKW%3EPhilosophy%3C%2FKW%3E+Dictionary&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fl3d.cs.colorado.edu%2Fphilosophy.html George Mason University (2008, September 9). Researcher Identify Best Strategies for Supporting New Science Teachers.'' ScienceDaily''. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080909142318.htm ICWE Internation Conferences, Workshops and Exhibitions (2008, November 0). Economic Crisis Boosts E-Learning. ''ScienceDaily''. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081120073128.htm Knapper, C., & Cropley, A.J. (2000). Lifelong learning in higher education.New York: Routledge. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2008, December 9). E-learning Can Have Positive Effect On Classroom Learning, Scholar Says. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/12/081209221713.htm {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=123}} {{BookCat}} gxl76rb15ldviolr7t97h95wcah1tdp 4664554 4664553 2026-08-26T07:49:24Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664554 wikitext text/x-wiki == Life Long Learning == <span style="color: #660099;">Heather Campbell</span> == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #CC0066;">C</span>ontinuing Educating Educators to Educate Better == <span style="color: #CC0066;">Learning Targets and Goals</span> Through reading this article, the student or teacher should be able to : *identify and define life long learning, *identify the importance of life long learning, *identify and locate opportunities offered in life long learning. <span style="color: #00CC33;">Defining Life Long Learning</span> <table WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCFFCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #33FF99; padding: 1em;" valign=top> Get over the idea that only children should spend their time in study. Be a student so long as you still have something to learn, and this will mean all your life. ~Henry L. Doherty. </td></tr></table> Attending a seminar, taking a night class, and passing a test are all ways that people easily identify as lifelong learning. Lifelong learning is more than just attending organized seminars and classes, it's taking opportunities to enrich life and increase knowledge daily. The definitions of lifelong learning vary a bit depending upon who is asked to define it. In ''Philosophical Perspectives on Lifelong Learning,'' lifelong learning is described as a slippery word being compared to terms such as 'democracy' and 'religion' and having no true way to quantify it. Overall the idea agreed upon is continual education starting directly after being slapped by a doctor and continuing until six feet under, with a strong focus on the times after leaving the structured school environment. (Aspin, 2007) 'Lifelong learning is a continuous engagement in acquiring and applying knowledge and skills in the context of authentic, self-directed problems.' (Fischer, 1996) Life long learning is something that educators and students may achieve alike. Life long learning is a way for teachers to enrich their lives and their classrooms. By planting the seeds of a love of learning, teachers are able to encourage students to continue searching for knowledge through their lives. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #3366FF;">I</span>mpacts and <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #3366FF;">I</span>mportance == <span style="color: #3366FF;">Importance</span> Teaching today is a constantly changing and increasingly more important role in students' lives. An article in <u>Science Daily</u>, looking at new science teachers explains how more and more teachers are being placed into classrooms feeling overwhelmed and undertrained. A suggestion that is made is to pair new teachers with retired teachers to help further their learning and mentor them in the classroom (GMU, 2008). Having a mentor helping the teacher is a way to continue that instructor's education while active in the classroom environment. The mentor helps the new teacher teach by sharing their experiences and it will show in how the students learn. The traditional teaching of books, chalk and blackboards are still present in the education; however, there are many new things that are now involved in the classroom environment. 'A global economy hungry for customized, portable and on-demand educational platforms coupled with the Internet’s rise to dominance as the ubiquitous medium of information delivery means that e-learning is increasingly gaining respect as an innovative and viable pedagogical tool, especially for subjects that require multimedia, collaboration tools (wikis, blogs and course-management systems, for example), and other bandwidth-hungry applications prevalent today'(University of Illonois, 2008). Knapper also touched on that topic of how many of the developed nations are using technology to learn and share information. Going so far as to suggest that if students are unable to navigate the technology they will be incapable of continuing their education in the real world. A large part of today's work force requires using the newer technology.(Knapper, Cropley, 2000) <span style="color: #3366FF;">Impact</span> Teachers continuing their education can have an impact on students' education as they learn to use technology in the classrooms and learn more on the subject that will be reflected in how students learn to face the new education age and continue their learning. It is impossible for a teacher who does not know how to use technology to teach it. ''Science Daily'' pointed out that with today's decreasing economy and more accessible e-learning many of the businesses today are using internet classes. (ICWE, 2009) Face to Face teaching uses a lot of time and money as well as limiting a class size, where as a broadcasted e-class can reach hundreds of employees with no need to pay travel or boarding costs, while being viewed on the students schedule. In today's internet phase of daily needs for new information in some fields students need to be better prepared to surf the net, find credible sources and use technology. Just the students need to learn so do the educators to help facilitate. Flipping through the pages of a dusty old book, feeling the corse pages turn in your hands is still a valuable way to learn. Technology is not the only way to continue to learn through out life and by instilling a love of reading into students when they are not surfing the internet for ideas they can be curled up with a good book that might teach them a thing or two not only about facts and figures but also about social and culture factors in the world around them. By promoting reading of books instead of passages with questions after them students will be more apt to continue to read later in life, reading is an adventure and after you've taken a few it draws you back for more. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #FF9999;">T</span>oday's Opportunities == [[Image:zoopic.JPG|300px|left]] In today's day and age there are countless possibilities to further learning. There are structured classes offered at almost every university, as well as seminars and conventions. Almost any subject possible to think about you can find a place on the internet to take a class on or listen to a speech on in a hundred different languages. Type "lifelong learning" into google and you get over a thousand pages most of them places of higher education. There are also thousands of physical and online libraries that almost anyone can access for free or next to nothing. There are also a highly overlooked daily ways to learn. Local, state, and national parks, zoos and museums are all ways to find more information most fairly inexpensive but full of information. There are cooking exposes, college plays, high school concerts everywhere there are opportunities for further learning one only needs to look and search. Teachers have a responsibility not only to learn for themselves to better their teaching but also to help foster and teach their students so they too can continue to learn through life. It's important to remember as well that many of the newer students will be better educated on computers and there is no shame in using students as a resource as well. *The picture above is of a hippopotamus. I'd never seen one in real life before last week when I visited the National Zoo, somewhere I've been many times in my life, but those things are huge. I know the stats and I've seen the nature shows but to be not ten feet away from the thing it just awed and amazed me and now I really know and can explain something I've known for years that a hippo really could crush my little Accord with ease. Visiting the zoo is just one way of practicing lifelong learning with out having to attend a class. Below is a box with just a few websites that are examples of ways to further learning. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFCC99;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FF9900; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/15-steps-to-cultivate-lifelong-learning.html http://www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/PPI/HOPE/index.html http://www.museumca.org/usa/ http://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #660099;">S</span>oap Box == <span style="color: #660099;">The proverbial soap box</span> Almost every student has encountered ''that class'' where he or she has no idea why he or she are spending his or her precious time learning about rocket science calculus, when he or she wants to be a rock star singer. Likewise almost every teacher has had that student who asked 'Why?', where the teacher could up with no answer, besides 'I had to endure the same kinds of classes during my education'. Mine was history, and I spent most of my early years excelling in history but never understanding why it should mean anything to me. I had absolutely no idea why dead people should be important. They are now dead and gone how can they impact me? I had a teacher in middle school who didn't make us memorize the dates of when things happened as long as we could put them in order and locate them in the right century. It boggled my mind that she was less concerned about the numbers and more concerned about us learning why history was important and how it can affect our lives. I'm a naturally curious kid but if I don't see a need in the subject than it's hard to be curious about it. Her vast knowledge and love of the discipline pored into her teaching and then into us. I developed a love in learning about history, seeing how a choice of one or a few people can affect everyone underneath them. I am a firm believer that a vast majority of knowledge and wisdom we hold comes from living life, exploring our world and asking WHY a lot, and to the right people. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #CC0066;">T</span>he bow == *Life long learning is continuing to learn after the cap has been thrown and the yearbooks go dusty. It encompasses taking classes, reading books and in general living life. *Life long learning is important to educators to help better teach their subjects, for students as continuing education is required in almost any career, and for both to be able to navigate in the java script world of today. Life long learning can impact how teachers teach and students learn. *Life long learning opportunities are all around us and by simple use of the internet it is possible to find almost any subject, genre, or idea and where and how to learn more about it. == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #66FF66;">S</span>ample questions == 1. The continual acquiring and applying knowledge in life situations can be defined as *a. cyclical learning. *b. life long learning. *c. common sense. *d. beringer's learning philosophy. 2. Our current economic crisis is leading more businesses to focus education through *a. electronic means. *b. federal grants. *c. personal mentorship. *d. self help seminars. 3. Janet has worked for a company for twenty years as a secretary and finds it very difficult to navigate the new online scheduling system she is so frustrated at times she thinks she should just quite and let someone younger taker her place who knows more about computers. What is Janet's best option. *a. Quit the job you can't teach an old dog new tricks. *b. File a complaint that the new scheduling program is biased against older users. *c. Ask her son to give her a quick lesson on computers. *d. Bang her keyboard against a wall. 4. Marcus has wanted to be a teacher his whole life and has worked hard to get his degree in English so he can teach the great bard's work. He applies for jobs in his area and finds there is little need for English teachers, he loves the area and has lived her his whole life. One school is willing to give him a job teaching one English class but only if he will teach two public speaking classes as well. What option should Marcus take? *a. Don't take the job if he is not qualified to teach public speaking that is an outrage. *b. Don't take the job he can move to find somewhere that will let him teach what he wants. *c. Take the job how hard can public speaking be, and he'll have a book. *d. Take the job but over the summer take a course in public speaking while reading a few books on rhetoric. <span style="color: #66FF66;">Answers</span> Knowledge *1. B *2. A Application *3. C asking someone who is well informed on the subject is continuing life long learning *4. D teachers have a responsibility to know their subject and try to learn as much as possible on them == <span style="font-size: xxx-large; font-family: Georgia, Arial; color: #FF3366;">R</span>eferences == Aspin, David (2007). Philosophical Perspectives on Lifelong Learning . New York, NY: Springer. Fischer, Gerhard (1996). Making learning part of life. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from Center for Life Long Learning and Design Web site: http://www.ask.com/barq=Philosophy+of+Long+Life+Learning&page=1&qsrc=6&zoom=Branches+of+%3CKW%3EPhilosophy%3C%2FKW%3E%7C%3CKW%3EPhilosophy%3C%2FKW%3E+Topics%7C%3CKW%3EPhilosophy%3C%2FKW%3E+Dictionary&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fl3d.cs.colorado.edu%2Fphilosophy.html George Mason University (2008, September 9). Researcher Identify Best Strategies for Supporting New Science Teachers.'' ScienceDaily''. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080909142318.htm ICWE Internation Conferences, Workshops and Exhibitions (2008, November 0). Economic Crisis Boosts E-Learning. ''ScienceDaily''. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081120073128.htm Knapper, C., & Cropley, A.J. (2000). Lifelong learning in higher education.New York: Routledge. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2008, December 9). E-learning Can Have Positive Effect On Classroom Learning, Scholar Says. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/12/081209221713.htm {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=123}} {{BookCat}} myoz23krmuuxafx9zmhjq8o07oozzqo Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 10/In the News 0 195171 4664500 4664311 2026-08-26T06:39:54Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} [[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 04:33, 8 June 2009 (UTC) <big>'''Effective Teaching: In the News'''</big> <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="Right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFBDBD; padding: 2em;" valign=top> [[Image: Ahlefedt Shoe.jpg|200px]] Author: Deborah Nielson</td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="Right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFFFCC;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFBDBD; padding: 2em;" valign=top> <span style="color: #333399; font-family: LUCIDA;">'''Learning Targets'''</span> <Big>'''The reader will...'''</Big> be able to identify some characteristics of an effective teacher be able to identify accountability measures be able to identify some ideas on helping teachers become effective be able to identify some methods used to evaluate effective teachers </td></tr></table> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="left"><tr><td style="background-color: #BC987E;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #32127A; padding: 1em;" valign=left> {{font/top|color=#000000|face='TIMES NEW ROMAN'}} {{big block|1= '''<u>Table of Contents</u>''' <br> '''Introduction''' Characteristics of an Effective Teacher<br> Accountability Measures <br> Helping Teachers Become More Effective <br> Concluding thoughts <br> Quiz <br> Answer Key <br> References <br> }} {{font/end}} </td></tr></table> <span style="font-family: TIMES NEW ROMAN;"><big><Big>'''Introduction'''</Big></big></span> ---- Education in the news these days is scary. Budgets being cut, loss of teaching jobs, lack of programs, increased classroom sizes are some of the main topics. We must ask ourselves, "where does this leave our children?" Unfortunately, too much emphasis seems to be placed on standardized testing and not enough on creative curriculums. Along with a generation of students who are Internet savvy, give "old-school" teachers a new hurdle to overcome. Teachers are required to teach to a test. However, time constraints do not leave time to ensure that students understand the material and retain the information. Teachers must constantly find new and effective methods to present the material. Because the computer/electronic age does not allow for a laissez-faire style of teaching, students are subjected to a more rapid-fire teaching. As teaching and learning change, the education system must be revamped to ensure that teachers have all the tools necessary to be effective in this new generation classroom.<BR> <BR> <Big>'''Characteristics of an effective teacher'''</Big> ---- Keeping up to date with new technology has made a major impact on the art of becoming an effective teacher and rising to meet the challenges of the 21st century. The challenge of becoming an effective teacher is to teach students using a variety of methods. One professor at Kent State suggests, "using classroom parties to teach students about measurement." (McLean, J., 2009). There is a new course at Kent State this year, according to Jackie McLean, that "is designed to help future English teachers learn how to use new technology in their classrooms...students will learn how to use blogs, wikis, podcasts and Nings"( McLean, J., 2009). In this age of technology, in order to effectively teach and reach students on their levels, teachers must keep up with the times and keep learning about new things themselves so that they can provide a quality education to their students. National Board Certification helps recognize "effective" teachers, who have advanced in their profession. Kurt Landgraf, President and CEO of Educational Testing Service (ETS), states teachers must have "commitment to students and learning; knowledge of subject matter and pedagogy; management and monitoring of student learning; systematic thinking about classroom practice and learning from experience; and participation in learning communities". (Landgraf, K., 2009) <table WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #00A550;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #000000; padding: 1em;" valign=top> '''A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.''' HENRY B. ADAMS</td></tr></table> <BR> <Big>'''Accountability Measures'''</Big> ---- {{font/top|face='LUCIDA'}} In 2002, former President Bush signed into law, an accountability Act to promote equal education for all called the "No Child Left Behind Act". (Wikipedia, 2009). Under this act, teachers and schools are being held to a higher standard when it comes to test scores. In order for schools to receive federal funding, students must show an improvement in their test scores. The ball is placed back in the court of the educators. Their effectiveness at teaching the required subjects to promote understanding and greater retention of knowledge to succeed on required tests is mandated at the federal, state, and local level. In the news, President Obama is taking on the challenge of fixing the American education system by expanding on the "No Child Left Behind Act", called the "Federal School Turn-Around Program" (MMIX. The Associated Press, 2009). According to Associated Press education writer, Libby Quaid, "President Barack Obama intends to use $5 billion to prod local officials to close failing schools and reopen them with new teachers and principals". (Quaid, L. 2009). This sends a clear message to all teachers and schools, that they must improve or face the consequences of losing their jobs. The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards is an organization that measures accountability in teachers. The NBPTS is an organization that measures what teachers should know in order to teach effectively, before becoming certified. It has been nationally recognized as one of the best organizations to answer the question of effective teachers. Arne Duncan, the U.S. Secretary of Education, takes his message of education standards on the road when he speaks at a forum organized by the White House on June 9, 2009. He praises the NBPTS and proclaims, "We need a critical mass of National Board Certified Teachers. These are the best teachers who set a very high bar”. (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), 2008) {{font/end}} <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #FCC200;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #000000; padding: 1em;" valign=top>America's future walks through the doors of our schools every day. Mary Jean LeTendre </td></tr></table> <BR> <Big>'''Helping teachers become effective'''</Big> ---- Keeping this in mind, are teachers solely to blame or our school districts failing teachers by not providing adequate resources and environments to teach? The George Mason University in Virginia along with other school districts, developed a network called ''The New Science Teachers' Support Network'', whose main goal is to "help uncertified science teachers succeed at teaching and remain in the profession." (Sterling, D. & Frazier, W., 2008, p.&nbsp;1). After researching different aspects that teachers face, they found that part of the problem of retaining effective teachers is because the teachers do not get the support they need from the administration whether it is in resources, the classroom environment, or leeway for curriculum to be taught.<BR> <BR> <Big>'''Evaluating an effective Teacher'''</Big> ---- How can we tell if a teacher is effective? Are there set standards that measure teacher effectiveness? Should we have a federally mandated set of standards that measure teacher effectiveness? Since the NCLB was introduced, many states have been scrambling to provide their interpretation of higher standards for education, proven records of teacher effectiveness as shown in test scores, and worthiness of federally funded monies to provide much-needed sources for their schools. However, how can we be sure that they are not inflating their competency in order to receive the compensation for improvement? Kevin Carey argues that "requiring every state, district or school to approach professional development [for teachers] in the same way, makes little sense." (Carey, K. 2006) He basis his theory on the fact that our students are not a "one-size-fits-all" type of learners. The New York Times released the statistics for the year in New York City's public schools and showed a big improvement in math. Mayor Michael Bloomberg "trumpeted the results as evidence that mayoral control had produced revolutionary improvements and brought city students within spitting distance of state averages after years of mediocrity." (Hernandez, J. 2009)<BR> <BR> <Big>'''Concluding thoughts'''</Big> ---- We all have our own preconceived notions about what makes effective teaching, but it does not always coincide with what the federal government says we should be doing to promote learning with high standards. However, do we have a right to throw out creativity in favor of higher test scores? Everyone learns differently and at different rates. Do we want to have a future society of robotic humans? Do we want individuals who have been pushed throughout their school years to accelerate at the same speed and course? Or do we want to have a future of individuals that are in constant motion to learn new things and ways to accomplish them? That is the question we should be answering right now. <span style="color: #660099; font-family: LUCINDA;"><Big>'''Quiz'''</Big></span> ---- 1. '''What is the Federal School Turn-Around Program?'''<BR> a. A program created by the No Child Left Behind Act, to turn around failing school<BR> b. A federally funded program to help "At Risk" children<BR> c. A program created by Arne Duncan, the Secretary of Education<BR> d. A program created by the NCLB that helps children who walk to school<BR> <BR> 2. '''What is technology in schools?'''<BR> a. A form of music played on computers<BR> b. Computers, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and Nings<BR> c. The name of a Biology chapter<BR> d. A federally funded program in elementary schools<BR> <BR> 3. '''What is the New Science Teachers' Support Network?'''<BR> a. An organization in Vermont that helps science teachers succeed and remain teachers<BR> b. An organization in Virginia that helps science teachers in the classroom<BR> c. An organization in Virginia that helps science teachers succeed and remain teachers<BR> d. An organization in Virginia that helps math teachers succeed and remain teachers<BR> <BR> 4. '''How much money does President Obama want to use to make local officials close failing schools and reopen them?'''<BR> a. $2 billion<BR> b. $750, 000<BR> c. "whatever it takes"<BR> d. $5 billion <Big>'''Answers'''</Big> <BR> 1. a<BR> 2. b<BR> 3. c<BR> 4. d <Big>'''References'''<BR></Big><BR> <BR> McLean, J. (2009). Professors incorporate new teaching methods. ''Kent News Net''. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://media.www.kentnewsnet.com/media/storage/paper867/news/2009/03/03/News/Professors.Incorporate.New.Teaching.Methods-3656559.shtml> <BR> <BR> Landgraf, K. (2009). ETS on the Issues: ‘What Makes an Effective Teacher?’ Educational Testing Service. Retrieved June 21, 2009 from <http://www.ets.org/portal/site/ets/menuitem.c988ba0e5dd572bada20bc47c3921509/?vgnextoid=dc7d5ab234c9f010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD&vgnextchannel=d83d253b164f4010VgnVCM10000022f95190RCRD><BR> <BR> No Child Left Behind Act. (2009, June 1). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved, June 1, 2009, from <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Child_Left_Behind_Act&oldid=293807012><BR> <BR> Associated Press, (2009). Obama Wants 5,000 Failing Schools Closed: Troubled Schools Would Reopen With New Principals And Teachers In Next 5 Years. CBS Evening News, Washington. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/05/11/national/main5006128.shtml?source=search_story><BR> <BR> Quaid, L. (2009). Obama wants to turn around 5,000 failing schools. The Associated Press. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://www.federalnewsradio.com/index.php?nid=110&sid=1673410><BR> <BR> National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 2008. News and Media: Web Feature Releases. Retrieved June 21, 2009 form <http://www.nbpts.org/about_us/news_media/web_feature_releases?ID=208><BR> <BR> Sterling, D. & Frazier, W., (2008). Supporting New Science Teachers: What School Leaders Can Do. Center for Restructuring Education in Science and Technology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved June 6, 2009 from <http://www.vamsc.org/vms/science_news/SupportingNewScienceTeachers9_17_08.pdf><BR> <BR> Carey, K. (2006). Evidence Suggests Otherwise. Hot Air: How States Inflate Their Educational Progress Under NCLB. Education Sector, Washington, D. C. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://www.educationsector.org/research/research_show.htm?doc_id=373044><BR> <BR> Hernandez, J. (2009). New York City Shows Gains In Math. The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2009 from <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/nyregion/02math.html?ref=education&pagewanted=all><BR> <BR> Ashefeldt, F. (2009). Ambitions. Public Domain Pictures. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=2578><BR> <BR> Khurana, S. (2009). Mary Jean LeTendre: Education Quotes. Education Quotes: A Select Collection of Education Quotes. About.Com, New York Times, Company. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://quotations.about.com/cs/inspirationquotes/a/Teacher3.htm><BR> <BR> Lewis, J. (2009). Henry B. Adams: Education Quotes. From Wisdom Quotes: Quotations to inspire and challenge. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from <http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_education.html><BR> {{FEA/Rating|edition=1|UIN=214}}[[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 19:37, 18 June 2009 (UTC)[[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 00:24, 19 June 2009 (UTC)[[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 00:34, 19 June 2009 (UTC)[[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 22:59, 21 June 2009 (UTC) kz0i6cqkj4b0uju2tmj7cprrfhg9ucu Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 1/In the News/Peer Review One 0 196920 4664528 4656837 2026-08-26T07:24:58Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div class="center">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;" ></span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div class="center"><big><big><span style="color:#FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color:#0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div class="center">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? ______ *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? _______ *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) ______ *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) ______ *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? ______ Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. PASTE TEXT HERE ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. #. #. #. #. #. #. List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: ______ - ________ Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? __________ and use at least 2 scholarly sources? ______ #Are the citations in APA format? ______ ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? ______ ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? ______ #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? ______ #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? ______ Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 _______________________ ##Question 2 _______________________ ##Question 3 _______________________ ##Question 4 _______________________ Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? ______ #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? ______ #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? _____ #Do the questions assess the learning target? ______ #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? ______ #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? ______ #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? ______ #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? ______ Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: ==<div class="center">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article ___ for importance because... <li>Interest: :I rated this article ___ on interest because... <li>Credibility: :I rated this article ___ for credibility because... <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article ___ on writing because... </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know</li> <li>Based on researched information.</li> <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) </li> <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes ideas relevant to future teachers</li> <li>Mostly based on researched information.</li> <li>Applicable to today’s schools</li> <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information</li> <li>About half of the information is the author’s opinion.</li> <li>Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice</li> <li>Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues</li></ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point</li> <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion.</li> <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools.</li> <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers.</li> <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion.</li> <li>The information is obsolete.</li> <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information.</li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div class="center">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>. <li>. </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>. <li>. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> edoxj0cchrwuzysvv313qnhxm9ztgzj Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 1/The Scoop From Someone Who Knows/Peer Review Two 0 197302 4664569 4643902 2026-08-26T08:41:24Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div class="center">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' [[User:Ldomm002|Ldomm002]] ([[User talk:Ldomm002|talk]]) 00:57, 12 June 2009 (UTC) To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div class="center"><big><big><span style="color:#FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color:#0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- [[User:Ldomm002|Ldomm002]] ([[User talk:Ldomm002|talk]]) 03:18, 15 June 2009 (UTC) ==<div class="center">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? '''Yes''' *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? '''Yes''' *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) '''First one and third are a little too easy, others are ok. ''' *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) '''Yes''' *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? '''Yes.''' Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: '''I think they could be a little more difficult so readers would have to search within the content of the article.''' ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. == Education as a Profession == '''<big>The Scoop From Someone Who Knows</big>''' By Jill Newhart-Fortner '''<u>Learning Target</u>''' ''Students will be able to identify the definition of <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> "profession".</span>'' ''Students will be able to identify examples of characteristics of education professionals.'' ''Given the definition of an expert, the students will be able to recognize the qualification of the administrator.'' ''Students should be able to compare the positive and negative views on education as a profession'' '''<u>Background of Topic</u>''' The term <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> "profession" </span> is defined in Webster's Dictionary as''',''' "a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation." ('''p'''rofession, 2009) Students understand that at the end of their college career the end goal will be their desired profession. If becoming an educator is that goal, there are characteristics that educators must possess. Many educators feel that teaching is a calling and there is a reason why they have the urge to teach. In a hearing before the United States House Committee on Education and Labor a teacher, Valdine McLean, from Lovelock, Nevada reiterated this point; “Aspiring teachers rarely go into teaching for the money.” (Representatives, 2007, p.&nbsp;22) In a lecture given by Professor Seth Lerer at Stanford University, he describes the exploration of education and literature and compares the view of some people in society when they describe teaching. Lerer gives many examples of characteristics that teachers should adapt in their profession using literature to describe teachers. <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCC7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top>[http://ctl.stanford.edu/AWT/Lerer_03.html Dr. Lerer Lecture about Teaching]. </td></tr></table> Professor Lerer proposed that there are stereotypes of teachers. These stereotypes describe the adage that "those who can't teach." (Lerer, 2003) This quote actually is adapted by a film by Woodie Allen called Annie Hall in 1977. The quote was''',''' "those who can't do teach, those who can't teach, teach gym." (Allen, 1977) This describes how some people in society view teachers and is the main reason why it is necessary for educators to be positive role models, continue to pursue further training, and use themselves as the examples that educators are professional. '''<u>Introduction of the Expert</u>''' Barbara Fortner is an experienced teacher and is currently a principal at Sparrow Road Intermediate in Chesapeake, VA. She completed her Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education from Longwood College (now University) in May, 1988. Barbara received an early contract to teach in Chesapeake through the career commitment program and began her employment with Chesapeake Public Schools in August, 1988. In May, 1994 she received her Master of Arts in Urban Education and Administration from Norfolk State University. After teaching for 11 years (3rd and 4th grades), Barbara was appointed to Assistant Principal of Deep Creek Central Elementary where she worked for 8 years. This is her 2nd year as Principal of Sparrow Road Intermediate. Based on her knowledge and educational experience, she would be considered an expert in education. [http://www.cpschools.com/Schools/home.php?school=SRI Sparrow Road Intermediate Website] '''<u>Interview</u>''' '''Give your thoughts why someone would discount education as a profession.''' For as long as I can remember, education has always been given a bad rap. In the capitalistic world in which we live, money is viewed as the key to success and unfortunately those looking to get ahead financially look to higher paying jobs to climb that ladder. As a result, many do not enter the field of education. Ignorant people assume that because the salary is not enticing that those interested in the field must be lower achievers. Ironically, it is the educators that help mold and shape the individuals into the successful professionals that they are. '''What do you think makes an educator more credible as a professional?''' True teachers, like preachers, are called to the profession. They are teachers because they want to make a difference ~ shaping and preparing individuals ~ for the future! For the very same reason as I stated above, educators are not in the field for the money. They truly want to help students grow academically, socially and emotionally so that they may become productive citizens and lifelong learners. In this day and time, they are needed more than ever and represent more than just a student’s teacher. They are a counselor, nurse, police officer, friend, pseudo-parent, encourager, supporter just to name a few. '''What has been your experience going from a teacher to an administrator? Has that changed your perspective on education?''' As an administrator, I have become the instructional leader and manager of the school and have less direct personal contact with students. That is the hardest transition for me. I miss that connection with “my” students! I miss the impact that I made as a teacher but know that I am creating an instructional environment conducive for learning and I am helping 500 students rather than just 20 while leading 100 staff members to continue to strive for success while giving their best. Seeing the bigger picture from administration has changed my perspective on education a bit. The paperwork and politics can blur anyone’s vision; but watching the students learn and share their enlightenments reminds me every day of our purpose, educating all of the children of all of the people, and that keeps me focused. '''How would you encourage future students to choose education as a profession?''' As I stated earlier, education is a work of heart! Teachers are born, not made! It is my hope that we continue to hire exceptional teachers who will leave a mark not just on students’ minds but on their hearts. They will touch, figuratively speaking, students in such a way that they will want to be able to share those same experiences with the next generation. It is truly that simple. Thirty six years ago, one such teacher did just that and changed my life forever! <u>Commentary</u> The expert has provided many insights that '''are in keeping with''' the idea that educators are not viewed or valued for the level of education they possess. It is important to note that Principal Fortner pointed out that academic preparation is a part of the characteristics that make educators professional. She described that there was an understanding that educators also '''needed''' to aid students emotionally and socially. The inclusive education that students receive in college '''understands''' that necessity to prepare students as a whole and not only academically. In the curriculum for teacher preparation it is required that a teacher receives instruction in child development to better understand the emotional and physical changes that '''are occurring''' in growing students. (College of Arts & Letters: Teacher Prep, 2009) '''?''' Consequently, there must be the consideration that there are also environmental factors that contribute to the role of educators. Students that have the greatest need are often grouped together in areas of poverty and low-income. A teacher may continually have to deal with lack of parent participation, unstable home environments and other important factors that contribute to security and will have an effect on their students. According to the No Child Left Behind Act, there are requirements for schools that have high percentages of low-income students that receive Federal assistance designated as Title I. The law ensures that all teachers in those schools are highly qualified, have to pass a rigorous State Assessment and must use some of the funds that they receive from the government to provide professional development to teachers, principals and other staff members. (Bush, 2006, p.&nbsp;11) The expert has also pointed out the discrepancy in the pay for educators in comparison to other professionals have contributed to negative connotations about teaching. In that aspect it is difficult to understand why the academic preparation of a teacher could be any less rewarded than the academic preparation of an engineer. The establishment of teaching as a profession relies heavily on the definition of academic preparation. Many schools are using the term '''(appostrophes)'''accreditation when describing their curriculum. According to an article in the Journal of Teacher Education, "Each accrediting body sets rigorous standards for its profession and holds the school it accredits accountable for meeting these rigorous standards." (Wise, 2005; vol 56:, p.&nbsp;320) It is necessary to associate the "rigorous standards" to include the education and training that is given to educators. If educators must receive their education and training from an accredited school and meet the requirements adapted by that school to receive their degree, they have completed the rigorous training and are professional educators. Even though the degree has been earned, there are other factors that prevent educators from being viewed as professionals. The enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act '''(Bush, 2006)set''' forth new criteria for teachers. It not only required teachers to hold at least a bachelor's degree, it also required teachers to be licensed or certified by the '''S'''tate and pass a rigorous '''S'''tate test on subject knowledge and teaching skills'''. (Bush, 2006)''' '''(IN ALL OF THESE IN-PARAGRAPH CITATIONS THE PERIOD SHOULD GO LAST.)''' Although there have been some negative connotations to the NCLB law, there has been positive reform when it comes to the recognition that teachers should meet stringent criteria. There was a requirement in the NCLB law that challenged each state to have all teachers meet the criteria by 2005-2006 school year. According to a hearing in U.S. House of Representatives in 2007, that deadline has been extended based on the failure of all states to meet the criteria. (Representatives, 2007, p.&nbsp;2) States have guidelines for teacher licensure, as well as guidelines for licensure for other occupations. Professional licensure gives merit to the educational and testing requirements that are mandatory for many professions. Educational professionals can gain the acceptance and distinction of those professions by adhering to the standards of licensure set forth by their state. <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #CCC7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 5px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top>[http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/newvdoe/licroute.pdf State of Virginia Routes to Teacher Licensure]. </td></tr></table> Educators are professionals, they meet the definition in every way. The interview with the expert again referred to teaching as a calling, which was the term in the definition of profession. It takes extensive academic preparation and specialized knowledge to be a professional educator. Those standards are the reason that other professionals have received the foundations they have acquired to succeed in their fields. Public opinion needs to be re-evaluated to include the requirements that were enacted with NCLB. The more that society understands the intensive training and continued commitment to education that is demonstrated by teachers every day''';''' the easier it will be for educators to be respected and viewed as professionals. <u>'''Multiple Choice Questions:'''</u> 1- What is the definition of profession? a. A specific duty, role or function b. A position that anyone can hold c. A calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation d. A desire by an organization to fill a position 2- Identify some characteristics of a professional educator. (there may be more than one answer) a. Parent b. Continuing Education Training c. Make a lot of money d. Receive extensive training e. Babysit 3- How can the interview with Principal Fortner be accepted as a view from an expert? a. She has a bachelor’s degree b. She has knowledge and years of experience in education c. She volunteers at her child’s school d. She likes children 4- Identify the word that would best describe how some members of society view educators as professionals. a. Positively b. Undecided c. Negatively d. Indifferent Answer Key: 1-C, 2-B & D, 3-B, 4-C <u>References</u> Allen, W. (Director). (1977). Annie Hall [Motion Picture]. Bush, P. G. (2006, August 4). A quality teacher in every classroom [electronic resource]: improving teacher quality and enhancing the profession. Retrieved June 6, 2009 , from Catalog of US Government Publications: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS72558 College of Arts & Letters: Teacher Prep. (2009, June 6). Bachelor of Science Degree in Interdisciplinary Studies-Teacher Prep. Concentration. Retrieved June 6, 2009, from Old Dominion University: http://al.odu.edu/ids/tprep/PDF/2008idstp_pk6cs.pdf Lerer, S. (2003). Is Teaching a Calling or a Profession:Teaching Litereature in an Uncertain Age. Retrieved June 6, 2009, from Stanford University: http://ctl.stanford.edu/AWT/Lerer_03.html profession. (2009, June 6). Retrieved June 6, 2009, from Merriam-Webster Dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/profession Representatives, U. S. (2007). ESEA Reauthorization: Boosting Quality in the Teaching Profession. Hearing Before the Committee on Education and Labor (p.&nbsp;85). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Wise, A. E. (2005; vol 56:, September). Establishing Teaching as a Profession: The Essential Role of Professional Accreditation. Journal of Teacher Education , 318-331. {{FEA/Rating|edition=1|UIN=180}} ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) # '''Popular...movie.''' # '''Government publication...publication for distribution in schools.''' # '''Scholarly...ODU publication online.''' # '''Popular...Standford University publication.''' # '''Popular...Dictionary entry.''' # '''Government publication...Committee Hearing document''' # '''Scholarly...Journal''' List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: '''1977-2009''' Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? '''Yes''' and use at least 2 scholarly sources? '''Yes''' #Are the citations in APA format? '''Yes, in-paragraph citations need a little work. ''' ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? '''Yes''' ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? Yes #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? '''Yes''' #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? '''Yes''' Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 '''Knowledge''' ##Question 2 '''Knowledge''' ##Question 3 '''Reasoning''' ##Question 4 '''Knowledge''' Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? Yes #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? No #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? No #Do the questions assess the learning target? Yes #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? Too easy #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? Yes, I think they are obvious. #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? Yes #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? Yes Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. '''Comment: I thought the question and answer section was too easy. Question 2 has more than once answer. Question 3 is too easy. Question 4 isn't really reasoning, I think it is an opinion question. There are many ways society views educators as professionals. ''' ==<div class="center">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article '''4''' for importance because...The article has lots of good information retrieved from sources. Information was applicable to today's schools. Good overview and info. <li>Interest: :I rated this article '''3''' on interest because...Visuals are plain, sidebars are both links. A picture or chart would have made it much more interesting to read. Interview section was really short. <li>Credibility: :I rated this article '''4''' for credibility because...Sources are good but a few formatting errors. Variety of sources. <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article '''2''' on writing because... Some spelling and gramatical errors. Learning objectives and multiple choices need work. </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know</li> <li>Based on researched information.</li> <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) </li> <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>'''Includes ideas relevant to future teachers'''</li> <li>'''Mostly based on researched information.'''</li> <li>Applicable to today’s schools</li> <li>'''Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas'''</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information</li> <li>About half of the information is the author’s opinion.</li> <li>Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice</li> <li>Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues</li></ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point</li> <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion.</li> <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools.</li> <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers.</li> <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion.</li> <li>The information is obsolete.</li> <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information.</li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''Sidebar includes new information related to the topic.''' <li>'''Visuals are included but have minimal effect''' <li>'''One interesting or new perspective is presented''' <li>'''A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information''' <li>'''Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented.''' <li>'''Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors''' <li>'''Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others.''' <li>'''It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact.''' </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''4 multiple-choice questions are included.''' <li>'''Learning targets generally related to the content are stated''' <li>'''At least one part of the article is interesting''' <li>'''Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation.''' <li>'''Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div class="center">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li> Good information in article. <li> Good sources. </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li> Longer interview <li> Stronger learning objectives and multiple choice questions </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> 31mprsimu587poc2v6lniwmqkyu7vg2 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 4/4.1.1 0 197326 4664519 4645145 2026-08-26T07:03:45Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664519 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000099; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big><big>'''What is Inclusion?''' By Jennifer Leonard </big></big></span></div> <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #66FF33;{{text default color}};border: solid 5px #000099; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000099; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>'''Learning Targets'''</big></span></div> The student will be able to: a) Gain an understanding of and define inclusion b) Describe how inclusion can be used in a classroom c) Determine who is affected; is everyone pro inclusion? </td></tr></table> == Introduction == <big></big> It is the middle of June and the popular kids from school decide they are all going to Busch Gardens and Water Country USA. They planned their trip very well and had an excellent day riding roller coasters and playing in the water park. Their trip sounded like a lot of fun, but Megan spent her whole day sitting by the sprinkler in her back yard. She was not invited and was therefore excluded from the fun day the other kids had planned. Defined by Colleen Tomko from Kids Together Incorporated, inclusion is "being part of what everyone else is; being welcomed and embraced as a member who belongs" (Tomko, 1996). When the popular kids went to Busch Gardens and Water Country USA, they did not include Megan. This exclusion most likely made Megan feel left out or depressed. Kids Together Inc. has determined that "feelings of loneliness and alienation can have a negative impact in all areas of life" and that "inclusion should focus on maximizing a person's overall quality of life" (Tomko, 1996). == Inclusion in the Classroom == After gaining an understanding of the term inclusion, one may ask how this can be used in a classroom. "In special education literature, inclusion refers to providing services to special education students with a regular classroom setting to the extent possible rather than pulling them out for remediation in a special classroom setting" (Clark & Breman, 2009). In other words, including those with special needs in regular, age-appropriate, classrooms with their peers. <table WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="right"><tr><td style="background-color: #66FF33;{{text default color}};border: solid 2px #000099; padding: 1em;" valign=top><span style="color: #000099; font-family: LUCIDA;">'''''Inclusion is "being part of what everyone else is; being welcomed and embraced as a member who belongs"'' (Tomko, 1996).'''</span> </td></tr></table> Historical background, provided by Issues about Change, a quarterly produced magazine from Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (SEDL), dates back to the early 1800s. "Residential institutions, or asylums, began to emerge in order to accommodate those with hearing, visual, mental, or emotional impairments" (Thompkins & Deloney, 1995). Prior to the 1800s, there was not any form of education for those students with special needs or disabilities. In the mid-1990's, parents of the disabled students began expressing their concerns about what was to become of the education and overall lives of their children. The result of these actions led to the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975. Under this act, "all children, regardless of disability, had the right to a free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment." This Act was updated in 1991 by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA (Thompkins & Deloney, 1995). "Furthermore, a recent legislation, the NCLB Act of 2001, which is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, also provides the legal foundation for schools to improve educational outcomes for all students" (Clark & Breman, 2009). Below you can see some statistical information on the percentage of children with disabilities included in regular classrooms and how the percentages have changed throughout the years. Keep in mind that these numbers are forever changing: "there has been an increase of students identified with disabilities and an estimated 6.6 million children who receive special education services in 2004 under federal law, which is up from 3.7 million in 1977" (Clark & Breman, 2009). <table WIDTH="65%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #66FF33;{{text default color}};border: solid 2px #000099; padding: 1em;" valign=top><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000099; font-family: LUCIDA;">'''PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS (aged 6–21) WITH DISABILITIES IN REGULAR CLASSROOMS''' </span></div> School Year-----80%in Reg-----79-40%in Reg----- < than 40%in Reg-----Not in Reg 1994-1995----------44.5%--------------28.7%---------------22.4%---------------4.3% 1998-1999----------46.1-----------------29.8------------------29.8------------------4.1 2001-2002----------48.4-----------------28.3------------------19.2------------------4.0 2003-2004----------49.9-----------------27.7------------------18.5------------------3.9 ''Source: Adapted from Table 27-1 in National Center for Education Statistics, the Condition of Education 2005 (Washington, DC: U.S. Printing Office, 2005), p 172)(Spring 2008) '' </td></tr></table> Inclusion does not only consist of preparing the special education students for regular classes, but also preparing regular classes for students with disabilities. According to Dr. Watnick and Dr. Sacks, "modification of the classroom environment must be done so that all students can receive the maximum education services." They claim that "a successful inclusive service delivery model should expose all special education students to age-appropriate curricula as well as provides more natural social interaction with general education peers" (Watnick & Sacks, 2006). As a result, it is also hoped that "the bias against children with disabilities will decrease due to their interaction with other students their age" (Spring, 2008). <table WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #66FF33;{{text default color}};border: solid 2px #000099; padding: 1em;" valign=top><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000099; font-family: LUCIDA;"> <big>'''FUTURE TEACHERS'''</big></span></div> See the following links for resources and helpful tips with inclusion children in your future classroom: [[www.inclusion.com/resources.html]] [[www.supportforfamilies.org/inclusionproject/tips.html]] </td></tr></table> == Is everyone for Inclusion in the classrooms? == Is inclusion really beneficial for all students in the classroom? Inclusion has been a conflicting topic in education since the laws for those qualifying for special education began to develop in the 1800s. Many educators and parents want students with disabilities to have the best and most un-restrictive education possible; while some fear it may affect the way the other students learn. In 1994, the president of the Florida Education Associated United publically spoke out about his beliefs of how "inclusion leaves classroom teachers without the resources, training, and other supports necessary to teach students with disabilities in their classrooms." As a result, "the disabled children are not getting the appropriate, specialized attention and care, and regular students' education is disrupted constantly" (Thompkins & Deloney, 1995). That very same year, a poll was conducted by the American Federations of Teachers in West Virginia. The poll revealed that 78 percent of the respondents thought that disabled students would not benefit from inclusion and 87 percent said other students would not benefit either (Leo, 1994). With these percentages, one can see why inclusion remains a conflicting topic in our education today. == Conclusion == After researching inclusion, it is clear that there is not just one way to look at this situation in education. Teachers, parents, and government agencies all look at inclusion through different eyes and standards. It is not an "I like it" or "I hate it" scenario, but a starting point towards further advancement in education of the disabled and regular academic leveled students. As with any policy, there are conflicting theories that can yield society for or against something, but with inclusion it is different. Almost all can agree that no one wants the special education students to be institutionalized, but at the same time, not everyone wants them in regular academic classes with their non-disabled peers. The policy of inclusion will continue to be argued while researchers gather the statistics needs to prove or disprove its accuracy. Until it is proven, attempts will continue to "help teach all children team work and how to interrelate and function together with others of different abilities" (Tomko, 1996). == Do you know...? == '''''Please select only one answer for each question:''''' '''1. Which historical piece of legislature is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965?''' A. Education of All Handicapped Children Act B. Individuals with Disabilities Act C. No Child Left Behind Act D. Upgraded Education Act '''2. Based on the definitions in the reading, where is someone likely to see the implementation of inclusion?''' A. In schools, workplaces, churches, etc. B. Only at Busch Gardens and Water Country USA C. Only in churches D. Only in schools '''3. Which Act is the direct result of parents of disabled students uniting to better the education and quality of life for their children?''' A. Better Our Children's Lives Act B. Education of All Handicapped Children Act C. Individuals with Disabilities Act D. No Child Left Behind Act '''4. After reading about how inclusion can and is used in the classroom, who will most likely be affected?''' A. General education students B. Students with disabilities C. Teachers and administrators D. All of the above == References == Clark, M, A., & Breman, J, C. (2009). School counselor inclusion: a collaborative model to provide academic and social-emotional support in the classroom setting. Journal of Counseling & Development. 87, 6-11. Leo, J. (1994, June 27). Mainstreaming's 'Jimmy problem.' U.S. News & World Report, p.&nbsp;22. Spring, J (2008). American Education. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Thompkins, R, & Deloney, P (1995). Inclusion: The pros and cons. Issues about Change, 4, Retrieved February 4, 2009, from www.sedl.org/change/issues/isuues43.html. Tomko, C (1996). What is inclusion? Retrieved February 4, 2009, from Kids Together Inc Web site: www.kidstogether.org/inclusion.htm Watnick, Dr. B., & Sacks, Dr. A. (2006). A snapshot of teacher perception on full inclusion in an international urban community: Miami-Dade County, Florida. The Journal of the International Association of Special Education. 7, 67-74. EXTERNAL LINKS 1.www.inclusion.com/resoruces.html 2.www.supportforfamilies.org/inclusionproject/tips.html == Answers == 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D {{FAE/Rating|edition=1|UIN=36}} {{BookCat}} qjgpfhjhri72akkk85ue22kbfysc3l5 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 3/The Scoop From Someone Who Knows/Peer Review Two 0 197680 4664533 4652320 2026-08-26T07:30:02Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Bpenn005|Bpenn005]] ([[User talk:Bpenn005|talk]]) 22:00, 14 June 2009 (UTC)</span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? __YES FOR THE FIRST ONE, NO FOR THE SECOND ONE____ *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? __YES_____ *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) __YES, BUT I THINK THEY ARE TOO SIMPLE FOR ECI 301 STUDENTS____ *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) __YES FOR THE FIRST ONE, NO OR THE SECOND ONE.____ *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? _THE FIRST LEARNING TAGET CAN BE ANSWERED WITH THE ANSWER OF THE FIRST QUESTIONED ANSWERED IN THE INTERVIEW BUT NOT THE SECOND LEARNING TARGET. _____ Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: THE ARTICLE IS SHORT AND THERE WAS NOT ENOUGHT INFORMATION TO FULLY COMPREHEND THE SECOND LEARNING TARGET. THE AUTHOR SHOULD HAVE GATHERED MORE INFORMATION FROM OTHER SOURCES. ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. PASTE TEXT HERE How? I will accomplish this by interviewing Mrs. Ann Poorman <s>who is a</s> HAS BEEN A well respected teacher at Southern Cayuga High School for the past twenty years. Mrs. Poorman is an English teacher who holds an interest in history and the education system. She is a well studied and knowledgeable person to ask about the history of the U.S. Education system. (WHY?, WHAT HAS SHE STUDIED? WHAT KIND OF DEGREE DOES SHE HOLD? DOES SHE BELONG TO ANY EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION OR SOCIETEY?) THE INTERVIEW When did the U.S. really begin to form a public education system? <u>regards</u> sHOULD AHVE BEEN CAPIATL STARTING A SENTENCE to the widespread education of our children in the 20th century we can thank the industrial revolution. Before the spread of urban life and mass industry very few children had the opportunity to go to school for any length of time (MORE INFOMATION FROM ANOTHER SOURCE ABOUT THIS POINT, NAME SOURCE AS WELL). Children were required to work the fields on the family farm or help with the family business (WHY?). In the beginning of the 20th century more people were moving to cities and the need for education became greater than ever. The children who were educated usually came from wealthy families. (WHY?, MORE INFORMATION SENSUS FACTS AND SOURCES) So, much like our curriculum today? Yes, however students today have the opportunity of electives. Foreign language, music, art, technical education, and clubs were not available to the average public school child. In fact most students never made it to the high school level. (WHY?, LIST FACTUAL INFORMATION OF THIS TIME BACKING UP THE STATEMENT) What other major changes to the education system have occurred in the 20th century? The invention of the car led to more children having access to school. Desegregation affected the public school system ensuring that all children receive the same education. Post WWII the increase in children led to the government spending more on education than ever before.(SOURCE OTHER THAN TEACHER) -New schools were built. Older schools built additions -Programs like Head Start were formed to help weld the link between poverty and education.](MORE PROGRAMS ARE CURRENTLY IN PLACE, MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED ABOUT THIS TOPIC, LIST RESOURCES) ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. MRS. ANNE POORMAN #. #. #. #. #. #. List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: ______ - ________(NONE MENTIONED) Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? __NO________ and use at least 2 scholarly sources? _NO_____ #Are the citations in APA format? __NO____ ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? __NO REFERENCE LIST AVAILABLE____ ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? __NO____ #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? _CANNOT REALLY TELL BECAUSE THERE IS NO CONCLUSION OR PERSONAL THOUGHT FROM THE AUTHOR.____ #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? __YES____ Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: THE ARTICLE WAS ONLY DONE BASED ON ONE INTERVIEW. I THINK THAT THE AUTHOR SHOULD HAVE HAD MORE EXPERTS TO INTERVIEW TO BE ABLE TO GET DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW ABOUT THE TARGETED QUESTIONS AND ALSO INCLUEDED EXPERT DATA WITH THE QUESTIONS ANSWERED. iF THE AUTHOR WOULD AHVE HAD EXPERT DATA THAT COULD AHVE BEEN USED WHILE GIVING THE INTERVIEW, I THINK THE ANSWERES WOULD AHVE BEEN MORE INTERESTING AND DETAILED BECAUSE THEY ARE COMPARED WITH FACTUAL INFORMATION. ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? NO MULTIPLE QUESTIONS AVAILABLE ##Question 1 ______________________ ##Question 2 _______________________ ##Question 3 _______________________ ##Question 4 _______________________ Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? __NO____ #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? _NONE AVAILABLE_____ #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? _NONE AVAILABLE____ #Do the questions assess the learning target? ___NONE AVAILABLE___ #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? _NONE AVAILABLE_____ #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? _NONE AVAILABLE_____ #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? __NONE AVAILABLE____ #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? __NO____ Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: NO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AVAILABLE ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article ___ for importance because... <li>Interest: :I rated this article ___ on interest because... <li>Credibility: :I rated this article ___ for credibility because... <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article ___ on writing because... </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>Based on researched information. <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>'''Includes ideas relevant to future teachers''' <li>Mostly based on researched information. <li>Applicable to today’s schools <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>'''A couple useful points; some irrelevant information ''' <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> '''Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues''' </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> '''One useful point''' <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>'''Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing.''' </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>'''Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>'''Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included''' <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>'''Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented'''<li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''No side bar included.''' <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>'''Nothing new.''' <li>'''No analysis or interpretation included''' <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>'''All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such.'''<li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>'''Learning targets generally related to the content are stated''' <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>'''Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation.'''<li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>'''Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention''' <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>. THE ARTICLE WAS NOT CROWDED WITH DISTRACTING OR OFFENSIVE LANGUAGE WHICH MADE IT VERY EASY TO READ AND FOLLOW. <li>. THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ASKES WERE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER WHICH WERE GOOD BECAUSE THEY FOLLOWED THE HISTORY OF THE CHANGE IN EDUCATION. </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>. INCLUDE FACTUAL DATA FROM THE EDUCATION BOARD AND ASSOCIATIONS THAT CAN BE PRESENTED TO THE EXPERTS. INCLUDE THIS INFORMATION ALONG WITH THE ANSWERS FROM THE EXPERTS. <li>. STATE YOUR OPINION ABOUT THE ANSWERS PROVIDED BY THE EXPERTS, ADD SOME COLOR AND DESIGN TO THE ARTICLE TO MAKE IT MORE PRESENTABLE AND APPEALING TO THE EYE. <li>. GET ONE OR MORE EXPERTS TO INTERVIEW AND THAT CAN OFFER DIFFERENT VIEWS AND PERSPECTIVES ON THE TOPIC. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> fmc7u3mymiudb2vy7wh2rm5kk16o4bn Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 5/Experts Take Sides/Peer Review One 0 197690 4664543 4650661 2026-08-26T07:38:14Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Hcomb003|Hcomb003]] ([[User talk:Hcomb003|talk]]) 01:06, 12 June 2009 (UTC) </span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? '''YES''' *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? '''YES''' *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) '''YES''' *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.)'''YES''' *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? '''YES''' Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: '''ALL LEARNING TARGETS ARE REASONABLE AND WELL DEFINED.''' ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. Contents [hide] 1 Sexual Education: Reducing teen pregnancy and raising awareness or promoting “safe sex” activity among the youth. 2 Learning Targets: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Schools and sex education: Does it work? 2.3 Condom Nation: Government Sex Education Promotes Teen Pregnancy 2.4 Conclusion 2.5 Multiple Choice Questions 2.6 References <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> Under #1 in the contents( promoting ? activity among the youth). Crazy wikibook! It also done it in your title as well. </span> [edit] Sexual Education: Reducing teen pregnancy and raising awareness or promoting “safe sex” activity among the youth. By Bianca N. Penny-Harley [edit] Learning Targets: To have a clear understanding of what sex education implements in the school system. Understand the targeted objective of the sex education course. Determine for yourself if sex education is actually a positive or negative impact in schools. [edit] Introduction So what exactly is sex education suppose to teach the students in the schools today.<span style="color: #FF00FF;">? instead of period.</span> Sex education started with a goal to increase knowledge to our children about their bodies and how the sexual organs work. At this present day are we aiming towards the same objective? The sex education curriculum has shifted from being an introduction to sexuality for students to a more explicit class about how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases because of the mayor.<span style="color: #FF00FF;">major</span> sexual activity we see today among the youth. The main topic has shifted from promoting total abstinent to “safe sex”. .<span style="color: #FF00FF;">I don't know why this keeps happening?</span>What is the message we really are conveying to the students teaching this class. Are schools taking over the roles of parenthood in some cases discussing in detail sexuality in the schools. <span style="color: #FF00FF;">maybe reword this sentence. </span>The focus of sex education has come a long way and whether you are in favor or against it, you should be able to have a better understanding on what both sides believe is correct about the class and where it is headed in the future. â€<span style="color: #FF00FF;">take the a out at the beginning. The quote is nice. Just be sure to put it in quotation marks if needed.</span>œI am convinced that it's of primordial importance to learn more everyday than the year before. After all, what is education but a process by which a person begins to learn how to learn?€“Peter Ustinov [edit] Schools and sex education: Does it work? Sex education curriculum has come a long way, from having as €<span style="color: #FF00FF;">add it's before as.</span> main focus the promotion of abstinence, decrease of masturbation and prevention of intercourse to adjusting its point of view to the culture of the schools today promoting safe sex it has become a controversial topic among the youth. Along the years the development of the sex education curriculum has been looked at €<span style="color: #FF00FF;">as</span> a positive instruction for students not only to gain the knowledge to be able to refrain from inappropriate sexual activities but also as a diseases prevention matter. The implementation of sex education curriculum was thought to be directly linked to the increase of sexual activity in the younger population but this has not been fully proven. It is more likely to believe that there are other more influential factors such as parental sex education and socioeconomic status. [edit] Condom Nation: Government Sex Education Promotes Teen Pregnancy Sex education courses have helped to increase the use of contraceptives; in contrast it has also had greatly helped to increase higher rates of sexual activity, sexually transmitted diseases, and teen pregnancies. Premarital sex and premarital pregnancy has been rising since the 70's even though the availability of contraceptives was greater. €<span style="color: #FF00FF;">maybe put sentence one like ; in contrast it has attributed to higher rates in sexual activity, sexually transmitted diseases, and teen pregnancies. Sentence two: have been rising since the 70's even though contraceptive availability has increased.</span> "One of every 10 teenage girls in the United States now becomes pregnant each year ", €<span style="color: #FF00FF;">Be sure to cite quotes according to the APA format.</span> according to one study by government family planners. In the midst of these findings the Clinton administration still urged an expanding of sex education from kindergarten through college. In addition, sex education courses have branched off into an exploratory look into alternative forms of sexual behavior such as masturbation and homosexuality. [edit] Conclusion In conclusion I believe that sex education does have a direct influence on sexual activity among teens. I do see how other factors such as economic status and parental education do affect the decisions of the students and what they engage in, however it has been proven that children that are not exposed to this information at such a young age are more likely to refrain from sexual activity in the future. '''There is a great importance in teaching sexuality in the schools it gives the needed knowledge and the hope to prevent certain situations but I think that this should be at an appropriate age where along with parental involement the students can fully understand the consequences instead of investigating these for them selves. Children should remain innocent until they are ready to understant what sex entails.''' €<span style="color: #FF00FF;">Put a period at the end of IN in the second sentence. Cap the H in however and start a new sentence. It sounds like a run on sentence without the break. The last sentence needs some work as well. It needs a period after schools. It is just too wordy.I think you will pick up on this too after reading it again.</span>  <span style="color: #FF00FF;">delete the a.</span>œIt is what we think we know already what prevents us from learning "€ – Claude Brenaro [edit] Multiple Choice Questions 1.What was the initial reason from the implementation of sex education in the school system?€€<span style="color: #FF00FF;">(use for instead of from)</span> a. To teach students about sexually transmitted diseases. b. To prevent the development of sexual inquiry. c. To reduce or eliminate masturbation and non marital intercourse. d. To activate the sexual activity in students. 2.In what year did the Government subsidize birth control to the poor? a. 1990 b. 1965 c. 1972 d. 2002 3. If Jimmy is introduced to sex education at the age of 7, according to the second article what would most likely be his sexual behavior after learning the knowledge? a. Complete abstinence b. Masturbation c. Explore sexual activities d. Have sex after marriage 4. If sex education is not considered the only cause for teen pregnancy, premarital sex and sexual activity among the youth of today, according to the first article what other factor are to be taken in consideration? a. Friendship, culture and media b. School based clinics, sex education and Socioeconomic status c. Parental education, sex education and youth programs d. Socioeconomic status, parental education and sex education Answer key 1.C 2. B 3. C 4. D [edit] References James W. Stout, MD and Frederick .P Rivara, MD, MDH http://gx6ac7lq4l.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=JW&aulast=Stout&atitle=Schools+and+sex+education:+does+it+work%3F&title=Pediatrics+(Evanston)&volume=83&issue=3&date=1989&spage=375&issn=0031-4005 Kirby D: The effect of school sex education programs: A review of the literature. J Sch health 1980;50;559-563 Jacqueline R. Kasun, Professor of economics from Humboldt State University http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/ehost/detail?vid=14&hid=106&sid=3aff4b15-dffa-4c9e-8b08-035011aa4bed%40sessionmgr107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=eric&AN=EJ484421 ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #.scholarly-research? #.scholarly-? #.scholarly-expert opioion? #. #. #. #. List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: 1980 - last source unknown Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? '''NO'''and use at least 2 scholarly sources? '''YES''' #Are the citations in APA format? '''NO''' ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? '''NO''' ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2–3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? '''NO''' #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? '''NO''' #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? '''NO''' Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: I BELIEVE THAT YOU HAVE GOOD SOURCES. HOWEVER, IF YOU COULD JUST FIND A FEW MORE (MAYBE FROM POPULAR LIT) AND REFER BACK TO THE APA FORMAT I BELIEVE YOU WILL HAVE EVERYTHING COVERED BEAUTIFULLY ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 KNOWLEDGE ##Question 2 KNOWLEDGE ##Question 3 REASONING ##Question 4 REASONING Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? YES #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? YES #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? YES #Do the questions assess the learning target? NOT REALLY #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? NO #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? YES #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? NO #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? YES Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: I COULDN'T FIND ANSWERS TO 2,3, AND 4 WITHIN YOUR ARTICLE. PART OF YOUR QUESTIONS PERTAIN TO ARTICLE ONE AND ARTICLE TWO WHICH IS SOMEWHAT CONFUSING. WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO GET OUR ANSWERS FROM READING WHAT YOU WROTE NOT FROM READING THE ARTICLES THAT YOU USED FOR REFERENCES. ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article 3 for importance because...IT HAS SOME USEFUL MATERIAL FOR EDUCATORS. <li>Interest: :I rated this article 2 on interest because...IT DIDN'T DRAW MY ATTENTION OR GIVE MY A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE TOPIC. <li>Credibility: :I rated this article 1 for credibility because...ONLY 3 SOURECES WERE LISTED & APA FORMAT WAS NOT FOLLOWED. <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article 1 on writing because... SEVERAL SENTENCES WERE TOO WORDY AND CONFUSING. I HAD A HARD TIME FOLLOWING WHAT THE AUTHOR WAS TRYING TO SAY. </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>Based on researched information. <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes ideas relevant to future teachers <li>Mostly based on researched information. <li>Applicable to today's schools <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> '''About half of the information is the author's opinion.''' <li> '''Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice''' <li> '''Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues''' </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author's opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today's schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author's opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>'''Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included''' <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn't try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed.''' <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>'''Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>'''Nothing in the article grabs the reader's attention''' <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>.THE QUOTES GAVE THE ARTICLE MORE LIFE. THE INSIGHT WAS QUITE NICE!! <li>.NOT THAT MANY SPELLING ERRORS AND THE BOLD HEADINGS WERE UNDERLINED INDICATING A NEW SECTION. </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>.THERE ARE A FEW SENTENCES THAT NEED REVISED THAT ARE TOO WORDY. <li>.TWO MORE REFERENCES NEED TO BE CITED AND IN APA FORMAT. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. I BELIEVE THAT YOU CAN MAKE THIS AN EXCELLENT ARTICLE. YOU HAVE A GOOD FOUNDATION TO BUILD UPON. GOOD LUCK. [[User:Hcomb003|Hcomb003]] ([[User talk:Hcomb003|talk]]) 01:21, 15 June 2009 (UTC) </td></tr></table> bjmjbxcvqyew6l47cseetzvrj0kx6t7 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 5/In the News/Peer Review Two 0 197693 4664534 4650925 2026-08-26T07:30:39Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Rpaige|Rpaige]] ([[User talk:Rpaige|talk]]) 02:07, 15 June 2009 (UTC)</span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? __Yes____ *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? __Yes_____ *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) __Yes____ *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) ___No___ *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? __Yes____ Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: '''The learning targets say that the audience will be able to "define," "distinguish," and "identify" according to what measures?''' ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. PASTE TEXT HERE "Poverty, bullying [[and media violence, and peer pressure]] all effect the students and the schools around us on a daily basis." <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> What about: "Poverty, bullying, media violence, and peer pressure all effect the students and the schools around us on a daily basis." </span> "Poverty is defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as [[the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions.]]" <span style="color ="#FF00FF"">Shouldn't that statement be in quotations?</span> "In today's schools poverished children are are often lacking the basic [[nessesities]]..." <span style="color: #FF00FF;">Correct spelling: "Necessities"</span> "based out of [[Porstsmouth]], Virginia..." <span style="color: #FF00FF;">Correct spelling: "Portsmouth"</span> "The following news article [[shows proves]] that anyone can be a victim of bullying, and can overcome the effects of being bullied." <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> What is meant by "shows proves"? </span> "According to wikipedia.org, peer pressure is defined as [[a term describing the pressure exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change their attitude, behavior and/or morals, to comform to, for example, the groups' actions, fashion sense, taste in music or television and outlook on life."]] <span style="color: #FF00FF;">Shouldn't that definition be in quotations?</span> A) The state of one who gains an acceptable amount of money. B) The state of one who loses an acceptable amount of material possessions. C) The state of one who lacks an acceptable amount of money or material possessions. D) The state of one who loses an acceptable amount of money due to a gambling problem. <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> Needs to be formatted correctly.</span> A) 22.3% B) 29.9% C) 29.4% D) 27.6% <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> Needs to be formatted correctly.</span> ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. A popular source with an expert opinion from an educator's perspective. #. A popular source with opinions expressed from wikipedia. #. A popular source with a popular news source perspective. #. A popular source with an expert opinion from an educator's perspective. #. A popular source with a researchers perspective. #. A popular source with opinions expressed on Youtube. #. A popular source with a popular news source perspective. #. A scholarly source with a researcher's perspective. #. A scholarly source with an expert opinion from and educator's perspective. List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: [[1999 - 2008]] Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? [[Yes]] and use at least 2 scholarly sources? [[Yes]] #Are the citations in APA format? [[Yes]] ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? [[No]] ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? [[Yes]] #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? [[Yes]] #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? [[Yes]] Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: [[The titles in her references need to be italicized.]] ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 _____Knowledge__________________ ##Question 2 _____Knowledge__________________ ##Question 3 _____Reasoning__________________ ##Question 4 _____Reasoning__________________ Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? [[Yes]] #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? [[Yes]] #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? [[Yes]] #Do the questions assess the learning target? [[Yes]] #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? [[Yes]] #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? [[Yes]]#Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? [[Yes]] #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? [[Yes]] Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: [[I would suggest moving the answer key up so that it is directly beneath the multiple choice questions versus beneath the reference section.]] ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article _5__ for importance because...It covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know. It is based on researched information and is highly relevant to current educational practice. This article provides an excellent overview of the topic by including relevant research and also includes discussion of at least a few selected key issues. <li>Interest: :I rated this article _4__ on interest because...The sidebar included new information that enhanced understanding of the topics, the visuals were prominent and added to the article. At least two perspectives were presented. Interpretation was provided for 3-4 points in the article and some good points were made and explained. <li>Credibility: :I rated this article _4_ for credibility because...Required sources were included and was good overall despite a couple of formatting errors Information from a variety of sources was included. Most sources were reasonably reputable. <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article _4__ on writing because... There were 2 application questions and 2 knowledge questions which aligned with the learning targets, Specific and reasonable learning targets were stated; the content aligned with these goals and the author captures attention throughout. Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. The article flowed pretty well with just a few mechanical errors. </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>'''Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know'''</li> <li>'''Based on researched information'''.</li> <li>'''Highly relevant to current educational practice''' (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>'''Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research''', educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes ideas relevant to future teachers</li> <li>Mostly based on researched information.</li> <li>Applicable to today’s schools</li> <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information</li> <li>About half of the information is the author’s opinion.</li> <li>Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice</li> <li>Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues</li></ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point</li> <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion.</li> <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools.</li> <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers.</li> <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion.</li> <li>The information is obsolete.</li> <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>'''Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read'''<li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>'''Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic''' <li>Visuals add to the article <li>'''At least two perspectives were presented''' <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>'''Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article'''; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>'''Some good points are made and explained'''. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''Required sources are included'''; '''a couple of formatting errors''' <li>'''Information from a variety of sources is included'''. '''Most sources are reasonably reputable'''; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>'''The author''' occasionally (1-2 times) '''states his own opinion as fact'''. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>'''Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points'''. <li>'''Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with t'''hese goals <li>'''Captures attention initially and periodically throughout''' <li>'''Most of the cited information is discussed or explain'''ed. <li>'''The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors.'''</ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> I loved how visual the author's article was with the colorful sidebars, and varying colors in the fonts. <li>. I also liked how she reinforced each section with a website to visit or video to watch. That was really creative. <li>. </ol> Suggestions <ol> I would be more aware of spelling errors. <li>. Make sure when designing Target objectives there is a means to measure them by. <li>. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> kapfkdh0vqc2sgkj0zj8eeg08fywa1t Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 6/Chapter FAQ/Peer Review Two 0 197703 4664568 4643892 2026-08-26T08:40:35Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]])</span> 06:06, 13 June 2009 (UTC) To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FF00FF;"><big><big>'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</big></big></span> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? '''yes''' *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? '''yes''' *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) '''yes''' *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) '''yes''' *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? '''yes''' Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: '''Learning targets were easy to read and easy to find in the article...nice job!''' ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. '''No changes needed that I could see''' ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #'''.scholarly and expert opinion''' #'''.scholarly and research''' #'''.scholarly and research''' #'''.scholarly and research/opinion''' #'''.scholarly and research/opinion''' #'''.Dictionary—scholarly and research?''' #'''.scholarly and research/opinion''' #'''.scholarly and expert opinion''' #'''.popular and pop news source''' #'''.popular and research''' #'''.scholarly and research/opinion''' #'''.popular and research/parent org''' List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: '''2005 (with exception of dictionary)-2009''' Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? '''yes''' and use at least 2 scholarly sources? '''yes''' #Are the citations in APA format? '''yes''' ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? '''yes''' ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? '''yes''' #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? '''?''' #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? '''yes''' Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 '''knowledge''' ##Question 2 '''knowledge''' ##Question 3 '''knowledge''' ##Question 4 '''knowledge''' Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? '''yes''' #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? '''yes''' #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? '''yes''' #Do the questions assess the learning target? '''yes''' #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? '''yes''' #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? '''yes''' #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? '''yes''' #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? '''yes''' Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article '''5''' for importance because... <li>Interest: :I rated this article '''5''' on interest because... <li>Credibility: :I rated this article '''5''' for credibility because... <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article''' 5''' on writing because... </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>'''Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know''' <li>'''Based on researched information'''. <li>'''Highly relevant to current educational practice''' (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>'''Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice''', laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes ideas relevant to future teachers <li>Mostly based on researched information. <li>Applicable to today’s schools <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>'''Sidebar includes''' new '''information that was motivating to read/view''' <li>'''Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read''' <li>'''Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed''' <li>'''Mostly new information/ideas''' <li>'''Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article'''; <s>a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented</s>. <li>'''Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples'''. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>'''Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format'''. <li>'''Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate'''. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>'''Multiple-choice questions''' (<s>2 application</s> & 2 knowledge) '''align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines''' (see R4) <li>'''Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals''' <li>'''Captures and maintains attention throughout''' <li>'''All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained''' <li>'''Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors'''. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>.'''The learning targets are easy to read and find in the article''' <li>.'''The whole article flows and was very interesting to read''' </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>.'''Would like to see a conclusion''' <li>.'''Take out a couple of the sources that you offer the reader to investigate on their own so it is not distracting away from the main point of the article''' '''Excellent Job!!''' </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table>[[User:Scarlett1|Scarlett1]] ([[User talk:Scarlett1|talk]]) 07:19, 13 June 2009 (UTC) q8ijlcyar28onolw0h2kg4qigentio4 Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 8/Experts Take Sides/Peer Review Two 0 197715 4664538 4650854 2026-08-26T07:32:30Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Sbutl016|Sbutl016]] ([[User talk:Sbutl016|talk]]) 16:54, 14 June 2009 (UTC) </span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Very </span> *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Kind of. . . </span> *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> The learning targets for this article are very good. They are specific and written at such a reading level that makes the reader think and not just read. For the most part, the targets are observable, but they could be a little less figurative and a little more specific. </span> ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. A National Curriculum is a framework used by some country's schools to ensure that teaching and learning is balanced and consistent. It lays out a guideline for the subjects taught, the knowledge, skills and understanding required in each subject, and the standards or attainment targets in each subject. Teachers are to use these to measure a child's progress and plan the next steps in their learning. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> [ </span>The government also regulates how your child's progress is assessed and reported.<span style="color: #0066CC;"> ] this sentence seemes a little awkward and doesn't flow well. </span> <span style="color: #0066CC;"> When it comes to these points, could they all be written the same way? Ex: all are questions, or all are fragments, etc. </span> Pros of such a system in the US: - Establishes a unified educational system. All states are on the same page. If a student moves to a different school district, it is much less troublesome to catch up. - It would allow adequate state by state education comparisons, because all standards would be the same. - Certifications for teaching could be nationwide, due to standards being the same. - Bring about new forms of assessment for post-secondary education outside of SAT, SOL, ACT, etc. The Dreaded Cons: - Unavoidable disagreements about who decides what information is important to teach, and what isn't. (Question: Do you think this would differ from how it is now?) - This would potentially effect private schools, charter schools and homeschools– by dictating what must be taught. - Other aspects, especially teacher salaries, would need to become uniform and regulated. - Allows the federal government more control over school funding instead of the state. - Different regions would value different cultural aspects of education over others. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Everything else looks really good. I found a lot of the article very enjoyable to read. The only thing is that there are weird little "a's" in some random places, so you should go through and take those out. I think they pop up when you try to put in an apostrophe.</span> ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, online encyclopedia </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, online encyclopedia </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, blog </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, parent organization </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, reference </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, encyclopedia </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, news source </span> List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 1993 </span> - <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 2009 </span> Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> and use at least 2 scholarly sources? V #Are the citations in APA format? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> All of the sources are good and appropriate. </span> ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> knowledge </span> ##Question 2 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> knowledge </span> ##Question 3 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> reasoning </span> ##Question 4 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> reasoning </span> Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Do the questions assess the learning target? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> no </span> #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> yes </span> Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> There aren't really any comments that need to be made about this section. </span> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 4 </span> for importance because... <span style="color: #0066CC;"> it is a very thorough article. </span> <li>Interest: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 3 </span> on interest because... <span style="color: #0066CC;"> there is only one sidebar and no visual. </span> <li>Credibility: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 5 </span> for credibility because... <span style="color: #0066CC;"> all of the sources are good and are used well </span> <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 5 </span> on writing because... <span style="color: #0066CC;"> the article was written very well and was enjoyable to read. </span> </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>Based on researched information. <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>'''Includes ideas relevant to future teachers''' <li>'''Mostly based on researched information.''' <li>'''Applicable to today’s schools''' <li>'''Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas''' </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>'''Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic''' <li>'''Visuals add to the article''' <li>'''At least two perspectives were presented''' <li>'''About half of the information/ideas are new''' <li>'''Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated''' <li>'''Some good points are made and explained.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>'''Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format.''' <li>'''Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate.''' <li>'''Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions ''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>'''Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4)''' <li>'''Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals''' <li>'''Captures and maintains attention throughout''' <li>'''All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained''' <li>'''Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> I found many parts of this article to be amusing; especially "Assessment!" </span> <li>. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Your writing is excellent. </span> </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> A clever picture somewhere in the article would be nice. </span> <li>. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Some sidebars included would add some interest to the layout. </span> </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> 6y9hkbndb9gsq1bqhjurrd3yvg83a2j Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/Chapter FAQ/Peer Review One 0 197726 4664537 4652174 2026-08-26T07:32:05Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} {| WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center" |- | style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top | <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Sciaston|Sciaston]] ([[User talk:Sciaston|talk]]) 18:28, 8 June 2009 (UTC)</span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? __Yes____ *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? __Yes_____ *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) _Yes_____ *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) __Yes____ *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? __Yes____ Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: I think the learning target is specific and measurable. Would you want to add another one or more? ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. PASTE TEXT HERE Effective SChools Introducation INTRODUCTION ...twenty first century... ADD A COMMA AFTER THE WORD CENTURY ...effects us all the work... ADD A COMMA AFTER THE WORD ALL I mentor... CHANGE THE "I" TO "A" ...(mentoring, 2009). CAPITALIZE MENTORING ...characteristics defines as... CHANGE DEFINES TO DEFINED ...and assignment in... CHANGE ASSIGNMENT TO ASSIGNMENTS In effective schools everyone include all... ADD A COMMA AFTER THE WORD SCHOOLS AND CHANGE INCLUDE TO INCLUDING ...general caious. CHANGE CAIOUS TO CHAOS Attitude is everything!! In effective schools all...ADD AN EXTRA SPACE BETWEEN "EVERYTHING!!" AND "IN" AND ADD A COMMA AFTER THE WORD SCHOOLS ...level personel must... CHANGE PERSONEL TO PERSONNEL ...be successfully. "Studnets... CHANGE SUCCESSFULY TO SUCCESSFUL AND STUDNETS TO STUDENTS ...perspective, however they... ADD A COMMA AFTER THE WORD HOWEVER ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. scholarly, expert opinion #. scholarly, expert opinion #. unsure #. scholarly, expert opinion #. scholarly, expert opinion #. scholarly, expert opinion from educator #. popular, dictionary reference List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: _1999_____ - _2009_______ Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? ___Yes_______ and use at least 2 scholarly sources? __Yes____ #Are the citations in APA format? __Yes____ ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? __No____ ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? __Yes____ #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? __Yes____ #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? __No____ Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: I believe the titles of the books need to be italicized. I was unsure what the reference "Effective School Products" was or where it came from. Also, I was confused when reading the last three references as there were double spaces that I think should be eliminated. ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 _Knowledge______________________ ##Question 2 _Reasoning______________________ ##Question 3 _Reasoning______________________ ##Question 4 _Knowledge______________________ Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? _Yes_____ #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? __Yes____ #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? __Yes___ #Do the questions assess the learning target? _Yes_____ #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? __Yes____ #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? _Yes_____ #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? __No____ #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? _Yes_____ Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: I thought the questions reflected the learning targets well. ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article _4__ for importance because...it covers key ideas but some more in-depth coverage would move it up to a "5" rating. <li>Interest: :I rated this article _4__ on interest because...there is only one sidebar and the FAQ's were interesting but could use more elaboration. Some additional color would add more visual interest. <li>Credibility: :I rated this article _4__ for credibility because...the sources were appropriate, reputable and diverse. Double checking on the book title referencing and fixing the spaces in the references will easily move this rating up to a "5". <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article _5__ on writing because...the multiple-choice questions were aligned well with the learning target and the content aligns with the learning target. The FAQs were very appropriate to the topic. The writing was organized and easy to read. </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === {| border="2" |- ! criteria ! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2 ! 1 |- | How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student? | <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>'''Based on researched information.''' <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> | <ul><li>'''Includes ideas relevant to future teachers''' <li>Mostly based on researched information. <li>'''Applicable to today’s schools''' <li>'''Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas''' </ul> | <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </ul> | <ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> | <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> |- ! criteria ! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2 ! 1 |- | How '''interesting''' was the article to read? | <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>'''Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed''' <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul> | <ul><li>'''Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic''' <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>'''Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated''' <li>'''Some good points are made and explained.''' </ul> | <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>'''Visuals are included but have minimal effect''' <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul> | <ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul> | <ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul> |- ! criteria ! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2 ! 1 |- | How '''credible''' do you think the information is? | <ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>'''Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate.''' <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul> | <ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul> | <ul> <li>'''Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors.''' <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul> | <ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul> | <ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul> |- ! criteria ! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2 ! 1 |- | How well do you think this article was '''written'''? | <ul><li>'''Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines''' (see R4) <li>'''Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals''' <li>'''Captures and maintains attention throughout''' <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>'''Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors.''' </ul> | <ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul> | <ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul> | <ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul> | <ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul> |} ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>. The learning target aligns with the content and multiple-choice questions well. <li>. There are many FAQs in the article and they are relevant and answered clearly and thoughtfully. Many scholarly sources are used. </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>. There are only approximately 528 words in the content of the article and the Wikibook Article Guidelines call for 800-1000. More content and in-depth discussion would raise the "important" and "interesting" ratings on the Rubric. <li>. Please double check about italicizing the book titles and spacing on the references. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. |} rhvzaezdzxtwt9gx6tezdguax8dsb0v Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 9/Chapter FAQ/Peer Review Two 0 197727 4664548 4652040 2026-08-26T07:43:58Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Alucy001|Alucy001]] ([[User talk:Alucy001|talk]])</span> 00:08, 10 June 2009 (UTC) To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? Yes *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? Yes *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) They are reasonable. *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) Yes, they are observable. *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? Yes Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: I think that the learning target is effective because it describes what the student will be able to do by the end of the Chapter. It may only be one learning target, but I think that it is enough because it covers the entire section adequately. ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #0000A0;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #FF00FF; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>Effective SChools Chapter FAQ's Susan Stone</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == Learning Targets == The student(s) will be able to discuss and analyze the characteristics associated with an effective school as demonstrated through the performances of students, teachers, and administrators. == Introducation == (MISSPELLING: INTRODUCTION) As we enter the world of education in the twenty first century schools(I THINK IT SHOULD READ "AS WE ENTER THE WORLD OF EDUCATION IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY, SCHOOLS ARE FACED WITH MANY CHALLENGES.) today are faced with many challenges. These challenges are all encompassing. They include effective teaching, safe and orderly environment, classroom management, planning and instruction, and the overall professionalism and attitude of people in a school building. Today's schools are a reflection of the community that they serve. With the laboring economy that effects us all (MAYBE THERE SHOULD BE A COMMA HERE?) the work that has to be accomplished to create an effective school is more difficult than ever in the history of education. <table WIDTH="90%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FF8040;{{Text default color}};border: solid 10px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=center> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800517; font-family: LUCIDA;"><big>"The finest gift we can give our children is our heartfelt belief that they can succeed." -Lawrence W. Lezotte</big></span></div> </td></tr></table> == Chapter FAQ's == <big>Q: What are effective schools?</big> A: "Effective Schools are schools that can, in measured student achievement terms, demonstrate the joint presence of quality and equity. Effective Schools demonstrate high overall levels of achievement and no gaps in the distribution of that achievement across major subsets of the student population" (Lawrence, Lezotte, & McKee,(2002). (I DONT THINK THAT THIS IS CORRECT APA FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION. THERE SHOULD BE A PAGE # OR PARAGRAPH #) For more information please refer to the following links: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.3.1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.3.2 <big>Q: What is a Mentor?</big> A: A mentor is someone a student can look up to and role model after.(MAYBE IT COULD BE WORDED "..CAN LOOK UP TO AS A ROLE MODEL) I (A) mentor is someone who is a trusted counselor or teacher and/or an influential senior and supporter (M SHOULD BE CAPITALIZED IN MENTORING)(mentoring, 2009). For more information please refer to the following links: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.1.1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.1.2 <big>Q: What are Effective Teachers?</big> A: "An effective teacher has three characteristics defines as having positive expectations for student success, is an extremely good classroom manager, and knows how to design lessons for student mastery" (Wong, H., & Wong, R., 1998). These three characteristics associated with an effective teacher are considered extremely important and must be put into place before an effective classroom can be achieved (Wong & Wong, 1999). (CHECK APA FORMAT FOR QUOTATION) <big>Q: What is a Safe and Orderly Environment?</big> A: The Student Wellbeing Branch (2006) states that safe schools are effective schools. Safe schools include a (MAYBE IT COULD READ: SAFE SCHOOLS HAVE AN ESTABLISHED DEFINITION OF BULLYING??) definition of bullying, an anti-bullying policy, and strategies for schools and parents on prevention and management. <big>Q: What is Classroom Management?</big> A: Effective schools have teachers who are effective with their classroom management skills. Classroom management is the ability of a teacher to organize everyday tasks, lessons, and assignment in such a way that students are actively engaged throughout the class period. (CHECK APA FORMAT FOR IN-TEXT CITATIONS. USE ONLY LAST NAME, NOT INITIALS) Wong, H., & Wong, R., states that "classroom management refers to all of the things that a teacher does to organize students, space, time, and materials so that instruction in content and student learning can take place"(1999). (CHECK APA FORMAT FOR QUOTE, PAGE NUMBER, ETC?) <big>Q: How to have effective planning?</big> (THIS IS NOT A QUESTION, NEEDS TO BE RE-WORDED) A: In effective schools everyone include (SHOULD BE INCLUDING) all professonal and classified staff members have to develop a plan. Those who do not plan find the school will have many behavior problems, off-tasked (OFF TASK) students, and general caious(SP=CHAOS)(Breaux, 2003). <big>Q: Is attitude everything?</big> A: Attitude is everything!! In effective schools(COMMA?) all building level personel(SP?) must have the attitude that all students will learn and be successfully(SUCCESSFUL). "Studnets should be treated with dignity while teachers carry themselves as a professional at all times and be the most enthusiastic person in the classroom" (Breauz, 2003). (APA FORMAT FOR IN-TEXT QUOTE?) For more information please refer to the following links: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.5.1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.5.2 <big>Q: How the community is affected?</big> A: Good school and community relations are an essential need (MAYBE IT SHOULD READ "...COMMUNITY RELATIONS ARE ESSENTIAL TO ESTABLISH..") to establish an effective school environement. Teachers and students must feel the support of their community. "Why is parent involvement so highly valued? (SHOULD THIS BE A NEW QUESTION HEADING?) Research shows that a correlate of increased levels of parent involvement is an increase in student achievement (REWORD?) (Epstein, 1995; Flaxman & Inger, 1992; Hickman, Greenwood, & Miller, 1995), as well as improved student attendance and reduced dropout rates (Berger, 1991; Greenwood & Hickman, 1991). (CHECK APA FORMAT, I THINK YOU SITE THE AUTHORS AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE?) These are desirable outcomes from an "educentric" perspective, however they fall short of fully addressing the National Educational Goal to "increase parental involvement and participation in promoting the social, emotional, and academic growth of children" (APA QUOTE FORMAT?) (Dunlap & Alva(COMMA) 1999). For more information please refer to the following links: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.4.1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Foundations_and_Assessment_of_Education/Edition_1/Foundations_Table_of_Contents/Chapter_9/Content_Articles/9.4.2 == Multiple Choice Questions == <big>1. Which of the following are not one of the three effective characteristics of effective teachers in effective schools?</big> (TAKE OUT ONE THE OF THE "EFFECTIVE") A)Time Management B)Student Success C)Classroom Management D)Design Lessons <big>2. This is the ability of a teacher to organize everyday tasks, lessons, and assignment in such a way that students are actively engaged throughout the class period.</big> A) Mentoring B) Classrooom Management C) Effective Teaching D) Effective Planning <big>3. What is the result if effective school methods are not in place?</big> (COULD READ: WHAT IS THE RESULT OF EFFECTIVE SCHOOL METHODS NOT BEING IN PLACE??) A) All students will fail B) There would be a lack of order, classroom management, and safety C) Parents would be highly involved in all school events D) No child left behind sanctions would be implemented <big>4. In what ways do (DOES) the state of Virginia measure effective schools?</big> A) High Graduation rates B) High attendance rates C) Through norm and criterion-referenced test results D) All of the above Answers: 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. D == References == 1Breauz, A. (2003). 101 "ANSWERS" for New Teachers and Their Mentors. New York: Eye On Education. 2Lezotte, L., & McKee, K. (2002). Assembly Required: A Continuous School Improvement System. Michigan: Effective School Products. 3Wong, H.& Wong, R. (1998). The First Days of School. California: Wong Publications. 4Department of Education and Training. (2006). Safe Schools are Effective Schools: A Resource for Developing Safe and Supportive Schools Environments. Victoria: S.R. Frankland pty Ltd. 5Dunlap, C. & Alva, A. (1999). Redefining School and Community Relations: Teacher's Perceptions of Parents as Participants and Stakeholders. Retrieved June 7, 2009, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3960/is_199910/ai_n8860320/ 6Dictionary Online. (2009). Retrieved June 7, 2009, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mentor. CHECK APA FORMAT FOR ALL, EX: Breauz, A. (2003). 101 answers for new teachers and their mentors. (Not all words should be captilized, etc.) ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. 1. popular news, but I am unsure. I do not see a journal, volume #, etc. (however, this may be a apa format issue) #. 2. most likely scholarly, but I am still unsure because I do not see a journal #, etc. that you normally find in peer-review articles. #. 3. scholarly, not sure #. 4. scholarly, research #. 5. scholarly, but needs better reference #. 6. scholarly, definition #. List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: 1998-2009 Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? Yes and use at least 2 scholarly sources? Yes, but it is hard to tell because I believe there are some APA format issues (no journal name, volume #, page #s, etc.) #Are the citations in APA format? No, they need to be re-checked ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? No, they need to be re-checked ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? Yes, if the APA format is fixed. #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? Unsure #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? 4 out of 6 are current Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: The author needs to re-check APA format for the journal articles to find journal name, volume number and page number. Also in-text citations and quotations should be checked. ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 KNOWLEDGE ##Question 2 KNOWLEDGE ##Question 3 APPLICATION ##Question 4 I AM NOT SURE HOW THE STUDENT WOULD FIND THE ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION. IT SEEMS TO BE A KNOWLEDGE QUESTION BUT THE ANSWER IS NOT INT HE TEXT? Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? YES #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? YES #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? YES #Do the questions assess the learning target? YES, EXCEPT FOR 4 #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? RE-CHECK #4 #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? YES #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? YES #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? YES Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: QUESTION #4 SHOULD BE RECHECKED. I DO NOT BELIEVE THE ANSWER IN WITHIN THE TEXT, BUT I ALSO DON'T THINK THAT IT IS AN APPLICATION QUESTION. ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article 4 for importance because...I felt that it was a very important article, but perhaps it needed some more substance from the articles. <li>Interest: :I rated this article 4 on interest because...I felt that there were a lot of quotations and could have been more new ideas or paraphrasing. However, it was very neat and attractive and spaced out very nicely. <li>Credibility: :I rated this article 3 for credibility because...As mentioned early, the APA format needs work and contains errors <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article 4 on writing because... The multiple choice question #4 needs work and the paper needs to be proofread again to get rid of spelling/gramatical errors. </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>Based on researched information. <li>'''Highly relevant to current educational practice''' (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>'''Includes ideas relevant to future teachers''' <li>'''Mostly based on researched information'''. <li>'''Applicable to today’s schools''' <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>'''About half of the information/ideas are new'''<li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>'''Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors'''. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>'''Captures attention initially and periodically throughout''' <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>'''Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals'''<li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>'''A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors.''' </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> I liked the introduction to the article, I thought that it grabbed the readers attention. <li>.It is very neat and attractive and well-organized. </ol> Suggestions <ol> I think that you just need to go back and proofread for erros. <li>.Recheck the APA format, there were several APA erros. APA is tricky sometimes, and I find myself having to check and re-check everytime I use it! </ol> Overall, I think the article just needs a some proofreading and a some editing. Good flow, good organization, and a very attractive paper! You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> efcy3onmnvzbzmbk8bnm4r7ich6qamy Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 10/Chapter FAQ/Peer Review Two 0 197735 4664565 4643848 2026-08-26T08:09:56Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <div style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}}; border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;"> <div style="text-align: center;>If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Acrow005|Acrow005]] ([[User talk:Acrow005|talk]]) 00:28, 13 June 2009 (UTC)</span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. <big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews. </div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==Part 1 - Article Components== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> The learning targets are well written and easy to understand. After reading the article, readers should easily identify information to verify target achievement. </span> ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. {{font/top|color=#0066CC}} '''The are several coding problems for apostrophes, quotation marks, and other punctuation. Also, check those side bars. Please check your coding to correct these problems.''' Examples include: ...report entitled “What Makes a Teacher Effective?" .http://www.ncate.org/public/teachereffective.asp?ch=48 (quotation marks) That’s a really good question! (apostrophe) {{font/end}} Teachers and parents and administrators <span style="color: #0066CC;"> (Teachers, parents, and administrators) </span> alike have been asking that question for many years and the truth of the matter is is<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (remove an 'is') </span> that there is no one answer. Direct Instruction<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (instruction) </span> “is a model for teaching that emphasizes well-developed and carefully planned lessons designed around small learning increments and clearly defined and prescribed teaching tasks. Discovery Learning<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (learning) </span>, according to Rezak ... Examples of this<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (replace with discover learning) </span> include interactive and hands on experiences such as planting and growing seeds into plants. To learn more about direct instruction and discovery learning, visit the following links<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (make links singular) </span>: Differentiated Instruction<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (instruction) </span> is defined as recognizing that... Cooperative Learning<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (learning) </span> is defined as ... common goals." (Berk, 2008) <span style="color: #0066CC;"> (Don't forget..the period goes AFTER the citation) </span> Each member of a group is held accountable <span style="color: #0066CC;"> (accountable) </span>for a portion of the assignment. how well they worked with each other. (A Guide to Cooperative Learning). <span style="color: #0066CC;"> (Check this citation, it needs a date.) </span> Jigsaw, developed by Elliot Aronson, Professor Emeritus at the University of California in Santa Cruz<span style="color: #0066CC;"> (citation info?) </span>, places students into groups with various social and ethnic differences each with the same goal to succeed, and so the hostility becomes muted as the students are forced to work together to achieve success. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> '''References...''' Please check your APA formating for your reference list. Specifically, pay attention to article titles (use lowercase letters) and journal titles and volume numbers (in italics). </span> ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, academic organization. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, news source. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, news source. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, expert opinion. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, expert opinion. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Popular, research. </span> #. <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Scholarly, research. </span> List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 1968-2009 </span> Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> and use at least 2 scholarly sources? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Are the citations in APA format? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> No. Problems were brought to the author's attention in the grammar and mechanics section. </span> ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> No. Again, problems were brought to the author's attention in the grammar and mechanics section. </span> ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Great variety of resources. Please take some time and look over the APA guidelines for the formating fo citations and references. </span> ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> knowledge </span> ##Question 2 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> knowledge </span> ##Question 3 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> application </span> ##Question 4 <span style="color: #0066CC;"> application </span> Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Do the questions assess the learning target? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers?<span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> No </span> #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? <span style="color: #0066CC;"> Yes </span> Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: <span style="color: #0066CC;"> The questions are well written and address the learning targets. For each question, the answers could be place in alphabetical order. </span> ==Part 2 - Ratings== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. * Importance: :I rated this article<span style="color: #0066CC;"> 5 </span>for importance because <span style="color: #0066CC;">the article presents information relative to the topic that is applicable new teachers. New teachers could use this research to assist them in honing their own teaching methods.</span> * Interest: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 4.5 </span> on interest because <span style="color: #0066CC;">the article layout, side bars, and photo make this an appealing read. Getting the reader's attention is half the battle! Plus, I love the old-school B/W photo...makes me think of a one room schoolhouse! </span> * Credibility: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 3 </span> for credibility because<span style="color: #0066CC;">though there were several excellent sources, citation and reference formatting needs work.</span> * Writing skill: :I rated this article <span style="color: #0066CC;"> 4.5 </span> on writing because <span style="color: #0066CC;"> the article was well-written and clearly organized which made it easy to understand. The questions clearly addressed the author's learning targets. </span> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold === Wiki Article Rubric === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> * '''Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know''' * '''Based on researched information.''' * '''Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education)''' * '''Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues.''' </td> <td> * Includes ideas relevant to future teachers * Mostly based on researched information. * Applicable to today’s schools * Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </td> <td> * A couple useful points; some irrelevant information * About half of the information is the author’s opinion. * Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice * Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </td> <td> * One useful point * A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. * Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. * Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </td> <td> * Information is not relevant to future teachers. * Information is entirely the author’s opinion. * The information is obsolete. * Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td> * '''Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view''' * '''Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read''' * Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed * Mostly new information/ideas * '''Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented.''' * '''Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples'''. </td> <td> * Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic * Visuals add to the article * At least two perspectives were presented * About half of the information/ideas are new * Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated * Some good points are made and explained. </td> <td> * Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. * Visuals are included but have minimal effect * One interesting or new perspective is presented * '''A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information''' * Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. * Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </td> <td> * Sidebar repeats what is already in the article * Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included * Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. * One new idea or bit of information * Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented * At least one clear point is made and supported. </td> <td> * No side bar included. * Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content * No perspective is acknowledged. * Nothing new. * No analysis or interpretation included * No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td> * Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. * Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. * Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </td> <td> * Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors * '''Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others.''' * It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </td> <td> * '''Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors.''' * A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. * The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </td> <td> * Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used * Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. * Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </td> <td> * Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. * All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. * The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td> * '''Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4)''' * '''Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals''' * '''Captures and maintains attention throughout''' * All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained * Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </td> <td> * Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. * Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals * Captures attention initially and periodically throughout * '''Most of the cited information is discussed or explained.''' * '''The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors.''' </td> <td> * Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points * Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals * Parts of the article capture attention * About half of the cited information is discussed * A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </td> <td> * 4 multiple-choice questions are included. * Learning targets generally related to the content are stated * At least one part of the article is interesting * Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. * Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </td> <td> * Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. * Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets * Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention * Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. * Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </td> </tr> </table> ==Part 3 - "2+2"== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments #<span style="color: #0066CC;"> The article is visually appealing because of its layout and the addition of sidebars and a photo. It is easy to match information with the learning targets, and provides clear, concise examples when needed.</span> #<span style="color: #0066CC;"> Key terms are defined and supported with research, making them easier to understand.</span> Suggestions #<span style="color: #0066CC;">While there are several excellent resources, please take time to review APA formatting for citations and references. </span> #<span style="color: #0066CC;">I enjoy the layout of your article. To make it more visually appealing, you could take the bold off of the text to make it a less "aggressive" read. </span> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </div> p9qliwqn94ft1rawrz16ct0gfx3w1hd Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 13/The Scoop From Someone Who Knows/Peer Review Two 0 197761 4664536 4652232 2026-08-26T07:31:41Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> To "claim" this Peer Review, please replace this text with four tilde (make sure your are logged in)</span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? ______ *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? _______ *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) ______ *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) ______ *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? ______ Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. PASTE TEXT HERE ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. #. #. #. #. #. #. List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: ______ - ________ Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? __________ and use at least 2 scholarly sources? ______ #Are the citations in APA format? ______ ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? ______ ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? ______ #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? ______ #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? ______ Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 _______________________ ##Question 2 _______________________ ##Question 3 _______________________ ##Question 4 _______________________ Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? ______ #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? ______ #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? _____ #Do the questions assess the learning target? ______ #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? ______ #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? ______ #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? ______ #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? ______ Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article ___ for importance because... <li>Interest: :I rated this article ___ on interest because... <li>Credibility: :I rated this article ___ for credibility because... <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article ___ on writing because... </ul> '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>Based on researched information. <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes ideas relevant to future teachers <li>Mostly based on researched information. <li>Applicable to today’s schools <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>. <li>. </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>. <li>. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> otcak6skb7anh8ei1oektfyd19ndsgs Foundations and Assessment of Education/Edition 1/Foundations Table of Contents/Chapter 14/The Scoop From Someone Who Knows/Peer Review One 0 197768 4664539 4650957 2026-08-26T07:32:51Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BookCat}} <table WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="center"><tr><td style="background-color: #FFF7F7;{{Text default color}};border: solid 1px #FFBDBD; padding: 1em;" valign=top> <div style="text-align: center;">If someone's user name appears below, this peer review has already been "claimed" or completed. Please select another peer review slot or article. '''This article has been reviewed by:''' <span style="color: #FF0000;"> [[User:Khedl002|Khedl002]] ([[User talk:Khedl002|talk]]) 02:10, 14 June 2009 (UTC) </span> To evaluate this peer review, click on the Discussion tab above. </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><span style="color: #FF00FF;">'''PEER REVIEW TEMPLATE'''</span></big></big> *Use this template for your peer reviews.</div> '''DIRECTIONS:''' *You are required to complete TWO (2) peer reviews. *Please '''take your time''' and provide effective, helpful feedback. <span style="color: #0066CC;">'''Plan to spend 1.5 to 2 hours per review'''!</span> *Each peer review is worth 50 points and will be "graded" by the article's author. (Click on Discussion to see the rubric the author will use to grade your peer review.) *You may only review articles written in the current semester (no articles with '''BOLD''' titles) *As instructed above, be sure to sign your peer review with four tilde <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. You will not receive credit for reviews that are not signed *To complete this assignment, we suggest having two tabs/windows open in your browser (e.g. Internet Explorer): one with this peer review template and one with the article you are reviewing *Starting the DAY AFTER the peer reviews are due, you may complete ADDITIONAL peer reviews for EXTRA CREDIT (25 points each). You MAY NOT complete any Extra Credit Reviews until that time. --- ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 1 - Article Components'''</div>== === Learning Target(s) === Answer the following questions regarding the learning targets: *Is/are the stated learning targets actual learning targets i.e. they state what the reader should know or be able to do after reading the article? YES *Is/are the learning target(s) specific? YES *Is/are they appropriate and reasonable? (Are they too easy or too difficult for ECI 301 students?) YES *Is/are they observable? (You wouldn't have to look inside the readers head to know if they met this target.) YES *Does the article provide adequate information for readers to achieve these targets? YES Please make a comment about the learning target(s). If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve them. Comment: THE LEARNING TARGETS ARE WELL THOUGHT OUT AND WELL WRITTEN. THEY GO ALONG WITH THE ARTICLE VERY WELL. ---- === Grammar and Mechanics Review === *Please either paste the entire body of the article here or any sections that you feel need to be revised. *To do this: **go back to the module page for the article **select "edit this page" **highlight all the text, hit control "c" (or "copy" from the edit menu) **navigate back to your peer review page **click edit this page and paste the text into this window (use control "v" or paste from the edit menu) **You may want to have Wikibooks open in two windows/tabs to make this process easier. *Type your comments in ALL CAPITALS or in <span style="color: #FF00FF;"> another color </span> so the author can easily find them. The VAAP is an alternative to formal Standards of Learning (SOL) testing and is available to students in grades 3 through 8 and grade 11 who are working on academic standards that have been reduced in complexity and depth. (SHOULD SPELL OUT THREE, EIGHT AND ELEVEN.) Introduction of “expert” (CHECK THE FORMATTING) She holds a Master’s of Science in Education with a concentration in Special Education from Old Dominion University. (CHECK THE FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- MASTERS) The VAAP consists of five components— (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- COMPONENTS) VAAP Content Area Cover Sheet-The student’s COE must include a cover sheet for each content area within the collection. (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- STUDENT'S) Work samples must address all concepts stated in the ASOL and must be graded correctly so that the student’s proficiency on the content is clear. (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- STUDENT'S) Anecdotal records should include the date of performance, a description of the observed skill or procedure, and the student’s level of achievement (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- STUDENT'S) An example of a good anecdotal record would be, “On March 1, 2009, John Doe sorted a box of 20 objects by size, shape, and color with 100% accuracy. John was able to complete this activity independently.” (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT QUOTATIONS APPEAR) Data charts and graphs submitted should contain specific information regarding the targeted ASOL, the date of performance, and the student’s level of achievement. Photographs submitted must be captioned with a statement indicating student performance of ASOL knowledge and skills. The statement should be a detailed summary of the activity occurring and the student’s level of achievement. (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- STUDENT'S) They are used to show a student’s progress over time and improvement in specific areas. (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- STUDENT'S) Using ASOLs help students learn more functional life skills. (MAY WANT TO RE-WORD THIS SENTENCE TO READ MORE SMOOTHLY- EX. BY USING ASOLS, STUDENTS ARE ABLE TO LEARN FUNCTIONAL LIFE SKILLS) Ms Street’s background is in special education. (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- MS. STREET'S) Whether its digital camera or the new “Flip” video camera students can document assignments and provide you with another means of assessment. (CHECK FORMATTING-NOT SURE WHAT THE CORRECT WORD SHOULD BE) Ms. Street’s information regarding the purpose, criteria, and content of a VAAP assessment coincides with the information provided by other researchers and educational experts. (CHECK FORMATTING SO THAT IT READS- MS. STREET'S) ---- === Sources === For each source listed in the "References" section of the article, name the type of source (scholarly or popular) and the perspective it provides (research, expert opinion from educator, popular news source, parent organization, personal contact, etc.) #. Blackbourn, J.M., Thomas, C., Britt, P., Blackbourn, R., Papason, B., Tyler, J.L., et al. (2004) Portfolio Assessment: A Guide For Teachers And Administrators [Electronic version]. National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 23 (4E) 1-8. (SCHOLARLY- RESEARCH) #. Valdez, P.S. (2001) Alternative Assessment Retrieved June 4, 2009 from http://www.nsta.org/main/news/pdf/tst0111_41.pdf (POPULAR- EXPERT OPINION FROM EDUCATOR) #. Virginia Department of Education. (2008) Virginia Alternate Assessment Program Implementation Manual. Richmond, Virginia: Department of Education (POPULAR- RESEARCH) List the range of publication years for all sources, e.g. 1998-2006: 2004 - 2009 Answer the following questions about the sources used in the article: #Did the author CITE at least 5 sources? NO and use at least 2 scholarly sources? NO #Are the citations in APA format? YES ##''Here are two examples of citations in APA format, one for a paraphrase and one for a quotation:'' ###Constructing a title is both a science and an art, but on one fact all of the experts agree: the title must contain a colon '''(Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, & Starr, 2007)'''. ###Unfortunately impoverished children are often attending “low-performing schools staffed by ill-equipped teachers” '''(Murnane, 2007, p.&nbsp;34)'''. #Are all the sources listed in APA format in a Reference list labeled "References"? YES ##''Here is an example of a reference written in APA format:'' ###'''Bailey, J., & Barnum, P. (2001). The colon and its rise to prominence in the American circus. ''Journal of American Punctuation, 34''(5), 2-3.''' #Taken together do the 5 sources represent a good balance of potential references for this topic? NO #Does the author consider potential bias in the sources? YES #Are most of the sources current (less than 5 years old)? YES Please make a comment about the sources. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve. Comment: THE THREE SOURCES YOU HAVE LISTED LOOK REALLY GOOD. THEY ARE ALL REPUTABLE AND OFFER DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. YOU DO HOWEVER, NEED TO CITE THE INTERVIEW/ PERSON INTERVIEWED AS A SOURCE. MAY ALSO WANT TO LOOK FOR ANOTHER SCHOLARLY SOURCE. ---- === Multiple Choice Questions === #What does each question assess: knowledge or reasoning (application of knowledge)? ##Question 1 KNOWLEDGE ##Question 2 KNOWLEDGE ##Question 3 APPLICATION ##Question 4 APPLICATION Answer the following questions about the multiple-choice questions. #Are there 4 multiple-choice questions? YES #Do they each have four answer choices (A-D)? YES #Is there a single correct (not opinion-based) answer for each question? YES #Do the questions assess the learning target? YES #Are the questions appropriate and reasonable (not too easy and not too difficult)? YES #Are the foils (the response options that are NOT the answer) reasonable i.e. they are not very obviously incorrect answers? YES #Are the response options listed in alphabetical order? NO #Are correct answers provided and listed BELOW all the questions? YES Please make a comment about the multiple-choice questions. If you answered "No" to any of the questions above, please explain how the author can improve the question/s. Comment: I THINK YOUR QUESTIONS FOLLOW YOUR LEARNING TARGETS WONDERFULLY. YOU NEED TO LIST THE ANSWERS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. OTHER THAN THESE CHANGES, I THINK THE EXAMPLES YOU LIST FOR THE APPLICATION QUESTIONS ARE GREAT. ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 2 - Ratings'''</div>== '''LIST''' and '''EXPLAIN''' your rating for each of the four criteria. <ul> <li>Importance: :I rated this article 4 for importance because... THE INFORMATION IN THE ARTICLE IS RLEVANT TO FUTURE TEACHERS, IS MOSTLY BASED ON REASEARCHED INFO AS WELL AS FROM THE INTERVIEW, AND OFFERS A FEW PERSPECTIVES AND KEY IDEAS ON THE ISSUE. <li>Interest: :I rated this article 4 on interest because... THE SIDEBAR ENHANCED THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOPIC BY ALLOWING THE READER TO EASILY FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECT. THE FORMATTING/ COLORS WERE NICE AND NOT TOO OVERWHELMING. TWO DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES WERE GIVEN ALTHOUGH NOT DISCUSSED IN GREAT DETAIL. MOST OF THE INFORMATION IS NEW TO ME! <li>Credibility: :I rated this article 3 for credibility because... ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR HAS ONLY PROVIDED 3 SOURCES, THE INFORMATION AND SOURCES OFFER A FEW POINTS OF VIEW (NOT ALWAYS ELABORATED ON THOUGH). BE SURE TO EMPHASIZE WHEN THE INFORMATION WAS MS. STREET'S OPINION OR YOUR OWN. THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THE "DISADVANTAGES" SECTION SEEMED TO BE YOUR OPINION, BUT LATER YOU GAVE CREDIT TO MS. STREET. BE SURE TO CLARIFY. POSSIBLY ELABORATE MORE ON OTHER VIEWPOINTS TO OFFER BOTH SIDES OF THE ARGUMENT FAIRLY. <li>Writing skill: :I rated this article 4 on writing because... </ul> OVERALL, I THINK THE WRITING WAS GREAT. OFFERED BOTH APPLICATION AND KNOWLEDGE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS; THE LEARNING TARGETS ALIGNED WITH THE ARTICLE; INTERESTING FACTS AND EXAMPLES THROUGHOUT; MOST OF THE INFORMATION IS EXPLAINED- POSSIBLY ELABORATE MORE ON IEPs. I KNOW A GOOD DEAL ABOUT THEM, BUT NOT ALL READERS WILL AND I THINK ITS A CRUCIAL PART OF THE SPECIAL EDUCATION PROCESS. (DONT NEED MUCH, JUST A SLIGHTLY MORE DETAILED EXPLANATION) THE ARTICLE FLOWED WELL WITH VERY FEW GRAMMATICAL ERRORS. '''HIGHLIGHT SPECIFIC POINTS IN THE RUBRIC''' that apply to the article. To do this: Highlight sections with the cursor and use the BOLD icon above '''OR''' type <nowiki>'''</nowiki> (3 apostrophes) before and after the text you want to make bold ===''Wiki Article Rubric'' === <table border="2"> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''important''' was the information presented on this topic to you as a teacher education student?</td> <td> <ul><li>Covers key ideas crucial for future teachers to know <li>Based on researched information. <li>Highly relevant to current educational practice (*this description may be less applicable for some topics such as history of education) <li>Provides an excellent overview of the topic including relevant research, educational practice, laws and litigation. Includes in-depth discussion of at least a few selected key issues. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Includes ideas relevant to future teachers <li>Mostly based on researched information. <li>Applicable to today’s schools <li>Provides a good general overview with relevant information and discussion of a few key ideas </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>A couple useful points; some irrelevant information <li> About half of the information is the author’s opinion. <li> Some out-dated information; may not reflect current practice <li> Good information is included but the paper yields a partial /incomplete understanding of the topic or key issues </ul> </td> <td><ul><li> One useful point <li>A few facts but mostly the author’s opinion. <li>Most of the information is irrelevant in today’s schools. <li>Focused on unimportant subtopics OR overly general with few specifics. Important information is missing. </ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Information is not relevant to future teachers. <li>Information is entirely the author’s opinion. <li>The information is obsolete. <li>Only irrelevant details or common knowledge. Lacks any substantive information. </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''interesting''' was the article to read?</td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that was motivating to read/view <li>Visuals (headings, colors, fonts, pictures, etc.) enhance the article by making it easier or more inviting to read <li>Multiple perspectives are considered and discussed <li>Mostly new information/ideas <li>Insightful interpretation & analysis are evident throughout the article; a clearly stated conclusion synthesizes all of the material presented. <li>Points are clearly made and elaborated on with compelling examples. </ul></td> <td> <ul><li>Sidebar includes new information that enhances understanding of the topic <li>Visuals add to the article <li>At least two perspectives were presented <li>About half of the information/ideas are new <li>Interpretation and analysis is provided for 3-4 points in the article; a reasonable conclusion based on this information is stated <li>Some good points are made and explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar includes new information related to the topic. <li>Visuals are included but have minimal effect <li>One interesting or new perspective is presented <li>A couple (2-3) new ideas or pieces of information <li>Interpretation/ analysis is included for a few (1-2) individual sections, but there is not a conclusion that synthesizes the information presented. <li>Points are made but may not always be adequately supported or explained. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Sidebar repeats what is already in the article <li>Visuals are somewhat distracting or not included <li>Only the “typical” view or one biased perspective is presented. <li>One new idea or bit of information <li>Information presented with minimal analysis or interpretation; no conclusion or the conclusion is not based on the information presented <li>At least one clear point is made and supported. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>No side bar included. <li>Visuals are offensive and completely detract from the content <li>No perspective is acknowledged. <li>Nothing new. <li>No analysis or interpretation included <li>No clear points are made or points appear pasted from other sources without any explanation. </ul></td> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr> <td>How '''credible''' do you think the information is?</td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are properly cited and included in a reference list in APA format. <li>Information from diverse sources representing multiple perspectives is included. Several reputable and current sources are cited. The author acknowledges potential bias in sources where appropriate. <li>Author clearly identifies his own ideas, biases and opinions </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Required sources are included; a couple of formatting errors <li>Information from a variety of sources is included. Most sources are reasonably reputable; bias is acknowledged in others. <li>It is clear when the author is presenting his own opinion; he doesn’t try to pass if off as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul> <li>Required sources are included; APA format is not used or has many errors. <li>A variety of sources is listed but the information primarily reflects a single viewpoint. Sources are reasonable. <li>The author occasionally (1-2 times) states his own opinion as fact. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Only 4 sources are cited/listed in the references or only 1 scholarly source was used <li>Sources lack diversity OR information from divergent sources is only superficially mentioned. Some sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>Author routinely (3-4 times) states her opinion as fact, ignores own biases. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Missing two or more sources OR sources used but not cited or listed. <li>All sources and information reflect a single viewpoint. Most sources are untrustworthy or biased and not acknowledged as such. <li>The entire article is biased and opinion-based without acknowledgment of this perspective. </ul></td></tr> <tr> <th>criteria</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> </tr> <tr><td>How well do you think this article was '''written'''?</td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, assess key points, and are written according to guidelines (see R4) <li>Specific, appropriate and observable learning targets are stated; the content is clearly organized to help the reader achieve these goals <li>Captures and maintains attention throughout <li>All or almost all of the cited information is introduced, elaborated on and explained <li>Writing is organized, easy to read, and contains few to no mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) align with the learning targets, and assess key points. <li>Specific and reasonable learning targets are stated; the content aligns with these goals <li>Captures attention initially and periodically throughout <li>Most of the cited information is discussed or explained. <li>The article flowed pretty well and there were just a few mechanical errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Multiple-choice questions (2 application & 2 knowledge) assess key points <li>Reasonable learning targets are stated; the content relates to these goals <li>Parts of the article capture attention <li>About half of the cited information is discussed <li>A few areas were hard to follow, confusing or oddly organized. There were a few distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>4 multiple-choice questions are included. <li>Learning targets generally related to the content are stated <li>At least one part of the article is interesting <li>Information is “pasted” together with minimal explanation. <li>Organization was difficult to follow, sentences were awkward and/or there were several distracting errors. </ul></td> <td><ul><li>Questions are missing or not multiple-choice. <li>Learning target is missing or unrelated to content or is/are not actual learning targets <li>Nothing in the article grabs the reader’s attention <li>Article is entirely “pasted” together from other sources. <li>Poor organization, sentence structure and/or grammatical errors made it very difficult to understand the content. </ul></td></tr> </table> ==<div style="text-align: center;">'''Part 3 - "2+2"'''</div>== List TWO compliments and TWO suggestions about the article <u>content</u> *Hints: **Focus on the work, not the person **<u>Describe</u> "There is...", "I see.." rather than <u>judge</u> "You didn't..." Compliments <ol> <li>. I THOUGHT THE INFORMATION COVERED IN THE ARTICLE WAS REALLY INTERESTING AND INFORMATIVE. THIS IS A TOPIC I AM NOT TOO FAMILIAR WITH AND I THINK IT WILL BE VERY HELPFUL FOR FUTURE TEACHERS. <li>. THE SIDEBAR OFFERED A GREAT ADDITION TO THE ARTICLE. IT ALLOWED THE READER TO SUPPLEMENT WITH ADDITION INFORMATION IF NECESSARY. REALLY ENJOYED IT! </ol> Suggestions <ol> <li>. BE SURE TO DOUBLE CHECK FORMATTING ISSUES. THE FORMATTING ERRORS MAKE IT SOMEWHAT DIFFICULT TO READ SMOOTHLY. <li>. BE SURE TO CITE FIVE SOURCES, ESPECIALLY THE INTERVIEW. I REALLY ENJOYED LEARNING ALL OF THE DIFFERENT PERSPECIVES (ESPECIALLY THAT OF THE PERSON INTERVIEWED) SO BE SURE TO GIVE THEM CREDIT. </ol> You can make compliments and suggestions that relate to specific areas of the paper or to the paper in general. I suggest a mixture of both. Focus on what's most important. Of course, you can also include more than two suggestions and more than two compliments. The goal is to help the author improve his/her article. </td></tr></table> 20kh8xn9yh1z6vh8tod0qdwfnoo660t Category:TODO/Engineering Thermodynamics 14 207486 4664408 3206359 2026-08-25T12:12:42Z IanVG 3323284 added TO-DO page 4664408 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ [[category:TODO|Engineering Thermodynamics]] [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Engineering Thermodynamics}}]] === Ongoing === * Ensure that raw version version of the book and the print version of the book are up-to-date with each other. ''This shouldn't be that difficult when using the <nowiki>{{Print entry|"Entry name"}}</nowiki> template.'' * Property tables and charts ** Ensure that the relevant tables and charts from Wikiversity [[v:Thermodynamics/Property_tables_and_charts]] are implemented into the book ** In tandem with the preceding bullet, the following tables and charts should be considered for addition: *** Superheated water *** Compressed liquid water *** Saturated ice-water vapor *** Mollier diagram for water *** Superheated refrigerant-134a *** Ideal-gas properties of air *** Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen *** Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide 3f899vo1ev71nqyqm07i0y01jdtyadk OpenSCAD User Manual/Primitive Solids 0 214092 4664440 4662790 2026-08-25T16:17:29Z ~2026-46517-37 3624045 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4662790|4662790]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-45658-66|~2026-45658-66]] ([[User talk:~2026-45658-66|discuss]]) 4664440 wikitext text/x-wiki === cube === ---- Creates a cube or rectangular prism (i.e., a "box") in the first [[w:Octant_(solid_geometry)|octant]]. When center is true, the cube is centered on the origin. Argument names are optional if given in the order shown here. cube(size = [x,y,z], center = true/false); cube(size = x , center = true/false); :''' parameters''': :: '''size''' ::: single value, cube with all sides this length ::: 3 value array [x,y,z], rectangular prism with dimensions x, y and z. :: '''center''' ::: '''false''' (default), 1st (positive) octant, one corner at (0,0,0) ::: '''true''', cube is centered at (0,0,0) default values: cube(); yields: cube(size = [1, 1, 1], center = false); :''' examples''': [[File:OpenSCAD example Cube.jpg|150px]] equivalent scripts for this example cube(size = 18); cube(18); cube([18,18,18]); . cube(18,false); cube([18,18,18],false); cube([18,18,18],center=false); cube(size = [18,18,18], center = false); cube(center = false,size = [18,18,18] ); [[File:OpenSCAD example Box.jpg|150px]] equivalent scripts for this example cube([18,28,8],true); box=[18,28,8];cube(box,true); === sphere === ---- Creates a sphere at the origin of the coordinate system. The r argument name is optional. To use d instead of r, d must be named. '''Parameters''' ; r : Radius. This is the radius of the sphere. ; d : Diameter. This is the diameter of the sphere. The resolution of the sphere is based on the size of the sphere and the '''$fa''', '''$fs''' and '''$fn''' variables. For more information on these special variables see [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Other_Language_Features#circleres|Circle resolution: $fa, $fs, and $fn]]. default values: sphere(); yields: sphere($fn = 0, $fa = 12, $fs = 2, r = 1); '''Usage Examples''' sphere(r = 1); sphere(r = 5); sphere(r = 10); sphere(d = 2); sphere(d = 10); sphere(d = 20); // this creates a high resolution sphere with a 2mm radius sphere(2, $fn=100); // also creates a 2mm high resolution sphere but this one // does not have as many small triangles on the poles of the sphere sphere(2, $fa=5, $fs=0.1); [[File:OpenSCAD sphere in different sizes.png|Sample OpenSCAD spheres, showing clearly the difference in scale.]] === cylinder === ---- Creates a cylinder or cone centered about the z axis. When center is true, it is also centered vertically along the z axis. Parameter names are optional if given in the order shown here. If a parameter is named, all following parameters must also be named. cylinder(h = height, r1 = BottomRadius, r2 = TopRadius, center = true/false); NOTES: The 2nd & 3rd positional parameters are r1 & r2, if r, d, d1 or d2 are used they must be named. Using r1 & r2 or d1 & d2 with either value of zero will make a cone shape, a non-zero non-equal value will produce a section of a cone (a [[w:Frustum|Conical Frustum]]). r1 & d1 define the base width, at [0,0,0], and r2 & d2 define the top width. :'''Parameters''' :: '''h''' : height of the cylinder or cone :: '''r ''' : radius of cylinder. r1 = r2 = r. :: '''r1''' : radius, bottom of cone. :: '''r2''' : radius, top of cone. :: '''d ''' : diameter of cylinder. r1 = r2 = d / 2. {{requires|2014.03}} :: '''d1''' : diameter, bottom of cone. r1 = d1 / 2. {{requires|2014.03}} :: '''d2''' : diameter, top of cone. r2 = d2 / 2. {{requires|2014.03}} :: '''center''' ::: '''false''' (default), z ranges from 0 to h ::: '''true''', z ranges from -h/2 to +h/2 The resolution of a cylinder is based on its radius and the '''$fa''', '''$fs''' and '''$fn''' variables. For a cone, the resolution is based on the radius of the larger end. For more information on these special variables see [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Other_Language_Features#circleres|Circle resolution: $fa, $fs, and $fn]]. defaults: cylinder(); yields: cylinder($fn = 0, $fa = 12, $fs = 2, h = 1, r1 = 1, r2 = 1, center = false); [[File:OpenSCAD Cone 15x10x20.jpg|200px]] equivalent scripts cylinder(h=15, r1=9.5, r2=19.5, center=false); cylinder( 15, 9.5, 19.5, false); cylinder( 15, 9.5, 19.5); cylinder( 15, 9.5, d2=39 ); cylinder( 15, d1=19, d2=39 ); cylinder( 15, d1=19, r2=19.5); [[File:OpenSCAD Cone 15x10x0.jpg|200px]] equivalent scripts cylinder(h=15, r1=10, r2=0, center=true); cylinder( 15, 10, 0, true); cylinder(h=15, d1=20, d2=0, center=true); <gallery> image:OpenSCAD Cylinder 20x10 false.jpg|center = false File:OpenSCAD Cylinder 20x10 true.jpg|center = true </gallery> equivalent scripts cylinder(h=20, r=10, center=true); cylinder( 20, 10, 10,true); cylinder( 20, d=20, center=true); cylinder( 20,r1=10, d2=20, center=true); cylinder( 20,r1=10, d2=2*10, center=true); :'''use of $fn''' Larger values of $fn create smoother, more circular, surfaces at the cost of longer rendering time. Some use medium values during development for the faster rendering, then change to a larger value for the final F6 rendering. However, use of small values can produce some interesting non circular objects. A few examples are show here: <gallery> File:3 sided fiqure.jpg File:4 sided pyramid.jpg File:4 sided part pyramid.jpg </gallery> scripts for these examples cylinder(20,20,20,$fn=3); cylinder(20,20,00,$fn=4); cylinder(20,20,10,$fn=4); :'''undersized holes''' Using cylinder() with difference() to place holes in objects creates undersized holes. This is because circular paths are approximated with polygons inscribed within in a circle. The points of the polygon are on the circle, but straight lines between are inside. To have all of the hole larger than the true circle, the polygon must lie wholly outside of the circle (circumscribed). [[OpenSCAD User Manual/undersized circular objects|Modules for circumscribed holes]] <gallery> File:OpenSCAD Under size hole.jpg </gallery> script for this example poly_n = 6; color("blue") translate([0, 0, 0.02]) linear_extrude(0.1) circle(10, $fn=poly_n); color("green") translate([0, 0, 0.01]) linear_extrude(0.1) circle(10, $fn=360); color("purple") linear_extrude(0.1) circle(10/cos(180/poly_n), $fn=poly_n); In general, a polygon of radius <math>r</math> has a radius to the midpoint of any side as <math>r_m = r \cos(180/n)</math>. If only the midpoint radius <math>r_m</math> is known (for example, to fit a hex key into a hexagonal hole), then the polygon radius is <math>r = \frac{r_m}{\cos(180/n)}</math>. === polyhedron === ---- A polyhedron is the most general 3D primitive solid. It can be used to create any regular or irregular shape including those with concave as well as convex features. Curved surfaces are approximated by a series of flat surfaces. polyhedron( points = [ [X<sub>0</sub>, Y<sub>0</sub>, Z<sub>0</sub>], [X<sub>1</sub>, Y<sub>1</sub>, Z<sub>1</sub>], ... ], triangles = [ [P<sub>0</sub>, P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>], ... ], convexity = N); // before 2014.03 polyhedron( points = [ [X<sub>0</sub>, Y<sub>0</sub>, Z<sub>0</sub>], [X<sub>1</sub>, Y<sub>1</sub>, Z<sub>1</sub>], ... ], faces = [ [P<sub>0</sub>, P<sub>1</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>3</sub>, ...], ...], convexity = N); // 2014.03 & later :'''Parameters''' :: '''points''' ::: Vector of 3d points or vertices. Each point is in turn a vector, [x,y,z], of its coordinates. ::: Points may be defined in any order. N points are referenced, in the order defined, as 0 to N-1. :: '''triangles''' {{OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Deprecated|triangles|'''faces''' parameter}} ::: Vector of faces that collectively enclose the solid. Each face is a vector containing the indices (0 based) of 3 points from the points vector. :: '''faces''' {{requires|2014.03}} ::: Vector of faces that collectively enclose the solid. Each face is a vector containing the indices (0 based) of 3 or more points from the points vector. ::: Faces may be defined in any order, but the points of each face must be ordered correctly (see below). Define enough faces to fully enclose the solid, with no overlap. ::: If points that describe a single face are not on the same plane, the face is automatically split into triangles as needed. :: '''convexity''' ::: Integer. The convexity parameter specifies the maximum number of faces a ray intersecting the object might penetrate. This parameter is needed only for correct display of the object in OpenCSG preview mode. It has no effect on the polyhedron rendering. For display problems, setting it to 10 should work fine for most cases. default values: polyhedron(); yields: polyhedron(points = undef, faces = undef, convexity = 1); In the list of faces, for each face it is arbitrary which point you start with, but the points of the face (referenced by the index into the list of points) must be ordered in '''clockwise''' direction when looking at each face from outside '''inward'''. The back is viewed from the back, the bottom from the bottom, etc. Another way to remember this ordering requirement is to use the '''left-hand rule'''. Using your left hand, stick your thumb up and curl your fingers as if giving the thumbs-up sign, point your thumb away from the face, and order the points in the direction your fingers curl (this is the opposite of the [[w:STL (file format)#Facet normal|STL file format]] convention, which uses a "right-hand rule"). Try this on the example below. :'''Example 1''' Using polyhedron to generate cube( [ 10, 7, 5 ] ); [[File:Cube_numbers.jpg|frame|left|point numbers for cube]] [[File:Cube_flat.jpg|frame|center|unfolded cube faces]] <br> CubePoints = [ [ 0, 0, 0 ], //0 [ 10, 0, 0 ], //1 [ 10, 7, 0 ], //2 [ 0, 7, 0 ], //3 [ 0, 0, 5 ], //4 [ 10, 0, 5 ], //5 [ 10, 7, 5 ], //6 [ 0, 7, 5 ]]; //7 CubeFaces = [ [0,1,2,3], // bottom [4,5,1,0], // front [7,6,5,4], // top [5,6,2,1], // right [6,7,3,2], // back [7,4,0,3]]; // left polyhedron( CubePoints, CubeFaces ); equivalent descriptions of the bottom face [0,1,2,3], [0,1,2,3,0], [1,2,3,0], [2,3,0,1], [3,0,1,2], [0,1,2],[2,3,0], // 2 triangles with no overlap [1,2,3],[3,0,1], [1,2,3],[0,1,3], :'''Example 2''' A square base pyramid: [[File:Openscad-polyhedron-squarebasepyramid.png|frame|none|A simple polyhedron, square base pyramid]] polyhedron( points=[ [10,10,0],[10,-10,0],[-10,-10,0],[-10,10,0], // the four points at base [0,0,10] ], // the apex point faces=[ [0,1,4],[1,2,4],[2,3,4],[3,0,4], // each triangle side [1,0,3],[2,1,3] ] // two triangles for square base ); :'''Example 3''' A triangular prism: [[File:OpenSCAD prism unfolded.png|none|thumb|600x600px|A polyhedron triangular prism; prism unfolded to show external faces]] module prism(l, w, h) { polyhedron(// pt 0 1 2 3 4 5 points=[[0,0,0], [0,w,h], [l,w,h], [l,0,0], [0,w,0], [l,w,0]], // top sloping face (A) faces=[[0,1,2,3], // vertical rectangular face (B) [2,1,4,5], // bottom face (C) [0,3,5,4], // rear triangular face (D) [0,4,1], // front triangular face (E) [3,2,5]] );}<br>prism(10, 10, 5); ==== Debugging polyhedra ==== ---- Mistakes in defining polyhedra include not having all faces in clockwise order (viewed from outside - a bottom need to be viewed from below), overlap of faces and missing faces or portions of faces. As a general rule, the polyhedron faces should also satisfy manifold conditions: * exactly two faces should meet at any polyhedron edge. * if two faces have a vertex in common, they should be in the same cycle face-edge around the vertex. The first rule eliminates polyhedra like two cubes with a common edge and not watertight models; the second excludes polyhedra like two cubes with a common vertex. When viewed from the outside, the points describing each face must be in the same clockwise order, and provides a mechanism for detecting counterclockwise. When the thrown together view (F12) is used with F5, CCW faces are shown in pink. Reorder the points for incorrect faces. Rotate the object to view all faces. The pink view can be turned off with F10. OpenSCAD allows, temporarily, commenting out part of the face descriptions so that only the remaining faces are displayed. Use // to comment out the rest of the line. Use /* and */ to start and end a comment block. This can be part of a line or extend over several lines. Viewing only part of the faces can be helpful in determining the right points for an individual face. Note that a solid is not shown, only the faces. If using F12, all faces have one pink side. Commenting some faces helps also to show any internal face. [[File:Cube_2_face.jpg|frame|left|example 1 showing only 2 faces]] CubeFaces = [ /* [0,1,2,3], // bottom [4,5,1,0], // front */ [7,6,5,4], // top /* [5,6,2,1], // right [6,7,3,2], // back */ [7,4,0,3]]; // left <br clear="all"> After defining a polyhedron, its preview may seem correct. The polyhedron alone may even render fine. However, to be sure it is a valid manifold and that it can generate a valid STL file, union it with any cube and render it (F6). If the polyhedron disappears, it means that it is not correct. Revise the winding order of all faces and the two rules stated above. ==== Mis-ordered faces ==== ---- :'''Example 4''' a more complex polyhedron with mis-ordered faces When you select 'Thrown together' from the view menu and '''compile (preview F5)''' the design ('''not''' compile and render!) the preview shows the mis-oriented polygons highlighted. Unfortunately this highlighting is not possible in the OpenCSG preview mode because it would interfere with the way the OpenCSG preview mode is implemented.) Below you can see the code and the picture of such a problematic polyhedron, the bad polygons (faces or compositions of faces) are in pink. <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> // Bad polyhedron polyhedron (points = [ [0, -10, 60], [0, 10, 60], [0, 10, 0], [0, -10, 0], [60, -10, 60], [60, 10, 60], [10, -10, 50], [10, 10, 50], [10, 10, 30], [10, -10, 30], [30, -10, 50], [30, 10, 50] ], faces = [ [0,2,3], [0,1,2], [0,4,5], [0,5,1], [5,4,2], [2,4,3], [6,8,9], [6,7,8], [6,10,11], [6,11,7], [10,8,11], [10,9,8], [0,3,9], [9,0,6], [10,6, 0], [0,4,10], [3,9,10], [3,10,4], [1,7,11], [1,11,5], [1,7,8], [1,8,2], [2,8,11], [2,11,5] ] ); </syntaxhighlight> [[image:openscad-bad-polyhedron.png|frame|none|Polyhedron with badly oriented polygons]] A correct polyhedron would be the following: <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> polyhedron (points = [ [0, -10, 60], [0, 10, 60], [0, 10, 0], [0, -10, 0], [60, -10, 60], [60, 10, 60], [10, -10, 50], [10, 10, 50], [10, 10, 30], [10, -10, 30], [30, -10, 50], [30, 10, 50] ], faces = [ [0,3,2], [0,2,1], [4,0,5], [5,0,1], [5,2,4], [4,2,3], [6,8,9], [6,7,8], [6,10,11],[6,11,7], [10,8,11], [10,9,8], [3,0,9], [9,0,6], [10,6, 0],[0,4,10], [3,9,10], [3,10,4], [1,7,11], [1,11,5], [1,8,7], [2,8,1], [8,2,11], [5,11,2] ] ); </syntaxhighlight> ;Beginner's tip If you don't really understand "orientation", try to identify the mis-oriented pink faces and then invert the sequence of the references to the points vectors until you get it right. E.g. in the above example, the third triangle (''[0,4,5]'') was wrong and we fixed it as ''[4,0,5]''. Remember that a face list is a circular list. In addition, you may select "Show Edges" from the "View Menu", print a screen capture and number both the points and the faces. In our example, the points are annotated in black and the faces in blue. Turn the object around and make a second copy from the back if needed. This way you can keep track. ;“Clockwise” technique Orientation is determined by clockwise circular indexing. This means that if you're looking at the triangle (in this case [4,0,5]) from the outside you'll see that the path is clockwise around the center of the face. The winding order [4,0,5] is clockwise and therefore good. The winding order [0,4,5] is counter-clockwise and therefore bad. Likewise, any other clockwise order of [4,0,5] works: [5,4,0] & [0,5,4] are good too. If you use the clockwise technique, you'll always have your faces outside (outside of OpenSCAD, other programs do use counter-clockwise as the outside though). Think of it as a "left hand rule": If you place your left hand on the face with your fingers curled in the direction of the order of the points, your thumb should point outward. If your thumb points inward, you need to reverse the winding order. [[image:openscad-bad-polyhedron-annotated.png|frame|none|Polyhedron with badly oriented polygons]] Succinct description of a 'Polyhedron' * Points define all of the points/vertices in the shape. * Faces is a list of polygons that connect up the points/vertices. Each point, in the point list, is defined with a 3-tuple x,y,z position specification. Points in the point list are automatically enumerated starting from zero for use in the faces list (0,1,2,3,... etc). Each face, in the faces list, is defined by selecting 3 or more of the points (using the point order number) out of the point list. e.g. faces=[ [0,1,2] ] defines a triangle from the first point (points are zero referenced) to the second point and then to the third point. When looking at any face from the outside, the face must list all points in a clockwise order. ==== Point repetitions in a polyhedron point list ==== The point list of the polyhedron definition may have repetitions. When two or more points have the same coordinates they are considered the same polyhedron vertex. So, the following polyhedron: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> points = [[ 0, 0, 0], [10, 0, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [ 0, 0, 0], [10, 0, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [10, 0, 0], [ 0, 0,10], [ 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0,10], [10, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [ 0, 0,10]]; polyhedron(points, [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8], [9,10,11], [12,13,14]]); </syntaxhighlight> define the same tetrahedron as: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> points = [[0,0,0], [0,10,0], [10,0,0], [0,0,10]]; polyhedron(points, [[0,2,1], [0,1,3], [1,2,3], [0,3,2]]); </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} 4q797fi1cyc663q0gmqlgsimw6zm02j OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment 0 227473 4664462 4657656 2026-08-25T19:17:55Z ~2026-46433-42 3624072 /* BOM or datasheet exportation */ 4664462 wikitext text/x-wiki === Command line usage === OpenSCAD can not only be used as a GUI, but also handles command line arguments. OpenSCAD (DEV/nightly) 2025.08.17 has these options <pre> Usage: openscad.exe [options] file.scad Allowed options: --export-format arg overrides format of exported scad file when using option '-o', arg can be any of its supported file extensions. For ascii stl export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl export, specify 'binstl'. Ascii export is the current stl default, but binary stl is planned as the future default so asciistl should be explicitly specified in scripts when needed. -o [ --o ] arg output specified file instead of running the GUI. The file extension specifies the type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg, param, pov. May be used multiple times for different exports. Use '-' for stdout. -O [ --O ] arg pass settings value to the file export using the format section/key=value, e.g export-pdf/paper-size=a3. Use --help-export to list all available settings. -D [ --D ] arg var=val -pre-define variables -p [ --p ] arg customizer parameter file -P [ --P ] arg customizer parameter set --enable arg enable experimental features (specify 'all' for enabling all available features): roof | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union | vertex-object-renderers-indexing | textmetrics | import-function | predictible-output -h [ --help ] print this help message and exit --help-export print list of export parameters and values that can be set via -O -v [ --version ] print the version --info print information about the build process --camera arg camera parameters when exporting png: =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z --autocenter adjust camera to look at object's center --viewall adjust camera to fit object --backend arg 3D rendering backend to use: 'CGAL' (old/slow) [default] or 'Manifold' (new/fast) --imgsize arg =width,height of exported png --render arg for full geometry evaluation when exporting png --preview arg [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview png --animate arg export N animated frames --animate_sharding arg Parameter <shard>/<num_shards> - Divide work into <num_shards> and only output frames for <shard>. E.g. 2/5 only outputs the second 1/5 of frames. Use to parallelize work on multiple cores or machines. --view arg =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges | scales --projection arg =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png --csglimit arg =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when exporting png --summary arg enable additional render summary and statistics: all | cache | time | camera | geometry | bounding-box | area --summary-file arg output summary information in JSON format to the given file, using '-' outputs to stdout --colorscheme arg =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | Daylight Gem | Nocturnal Gem | DeepOcean | Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | ClearSky | Monotone -d [ --d ] arg deps_file -generate a dependency file for make -m [ --m ] arg make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing -q [ --quiet ] quiet mode (don't print anything *except* errors) --hardwarnings Stop on the first warning --trace-depth arg =n, maximum number of trace messages --trace-usermodule-parameters arg =true/false, configure the output of user module parameters in a trace --check-parameters arg =true/false, configure the parameter check for user modules and functions --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check for builtin modules --debug arg special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of source file names -s [ --s ] arg stl_file deprecated, use -o -x [ --x ] arg dxf_file deprecated, use -o </pre> Export help <pre> OpenSCAD version 2025.08.17 List of settings that can be given using the -O option using the format '<section>/<key>=value', e.g.: openscad -O export-pdf/paper-size=a6 -O export-pdf/show-grid=false Section 'export-pdf': - paper-size (enum): [a6,a5,<a4>,a3,letter,legal,tabloid] - orientation (enum): [<portrait>,landscape,auto] - show-filename (bool): <true>/false - show-scale (bool): <true>/false - show-scale-message (bool): <true>/false - show-grid (bool): <true>/false - grid-size (double): 1.000000 : <10.000000> : 100.000000 - add-meta-data (bool): <true>/false - meta-data-title (string): "" - meta-data-author (string): "" - meta-data-subject (string): "" - meta-data-keywords (string): "" Section 'export-3mf': - color-mode (enum): [<model>,none,selected-only] - unit (enum): [micron,<millimeter>,centimeter,meter,inch,foot] - color (string): "#f9d72c" - material-type (enum): [color,<basematerial>] - decimal-precision (int): 1 : <6> : 16 - add-meta-data (bool): <true>/false - meta-data-title (string): "" - meta-data-designer (string): "" - meta-data-description (string): "" - meta-data-copyright (string): "" - meta-data-license-terms (string): "" - meta-data-rating (string): "" </pre> OpenSCAD 2021.01 has these options: Usage: openscad [options] file.scad Allowed options: --export-format arg overrides format of exported scad file when using option '-o', arg can be any of its supported file extensions. For ascii stl export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl export, specify 'binstl'. Ascii export is the current stl default, but binary stl is planned as the future default so asciistl should be explicitly specified in scripts when needed. -o [ --o ] arg output specified file instead of running the GUI, the file extension specifies the type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg (May be used multiple time for different exports). Use '-' for stdout -D [ --D ] arg var=val -pre-define variables -p [ --p ] arg customizer parameter file -P [ --P ] arg customizer parameter set --enable arg enable experimental features (specify 'all' for enabling all available features): roof | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union | vertex-object-renderers | vertex-object-renderers-indexing | vertex-object-renderers-direct | vertex-object-renderers-prealloc | textmetrics -h [ --help ] print this help message and exit -v [ --version ] print the version --info print information about the build process --camera arg camera parameters when exporting png: =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z --autocenter adjust camera to look at object's center --viewall adjust camera to fit object --imgsize arg =width,height of exported png --render for full geometry evaluation when exporting png --preview arg [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview png --animate arg export N animated frames --view arg =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges | scales | wireframe --projection arg =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png --csglimit arg =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when exporting png --summary arg enable additional render summary and statistics: all | cache | time | camera | geometry | bounding-box | area --summary-file arg output summary information in JSON format to the given file, using '-' outputs to stdout --colorscheme arg =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | DeepOcean | Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | Monotone -d [ --d ] arg deps_file -generate a dependency file for make -m [ --m ] arg make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing -q [ --quiet ] quiet mode (don't print anything *except* errors) --hardwarnings Stop on the first warning --check-parameters arg =true/false, configure the parameter check for user modules and functions --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check for builtin modules --debug arg special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of source file names === Export options === When called with the <code>-o</code> option, OpenSCAD does not start the GUI, but executes the given file and exports to the <i>output_file</i> in a format depending on the extension (<code>.stl</code> / <code>.off</code> / <code>.dxf</code>, <code>.csg</code>). Some versions use -s/-d/-o to determine the output file format instead; check with "openscad --help". If the option <code>-d</code> is given in addition to an export command, all files accessed while building the mesh are written in the argument of <code>-d</code> in the syntax of a Makefile. For at least 2015.03-2+, specifying the extension <code>.echo</code> causes openscad to produce a text file containing error messages and the output of all <code>echo()</code> calls in <code>filename</code> as they would appear in the console window visible in the GUI. Multiple output files are not supported, so using this option you cannot also obtain the model that would have normally been generated. Note: When exporting to STL, the GUI defaults to binary STL (smaller, faster) and the CLI defaults to ASCII STL (larger, slower). Post-processing pipelines may prefer ASCII STL; they should explicitly say `--export-format asciistl` in preparation for the default eventually changing to binary STL. ==== Camera and image output ==== For 2013.05+, the option to output a <code>.png</code> image was added. There are two types of cameras available for the generation of images. The first camera type is a 'gimbal' camera that uses Euler angles, translation, and a camera distance, like OpenSCAD's GUI viewport display at the bottom of the OpenSCAD window. The second camera type is a 'vector' camera, with an 'eye' camera location vector and a 'lookat' center vector. --imgsize x,y chooses the .png dimensions and --projection chooses orthogonal or perspective, as in the GUI. By default, cmdline .png output uses Preview mode (f5) with OpenCSG. For some situations it may be desirable to output the full render, with CGAL. This is done by adding '--render' as an option. === Constants === In order to pre-define variables, use the <code>-D</code> option. It can be given repeatedly. Each occurrence of <code>-D</code> must be followed by an assignment. Unlike normal OpenSCAD assignments, these assignments don't define variables, but constants, which cannot be changed inside the program, and can thus be used to overwrite values defined in the program at export time. If you want to assign the -D variable to another variable, the -D variable MUST be initialized in the main .scad program param1=17; // must be initialized val=param1; // param1 passed via -D on cmd-line echo(val,param1); // outputs 17,17 without the first line, val would be undefined. The right hand sides can be arbitrary OpenSCAD expressions, including mathematical operations and strings. Be aware that your shell (bash, cmd, etc.) parses the arguments before passing them to <code>openscad</code>, therefore you need to properly quote or escape arguments with special characters like spaces or quotation marks. For example to assign a string <code>production</code> to a <code>quality</code> parameter one has to ensure the <code>"</code> characters OpenSCAD expects aren't stripped by the shell. In bash one could write: openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D 'quality="production"' my_model.scad or from the Windows prompt: openscad.com -o my_model_production.stl -D "quality=""production""" my_model.scad or you may need to escape the inner quotes instead: openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D "quality=\"production\"" my_model.scad Note that this sort of double-escaping isn't necessary when executing OpenSCAD from another process that isn't using a shell, because each argument is passed separately. For example a Java application might start a process like so: pb = new ProcessBuilder("/usr/bin/openscad", "-o", "my_model_production.stl", "-D", "quality=\"production\"", "my_model.scad"); // 12-Pole Fuse Box with Cover (EV Application) // ================= PARAMETERS ================= length = 100; width = 40; height = 35; wall = 2.5; fuse_w = 4.2; fuse_l = 12; fuse_h = 12; x_pitch = 8.5; y_pitch = 14; cover_height = 5; // ================= MAIN HOUSING ================= difference() { cube([length, width, height]); // Hollow inside translate([wall, wall, wall]) cube([length-2*wall, width-2*wall, height]); // Fuse slots (2 rows x 6 columns) for (row = [0:1]) { for (col = [0:5]) { x = 10 + col * x_pitch; y = 10 + row * y_pitch; translate([x, y, 5]) cube([fuse_w, fuse_l, fuse_h]); } } } // ================= COVER ================= translate([0, 0, height]) cube([length, width, cover_height]); // ================= MOUNTING HOLES ================= for (x = [10, length-10]) { translate([x, width/2, 0]) cylinder(h=height, d=5, center=false); } === Processing all .scad files in a folder === Example to convert all the .scad in a folder into .stl: In a folder with .scad files, make a .bat file with text: FOR %%f in (*.scad) DO openscad -o "%%~nf.stl" "%%f" If it closes without processing, check to set the PATH by adding openscad directory to: Start - Settings - Control Panel - System - Advanced tab - Environment Variables - System Variables, select Path, then click Edit. Add the openscad directory to the list === Makefile example === The <code>-d</code> and <code>-m</code> options only make sense together. (<code>-m</code> without <code>-d</code> would not consider modified dependencies when building exports, <code>-d</code> without <code>-m</code> would require the files to be already built for the first run that generates the dependencies.) Here is an example of a basic Makefile that creates an .stl file from an .scad file of the same name: # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found include $(wildcard *.deps) %.stl: %.scad openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $< When <code>make my_example.stl</code> is run for the first time, it finds no .deps files, and must depend on <code>my_example.scad</code>. Because <code>my_example.stl</code> is not yet preset, it gets created unconditionally. If OpenSCAD finds missing files, it calls <code>make</code> to build them, and it lists all used files in <code>my_example.stl.deps</code>. When <code>make my_example.stl</code> is called subsequently, it finds and includes <code>my_example.stl.deps</code> and check if any of the files listed there, including <code>my_example.scad</code>, changed since <code>my_example.stl</code> was built, based on their time stamps. Only if that is the case, it builds <code>my_example.stl</code> again. ==== Automatic targets ==== When building similar .stl files from a single .scad file, there is a way to automate that too: # match "module foobar() { // `make` me" TARGETS=$(shell sed '/^module [a-z0-9_-]*().*make..\?me.*$$/!d;s/module //;s/().*/.stl/' base.scad) all: ${TARGETS} # auto-generated .scad files with .deps make make re-build always. keeping the # scad files solves this problem. ([[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|explanations are welcome]].) .SECONDARY: $(shell echo "${TARGETS}" | sed 's/\.stl/.scad/g') # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found include $(wildcard *.deps) %.scad: echo -ne 'use <base.scad>\n$*();' > $@ %.stl: %.scad openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $< All objects that are supposed to be exported automatically have to be defined in <code>base.scad</code> in an own module with their future file name (without the ".stl"), and have a comment like "<code>// make me</code>" in the line of the module definition. The "<code>TARGETS=</code>" line picks these out of the base file and creates the file names. These are built when <code>make all</code> (or <code>make</code>, for short) is called. As the convention from the last example is to create the .stl files from .scad files of the same base name, for each of these files, an .scad file must be generated. This is done in the "<code>%.scad:</code>" paragraph; <code>my_example.scad</code> is a simple OpenSCAD file: use <base.scad> my_example(); The "<code>.SECONDARY</code>" line is there to keep <code>make</code> from deleting the generated .scad files. Its presence helps determine which files no longer need to be rebuilt; please post ideas about what exactly goes wrong there (or how to fix it better) on the [[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|talk]] page! === Windows notes === On Windows, openscad.com should be called from the command line as a wrapper for openscad.exe. This is because Openscad uses the 'devenv' solution to the Command-Line/GUI output issue. Typing 'openscad' at the cmd.exe prompt calls the .com program wrapper by default. === MacOS notes === On MacOS the binary is normally hidden inside the App folder. If OpenSCAD is installed in the global Applications folder, it can be called from command line like in the following example that just shows the OpenSCAD version: macbook:/$ /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD -v OpenSCAD version 2013.06 Alternatively, you may create a symbolic link to the binary to make calls from the command line easier: macbook:/$ sudo ln -sf /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD /usr/local/bin/openscad Now you can call <code>openscad</code> directly without having to type in the full path. macbook:/$ openscad -v OpenSCAD version 2015.03-3 On some versions of MacOS, you might get the following error when attempting to run openscad via that link: This application failed to start because it could not find or load the Qt platform plugin "cocoa". Reinstalling the application may fix this problem. Abort trap: 6 You can fix this by creating a wrapper script to invoke the executable directly: sudo rm -f /usr/local/bin/openscad echo '#!/bin/sh' > test echo '/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD "$@"' >> test chmod +x test ; sudo mv test /usr/local/bin/openscad == Automation == There are many solutions to automate Openscad operation, the following examples use Microsoft Powershell which is available either on Windows, on Linux (in deb and snap packages) or on MacOS. Such script file shall be written on a text editor, much preferably a code editor with syntax coloring for powershell (e.g. VS code, Sublime text). Note that while powershell script may be started directly from file browser in Linux, for debugging you may want to start script from a terminal window in order to see messages from script or OpenScad. First you shall define the program call for your system and set it in a variable, adjust according your system On Windows this may be - depends from your system disk, could be simpler if your environment variable are well set: <pre>$scad = "c:`"/Program Files/OpenSCAD/openscad.exe`""</pre> On Linux simply: <pre>$scad = "openscad" </pre> On MacOS this may be: <pre>$scad = "/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD"</pre> If you want to be capable to use a variation of openscad, say the nightly version, set the openscad version you want. <pre>$scad = "openscad-nightly"</pre> === Outputting differents parts of a model === The first automation that you may want is to ouput automatically many parts from the same scad file. You can use a variable ‘part’ to select the part to output. code of 'mymodel.scad' might be: <pre> part = 0; // [0:Ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] ... if (part==1) { ... } else if (part==2) { ... } else if (part==3) { ... } </pre> and the automation file ‘mybatch.ps1’ will be: <pre> #!/usr/bin/env pwsh # Above 'shebang' line required on Linux for automatic execution of powershell from a direct launch on file browser. 'mybatch.ps1' file attributes shall be made executable first. #Powershell part batch generator $arglist = "-o mymodelpart1.stl -D part=1 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow $arglist = "-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=2 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow $arglist = "-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=3 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow </pre> -Wait parameter impose the task to be finished before continuing the script -NoNewWindow will execute the script in the existing window without starting a new one Note there is no space around the '=' sign for parameters You may want to change any other parameter than 'part' at will, including or not a part number, in this case the argument list might be: <pre> $arglist = "-o somepart.stl -D myvar1=value1 -D myvar2=value2 mymodel.scad" </pre> Note that if the value is a string, double quotes shall be escaped by a bactick ` -D myvals=`"myparam`" for them not to be interpreted as the $arglist string end or start. You may also define a string by setting it between simple quotes but that prevent you to use variables which will be interpreted when running command. so the execution line became: Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow === BOM or datasheet exportation === Another frequent request is to export a BOM or a specification This could be done by adapting your program to echo the stuff you want, by example: <pre> echoout = 0; //0 is normal screen echo, 1 will be BOM, 2 will be data Specification if (echoout==0) { echo("Normal echo"); } ... if (echoout==1) { echo("Part 1 : description1"); echo("Part 2 : description2"); echo("Part 3 : description3 dimensions:", part3dim1,"x",part3dim2); } ... if (echoout==2) { echo(str("First parameter =", var1)); echo(str("Second parameter =", var2)); echo(str("Third parameter =", var3)); } </pre> Writing your own echo module may help. then to obtain an output, your argument list may became: <pre>$arglist = "-o mymodel_BOM.txt -D echoout=1 --export-format echo mymodel.scad"</pre> and <pre>$arglist = "-o mymodel_data.txt -D echoout=2 --export-format echo mymodel.scad"</pre> However, the outputted text will have 'ECHO:' written at the beginning of each line and text will be set between ", that you want to remove with following commands: <pre> $fc = Get-Content .\mymodel_BOM.txt #get whole file in $fc variable if($fc) { #check if the file have any content $fc = $fc -replace 'ECHO: ', '' #remove 'ECHO: ' text $fc = $fc -replace '"' , '' #remove '"' char - this is optional $fc > .\mymodel_BOM.txt #send variable content to the file which will be overwritten } </pre> === Using datasets === An interesting option is to use Customizer datasets, however customizer datasets variable values supersedes any values than you try to define in the command line: The solution is to rename the parameter you need to modify and copy it to a variable that the command line will then be capable to change. In your scad you may find: <pre> cpart = 0; // [0:ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] //This variable will be recorded in the dataset, not modifiable part=cpart; // This variable can be manipulated by the command line //Argument list for all your runs could then be: $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset1part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset1part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset2part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset2part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad" </pre> Do the same for any parameter that you want to manipulate in the command Line when using datasets: <pre> //This is parameter1 cvar1 = value1; var1 = cvar1; //This is parameter 2 cvar2 = value2; var2 = cvar2; </pre> === Browsing datasets === A step further might be to automate the dataset browsing. You shall read the json file which contains all datasets: A regular expression can then filter dataset names: <pre> $regex='\"(?!parameterSets)([^\"]+)\"\:\s\{' # This regex extract anything between "" followed by ': {' excluding 'parameterSets' $jfile = "./mymodel.json #directory localisation required by powershell foreach($line in Get-Content $jfile) { # read json file Line by Line if($line -match $regex) { # We found a dataset name $dataset = $Matches.1 # dataset is the part captured by the regex parenthesis, will also be used in the part name Write-Output "Dataset: $dataset" #Output to console debugging info $datasetname = $dataset -replace ' ' , '_' #replace white by underscore #Dataset name containing often space character shall be set between double quotes #We may use simple quotes to define strings containing double quotes around dataset name $arglist = "-o + mymodel" + $datasetname + '.stl -p mymodel.json -P "' + $dataset + '" mymodel.scad' Write-Output "Argument list: $arglist" #Output to console debugging info Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow } } </pre> {{BookCat}} 3kzrkl68ywpf9jysi0tdn2mxqt7fwqv 4664463 4664462 2026-08-25T19:19:52Z ~2026-46433-42 3624072 /* Using datasets */ 4664463 wikitext text/x-wiki === Command line usage === OpenSCAD can not only be used as a GUI, but also handles command line arguments. OpenSCAD (DEV/nightly) 2025.08.17 has these options <pre> Usage: openscad.exe [options] file.scad Allowed options: --export-format arg overrides format of exported scad file when using option '-o', arg can be any of its supported file extensions. For ascii stl export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl export, specify 'binstl'. Ascii export is the current stl default, but binary stl is planned as the future default so asciistl should be explicitly specified in scripts when needed. -o [ --o ] arg output specified file instead of running the GUI. The file extension specifies the type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg, param, pov. May be used multiple times for different exports. Use '-' for stdout. -O [ --O ] arg pass settings value to the file export using the format section/key=value, e.g export-pdf/paper-size=a3. Use --help-export to list all available settings. -D [ --D ] arg var=val -pre-define variables -p [ --p ] arg customizer parameter file -P [ --P ] arg customizer parameter set --enable arg enable experimental features (specify 'all' for enabling all available features): roof | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union | vertex-object-renderers-indexing | textmetrics | import-function | predictible-output -h [ --help ] print this help message and exit --help-export print list of export parameters and values that can be set via -O -v [ --version ] print the version --info print information about the build process --camera arg camera parameters when exporting png: =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z --autocenter adjust camera to look at object's center --viewall adjust camera to fit object --backend arg 3D rendering backend to use: 'CGAL' (old/slow) [default] or 'Manifold' (new/fast) --imgsize arg =width,height of exported png --render arg for full geometry evaluation when exporting png --preview arg [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview png --animate arg export N animated frames --animate_sharding arg Parameter <shard>/<num_shards> - Divide work into <num_shards> and only output frames for <shard>. E.g. 2/5 only outputs the second 1/5 of frames. Use to parallelize work on multiple cores or machines. --view arg =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges | scales --projection arg =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png --csglimit arg =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when exporting png --summary arg enable additional render summary and statistics: all | cache | time | camera | geometry | bounding-box | area --summary-file arg output summary information in JSON format to the given file, using '-' outputs to stdout --colorscheme arg =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | Daylight Gem | Nocturnal Gem | DeepOcean | Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | ClearSky | Monotone -d [ --d ] arg deps_file -generate a dependency file for make -m [ --m ] arg make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing -q [ --quiet ] quiet mode (don't print anything *except* errors) --hardwarnings Stop on the first warning --trace-depth arg =n, maximum number of trace messages --trace-usermodule-parameters arg =true/false, configure the output of user module parameters in a trace --check-parameters arg =true/false, configure the parameter check for user modules and functions --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check for builtin modules --debug arg special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of source file names -s [ --s ] arg stl_file deprecated, use -o -x [ --x ] arg dxf_file deprecated, use -o </pre> Export help <pre> OpenSCAD version 2025.08.17 List of settings that can be given using the -O option using the format '<section>/<key>=value', e.g.: openscad -O export-pdf/paper-size=a6 -O export-pdf/show-grid=false Section 'export-pdf': - paper-size (enum): [a6,a5,<a4>,a3,letter,legal,tabloid] - orientation (enum): [<portrait>,landscape,auto] - show-filename (bool): <true>/false - show-scale (bool): <true>/false - show-scale-message (bool): <true>/false - show-grid (bool): <true>/false - grid-size (double): 1.000000 : <10.000000> : 100.000000 - add-meta-data (bool): <true>/false - meta-data-title (string): "" - meta-data-author (string): "" - meta-data-subject (string): "" - meta-data-keywords (string): "" Section 'export-3mf': - color-mode (enum): [<model>,none,selected-only] - unit (enum): [micron,<millimeter>,centimeter,meter,inch,foot] - color (string): "#f9d72c" - material-type (enum): [color,<basematerial>] - decimal-precision (int): 1 : <6> : 16 - add-meta-data (bool): <true>/false - meta-data-title (string): "" - meta-data-designer (string): "" - meta-data-description (string): "" - meta-data-copyright (string): "" - meta-data-license-terms (string): "" - meta-data-rating (string): "" </pre> OpenSCAD 2021.01 has these options: Usage: openscad [options] file.scad Allowed options: --export-format arg overrides format of exported scad file when using option '-o', arg can be any of its supported file extensions. For ascii stl export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl export, specify 'binstl'. Ascii export is the current stl default, but binary stl is planned as the future default so asciistl should be explicitly specified in scripts when needed. -o [ --o ] arg output specified file instead of running the GUI, the file extension specifies the type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg (May be used multiple time for different exports). Use '-' for stdout -D [ --D ] arg var=val -pre-define variables -p [ --p ] arg customizer parameter file -P [ --P ] arg customizer parameter set --enable arg enable experimental features (specify 'all' for enabling all available features): roof | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union | vertex-object-renderers | vertex-object-renderers-indexing | vertex-object-renderers-direct | vertex-object-renderers-prealloc | textmetrics -h [ --help ] print this help message and exit -v [ --version ] print the version --info print information about the build process --camera arg camera parameters when exporting png: =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z --autocenter adjust camera to look at object's center --viewall adjust camera to fit object --imgsize arg =width,height of exported png --render for full geometry evaluation when exporting png --preview arg [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview png --animate arg export N animated frames --view arg =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges | scales | wireframe --projection arg =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png --csglimit arg =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when exporting png --summary arg enable additional render summary and statistics: all | cache | time | camera | geometry | bounding-box | area --summary-file arg output summary information in JSON format to the given file, using '-' outputs to stdout --colorscheme arg =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | DeepOcean | Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | Monotone -d [ --d ] arg deps_file -generate a dependency file for make -m [ --m ] arg make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing -q [ --quiet ] quiet mode (don't print anything *except* errors) --hardwarnings Stop on the first warning --check-parameters arg =true/false, configure the parameter check for user modules and functions --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check for builtin modules --debug arg special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of source file names === Export options === When called with the <code>-o</code> option, OpenSCAD does not start the GUI, but executes the given file and exports to the <i>output_file</i> in a format depending on the extension (<code>.stl</code> / <code>.off</code> / <code>.dxf</code>, <code>.csg</code>). Some versions use -s/-d/-o to determine the output file format instead; check with "openscad --help". If the option <code>-d</code> is given in addition to an export command, all files accessed while building the mesh are written in the argument of <code>-d</code> in the syntax of a Makefile. For at least 2015.03-2+, specifying the extension <code>.echo</code> causes openscad to produce a text file containing error messages and the output of all <code>echo()</code> calls in <code>filename</code> as they would appear in the console window visible in the GUI. Multiple output files are not supported, so using this option you cannot also obtain the model that would have normally been generated. Note: When exporting to STL, the GUI defaults to binary STL (smaller, faster) and the CLI defaults to ASCII STL (larger, slower). Post-processing pipelines may prefer ASCII STL; they should explicitly say `--export-format asciistl` in preparation for the default eventually changing to binary STL. ==== Camera and image output ==== For 2013.05+, the option to output a <code>.png</code> image was added. There are two types of cameras available for the generation of images. The first camera type is a 'gimbal' camera that uses Euler angles, translation, and a camera distance, like OpenSCAD's GUI viewport display at the bottom of the OpenSCAD window. The second camera type is a 'vector' camera, with an 'eye' camera location vector and a 'lookat' center vector. --imgsize x,y chooses the .png dimensions and --projection chooses orthogonal or perspective, as in the GUI. By default, cmdline .png output uses Preview mode (f5) with OpenCSG. For some situations it may be desirable to output the full render, with CGAL. This is done by adding '--render' as an option. === Constants === In order to pre-define variables, use the <code>-D</code> option. It can be given repeatedly. Each occurrence of <code>-D</code> must be followed by an assignment. Unlike normal OpenSCAD assignments, these assignments don't define variables, but constants, which cannot be changed inside the program, and can thus be used to overwrite values defined in the program at export time. If you want to assign the -D variable to another variable, the -D variable MUST be initialized in the main .scad program param1=17; // must be initialized val=param1; // param1 passed via -D on cmd-line echo(val,param1); // outputs 17,17 without the first line, val would be undefined. The right hand sides can be arbitrary OpenSCAD expressions, including mathematical operations and strings. Be aware that your shell (bash, cmd, etc.) parses the arguments before passing them to <code>openscad</code>, therefore you need to properly quote or escape arguments with special characters like spaces or quotation marks. For example to assign a string <code>production</code> to a <code>quality</code> parameter one has to ensure the <code>"</code> characters OpenSCAD expects aren't stripped by the shell. In bash one could write: openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D 'quality="production"' my_model.scad or from the Windows prompt: openscad.com -o my_model_production.stl -D "quality=""production""" my_model.scad or you may need to escape the inner quotes instead: openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D "quality=\"production\"" my_model.scad Note that this sort of double-escaping isn't necessary when executing OpenSCAD from another process that isn't using a shell, because each argument is passed separately. For example a Java application might start a process like so: pb = new ProcessBuilder("/usr/bin/openscad", "-o", "my_model_production.stl", "-D", "quality=\"production\"", "my_model.scad"); // 12-Pole Fuse Box with Cover (EV Application) // ================= PARAMETERS ================= length = 100; width = 40; height = 35; wall = 2.5; fuse_w = 4.2; fuse_l = 12; fuse_h = 12; x_pitch = 8.5; y_pitch = 14; cover_height = 5; // ================= MAIN HOUSING ================= difference() { cube([length, width, height]); // Hollow inside translate([wall, wall, wall]) cube([length-2*wall, width-2*wall, height]); // Fuse slots (2 rows x 6 columns) for (row = [0:1]) { for (col = [0:5]) { x = 10 + col * x_pitch; y = 10 + row * y_pitch; translate([x, y, 5]) cube([fuse_w, fuse_l, fuse_h]); } } } // ================= COVER ================= translate([0, 0, height]) cube([length, width, cover_height]); // ================= MOUNTING HOLES ================= for (x = [10, length-10]) { translate([x, width/2, 0]) cylinder(h=height, d=5, center=false); } === Processing all .scad files in a folder === Example to convert all the .scad in a folder into .stl: In a folder with .scad files, make a .bat file with text: FOR %%f in (*.scad) DO openscad -o "%%~nf.stl" "%%f" If it closes without processing, check to set the PATH by adding openscad directory to: Start - Settings - Control Panel - System - Advanced tab - Environment Variables - System Variables, select Path, then click Edit. Add the openscad directory to the list === Makefile example === The <code>-d</code> and <code>-m</code> options only make sense together. (<code>-m</code> without <code>-d</code> would not consider modified dependencies when building exports, <code>-d</code> without <code>-m</code> would require the files to be already built for the first run that generates the dependencies.) Here is an example of a basic Makefile that creates an .stl file from an .scad file of the same name: # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found include $(wildcard *.deps) %.stl: %.scad openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $< When <code>make my_example.stl</code> is run for the first time, it finds no .deps files, and must depend on <code>my_example.scad</code>. Because <code>my_example.stl</code> is not yet preset, it gets created unconditionally. If OpenSCAD finds missing files, it calls <code>make</code> to build them, and it lists all used files in <code>my_example.stl.deps</code>. When <code>make my_example.stl</code> is called subsequently, it finds and includes <code>my_example.stl.deps</code> and check if any of the files listed there, including <code>my_example.scad</code>, changed since <code>my_example.stl</code> was built, based on their time stamps. Only if that is the case, it builds <code>my_example.stl</code> again. ==== Automatic targets ==== When building similar .stl files from a single .scad file, there is a way to automate that too: # match "module foobar() { // `make` me" TARGETS=$(shell sed '/^module [a-z0-9_-]*().*make..\?me.*$$/!d;s/module //;s/().*/.stl/' base.scad) all: ${TARGETS} # auto-generated .scad files with .deps make make re-build always. keeping the # scad files solves this problem. ([[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|explanations are welcome]].) .SECONDARY: $(shell echo "${TARGETS}" | sed 's/\.stl/.scad/g') # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found include $(wildcard *.deps) %.scad: echo -ne 'use <base.scad>\n$*();' > $@ %.stl: %.scad openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $< All objects that are supposed to be exported automatically have to be defined in <code>base.scad</code> in an own module with their future file name (without the ".stl"), and have a comment like "<code>// make me</code>" in the line of the module definition. The "<code>TARGETS=</code>" line picks these out of the base file and creates the file names. These are built when <code>make all</code> (or <code>make</code>, for short) is called. As the convention from the last example is to create the .stl files from .scad files of the same base name, for each of these files, an .scad file must be generated. This is done in the "<code>%.scad:</code>" paragraph; <code>my_example.scad</code> is a simple OpenSCAD file: use <base.scad> my_example(); The "<code>.SECONDARY</code>" line is there to keep <code>make</code> from deleting the generated .scad files. Its presence helps determine which files no longer need to be rebuilt; please post ideas about what exactly goes wrong there (or how to fix it better) on the [[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|talk]] page! === Windows notes === On Windows, openscad.com should be called from the command line as a wrapper for openscad.exe. This is because Openscad uses the 'devenv' solution to the Command-Line/GUI output issue. Typing 'openscad' at the cmd.exe prompt calls the .com program wrapper by default. === MacOS notes === On MacOS the binary is normally hidden inside the App folder. If OpenSCAD is installed in the global Applications folder, it can be called from command line like in the following example that just shows the OpenSCAD version: macbook:/$ /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD -v OpenSCAD version 2013.06 Alternatively, you may create a symbolic link to the binary to make calls from the command line easier: macbook:/$ sudo ln -sf /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD /usr/local/bin/openscad Now you can call <code>openscad</code> directly without having to type in the full path. macbook:/$ openscad -v OpenSCAD version 2015.03-3 On some versions of MacOS, you might get the following error when attempting to run openscad via that link: This application failed to start because it could not find or load the Qt platform plugin "cocoa". Reinstalling the application may fix this problem. Abort trap: 6 You can fix this by creating a wrapper script to invoke the executable directly: sudo rm -f /usr/local/bin/openscad echo '#!/bin/sh' > test echo '/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD "$@"' >> test chmod +x test ; sudo mv test /usr/local/bin/openscad == Automation == There are many solutions to automate Openscad operation, the following examples use Microsoft Powershell which is available either on Windows, on Linux (in deb and snap packages) or on MacOS. Such script file shall be written on a text editor, much preferably a code editor with syntax coloring for powershell (e.g. VS code, Sublime text). Note that while powershell script may be started directly from file browser in Linux, for debugging you may want to start script from a terminal window in order to see messages from script or OpenScad. First you shall define the program call for your system and set it in a variable, adjust according your system On Windows this may be - depends from your system disk, could be simpler if your environment variable are well set: <pre>$scad = "c:`"/Program Files/OpenSCAD/openscad.exe`""</pre> On Linux simply: <pre>$scad = "openscad" </pre> On MacOS this may be: <pre>$scad = "/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD"</pre> If you want to be capable to use a variation of openscad, say the nightly version, set the openscad version you want. <pre>$scad = "openscad-nightly"</pre> === Outputting differents parts of a model === The first automation that you may want is to ouput automatically many parts from the same scad file. You can use a variable ‘part’ to select the part to output. code of 'mymodel.scad' might be: <pre> part = 0; // [0:Ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] ... if (part==1) { ... } else if (part==2) { ... } else if (part==3) { ... } </pre> and the automation file ‘mybatch.ps1’ will be: <pre> #!/usr/bin/env pwsh # Above 'shebang' line required on Linux for automatic execution of powershell from a direct launch on file browser. 'mybatch.ps1' file attributes shall be made executable first. #Powershell part batch generator $arglist = "-o mymodelpart1.stl -D part=1 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow $arglist = "-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=2 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow $arglist = "-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=3 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow </pre> -Wait parameter impose the task to be finished before continuing the script -NoNewWindow will execute the script in the existing window without starting a new one Note there is no space around the '=' sign for parameters You may want to change any other parameter than 'part' at will, including or not a part number, in this case the argument list might be: <pre> $arglist = "-o somepart.stl -D myvar1=value1 -D myvar2=value2 mymodel.scad" </pre> Note that if the value is a string, double quotes shall be escaped by a bactick ` -D myvals=`"myparam`" for them not to be interpreted as the $arglist string end or start. You may also define a string by setting it between simple quotes but that prevent you to use variables which will be interpreted when running command. so the execution line became: Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow === BOM or datasheet exportation === Another frequent request is to export a BOM or a specification This could be done by adapting your program to echo the stuff you want, by example: <pre> echoout = 0; //0 is normal screen echo, 1 will be BOM, 2 will be data Specification if (echoout==0) { echo("Normal echo"); } ... if (echoout==1) { echo("Part 1 : description1"); echo("Part 2 : description2"); echo("Part 3 : description3 dimensions:", part3dim1,"x",part3dim2); } ... if (echoout==2) { echo(str("First parameter =", var1)); echo(str("Second parameter =", var2)); echo(str("Third parameter =", var3)); } </pre> Writing your own echo module may help. then to obtain an output, your argument list may became: <pre>$arglist = "-o mymodel_BOM.txt -D echoout=1 --export-format echo mymodel.scad"</pre> and <pre>$arglist = "-o mymodel_data.txt -D echoout=2 --export-format echo mymodel.scad"</pre> However, the outputted text will have 'ECHO:' written at the beginning of each line and text will be set between ", that you want to remove with following commands: <pre> $fc = Get-Content .\mymodel_BOM.txt #get whole file in $fc variable if($fc) { #check if the file have any content $fc = $fc -replace 'ECHO: ', '' #remove 'ECHO: ' text $fc = $fc -replace '"' , '' #remove '"' char - this is optional $fc > .\mymodel_BOM.txt #send variable content to the file which will be overwritten } </pre> === Using datasets === An interesting option is to use Customizer datasets, however customizer datasets variable values supersedes any values than you try to define in the command line: The solution is to rename the parameter you need to modify and copy it to a variable that the command line will then be capable to change. In your scad you may find: <pre> cpart = 0; // [0:ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] //This variable will be recorded in the dataset, so not modifiable part=cpart; // 'part' variable can be manipulated by the command line //Argument list for all your runs could then be: $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset1part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset1part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset2part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset2part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad" </pre> Do the same for any parameter that you want to manipulate in the command Line when using datasets: <pre> //This is parameter1 cvar1 = value1; var1 = cvar1; //This is parameter 2 cvar2 = value2; var2 = cvar2; </pre> === Browsing datasets === A step further might be to automate the dataset browsing. You shall read the json file which contains all datasets: A regular expression can then filter dataset names: <pre> $regex='\"(?!parameterSets)([^\"]+)\"\:\s\{' # This regex extract anything between "" followed by ': {' excluding 'parameterSets' $jfile = "./mymodel.json #directory localisation required by powershell foreach($line in Get-Content $jfile) { # read json file Line by Line if($line -match $regex) { # We found a dataset name $dataset = $Matches.1 # dataset is the part captured by the regex parenthesis, will also be used in the part name Write-Output "Dataset: $dataset" #Output to console debugging info $datasetname = $dataset -replace ' ' , '_' #replace white by underscore #Dataset name containing often space character shall be set between double quotes #We may use simple quotes to define strings containing double quotes around dataset name $arglist = "-o + mymodel" + $datasetname + '.stl -p mymodel.json -P "' + $dataset + '" mymodel.scad' Write-Output "Argument list: $arglist" #Output to console debugging info Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow } } </pre> {{BookCat}} cv12a6kptvnp34cp65cr4au1d4p2y2a 4664464 4664463 2026-08-25T19:21:35Z ~2026-46433-42 3624072 /* Browsing datasets */ 4664464 wikitext text/x-wiki === Command line usage === OpenSCAD can not only be used as a GUI, but also handles command line arguments. OpenSCAD (DEV/nightly) 2025.08.17 has these options <pre> Usage: openscad.exe [options] file.scad Allowed options: --export-format arg overrides format of exported scad file when using option '-o', arg can be any of its supported file extensions. For ascii stl export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl export, specify 'binstl'. Ascii export is the current stl default, but binary stl is planned as the future default so asciistl should be explicitly specified in scripts when needed. -o [ --o ] arg output specified file instead of running the GUI. The file extension specifies the type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg, param, pov. May be used multiple times for different exports. Use '-' for stdout. -O [ --O ] arg pass settings value to the file export using the format section/key=value, e.g export-pdf/paper-size=a3. Use --help-export to list all available settings. -D [ --D ] arg var=val -pre-define variables -p [ --p ] arg customizer parameter file -P [ --P ] arg customizer parameter set --enable arg enable experimental features (specify 'all' for enabling all available features): roof | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union | vertex-object-renderers-indexing | textmetrics | import-function | predictible-output -h [ --help ] print this help message and exit --help-export print list of export parameters and values that can be set via -O -v [ --version ] print the version --info print information about the build process --camera arg camera parameters when exporting png: =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z --autocenter adjust camera to look at object's center --viewall adjust camera to fit object --backend arg 3D rendering backend to use: 'CGAL' (old/slow) [default] or 'Manifold' (new/fast) --imgsize arg =width,height of exported png --render arg for full geometry evaluation when exporting png --preview arg [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview png --animate arg export N animated frames --animate_sharding arg Parameter <shard>/<num_shards> - Divide work into <num_shards> and only output frames for <shard>. E.g. 2/5 only outputs the second 1/5 of frames. Use to parallelize work on multiple cores or machines. --view arg =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges | scales --projection arg =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png --csglimit arg =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when exporting png --summary arg enable additional render summary and statistics: all | cache | time | camera | geometry | bounding-box | area --summary-file arg output summary information in JSON format to the given file, using '-' outputs to stdout --colorscheme arg =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | Daylight Gem | Nocturnal Gem | DeepOcean | Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | ClearSky | Monotone -d [ --d ] arg deps_file -generate a dependency file for make -m [ --m ] arg make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing -q [ --quiet ] quiet mode (don't print anything *except* errors) --hardwarnings Stop on the first warning --trace-depth arg =n, maximum number of trace messages --trace-usermodule-parameters arg =true/false, configure the output of user module parameters in a trace --check-parameters arg =true/false, configure the parameter check for user modules and functions --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check for builtin modules --debug arg special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of source file names -s [ --s ] arg stl_file deprecated, use -o -x [ --x ] arg dxf_file deprecated, use -o </pre> Export help <pre> OpenSCAD version 2025.08.17 List of settings that can be given using the -O option using the format '<section>/<key>=value', e.g.: openscad -O export-pdf/paper-size=a6 -O export-pdf/show-grid=false Section 'export-pdf': - paper-size (enum): [a6,a5,<a4>,a3,letter,legal,tabloid] - orientation (enum): [<portrait>,landscape,auto] - show-filename (bool): <true>/false - show-scale (bool): <true>/false - show-scale-message (bool): <true>/false - show-grid (bool): <true>/false - grid-size (double): 1.000000 : <10.000000> : 100.000000 - add-meta-data (bool): <true>/false - meta-data-title (string): "" - meta-data-author (string): "" - meta-data-subject (string): "" - meta-data-keywords (string): "" Section 'export-3mf': - color-mode (enum): [<model>,none,selected-only] - unit (enum): [micron,<millimeter>,centimeter,meter,inch,foot] - color (string): "#f9d72c" - material-type (enum): [color,<basematerial>] - decimal-precision (int): 1 : <6> : 16 - add-meta-data (bool): <true>/false - meta-data-title (string): "" - meta-data-designer (string): "" - meta-data-description (string): "" - meta-data-copyright (string): "" - meta-data-license-terms (string): "" - meta-data-rating (string): "" </pre> OpenSCAD 2021.01 has these options: Usage: openscad [options] file.scad Allowed options: --export-format arg overrides format of exported scad file when using option '-o', arg can be any of its supported file extensions. For ascii stl export, specify 'asciistl', and for binary stl export, specify 'binstl'. Ascii export is the current stl default, but binary stl is planned as the future default so asciistl should be explicitly specified in scripts when needed. -o [ --o ] arg output specified file instead of running the GUI, the file extension specifies the type: stl, off, wrl, amf, 3mf, csg, dxf, svg, pdf, png, echo, ast, term, nef3, nefdbg (May be used multiple time for different exports). Use '-' for stdout -D [ --D ] arg var=val -pre-define variables -p [ --p ] arg customizer parameter file -P [ --P ] arg customizer parameter set --enable arg enable experimental features (specify 'all' for enabling all available features): roof | input-driver-dbus | lazy-union | vertex-object-renderers | vertex-object-renderers-indexing | vertex-object-renderers-direct | vertex-object-renderers-prealloc | textmetrics -h [ --help ] print this help message and exit -v [ --version ] print the version --info print information about the build process --camera arg camera parameters when exporting png: =translate_x,y,z,rot_x,y,z,dist or =eye_x,y,z,center_x,y,z --autocenter adjust camera to look at object's center --viewall adjust camera to fit object --imgsize arg =width,height of exported png --render for full geometry evaluation when exporting png --preview arg [=throwntogether] -for ThrownTogether preview png --animate arg export N animated frames --view arg =view options: axes | crosshairs | edges | scales | wireframe --projection arg =(o)rtho or (p)erspective when exporting png --csglimit arg =n -stop rendering at n CSG elements when exporting png --summary arg enable additional render summary and statistics: all | cache | time | camera | geometry | bounding-box | area --summary-file arg output summary information in JSON format to the given file, using '-' outputs to stdout --colorscheme arg =colorscheme: *Cornfield | Metallic | Sunset | Starnight | BeforeDawn | Nature | DeepOcean | Solarized | Tomorrow | Tomorrow Night | Monotone -d [ --d ] arg deps_file -generate a dependency file for make -m [ --m ] arg make_cmd -runs make_cmd file if file is missing -q [ --quiet ] quiet mode (don't print anything *except* errors) --hardwarnings Stop on the first warning --check-parameters arg =true/false, configure the parameter check for user modules and functions --check-parameter-ranges arg =true/false, configure the parameter range check for builtin modules --debug arg special debug info - specify 'all' or a set of source file names === Export options === When called with the <code>-o</code> option, OpenSCAD does not start the GUI, but executes the given file and exports to the <i>output_file</i> in a format depending on the extension (<code>.stl</code> / <code>.off</code> / <code>.dxf</code>, <code>.csg</code>). Some versions use -s/-d/-o to determine the output file format instead; check with "openscad --help". If the option <code>-d</code> is given in addition to an export command, all files accessed while building the mesh are written in the argument of <code>-d</code> in the syntax of a Makefile. For at least 2015.03-2+, specifying the extension <code>.echo</code> causes openscad to produce a text file containing error messages and the output of all <code>echo()</code> calls in <code>filename</code> as they would appear in the console window visible in the GUI. Multiple output files are not supported, so using this option you cannot also obtain the model that would have normally been generated. Note: When exporting to STL, the GUI defaults to binary STL (smaller, faster) and the CLI defaults to ASCII STL (larger, slower). Post-processing pipelines may prefer ASCII STL; they should explicitly say `--export-format asciistl` in preparation for the default eventually changing to binary STL. ==== Camera and image output ==== For 2013.05+, the option to output a <code>.png</code> image was added. There are two types of cameras available for the generation of images. The first camera type is a 'gimbal' camera that uses Euler angles, translation, and a camera distance, like OpenSCAD's GUI viewport display at the bottom of the OpenSCAD window. The second camera type is a 'vector' camera, with an 'eye' camera location vector and a 'lookat' center vector. --imgsize x,y chooses the .png dimensions and --projection chooses orthogonal or perspective, as in the GUI. By default, cmdline .png output uses Preview mode (f5) with OpenCSG. For some situations it may be desirable to output the full render, with CGAL. This is done by adding '--render' as an option. === Constants === In order to pre-define variables, use the <code>-D</code> option. It can be given repeatedly. Each occurrence of <code>-D</code> must be followed by an assignment. Unlike normal OpenSCAD assignments, these assignments don't define variables, but constants, which cannot be changed inside the program, and can thus be used to overwrite values defined in the program at export time. If you want to assign the -D variable to another variable, the -D variable MUST be initialized in the main .scad program param1=17; // must be initialized val=param1; // param1 passed via -D on cmd-line echo(val,param1); // outputs 17,17 without the first line, val would be undefined. The right hand sides can be arbitrary OpenSCAD expressions, including mathematical operations and strings. Be aware that your shell (bash, cmd, etc.) parses the arguments before passing them to <code>openscad</code>, therefore you need to properly quote or escape arguments with special characters like spaces or quotation marks. For example to assign a string <code>production</code> to a <code>quality</code> parameter one has to ensure the <code>"</code> characters OpenSCAD expects aren't stripped by the shell. In bash one could write: openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D 'quality="production"' my_model.scad or from the Windows prompt: openscad.com -o my_model_production.stl -D "quality=""production""" my_model.scad or you may need to escape the inner quotes instead: openscad -o my_model_production.stl -D "quality=\"production\"" my_model.scad Note that this sort of double-escaping isn't necessary when executing OpenSCAD from another process that isn't using a shell, because each argument is passed separately. For example a Java application might start a process like so: pb = new ProcessBuilder("/usr/bin/openscad", "-o", "my_model_production.stl", "-D", "quality=\"production\"", "my_model.scad"); // 12-Pole Fuse Box with Cover (EV Application) // ================= PARAMETERS ================= length = 100; width = 40; height = 35; wall = 2.5; fuse_w = 4.2; fuse_l = 12; fuse_h = 12; x_pitch = 8.5; y_pitch = 14; cover_height = 5; // ================= MAIN HOUSING ================= difference() { cube([length, width, height]); // Hollow inside translate([wall, wall, wall]) cube([length-2*wall, width-2*wall, height]); // Fuse slots (2 rows x 6 columns) for (row = [0:1]) { for (col = [0:5]) { x = 10 + col * x_pitch; y = 10 + row * y_pitch; translate([x, y, 5]) cube([fuse_w, fuse_l, fuse_h]); } } } // ================= COVER ================= translate([0, 0, height]) cube([length, width, cover_height]); // ================= MOUNTING HOLES ================= for (x = [10, length-10]) { translate([x, width/2, 0]) cylinder(h=height, d=5, center=false); } === Processing all .scad files in a folder === Example to convert all the .scad in a folder into .stl: In a folder with .scad files, make a .bat file with text: FOR %%f in (*.scad) DO openscad -o "%%~nf.stl" "%%f" If it closes without processing, check to set the PATH by adding openscad directory to: Start - Settings - Control Panel - System - Advanced tab - Environment Variables - System Variables, select Path, then click Edit. Add the openscad directory to the list === Makefile example === The <code>-d</code> and <code>-m</code> options only make sense together. (<code>-m</code> without <code>-d</code> would not consider modified dependencies when building exports, <code>-d</code> without <code>-m</code> would require the files to be already built for the first run that generates the dependencies.) Here is an example of a basic Makefile that creates an .stl file from an .scad file of the same name: # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found include $(wildcard *.deps) %.stl: %.scad openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $< When <code>make my_example.stl</code> is run for the first time, it finds no .deps files, and must depend on <code>my_example.scad</code>. Because <code>my_example.stl</code> is not yet preset, it gets created unconditionally. If OpenSCAD finds missing files, it calls <code>make</code> to build them, and it lists all used files in <code>my_example.stl.deps</code>. When <code>make my_example.stl</code> is called subsequently, it finds and includes <code>my_example.stl.deps</code> and check if any of the files listed there, including <code>my_example.scad</code>, changed since <code>my_example.stl</code> was built, based on their time stamps. Only if that is the case, it builds <code>my_example.stl</code> again. ==== Automatic targets ==== When building similar .stl files from a single .scad file, there is a way to automate that too: # match "module foobar() { // `make` me" TARGETS=$(shell sed '/^module [a-z0-9_-]*().*make..\?me.*$$/!d;s/module //;s/().*/.stl/' base.scad) all: ${TARGETS} # auto-generated .scad files with .deps make make re-build always. keeping the # scad files solves this problem. ([[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|explanations are welcome]].) .SECONDARY: $(shell echo "${TARGETS}" | sed 's/\.stl/.scad/g') # explicit wildcard expansion suppresses errors when no files are found include $(wildcard *.deps) %.scad: echo -ne 'use <base.scad>\n$*();' > $@ %.stl: %.scad openscad -m make -o $@ -d $@.deps $< All objects that are supposed to be exported automatically have to be defined in <code>base.scad</code> in an own module with their future file name (without the ".stl"), and have a comment like "<code>// make me</code>" in the line of the module definition. The "<code>TARGETS=</code>" line picks these out of the base file and creates the file names. These are built when <code>make all</code> (or <code>make</code>, for short) is called. As the convention from the last example is to create the .stl files from .scad files of the same base name, for each of these files, an .scad file must be generated. This is done in the "<code>%.scad:</code>" paragraph; <code>my_example.scad</code> is a simple OpenSCAD file: use <base.scad> my_example(); The "<code>.SECONDARY</code>" line is there to keep <code>make</code> from deleting the generated .scad files. Its presence helps determine which files no longer need to be rebuilt; please post ideas about what exactly goes wrong there (or how to fix it better) on the [[Talk:OpenSCAD User Manual/Using OpenSCAD in a command line environment|talk]] page! === Windows notes === On Windows, openscad.com should be called from the command line as a wrapper for openscad.exe. This is because Openscad uses the 'devenv' solution to the Command-Line/GUI output issue. Typing 'openscad' at the cmd.exe prompt calls the .com program wrapper by default. === MacOS notes === On MacOS the binary is normally hidden inside the App folder. If OpenSCAD is installed in the global Applications folder, it can be called from command line like in the following example that just shows the OpenSCAD version: macbook:/$ /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD -v OpenSCAD version 2013.06 Alternatively, you may create a symbolic link to the binary to make calls from the command line easier: macbook:/$ sudo ln -sf /Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD /usr/local/bin/openscad Now you can call <code>openscad</code> directly without having to type in the full path. macbook:/$ openscad -v OpenSCAD version 2015.03-3 On some versions of MacOS, you might get the following error when attempting to run openscad via that link: This application failed to start because it could not find or load the Qt platform plugin "cocoa". Reinstalling the application may fix this problem. Abort trap: 6 You can fix this by creating a wrapper script to invoke the executable directly: sudo rm -f /usr/local/bin/openscad echo '#!/bin/sh' > test echo '/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD "$@"' >> test chmod +x test ; sudo mv test /usr/local/bin/openscad == Automation == There are many solutions to automate Openscad operation, the following examples use Microsoft Powershell which is available either on Windows, on Linux (in deb and snap packages) or on MacOS. Such script file shall be written on a text editor, much preferably a code editor with syntax coloring for powershell (e.g. VS code, Sublime text). Note that while powershell script may be started directly from file browser in Linux, for debugging you may want to start script from a terminal window in order to see messages from script or OpenScad. First you shall define the program call for your system and set it in a variable, adjust according your system On Windows this may be - depends from your system disk, could be simpler if your environment variable are well set: <pre>$scad = "c:`"/Program Files/OpenSCAD/openscad.exe`""</pre> On Linux simply: <pre>$scad = "openscad" </pre> On MacOS this may be: <pre>$scad = "/Applications/OpenSCAD.app/Contents/MacOS/OpenSCAD"</pre> If you want to be capable to use a variation of openscad, say the nightly version, set the openscad version you want. <pre>$scad = "openscad-nightly"</pre> === Outputting differents parts of a model === The first automation that you may want is to ouput automatically many parts from the same scad file. You can use a variable ‘part’ to select the part to output. code of 'mymodel.scad' might be: <pre> part = 0; // [0:Ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] ... if (part==1) { ... } else if (part==2) { ... } else if (part==3) { ... } </pre> and the automation file ‘mybatch.ps1’ will be: <pre> #!/usr/bin/env pwsh # Above 'shebang' line required on Linux for automatic execution of powershell from a direct launch on file browser. 'mybatch.ps1' file attributes shall be made executable first. #Powershell part batch generator $arglist = "-o mymodelpart1.stl -D part=1 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow $arglist = "-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=2 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow $arglist = "-o mymodelpart2.stl -D part=3 mymodel.scad" Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow </pre> -Wait parameter impose the task to be finished before continuing the script -NoNewWindow will execute the script in the existing window without starting a new one Note there is no space around the '=' sign for parameters You may want to change any other parameter than 'part' at will, including or not a part number, in this case the argument list might be: <pre> $arglist = "-o somepart.stl -D myvar1=value1 -D myvar2=value2 mymodel.scad" </pre> Note that if the value is a string, double quotes shall be escaped by a bactick ` -D myvals=`"myparam`" for them not to be interpreted as the $arglist string end or start. You may also define a string by setting it between simple quotes but that prevent you to use variables which will be interpreted when running command. so the execution line became: Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow === BOM or datasheet exportation === Another frequent request is to export a BOM or a specification This could be done by adapting your program to echo the stuff you want, by example: <pre> echoout = 0; //0 is normal screen echo, 1 will be BOM, 2 will be data Specification if (echoout==0) { echo("Normal echo"); } ... if (echoout==1) { echo("Part 1 : description1"); echo("Part 2 : description2"); echo("Part 3 : description3 dimensions:", part3dim1,"x",part3dim2); } ... if (echoout==2) { echo(str("First parameter =", var1)); echo(str("Second parameter =", var2)); echo(str("Third parameter =", var3)); } </pre> Writing your own echo module may help. then to obtain an output, your argument list may became: <pre>$arglist = "-o mymodel_BOM.txt -D echoout=1 --export-format echo mymodel.scad"</pre> and <pre>$arglist = "-o mymodel_data.txt -D echoout=2 --export-format echo mymodel.scad"</pre> However, the outputted text will have 'ECHO:' written at the beginning of each line and text will be set between ", that you want to remove with following commands: <pre> $fc = Get-Content .\mymodel_BOM.txt #get whole file in $fc variable if($fc) { #check if the file have any content $fc = $fc -replace 'ECHO: ', '' #remove 'ECHO: ' text $fc = $fc -replace '"' , '' #remove '"' char - this is optional $fc > .\mymodel_BOM.txt #send variable content to the file which will be overwritten } </pre> === Using datasets === An interesting option is to use Customizer datasets, however customizer datasets variable values supersedes any values than you try to define in the command line: The solution is to rename the parameter you need to modify and copy it to a variable that the command line will then be capable to change. In your scad you may find: <pre> cpart = 0; // [0:ensemble, 1:Part 1, 2:Part 2, 3:Part 3] //This variable will be recorded in the dataset, so not modifiable part=cpart; // 'part' variable can be manipulated by the command line //Argument list for all your runs could then be: $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset1part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset1part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset1 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset2part1.stl -D part=1 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad" $arglist = "-o mymodeldataset2part2.stl -D part=2 -p mymodel.json -P dataset2 mymodel.scad" </pre> Do the same for any parameter that you want to manipulate in the command Line when using datasets: <pre> //This is parameter1 cvar1 = value1; var1 = cvar1; //This is parameter 2 cvar2 = value2; var2 = cvar2; </pre> === Browsing datasets === A step further might be to automate the dataset browsing. You shall read the json file which contains all datasets: A regular expression can then filter dataset names: <pre> $regex='\"(?!parameterSets)([^\"]+)\"\:\s\{' # This regex extract anything between "" followed by ': {' excluding 'parameterSets' $jfile = "./mymodel.json #directory localisation required by powershell foreach($line in Get-Content $jfile) { # read json file Line by Line if($line -match $regex) { # We found a dataset name $dataset = $Matches.1 # dataset is the part captured by the regex parenthesis, will also be used in the part name Write-Output "Dataset: $dataset" #Output to console debugging info $datasetname = $dataset -replace ' ' , '_' #replace space by underscore #Dataset name containing often space character shall be set between double quotes #We may use simple quotes to define strings containing double quotes around dataset name $arglist = "-o + mymodel" + $datasetname + '.stl -p mymodel.json -P "' + $dataset + '" mymodel.scad' Write-Output "Argument list: $arglist" #Output to console debugging info Start-Process $scad -ArgumentList $arglist -Wait -NoNewWindow } } </pre> {{BookCat}} t3coyeu0og5gx3kkvt65zb3n255ilrk Unicode/Character reference/F0000-F0FFF 0 243203 4664450 4585899 2026-08-25T17:06:05Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F000x 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|&#xf0280;||&#xf0281;||&#xf0282;||&#xf0283;||&#xf0284;||&#xf0285;||&#xf0286;||&#xf0287;||&#xf0288;||&#xf0289;||&#xf028a;||&#xf028b;||&#xf028c;||&#xf028d;||&#xf028e;||&#xf028f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F029x |&#xf0290;||&#xf0291;||&#xf0292;||&#xf0293;||&#xf0294;||&#xf0295;||&#xf0296;||&#xf0297;||&#xf0298;||&#xf0299;||&#xf029a;||&#xf029b;||&#xf029c;||&#xf029d;||&#xf029e;||&#xf029f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F02Ax |&#xf02a0;||&#xf02a1;||&#xf02a2;||&#xf02a3;||&#xf02a4;||&#xf02a5;||&#xf02a6;||&#xf02a7;||&#xf02a8;||&#xf02a9;||&#xf02aa;||&#xf02ab;||&#xf02ac;||&#xf02ad;||&#xf02ae;||&#xf02af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F02Bx |&#xf02b0;||&#xf02b1;||&#xf02b2;||&#xf02b3;||&#xf02b4;||&#xf02b5;||&#xf02b6;||&#xf02b7;||&#xf02b8;||&#xf02b9;||&#xf02ba;||&#xf02bb;||&#xf02bc;||&#xf02bd;||&#xf02be;||&#xf02bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F02Cx |&#xf02c0;||&#xf02c1;||&#xf02c2;||&#xf02c3;||&#xf02c4;||&#xf02c5;||&#xf02c6;||&#xf02c7;||&#xf02c8;||&#xf02c9;||&#xf02ca;||&#xf02cb;||&#xf02cc;||&#xf02cd;||&#xf02ce;||&#xf02cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F02Dx |&#xf02d0;||&#xf02d1;||&#xf02d2;||&#xf02d3;||&#xf02d4;||&#xf02d5;||&#xf02d6;||&#xf02d7;||&#xf02d8;||&#xf02d9;||&#xf02da;||&#xf02db;||&#xf02dc;||&#xf02dd;||&#xf02de;||&#xf02df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F02Ex |&#xf02e0;||&#xf02e1;||&#xf02e2;||&#xf02e3;||&#xf02e4;||&#xf02e5;||&#xf02e6;||&#xf02e7;||&#xf02e8;||&#xf02e9;||&#xf02ea;||&#xf02eb;||&#xf02ec;||&#xf02ed;||&#xf02ee;||&#xf02ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F02Fx |&#xf02f0;||&#xf02f1;||&#xf02f2;||&#xf02f3;||&#xf02f4;||&#xf02f5;||&#xf02f6;||&#xf02f7;||&#xf02f8;||&#xf02f9;||&#xf02fa;||&#xf02fb;||&#xf02fc;||&#xf02fd;||&#xf02fe;||&#xf02ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F030x |&#xf0300;||&#xf0301;||&#xf0302;||&#xf0303;||&#xf0304;||&#xf0305;||&#xf0306;||&#xf0307;||&#xf0308;||&#xf0309;||&#xf030a;||&#xf030b;||&#xf030c;||&#xf030d;||&#xf030e;||&#xf030f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F031x |&#xf0310;||&#xf0311;||&#xf0312;||&#xf0313;||&#xf0314;||&#xf0315;||&#xf0316;||&#xf0317;||&#xf0318;||&#xf0319;||&#xf031a;||&#xf031b;||&#xf031c;||&#xf031d;||&#xf031e;||&#xf031f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F032x |&#xf0320;||&#xf0321;||&#xf0322;||&#xf0323;||&#xf0324;||&#xf0325;||&#xf0326;||&#xf0327;||&#xf0328;||&#xf0329;||&#xf032a;||&#xf032b;||&#xf032c;||&#xf032d;||&#xf032e;||&#xf032f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F033x |&#xf0330;||&#xf0331;||&#xf0332;||&#xf0333;||&#xf0334;||&#xf0335;||&#xf0336;||&#xf0337;||&#xf0338;||&#xf0339;||&#xf033a;||&#xf033b;||&#xf033c;||&#xf033d;||&#xf033e;||&#xf033f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F034x |&#xf0340;||&#xf0341;||&#xf0342;||&#xf0343;||&#xf0344;||&#xf0345;||&#xf0346;||&#xf0347;||&#xf0348;||&#xf0349;||&#xf034a;||&#xf034b;||&#xf034c;||&#xf034d;||&#xf034e;||&#xf034f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F035x |&#xf0350;||&#xf0351;||&#xf0352;||&#xf0353;||&#xf0354;||&#xf0355;||&#xf0356;||&#xf0357;||&#xf0358;||&#xf0359;||&#xf035a;||&#xf035b;||&#xf035c;||&#xf035d;||&#xf035e;||&#xf035f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F036x |&#xf0360;||&#xf0361;||&#xf0362;||&#xf0363;||&#xf0364;||&#xf0365;||&#xf0366;||&#xf0367;||&#xf0368;||&#xf0369;||&#xf036a;||&#xf036b;||&#xf036c;||&#xf036d;||&#xf036e;||&#xf036f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F037x |&#xf0370;||&#xf0371;||&#xf0372;||&#xf0373;||&#xf0374;||&#xf0375;||&#xf0376;||&#xf0377;||&#xf0378;||&#xf0379;||&#xf037a;||&#xf037b;||&#xf037c;||&#xf037d;||&#xf037e;||&#xf037f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F038x |&#xf0380;||&#xf0381;||&#xf0382;||&#xf0383;||&#xf0384;||&#xf0385;||&#xf0386;||&#xf0387;||&#xf0388;||&#xf0389;||&#xf038a;||&#xf038b;||&#xf038c;||&#xf038d;||&#xf038e;||&#xf038f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F039x |&#xf0390;||&#xf0391;||&#xf0392;||&#xf0393;||&#xf0394;||&#xf0395;||&#xf0396;||&#xf0397;||&#xf0398;||&#xf0399;||&#xf039a;||&#xf039b;||&#xf039c;||&#xf039d;||&#xf039e;||&#xf039f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F03Ax |&#xf03a0;||&#xf03a1;||&#xf03a2;||&#xf03a3;||&#xf03a4;||&#xf03a5;||&#xf03a6;||&#xf03a7;||&#xf03a8;||&#xf03a9;||&#xf03aa;||&#xf03ab;||&#xf03ac;||&#xf03ad;||&#xf03ae;||&#xf03af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F03Bx |&#xf03b0;||&#xf03b1;||&#xf03b2;||&#xf03b3;||&#xf03b4;||&#xf03b5;||&#xf03b6;||&#xf03b7;||&#xf03b8;||&#xf03b9;||&#xf03ba;||&#xf03bb;||&#xf03bc;||&#xf03bd;||&#xf03be;||&#xf03bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F03Cx |&#xf03c0;||&#xf03c1;||&#xf03c2;||&#xf03c3;||&#xf03c4;||&#xf03c5;||&#xf03c6;||&#xf03c7;||&#xf03c8;||&#xf03c9;||&#xf03ca;||&#xf03cb;||&#xf03cc;||&#xf03cd;||&#xf03ce;||&#xf03cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F03Dx |&#xf03d0;||&#xf03d1;||&#xf03d2;||&#xf03d3;||&#xf03d4;||&#xf03d5;||&#xf03d6;||&#xf03d7;||&#xf03d8;||&#xf03d9;||&#xf03da;||&#xf03db;||&#xf03dc;||&#xf03dd;||&#xf03de;||&#xf03df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F03Ex |&#xf03e0;||&#xf03e1;||&#xf03e2;||&#xf03e3;||&#xf03e4;||&#xf03e5;||&#xf03e6;||&#xf03e7;||&#xf03e8;||&#xf03e9;||&#xf03ea;||&#xf03eb;||&#xf03ec;||&#xf03ed;||&#xf03ee;||&#xf03ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F03Fx |&#xf03f0;||&#xf03f1;||&#xf03f2;||&#xf03f3;||&#xf03f4;||&#xf03f5;||&#xf03f6;||&#xf03f7;||&#xf03f8;||&#xf03f9;||&#xf03fa;||&#xf03fb;||&#xf03fc;||&#xf03fd;||&#xf03fe;||&#xf03ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F040x |&#xf0400;||&#xf0401;||&#xf0402;||&#xf0403;||&#xf0404;||&#xf0405;||&#xf0406;||&#xf0407;||&#xf0408;||&#xf0409;||&#xf040a;||&#xf040b;||&#xf040c;||&#xf040d;||&#xf040e;||&#xf040f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F041x |&#xf0410;||&#xf0411;||&#xf0412;||&#xf0413;||&#xf0414;||&#xf0415;||&#xf0416;||&#xf0417;||&#xf0418;||&#xf0419;||&#xf041a;||&#xf041b;||&#xf041c;||&#xf041d;||&#xf041e;||&#xf041f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F042x |&#xf0420;||&#xf0421;||&#xf0422;||&#xf0423;||&#xf0424;||&#xf0425;||&#xf0426;||&#xf0427;||&#xf0428;||&#xf0429;||&#xf042a;||&#xf042b;||&#xf042c;||&#xf042d;||&#xf042e;||&#xf042f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F043x |&#xf0430;||&#xf0431;||&#xf0432;||&#xf0433;||&#xf0434;||&#xf0435;||&#xf0436;||&#xf0437;||&#xf0438;||&#xf0439;||&#xf043a;||&#xf043b;||&#xf043c;||&#xf043d;||&#xf043e;||&#xf043f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F044x |&#xf0440;||&#xf0441;||&#xf0442;||&#xf0443;||&#xf0444;||&#xf0445;||&#xf0446;||&#xf0447;||&#xf0448;||&#xf0449;||&#xf044a;||&#xf044b;||&#xf044c;||&#xf044d;||&#xf044e;||&#xf044f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F045x |&#xf0450;||&#xf0451;||&#xf0452;||&#xf0453;||&#xf0454;||&#xf0455;||&#xf0456;||&#xf0457;||&#xf0458;||&#xf0459;||&#xf045a;||&#xf045b;||&#xf045c;||&#xf045d;||&#xf045e;||&#xf045f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F046x |&#xf0460;||&#xf0461;||&#xf0462;||&#xf0463;||&#xf0464;||&#xf0465;||&#xf0466;||&#xf0467;||&#xf0468;||&#xf0469;||&#xf046a;||&#xf046b;||&#xf046c;||&#xf046d;||&#xf046e;||&#xf046f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F047x |&#xf0470;||&#xf0471;||&#xf0472;||&#xf0473;||&#xf0474;||&#xf0475;||&#xf0476;||&#xf0477;||&#xf0478;||&#xf0479;||&#xf047a;||&#xf047b;||&#xf047c;||&#xf047d;||&#xf047e;||&#xf047f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F048x |&#xf0480;||&#xf0481;||&#xf0482;||&#xf0483;||&#xf0484;||&#xf0485;||&#xf0486;||&#xf0487;||&#xf0488;||&#xf0489;||&#xf048a;||&#xf048b;||&#xf048c;||&#xf048d;||&#xf048e;||&#xf048f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F049x |&#xf0490;||&#xf0491;||&#xf0492;||&#xf0493;||&#xf0494;||&#xf0495;||&#xf0496;||&#xf0497;||&#xf0498;||&#xf0499;||&#xf049a;||&#xf049b;||&#xf049c;||&#xf049d;||&#xf049e;||&#xf049f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F04Ax |&#xf04a0;||&#xf04a1;||&#xf04a2;||&#xf04a3;||&#xf04a4;||&#xf04a5;||&#xf04a6;||&#xf04a7;||&#xf04a8;||&#xf04a9;||&#xf04aa;||&#xf04ab;||&#xf04ac;||&#xf04ad;||&#xf04ae;||&#xf04af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F04Bx |&#xf04b0;||&#xf04b1;||&#xf04b2;||&#xf04b3;||&#xf04b4;||&#xf04b5;||&#xf04b6;||&#xf04b7;||&#xf04b8;||&#xf04b9;||&#xf04ba;||&#xf04bb;||&#xf04bc;||&#xf04bd;||&#xf04be;||&#xf04bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F04Cx |&#xf04c0;||&#xf04c1;||&#xf04c2;||&#xf04c3;||&#xf04c4;||&#xf04c5;||&#xf04c6;||&#xf04c7;||&#xf04c8;||&#xf04c9;||&#xf04ca;||&#xf04cb;||&#xf04cc;||&#xf04cd;||&#xf04ce;||&#xf04cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F04Dx |&#xf04d0;||&#xf04d1;||&#xf04d2;||&#xf04d3;||&#xf04d4;||&#xf04d5;||&#xf04d6;||&#xf04d7;||&#xf04d8;||&#xf04d9;||&#xf04da;||&#xf04db;||&#xf04dc;||&#xf04dd;||&#xf04de;||&#xf04df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F04Ex |&#xf04e0;||&#xf04e1;||&#xf04e2;||&#xf04e3;||&#xf04e4;||&#xf04e5;||&#xf04e6;||&#xf04e7;||&#xf04e8;||&#xf04e9;||&#xf04ea;||&#xf04eb;||&#xf04ec;||&#xf04ed;||&#xf04ee;||&#xf04ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F04Fx |&#xf04f0;||&#xf04f1;||&#xf04f2;||&#xf04f3;||&#xf04f4;||&#xf04f5;||&#xf04f6;||&#xf04f7;||&#xf04f8;||&#xf04f9;||&#xf04fa;||&#xf04fb;||&#xf04fc;||&#xf04fd;||&#xf04fe;||&#xf04ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F050x |&#xf0500;||&#xf0501;||&#xf0502;||&#xf0503;||&#xf0504;||&#xf0505;||&#xf0506;||&#xf0507;||&#xf0508;||&#xf0509;||&#xf050a;||&#xf050b;||&#xf050c;||&#xf050d;||&#xf050e;||&#xf050f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F051x |&#xf0510;||&#xf0511;||&#xf0512;||&#xf0513;||&#xf0514;||&#xf0515;||&#xf0516;||&#xf0517;||&#xf0518;||&#xf0519;||&#xf051a;||&#xf051b;||&#xf051c;||&#xf051d;||&#xf051e;||&#xf051f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F052x |&#xf0520;||&#xf0521;||&#xf0522;||&#xf0523;||&#xf0524;||&#xf0525;||&#xf0526;||&#xf0527;||&#xf0528;||&#xf0529;||&#xf052a;||&#xf052b;||&#xf052c;||&#xf052d;||&#xf052e;||&#xf052f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F053x |&#xf0530;||&#xf0531;||&#xf0532;||&#xf0533;||&#xf0534;||&#xf0535;||&#xf0536;||&#xf0537;||&#xf0538;||&#xf0539;||&#xf053a;||&#xf053b;||&#xf053c;||&#xf053d;||&#xf053e;||&#xf053f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F054x |&#xf0540;||&#xf0541;||&#xf0542;||&#xf0543;||&#xf0544;||&#xf0545;||&#xf0546;||&#xf0547;||&#xf0548;||&#xf0549;||&#xf054a;||&#xf054b;||&#xf054c;||&#xf054d;||&#xf054e;||&#xf054f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F055x |&#xf0550;||&#xf0551;||&#xf0552;||&#xf0553;||&#xf0554;||&#xf0555;||&#xf0556;||&#xf0557;||&#xf0558;||&#xf0559;||&#xf055a;||&#xf055b;||&#xf055c;||&#xf055d;||&#xf055e;||&#xf055f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F056x |&#xf0560;||&#xf0561;||&#xf0562;||&#xf0563;||&#xf0564;||&#xf0565;||&#xf0566;||&#xf0567;||&#xf0568;||&#xf0569;||&#xf056a;||&#xf056b;||&#xf056c;||&#xf056d;||&#xf056e;||&#xf056f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F057x |&#xf0570;||&#xf0571;||&#xf0572;||&#xf0573;||&#xf0574;||&#xf0575;||&#xf0576;||&#xf0577;||&#xf0578;||&#xf0579;||&#xf057a;||&#xf057b;||&#xf057c;||&#xf057d;||&#xf057e;||&#xf057f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F058x |&#xf0580;||&#xf0581;||&#xf0582;||&#xf0583;||&#xf0584;||&#xf0585;||&#xf0586;||&#xf0587;||&#xf0588;||&#xf0589;||&#xf058a;||&#xf058b;||&#xf058c;||&#xf058d;||&#xf058e;||&#xf058f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F059x |&#xf0590;||&#xf0591;||&#xf0592;||&#xf0593;||&#xf0594;||&#xf0595;||&#xf0596;||&#xf0597;||&#xf0598;||&#xf0599;||&#xf059a;||&#xf059b;||&#xf059c;||&#xf059d;||&#xf059e;||&#xf059f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F05Ax |&#xf05a0;||&#xf05a1;||&#xf05a2;||&#xf05a3;||&#xf05a4;||&#xf05a5;||&#xf05a6;||&#xf05a7;||&#xf05a8;||&#xf05a9;||&#xf05aa;||&#xf05ab;||&#xf05ac;||&#xf05ad;||&#xf05ae;||&#xf05af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F05Bx |&#xf05b0;||&#xf05b1;||&#xf05b2;||&#xf05b3;||&#xf05b4;||&#xf05b5;||&#xf05b6;||&#xf05b7;||&#xf05b8;||&#xf05b9;||&#xf05ba;||&#xf05bb;||&#xf05bc;||&#xf05bd;||&#xf05be;||&#xf05bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F05Cx |&#xf05c0;||&#xf05c1;||&#xf05c2;||&#xf05c3;||&#xf05c4;||&#xf05c5;||&#xf05c6;||&#xf05c7;||&#xf05c8;||&#xf05c9;||&#xf05ca;||&#xf05cb;||&#xf05cc;||&#xf05cd;||&#xf05ce;||&#xf05cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F05Dx |&#xf05d0;||&#xf05d1;||&#xf05d2;||&#xf05d3;||&#xf05d4;||&#xf05d5;||&#xf05d6;||&#xf05d7;||&#xf05d8;||&#xf05d9;||&#xf05da;||&#xf05db;||&#xf05dc;||&#xf05dd;||&#xf05de;||&#xf05df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F05Ex |&#xf05e0;||&#xf05e1;||&#xf05e2;||&#xf05e3;||&#xf05e4;||&#xf05e5;||&#xf05e6;||&#xf05e7;||&#xf05e8;||&#xf05e9;||&#xf05ea;||&#xf05eb;||&#xf05ec;||&#xf05ed;||&#xf05ee;||&#xf05ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F05Fx |&#xf05f0;||&#xf05f1;||&#xf05f2;||&#xf05f3;||&#xf05f4;||&#xf05f5;||&#xf05f6;||&#xf05f7;||&#xf05f8;||&#xf05f9;||&#xf05fa;||&#xf05fb;||&#xf05fc;||&#xf05fd;||&#xf05fe;||&#xf05ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F060x |&#xf0600;||&#xf0601;||&#xf0602;||&#xf0603;||&#xf0604;||&#xf0605;||&#xf0606;||&#xf0607;||&#xf0608;||&#xf0609;||&#xf060a;||&#xf060b;||&#xf060c;||&#xf060d;||&#xf060e;||&#xf060f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F061x |&#xf0610;||&#xf0611;||&#xf0612;||&#xf0613;||&#xf0614;||&#xf0615;||&#xf0616;||&#xf0617;||&#xf0618;||&#xf0619;||&#xf061a;||&#xf061b;||&#xf061c;||&#xf061d;||&#xf061e;||&#xf061f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F062x |&#xf0620;||&#xf0621;||&#xf0622;||&#xf0623;||&#xf0624;||&#xf0625;||&#xf0626;||&#xf0627;||&#xf0628;||&#xf0629;||&#xf062a;||&#xf062b;||&#xf062c;||&#xf062d;||&#xf062e;||&#xf062f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F063x |&#xf0630;||&#xf0631;||&#xf0632;||&#xf0633;||&#xf0634;||&#xf0635;||&#xf0636;||&#xf0637;||&#xf0638;||&#xf0639;||&#xf063a;||&#xf063b;||&#xf063c;||&#xf063d;||&#xf063e;||&#xf063f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F064x |&#xf0640;||&#xf0641;||&#xf0642;||&#xf0643;||&#xf0644;||&#xf0645;||&#xf0646;||&#xf0647;||&#xf0648;||&#xf0649;||&#xf064a;||&#xf064b;||&#xf064c;||&#xf064d;||&#xf064e;||&#xf064f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F065x |&#xf0650;||&#xf0651;||&#xf0652;||&#xf0653;||&#xf0654;||&#xf0655;||&#xf0656;||&#xf0657;||&#xf0658;||&#xf0659;||&#xf065a;||&#xf065b;||&#xf065c;||&#xf065d;||&#xf065e;||&#xf065f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F066x |&#xf0660;||&#xf0661;||&#xf0662;||&#xf0663;||&#xf0664;||&#xf0665;||&#xf0666;||&#xf0667;||&#xf0668;||&#xf0669;||&#xf066a;||&#xf066b;||&#xf066c;||&#xf066d;||&#xf066e;||&#xf066f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F067x |&#xf0670;||&#xf0671;||&#xf0672;||&#xf0673;||&#xf0674;||&#xf0675;||&#xf0676;||&#xf0677;||&#xf0678;||&#xf0679;||&#xf067a;||&#xf067b;||&#xf067c;||&#xf067d;||&#xf067e;||&#xf067f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F068x |&#xf0680;||&#xf0681;||&#xf0682;||&#xf0683;||&#xf0684;||&#xf0685;||&#xf0686;||&#xf0687;||&#xf0688;||&#xf0689;||&#xf068a;||&#xf068b;||&#xf068c;||&#xf068d;||&#xf068e;||&#xf068f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F069x |&#xf0690;||&#xf0691;||&#xf0692;||&#xf0693;||&#xf0694;||&#xf0695;||&#xf0696;||&#xf0697;||&#xf0698;||&#xf0699;||&#xf069a;||&#xf069b;||&#xf069c;||&#xf069d;||&#xf069e;||&#xf069f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F06Ax |&#xf06a0;||&#xf06a1;||&#xf06a2;||&#xf06a3;||&#xf06a4;||&#xf06a5;||&#xf06a6;||&#xf06a7;||&#xf06a8;||&#xf06a9;||&#xf06aa;||&#xf06ab;||&#xf06ac;||&#xf06ad;||&#xf06ae;||&#xf06af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F06Bx |&#xf06b0;||&#xf06b1;||&#xf06b2;||&#xf06b3;||&#xf06b4;||&#xf06b5;||&#xf06b6;||&#xf06b7;||&#xf06b8;||&#xf06b9;||&#xf06ba;||&#xf06bb;||&#xf06bc;||&#xf06bd;||&#xf06be;||&#xf06bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F06Cx |&#xf06c0;||&#xf06c1;||&#xf06c2;||&#xf06c3;||&#xf06c4;||&#xf06c5;||&#xf06c6;||&#xf06c7;||&#xf06c8;||&#xf06c9;||&#xf06ca;||&#xf06cb;||&#xf06cc;||&#xf06cd;||&#xf06ce;||&#xf06cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F06Dx |&#xf06d0;||&#xf06d1;||&#xf06d2;||&#xf06d3;||&#xf06d4;||&#xf06d5;||&#xf06d6;||&#xf06d7;||&#xf06d8;||&#xf06d9;||&#xf06da;||&#xf06db;||&#xf06dc;||&#xf06dd;||&#xf06de;||&#xf06df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F06Ex |&#xf06e0;||&#xf06e1;||&#xf06e2;||&#xf06e3;||&#xf06e4;||&#xf06e5;||&#xf06e6;||&#xf06e7;||&#xf06e8;||&#xf06e9;||&#xf06ea;||&#xf06eb;||&#xf06ec;||&#xf06ed;||&#xf06ee;||&#xf06ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F06Fx |&#xf06f0;||&#xf06f1;||&#xf06f2;||&#xf06f3;||&#xf06f4;||&#xf06f5;||&#xf06f6;||&#xf06f7;||&#xf06f8;||&#xf06f9;||&#xf06fa;||&#xf06fb;||&#xf06fc;||&#xf06fd;||&#xf06fe;||&#xf06ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F070x |&#xf0700;||&#xf0701;||&#xf0702;||&#xf0703;||&#xf0704;||&#xf0705;||&#xf0706;||&#xf0707;||&#xf0708;||&#xf0709;||&#xf070a;||&#xf070b;||&#xf070c;||&#xf070d;||&#xf070e;||&#xf070f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F071x |&#xf0710;||&#xf0711;||&#xf0712;||&#xf0713;||&#xf0714;||&#xf0715;||&#xf0716;||&#xf0717;||&#xf0718;||&#xf0719;||&#xf071a;||&#xf071b;||&#xf071c;||&#xf071d;||&#xf071e;||&#xf071f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F072x |&#xf0720;||&#xf0721;||&#xf0722;||&#xf0723;||&#xf0724;||&#xf0725;||&#xf0726;||&#xf0727;||&#xf0728;||&#xf0729;||&#xf072a;||&#xf072b;||&#xf072c;||&#xf072d;||&#xf072e;||&#xf072f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F073x |&#xf0730;||&#xf0731;||&#xf0732;||&#xf0733;||&#xf0734;||&#xf0735;||&#xf0736;||&#xf0737;||&#xf0738;||&#xf0739;||&#xf073a;||&#xf073b;||&#xf073c;||&#xf073d;||&#xf073e;||&#xf073f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F074x |&#xf0740;||&#xf0741;||&#xf0742;||&#xf0743;||&#xf0744;||&#xf0745;||&#xf0746;||&#xf0747;||&#xf0748;||&#xf0749;||&#xf074a;||&#xf074b;||&#xf074c;||&#xf074d;||&#xf074e;||&#xf074f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F075x |&#xf0750;||&#xf0751;||&#xf0752;||&#xf0753;||&#xf0754;||&#xf0755;||&#xf0756;||&#xf0757;||&#xf0758;||&#xf0759;||&#xf075a;||&#xf075b;||&#xf075c;||&#xf075d;||&#xf075e;||&#xf075f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F076x |&#xf0760;||&#xf0761;||&#xf0762;||&#xf0763;||&#xf0764;||&#xf0765;||&#xf0766;||&#xf0767;||&#xf0768;||&#xf0769;||&#xf076a;||&#xf076b;||&#xf076c;||&#xf076d;||&#xf076e;||&#xf076f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F077x |&#xf0770;||&#xf0771;||&#xf0772;||&#xf0773;||&#xf0774;||&#xf0775;||&#xf0776;||&#xf0777;||&#xf0778;||&#xf0779;||&#xf077a;||&#xf077b;||&#xf077c;||&#xf077d;||&#xf077e;||&#xf077f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F078x |&#xf0780;||&#xf0781;||&#xf0782;||&#xf0783;||&#xf0784;||&#xf0785;||&#xf0786;||&#xf0787;||&#xf0788;||&#xf0789;||&#xf078a;||&#xf078b;||&#xf078c;||&#xf078d;||&#xf078e;||&#xf078f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F079x |&#xf0790;||&#xf0791;||&#xf0792;||&#xf0793;||&#xf0794;||&#xf0795;||&#xf0796;||&#xf0797;||&#xf0798;||&#xf0799;||&#xf079a;||&#xf079b;||&#xf079c;||&#xf079d;||&#xf079e;||&#xf079f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F07Ax |&#xf07a0;||&#xf07a1;||&#xf07a2;||&#xf07a3;||&#xf07a4;||&#xf07a5;||&#xf07a6;||&#xf07a7;||&#xf07a8;||&#xf07a9;||&#xf07aa;||&#xf07ab;||&#xf07ac;||&#xf07ad;||&#xf07ae;||&#xf07af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F07Bx |&#xf07b0;||&#xf07b1;||&#xf07b2;||&#xf07b3;||&#xf07b4;||&#xf07b5;||&#xf07b6;||&#xf07b7;||&#xf07b8;||&#xf07b9;||&#xf07ba;||&#xf07bb;||&#xf07bc;||&#xf07bd;||&#xf07be;||&#xf07bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F07Cx |&#xf07c0;||&#xf07c1;||&#xf07c2;||&#xf07c3;||&#xf07c4;||&#xf07c5;||&#xf07c6;||&#xf07c7;||&#xf07c8;||&#xf07c9;||&#xf07ca;||&#xf07cb;||&#xf07cc;||&#xf07cd;||&#xf07ce;||&#xf07cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F07Dx |&#xf07d0;||&#xf07d1;||&#xf07d2;||&#xf07d3;||&#xf07d4;||&#xf07d5;||&#xf07d6;||&#xf07d7;||&#xf07d8;||&#xf07d9;||&#xf07da;||&#xf07db;||&#xf07dc;||&#xf07dd;||&#xf07de;||&#xf07df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F07Ex |&#xf07e0;||&#xf07e1;||&#xf07e2;||&#xf07e3;||&#xf07e4;||&#xf07e5;||&#xf07e6;||&#xf07e7;||&#xf07e8;||&#xf07e9;||&#xf07ea;||&#xf07eb;||&#xf07ec;||&#xf07ed;||&#xf07ee;||&#xf07ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F07Fx |&#xf07f0;||&#xf07f1;||&#xf07f2;||&#xf07f3;||&#xf07f4;||&#xf07f5;||&#xf07f6;||&#xf07f7;||&#xf07f8;||&#xf07f9;||&#xf07fa;||&#xf07fb;||&#xf07fc;||&#xf07fd;||&#xf07fe;||&#xf07ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F080x |&#xf0800;||&#xf0801;||&#xf0802;||&#xf0803;||&#xf0804;||&#xf0805;||&#xf0806;||&#xf0807;||&#xf0808;||&#xf0809;||&#xf080a;||&#xf080b;||&#xf080c;||&#xf080d;||&#xf080e;||&#xf080f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F081x |&#xf0810;||&#xf0811;||&#xf0812;||&#xf0813;||&#xf0814;||&#xf0815;||&#xf0816;||&#xf0817;||&#xf0818;||&#xf0819;||&#xf081a;||&#xf081b;||&#xf081c;||&#xf081d;||&#xf081e;||&#xf081f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F082x |&#xf0820;||&#xf0821;||&#xf0822;||&#xf0823;||&#xf0824;||&#xf0825;||&#xf0826;||&#xf0827;||&#xf0828;||&#xf0829;||&#xf082a;||&#xf082b;||&#xf082c;||&#xf082d;||&#xf082e;||&#xf082f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F083x |&#xf0830;||&#xf0831;||&#xf0832;||&#xf0833;||&#xf0834;||&#xf0835;||&#xf0836;||&#xf0837;||&#xf0838;||&#xf0839;||&#xf083a;||&#xf083b;||&#xf083c;||&#xf083d;||&#xf083e;||&#xf083f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F084x |&#xf0840;||&#xf0841;||&#xf0842;||&#xf0843;||&#xf0844;||&#xf0845;||&#xf0846;||&#xf0847;||&#xf0848;||&#xf0849;||&#xf084a;||&#xf084b;||&#xf084c;||&#xf084d;||&#xf084e;||&#xf084f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F085x |&#xf0850;||&#xf0851;||&#xf0852;||&#xf0853;||&#xf0854;||&#xf0855;||&#xf0856;||&#xf0857;||&#xf0858;||&#xf0859;||&#xf085a;||&#xf085b;||&#xf085c;||&#xf085d;||&#xf085e;||&#xf085f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F086x |&#xf0860;||&#xf0861;||&#xf0862;||&#xf0863;||&#xf0864;||&#xf0865;||&#xf0866;||&#xf0867;||&#xf0868;||&#xf0869;||&#xf086a;||&#xf086b;||&#xf086c;||&#xf086d;||&#xf086e;||&#xf086f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F087x |&#xf0870;||&#xf0871;||&#xf0872;||&#xf0873;||&#xf0874;||&#xf0875;||&#xf0876;||&#xf0877;||&#xf0878;||&#xf0879;||&#xf087a;||&#xf087b;||&#xf087c;||&#xf087d;||&#xf087e;||&#xf087f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F088x |&#xf0880;||&#xf0881;||&#xf0882;||&#xf0883;||&#xf0884;||&#xf0885;||&#xf0886;||&#xf0887;||&#xf0888;||&#xf0889;||&#xf088a;||&#xf088b;||&#xf088c;||&#xf088d;||&#xf088e;||&#xf088f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F089x |&#xf0890;||&#xf0891;||&#xf0892;||&#xf0893;||&#xf0894;||&#xf0895;||&#xf0896;||&#xf0897;||&#xf0898;||&#xf0899;||&#xf089a;||&#xf089b;||&#xf089c;||&#xf089d;||&#xf089e;||&#xf089f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F08Ax |&#xf08a0;||&#xf08a1;||&#xf08a2;||&#xf08a3;||&#xf08a4;||&#xf08a5;||&#xf08a6;||&#xf08a7;||&#xf08a8;||&#xf08a9;||&#xf08aa;||&#xf08ab;||&#xf08ac;||&#xf08ad;||&#xf08ae;||&#xf08af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F08Bx |&#xf08b0;||&#xf08b1;||&#xf08b2;||&#xf08b3;||&#xf08b4;||&#xf08b5;||&#xf08b6;||&#xf08b7;||&#xf08b8;||&#xf08b9;||&#xf08ba;||&#xf08bb;||&#xf08bc;||&#xf08bd;||&#xf08be;||&#xf08bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F08Cx |&#xf08c0;||&#xf08c1;||&#xf08c2;||&#xf08c3;||&#xf08c4;||&#xf08c5;||&#xf08c6;||&#xf08c7;||&#xf08c8;||&#xf08c9;||&#xf08ca;||&#xf08cb;||&#xf08cc;||&#xf08cd;||&#xf08ce;||&#xf08cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F08Dx |&#xf08d0;||&#xf08d1;||&#xf08d2;||&#xf08d3;||&#xf08d4;||&#xf08d5;||&#xf08d6;||&#xf08d7;||&#xf08d8;||&#xf08d9;||&#xf08da;||&#xf08db;||&#xf08dc;||&#xf08dd;||&#xf08de;||&#xf08df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F08Ex |&#xf08e0;||&#xf08e1;||&#xf08e2;||&#xf08e3;||&#xf08e4;||&#xf08e5;||&#xf08e6;||&#xf08e7;||&#xf08e8;||&#xf08e9;||&#xf08ea;||&#xf08eb;||&#xf08ec;||&#xf08ed;||&#xf08ee;||&#xf08ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F08Fx |&#xf08f0;||&#xf08f1;||&#xf08f2;||&#xf08f3;||&#xf08f4;||&#xf08f5;||&#xf08f6;||&#xf08f7;||&#xf08f8;||&#xf08f9;||&#xf08fa;||&#xf08fb;||&#xf08fc;||&#xf08fd;||&#xf08fe;||&#xf08ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F090x |&#xf0900;||&#xf0901;||&#xf0902;||&#xf0903;||&#xf0904;||&#xf0905;||&#xf0906;||&#xf0907;||&#xf0908;||&#xf0909;||&#xf090a;||&#xf090b;||&#xf090c;||&#xf090d;||&#xf090e;||&#xf090f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F091x |&#xf0910;||&#xf0911;||&#xf0912;||&#xf0913;||&#xf0914;||&#xf0915;||&#xf0916;||&#xf0917;||&#xf0918;||&#xf0919;||&#xf091a;||&#xf091b;||&#xf091c;||&#xf091d;||&#xf091e;||&#xf091f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F092x |&#xf0920;||&#xf0921;||&#xf0922;||&#xf0923;||&#xf0924;||&#xf0925;||&#xf0926;||&#xf0927;||&#xf0928;||&#xf0929;||&#xf092a;||&#xf092b;||&#xf092c;||&#xf092d;||&#xf092e;||&#xf092f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F093x |&#xf0930;||&#xf0931;||&#xf0932;||&#xf0933;||&#xf0934;||&#xf0935;||&#xf0936;||&#xf0937;||&#xf0938;||&#xf0939;||&#xf093a;||&#xf093b;||&#xf093c;||&#xf093d;||&#xf093e;||&#xf093f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F094x |&#xf0940;||&#xf0941;||&#xf0942;||&#xf0943;||&#xf0944;||&#xf0945;||&#xf0946;||&#xf0947;||&#xf0948;||&#xf0949;||&#xf094a;||&#xf094b;||&#xf094c;||&#xf094d;||&#xf094e;||&#xf094f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F095x |&#xf0950;||&#xf0951;||&#xf0952;||&#xf0953;||&#xf0954;||&#xf0955;||&#xf0956;||&#xf0957;||&#xf0958;||&#xf0959;||&#xf095a;||&#xf095b;||&#xf095c;||&#xf095d;||&#xf095e;||&#xf095f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F096x |&#xf0960;||&#xf0961;||&#xf0962;||&#xf0963;||&#xf0964;||&#xf0965;||&#xf0966;||&#xf0967;||&#xf0968;||&#xf0969;||&#xf096a;||&#xf096b;||&#xf096c;||&#xf096d;||&#xf096e;||&#xf096f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F097x |&#xf0970;||&#xf0971;||&#xf0972;||&#xf0973;||&#xf0974;||&#xf0975;||&#xf0976;||&#xf0977;||&#xf0978;||&#xf0979;||&#xf097a;||&#xf097b;||&#xf097c;||&#xf097d;||&#xf097e;||&#xf097f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F098x |&#xf0980;||&#xf0981;||&#xf0982;||&#xf0983;||&#xf0984;||&#xf0985;||&#xf0986;||&#xf0987;||&#xf0988;||&#xf0989;||&#xf098a;||&#xf098b;||&#xf098c;||&#xf098d;||&#xf098e;||&#xf098f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F099x |&#xf0990;||&#xf0991;||&#xf0992;||&#xf0993;||&#xf0994;||&#xf0995;||&#xf0996;||&#xf0997;||&#xf0998;||&#xf0999;||&#xf099a;||&#xf099b;||&#xf099c;||&#xf099d;||&#xf099e;||&#xf099f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F09Ax |&#xf09a0;||&#xf09a1;||&#xf09a2;||&#xf09a3;||&#xf09a4;||&#xf09a5;||&#xf09a6;||&#xf09a7;||&#xf09a8;||&#xf09a9;||&#xf09aa;||&#xf09ab;||&#xf09ac;||&#xf09ad;||&#xf09ae;||&#xf09af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F09Bx |&#xf09b0;||&#xf09b1;||&#xf09b2;||&#xf09b3;||&#xf09b4;||&#xf09b5;||&#xf09b6;||&#xf09b7;||&#xf09b8;||&#xf09b9;||&#xf09ba;||&#xf09bb;||&#xf09bc;||&#xf09bd;||&#xf09be;||&#xf09bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F09Cx |&#xf09c0;||&#xf09c1;||&#xf09c2;||&#xf09c3;||&#xf09c4;||&#xf09c5;||&#xf09c6;||&#xf09c7;||&#xf09c8;||&#xf09c9;||&#xf09ca;||&#xf09cb;||&#xf09cc;||&#xf09cd;||&#xf09ce;||&#xf09cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F09Dx |&#xf09d0;||&#xf09d1;||&#xf09d2;||&#xf09d3;||&#xf09d4;||&#xf09d5;||&#xf09d6;||&#xf09d7;||&#xf09d8;||&#xf09d9;||&#xf09da;||&#xf09db;||&#xf09dc;||&#xf09dd;||&#xf09de;||&#xf09df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F09Ex |&#xf09e0;||&#xf09e1;||&#xf09e2;||&#xf09e3;||&#xf09e4;||&#xf09e5;||&#xf09e6;||&#xf09e7;||&#xf09e8;||&#xf09e9;||&#xf09ea;||&#xf09eb;||&#xf09ec;||&#xf09ed;||&#xf09ee;||&#xf09ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F09Fx |&#xf09f0;||&#xf09f1;||&#xf09f2;||&#xf09f3;||&#xf09f4;||&#xf09f5;||&#xf09f6;||&#xf09f7;||&#xf09f8;||&#xf09f9;||&#xf09fa;||&#xf09fb;||&#xf09fc;||&#xf09fd;||&#xf09fe;||&#xf09ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A0x |&#xf0a00;||&#xf0a01;||&#xf0a02;||&#xf0a03;||&#xf0a04;||&#xf0a05;||&#xf0a06;||&#xf0a07;||&#xf0a08;||&#xf0a09;||&#xf0a0a;||&#xf0a0b;||&#xf0a0c;||&#xf0a0d;||&#xf0a0e;||&#xf0a0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A1x |&#xf0a10;||&#xf0a11;||&#xf0a12;||&#xf0a13;||&#xf0a14;||&#xf0a15;||&#xf0a16;||&#xf0a17;||&#xf0a18;||&#xf0a19;||&#xf0a1a;||&#xf0a1b;||&#xf0a1c;||&#xf0a1d;||&#xf0a1e;||&#xf0a1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A2x |&#xf0a20;||&#xf0a21;||&#xf0a22;||&#xf0a23;||&#xf0a24;||&#xf0a25;||&#xf0a26;||&#xf0a27;||&#xf0a28;||&#xf0a29;||&#xf0a2a;||&#xf0a2b;||&#xf0a2c;||&#xf0a2d;||&#xf0a2e;||&#xf0a2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A3x |&#xf0a30;||&#xf0a31;||&#xf0a32;||&#xf0a33;||&#xf0a34;||&#xf0a35;||&#xf0a36;||&#xf0a37;||&#xf0a38;||&#xf0a39;||&#xf0a3a;||&#xf0a3b;||&#xf0a3c;||&#xf0a3d;||&#xf0a3e;||&#xf0a3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A4x |&#xf0a40;||&#xf0a41;||&#xf0a42;||&#xf0a43;||&#xf0a44;||&#xf0a45;||&#xf0a46;||&#xf0a47;||&#xf0a48;||&#xf0a49;||&#xf0a4a;||&#xf0a4b;||&#xf0a4c;||&#xf0a4d;||&#xf0a4e;||&#xf0a4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A5x |&#xf0a50;||&#xf0a51;||&#xf0a52;||&#xf0a53;||&#xf0a54;||&#xf0a55;||&#xf0a56;||&#xf0a57;||&#xf0a58;||&#xf0a59;||&#xf0a5a;||&#xf0a5b;||&#xf0a5c;||&#xf0a5d;||&#xf0a5e;||&#xf0a5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A6x |&#xf0a60;||&#xf0a61;||&#xf0a62;||&#xf0a63;||&#xf0a64;||&#xf0a65;||&#xf0a66;||&#xf0a67;||&#xf0a68;||&#xf0a69;||&#xf0a6a;||&#xf0a6b;||&#xf0a6c;||&#xf0a6d;||&#xf0a6e;||&#xf0a6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A7x |&#xf0a70;||&#xf0a71;||&#xf0a72;||&#xf0a73;||&#xf0a74;||&#xf0a75;||&#xf0a76;||&#xf0a77;||&#xf0a78;||&#xf0a79;||&#xf0a7a;||&#xf0a7b;||&#xf0a7c;||&#xf0a7d;||&#xf0a7e;||&#xf0a7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A8x |&#xf0a80;||&#xf0a81;||&#xf0a82;||&#xf0a83;||&#xf0a84;||&#xf0a85;||&#xf0a86;||&#xf0a87;||&#xf0a88;||&#xf0a89;||&#xf0a8a;||&#xf0a8b;||&#xf0a8c;||&#xf0a8d;||&#xf0a8e;||&#xf0a8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0A9x |&#xf0a90;||&#xf0a91;||&#xf0a92;||&#xf0a93;||&#xf0a94;||&#xf0a95;||&#xf0a96;||&#xf0a97;||&#xf0a98;||&#xf0a99;||&#xf0a9a;||&#xf0a9b;||&#xf0a9c;||&#xf0a9d;||&#xf0a9e;||&#xf0a9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0AAx |&#xf0aa0;||&#xf0aa1;||&#xf0aa2;||&#xf0aa3;||&#xf0aa4;||&#xf0aa5;||&#xf0aa6;||&#xf0aa7;||&#xf0aa8;||&#xf0aa9;||&#xf0aaa;||&#xf0aab;||&#xf0aac;||&#xf0aad;||&#xf0aae;||&#xf0aaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0ABx |&#xf0ab0;||&#xf0ab1;||&#xf0ab2;||&#xf0ab3;||&#xf0ab4;||&#xf0ab5;||&#xf0ab6;||&#xf0ab7;||&#xf0ab8;||&#xf0ab9;||&#xf0aba;||&#xf0abb;||&#xf0abc;||&#xf0abd;||&#xf0abe;||&#xf0abf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0ACx |&#xf0ac0;||&#xf0ac1;||&#xf0ac2;||&#xf0ac3;||&#xf0ac4;||&#xf0ac5;||&#xf0ac6;||&#xf0ac7;||&#xf0ac8;||&#xf0ac9;||&#xf0aca;||&#xf0acb;||&#xf0acc;||&#xf0acd;||&#xf0ace;||&#xf0acf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0ADx |&#xf0ad0;||&#xf0ad1;||&#xf0ad2;||&#xf0ad3;||&#xf0ad4;||&#xf0ad5;||&#xf0ad6;||&#xf0ad7;||&#xf0ad8;||&#xf0ad9;||&#xf0ada;||&#xf0adb;||&#xf0adc;||&#xf0add;||&#xf0ade;||&#xf0adf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0AEx |&#xf0ae0;||&#xf0ae1;||&#xf0ae2;||&#xf0ae3;||&#xf0ae4;||&#xf0ae5;||&#xf0ae6;||&#xf0ae7;||&#xf0ae8;||&#xf0ae9;||&#xf0aea;||&#xf0aeb;||&#xf0aec;||&#xf0aed;||&#xf0aee;||&#xf0aef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0AFx |&#xf0af0;||&#xf0af1;||&#xf0af2;||&#xf0af3;||&#xf0af4;||&#xf0af5;||&#xf0af6;||&#xf0af7;||&#xf0af8;||&#xf0af9;||&#xf0afa;||&#xf0afb;||&#xf0afc;||&#xf0afd;||&#xf0afe;||&#xf0aff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B0x |&#xf0b00;||&#xf0b01;||&#xf0b02;||&#xf0b03;||&#xf0b04;||&#xf0b05;||&#xf0b06;||&#xf0b07;||&#xf0b08;||&#xf0b09;||&#xf0b0a;||&#xf0b0b;||&#xf0b0c;||&#xf0b0d;||&#xf0b0e;||&#xf0b0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B1x |&#xf0b10;||&#xf0b11;||&#xf0b12;||&#xf0b13;||&#xf0b14;||&#xf0b15;||&#xf0b16;||&#xf0b17;||&#xf0b18;||&#xf0b19;||&#xf0b1a;||&#xf0b1b;||&#xf0b1c;||&#xf0b1d;||&#xf0b1e;||&#xf0b1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B2x |&#xf0b20;||&#xf0b21;||&#xf0b22;||&#xf0b23;||&#xf0b24;||&#xf0b25;||&#xf0b26;||&#xf0b27;||&#xf0b28;||&#xf0b29;||&#xf0b2a;||&#xf0b2b;||&#xf0b2c;||&#xf0b2d;||&#xf0b2e;||&#xf0b2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B3x |&#xf0b30;||&#xf0b31;||&#xf0b32;||&#xf0b33;||&#xf0b34;||&#xf0b35;||&#xf0b36;||&#xf0b37;||&#xf0b38;||&#xf0b39;||&#xf0b3a;||&#xf0b3b;||&#xf0b3c;||&#xf0b3d;||&#xf0b3e;||&#xf0b3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B4x |&#xf0b40;||&#xf0b41;||&#xf0b42;||&#xf0b43;||&#xf0b44;||&#xf0b45;||&#xf0b46;||&#xf0b47;||&#xf0b48;||&#xf0b49;||&#xf0b4a;||&#xf0b4b;||&#xf0b4c;||&#xf0b4d;||&#xf0b4e;||&#xf0b4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B5x |&#xf0b50;||&#xf0b51;||&#xf0b52;||&#xf0b53;||&#xf0b54;||&#xf0b55;||&#xf0b56;||&#xf0b57;||&#xf0b58;||&#xf0b59;||&#xf0b5a;||&#xf0b5b;||&#xf0b5c;||&#xf0b5d;||&#xf0b5e;||&#xf0b5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B6x |&#xf0b60;||&#xf0b61;||&#xf0b62;||&#xf0b63;||&#xf0b64;||&#xf0b65;||&#xf0b66;||&#xf0b67;||&#xf0b68;||&#xf0b69;||&#xf0b6a;||&#xf0b6b;||&#xf0b6c;||&#xf0b6d;||&#xf0b6e;||&#xf0b6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B7x |&#xf0b70;||&#xf0b71;||&#xf0b72;||&#xf0b73;||&#xf0b74;||&#xf0b75;||&#xf0b76;||&#xf0b77;||&#xf0b78;||&#xf0b79;||&#xf0b7a;||&#xf0b7b;||&#xf0b7c;||&#xf0b7d;||&#xf0b7e;||&#xf0b7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B8x |&#xf0b80;||&#xf0b81;||&#xf0b82;||&#xf0b83;||&#xf0b84;||&#xf0b85;||&#xf0b86;||&#xf0b87;||&#xf0b88;||&#xf0b89;||&#xf0b8a;||&#xf0b8b;||&#xf0b8c;||&#xf0b8d;||&#xf0b8e;||&#xf0b8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0B9x |&#xf0b90;||&#xf0b91;||&#xf0b92;||&#xf0b93;||&#xf0b94;||&#xf0b95;||&#xf0b96;||&#xf0b97;||&#xf0b98;||&#xf0b99;||&#xf0b9a;||&#xf0b9b;||&#xf0b9c;||&#xf0b9d;||&#xf0b9e;||&#xf0b9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0BAx |&#xf0ba0;||&#xf0ba1;||&#xf0ba2;||&#xf0ba3;||&#xf0ba4;||&#xf0ba5;||&#xf0ba6;||&#xf0ba7;||&#xf0ba8;||&#xf0ba9;||&#xf0baa;||&#xf0bab;||&#xf0bac;||&#xf0bad;||&#xf0bae;||&#xf0baf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0BBx |&#xf0bb0;||&#xf0bb1;||&#xf0bb2;||&#xf0bb3;||&#xf0bb4;||&#xf0bb5;||&#xf0bb6;||&#xf0bb7;||&#xf0bb8;||&#xf0bb9;||&#xf0bba;||&#xf0bbb;||&#xf0bbc;||&#xf0bbd;||&#xf0bbe;||&#xf0bbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0BCx |&#xf0bc0;||&#xf0bc1;||&#xf0bc2;||&#xf0bc3;||&#xf0bc4;||&#xf0bc5;||&#xf0bc6;||&#xf0bc7;||&#xf0bc8;||&#xf0bc9;||&#xf0bca;||&#xf0bcb;||&#xf0bcc;||&#xf0bcd;||&#xf0bce;||&#xf0bcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0BDx |&#xf0bd0;||&#xf0bd1;||&#xf0bd2;||&#xf0bd3;||&#xf0bd4;||&#xf0bd5;||&#xf0bd6;||&#xf0bd7;||&#xf0bd8;||&#xf0bd9;||&#xf0bda;||&#xf0bdb;||&#xf0bdc;||&#xf0bdd;||&#xf0bde;||&#xf0bdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0BEx |&#xf0be0;||&#xf0be1;||&#xf0be2;||&#xf0be3;||&#xf0be4;||&#xf0be5;||&#xf0be6;||&#xf0be7;||&#xf0be8;||&#xf0be9;||&#xf0bea;||&#xf0beb;||&#xf0bec;||&#xf0bed;||&#xf0bee;||&#xf0bef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0BFx |&#xf0bf0;||&#xf0bf1;||&#xf0bf2;||&#xf0bf3;||&#xf0bf4;||&#xf0bf5;||&#xf0bf6;||&#xf0bf7;||&#xf0bf8;||&#xf0bf9;||&#xf0bfa;||&#xf0bfb;||&#xf0bfc;||&#xf0bfd;||&#xf0bfe;||&#xf0bff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C0x |&#xf0c00;||&#xf0c01;||&#xf0c02;||&#xf0c03;||&#xf0c04;||&#xf0c05;||&#xf0c06;||&#xf0c07;||&#xf0c08;||&#xf0c09;||&#xf0c0a;||&#xf0c0b;||&#xf0c0c;||&#xf0c0d;||&#xf0c0e;||&#xf0c0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C1x |&#xf0c10;||&#xf0c11;||&#xf0c12;||&#xf0c13;||&#xf0c14;||&#xf0c15;||&#xf0c16;||&#xf0c17;||&#xf0c18;||&#xf0c19;||&#xf0c1a;||&#xf0c1b;||&#xf0c1c;||&#xf0c1d;||&#xf0c1e;||&#xf0c1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C2x |&#xf0c20;||&#xf0c21;||&#xf0c22;||&#xf0c23;||&#xf0c24;||&#xf0c25;||&#xf0c26;||&#xf0c27;||&#xf0c28;||&#xf0c29;||&#xf0c2a;||&#xf0c2b;||&#xf0c2c;||&#xf0c2d;||&#xf0c2e;||&#xf0c2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C3x |&#xf0c30;||&#xf0c31;||&#xf0c32;||&#xf0c33;||&#xf0c34;||&#xf0c35;||&#xf0c36;||&#xf0c37;||&#xf0c38;||&#xf0c39;||&#xf0c3a;||&#xf0c3b;||&#xf0c3c;||&#xf0c3d;||&#xf0c3e;||&#xf0c3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C4x |&#xf0c40;||&#xf0c41;||&#xf0c42;||&#xf0c43;||&#xf0c44;||&#xf0c45;||&#xf0c46;||&#xf0c47;||&#xf0c48;||&#xf0c49;||&#xf0c4a;||&#xf0c4b;||&#xf0c4c;||&#xf0c4d;||&#xf0c4e;||&#xf0c4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C5x |&#xf0c50;||&#xf0c51;||&#xf0c52;||&#xf0c53;||&#xf0c54;||&#xf0c55;||&#xf0c56;||&#xf0c57;||&#xf0c58;||&#xf0c59;||&#xf0c5a;||&#xf0c5b;||&#xf0c5c;||&#xf0c5d;||&#xf0c5e;||&#xf0c5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C6x |&#xf0c60;||&#xf0c61;||&#xf0c62;||&#xf0c63;||&#xf0c64;||&#xf0c65;||&#xf0c66;||&#xf0c67;||&#xf0c68;||&#xf0c69;||&#xf0c6a;||&#xf0c6b;||&#xf0c6c;||&#xf0c6d;||&#xf0c6e;||&#xf0c6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C7x |&#xf0c70;||&#xf0c71;||&#xf0c72;||&#xf0c73;||&#xf0c74;||&#xf0c75;||&#xf0c76;||&#xf0c77;||&#xf0c78;||&#xf0c79;||&#xf0c7a;||&#xf0c7b;||&#xf0c7c;||&#xf0c7d;||&#xf0c7e;||&#xf0c7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C8x |&#xf0c80;||&#xf0c81;||&#xf0c82;||&#xf0c83;||&#xf0c84;||&#xf0c85;||&#xf0c86;||&#xf0c87;||&#xf0c88;||&#xf0c89;||&#xf0c8a;||&#xf0c8b;||&#xf0c8c;||&#xf0c8d;||&#xf0c8e;||&#xf0c8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0C9x |&#xf0c90;||&#xf0c91;||&#xf0c92;||&#xf0c93;||&#xf0c94;||&#xf0c95;||&#xf0c96;||&#xf0c97;||&#xf0c98;||&#xf0c99;||&#xf0c9a;||&#xf0c9b;||&#xf0c9c;||&#xf0c9d;||&#xf0c9e;||&#xf0c9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0CAx |&#xf0ca0;||&#xf0ca1;||&#xf0ca2;||&#xf0ca3;||&#xf0ca4;||&#xf0ca5;||&#xf0ca6;||&#xf0ca7;||&#xf0ca8;||&#xf0ca9;||&#xf0caa;||&#xf0cab;||&#xf0cac;||&#xf0cad;||&#xf0cae;||&#xf0caf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0CBx |&#xf0cb0;||&#xf0cb1;||&#xf0cb2;||&#xf0cb3;||&#xf0cb4;||&#xf0cb5;||&#xf0cb6;||&#xf0cb7;||&#xf0cb8;||&#xf0cb9;||&#xf0cba;||&#xf0cbb;||&#xf0cbc;||&#xf0cbd;||&#xf0cbe;||&#xf0cbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0CCx |&#xf0cc0;||&#xf0cc1;||&#xf0cc2;||&#xf0cc3;||&#xf0cc4;||&#xf0cc5;||&#xf0cc6;||&#xf0cc7;||&#xf0cc8;||&#xf0cc9;||&#xf0cca;||&#xf0ccb;||&#xf0ccc;||&#xf0ccd;||&#xf0cce;||&#xf0ccf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0CDx |&#xf0cd0;||&#xf0cd1;||&#xf0cd2;||&#xf0cd3;||&#xf0cd4;||&#xf0cd5;||&#xf0cd6;||&#xf0cd7;||&#xf0cd8;||&#xf0cd9;||&#xf0cda;||&#xf0cdb;||&#xf0cdc;||&#xf0cdd;||&#xf0cde;||&#xf0cdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0CEx |&#xf0ce0;||&#xf0ce1;||&#xf0ce2;||&#xf0ce3;||&#xf0ce4;||&#xf0ce5;||&#xf0ce6;||&#xf0ce7;||&#xf0ce8;||&#xf0ce9;||&#xf0cea;||&#xf0ceb;||&#xf0cec;||&#xf0ced;||&#xf0cee;||&#xf0cef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0CFx |&#xf0cf0;||&#xf0cf1;||&#xf0cf2;||&#xf0cf3;||&#xf0cf4;||&#xf0cf5;||&#xf0cf6;||&#xf0cf7;||&#xf0cf8;||&#xf0cf9;||&#xf0cfa;||&#xf0cfb;||&#xf0cfc;||&#xf0cfd;||&#xf0cfe;||&#xf0cff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D0x |&#xf0d00;||&#xf0d01;||&#xf0d02;||&#xf0d03;||&#xf0d04;||&#xf0d05;||&#xf0d06;||&#xf0d07;||&#xf0d08;||&#xf0d09;||&#xf0d0a;||&#xf0d0b;||&#xf0d0c;||&#xf0d0d;||&#xf0d0e;||&#xf0d0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D1x |&#xf0d10;||&#xf0d11;||&#xf0d12;||&#xf0d13;||&#xf0d14;||&#xf0d15;||&#xf0d16;||&#xf0d17;||&#xf0d18;||&#xf0d19;||&#xf0d1a;||&#xf0d1b;||&#xf0d1c;||&#xf0d1d;||&#xf0d1e;||&#xf0d1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D2x |&#xf0d20;||&#xf0d21;||&#xf0d22;||&#xf0d23;||&#xf0d24;||&#xf0d25;||&#xf0d26;||&#xf0d27;||&#xf0d28;||&#xf0d29;||&#xf0d2a;||&#xf0d2b;||&#xf0d2c;||&#xf0d2d;||&#xf0d2e;||&#xf0d2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D3x |&#xf0d30;||&#xf0d31;||&#xf0d32;||&#xf0d33;||&#xf0d34;||&#xf0d35;||&#xf0d36;||&#xf0d37;||&#xf0d38;||&#xf0d39;||&#xf0d3a;||&#xf0d3b;||&#xf0d3c;||&#xf0d3d;||&#xf0d3e;||&#xf0d3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D4x |&#xf0d40;||&#xf0d41;||&#xf0d42;||&#xf0d43;||&#xf0d44;||&#xf0d45;||&#xf0d46;||&#xf0d47;||&#xf0d48;||&#xf0d49;||&#xf0d4a;||&#xf0d4b;||&#xf0d4c;||&#xf0d4d;||&#xf0d4e;||&#xf0d4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D5x |&#xf0d50;||&#xf0d51;||&#xf0d52;||&#xf0d53;||&#xf0d54;||&#xf0d55;||&#xf0d56;||&#xf0d57;||&#xf0d58;||&#xf0d59;||&#xf0d5a;||&#xf0d5b;||&#xf0d5c;||&#xf0d5d;||&#xf0d5e;||&#xf0d5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D6x |&#xf0d60;||&#xf0d61;||&#xf0d62;||&#xf0d63;||&#xf0d64;||&#xf0d65;||&#xf0d66;||&#xf0d67;||&#xf0d68;||&#xf0d69;||&#xf0d6a;||&#xf0d6b;||&#xf0d6c;||&#xf0d6d;||&#xf0d6e;||&#xf0d6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D7x |&#xf0d70;||&#xf0d71;||&#xf0d72;||&#xf0d73;||&#xf0d74;||&#xf0d75;||&#xf0d76;||&#xf0d77;||&#xf0d78;||&#xf0d79;||&#xf0d7a;||&#xf0d7b;||&#xf0d7c;||&#xf0d7d;||&#xf0d7e;||&#xf0d7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D8x |&#xf0d80;||&#xf0d81;||&#xf0d82;||&#xf0d83;||&#xf0d84;||&#xf0d85;||&#xf0d86;||&#xf0d87;||&#xf0d88;||&#xf0d89;||&#xf0d8a;||&#xf0d8b;||&#xf0d8c;||&#xf0d8d;||&#xf0d8e;||&#xf0d8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0D9x |&#xf0d90;||&#xf0d91;||&#xf0d92;||&#xf0d93;||&#xf0d94;||&#xf0d95;||&#xf0d96;||&#xf0d97;||&#xf0d98;||&#xf0d99;||&#xf0d9a;||&#xf0d9b;||&#xf0d9c;||&#xf0d9d;||&#xf0d9e;||&#xf0d9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0DAx |&#xf0da0;||&#xf0da1;||&#xf0da2;||&#xf0da3;||&#xf0da4;||&#xf0da5;||&#xf0da6;||&#xf0da7;||&#xf0da8;||&#xf0da9;||&#xf0daa;||&#xf0dab;||&#xf0dac;||&#xf0dad;||&#xf0dae;||&#xf0daf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0DBx |&#xf0db0;||&#xf0db1;||&#xf0db2;||&#xf0db3;||&#xf0db4;||&#xf0db5;||&#xf0db6;||&#xf0db7;||&#xf0db8;||&#xf0db9;||&#xf0dba;||&#xf0dbb;||&#xf0dbc;||&#xf0dbd;||&#xf0dbe;||&#xf0dbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0DCx |&#xf0dc0;||&#xf0dc1;||&#xf0dc2;||&#xf0dc3;||&#xf0dc4;||&#xf0dc5;||&#xf0dc6;||&#xf0dc7;||&#xf0dc8;||&#xf0dc9;||&#xf0dca;||&#xf0dcb;||&#xf0dcc;||&#xf0dcd;||&#xf0dce;||&#xf0dcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0DDx |&#xf0dd0;||&#xf0dd1;||&#xf0dd2;||&#xf0dd3;||&#xf0dd4;||&#xf0dd5;||&#xf0dd6;||&#xf0dd7;||&#xf0dd8;||&#xf0dd9;||&#xf0dda;||&#xf0ddb;||&#xf0ddc;||&#xf0ddd;||&#xf0dde;||&#xf0ddf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0DEx |&#xf0de0;||&#xf0de1;||&#xf0de2;||&#xf0de3;||&#xf0de4;||&#xf0de5;||&#xf0de6;||&#xf0de7;||&#xf0de8;||&#xf0de9;||&#xf0dea;||&#xf0deb;||&#xf0dec;||&#xf0ded;||&#xf0dee;||&#xf0def; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0DFx |&#xf0df0;||&#xf0df1;||&#xf0df2;||&#xf0df3;||&#xf0df4;||&#xf0df5;||&#xf0df6;||&#xf0df7;||&#xf0df8;||&#xf0df9;||&#xf0dfa;||&#xf0dfb;||&#xf0dfc;||&#xf0dfd;||&#xf0dfe;||&#xf0dff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E0x |&#xf0e00;||&#xf0e01;||&#xf0e02;||&#xf0e03;||&#xf0e04;||&#xf0e05;||&#xf0e06;||&#xf0e07;||&#xf0e08;||&#xf0e09;||&#xf0e0a;||&#xf0e0b;||&#xf0e0c;||&#xf0e0d;||&#xf0e0e;||&#xf0e0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E1x |&#xf0e10;||&#xf0e11;||&#xf0e12;||&#xf0e13;||&#xf0e14;||&#xf0e15;||&#xf0e16;||&#xf0e17;||&#xf0e18;||&#xf0e19;||&#xf0e1a;||&#xf0e1b;||&#xf0e1c;||&#xf0e1d;||&#xf0e1e;||&#xf0e1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E2x |&#xf0e20;||&#xf0e21;||&#xf0e22;||&#xf0e23;||&#xf0e24;||&#xf0e25;||&#xf0e26;||&#xf0e27;||&#xf0e28;||&#xf0e29;||&#xf0e2a;||&#xf0e2b;||&#xf0e2c;||&#xf0e2d;||&#xf0e2e;||&#xf0e2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E3x |&#xf0e30;||&#xf0e31;||&#xf0e32;||&#xf0e33;||&#xf0e34;||&#xf0e35;||&#xf0e36;||&#xf0e37;||&#xf0e38;||&#xf0e39;||&#xf0e3a;||&#xf0e3b;||&#xf0e3c;||&#xf0e3d;||&#xf0e3e;||&#xf0e3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E4x |&#xf0e40;||&#xf0e41;||&#xf0e42;||&#xf0e43;||&#xf0e44;||&#xf0e45;||&#xf0e46;||&#xf0e47;||&#xf0e48;||&#xf0e49;||&#xf0e4a;||&#xf0e4b;||&#xf0e4c;||&#xf0e4d;||&#xf0e4e;||&#xf0e4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E5x |&#xf0e50;||&#xf0e51;||&#xf0e52;||&#xf0e53;||&#xf0e54;||&#xf0e55;||&#xf0e56;||&#xf0e57;||&#xf0e58;||&#xf0e59;||&#xf0e5a;||&#xf0e5b;||&#xf0e5c;||&#xf0e5d;||&#xf0e5e;||&#xf0e5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E6x |&#xf0e60;||&#xf0e61;||&#xf0e62;||&#xf0e63;||&#xf0e64;||&#xf0e65;||&#xf0e66;||&#xf0e67;||&#xf0e68;||&#xf0e69;||&#xf0e6a;||&#xf0e6b;||&#xf0e6c;||&#xf0e6d;||&#xf0e6e;||&#xf0e6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E7x |&#xf0e70;||&#xf0e71;||&#xf0e72;||&#xf0e73;||&#xf0e74;||&#xf0e75;||&#xf0e76;||&#xf0e77;||&#xf0e78;||&#xf0e79;||&#xf0e7a;||&#xf0e7b;||&#xf0e7c;||&#xf0e7d;||&#xf0e7e;||&#xf0e7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E8x |&#xf0e80;||&#xf0e81;||&#xf0e82;||&#xf0e83;||&#xf0e84;||&#xf0e85;||&#xf0e86;||&#xf0e87;||&#xf0e88;||&#xf0e89;||&#xf0e8a;||&#xf0e8b;||&#xf0e8c;||&#xf0e8d;||&#xf0e8e;||&#xf0e8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0E9x |&#xf0e90;||&#xf0e91;||&#xf0e92;||&#xf0e93;||&#xf0e94;||&#xf0e95;||&#xf0e96;||&#xf0e97;||&#xf0e98;||&#xf0e99;||&#xf0e9a;||&#xf0e9b;||&#xf0e9c;||&#xf0e9d;||&#xf0e9e;||&#xf0e9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0EAx |&#xf0ea0;||&#xf0ea1;||&#xf0ea2;||&#xf0ea3;||&#xf0ea4;||&#xf0ea5;||&#xf0ea6;||&#xf0ea7;||&#xf0ea8;||&#xf0ea9;||&#xf0eaa;||&#xf0eab;||&#xf0eac;||&#xf0ead;||&#xf0eae;||&#xf0eaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0EBx |&#xf0eb0;||&#xf0eb1;||&#xf0eb2;||&#xf0eb3;||&#xf0eb4;||&#xf0eb5;||&#xf0eb6;||&#xf0eb7;||&#xf0eb8;||&#xf0eb9;||&#xf0eba;||&#xf0ebb;||&#xf0ebc;||&#xf0ebd;||&#xf0ebe;||&#xf0ebf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0ECx |&#xf0ec0;||&#xf0ec1;||&#xf0ec2;||&#xf0ec3;||&#xf0ec4;||&#xf0ec5;||&#xf0ec6;||&#xf0ec7;||&#xf0ec8;||&#xf0ec9;||&#xf0eca;||&#xf0ecb;||&#xf0ecc;||&#xf0ecd;||&#xf0ece;||&#xf0ecf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0EDx |&#xf0ed0;||&#xf0ed1;||&#xf0ed2;||&#xf0ed3;||&#xf0ed4;||&#xf0ed5;||&#xf0ed6;||&#xf0ed7;||&#xf0ed8;||&#xf0ed9;||&#xf0eda;||&#xf0edb;||&#xf0edc;||&#xf0edd;||&#xf0ede;||&#xf0edf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0EEx |&#xf0ee0;||&#xf0ee1;||&#xf0ee2;||&#xf0ee3;||&#xf0ee4;||&#xf0ee5;||&#xf0ee6;||&#xf0ee7;||&#xf0ee8;||&#xf0ee9;||&#xf0eea;||&#xf0eeb;||&#xf0eec;||&#xf0eed;||&#xf0eee;||&#xf0eef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0EFx |&#xf0ef0;||&#xf0ef1;||&#xf0ef2;||&#xf0ef3;||&#xf0ef4;||&#xf0ef5;||&#xf0ef6;||&#xf0ef7;||&#xf0ef8;||&#xf0ef9;||&#xf0efa;||&#xf0efb;||&#xf0efc;||&#xf0efd;||&#xf0efe;||&#xf0eff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F0x |&#xf0f00;||&#xf0f01;||&#xf0f02;||&#xf0f03;||&#xf0f04;||&#xf0f05;||&#xf0f06;||&#xf0f07;||&#xf0f08;||&#xf0f09;||&#xf0f0a;||&#xf0f0b;||&#xf0f0c;||&#xf0f0d;||&#xf0f0e;||&#xf0f0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F1x |&#xf0f10;||&#xf0f11;||&#xf0f12;||&#xf0f13;||&#xf0f14;||&#xf0f15;||&#xf0f16;||&#xf0f17;||&#xf0f18;||&#xf0f19;||&#xf0f1a;||&#xf0f1b;||&#xf0f1c;||&#xf0f1d;||&#xf0f1e;||&#xf0f1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F2x |&#xf0f20;||&#xf0f21;||&#xf0f22;||&#xf0f23;||&#xf0f24;||&#xf0f25;||&#xf0f26;||&#xf0f27;||&#xf0f28;||&#xf0f29;||&#xf0f2a;||&#xf0f2b;||&#xf0f2c;||&#xf0f2d;||&#xf0f2e;||&#xf0f2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F3x |&#xf0f30;||&#xf0f31;||&#xf0f32;||&#xf0f33;||&#xf0f34;||&#xf0f35;||&#xf0f36;||&#xf0f37;||&#xf0f38;||&#xf0f39;||&#xf0f3a;||&#xf0f3b;||&#xf0f3c;||&#xf0f3d;||&#xf0f3e;||&#xf0f3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F4x |&#xf0f40;||&#xf0f41;||&#xf0f42;||&#xf0f43;||&#xf0f44;||&#xf0f45;||&#xf0f46;||&#xf0f47;||&#xf0f48;||&#xf0f49;||&#xf0f4a;||&#xf0f4b;||&#xf0f4c;||&#xf0f4d;||&#xf0f4e;||&#xf0f4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F5x |&#xf0f50;||&#xf0f51;||&#xf0f52;||&#xf0f53;||&#xf0f54;||&#xf0f55;||&#xf0f56;||&#xf0f57;||&#xf0f58;||&#xf0f59;||&#xf0f5a;||&#xf0f5b;||&#xf0f5c;||&#xf0f5d;||&#xf0f5e;||&#xf0f5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F6x |&#xf0f60;||&#xf0f61;||&#xf0f62;||&#xf0f63;||&#xf0f64;||&#xf0f65;||&#xf0f66;||&#xf0f67;||&#xf0f68;||&#xf0f69;||&#xf0f6a;||&#xf0f6b;||&#xf0f6c;||&#xf0f6d;||&#xf0f6e;||&#xf0f6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F7x |&#xf0f70;||&#xf0f71;||&#xf0f72;||&#xf0f73;||&#xf0f74;||&#xf0f75;||&#xf0f76;||&#xf0f77;||&#xf0f78;||&#xf0f79;||&#xf0f7a;||&#xf0f7b;||&#xf0f7c;||&#xf0f7d;||&#xf0f7e;||&#xf0f7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F8x |&#xf0f80;||&#xf0f81;||&#xf0f82;||&#xf0f83;||&#xf0f84;||&#xf0f85;||&#xf0f86;||&#xf0f87;||&#xf0f88;||&#xf0f89;||&#xf0f8a;||&#xf0f8b;||&#xf0f8c;||&#xf0f8d;||&#xf0f8e;||&#xf0f8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0F9x |&#xf0f90;||&#xf0f91;||&#xf0f92;||&#xf0f93;||&#xf0f94;||&#xf0f95;||&#xf0f96;||&#xf0f97;||&#xf0f98;||&#xf0f99;||&#xf0f9a;||&#xf0f9b;||&#xf0f9c;||&#xf0f9d;||&#xf0f9e;||&#xf0f9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0FAx |&#xf0fa0;||&#xf0fa1;||&#xf0fa2;||&#xf0fa3;||&#xf0fa4;||&#xf0fa5;||&#xf0fa6;||&#xf0fa7;||&#xf0fa8;||&#xf0fa9;||&#xf0faa;||&#xf0fab;||&#xf0fac;||&#xf0fad;||&#xf0fae;||&#xf0faf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0FBx |&#xf0fb0;||&#xf0fb1;||&#xf0fb2;||&#xf0fb3;||&#xf0fb4;||&#xf0fb5;||&#xf0fb6;||&#xf0fb7;||&#xf0fb8;||&#xf0fb9;||&#xf0fba;||&#xf0fbb;||&#xf0fbc;||&#xf0fbd;||&#xf0fbe;||&#xf0fbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0FCx |&#xf0fc0;||&#xf0fc1;||&#xf0fc2;||&#xf0fc3;||&#xf0fc4;||&#xf0fc5;||&#xf0fc6;||&#xf0fc7;||&#xf0fc8;||&#xf0fc9;||&#xf0fca;||&#xf0fcb;||&#xf0fcc;||&#xf0fcd;||&#xf0fce;||&#xf0fcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0FDx |&#xf0fd0;||&#xf0fd1;||&#xf0fd2;||&#xf0fd3;||&#xf0fd4;||&#xf0fd5;||&#xf0fd6;||&#xf0fd7;||&#xf0fd8;||&#xf0fd9;||&#xf0fda;||&#xf0fdb;||&#xf0fdc;||&#xf0fdd;||&#xf0fde;||&#xf0fdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0FEx |&#xf0fe0;||&#xf0fe1;||&#xf0fe2;||&#xf0fe3;||&#xf0fe4;||&#xf0fe5;||&#xf0fe6;||&#xf0fe7;||&#xf0fe8;||&#xf0fe9;||&#xf0fea;||&#xf0feb;||&#xf0fec;||&#xf0fed;||&#xf0fee;||&#xf0fef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F0FFx |&#xf0ff0;||&#xf0ff1;||&#xf0ff2;||&#xf0ff3;||&#xf0ff4;||&#xf0ff5;||&#xf0ff6;||&#xf0ff7;||&#xf0ff8;||&#xf0ff9;||&#xf0ffa;||&#xf0ffb;||&#xf0ffc;||&#xf0ffd;||&#xf0ffe;||&#xf0fff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range F0000–FFFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} s9hh5h4tmbr4jq3dxfpw5czk53m6z29 Unicode/Character reference/F1000-F1FFF 0 243343 4664455 4585910 2026-08-25T17:17:14Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A (ctd.)'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F100x |&#xf1000;||&#xf1001;||&#xf1002;||&#xf1003;||&#xf1004;||&#xf1005;||&#xf1006;||&#xf1007;||&#xf1008;||&#xf1009;||&#xf100a;||&#xf100b;||&#xf100c;||&#xf100d;||&#xf100e;||&#xf100f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F101x |&#xf1010;||&#xf1011;||&#xf1012;||&#xf1013;||&#xf1014;||&#xf1015;||&#xf1016;||&#xf1017;||&#xf1018;||&#xf1019;||&#xf101a;||&#xf101b;||&#xf101c;||&#xf101d;||&#xf101e;||&#xf101f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F102x |&#xf1020;||&#xf1021;||&#xf1022;||&#xf1023;||&#xf1024;||&#xf1025;||&#xf1026;||&#xf1027;||&#xf1028;||&#xf1029;||&#xf102a;||&#xf102b;||&#xf102c;||&#xf102d;||&#xf102e;||&#xf102f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F103x |&#xf1030;||&#xf1031;||&#xf1032;||&#xf1033;||&#xf1034;||&#xf1035;||&#xf1036;||&#xf1037;||&#xf1038;||&#xf1039;||&#xf103a;||&#xf103b;||&#xf103c;||&#xf103d;||&#xf103e;||&#xf103f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F104x |&#xf1040;||&#xf1041;||&#xf1042;||&#xf1043;||&#xf1044;||&#xf1045;||&#xf1046;||&#xf1047;||&#xf1048;||&#xf1049;||&#xf104a;||&#xf104b;||&#xf104c;||&#xf104d;||&#xf104e;||&#xf104f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F105x |&#xf1050;||&#xf1051;||&#xf1052;||&#xf1053;||&#xf1054;||&#xf1055;||&#xf1056;||&#xf1057;||&#xf1058;||&#xf1059;||&#xf105a;||&#xf105b;||&#xf105c;||&#xf105d;||&#xf105e;||&#xf105f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F106x |&#xf1060;||&#xf1061;||&#xf1062;||&#xf1063;||&#xf1064;||&#xf1065;||&#xf1066;||&#xf1067;||&#xf1068;||&#xf1069;||&#xf106a;||&#xf106b;||&#xf106c;||&#xf106d;||&#xf106e;||&#xf106f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F107x |&#xf1070;||&#xf1071;||&#xf1072;||&#xf1073;||&#xf1074;||&#xf1075;||&#xf1076;||&#xf1077;||&#xf1078;||&#xf1079;||&#xf107a;||&#xf107b;||&#xf107c;||&#xf107d;||&#xf107e;||&#xf107f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F108x |&#xf1080;||&#xf1081;||&#xf1082;||&#xf1083;||&#xf1084;||&#xf1085;||&#xf1086;||&#xf1087;||&#xf1088;||&#xf1089;||&#xf108a;||&#xf108b;||&#xf108c;||&#xf108d;||&#xf108e;||&#xf108f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F109x |&#xf1090;||&#xf1091;||&#xf1092;||&#xf1093;||&#xf1094;||&#xf1095;||&#xf1096;||&#xf1097;||&#xf1098;||&#xf1099;||&#xf109a;||&#xf109b;||&#xf109c;||&#xf109d;||&#xf109e;||&#xf109f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F10Ax |&#xf10a0;||&#xf10a1;||&#xf10a2;||&#xf10a3;||&#xf10a4;||&#xf10a5;||&#xf10a6;||&#xf10a7;||&#xf10a8;||&#xf10a9;||&#xf10aa;||&#xf10ab;||&#xf10ac;||&#xf10ad;||&#xf10ae;||&#xf10af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F10Bx |&#xf10b0;||&#xf10b1;||&#xf10b2;||&#xf10b3;||&#xf10b4;||&#xf10b5;||&#xf10b6;||&#xf10b7;||&#xf10b8;||&#xf10b9;||&#xf10ba;||&#xf10bb;||&#xf10bc;||&#xf10bd;||&#xf10be;||&#xf10bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F10Cx |&#xf10c0;||&#xf10c1;||&#xf10c2;||&#xf10c3;||&#xf10c4;||&#xf10c5;||&#xf10c6;||&#xf10c7;||&#xf10c8;||&#xf10c9;||&#xf10ca;||&#xf10cb;||&#xf10cc;||&#xf10cd;||&#xf10ce;||&#xf10cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F10Dx |&#xf10d0;||&#xf10d1;||&#xf10d2;||&#xf10d3;||&#xf10d4;||&#xf10d5;||&#xf10d6;||&#xf10d7;||&#xf10d8;||&#xf10d9;||&#xf10da;||&#xf10db;||&#xf10dc;||&#xf10dd;||&#xf10de;||&#xf10df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F10Ex |&#xf10e0;||&#xf10e1;||&#xf10e2;||&#xf10e3;||&#xf10e4;||&#xf10e5;||&#xf10e6;||&#xf10e7;||&#xf10e8;||&#xf10e9;||&#xf10ea;||&#xf10eb;||&#xf10ec;||&#xf10ed;||&#xf10ee;||&#xf10ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F10Fx |&#xf10f0;||&#xf10f1;||&#xf10f2;||&#xf10f3;||&#xf10f4;||&#xf10f5;||&#xf10f6;||&#xf10f7;||&#xf10f8;||&#xf10f9;||&#xf10fa;||&#xf10fb;||&#xf10fc;||&#xf10fd;||&#xf10fe;||&#xf10ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F110x |&#xf1100;||&#xf1101;||&#xf1102;||&#xf1103;||&#xf1104;||&#xf1105;||&#xf1106;||&#xf1107;||&#xf1108;||&#xf1109;||&#xf110a;||&#xf110b;||&#xf110c;||&#xf110d;||&#xf110e;||&#xf110f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F111x |&#xf1110;||&#xf1111;||&#xf1112;||&#xf1113;||&#xf1114;||&#xf1115;||&#xf1116;||&#xf1117;||&#xf1118;||&#xf1119;||&#xf111a;||&#xf111b;||&#xf111c;||&#xf111d;||&#xf111e;||&#xf111f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F112x |&#xf1120;||&#xf1121;||&#xf1122;||&#xf1123;||&#xf1124;||&#xf1125;||&#xf1126;||&#xf1127;||&#xf1128;||&#xf1129;||&#xf112a;||&#xf112b;||&#xf112c;||&#xf112d;||&#xf112e;||&#xf112f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F113x |&#xf1130;||&#xf1131;||&#xf1132;||&#xf1133;||&#xf1134;||&#xf1135;||&#xf1136;||&#xf1137;||&#xf1138;||&#xf1139;||&#xf113a;||&#xf113b;||&#xf113c;||&#xf113d;||&#xf113e;||&#xf113f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F114x |&#xf1140;||&#xf1141;||&#xf1142;||&#xf1143;||&#xf1144;||&#xf1145;||&#xf1146;||&#xf1147;||&#xf1148;||&#xf1149;||&#xf114a;||&#xf114b;||&#xf114c;||&#xf114d;||&#xf114e;||&#xf114f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F115x |&#xf1150;||&#xf1151;||&#xf1152;||&#xf1153;||&#xf1154;||&#xf1155;||&#xf1156;||&#xf1157;||&#xf1158;||&#xf1159;||&#xf115a;||&#xf115b;||&#xf115c;||&#xf115d;||&#xf115e;||&#xf115f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F116x |&#xf1160;||&#xf1161;||&#xf1162;||&#xf1163;||&#xf1164;||&#xf1165;||&#xf1166;||&#xf1167;||&#xf1168;||&#xf1169;||&#xf116a;||&#xf116b;||&#xf116c;||&#xf116d;||&#xf116e;||&#xf116f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F117x |&#xf1170;||&#xf1171;||&#xf1172;||&#xf1173;||&#xf1174;||&#xf1175;||&#xf1176;||&#xf1177;||&#xf1178;||&#xf1179;||&#xf117a;||&#xf117b;||&#xf117c;||&#xf117d;||&#xf117e;||&#xf117f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F118x |&#xf1180;||&#xf1181;||&#xf1182;||&#xf1183;||&#xf1184;||&#xf1185;||&#xf1186;||&#xf1187;||&#xf1188;||&#xf1189;||&#xf118a;||&#xf118b;||&#xf118c;||&#xf118d;||&#xf118e;||&#xf118f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F119x |&#xf1190;||&#xf1191;||&#xf1192;||&#xf1193;||&#xf1194;||&#xf1195;||&#xf1196;||&#xf1197;||&#xf1198;||&#xf1199;||&#xf119a;||&#xf119b;||&#xf119c;||&#xf119d;||&#xf119e;||&#xf119f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F11Ax |&#xf11a0;||&#xf11a1;||&#xf11a2;||&#xf11a3;||&#xf11a4;||&#xf11a5;||&#xf11a6;||&#xf11a7;||&#xf11a8;||&#xf11a9;||&#xf11aa;||&#xf11ab;||&#xf11ac;||&#xf11ad;||&#xf11ae;||&#xf11af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F11Bx |&#xf11b0;||&#xf11b1;||&#xf11b2;||&#xf11b3;||&#xf11b4;||&#xf11b5;||&#xf11b6;||&#xf11b7;||&#xf11b8;||&#xf11b9;||&#xf11ba;||&#xf11bb;||&#xf11bc;||&#xf11bd;||&#xf11be;||&#xf11bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F11Cx |&#xf11c0;||&#xf11c1;||&#xf11c2;||&#xf11c3;||&#xf11c4;||&#xf11c5;||&#xf11c6;||&#xf11c7;||&#xf11c8;||&#xf11c9;||&#xf11ca;||&#xf11cb;||&#xf11cc;||&#xf11cd;||&#xf11ce;||&#xf11cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F11Dx |&#xf11d0;||&#xf11d1;||&#xf11d2;||&#xf11d3;||&#xf11d4;||&#xf11d5;||&#xf11d6;||&#xf11d7;||&#xf11d8;||&#xf11d9;||&#xf11da;||&#xf11db;||&#xf11dc;||&#xf11dd;||&#xf11de;||&#xf11df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F11Ex |&#xf11e0;||&#xf11e1;||&#xf11e2;||&#xf11e3;||&#xf11e4;||&#xf11e5;||&#xf11e6;||&#xf11e7;||&#xf11e8;||&#xf11e9;||&#xf11ea;||&#xf11eb;||&#xf11ec;||&#xf11ed;||&#xf11ee;||&#xf11ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F11Fx |&#xf11f0;||&#xf11f1;||&#xf11f2;||&#xf11f3;||&#xf11f4;||&#xf11f5;||&#xf11f6;||&#xf11f7;||&#xf11f8;||&#xf11f9;||&#xf11fa;||&#xf11fb;||&#xf11fc;||&#xf11fd;||&#xf11fe;||&#xf11ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F120x |&#xf1200;||&#xf1201;||&#xf1202;||&#xf1203;||&#xf1204;||&#xf1205;||&#xf1206;||&#xf1207;||&#xf1208;||&#xf1209;||&#xf120a;||&#xf120b;||&#xf120c;||&#xf120d;||&#xf120e;||&#xf120f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F121x |&#xf1210;||&#xf1211;||&#xf1212;||&#xf1213;||&#xf1214;||&#xf1215;||&#xf1216;||&#xf1217;||&#xf1218;||&#xf1219;||&#xf121a;||&#xf121b;||&#xf121c;||&#xf121d;||&#xf121e;||&#xf121f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F122x |&#xf1220;||&#xf1221;||&#xf1222;||&#xf1223;||&#xf1224;||&#xf1225;||&#xf1226;||&#xf1227;||&#xf1228;||&#xf1229;||&#xf122a;||&#xf122b;||&#xf122c;||&#xf122d;||&#xf122e;||&#xf122f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F123x |&#xf1230;||&#xf1231;||&#xf1232;||&#xf1233;||&#xf1234;||&#xf1235;||&#xf1236;||&#xf1237;||&#xf1238;||&#xf1239;||&#xf123a;||&#xf123b;||&#xf123c;||&#xf123d;||&#xf123e;||&#xf123f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F124x |&#xf1240;||&#xf1241;||&#xf1242;||&#xf1243;||&#xf1244;||&#xf1245;||&#xf1246;||&#xf1247;||&#xf1248;||&#xf1249;||&#xf124a;||&#xf124b;||&#xf124c;||&#xf124d;||&#xf124e;||&#xf124f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F125x |&#xf1250;||&#xf1251;||&#xf1252;||&#xf1253;||&#xf1254;||&#xf1255;||&#xf1256;||&#xf1257;||&#xf1258;||&#xf1259;||&#xf125a;||&#xf125b;||&#xf125c;||&#xf125d;||&#xf125e;||&#xf125f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F126x |&#xf1260;||&#xf1261;||&#xf1262;||&#xf1263;||&#xf1264;||&#xf1265;||&#xf1266;||&#xf1267;||&#xf1268;||&#xf1269;||&#xf126a;||&#xf126b;||&#xf126c;||&#xf126d;||&#xf126e;||&#xf126f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F127x |&#xf1270;||&#xf1271;||&#xf1272;||&#xf1273;||&#xf1274;||&#xf1275;||&#xf1276;||&#xf1277;||&#xf1278;||&#xf1279;||&#xf127a;||&#xf127b;||&#xf127c;||&#xf127d;||&#xf127e;||&#xf127f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F128x |&#xf1280;||&#xf1281;||&#xf1282;||&#xf1283;||&#xf1284;||&#xf1285;||&#xf1286;||&#xf1287;||&#xf1288;||&#xf1289;||&#xf128a;||&#xf128b;||&#xf128c;||&#xf128d;||&#xf128e;||&#xf128f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F129x |&#xf1290;||&#xf1291;||&#xf1292;||&#xf1293;||&#xf1294;||&#xf1295;||&#xf1296;||&#xf1297;||&#xf1298;||&#xf1299;||&#xf129a;||&#xf129b;||&#xf129c;||&#xf129d;||&#xf129e;||&#xf129f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F12Ax |&#xf12a0;||&#xf12a1;||&#xf12a2;||&#xf12a3;||&#xf12a4;||&#xf12a5;||&#xf12a6;||&#xf12a7;||&#xf12a8;||&#xf12a9;||&#xf12aa;||&#xf12ab;||&#xf12ac;||&#xf12ad;||&#xf12ae;||&#xf12af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F12Bx |&#xf12b0;||&#xf12b1;||&#xf12b2;||&#xf12b3;||&#xf12b4;||&#xf12b5;||&#xf12b6;||&#xf12b7;||&#xf12b8;||&#xf12b9;||&#xf12ba;||&#xf12bb;||&#xf12bc;||&#xf12bd;||&#xf12be;||&#xf12bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F12Cx |&#xf12c0;||&#xf12c1;||&#xf12c2;||&#xf12c3;||&#xf12c4;||&#xf12c5;||&#xf12c6;||&#xf12c7;||&#xf12c8;||&#xf12c9;||&#xf12ca;||&#xf12cb;||&#xf12cc;||&#xf12cd;||&#xf12ce;||&#xf12cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F12Dx |&#xf12d0;||&#xf12d1;||&#xf12d2;||&#xf12d3;||&#xf12d4;||&#xf12d5;||&#xf12d6;||&#xf12d7;||&#xf12d8;||&#xf12d9;||&#xf12da;||&#xf12db;||&#xf12dc;||&#xf12dd;||&#xf12de;||&#xf12df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F12Ex |&#xf12e0;||&#xf12e1;||&#xf12e2;||&#xf12e3;||&#xf12e4;||&#xf12e5;||&#xf12e6;||&#xf12e7;||&#xf12e8;||&#xf12e9;||&#xf12ea;||&#xf12eb;||&#xf12ec;||&#xf12ed;||&#xf12ee;||&#xf12ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F12Fx |&#xf12f0;||&#xf12f1;||&#xf12f2;||&#xf12f3;||&#xf12f4;||&#xf12f5;||&#xf12f6;||&#xf12f7;||&#xf12f8;||&#xf12f9;||&#xf12fa;||&#xf12fb;||&#xf12fc;||&#xf12fd;||&#xf12fe;||&#xf12ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F130x |&#xf1300;||&#xf1301;||&#xf1302;||&#xf1303;||&#xf1304;||&#xf1305;||&#xf1306;||&#xf1307;||&#xf1308;||&#xf1309;||&#xf130a;||&#xf130b;||&#xf130c;||&#xf130d;||&#xf130e;||&#xf130f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F131x |&#xf1310;||&#xf1311;||&#xf1312;||&#xf1313;||&#xf1314;||&#xf1315;||&#xf1316;||&#xf1317;||&#xf1318;||&#xf1319;||&#xf131a;||&#xf131b;||&#xf131c;||&#xf131d;||&#xf131e;||&#xf131f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F132x |&#xf1320;||&#xf1321;||&#xf1322;||&#xf1323;||&#xf1324;||&#xf1325;||&#xf1326;||&#xf1327;||&#xf1328;||&#xf1329;||&#xf132a;||&#xf132b;||&#xf132c;||&#xf132d;||&#xf132e;||&#xf132f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F133x |&#xf1330;||&#xf1331;||&#xf1332;||&#xf1333;||&#xf1334;||&#xf1335;||&#xf1336;||&#xf1337;||&#xf1338;||&#xf1339;||&#xf133a;||&#xf133b;||&#xf133c;||&#xf133d;||&#xf133e;||&#xf133f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F134x |&#xf1340;||&#xf1341;||&#xf1342;||&#xf1343;||&#xf1344;||&#xf1345;||&#xf1346;||&#xf1347;||&#xf1348;||&#xf1349;||&#xf134a;||&#xf134b;||&#xf134c;||&#xf134d;||&#xf134e;||&#xf134f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F135x |&#xf1350;||&#xf1351;||&#xf1352;||&#xf1353;||&#xf1354;||&#xf1355;||&#xf1356;||&#xf1357;||&#xf1358;||&#xf1359;||&#xf135a;||&#xf135b;||&#xf135c;||&#xf135d;||&#xf135e;||&#xf135f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F136x |&#xf1360;||&#xf1361;||&#xf1362;||&#xf1363;||&#xf1364;||&#xf1365;||&#xf1366;||&#xf1367;||&#xf1368;||&#xf1369;||&#xf136a;||&#xf136b;||&#xf136c;||&#xf136d;||&#xf136e;||&#xf136f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F137x |&#xf1370;||&#xf1371;||&#xf1372;||&#xf1373;||&#xf1374;||&#xf1375;||&#xf1376;||&#xf1377;||&#xf1378;||&#xf1379;||&#xf137a;||&#xf137b;||&#xf137c;||&#xf137d;||&#xf137e;||&#xf137f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F138x |&#xf1380;||&#xf1381;||&#xf1382;||&#xf1383;||&#xf1384;||&#xf1385;||&#xf1386;||&#xf1387;||&#xf1388;||&#xf1389;||&#xf138a;||&#xf138b;||&#xf138c;||&#xf138d;||&#xf138e;||&#xf138f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F139x |&#xf1390;||&#xf1391;||&#xf1392;||&#xf1393;||&#xf1394;||&#xf1395;||&#xf1396;||&#xf1397;||&#xf1398;||&#xf1399;||&#xf139a;||&#xf139b;||&#xf139c;||&#xf139d;||&#xf139e;||&#xf139f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F13Ax |&#xf13a0;||&#xf13a1;||&#xf13a2;||&#xf13a3;||&#xf13a4;||&#xf13a5;||&#xf13a6;||&#xf13a7;||&#xf13a8;||&#xf13a9;||&#xf13aa;||&#xf13ab;||&#xf13ac;||&#xf13ad;||&#xf13ae;||&#xf13af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F13Bx |&#xf13b0;||&#xf13b1;||&#xf13b2;||&#xf13b3;||&#xf13b4;||&#xf13b5;||&#xf13b6;||&#xf13b7;||&#xf13b8;||&#xf13b9;||&#xf13ba;||&#xf13bb;||&#xf13bc;||&#xf13bd;||&#xf13be;||&#xf13bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F13Cx |&#xf13c0;||&#xf13c1;||&#xf13c2;||&#xf13c3;||&#xf13c4;||&#xf13c5;||&#xf13c6;||&#xf13c7;||&#xf13c8;||&#xf13c9;||&#xf13ca;||&#xf13cb;||&#xf13cc;||&#xf13cd;||&#xf13ce;||&#xf13cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F13Dx |&#xf13d0;||&#xf13d1;||&#xf13d2;||&#xf13d3;||&#xf13d4;||&#xf13d5;||&#xf13d6;||&#xf13d7;||&#xf13d8;||&#xf13d9;||&#xf13da;||&#xf13db;||&#xf13dc;||&#xf13dd;||&#xf13de;||&#xf13df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F13Ex |&#xf13e0;||&#xf13e1;||&#xf13e2;||&#xf13e3;||&#xf13e4;||&#xf13e5;||&#xf13e6;||&#xf13e7;||&#xf13e8;||&#xf13e9;||&#xf13ea;||&#xf13eb;||&#xf13ec;||&#xf13ed;||&#xf13ee;||&#xf13ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F13Fx |&#xf13f0;||&#xf13f1;||&#xf13f2;||&#xf13f3;||&#xf13f4;||&#xf13f5;||&#xf13f6;||&#xf13f7;||&#xf13f8;||&#xf13f9;||&#xf13fa;||&#xf13fb;||&#xf13fc;||&#xf13fd;||&#xf13fe;||&#xf13ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F140x |&#xf1400;||&#xf1401;||&#xf1402;||&#xf1403;||&#xf1404;||&#xf1405;||&#xf1406;||&#xf1407;||&#xf1408;||&#xf1409;||&#xf140a;||&#xf140b;||&#xf140c;||&#xf140d;||&#xf140e;||&#xf140f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F141x |&#xf1410;||&#xf1411;||&#xf1412;||&#xf1413;||&#xf1414;||&#xf1415;||&#xf1416;||&#xf1417;||&#xf1418;||&#xf1419;||&#xf141a;||&#xf141b;||&#xf141c;||&#xf141d;||&#xf141e;||&#xf141f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F142x |&#xf1420;||&#xf1421;||&#xf1422;||&#xf1423;||&#xf1424;||&#xf1425;||&#xf1426;||&#xf1427;||&#xf1428;||&#xf1429;||&#xf142a;||&#xf142b;||&#xf142c;||&#xf142d;||&#xf142e;||&#xf142f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F143x |&#xf1430;||&#xf1431;||&#xf1432;||&#xf1433;||&#xf1434;||&#xf1435;||&#xf1436;||&#xf1437;||&#xf1438;||&#xf1439;||&#xf143a;||&#xf143b;||&#xf143c;||&#xf143d;||&#xf143e;||&#xf143f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F144x |&#xf1440;||&#xf1441;||&#xf1442;||&#xf1443;||&#xf1444;||&#xf1445;||&#xf1446;||&#xf1447;||&#xf1448;||&#xf1449;||&#xf144a;||&#xf144b;||&#xf144c;||&#xf144d;||&#xf144e;||&#xf144f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F145x |&#xf1450;||&#xf1451;||&#xf1452;||&#xf1453;||&#xf1454;||&#xf1455;||&#xf1456;||&#xf1457;||&#xf1458;||&#xf1459;||&#xf145a;||&#xf145b;||&#xf145c;||&#xf145d;||&#xf145e;||&#xf145f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F146x |&#xf1460;||&#xf1461;||&#xf1462;||&#xf1463;||&#xf1464;||&#xf1465;||&#xf1466;||&#xf1467;||&#xf1468;||&#xf1469;||&#xf146a;||&#xf146b;||&#xf146c;||&#xf146d;||&#xf146e;||&#xf146f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F147x |&#xf1470;||&#xf1471;||&#xf1472;||&#xf1473;||&#xf1474;||&#xf1475;||&#xf1476;||&#xf1477;||&#xf1478;||&#xf1479;||&#xf147a;||&#xf147b;||&#xf147c;||&#xf147d;||&#xf147e;||&#xf147f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F148x |&#xf1480;||&#xf1481;||&#xf1482;||&#xf1483;||&#xf1484;||&#xf1485;||&#xf1486;||&#xf1487;||&#xf1488;||&#xf1489;||&#xf148a;||&#xf148b;||&#xf148c;||&#xf148d;||&#xf148e;||&#xf148f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F149x |&#xf1490;||&#xf1491;||&#xf1492;||&#xf1493;||&#xf1494;||&#xf1495;||&#xf1496;||&#xf1497;||&#xf1498;||&#xf1499;||&#xf149a;||&#xf149b;||&#xf149c;||&#xf149d;||&#xf149e;||&#xf149f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F14Ax |&#xf14a0;||&#xf14a1;||&#xf14a2;||&#xf14a3;||&#xf14a4;||&#xf14a5;||&#xf14a6;||&#xf14a7;||&#xf14a8;||&#xf14a9;||&#xf14aa;||&#xf14ab;||&#xf14ac;||&#xf14ad;||&#xf14ae;||&#xf14af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F14Bx |&#xf14b0;||&#xf14b1;||&#xf14b2;||&#xf14b3;||&#xf14b4;||&#xf14b5;||&#xf14b6;||&#xf14b7;||&#xf14b8;||&#xf14b9;||&#xf14ba;||&#xf14bb;||&#xf14bc;||&#xf14bd;||&#xf14be;||&#xf14bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F14Cx |&#xf14c0;||&#xf14c1;||&#xf14c2;||&#xf14c3;||&#xf14c4;||&#xf14c5;||&#xf14c6;||&#xf14c7;||&#xf14c8;||&#xf14c9;||&#xf14ca;||&#xf14cb;||&#xf14cc;||&#xf14cd;||&#xf14ce;||&#xf14cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F14Dx |&#xf14d0;||&#xf14d1;||&#xf14d2;||&#xf14d3;||&#xf14d4;||&#xf14d5;||&#xf14d6;||&#xf14d7;||&#xf14d8;||&#xf14d9;||&#xf14da;||&#xf14db;||&#xf14dc;||&#xf14dd;||&#xf14de;||&#xf14df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F14Ex |&#xf14e0;||&#xf14e1;||&#xf14e2;||&#xf14e3;||&#xf14e4;||&#xf14e5;||&#xf14e6;||&#xf14e7;||&#xf14e8;||&#xf14e9;||&#xf14ea;||&#xf14eb;||&#xf14ec;||&#xf14ed;||&#xf14ee;||&#xf14ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F14Fx |&#xf14f0;||&#xf14f1;||&#xf14f2;||&#xf14f3;||&#xf14f4;||&#xf14f5;||&#xf14f6;||&#xf14f7;||&#xf14f8;||&#xf14f9;||&#xf14fa;||&#xf14fb;||&#xf14fc;||&#xf14fd;||&#xf14fe;||&#xf14ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F150x |&#xf1500;||&#xf1501;||&#xf1502;||&#xf1503;||&#xf1504;||&#xf1505;||&#xf1506;||&#xf1507;||&#xf1508;||&#xf1509;||&#xf150a;||&#xf150b;||&#xf150c;||&#xf150d;||&#xf150e;||&#xf150f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F151x |&#xf1510;||&#xf1511;||&#xf1512;||&#xf1513;||&#xf1514;||&#xf1515;||&#xf1516;||&#xf1517;||&#xf1518;||&#xf1519;||&#xf151a;||&#xf151b;||&#xf151c;||&#xf151d;||&#xf151e;||&#xf151f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F152x |&#xf1520;||&#xf1521;||&#xf1522;||&#xf1523;||&#xf1524;||&#xf1525;||&#xf1526;||&#xf1527;||&#xf1528;||&#xf1529;||&#xf152a;||&#xf152b;||&#xf152c;||&#xf152d;||&#xf152e;||&#xf152f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F153x |&#xf1530;||&#xf1531;||&#xf1532;||&#xf1533;||&#xf1534;||&#xf1535;||&#xf1536;||&#xf1537;||&#xf1538;||&#xf1539;||&#xf153a;||&#xf153b;||&#xf153c;||&#xf153d;||&#xf153e;||&#xf153f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F154x |&#xf1540;||&#xf1541;||&#xf1542;||&#xf1543;||&#xf1544;||&#xf1545;||&#xf1546;||&#xf1547;||&#xf1548;||&#xf1549;||&#xf154a;||&#xf154b;||&#xf154c;||&#xf154d;||&#xf154e;||&#xf154f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F155x |&#xf1550;||&#xf1551;||&#xf1552;||&#xf1553;||&#xf1554;||&#xf1555;||&#xf1556;||&#xf1557;||&#xf1558;||&#xf1559;||&#xf155a;||&#xf155b;||&#xf155c;||&#xf155d;||&#xf155e;||&#xf155f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F156x |&#xf1560;||&#xf1561;||&#xf1562;||&#xf1563;||&#xf1564;||&#xf1565;||&#xf1566;||&#xf1567;||&#xf1568;||&#xf1569;||&#xf156a;||&#xf156b;||&#xf156c;||&#xf156d;||&#xf156e;||&#xf156f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F157x |&#xf1570;||&#xf1571;||&#xf1572;||&#xf1573;||&#xf1574;||&#xf1575;||&#xf1576;||&#xf1577;||&#xf1578;||&#xf1579;||&#xf157a;||&#xf157b;||&#xf157c;||&#xf157d;||&#xf157e;||&#xf157f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F158x |&#xf1580;||&#xf1581;||&#xf1582;||&#xf1583;||&#xf1584;||&#xf1585;||&#xf1586;||&#xf1587;||&#xf1588;||&#xf1589;||&#xf158a;||&#xf158b;||&#xf158c;||&#xf158d;||&#xf158e;||&#xf158f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F159x |&#xf1590;||&#xf1591;||&#xf1592;||&#xf1593;||&#xf1594;||&#xf1595;||&#xf1596;||&#xf1597;||&#xf1598;||&#xf1599;||&#xf159a;||&#xf159b;||&#xf159c;||&#xf159d;||&#xf159e;||&#xf159f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F15Ax |&#xf15a0;||&#xf15a1;||&#xf15a2;||&#xf15a3;||&#xf15a4;||&#xf15a5;||&#xf15a6;||&#xf15a7;||&#xf15a8;||&#xf15a9;||&#xf15aa;||&#xf15ab;||&#xf15ac;||&#xf15ad;||&#xf15ae;||&#xf15af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F15Bx |&#xf15b0;||&#xf15b1;||&#xf15b2;||&#xf15b3;||&#xf15b4;||&#xf15b5;||&#xf15b6;||&#xf15b7;||&#xf15b8;||&#xf15b9;||&#xf15ba;||&#xf15bb;||&#xf15bc;||&#xf15bd;||&#xf15be;||&#xf15bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F15Cx |&#xf15c0;||&#xf15c1;||&#xf15c2;||&#xf15c3;||&#xf15c4;||&#xf15c5;||&#xf15c6;||&#xf15c7;||&#xf15c8;||&#xf15c9;||&#xf15ca;||&#xf15cb;||&#xf15cc;||&#xf15cd;||&#xf15ce;||&#xf15cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F15Dx |&#xf15d0;||&#xf15d1;||&#xf15d2;||&#xf15d3;||&#xf15d4;||&#xf15d5;||&#xf15d6;||&#xf15d7;||&#xf15d8;||&#xf15d9;||&#xf15da;||&#xf15db;||&#xf15dc;||&#xf15dd;||&#xf15de;||&#xf15df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F15Ex |&#xf15e0;||&#xf15e1;||&#xf15e2;||&#xf15e3;||&#xf15e4;||&#xf15e5;||&#xf15e6;||&#xf15e7;||&#xf15e8;||&#xf15e9;||&#xf15ea;||&#xf15eb;||&#xf15ec;||&#xf15ed;||&#xf15ee;||&#xf15ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F15Fx |&#xf15f0;||&#xf15f1;||&#xf15f2;||&#xf15f3;||&#xf15f4;||&#xf15f5;||&#xf15f6;||&#xf15f7;||&#xf15f8;||&#xf15f9;||&#xf15fa;||&#xf15fb;||&#xf15fc;||&#xf15fd;||&#xf15fe;||&#xf15ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F160x |&#xf1600;||&#xf1601;||&#xf1602;||&#xf1603;||&#xf1604;||&#xf1605;||&#xf1606;||&#xf1607;||&#xf1608;||&#xf1609;||&#xf160a;||&#xf160b;||&#xf160c;||&#xf160d;||&#xf160e;||&#xf160f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F161x |&#xf1610;||&#xf1611;||&#xf1612;||&#xf1613;||&#xf1614;||&#xf1615;||&#xf1616;||&#xf1617;||&#xf1618;||&#xf1619;||&#xf161a;||&#xf161b;||&#xf161c;||&#xf161d;||&#xf161e;||&#xf161f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F162x |&#xf1620;||&#xf1621;||&#xf1622;||&#xf1623;||&#xf1624;||&#xf1625;||&#xf1626;||&#xf1627;||&#xf1628;||&#xf1629;||&#xf162a;||&#xf162b;||&#xf162c;||&#xf162d;||&#xf162e;||&#xf162f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F163x |&#xf1630;||&#xf1631;||&#xf1632;||&#xf1633;||&#xf1634;||&#xf1635;||&#xf1636;||&#xf1637;||&#xf1638;||&#xf1639;||&#xf163a;||&#xf163b;||&#xf163c;||&#xf163d;||&#xf163e;||&#xf163f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F164x |&#xf1640;||&#xf1641;||&#xf1642;||&#xf1643;||&#xf1644;||&#xf1645;||&#xf1646;||&#xf1647;||&#xf1648;||&#xf1649;||&#xf164a;||&#xf164b;||&#xf164c;||&#xf164d;||&#xf164e;||&#xf164f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F165x |&#xf1650;||&#xf1651;||&#xf1652;||&#xf1653;||&#xf1654;||&#xf1655;||&#xf1656;||&#xf1657;||&#xf1658;||&#xf1659;||&#xf165a;||&#xf165b;||&#xf165c;||&#xf165d;||&#xf165e;||&#xf165f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F166x |&#xf1660;||&#xf1661;||&#xf1662;||&#xf1663;||&#xf1664;||&#xf1665;||&#xf1666;||&#xf1667;||&#xf1668;||&#xf1669;||&#xf166a;||&#xf166b;||&#xf166c;||&#xf166d;||&#xf166e;||&#xf166f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F167x |&#xf1670;||&#xf1671;||&#xf1672;||&#xf1673;||&#xf1674;||&#xf1675;||&#xf1676;||&#xf1677;||&#xf1678;||&#xf1679;||&#xf167a;||&#xf167b;||&#xf167c;||&#xf167d;||&#xf167e;||&#xf167f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F168x |&#xf1680;||&#xf1681;||&#xf1682;||&#xf1683;||&#xf1684;||&#xf1685;||&#xf1686;||&#xf1687;||&#xf1688;||&#xf1689;||&#xf168a;||&#xf168b;||&#xf168c;||&#xf168d;||&#xf168e;||&#xf168f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F169x |&#xf1690;||&#xf1691;||&#xf1692;||&#xf1693;||&#xf1694;||&#xf1695;||&#xf1696;||&#xf1697;||&#xf1698;||&#xf1699;||&#xf169a;||&#xf169b;||&#xf169c;||&#xf169d;||&#xf169e;||&#xf169f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F16Ax |&#xf16a0;||&#xf16a1;||&#xf16a2;||&#xf16a3;||&#xf16a4;||&#xf16a5;||&#xf16a6;||&#xf16a7;||&#xf16a8;||&#xf16a9;||&#xf16aa;||&#xf16ab;||&#xf16ac;||&#xf16ad;||&#xf16ae;||&#xf16af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F16Bx |&#xf16b0;||&#xf16b1;||&#xf16b2;||&#xf16b3;||&#xf16b4;||&#xf16b5;||&#xf16b6;||&#xf16b7;||&#xf16b8;||&#xf16b9;||&#xf16ba;||&#xf16bb;||&#xf16bc;||&#xf16bd;||&#xf16be;||&#xf16bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F16Cx |&#xf16c0;||&#xf16c1;||&#xf16c2;||&#xf16c3;||&#xf16c4;||&#xf16c5;||&#xf16c6;||&#xf16c7;||&#xf16c8;||&#xf16c9;||&#xf16ca;||&#xf16cb;||&#xf16cc;||&#xf16cd;||&#xf16ce;||&#xf16cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F16Dx |&#xf16d0;||&#xf16d1;||&#xf16d2;||&#xf16d3;||&#xf16d4;||&#xf16d5;||&#xf16d6;||&#xf16d7;||&#xf16d8;||&#xf16d9;||&#xf16da;||&#xf16db;||&#xf16dc;||&#xf16dd;||&#xf16de;||&#xf16df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F16Ex |&#xf16e0;||&#xf16e1;||&#xf16e2;||&#xf16e3;||&#xf16e4;||&#xf16e5;||&#xf16e6;||&#xf16e7;||&#xf16e8;||&#xf16e9;||&#xf16ea;||&#xf16eb;||&#xf16ec;||&#xf16ed;||&#xf16ee;||&#xf16ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F16Fx |&#xf16f0;||&#xf16f1;||&#xf16f2;||&#xf16f3;||&#xf16f4;||&#xf16f5;||&#xf16f6;||&#xf16f7;||&#xf16f8;||&#xf16f9;||&#xf16fa;||&#xf16fb;||&#xf16fc;||&#xf16fd;||&#xf16fe;||&#xf16ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F170x |&#xf1700;||&#xf1701;||&#xf1702;||&#xf1703;||&#xf1704;||&#xf1705;||&#xf1706;||&#xf1707;||&#xf1708;||&#xf1709;||&#xf170a;||&#xf170b;||&#xf170c;||&#xf170d;||&#xf170e;||&#xf170f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F171x |&#xf1710;||&#xf1711;||&#xf1712;||&#xf1713;||&#xf1714;||&#xf1715;||&#xf1716;||&#xf1717;||&#xf1718;||&#xf1719;||&#xf171a;||&#xf171b;||&#xf171c;||&#xf171d;||&#xf171e;||&#xf171f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F172x |&#xf1720;||&#xf1721;||&#xf1722;||&#xf1723;||&#xf1724;||&#xf1725;||&#xf1726;||&#xf1727;||&#xf1728;||&#xf1729;||&#xf172a;||&#xf172b;||&#xf172c;||&#xf172d;||&#xf172e;||&#xf172f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F173x |&#xf1730;||&#xf1731;||&#xf1732;||&#xf1733;||&#xf1734;||&#xf1735;||&#xf1736;||&#xf1737;||&#xf1738;||&#xf1739;||&#xf173a;||&#xf173b;||&#xf173c;||&#xf173d;||&#xf173e;||&#xf173f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F174x |&#xf1740;||&#xf1741;||&#xf1742;||&#xf1743;||&#xf1744;||&#xf1745;||&#xf1746;||&#xf1747;||&#xf1748;||&#xf1749;||&#xf174a;||&#xf174b;||&#xf174c;||&#xf174d;||&#xf174e;||&#xf174f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F175x |&#xf1750;||&#xf1751;||&#xf1752;||&#xf1753;||&#xf1754;||&#xf1755;||&#xf1756;||&#xf1757;||&#xf1758;||&#xf1759;||&#xf175a;||&#xf175b;||&#xf175c;||&#xf175d;||&#xf175e;||&#xf175f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F176x |&#xf1760;||&#xf1761;||&#xf1762;||&#xf1763;||&#xf1764;||&#xf1765;||&#xf1766;||&#xf1767;||&#xf1768;||&#xf1769;||&#xf176a;||&#xf176b;||&#xf176c;||&#xf176d;||&#xf176e;||&#xf176f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F177x |&#xf1770;||&#xf1771;||&#xf1772;||&#xf1773;||&#xf1774;||&#xf1775;||&#xf1776;||&#xf1777;||&#xf1778;||&#xf1779;||&#xf177a;||&#xf177b;||&#xf177c;||&#xf177d;||&#xf177e;||&#xf177f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F178x |&#xf1780;||&#xf1781;||&#xf1782;||&#xf1783;||&#xf1784;||&#xf1785;||&#xf1786;||&#xf1787;||&#xf1788;||&#xf1789;||&#xf178a;||&#xf178b;||&#xf178c;||&#xf178d;||&#xf178e;||&#xf178f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F179x |&#xf1790;||&#xf1791;||&#xf1792;||&#xf1793;||&#xf1794;||&#xf1795;||&#xf1796;||&#xf1797;||&#xf1798;||&#xf1799;||&#xf179a;||&#xf179b;||&#xf179c;||&#xf179d;||&#xf179e;||&#xf179f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F17Ax |&#xf17a0;||&#xf17a1;||&#xf17a2;||&#xf17a3;||&#xf17a4;||&#xf17a5;||&#xf17a6;||&#xf17a7;||&#xf17a8;||&#xf17a9;||&#xf17aa;||&#xf17ab;||&#xf17ac;||&#xf17ad;||&#xf17ae;||&#xf17af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F17Bx |&#xf17b0;||&#xf17b1;||&#xf17b2;||&#xf17b3;||&#xf17b4;||&#xf17b5;||&#xf17b6;||&#xf17b7;||&#xf17b8;||&#xf17b9;||&#xf17ba;||&#xf17bb;||&#xf17bc;||&#xf17bd;||&#xf17be;||&#xf17bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F17Cx |&#xf17c0;||&#xf17c1;||&#xf17c2;||&#xf17c3;||&#xf17c4;||&#xf17c5;||&#xf17c6;||&#xf17c7;||&#xf17c8;||&#xf17c9;||&#xf17ca;||&#xf17cb;||&#xf17cc;||&#xf17cd;||&#xf17ce;||&#xf17cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F17Dx |&#xf17d0;||&#xf17d1;||&#xf17d2;||&#xf17d3;||&#xf17d4;||&#xf17d5;||&#xf17d6;||&#xf17d7;||&#xf17d8;||&#xf17d9;||&#xf17da;||&#xf17db;||&#xf17dc;||&#xf17dd;||&#xf17de;||&#xf17df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F17Ex |&#xf17e0;||&#xf17e1;||&#xf17e2;||&#xf17e3;||&#xf17e4;||&#xf17e5;||&#xf17e6;||&#xf17e7;||&#xf17e8;||&#xf17e9;||&#xf17ea;||&#xf17eb;||&#xf17ec;||&#xf17ed;||&#xf17ee;||&#xf17ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F17Fx |&#xf17f0;||&#xf17f1;||&#xf17f2;||&#xf17f3;||&#xf17f4;||&#xf17f5;||&#xf17f6;||&#xf17f7;||&#xf17f8;||&#xf17f9;||&#xf17fa;||&#xf17fb;||&#xf17fc;||&#xf17fd;||&#xf17fe;||&#xf17ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F180x |&#xf1800;||&#xf1801;||&#xf1802;||&#xf1803;||&#xf1804;||&#xf1805;||&#xf1806;||&#xf1807;||&#xf1808;||&#xf1809;||&#xf180a;||&#xf180b;||&#xf180c;||&#xf180d;||&#xf180e;||&#xf180f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F181x |&#xf1810;||&#xf1811;||&#xf1812;||&#xf1813;||&#xf1814;||&#xf1815;||&#xf1816;||&#xf1817;||&#xf1818;||&#xf1819;||&#xf181a;||&#xf181b;||&#xf181c;||&#xf181d;||&#xf181e;||&#xf181f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F182x |&#xf1820;||&#xf1821;||&#xf1822;||&#xf1823;||&#xf1824;||&#xf1825;||&#xf1826;||&#xf1827;||&#xf1828;||&#xf1829;||&#xf182a;||&#xf182b;||&#xf182c;||&#xf182d;||&#xf182e;||&#xf182f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F183x |&#xf1830;||&#xf1831;||&#xf1832;||&#xf1833;||&#xf1834;||&#xf1835;||&#xf1836;||&#xf1837;||&#xf1838;||&#xf1839;||&#xf183a;||&#xf183b;||&#xf183c;||&#xf183d;||&#xf183e;||&#xf183f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F184x |&#xf1840;||&#xf1841;||&#xf1842;||&#xf1843;||&#xf1844;||&#xf1845;||&#xf1846;||&#xf1847;||&#xf1848;||&#xf1849;||&#xf184a;||&#xf184b;||&#xf184c;||&#xf184d;||&#xf184e;||&#xf184f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F185x |&#xf1850;||&#xf1851;||&#xf1852;||&#xf1853;||&#xf1854;||&#xf1855;||&#xf1856;||&#xf1857;||&#xf1858;||&#xf1859;||&#xf185a;||&#xf185b;||&#xf185c;||&#xf185d;||&#xf185e;||&#xf185f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F186x |&#xf1860;||&#xf1861;||&#xf1862;||&#xf1863;||&#xf1864;||&#xf1865;||&#xf1866;||&#xf1867;||&#xf1868;||&#xf1869;||&#xf186a;||&#xf186b;||&#xf186c;||&#xf186d;||&#xf186e;||&#xf186f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F187x |&#xf1870;||&#xf1871;||&#xf1872;||&#xf1873;||&#xf1874;||&#xf1875;||&#xf1876;||&#xf1877;||&#xf1878;||&#xf1879;||&#xf187a;||&#xf187b;||&#xf187c;||&#xf187d;||&#xf187e;||&#xf187f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F188x |&#xf1880;||&#xf1881;||&#xf1882;||&#xf1883;||&#xf1884;||&#xf1885;||&#xf1886;||&#xf1887;||&#xf1888;||&#xf1889;||&#xf188a;||&#xf188b;||&#xf188c;||&#xf188d;||&#xf188e;||&#xf188f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F189x |&#xf1890;||&#xf1891;||&#xf1892;||&#xf1893;||&#xf1894;||&#xf1895;||&#xf1896;||&#xf1897;||&#xf1898;||&#xf1899;||&#xf189a;||&#xf189b;||&#xf189c;||&#xf189d;||&#xf189e;||&#xf189f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F18Ax |&#xf18a0;||&#xf18a1;||&#xf18a2;||&#xf18a3;||&#xf18a4;||&#xf18a5;||&#xf18a6;||&#xf18a7;||&#xf18a8;||&#xf18a9;||&#xf18aa;||&#xf18ab;||&#xf18ac;||&#xf18ad;||&#xf18ae;||&#xf18af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F18Bx |&#xf18b0;||&#xf18b1;||&#xf18b2;||&#xf18b3;||&#xf18b4;||&#xf18b5;||&#xf18b6;||&#xf18b7;||&#xf18b8;||&#xf18b9;||&#xf18ba;||&#xf18bb;||&#xf18bc;||&#xf18bd;||&#xf18be;||&#xf18bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F18Cx |&#xf18c0;||&#xf18c1;||&#xf18c2;||&#xf18c3;||&#xf18c4;||&#xf18c5;||&#xf18c6;||&#xf18c7;||&#xf18c8;||&#xf18c9;||&#xf18ca;||&#xf18cb;||&#xf18cc;||&#xf18cd;||&#xf18ce;||&#xf18cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F18Dx |&#xf18d0;||&#xf18d1;||&#xf18d2;||&#xf18d3;||&#xf18d4;||&#xf18d5;||&#xf18d6;||&#xf18d7;||&#xf18d8;||&#xf18d9;||&#xf18da;||&#xf18db;||&#xf18dc;||&#xf18dd;||&#xf18de;||&#xf18df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F18Ex |&#xf18e0;||&#xf18e1;||&#xf18e2;||&#xf18e3;||&#xf18e4;||&#xf18e5;||&#xf18e6;||&#xf18e7;||&#xf18e8;||&#xf18e9;||&#xf18ea;||&#xf18eb;||&#xf18ec;||&#xf18ed;||&#xf18ee;||&#xf18ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F18Fx |&#xf18f0;||&#xf18f1;||&#xf18f2;||&#xf18f3;||&#xf18f4;||&#xf18f5;||&#xf18f6;||&#xf18f7;||&#xf18f8;||&#xf18f9;||&#xf18fa;||&#xf18fb;||&#xf18fc;||&#xf18fd;||&#xf18fe;||&#xf18ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F190x |&#xf1900;||&#xf1901;||&#xf1902;||&#xf1903;||&#xf1904;||&#xf1905;||&#xf1906;||&#xf1907;||&#xf1908;||&#xf1909;||&#xf190a;||&#xf190b;||&#xf190c;||&#xf190d;||&#xf190e;||&#xf190f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F191x |&#xf1910;||&#xf1911;||&#xf1912;||&#xf1913;||&#xf1914;||&#xf1915;||&#xf1916;||&#xf1917;||&#xf1918;||&#xf1919;||&#xf191a;||&#xf191b;||&#xf191c;||&#xf191d;||&#xf191e;||&#xf191f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F192x |&#xf1920;||&#xf1921;||&#xf1922;||&#xf1923;||&#xf1924;||&#xf1925;||&#xf1926;||&#xf1927;||&#xf1928;||&#xf1929;||&#xf192a;||&#xf192b;||&#xf192c;||&#xf192d;||&#xf192e;||&#xf192f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F193x |&#xf1930;||&#xf1931;||&#xf1932;||&#xf1933;||&#xf1934;||&#xf1935;||&#xf1936;||&#xf1937;||&#xf1938;||&#xf1939;||&#xf193a;||&#xf193b;||&#xf193c;||&#xf193d;||&#xf193e;||&#xf193f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F194x |&#xf1940;||&#xf1941;||&#xf1942;||&#xf1943;||&#xf1944;||&#xf1945;||&#xf1946;||&#xf1947;||&#xf1948;||&#xf1949;||&#xf194a;||&#xf194b;||&#xf194c;||&#xf194d;||&#xf194e;||&#xf194f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F195x |&#xf1950;||&#xf1951;||&#xf1952;||&#xf1953;||&#xf1954;||&#xf1955;||&#xf1956;||&#xf1957;||&#xf1958;||&#xf1959;||&#xf195a;||&#xf195b;||&#xf195c;||&#xf195d;||&#xf195e;||&#xf195f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F196x |&#xf1960;||&#xf1961;||&#xf1962;||&#xf1963;||&#xf1964;||&#xf1965;||&#xf1966;||&#xf1967;||&#xf1968;||&#xf1969;||&#xf196a;||&#xf196b;||&#xf196c;||&#xf196d;||&#xf196e;||&#xf196f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F197x |&#xf1970;||&#xf1971;||&#xf1972;||&#xf1973;||&#xf1974;||&#xf1975;||&#xf1976;||&#xf1977;||&#xf1978;||&#xf1979;||&#xf197a;||&#xf197b;||&#xf197c;||&#xf197d;||&#xf197e;||&#xf197f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F198x |&#xf1980;||&#xf1981;||&#xf1982;||&#xf1983;||&#xf1984;||&#xf1985;||&#xf1986;||&#xf1987;||&#xf1988;||&#xf1989;||&#xf198a;||&#xf198b;||&#xf198c;||&#xf198d;||&#xf198e;||&#xf198f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F199x |&#xf1990;||&#xf1991;||&#xf1992;||&#xf1993;||&#xf1994;||&#xf1995;||&#xf1996;||&#xf1997;||&#xf1998;||&#xf1999;||&#xf199a;||&#xf199b;||&#xf199c;||&#xf199d;||&#xf199e;||&#xf199f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F19Ax |&#xf19a0;||&#xf19a1;||&#xf19a2;||&#xf19a3;||&#xf19a4;||&#xf19a5;||&#xf19a6;||&#xf19a7;||&#xf19a8;||&#xf19a9;||&#xf19aa;||&#xf19ab;||&#xf19ac;||&#xf19ad;||&#xf19ae;||&#xf19af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F19Bx |&#xf19b0;||&#xf19b1;||&#xf19b2;||&#xf19b3;||&#xf19b4;||&#xf19b5;||&#xf19b6;||&#xf19b7;||&#xf19b8;||&#xf19b9;||&#xf19ba;||&#xf19bb;||&#xf19bc;||&#xf19bd;||&#xf19be;||&#xf19bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F19Cx |&#xf19c0;||&#xf19c1;||&#xf19c2;||&#xf19c3;||&#xf19c4;||&#xf19c5;||&#xf19c6;||&#xf19c7;||&#xf19c8;||&#xf19c9;||&#xf19ca;||&#xf19cb;||&#xf19cc;||&#xf19cd;||&#xf19ce;||&#xf19cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F19Dx |&#xf19d0;||&#xf19d1;||&#xf19d2;||&#xf19d3;||&#xf19d4;||&#xf19d5;||&#xf19d6;||&#xf19d7;||&#xf19d8;||&#xf19d9;||&#xf19da;||&#xf19db;||&#xf19dc;||&#xf19dd;||&#xf19de;||&#xf19df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F19Ex |&#xf19e0;||&#xf19e1;||&#xf19e2;||&#xf19e3;||&#xf19e4;||&#xf19e5;||&#xf19e6;||&#xf19e7;||&#xf19e8;||&#xf19e9;||&#xf19ea;||&#xf19eb;||&#xf19ec;||&#xf19ed;||&#xf19ee;||&#xf19ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F19Fx |&#xf19f0;||&#xf19f1;||&#xf19f2;||&#xf19f3;||&#xf19f4;||&#xf19f5;||&#xf19f6;||&#xf19f7;||&#xf19f8;||&#xf19f9;||&#xf19fa;||&#xf19fb;||&#xf19fc;||&#xf19fd;||&#xf19fe;||&#xf19ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A0x |&#xf1a00;||&#xf1a01;||&#xf1a02;||&#xf1a03;||&#xf1a04;||&#xf1a05;||&#xf1a06;||&#xf1a07;||&#xf1a08;||&#xf1a09;||&#xf1a0a;||&#xf1a0b;||&#xf1a0c;||&#xf1a0d;||&#xf1a0e;||&#xf1a0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A1x |&#xf1a10;||&#xf1a11;||&#xf1a12;||&#xf1a13;||&#xf1a14;||&#xf1a15;||&#xf1a16;||&#xf1a17;||&#xf1a18;||&#xf1a19;||&#xf1a1a;||&#xf1a1b;||&#xf1a1c;||&#xf1a1d;||&#xf1a1e;||&#xf1a1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A2x |&#xf1a20;||&#xf1a21;||&#xf1a22;||&#xf1a23;||&#xf1a24;||&#xf1a25;||&#xf1a26;||&#xf1a27;||&#xf1a28;||&#xf1a29;||&#xf1a2a;||&#xf1a2b;||&#xf1a2c;||&#xf1a2d;||&#xf1a2e;||&#xf1a2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A3x |&#xf1a30;||&#xf1a31;||&#xf1a32;||&#xf1a33;||&#xf1a34;||&#xf1a35;||&#xf1a36;||&#xf1a37;||&#xf1a38;||&#xf1a39;||&#xf1a3a;||&#xf1a3b;||&#xf1a3c;||&#xf1a3d;||&#xf1a3e;||&#xf1a3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A4x |&#xf1a40;||&#xf1a41;||&#xf1a42;||&#xf1a43;||&#xf1a44;||&#xf1a45;||&#xf1a46;||&#xf1a47;||&#xf1a48;||&#xf1a49;||&#xf1a4a;||&#xf1a4b;||&#xf1a4c;||&#xf1a4d;||&#xf1a4e;||&#xf1a4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A5x |&#xf1a50;||&#xf1a51;||&#xf1a52;||&#xf1a53;||&#xf1a54;||&#xf1a55;||&#xf1a56;||&#xf1a57;||&#xf1a58;||&#xf1a59;||&#xf1a5a;||&#xf1a5b;||&#xf1a5c;||&#xf1a5d;||&#xf1a5e;||&#xf1a5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A6x |&#xf1a60;||&#xf1a61;||&#xf1a62;||&#xf1a63;||&#xf1a64;||&#xf1a65;||&#xf1a66;||&#xf1a67;||&#xf1a68;||&#xf1a69;||&#xf1a6a;||&#xf1a6b;||&#xf1a6c;||&#xf1a6d;||&#xf1a6e;||&#xf1a6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A7x |&#xf1a70;||&#xf1a71;||&#xf1a72;||&#xf1a73;||&#xf1a74;||&#xf1a75;||&#xf1a76;||&#xf1a77;||&#xf1a78;||&#xf1a79;||&#xf1a7a;||&#xf1a7b;||&#xf1a7c;||&#xf1a7d;||&#xf1a7e;||&#xf1a7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A8x |&#xf1a80;||&#xf1a81;||&#xf1a82;||&#xf1a83;||&#xf1a84;||&#xf1a85;||&#xf1a86;||&#xf1a87;||&#xf1a88;||&#xf1a89;||&#xf1a8a;||&#xf1a8b;||&#xf1a8c;||&#xf1a8d;||&#xf1a8e;||&#xf1a8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1A9x |&#xf1a90;||&#xf1a91;||&#xf1a92;||&#xf1a93;||&#xf1a94;||&#xf1a95;||&#xf1a96;||&#xf1a97;||&#xf1a98;||&#xf1a99;||&#xf1a9a;||&#xf1a9b;||&#xf1a9c;||&#xf1a9d;||&#xf1a9e;||&#xf1a9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1AAx |&#xf1aa0;||&#xf1aa1;||&#xf1aa2;||&#xf1aa3;||&#xf1aa4;||&#xf1aa5;||&#xf1aa6;||&#xf1aa7;||&#xf1aa8;||&#xf1aa9;||&#xf1aaa;||&#xf1aab;||&#xf1aac;||&#xf1aad;||&#xf1aae;||&#xf1aaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1ABx |&#xf1ab0;||&#xf1ab1;||&#xf1ab2;||&#xf1ab3;||&#xf1ab4;||&#xf1ab5;||&#xf1ab6;||&#xf1ab7;||&#xf1ab8;||&#xf1ab9;||&#xf1aba;||&#xf1abb;||&#xf1abc;||&#xf1abd;||&#xf1abe;||&#xf1abf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1ACx |&#xf1ac0;||&#xf1ac1;||&#xf1ac2;||&#xf1ac3;||&#xf1ac4;||&#xf1ac5;||&#xf1ac6;||&#xf1ac7;||&#xf1ac8;||&#xf1ac9;||&#xf1aca;||&#xf1acb;||&#xf1acc;||&#xf1acd;||&#xf1ace;||&#xf1acf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1ADx |&#xf1ad0;||&#xf1ad1;||&#xf1ad2;||&#xf1ad3;||&#xf1ad4;||&#xf1ad5;||&#xf1ad6;||&#xf1ad7;||&#xf1ad8;||&#xf1ad9;||&#xf1ada;||&#xf1adb;||&#xf1adc;||&#xf1add;||&#xf1ade;||&#xf1adf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1AEx |&#xf1ae0;||&#xf1ae1;||&#xf1ae2;||&#xf1ae3;||&#xf1ae4;||&#xf1ae5;||&#xf1ae6;||&#xf1ae7;||&#xf1ae8;||&#xf1ae9;||&#xf1aea;||&#xf1aeb;||&#xf1aec;||&#xf1aed;||&#xf1aee;||&#xf1aef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1AFx |&#xf1af0;||&#xf1af1;||&#xf1af2;||&#xf1af3;||&#xf1af4;||&#xf1af5;||&#xf1af6;||&#xf1af7;||&#xf1af8;||&#xf1af9;||&#xf1afa;||&#xf1afb;||&#xf1afc;||&#xf1afd;||&#xf1afe;||&#xf1aff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B0x |&#xf1b00;||&#xf1b01;||&#xf1b02;||&#xf1b03;||&#xf1b04;||&#xf1b05;||&#xf1b06;||&#xf1b07;||&#xf1b08;||&#xf1b09;||&#xf1b0a;||&#xf1b0b;||&#xf1b0c;||&#xf1b0d;||&#xf1b0e;||&#xf1b0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B1x |&#xf1b10;||&#xf1b11;||&#xf1b12;||&#xf1b13;||&#xf1b14;||&#xf1b15;||&#xf1b16;||&#xf1b17;||&#xf1b18;||&#xf1b19;||&#xf1b1a;||&#xf1b1b;||&#xf1b1c;||&#xf1b1d;||&#xf1b1e;||&#xf1b1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B2x |&#xf1b20;||&#xf1b21;||&#xf1b22;||&#xf1b23;||&#xf1b24;||&#xf1b25;||&#xf1b26;||&#xf1b27;||&#xf1b28;||&#xf1b29;||&#xf1b2a;||&#xf1b2b;||&#xf1b2c;||&#xf1b2d;||&#xf1b2e;||&#xf1b2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B3x |&#xf1b30;||&#xf1b31;||&#xf1b32;||&#xf1b33;||&#xf1b34;||&#xf1b35;||&#xf1b36;||&#xf1b37;||&#xf1b38;||&#xf1b39;||&#xf1b3a;||&#xf1b3b;||&#xf1b3c;||&#xf1b3d;||&#xf1b3e;||&#xf1b3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B4x |&#xf1b40;||&#xf1b41;||&#xf1b42;||&#xf1b43;||&#xf1b44;||&#xf1b45;||&#xf1b46;||&#xf1b47;||&#xf1b48;||&#xf1b49;||&#xf1b4a;||&#xf1b4b;||&#xf1b4c;||&#xf1b4d;||&#xf1b4e;||&#xf1b4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B5x |&#xf1b50;||&#xf1b51;||&#xf1b52;||&#xf1b53;||&#xf1b54;||&#xf1b55;||&#xf1b56;||&#xf1b57;||&#xf1b58;||&#xf1b59;||&#xf1b5a;||&#xf1b5b;||&#xf1b5c;||&#xf1b5d;||&#xf1b5e;||&#xf1b5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B6x |&#xf1b60;||&#xf1b61;||&#xf1b62;||&#xf1b63;||&#xf1b64;||&#xf1b65;||&#xf1b66;||&#xf1b67;||&#xf1b68;||&#xf1b69;||&#xf1b6a;||&#xf1b6b;||&#xf1b6c;||&#xf1b6d;||&#xf1b6e;||&#xf1b6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B7x |&#xf1b70;||&#xf1b71;||&#xf1b72;||&#xf1b73;||&#xf1b74;||&#xf1b75;||&#xf1b76;||&#xf1b77;||&#xf1b78;||&#xf1b79;||&#xf1b7a;||&#xf1b7b;||&#xf1b7c;||&#xf1b7d;||&#xf1b7e;||&#xf1b7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B8x |&#xf1b80;||&#xf1b81;||&#xf1b82;||&#xf1b83;||&#xf1b84;||&#xf1b85;||&#xf1b86;||&#xf1b87;||&#xf1b88;||&#xf1b89;||&#xf1b8a;||&#xf1b8b;||&#xf1b8c;||&#xf1b8d;||&#xf1b8e;||&#xf1b8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1B9x |&#xf1b90;||&#xf1b91;||&#xf1b92;||&#xf1b93;||&#xf1b94;||&#xf1b95;||&#xf1b96;||&#xf1b97;||&#xf1b98;||&#xf1b99;||&#xf1b9a;||&#xf1b9b;||&#xf1b9c;||&#xf1b9d;||&#xf1b9e;||&#xf1b9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1BAx |&#xf1ba0;||&#xf1ba1;||&#xf1ba2;||&#xf1ba3;||&#xf1ba4;||&#xf1ba5;||&#xf1ba6;||&#xf1ba7;||&#xf1ba8;||&#xf1ba9;||&#xf1baa;||&#xf1bab;||&#xf1bac;||&#xf1bad;||&#xf1bae;||&#xf1baf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1BBx |&#xf1bb0;||&#xf1bb1;||&#xf1bb2;||&#xf1bb3;||&#xf1bb4;||&#xf1bb5;||&#xf1bb6;||&#xf1bb7;||&#xf1bb8;||&#xf1bb9;||&#xf1bba;||&#xf1bbb;||&#xf1bbc;||&#xf1bbd;||&#xf1bbe;||&#xf1bbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1BCx |&#xf1bc0;||&#xf1bc1;||&#xf1bc2;||&#xf1bc3;||&#xf1bc4;||&#xf1bc5;||&#xf1bc6;||&#xf1bc7;||&#xf1bc8;||&#xf1bc9;||&#xf1bca;||&#xf1bcb;||&#xf1bcc;||&#xf1bcd;||&#xf1bce;||&#xf1bcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1BDx |&#xf1bd0;||&#xf1bd1;||&#xf1bd2;||&#xf1bd3;||&#xf1bd4;||&#xf1bd5;||&#xf1bd6;||&#xf1bd7;||&#xf1bd8;||&#xf1bd9;||&#xf1bda;||&#xf1bdb;||&#xf1bdc;||&#xf1bdd;||&#xf1bde;||&#xf1bdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1BEx |&#xf1be0;||&#xf1be1;||&#xf1be2;||&#xf1be3;||&#xf1be4;||&#xf1be5;||&#xf1be6;||&#xf1be7;||&#xf1be8;||&#xf1be9;||&#xf1bea;||&#xf1beb;||&#xf1bec;||&#xf1bed;||&#xf1bee;||&#xf1bef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1BFx |&#xf1bf0;||&#xf1bf1;||&#xf1bf2;||&#xf1bf3;||&#xf1bf4;||&#xf1bf5;||&#xf1bf6;||&#xf1bf7;||&#xf1bf8;||&#xf1bf9;||&#xf1bfa;||&#xf1bfb;||&#xf1bfc;||&#xf1bfd;||&#xf1bfe;||&#xf1bff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C0x |&#xf1c00;||&#xf1c01;||&#xf1c02;||&#xf1c03;||&#xf1c04;||&#xf1c05;||&#xf1c06;||&#xf1c07;||&#xf1c08;||&#xf1c09;||&#xf1c0a;||&#xf1c0b;||&#xf1c0c;||&#xf1c0d;||&#xf1c0e;||&#xf1c0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C1x |&#xf1c10;||&#xf1c11;||&#xf1c12;||&#xf1c13;||&#xf1c14;||&#xf1c15;||&#xf1c16;||&#xf1c17;||&#xf1c18;||&#xf1c19;||&#xf1c1a;||&#xf1c1b;||&#xf1c1c;||&#xf1c1d;||&#xf1c1e;||&#xf1c1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C2x |&#xf1c20;||&#xf1c21;||&#xf1c22;||&#xf1c23;||&#xf1c24;||&#xf1c25;||&#xf1c26;||&#xf1c27;||&#xf1c28;||&#xf1c29;||&#xf1c2a;||&#xf1c2b;||&#xf1c2c;||&#xf1c2d;||&#xf1c2e;||&#xf1c2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C3x |&#xf1c30;||&#xf1c31;||&#xf1c32;||&#xf1c33;||&#xf1c34;||&#xf1c35;||&#xf1c36;||&#xf1c37;||&#xf1c38;||&#xf1c39;||&#xf1c3a;||&#xf1c3b;||&#xf1c3c;||&#xf1c3d;||&#xf1c3e;||&#xf1c3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C4x |&#xf1c40;||&#xf1c41;||&#xf1c42;||&#xf1c43;||&#xf1c44;||&#xf1c45;||&#xf1c46;||&#xf1c47;||&#xf1c48;||&#xf1c49;||&#xf1c4a;||&#xf1c4b;||&#xf1c4c;||&#xf1c4d;||&#xf1c4e;||&#xf1c4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C5x |&#xf1c50;||&#xf1c51;||&#xf1c52;||&#xf1c53;||&#xf1c54;||&#xf1c55;||&#xf1c56;||&#xf1c57;||&#xf1c58;||&#xf1c59;||&#xf1c5a;||&#xf1c5b;||&#xf1c5c;||&#xf1c5d;||&#xf1c5e;||&#xf1c5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C6x |&#xf1c60;||&#xf1c61;||&#xf1c62;||&#xf1c63;||&#xf1c64;||&#xf1c65;||&#xf1c66;||&#xf1c67;||&#xf1c68;||&#xf1c69;||&#xf1c6a;||&#xf1c6b;||&#xf1c6c;||&#xf1c6d;||&#xf1c6e;||&#xf1c6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C7x |&#xf1c70;||&#xf1c71;||&#xf1c72;||&#xf1c73;||&#xf1c74;||&#xf1c75;||&#xf1c76;||&#xf1c77;||&#xf1c78;||&#xf1c79;||&#xf1c7a;||&#xf1c7b;||&#xf1c7c;||&#xf1c7d;||&#xf1c7e;||&#xf1c7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C8x |&#xf1c80;||&#xf1c81;||&#xf1c82;||&#xf1c83;||&#xf1c84;||&#xf1c85;||&#xf1c86;||&#xf1c87;||&#xf1c88;||&#xf1c89;||&#xf1c8a;||&#xf1c8b;||&#xf1c8c;||&#xf1c8d;||&#xf1c8e;||&#xf1c8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1C9x |&#xf1c90;||&#xf1c91;||&#xf1c92;||&#xf1c93;||&#xf1c94;||&#xf1c95;||&#xf1c96;||&#xf1c97;||&#xf1c98;||&#xf1c99;||&#xf1c9a;||&#xf1c9b;||&#xf1c9c;||&#xf1c9d;||&#xf1c9e;||&#xf1c9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1CAx |&#xf1ca0;||&#xf1ca1;||&#xf1ca2;||&#xf1ca3;||&#xf1ca4;||&#xf1ca5;||&#xf1ca6;||&#xf1ca7;||&#xf1ca8;||&#xf1ca9;||&#xf1caa;||&#xf1cab;||&#xf1cac;||&#xf1cad;||&#xf1cae;||&#xf1caf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1CBx |&#xf1cb0;||&#xf1cb1;||&#xf1cb2;||&#xf1cb3;||&#xf1cb4;||&#xf1cb5;||&#xf1cb6;||&#xf1cb7;||&#xf1cb8;||&#xf1cb9;||&#xf1cba;||&#xf1cbb;||&#xf1cbc;||&#xf1cbd;||&#xf1cbe;||&#xf1cbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1CCx |&#xf1cc0;||&#xf1cc1;||&#xf1cc2;||&#xf1cc3;||&#xf1cc4;||&#xf1cc5;||&#xf1cc6;||&#xf1cc7;||&#xf1cc8;||&#xf1cc9;||&#xf1cca;||&#xf1ccb;||&#xf1ccc;||&#xf1ccd;||&#xf1cce;||&#xf1ccf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1CDx |&#xf1cd0;||&#xf1cd1;||&#xf1cd2;||&#xf1cd3;||&#xf1cd4;||&#xf1cd5;||&#xf1cd6;||&#xf1cd7;||&#xf1cd8;||&#xf1cd9;||&#xf1cda;||&#xf1cdb;||&#xf1cdc;||&#xf1cdd;||&#xf1cde;||&#xf1cdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1CEx |&#xf1ce0;||&#xf1ce1;||&#xf1ce2;||&#xf1ce3;||&#xf1ce4;||&#xf1ce5;||&#xf1ce6;||&#xf1ce7;||&#xf1ce8;||&#xf1ce9;||&#xf1cea;||&#xf1ceb;||&#xf1cec;||&#xf1ced;||&#xf1cee;||&#xf1cef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1CFx |&#xf1cf0;||&#xf1cf1;||&#xf1cf2;||&#xf1cf3;||&#xf1cf4;||&#xf1cf5;||&#xf1cf6;||&#xf1cf7;||&#xf1cf8;||&#xf1cf9;||&#xf1cfa;||&#xf1cfb;||&#xf1cfc;||&#xf1cfd;||&#xf1cfe;||&#xf1cff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D0x |&#xf1d00;||&#xf1d01;||&#xf1d02;||&#xf1d03;||&#xf1d04;||&#xf1d05;||&#xf1d06;||&#xf1d07;||&#xf1d08;||&#xf1d09;||&#xf1d0a;||&#xf1d0b;||&#xf1d0c;||&#xf1d0d;||&#xf1d0e;||&#xf1d0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D1x |&#xf1d10;||&#xf1d11;||&#xf1d12;||&#xf1d13;||&#xf1d14;||&#xf1d15;||&#xf1d16;||&#xf1d17;||&#xf1d18;||&#xf1d19;||&#xf1d1a;||&#xf1d1b;||&#xf1d1c;||&#xf1d1d;||&#xf1d1e;||&#xf1d1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D2x |&#xf1d20;||&#xf1d21;||&#xf1d22;||&#xf1d23;||&#xf1d24;||&#xf1d25;||&#xf1d26;||&#xf1d27;||&#xf1d28;||&#xf1d29;||&#xf1d2a;||&#xf1d2b;||&#xf1d2c;||&#xf1d2d;||&#xf1d2e;||&#xf1d2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D3x |&#xf1d30;||&#xf1d31;||&#xf1d32;||&#xf1d33;||&#xf1d34;||&#xf1d35;||&#xf1d36;||&#xf1d37;||&#xf1d38;||&#xf1d39;||&#xf1d3a;||&#xf1d3b;||&#xf1d3c;||&#xf1d3d;||&#xf1d3e;||&#xf1d3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D4x |&#xf1d40;||&#xf1d41;||&#xf1d42;||&#xf1d43;||&#xf1d44;||&#xf1d45;||&#xf1d46;||&#xf1d47;||&#xf1d48;||&#xf1d49;||&#xf1d4a;||&#xf1d4b;||&#xf1d4c;||&#xf1d4d;||&#xf1d4e;||&#xf1d4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D5x |&#xf1d50;||&#xf1d51;||&#xf1d52;||&#xf1d53;||&#xf1d54;||&#xf1d55;||&#xf1d56;||&#xf1d57;||&#xf1d58;||&#xf1d59;||&#xf1d5a;||&#xf1d5b;||&#xf1d5c;||&#xf1d5d;||&#xf1d5e;||&#xf1d5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D6x |&#xf1d60;||&#xf1d61;||&#xf1d62;||&#xf1d63;||&#xf1d64;||&#xf1d65;||&#xf1d66;||&#xf1d67;||&#xf1d68;||&#xf1d69;||&#xf1d6a;||&#xf1d6b;||&#xf1d6c;||&#xf1d6d;||&#xf1d6e;||&#xf1d6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D7x |&#xf1d70;||&#xf1d71;||&#xf1d72;||&#xf1d73;||&#xf1d74;||&#xf1d75;||&#xf1d76;||&#xf1d77;||&#xf1d78;||&#xf1d79;||&#xf1d7a;||&#xf1d7b;||&#xf1d7c;||&#xf1d7d;||&#xf1d7e;||&#xf1d7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D8x |&#xf1d80;||&#xf1d81;||&#xf1d82;||&#xf1d83;||&#xf1d84;||&#xf1d85;||&#xf1d86;||&#xf1d87;||&#xf1d88;||&#xf1d89;||&#xf1d8a;||&#xf1d8b;||&#xf1d8c;||&#xf1d8d;||&#xf1d8e;||&#xf1d8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1D9x |&#xf1d90;||&#xf1d91;||&#xf1d92;||&#xf1d93;||&#xf1d94;||&#xf1d95;||&#xf1d96;||&#xf1d97;||&#xf1d98;||&#xf1d99;||&#xf1d9a;||&#xf1d9b;||&#xf1d9c;||&#xf1d9d;||&#xf1d9e;||&#xf1d9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1DAx |&#xf1da0;||&#xf1da1;||&#xf1da2;||&#xf1da3;||&#xf1da4;||&#xf1da5;||&#xf1da6;||&#xf1da7;||&#xf1da8;||&#xf1da9;||&#xf1daa;||&#xf1dab;||&#xf1dac;||&#xf1dad;||&#xf1dae;||&#xf1daf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1DBx |&#xf1db0;||&#xf1db1;||&#xf1db2;||&#xf1db3;||&#xf1db4;||&#xf1db5;||&#xf1db6;||&#xf1db7;||&#xf1db8;||&#xf1db9;||&#xf1dba;||&#xf1dbb;||&#xf1dbc;||&#xf1dbd;||&#xf1dbe;||&#xf1dbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1DCx |&#xf1dc0;||&#xf1dc1;||&#xf1dc2;||&#xf1dc3;||&#xf1dc4;||&#xf1dc5;||&#xf1dc6;||&#xf1dc7;||&#xf1dc8;||&#xf1dc9;||&#xf1dca;||&#xf1dcb;||&#xf1dcc;||&#xf1dcd;||&#xf1dce;||&#xf1dcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1DDx |&#xf1dd0;||&#xf1dd1;||&#xf1dd2;||&#xf1dd3;||&#xf1dd4;||&#xf1dd5;||&#xf1dd6;||&#xf1dd7;||&#xf1dd8;||&#xf1dd9;||&#xf1dda;||&#xf1ddb;||&#xf1ddc;||&#xf1ddd;||&#xf1dde;||&#xf1ddf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1DEx |&#xf1de0;||&#xf1de1;||&#xf1de2;||&#xf1de3;||&#xf1de4;||&#xf1de5;||&#xf1de6;||&#xf1de7;||&#xf1de8;||&#xf1de9;||&#xf1dea;||&#xf1deb;||&#xf1dec;||&#xf1ded;||&#xf1dee;||&#xf1def; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1DFx |&#xf1df0;||&#xf1df1;||&#xf1df2;||&#xf1df3;||&#xf1df4;||&#xf1df5;||&#xf1df6;||&#xf1df7;||&#xf1df8;||&#xf1df9;||&#xf1dfa;||&#xf1dfb;||&#xf1dfc;||&#xf1dfd;||&#xf1dfe;||&#xf1dff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E0x |&#xf1e00;||&#xf1e01;||&#xf1e02;||&#xf1e03;||&#xf1e04;||&#xf1e05;||&#xf1e06;||&#xf1e07;||&#xf1e08;||&#xf1e09;||&#xf1e0a;||&#xf1e0b;||&#xf1e0c;||&#xf1e0d;||&#xf1e0e;||&#xf1e0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E1x |&#xf1e10;||&#xf1e11;||&#xf1e12;||&#xf1e13;||&#xf1e14;||&#xf1e15;||&#xf1e16;||&#xf1e17;||&#xf1e18;||&#xf1e19;||&#xf1e1a;||&#xf1e1b;||&#xf1e1c;||&#xf1e1d;||&#xf1e1e;||&#xf1e1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E2x |&#xf1e20;||&#xf1e21;||&#xf1e22;||&#xf1e23;||&#xf1e24;||&#xf1e25;||&#xf1e26;||&#xf1e27;||&#xf1e28;||&#xf1e29;||&#xf1e2a;||&#xf1e2b;||&#xf1e2c;||&#xf1e2d;||&#xf1e2e;||&#xf1e2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E3x |&#xf1e30;||&#xf1e31;||&#xf1e32;||&#xf1e33;||&#xf1e34;||&#xf1e35;||&#xf1e36;||&#xf1e37;||&#xf1e38;||&#xf1e39;||&#xf1e3a;||&#xf1e3b;||&#xf1e3c;||&#xf1e3d;||&#xf1e3e;||&#xf1e3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E4x |&#xf1e40;||&#xf1e41;||&#xf1e42;||&#xf1e43;||&#xf1e44;||&#xf1e45;||&#xf1e46;||&#xf1e47;||&#xf1e48;||&#xf1e49;||&#xf1e4a;||&#xf1e4b;||&#xf1e4c;||&#xf1e4d;||&#xf1e4e;||&#xf1e4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E5x |&#xf1e50;||&#xf1e51;||&#xf1e52;||&#xf1e53;||&#xf1e54;||&#xf1e55;||&#xf1e56;||&#xf1e57;||&#xf1e58;||&#xf1e59;||&#xf1e5a;||&#xf1e5b;||&#xf1e5c;||&#xf1e5d;||&#xf1e5e;||&#xf1e5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E6x |&#xf1e60;||&#xf1e61;||&#xf1e62;||&#xf1e63;||&#xf1e64;||&#xf1e65;||&#xf1e66;||&#xf1e67;||&#xf1e68;||&#xf1e69;||&#xf1e6a;||&#xf1e6b;||&#xf1e6c;||&#xf1e6d;||&#xf1e6e;||&#xf1e6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E7x |&#xf1e70;||&#xf1e71;||&#xf1e72;||&#xf1e73;||&#xf1e74;||&#xf1e75;||&#xf1e76;||&#xf1e77;||&#xf1e78;||&#xf1e79;||&#xf1e7a;||&#xf1e7b;||&#xf1e7c;||&#xf1e7d;||&#xf1e7e;||&#xf1e7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E8x |&#xf1e80;||&#xf1e81;||&#xf1e82;||&#xf1e83;||&#xf1e84;||&#xf1e85;||&#xf1e86;||&#xf1e87;||&#xf1e88;||&#xf1e89;||&#xf1e8a;||&#xf1e8b;||&#xf1e8c;||&#xf1e8d;||&#xf1e8e;||&#xf1e8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1E9x |&#xf1e90;||&#xf1e91;||&#xf1e92;||&#xf1e93;||&#xf1e94;||&#xf1e95;||&#xf1e96;||&#xf1e97;||&#xf1e98;||&#xf1e99;||&#xf1e9a;||&#xf1e9b;||&#xf1e9c;||&#xf1e9d;||&#xf1e9e;||&#xf1e9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1EAx |&#xf1ea0;||&#xf1ea1;||&#xf1ea2;||&#xf1ea3;||&#xf1ea4;||&#xf1ea5;||&#xf1ea6;||&#xf1ea7;||&#xf1ea8;||&#xf1ea9;||&#xf1eaa;||&#xf1eab;||&#xf1eac;||&#xf1ead;||&#xf1eae;||&#xf1eaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1EBx |&#xf1eb0;||&#xf1eb1;||&#xf1eb2;||&#xf1eb3;||&#xf1eb4;||&#xf1eb5;||&#xf1eb6;||&#xf1eb7;||&#xf1eb8;||&#xf1eb9;||&#xf1eba;||&#xf1ebb;||&#xf1ebc;||&#xf1ebd;||&#xf1ebe;||&#xf1ebf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1ECx |&#xf1ec0;||&#xf1ec1;||&#xf1ec2;||&#xf1ec3;||&#xf1ec4;||&#xf1ec5;||&#xf1ec6;||&#xf1ec7;||&#xf1ec8;||&#xf1ec9;||&#xf1eca;||&#xf1ecb;||&#xf1ecc;||&#xf1ecd;||&#xf1ece;||&#xf1ecf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1EDx |&#xf1ed0;||&#xf1ed1;||&#xf1ed2;||&#xf1ed3;||&#xf1ed4;||&#xf1ed5;||&#xf1ed6;||&#xf1ed7;||&#xf1ed8;||&#xf1ed9;||&#xf1eda;||&#xf1edb;||&#xf1edc;||&#xf1edd;||&#xf1ede;||&#xf1edf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1EEx |&#xf1ee0;||&#xf1ee1;||&#xf1ee2;||&#xf1ee3;||&#xf1ee4;||&#xf1ee5;||&#xf1ee6;||&#xf1ee7;||&#xf1ee8;||&#xf1ee9;||&#xf1eea;||&#xf1eeb;||&#xf1eec;||&#xf1eed;||&#xf1eee;||&#xf1eef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1EFx |&#xf1ef0;||&#xf1ef1;||&#xf1ef2;||&#xf1ef3;||&#xf1ef4;||&#xf1ef5;||&#xf1ef6;||&#xf1ef7;||&#xf1ef8;||&#xf1ef9;||&#xf1efa;||&#xf1efb;||&#xf1efc;||&#xf1efd;||&#xf1efe;||&#xf1eff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F0x |&#xf1f00;||&#xf1f01;||&#xf1f02;||&#xf1f03;||&#xf1f04;||&#xf1f05;||&#xf1f06;||&#xf1f07;||&#xf1f08;||&#xf1f09;||&#xf1f0a;||&#xf1f0b;||&#xf1f0c;||&#xf1f0d;||&#xf1f0e;||&#xf1f0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F1x |&#xf1f10;||&#xf1f11;||&#xf1f12;||&#xf1f13;||&#xf1f14;||&#xf1f15;||&#xf1f16;||&#xf1f17;||&#xf1f18;||&#xf1f19;||&#xf1f1a;||&#xf1f1b;||&#xf1f1c;||&#xf1f1d;||&#xf1f1e;||&#xf1f1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F2x |&#xf1f20;||&#xf1f21;||&#xf1f22;||&#xf1f23;||&#xf1f24;||&#xf1f25;||&#xf1f26;||&#xf1f27;||&#xf1f28;||&#xf1f29;||&#xf1f2a;||&#xf1f2b;||&#xf1f2c;||&#xf1f2d;||&#xf1f2e;||&#xf1f2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F3x |&#xf1f30;||&#xf1f31;||&#xf1f32;||&#xf1f33;||&#xf1f34;||&#xf1f35;||&#xf1f36;||&#xf1f37;||&#xf1f38;||&#xf1f39;||&#xf1f3a;||&#xf1f3b;||&#xf1f3c;||&#xf1f3d;||&#xf1f3e;||&#xf1f3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F4x |&#xf1f40;||&#xf1f41;||&#xf1f42;||&#xf1f43;||&#xf1f44;||&#xf1f45;||&#xf1f46;||&#xf1f47;||&#xf1f48;||&#xf1f49;||&#xf1f4a;||&#xf1f4b;||&#xf1f4c;||&#xf1f4d;||&#xf1f4e;||&#xf1f4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F5x |&#xf1f50;||&#xf1f51;||&#xf1f52;||&#xf1f53;||&#xf1f54;||&#xf1f55;||&#xf1f56;||&#xf1f57;||&#xf1f58;||&#xf1f59;||&#xf1f5a;||&#xf1f5b;||&#xf1f5c;||&#xf1f5d;||&#xf1f5e;||&#xf1f5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F6x |&#xf1f60;||&#xf1f61;||&#xf1f62;||&#xf1f63;||&#xf1f64;||&#xf1f65;||&#xf1f66;||&#xf1f67;||&#xf1f68;||&#xf1f69;||&#xf1f6a;||&#xf1f6b;||&#xf1f6c;||&#xf1f6d;||&#xf1f6e;||&#xf1f6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F7x |&#xf1f70;||&#xf1f71;||&#xf1f72;||&#xf1f73;||&#xf1f74;||&#xf1f75;||&#xf1f76;||&#xf1f77;||&#xf1f78;||&#xf1f79;||&#xf1f7a;||&#xf1f7b;||&#xf1f7c;||&#xf1f7d;||&#xf1f7e;||&#xf1f7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F8x |&#xf1f80;||&#xf1f81;||&#xf1f82;||&#xf1f83;||&#xf1f84;||&#xf1f85;||&#xf1f86;||&#xf1f87;||&#xf1f88;||&#xf1f89;||&#xf1f8a;||&#xf1f8b;||&#xf1f8c;||&#xf1f8d;||&#xf1f8e;||&#xf1f8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1F9x |&#xf1f90;||&#xf1f91;||&#xf1f92;||&#xf1f93;||&#xf1f94;||&#xf1f95;||&#xf1f96;||&#xf1f97;||&#xf1f98;||&#xf1f99;||&#xf1f9a;||&#xf1f9b;||&#xf1f9c;||&#xf1f9d;||&#xf1f9e;||&#xf1f9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1FAx |&#xf1fa0;||&#xf1fa1;||&#xf1fa2;||&#xf1fa3;||&#xf1fa4;||&#xf1fa5;||&#xf1fa6;||&#xf1fa7;||&#xf1fa8;||&#xf1fa9;||&#xf1faa;||&#xf1fab;||&#xf1fac;||&#xf1fad;||&#xf1fae;||&#xf1faf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1FBx |&#xf1fb0;||&#xf1fb1;||&#xf1fb2;||&#xf1fb3;||&#xf1fb4;||&#xf1fb5;||&#xf1fb6;||&#xf1fb7;||&#xf1fb8;||&#xf1fb9;||&#xf1fba;||&#xf1fbb;||&#xf1fbc;||&#xf1fbd;||&#xf1fbe;||&#xf1fbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1FCx |&#xf1fc0;||&#xf1fc1;||&#xf1fc2;||&#xf1fc3;||&#xf1fc4;||&#xf1fc5;||&#xf1fc6;||&#xf1fc7;||&#xf1fc8;||&#xf1fc9;||&#xf1fca;||&#xf1fcb;||&#xf1fcc;||&#xf1fcd;||&#xf1fce;||&#xf1fcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1FDx |&#xf1fd0;||&#xf1fd1;||&#xf1fd2;||&#xf1fd3;||&#xf1fd4;||&#xf1fd5;||&#xf1fd6;||&#xf1fd7;||&#xf1fd8;||&#xf1fd9;||&#xf1fda;||&#xf1fdb;||&#xf1fdc;||&#xf1fdd;||&#xf1fde;||&#xf1fdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1FEx |&#xf1fe0;||&#xf1fe1;||&#xf1fe2;||&#xf1fe3;||&#xf1fe4;||&#xf1fe5;||&#xf1fe6;||&#xf1fe7;||&#xf1fe8;||&#xf1fe9;||&#xf1fea;||&#xf1feb;||&#xf1fec;||&#xf1fed;||&#xf1fee;||&#xf1fef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F1FFx |&#xf1ff0;||&#xf1ff1;||&#xf1ff2;||&#xf1ff3;||&#xf1ff4;||&#xf1ff5;||&#xf1ff6;||&#xf1ff7;||&#xf1ff8;||&#xf1ff9;||&#xf1ffa;||&#xf1ffb;||&#xf1ffc;||&#xf1ffd;||&#xf1ffe;||&#xf1fff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range F0000–FFFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 3rb91z3hu0poiwyr8q75tisgvdoyvsd Unicode/Character reference/F2000-F2FFF 0 243344 4664459 4585912 2026-08-25T17:29:30Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A (ctd.)'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center" !F200x |&#xf2000;||&#xf2001;||&#xf2002;||&#xf2003;||&#xf2004;||&#xf2005;||&#xf2006;||&#xf2007;||&#xf2008;||&#xf2009;||&#xf200a;||&#xf200b;||&#xf200c;||&#xf200d;||&#xf200e;||&#xf200f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F201x |&#xf2010;||&#xf2011;||&#xf2012;||&#xf2013;||&#xf2014;||&#xf2015;||&#xf2016;||&#xf2017;||&#xf2018;||&#xf2019;||&#xf201a;||&#xf201b;||&#xf201c;||&#xf201d;||&#xf201e;||&#xf201f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F202x |&#xf2020;||&#xf2021;||&#xf2022;||&#xf2023;||&#xf2024;||&#xf2025;||&#xf2026;||&#xf2027;||&#xf2028;||&#xf2029;||&#xf202a;||&#xf202b;||&#xf202c;||&#xf202d;||&#xf202e;||&#xf202f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F203x |&#xf2030;||&#xf2031;||&#xf2032;||&#xf2033;||&#xf2034;||&#xf2035;||&#xf2036;||&#xf2037;||&#xf2038;||&#xf2039;||&#xf203a;||&#xf203b;||&#xf203c;||&#xf203d;||&#xf203e;||&#xf203f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F204x |&#xf2040;||&#xf2041;||&#xf2042;||&#xf2043;||&#xf2044;||&#xf2045;||&#xf2046;||&#xf2047;||&#xf2048;||&#xf2049;||&#xf204a;||&#xf204b;||&#xf204c;||&#xf204d;||&#xf204e;||&#xf204f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F205x |&#xf2050;||&#xf2051;||&#xf2052;||&#xf2053;||&#xf2054;||&#xf2055;||&#xf2056;||&#xf2057;||&#xf2058;||&#xf2059;||&#xf205a;||&#xf205b;||&#xf205c;||&#xf205d;||&#xf205e;||&#xf205f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F206x |&#xf2060;||&#xf2061;||&#xf2062;||&#xf2063;||&#xf2064;||&#xf2065;||&#xf2066;||&#xf2067;||&#xf2068;||&#xf2069;||&#xf206a;||&#xf206b;||&#xf206c;||&#xf206d;||&#xf206e;||&#xf206f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F207x |&#xf2070;||&#xf2071;||&#xf2072;||&#xf2073;||&#xf2074;||&#xf2075;||&#xf2076;||&#xf2077;||&#xf2078;||&#xf2079;||&#xf207a;||&#xf207b;||&#xf207c;||&#xf207d;||&#xf207e;||&#xf207f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F208x |&#xf2080;||&#xf2081;||&#xf2082;||&#xf2083;||&#xf2084;||&#xf2085;||&#xf2086;||&#xf2087;||&#xf2088;||&#xf2089;||&#xf208a;||&#xf208b;||&#xf208c;||&#xf208d;||&#xf208e;||&#xf208f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F209x |&#xf2090;||&#xf2091;||&#xf2092;||&#xf2093;||&#xf2094;||&#xf2095;||&#xf2096;||&#xf2097;||&#xf2098;||&#xf2099;||&#xf209a;||&#xf209b;||&#xf209c;||&#xf209d;||&#xf209e;||&#xf209f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F20Ax |&#xf20a0;||&#xf20a1;||&#xf20a2;||&#xf20a3;||&#xf20a4;||&#xf20a5;||&#xf20a6;||&#xf20a7;||&#xf20a8;||&#xf20a9;||&#xf20aa;||&#xf20ab;||&#xf20ac;||&#xf20ad;||&#xf20ae;||&#xf20af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F20Bx |&#xf20b0;||&#xf20b1;||&#xf20b2;||&#xf20b3;||&#xf20b4;||&#xf20b5;||&#xf20b6;||&#xf20b7;||&#xf20b8;||&#xf20b9;||&#xf20ba;||&#xf20bb;||&#xf20bc;||&#xf20bd;||&#xf20be;||&#xf20bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F20Cx |&#xf20c0;||&#xf20c1;||&#xf20c2;||&#xf20c3;||&#xf20c4;||&#xf20c5;||&#xf20c6;||&#xf20c7;||&#xf20c8;||&#xf20c9;||&#xf20ca;||&#xf20cb;||&#xf20cc;||&#xf20cd;||&#xf20ce;||&#xf20cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F20Dx |&#xf20d0;||&#xf20d1;||&#xf20d2;||&#xf20d3;||&#xf20d4;||&#xf20d5;||&#xf20d6;||&#xf20d7;||&#xf20d8;||&#xf20d9;||&#xf20da;||&#xf20db;||&#xf20dc;||&#xf20dd;||&#xf20de;||&#xf20df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F20Ex |&#xf20e0;||&#xf20e1;||&#xf20e2;||&#xf20e3;||&#xf20e4;||&#xf20e5;||&#xf20e6;||&#xf20e7;||&#xf20e8;||&#xf20e9;||&#xf20ea;||&#xf20eb;||&#xf20ec;||&#xf20ed;||&#xf20ee;||&#xf20ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F20Fx |&#xf20f0;||&#xf20f1;||&#xf20f2;||&#xf20f3;||&#xf20f4;||&#xf20f5;||&#xf20f6;||&#xf20f7;||&#xf20f8;||&#xf20f9;||&#xf20fa;||&#xf20fb;||&#xf20fc;||&#xf20fd;||&#xf20fe;||&#xf20ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F210x |&#xf2100;||&#xf2101;||&#xf2102;||&#xf2103;||&#xf2104;||&#xf2105;||&#xf2106;||&#xf2107;||&#xf2108;||&#xf2109;||&#xf210a;||&#xf210b;||&#xf210c;||&#xf210d;||&#xf210e;||&#xf210f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F211x |&#xf2110;||&#xf2111;||&#xf2112;||&#xf2113;||&#xf2114;||&#xf2115;||&#xf2116;||&#xf2117;||&#xf2118;||&#xf2119;||&#xf211a;||&#xf211b;||&#xf211c;||&#xf211d;||&#xf211e;||&#xf211f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F212x |&#xf2120;||&#xf2121;||&#xf2122;||&#xf2123;||&#xf2124;||&#xf2125;||&#xf2126;||&#xf2127;||&#xf2128;||&#xf2129;||&#xf212a;||&#xf212b;||&#xf212c;||&#xf212d;||&#xf212e;||&#xf212f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F213x |&#xf2130;||&#xf2131;||&#xf2132;||&#xf2133;||&#xf2134;||&#xf2135;||&#xf2136;||&#xf2137;||&#xf2138;||&#xf2139;||&#xf213a;||&#xf213b;||&#xf213c;||&#xf213d;||&#xf213e;||&#xf213f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F214x |&#xf2140;||&#xf2141;||&#xf2142;||&#xf2143;||&#xf2144;||&#xf2145;||&#xf2146;||&#xf2147;||&#xf2148;||&#xf2149;||&#xf214a;||&#xf214b;||&#xf214c;||&#xf214d;||&#xf214e;||&#xf214f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F215x |&#xf2150;||&#xf2151;||&#xf2152;||&#xf2153;||&#xf2154;||&#xf2155;||&#xf2156;||&#xf2157;||&#xf2158;||&#xf2159;||&#xf215a;||&#xf215b;||&#xf215c;||&#xf215d;||&#xf215e;||&#xf215f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F216x |&#xf2160;||&#xf2161;||&#xf2162;||&#xf2163;||&#xf2164;||&#xf2165;||&#xf2166;||&#xf2167;||&#xf2168;||&#xf2169;||&#xf216a;||&#xf216b;||&#xf216c;||&#xf216d;||&#xf216e;||&#xf216f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F217x |&#xf2170;||&#xf2171;||&#xf2172;||&#xf2173;||&#xf2174;||&#xf2175;||&#xf2176;||&#xf2177;||&#xf2178;||&#xf2179;||&#xf217a;||&#xf217b;||&#xf217c;||&#xf217d;||&#xf217e;||&#xf217f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F218x |&#xf2180;||&#xf2181;||&#xf2182;||&#xf2183;||&#xf2184;||&#xf2185;||&#xf2186;||&#xf2187;||&#xf2188;||&#xf2189;||&#xf218a;||&#xf218b;||&#xf218c;||&#xf218d;||&#xf218e;||&#xf218f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F219x |&#xf2190;||&#xf2191;||&#xf2192;||&#xf2193;||&#xf2194;||&#xf2195;||&#xf2196;||&#xf2197;||&#xf2198;||&#xf2199;||&#xf219a;||&#xf219b;||&#xf219c;||&#xf219d;||&#xf219e;||&#xf219f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F21Ax |&#xf21a0;||&#xf21a1;||&#xf21a2;||&#xf21a3;||&#xf21a4;||&#xf21a5;||&#xf21a6;||&#xf21a7;||&#xf21a8;||&#xf21a9;||&#xf21aa;||&#xf21ab;||&#xf21ac;||&#xf21ad;||&#xf21ae;||&#xf21af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F21Bx |&#xf21b0;||&#xf21b1;||&#xf21b2;||&#xf21b3;||&#xf21b4;||&#xf21b5;||&#xf21b6;||&#xf21b7;||&#xf21b8;||&#xf21b9;||&#xf21ba;||&#xf21bb;||&#xf21bc;||&#xf21bd;||&#xf21be;||&#xf21bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F21Cx |&#xf21c0;||&#xf21c1;||&#xf21c2;||&#xf21c3;||&#xf21c4;||&#xf21c5;||&#xf21c6;||&#xf21c7;||&#xf21c8;||&#xf21c9;||&#xf21ca;||&#xf21cb;||&#xf21cc;||&#xf21cd;||&#xf21ce;||&#xf21cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F21Dx |&#xf21d0;||&#xf21d1;||&#xf21d2;||&#xf21d3;||&#xf21d4;||&#xf21d5;||&#xf21d6;||&#xf21d7;||&#xf21d8;||&#xf21d9;||&#xf21da;||&#xf21db;||&#xf21dc;||&#xf21dd;||&#xf21de;||&#xf21df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F21Ex |&#xf21e0;||&#xf21e1;||&#xf21e2;||&#xf21e3;||&#xf21e4;||&#xf21e5;||&#xf21e6;||&#xf21e7;||&#xf21e8;||&#xf21e9;||&#xf21ea;||&#xf21eb;||&#xf21ec;||&#xf21ed;||&#xf21ee;||&#xf21ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F21Fx |&#xf21f0;||&#xf21f1;||&#xf21f2;||&#xf21f3;||&#xf21f4;||&#xf21f5;||&#xf21f6;||&#xf21f7;||&#xf21f8;||&#xf21f9;||&#xf21fa;||&#xf21fb;||&#xf21fc;||&#xf21fd;||&#xf21fe;||&#xf21ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F220x |&#xf2200;||&#xf2201;||&#xf2202;||&#xf2203;||&#xf2204;||&#xf2205;||&#xf2206;||&#xf2207;||&#xf2208;||&#xf2209;||&#xf220a;||&#xf220b;||&#xf220c;||&#xf220d;||&#xf220e;||&#xf220f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F221x |&#xf2210;||&#xf2211;||&#xf2212;||&#xf2213;||&#xf2214;||&#xf2215;||&#xf2216;||&#xf2217;||&#xf2218;||&#xf2219;||&#xf221a;||&#xf221b;||&#xf221c;||&#xf221d;||&#xf221e;||&#xf221f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F222x |&#xf2220;||&#xf2221;||&#xf2222;||&#xf2223;||&#xf2224;||&#xf2225;||&#xf2226;||&#xf2227;||&#xf2228;||&#xf2229;||&#xf222a;||&#xf222b;||&#xf222c;||&#xf222d;||&#xf222e;||&#xf222f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F223x |&#xf2230;||&#xf2231;||&#xf2232;||&#xf2233;||&#xf2234;||&#xf2235;||&#xf2236;||&#xf2237;||&#xf2238;||&#xf2239;||&#xf223a;||&#xf223b;||&#xf223c;||&#xf223d;||&#xf223e;||&#xf223f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F224x |&#xf2240;||&#xf2241;||&#xf2242;||&#xf2243;||&#xf2244;||&#xf2245;||&#xf2246;||&#xf2247;||&#xf2248;||&#xf2249;||&#xf224a;||&#xf224b;||&#xf224c;||&#xf224d;||&#xf224e;||&#xf224f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F225x |&#xf2250;||&#xf2251;||&#xf2252;||&#xf2253;||&#xf2254;||&#xf2255;||&#xf2256;||&#xf2257;||&#xf2258;||&#xf2259;||&#xf225a;||&#xf225b;||&#xf225c;||&#xf225d;||&#xf225e;||&#xf225f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F226x |&#xf2260;||&#xf2261;||&#xf2262;||&#xf2263;||&#xf2264;||&#xf2265;||&#xf2266;||&#xf2267;||&#xf2268;||&#xf2269;||&#xf226a;||&#xf226b;||&#xf226c;||&#xf226d;||&#xf226e;||&#xf226f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F227x |&#xf2270;||&#xf2271;||&#xf2272;||&#xf2273;||&#xf2274;||&#xf2275;||&#xf2276;||&#xf2277;||&#xf2278;||&#xf2279;||&#xf227a;||&#xf227b;||&#xf227c;||&#xf227d;||&#xf227e;||&#xf227f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F228x |&#xf2280;||&#xf2281;||&#xf2282;||&#xf2283;||&#xf2284;||&#xf2285;||&#xf2286;||&#xf2287;||&#xf2288;||&#xf2289;||&#xf228a;||&#xf228b;||&#xf228c;||&#xf228d;||&#xf228e;||&#xf228f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F229x |&#xf2290;||&#xf2291;||&#xf2292;||&#xf2293;||&#xf2294;||&#xf2295;||&#xf2296;||&#xf2297;||&#xf2298;||&#xf2299;||&#xf229a;||&#xf229b;||&#xf229c;||&#xf229d;||&#xf229e;||&#xf229f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F22Ax |&#xf22a0;||&#xf22a1;||&#xf22a2;||&#xf22a3;||&#xf22a4;||&#xf22a5;||&#xf22a6;||&#xf22a7;||&#xf22a8;||&#xf22a9;||&#xf22aa;||&#xf22ab;||&#xf22ac;||&#xf22ad;||&#xf22ae;||&#xf22af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F22Bx |&#xf22b0;||&#xf22b1;||&#xf22b2;||&#xf22b3;||&#xf22b4;||&#xf22b5;||&#xf22b6;||&#xf22b7;||&#xf22b8;||&#xf22b9;||&#xf22ba;||&#xf22bb;||&#xf22bc;||&#xf22bd;||&#xf22be;||&#xf22bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F22Cx |&#xf22c0;||&#xf22c1;||&#xf22c2;||&#xf22c3;||&#xf22c4;||&#xf22c5;||&#xf22c6;||&#xf22c7;||&#xf22c8;||&#xf22c9;||&#xf22ca;||&#xf22cb;||&#xf22cc;||&#xf22cd;||&#xf22ce;||&#xf22cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F22Dx |&#xf22d0;||&#xf22d1;||&#xf22d2;||&#xf22d3;||&#xf22d4;||&#xf22d5;||&#xf22d6;||&#xf22d7;||&#xf22d8;||&#xf22d9;||&#xf22da;||&#xf22db;||&#xf22dc;||&#xf22dd;||&#xf22de;||&#xf22df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F22Ex |&#xf22e0;||&#xf22e1;||&#xf22e2;||&#xf22e3;||&#xf22e4;||&#xf22e5;||&#xf22e6;||&#xf22e7;||&#xf22e8;||&#xf22e9;||&#xf22ea;||&#xf22eb;||&#xf22ec;||&#xf22ed;||&#xf22ee;||&#xf22ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F22Fx |&#xf22f0;||&#xf22f1;||&#xf22f2;||&#xf22f3;||&#xf22f4;||&#xf22f5;||&#xf22f6;||&#xf22f7;||&#xf22f8;||&#xf22f9;||&#xf22fa;||&#xf22fb;||&#xf22fc;||&#xf22fd;||&#xf22fe;||&#xf22ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F230x |&#xf2300;||&#xf2301;||&#xf2302;||&#xf2303;||&#xf2304;||&#xf2305;||&#xf2306;||&#xf2307;||&#xf2308;||&#xf2309;||&#xf230a;||&#xf230b;||&#xf230c;||&#xf230d;||&#xf230e;||&#xf230f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F231x |&#xf2310;||&#xf2311;||&#xf2312;||&#xf2313;||&#xf2314;||&#xf2315;||&#xf2316;||&#xf2317;||&#xf2318;||&#xf2319;||&#xf231a;||&#xf231b;||&#xf231c;||&#xf231d;||&#xf231e;||&#xf231f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F232x |&#xf2320;||&#xf2321;||&#xf2322;||&#xf2323;||&#xf2324;||&#xf2325;||&#xf2326;||&#xf2327;||&#xf2328;||&#xf2329;||&#xf232a;||&#xf232b;||&#xf232c;||&#xf232d;||&#xf232e;||&#xf232f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F233x |&#xf2330;||&#xf2331;||&#xf2332;||&#xf2333;||&#xf2334;||&#xf2335;||&#xf2336;||&#xf2337;||&#xf2338;||&#xf2339;||&#xf233a;||&#xf233b;||&#xf233c;||&#xf233d;||&#xf233e;||&#xf233f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F234x |&#xf2340;||&#xf2341;||&#xf2342;||&#xf2343;||&#xf2344;||&#xf2345;||&#xf2346;||&#xf2347;||&#xf2348;||&#xf2349;||&#xf234a;||&#xf234b;||&#xf234c;||&#xf234d;||&#xf234e;||&#xf234f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F235x |&#xf2350;||&#xf2351;||&#xf2352;||&#xf2353;||&#xf2354;||&#xf2355;||&#xf2356;||&#xf2357;||&#xf2358;||&#xf2359;||&#xf235a;||&#xf235b;||&#xf235c;||&#xf235d;||&#xf235e;||&#xf235f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F236x |&#xf2360;||&#xf2361;||&#xf2362;||&#xf2363;||&#xf2364;||&#xf2365;||&#xf2366;||&#xf2367;||&#xf2368;||&#xf2369;||&#xf236a;||&#xf236b;||&#xf236c;||&#xf236d;||&#xf236e;||&#xf236f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F237x |&#xf2370;||&#xf2371;||&#xf2372;||&#xf2373;||&#xf2374;||&#xf2375;||&#xf2376;||&#xf2377;||&#xf2378;||&#xf2379;||&#xf237a;||&#xf237b;||&#xf237c;||&#xf237d;||&#xf237e;||&#xf237f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F238x |&#xf2380;||&#xf2381;||&#xf2382;||&#xf2383;||&#xf2384;||&#xf2385;||&#xf2386;||&#xf2387;||&#xf2388;||&#xf2389;||&#xf238a;||&#xf238b;||&#xf238c;||&#xf238d;||&#xf238e;||&#xf238f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F239x |&#xf2390;||&#xf2391;||&#xf2392;||&#xf2393;||&#xf2394;||&#xf2395;||&#xf2396;||&#xf2397;||&#xf2398;||&#xf2399;||&#xf239a;||&#xf239b;||&#xf239c;||&#xf239d;||&#xf239e;||&#xf239f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F23Ax |&#xf23a0;||&#xf23a1;||&#xf23a2;||&#xf23a3;||&#xf23a4;||&#xf23a5;||&#xf23a6;||&#xf23a7;||&#xf23a8;||&#xf23a9;||&#xf23aa;||&#xf23ab;||&#xf23ac;||&#xf23ad;||&#xf23ae;||&#xf23af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F23Bx |&#xf23b0;||&#xf23b1;||&#xf23b2;||&#xf23b3;||&#xf23b4;||&#xf23b5;||&#xf23b6;||&#xf23b7;||&#xf23b8;||&#xf23b9;||&#xf23ba;||&#xf23bb;||&#xf23bc;||&#xf23bd;||&#xf23be;||&#xf23bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F23Cx |&#xf23c0;||&#xf23c1;||&#xf23c2;||&#xf23c3;||&#xf23c4;||&#xf23c5;||&#xf23c6;||&#xf23c7;||&#xf23c8;||&#xf23c9;||&#xf23ca;||&#xf23cb;||&#xf23cc;||&#xf23cd;||&#xf23ce;||&#xf23cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F23Dx |&#xf23d0;||&#xf23d1;||&#xf23d2;||&#xf23d3;||&#xf23d4;||&#xf23d5;||&#xf23d6;||&#xf23d7;||&#xf23d8;||&#xf23d9;||&#xf23da;||&#xf23db;||&#xf23dc;||&#xf23dd;||&#xf23de;||&#xf23df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F23Ex |&#xf23e0;||&#xf23e1;||&#xf23e2;||&#xf23e3;||&#xf23e4;||&#xf23e5;||&#xf23e6;||&#xf23e7;||&#xf23e8;||&#xf23e9;||&#xf23ea;||&#xf23eb;||&#xf23ec;||&#xf23ed;||&#xf23ee;||&#xf23ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F23Fx |&#xf23f0;||&#xf23f1;||&#xf23f2;||&#xf23f3;||&#xf23f4;||&#xf23f5;||&#xf23f6;||&#xf23f7;||&#xf23f8;||&#xf23f9;||&#xf23fa;||&#xf23fb;||&#xf23fc;||&#xf23fd;||&#xf23fe;||&#xf23ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F240x |&#xf2400;||&#xf2401;||&#xf2402;||&#xf2403;||&#xf2404;||&#xf2405;||&#xf2406;||&#xf2407;||&#xf2408;||&#xf2409;||&#xf240a;||&#xf240b;||&#xf240c;||&#xf240d;||&#xf240e;||&#xf240f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F241x |&#xf2410;||&#xf2411;||&#xf2412;||&#xf2413;||&#xf2414;||&#xf2415;||&#xf2416;||&#xf2417;||&#xf2418;||&#xf2419;||&#xf241a;||&#xf241b;||&#xf241c;||&#xf241d;||&#xf241e;||&#xf241f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F242x |&#xf2420;||&#xf2421;||&#xf2422;||&#xf2423;||&#xf2424;||&#xf2425;||&#xf2426;||&#xf2427;||&#xf2428;||&#xf2429;||&#xf242a;||&#xf242b;||&#xf242c;||&#xf242d;||&#xf242e;||&#xf242f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F243x |&#xf2430;||&#xf2431;||&#xf2432;||&#xf2433;||&#xf2434;||&#xf2435;||&#xf2436;||&#xf2437;||&#xf2438;||&#xf2439;||&#xf243a;||&#xf243b;||&#xf243c;||&#xf243d;||&#xf243e;||&#xf243f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F244x |&#xf2440;||&#xf2441;||&#xf2442;||&#xf2443;||&#xf2444;||&#xf2445;||&#xf2446;||&#xf2447;||&#xf2448;||&#xf2449;||&#xf244a;||&#xf244b;||&#xf244c;||&#xf244d;||&#xf244e;||&#xf244f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F245x |&#xf2450;||&#xf2451;||&#xf2452;||&#xf2453;||&#xf2454;||&#xf2455;||&#xf2456;||&#xf2457;||&#xf2458;||&#xf2459;||&#xf245a;||&#xf245b;||&#xf245c;||&#xf245d;||&#xf245e;||&#xf245f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F246x |&#xf2460;||&#xf2461;||&#xf2462;||&#xf2463;||&#xf2464;||&#xf2465;||&#xf2466;||&#xf2467;||&#xf2468;||&#xf2469;||&#xf246a;||&#xf246b;||&#xf246c;||&#xf246d;||&#xf246e;||&#xf246f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F247x |&#xf2470;||&#xf2471;||&#xf2472;||&#xf2473;||&#xf2474;||&#xf2475;||&#xf2476;||&#xf2477;||&#xf2478;||&#xf2479;||&#xf247a;||&#xf247b;||&#xf247c;||&#xf247d;||&#xf247e;||&#xf247f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F248x |&#xf2480;||&#xf2481;||&#xf2482;||&#xf2483;||&#xf2484;||&#xf2485;||&#xf2486;||&#xf2487;||&#xf2488;||&#xf2489;||&#xf248a;||&#xf248b;||&#xf248c;||&#xf248d;||&#xf248e;||&#xf248f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F249x |&#xf2490;||&#xf2491;||&#xf2492;||&#xf2493;||&#xf2494;||&#xf2495;||&#xf2496;||&#xf2497;||&#xf2498;||&#xf2499;||&#xf249a;||&#xf249b;||&#xf249c;||&#xf249d;||&#xf249e;||&#xf249f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F24Ax |&#xf24a0;||&#xf24a1;||&#xf24a2;||&#xf24a3;||&#xf24a4;||&#xf24a5;||&#xf24a6;||&#xf24a7;||&#xf24a8;||&#xf24a9;||&#xf24aa;||&#xf24ab;||&#xf24ac;||&#xf24ad;||&#xf24ae;||&#xf24af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F24Bx |&#xf24b0;||&#xf24b1;||&#xf24b2;||&#xf24b3;||&#xf24b4;||&#xf24b5;||&#xf24b6;||&#xf24b7;||&#xf24b8;||&#xf24b9;||&#xf24ba;||&#xf24bb;||&#xf24bc;||&#xf24bd;||&#xf24be;||&#xf24bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F24Cx |&#xf24c0;||&#xf24c1;||&#xf24c2;||&#xf24c3;||&#xf24c4;||&#xf24c5;||&#xf24c6;||&#xf24c7;||&#xf24c8;||&#xf24c9;||&#xf24ca;||&#xf24cb;||&#xf24cc;||&#xf24cd;||&#xf24ce;||&#xf24cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F24Dx |&#xf24d0;||&#xf24d1;||&#xf24d2;||&#xf24d3;||&#xf24d4;||&#xf24d5;||&#xf24d6;||&#xf24d7;||&#xf24d8;||&#xf24d9;||&#xf24da;||&#xf24db;||&#xf24dc;||&#xf24dd;||&#xf24de;||&#xf24df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F24Ex |&#xf24e0;||&#xf24e1;||&#xf24e2;||&#xf24e3;||&#xf24e4;||&#xf24e5;||&#xf24e6;||&#xf24e7;||&#xf24e8;||&#xf24e9;||&#xf24ea;||&#xf24eb;||&#xf24ec;||&#xf24ed;||&#xf24ee;||&#xf24ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F24Fx |&#xf24f0;||&#xf24f1;||&#xf24f2;||&#xf24f3;||&#xf24f4;||&#xf24f5;||&#xf24f6;||&#xf24f7;||&#xf24f8;||&#xf24f9;||&#xf24fa;||&#xf24fb;||&#xf24fc;||&#xf24fd;||&#xf24fe;||&#xf24ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F250x |&#xf2500;||&#xf2501;||&#xf2502;||&#xf2503;||&#xf2504;||&#xf2505;||&#xf2506;||&#xf2507;||&#xf2508;||&#xf2509;||&#xf250a;||&#xf250b;||&#xf250c;||&#xf250d;||&#xf250e;||&#xf250f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F251x |&#xf2510;||&#xf2511;||&#xf2512;||&#xf2513;||&#xf2514;||&#xf2515;||&#xf2516;||&#xf2517;||&#xf2518;||&#xf2519;||&#xf251a;||&#xf251b;||&#xf251c;||&#xf251d;||&#xf251e;||&#xf251f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F252x |&#xf2520;||&#xf2521;||&#xf2522;||&#xf2523;||&#xf2524;||&#xf2525;||&#xf2526;||&#xf2527;||&#xf2528;||&#xf2529;||&#xf252a;||&#xf252b;||&#xf252c;||&#xf252d;||&#xf252e;||&#xf252f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F253x |&#xf2530;||&#xf2531;||&#xf2532;||&#xf2533;||&#xf2534;||&#xf2535;||&#xf2536;||&#xf2537;||&#xf2538;||&#xf2539;||&#xf253a;||&#xf253b;||&#xf253c;||&#xf253d;||&#xf253e;||&#xf253f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F254x |&#xf2540;||&#xf2541;||&#xf2542;||&#xf2543;||&#xf2544;||&#xf2545;||&#xf2546;||&#xf2547;||&#xf2548;||&#xf2549;||&#xf254a;||&#xf254b;||&#xf254c;||&#xf254d;||&#xf254e;||&#xf254f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F255x |&#xf2550;||&#xf2551;||&#xf2552;||&#xf2553;||&#xf2554;||&#xf2555;||&#xf2556;||&#xf2557;||&#xf2558;||&#xf2559;||&#xf255a;||&#xf255b;||&#xf255c;||&#xf255d;||&#xf255e;||&#xf255f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F256x |&#xf2560;||&#xf2561;||&#xf2562;||&#xf2563;||&#xf2564;||&#xf2565;||&#xf2566;||&#xf2567;||&#xf2568;||&#xf2569;||&#xf256a;||&#xf256b;||&#xf256c;||&#xf256d;||&#xf256e;||&#xf256f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F257x |&#xf2570;||&#xf2571;||&#xf2572;||&#xf2573;||&#xf2574;||&#xf2575;||&#xf2576;||&#xf2577;||&#xf2578;||&#xf2579;||&#xf257a;||&#xf257b;||&#xf257c;||&#xf257d;||&#xf257e;||&#xf257f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F258x |&#xf2580;||&#xf2581;||&#xf2582;||&#xf2583;||&#xf2584;||&#xf2585;||&#xf2586;||&#xf2587;||&#xf2588;||&#xf2589;||&#xf258a;||&#xf258b;||&#xf258c;||&#xf258d;||&#xf258e;||&#xf258f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F259x |&#xf2590;||&#xf2591;||&#xf2592;||&#xf2593;||&#xf2594;||&#xf2595;||&#xf2596;||&#xf2597;||&#xf2598;||&#xf2599;||&#xf259a;||&#xf259b;||&#xf259c;||&#xf259d;||&#xf259e;||&#xf259f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F25Ax |&#xf25a0;||&#xf25a1;||&#xf25a2;||&#xf25a3;||&#xf25a4;||&#xf25a5;||&#xf25a6;||&#xf25a7;||&#xf25a8;||&#xf25a9;||&#xf25aa;||&#xf25ab;||&#xf25ac;||&#xf25ad;||&#xf25ae;||&#xf25af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F25Bx |&#xf25b0;||&#xf25b1;||&#xf25b2;||&#xf25b3;||&#xf25b4;||&#xf25b5;||&#xf25b6;||&#xf25b7;||&#xf25b8;||&#xf25b9;||&#xf25ba;||&#xf25bb;||&#xf25bc;||&#xf25bd;||&#xf25be;||&#xf25bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F25Cx |&#xf25c0;||&#xf25c1;||&#xf25c2;||&#xf25c3;||&#xf25c4;||&#xf25c5;||&#xf25c6;||&#xf25c7;||&#xf25c8;||&#xf25c9;||&#xf25ca;||&#xf25cb;||&#xf25cc;||&#xf25cd;||&#xf25ce;||&#xf25cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F25Dx |&#xf25d0;||&#xf25d1;||&#xf25d2;||&#xf25d3;||&#xf25d4;||&#xf25d5;||&#xf25d6;||&#xf25d7;||&#xf25d8;||&#xf25d9;||&#xf25da;||&#xf25db;||&#xf25dc;||&#xf25dd;||&#xf25de;||&#xf25df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F25Ex |&#xf25e0;||&#xf25e1;||&#xf25e2;||&#xf25e3;||&#xf25e4;||&#xf25e5;||&#xf25e6;||&#xf25e7;||&#xf25e8;||&#xf25e9;||&#xf25ea;||&#xf25eb;||&#xf25ec;||&#xf25ed;||&#xf25ee;||&#xf25ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F25Fx |&#xf25f0;||&#xf25f1;||&#xf25f2;||&#xf25f3;||&#xf25f4;||&#xf25f5;||&#xf25f6;||&#xf25f7;||&#xf25f8;||&#xf25f9;||&#xf25fa;||&#xf25fb;||&#xf25fc;||&#xf25fd;||&#xf25fe;||&#xf25ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F260x |&#xf2600;||&#xf2601;||&#xf2602;||&#xf2603;||&#xf2604;||&#xf2605;||&#xf2606;||&#xf2607;||&#xf2608;||&#xf2609;||&#xf260a;||&#xf260b;||&#xf260c;||&#xf260d;||&#xf260e;||&#xf260f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F261x |&#xf2610;||&#xf2611;||&#xf2612;||&#xf2613;||&#xf2614;||&#xf2615;||&#xf2616;||&#xf2617;||&#xf2618;||&#xf2619;||&#xf261a;||&#xf261b;||&#xf261c;||&#xf261d;||&#xf261e;||&#xf261f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F262x |&#xf2620;||&#xf2621;||&#xf2622;||&#xf2623;||&#xf2624;||&#xf2625;||&#xf2626;||&#xf2627;||&#xf2628;||&#xf2629;||&#xf262a;||&#xf262b;||&#xf262c;||&#xf262d;||&#xf262e;||&#xf262f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F263x |&#xf2630;||&#xf2631;||&#xf2632;||&#xf2633;||&#xf2634;||&#xf2635;||&#xf2636;||&#xf2637;||&#xf2638;||&#xf2639;||&#xf263a;||&#xf263b;||&#xf263c;||&#xf263d;||&#xf263e;||&#xf263f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F264x |&#xf2640;||&#xf2641;||&#xf2642;||&#xf2643;||&#xf2644;||&#xf2645;||&#xf2646;||&#xf2647;||&#xf2648;||&#xf2649;||&#xf264a;||&#xf264b;||&#xf264c;||&#xf264d;||&#xf264e;||&#xf264f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F265x |&#xf2650;||&#xf2651;||&#xf2652;||&#xf2653;||&#xf2654;||&#xf2655;||&#xf2656;||&#xf2657;||&#xf2658;||&#xf2659;||&#xf265a;||&#xf265b;||&#xf265c;||&#xf265d;||&#xf265e;||&#xf265f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F266x |&#xf2660;||&#xf2661;||&#xf2662;||&#xf2663;||&#xf2664;||&#xf2665;||&#xf2666;||&#xf2667;||&#xf2668;||&#xf2669;||&#xf266a;||&#xf266b;||&#xf266c;||&#xf266d;||&#xf266e;||&#xf266f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F267x |&#xf2670;||&#xf2671;||&#xf2672;||&#xf2673;||&#xf2674;||&#xf2675;||&#xf2676;||&#xf2677;||&#xf2678;||&#xf2679;||&#xf267a;||&#xf267b;||&#xf267c;||&#xf267d;||&#xf267e;||&#xf267f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F268x |&#xf2680;||&#xf2681;||&#xf2682;||&#xf2683;||&#xf2684;||&#xf2685;||&#xf2686;||&#xf2687;||&#xf2688;||&#xf2689;||&#xf268a;||&#xf268b;||&#xf268c;||&#xf268d;||&#xf268e;||&#xf268f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F269x |&#xf2690;||&#xf2691;||&#xf2692;||&#xf2693;||&#xf2694;||&#xf2695;||&#xf2696;||&#xf2697;||&#xf2698;||&#xf2699;||&#xf269a;||&#xf269b;||&#xf269c;||&#xf269d;||&#xf269e;||&#xf269f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F26Ax |&#xf26a0;||&#xf26a1;||&#xf26a2;||&#xf26a3;||&#xf26a4;||&#xf26a5;||&#xf26a6;||&#xf26a7;||&#xf26a8;||&#xf26a9;||&#xf26aa;||&#xf26ab;||&#xf26ac;||&#xf26ad;||&#xf26ae;||&#xf26af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F26Bx |&#xf26b0;||&#xf26b1;||&#xf26b2;||&#xf26b3;||&#xf26b4;||&#xf26b5;||&#xf26b6;||&#xf26b7;||&#xf26b8;||&#xf26b9;||&#xf26ba;||&#xf26bb;||&#xf26bc;||&#xf26bd;||&#xf26be;||&#xf26bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F26Cx |&#xf26c0;||&#xf26c1;||&#xf26c2;||&#xf26c3;||&#xf26c4;||&#xf26c5;||&#xf26c6;||&#xf26c7;||&#xf26c8;||&#xf26c9;||&#xf26ca;||&#xf26cb;||&#xf26cc;||&#xf26cd;||&#xf26ce;||&#xf26cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F26Dx |&#xf26d0;||&#xf26d1;||&#xf26d2;||&#xf26d3;||&#xf26d4;||&#xf26d5;||&#xf26d6;||&#xf26d7;||&#xf26d8;||&#xf26d9;||&#xf26da;||&#xf26db;||&#xf26dc;||&#xf26dd;||&#xf26de;||&#xf26df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F26Ex |&#xf26e0;||&#xf26e1;||&#xf26e2;||&#xf26e3;||&#xf26e4;||&#xf26e5;||&#xf26e6;||&#xf26e7;||&#xf26e8;||&#xf26e9;||&#xf26ea;||&#xf26eb;||&#xf26ec;||&#xf26ed;||&#xf26ee;||&#xf26ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F26Fx |&#xf26f0;||&#xf26f1;||&#xf26f2;||&#xf26f3;||&#xf26f4;||&#xf26f5;||&#xf26f6;||&#xf26f7;||&#xf26f8;||&#xf26f9;||&#xf26fa;||&#xf26fb;||&#xf26fc;||&#xf26fd;||&#xf26fe;||&#xf26ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F270x |&#xf2700;||&#xf2701;||&#xf2702;||&#xf2703;||&#xf2704;||&#xf2705;||&#xf2706;||&#xf2707;||&#xf2708;||&#xf2709;||&#xf270a;||&#xf270b;||&#xf270c;||&#xf270d;||&#xf270e;||&#xf270f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F271x |&#xf2710;||&#xf2711;||&#xf2712;||&#xf2713;||&#xf2714;||&#xf2715;||&#xf2716;||&#xf2717;||&#xf2718;||&#xf2719;||&#xf271a;||&#xf271b;||&#xf271c;||&#xf271d;||&#xf271e;||&#xf271f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F272x |&#xf2720;||&#xf2721;||&#xf2722;||&#xf2723;||&#xf2724;||&#xf2725;||&#xf2726;||&#xf2727;||&#xf2728;||&#xf2729;||&#xf272a;||&#xf272b;||&#xf272c;||&#xf272d;||&#xf272e;||&#xf272f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F273x |&#xf2730;||&#xf2731;||&#xf2732;||&#xf2733;||&#xf2734;||&#xf2735;||&#xf2736;||&#xf2737;||&#xf2738;||&#xf2739;||&#xf273a;||&#xf273b;||&#xf273c;||&#xf273d;||&#xf273e;||&#xf273f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F274x |&#xf2740;||&#xf2741;||&#xf2742;||&#xf2743;||&#xf2744;||&#xf2745;||&#xf2746;||&#xf2747;||&#xf2748;||&#xf2749;||&#xf274a;||&#xf274b;||&#xf274c;||&#xf274d;||&#xf274e;||&#xf274f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F275x |&#xf2750;||&#xf2751;||&#xf2752;||&#xf2753;||&#xf2754;||&#xf2755;||&#xf2756;||&#xf2757;||&#xf2758;||&#xf2759;||&#xf275a;||&#xf275b;||&#xf275c;||&#xf275d;||&#xf275e;||&#xf275f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F276x |&#xf2760;||&#xf2761;||&#xf2762;||&#xf2763;||&#xf2764;||&#xf2765;||&#xf2766;||&#xf2767;||&#xf2768;||&#xf2769;||&#xf276a;||&#xf276b;||&#xf276c;||&#xf276d;||&#xf276e;||&#xf276f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F277x |&#xf2770;||&#xf2771;||&#xf2772;||&#xf2773;||&#xf2774;||&#xf2775;||&#xf2776;||&#xf2777;||&#xf2778;||&#xf2779;||&#xf277a;||&#xf277b;||&#xf277c;||&#xf277d;||&#xf277e;||&#xf277f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F278x |&#xf2780;||&#xf2781;||&#xf2782;||&#xf2783;||&#xf2784;||&#xf2785;||&#xf2786;||&#xf2787;||&#xf2788;||&#xf2789;||&#xf278a;||&#xf278b;||&#xf278c;||&#xf278d;||&#xf278e;||&#xf278f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F279x |&#xf2790;||&#xf2791;||&#xf2792;||&#xf2793;||&#xf2794;||&#xf2795;||&#xf2796;||&#xf2797;||&#xf2798;||&#xf2799;||&#xf279a;||&#xf279b;||&#xf279c;||&#xf279d;||&#xf279e;||&#xf279f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F27Ax |&#xf27a0;||&#xf27a1;||&#xf27a2;||&#xf27a3;||&#xf27a4;||&#xf27a5;||&#xf27a6;||&#xf27a7;||&#xf27a8;||&#xf27a9;||&#xf27aa;||&#xf27ab;||&#xf27ac;||&#xf27ad;||&#xf27ae;||&#xf27af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F27Bx |&#xf27b0;||&#xf27b1;||&#xf27b2;||&#xf27b3;||&#xf27b4;||&#xf27b5;||&#xf27b6;||&#xf27b7;||&#xf27b8;||&#xf27b9;||&#xf27ba;||&#xf27bb;||&#xf27bc;||&#xf27bd;||&#xf27be;||&#xf27bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F27Cx |&#xf27c0;||&#xf27c1;||&#xf27c2;||&#xf27c3;||&#xf27c4;||&#xf27c5;||&#xf27c6;||&#xf27c7;||&#xf27c8;||&#xf27c9;||&#xf27ca;||&#xf27cb;||&#xf27cc;||&#xf27cd;||&#xf27ce;||&#xf27cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F27Dx |&#xf27d0;||&#xf27d1;||&#xf27d2;||&#xf27d3;||&#xf27d4;||&#xf27d5;||&#xf27d6;||&#xf27d7;||&#xf27d8;||&#xf27d9;||&#xf27da;||&#xf27db;||&#xf27dc;||&#xf27dd;||&#xf27de;||&#xf27df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F27Ex |&#xf27e0;||&#xf27e1;||&#xf27e2;||&#xf27e3;||&#xf27e4;||&#xf27e5;||&#xf27e6;||&#xf27e7;||&#xf27e8;||&#xf27e9;||&#xf27ea;||&#xf27eb;||&#xf27ec;||&#xf27ed;||&#xf27ee;||&#xf27ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F27Fx |&#xf27f0;||&#xf27f1;||&#xf27f2;||&#xf27f3;||&#xf27f4;||&#xf27f5;||&#xf27f6;||&#xf27f7;||&#xf27f8;||&#xf27f9;||&#xf27fa;||&#xf27fb;||&#xf27fc;||&#xf27fd;||&#xf27fe;||&#xf27ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F280x |&#xf2800;||&#xf2801;||&#xf2802;||&#xf2803;||&#xf2804;||&#xf2805;||&#xf2806;||&#xf2807;||&#xf2808;||&#xf2809;||&#xf280a;||&#xf280b;||&#xf280c;||&#xf280d;||&#xf280e;||&#xf280f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F281x |&#xf2810;||&#xf2811;||&#xf2812;||&#xf2813;||&#xf2814;||&#xf2815;||&#xf2816;||&#xf2817;||&#xf2818;||&#xf2819;||&#xf281a;||&#xf281b;||&#xf281c;||&#xf281d;||&#xf281e;||&#xf281f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F282x |&#xf2820;||&#xf2821;||&#xf2822;||&#xf2823;||&#xf2824;||&#xf2825;||&#xf2826;||&#xf2827;||&#xf2828;||&#xf2829;||&#xf282a;||&#xf282b;||&#xf282c;||&#xf282d;||&#xf282e;||&#xf282f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F283x |&#xf2830;||&#xf2831;||&#xf2832;||&#xf2833;||&#xf2834;||&#xf2835;||&#xf2836;||&#xf2837;||&#xf2838;||&#xf2839;||&#xf283a;||&#xf283b;||&#xf283c;||&#xf283d;||&#xf283e;||&#xf283f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F284x |&#xf2840;||&#xf2841;||&#xf2842;||&#xf2843;||&#xf2844;||&#xf2845;||&#xf2846;||&#xf2847;||&#xf2848;||&#xf2849;||&#xf284a;||&#xf284b;||&#xf284c;||&#xf284d;||&#xf284e;||&#xf284f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F285x |&#xf2850;||&#xf2851;||&#xf2852;||&#xf2853;||&#xf2854;||&#xf2855;||&#xf2856;||&#xf2857;||&#xf2858;||&#xf2859;||&#xf285a;||&#xf285b;||&#xf285c;||&#xf285d;||&#xf285e;||&#xf285f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F286x |&#xf2860;||&#xf2861;||&#xf2862;||&#xf2863;||&#xf2864;||&#xf2865;||&#xf2866;||&#xf2867;||&#xf2868;||&#xf2869;||&#xf286a;||&#xf286b;||&#xf286c;||&#xf286d;||&#xf286e;||&#xf286f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F287x |&#xf2870;||&#xf2871;||&#xf2872;||&#xf2873;||&#xf2874;||&#xf2875;||&#xf2876;||&#xf2877;||&#xf2878;||&#xf2879;||&#xf287a;||&#xf287b;||&#xf287c;||&#xf287d;||&#xf287e;||&#xf287f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F288x |&#xf2880;||&#xf2881;||&#xf2882;||&#xf2883;||&#xf2884;||&#xf2885;||&#xf2886;||&#xf2887;||&#xf2888;||&#xf2889;||&#xf288a;||&#xf288b;||&#xf288c;||&#xf288d;||&#xf288e;||&#xf288f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F289x |&#xf2890;||&#xf2891;||&#xf2892;||&#xf2893;||&#xf2894;||&#xf2895;||&#xf2896;||&#xf2897;||&#xf2898;||&#xf2899;||&#xf289a;||&#xf289b;||&#xf289c;||&#xf289d;||&#xf289e;||&#xf289f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F28Ax |&#xf28a0;||&#xf28a1;||&#xf28a2;||&#xf28a3;||&#xf28a4;||&#xf28a5;||&#xf28a6;||&#xf28a7;||&#xf28a8;||&#xf28a9;||&#xf28aa;||&#xf28ab;||&#xf28ac;||&#xf28ad;||&#xf28ae;||&#xf28af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F28Bx |&#xf28b0;||&#xf28b1;||&#xf28b2;||&#xf28b3;||&#xf28b4;||&#xf28b5;||&#xf28b6;||&#xf28b7;||&#xf28b8;||&#xf28b9;||&#xf28ba;||&#xf28bb;||&#xf28bc;||&#xf28bd;||&#xf28be;||&#xf28bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F28Cx |&#xf28c0;||&#xf28c1;||&#xf28c2;||&#xf28c3;||&#xf28c4;||&#xf28c5;||&#xf28c6;||&#xf28c7;||&#xf28c8;||&#xf28c9;||&#xf28ca;||&#xf28cb;||&#xf28cc;||&#xf28cd;||&#xf28ce;||&#xf28cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F28Dx |&#xf28d0;||&#xf28d1;||&#xf28d2;||&#xf28d3;||&#xf28d4;||&#xf28d5;||&#xf28d6;||&#xf28d7;||&#xf28d8;||&#xf28d9;||&#xf28da;||&#xf28db;||&#xf28dc;||&#xf28dd;||&#xf28de;||&#xf28df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F28Ex |&#xf28e0;||&#xf28e1;||&#xf28e2;||&#xf28e3;||&#xf28e4;||&#xf28e5;||&#xf28e6;||&#xf28e7;||&#xf28e8;||&#xf28e9;||&#xf28ea;||&#xf28eb;||&#xf28ec;||&#xf28ed;||&#xf28ee;||&#xf28ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F28Fx |&#xf28f0;||&#xf28f1;||&#xf28f2;||&#xf28f3;||&#xf28f4;||&#xf28f5;||&#xf28f6;||&#xf28f7;||&#xf28f8;||&#xf28f9;||&#xf28fa;||&#xf28fb;||&#xf28fc;||&#xf28fd;||&#xf28fe;||&#xf28ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F290x |&#xf2900;||&#xf2901;||&#xf2902;||&#xf2903;||&#xf2904;||&#xf2905;||&#xf2906;||&#xf2907;||&#xf2908;||&#xf2909;||&#xf290a;||&#xf290b;||&#xf290c;||&#xf290d;||&#xf290e;||&#xf290f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F291x |&#xf2910;||&#xf2911;||&#xf2912;||&#xf2913;||&#xf2914;||&#xf2915;||&#xf2916;||&#xf2917;||&#xf2918;||&#xf2919;||&#xf291a;||&#xf291b;||&#xf291c;||&#xf291d;||&#xf291e;||&#xf291f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F292x |&#xf2920;||&#xf2921;||&#xf2922;||&#xf2923;||&#xf2924;||&#xf2925;||&#xf2926;||&#xf2927;||&#xf2928;||&#xf2929;||&#xf292a;||&#xf292b;||&#xf292c;||&#xf292d;||&#xf292e;||&#xf292f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F293x |&#xf2930;||&#xf2931;||&#xf2932;||&#xf2933;||&#xf2934;||&#xf2935;||&#xf2936;||&#xf2937;||&#xf2938;||&#xf2939;||&#xf293a;||&#xf293b;||&#xf293c;||&#xf293d;||&#xf293e;||&#xf293f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F294x |&#xf2940;||&#xf2941;||&#xf2942;||&#xf2943;||&#xf2944;||&#xf2945;||&#xf2946;||&#xf2947;||&#xf2948;||&#xf2949;||&#xf294a;||&#xf294b;||&#xf294c;||&#xf294d;||&#xf294e;||&#xf294f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F295x |&#xf2950;||&#xf2951;||&#xf2952;||&#xf2953;||&#xf2954;||&#xf2955;||&#xf2956;||&#xf2957;||&#xf2958;||&#xf2959;||&#xf295a;||&#xf295b;||&#xf295c;||&#xf295d;||&#xf295e;||&#xf295f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F296x |&#xf2960;||&#xf2961;||&#xf2962;||&#xf2963;||&#xf2964;||&#xf2965;||&#xf2966;||&#xf2967;||&#xf2968;||&#xf2969;||&#xf296a;||&#xf296b;||&#xf296c;||&#xf296d;||&#xf296e;||&#xf296f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F297x |&#xf2970;||&#xf2971;||&#xf2972;||&#xf2973;||&#xf2974;||&#xf2975;||&#xf2976;||&#xf2977;||&#xf2978;||&#xf2979;||&#xf297a;||&#xf297b;||&#xf297c;||&#xf297d;||&#xf297e;||&#xf297f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F298x |&#xf2980;||&#xf2981;||&#xf2982;||&#xf2983;||&#xf2984;||&#xf2985;||&#xf2986;||&#xf2987;||&#xf2988;||&#xf2989;||&#xf298a;||&#xf298b;||&#xf298c;||&#xf298d;||&#xf298e;||&#xf298f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F299x |&#xf2990;||&#xf2991;||&#xf2992;||&#xf2993;||&#xf2994;||&#xf2995;||&#xf2996;||&#xf2997;||&#xf2998;||&#xf2999;||&#xf299a;||&#xf299b;||&#xf299c;||&#xf299d;||&#xf299e;||&#xf299f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F29Ax |&#xf29a0;||&#xf29a1;||&#xf29a2;||&#xf29a3;||&#xf29a4;||&#xf29a5;||&#xf29a6;||&#xf29a7;||&#xf29a8;||&#xf29a9;||&#xf29aa;||&#xf29ab;||&#xf29ac;||&#xf29ad;||&#xf29ae;||&#xf29af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F29Bx |&#xf29b0;||&#xf29b1;||&#xf29b2;||&#xf29b3;||&#xf29b4;||&#xf29b5;||&#xf29b6;||&#xf29b7;||&#xf29b8;||&#xf29b9;||&#xf29ba;||&#xf29bb;||&#xf29bc;||&#xf29bd;||&#xf29be;||&#xf29bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F29Cx |&#xf29c0;||&#xf29c1;||&#xf29c2;||&#xf29c3;||&#xf29c4;||&#xf29c5;||&#xf29c6;||&#xf29c7;||&#xf29c8;||&#xf29c9;||&#xf29ca;||&#xf29cb;||&#xf29cc;||&#xf29cd;||&#xf29ce;||&#xf29cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F29Dx |&#xf29d0;||&#xf29d1;||&#xf29d2;||&#xf29d3;||&#xf29d4;||&#xf29d5;||&#xf29d6;||&#xf29d7;||&#xf29d8;||&#xf29d9;||&#xf29da;||&#xf29db;||&#xf29dc;||&#xf29dd;||&#xf29de;||&#xf29df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F29Ex |&#xf29e0;||&#xf29e1;||&#xf29e2;||&#xf29e3;||&#xf29e4;||&#xf29e5;||&#xf29e6;||&#xf29e7;||&#xf29e8;||&#xf29e9;||&#xf29ea;||&#xf29eb;||&#xf29ec;||&#xf29ed;||&#xf29ee;||&#xf29ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F29Fx |&#xf29f0;||&#xf29f1;||&#xf29f2;||&#xf29f3;||&#xf29f4;||&#xf29f5;||&#xf29f6;||&#xf29f7;||&#xf29f8;||&#xf29f9;||&#xf29fa;||&#xf29fb;||&#xf29fc;||&#xf29fd;||&#xf29fe;||&#xf29ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A0x |&#xf2a00;||&#xf2a01;||&#xf2a02;||&#xf2a03;||&#xf2a04;||&#xf2a05;||&#xf2a06;||&#xf2a07;||&#xf2a08;||&#xf2a09;||&#xf2a0a;||&#xf2a0b;||&#xf2a0c;||&#xf2a0d;||&#xf2a0e;||&#xf2a0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A1x |&#xf2a10;||&#xf2a11;||&#xf2a12;||&#xf2a13;||&#xf2a14;||&#xf2a15;||&#xf2a16;||&#xf2a17;||&#xf2a18;||&#xf2a19;||&#xf2a1a;||&#xf2a1b;||&#xf2a1c;||&#xf2a1d;||&#xf2a1e;||&#xf2a1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A2x |&#xf2a20;||&#xf2a21;||&#xf2a22;||&#xf2a23;||&#xf2a24;||&#xf2a25;||&#xf2a26;||&#xf2a27;||&#xf2a28;||&#xf2a29;||&#xf2a2a;||&#xf2a2b;||&#xf2a2c;||&#xf2a2d;||&#xf2a2e;||&#xf2a2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A3x |&#xf2a30;||&#xf2a31;||&#xf2a32;||&#xf2a33;||&#xf2a34;||&#xf2a35;||&#xf2a36;||&#xf2a37;||&#xf2a38;||&#xf2a39;||&#xf2a3a;||&#xf2a3b;||&#xf2a3c;||&#xf2a3d;||&#xf2a3e;||&#xf2a3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A4x |&#xf2a40;||&#xf2a41;||&#xf2a42;||&#xf2a43;||&#xf2a44;||&#xf2a45;||&#xf2a46;||&#xf2a47;||&#xf2a48;||&#xf2a49;||&#xf2a4a;||&#xf2a4b;||&#xf2a4c;||&#xf2a4d;||&#xf2a4e;||&#xf2a4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A5x |&#xf2a50;||&#xf2a51;||&#xf2a52;||&#xf2a53;||&#xf2a54;||&#xf2a55;||&#xf2a56;||&#xf2a57;||&#xf2a58;||&#xf2a59;||&#xf2a5a;||&#xf2a5b;||&#xf2a5c;||&#xf2a5d;||&#xf2a5e;||&#xf2a5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A6x |&#xf2a60;||&#xf2a61;||&#xf2a62;||&#xf2a63;||&#xf2a64;||&#xf2a65;||&#xf2a66;||&#xf2a67;||&#xf2a68;||&#xf2a69;||&#xf2a6a;||&#xf2a6b;||&#xf2a6c;||&#xf2a6d;||&#xf2a6e;||&#xf2a6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A7x |&#xf2a70;||&#xf2a71;||&#xf2a72;||&#xf2a73;||&#xf2a74;||&#xf2a75;||&#xf2a76;||&#xf2a77;||&#xf2a78;||&#xf2a79;||&#xf2a7a;||&#xf2a7b;||&#xf2a7c;||&#xf2a7d;||&#xf2a7e;||&#xf2a7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A8x |&#xf2a80;||&#xf2a81;||&#xf2a82;||&#xf2a83;||&#xf2a84;||&#xf2a85;||&#xf2a86;||&#xf2a87;||&#xf2a88;||&#xf2a89;||&#xf2a8a;||&#xf2a8b;||&#xf2a8c;||&#xf2a8d;||&#xf2a8e;||&#xf2a8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2A9x |&#xf2a90;||&#xf2a91;||&#xf2a92;||&#xf2a93;||&#xf2a94;||&#xf2a95;||&#xf2a96;||&#xf2a97;||&#xf2a98;||&#xf2a99;||&#xf2a9a;||&#xf2a9b;||&#xf2a9c;||&#xf2a9d;||&#xf2a9e;||&#xf2a9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2AAx |&#xf2aa0;||&#xf2aa1;||&#xf2aa2;||&#xf2aa3;||&#xf2aa4;||&#xf2aa5;||&#xf2aa6;||&#xf2aa7;||&#xf2aa8;||&#xf2aa9;||&#xf2aaa;||&#xf2aab;||&#xf2aac;||&#xf2aad;||&#xf2aae;||&#xf2aaf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2ABx |&#xf2ab0;||&#xf2ab1;||&#xf2ab2;||&#xf2ab3;||&#xf2ab4;||&#xf2ab5;||&#xf2ab6;||&#xf2ab7;||&#xf2ab8;||&#xf2ab9;||&#xf2aba;||&#xf2abb;||&#xf2abc;||&#xf2abd;||&#xf2abe;||&#xf2abf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2ACx |&#xf2ac0;||&#xf2ac1;||&#xf2ac2;||&#xf2ac3;||&#xf2ac4;||&#xf2ac5;||&#xf2ac6;||&#xf2ac7;||&#xf2ac8;||&#xf2ac9;||&#xf2aca;||&#xf2acb;||&#xf2acc;||&#xf2acd;||&#xf2ace;||&#xf2acf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2ADx |&#xf2ad0;||&#xf2ad1;||&#xf2ad2;||&#xf2ad3;||&#xf2ad4;||&#xf2ad5;||&#xf2ad6;||&#xf2ad7;||&#xf2ad8;||&#xf2ad9;||&#xf2ada;||&#xf2adb;||&#xf2adc;||&#xf2add;||&#xf2ade;||&#xf2adf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2AEx |&#xf2ae0;||&#xf2ae1;||&#xf2ae2;||&#xf2ae3;||&#xf2ae4;||&#xf2ae5;||&#xf2ae6;||&#xf2ae7;||&#xf2ae8;||&#xf2ae9;||&#xf2aea;||&#xf2aeb;||&#xf2aec;||&#xf2aed;||&#xf2aee;||&#xf2aef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2AFx |&#xf2af0;||&#xf2af1;||&#xf2af2;||&#xf2af3;||&#xf2af4;||&#xf2af5;||&#xf2af6;||&#xf2af7;||&#xf2af8;||&#xf2af9;||&#xf2afa;||&#xf2afb;||&#xf2afc;||&#xf2afd;||&#xf2afe;||&#xf2aff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B0x |&#xf2b00;||&#xf2b01;||&#xf2b02;||&#xf2b03;||&#xf2b04;||&#xf2b05;||&#xf2b06;||&#xf2b07;||&#xf2b08;||&#xf2b09;||&#xf2b0a;||&#xf2b0b;||&#xf2b0c;||&#xf2b0d;||&#xf2b0e;||&#xf2b0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B1x |&#xf2b10;||&#xf2b11;||&#xf2b12;||&#xf2b13;||&#xf2b14;||&#xf2b15;||&#xf2b16;||&#xf2b17;||&#xf2b18;||&#xf2b19;||&#xf2b1a;||&#xf2b1b;||&#xf2b1c;||&#xf2b1d;||&#xf2b1e;||&#xf2b1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B2x |&#xf2b20;||&#xf2b21;||&#xf2b22;||&#xf2b23;||&#xf2b24;||&#xf2b25;||&#xf2b26;||&#xf2b27;||&#xf2b28;||&#xf2b29;||&#xf2b2a;||&#xf2b2b;||&#xf2b2c;||&#xf2b2d;||&#xf2b2e;||&#xf2b2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B3x |&#xf2b30;||&#xf2b31;||&#xf2b32;||&#xf2b33;||&#xf2b34;||&#xf2b35;||&#xf2b36;||&#xf2b37;||&#xf2b38;||&#xf2b39;||&#xf2b3a;||&#xf2b3b;||&#xf2b3c;||&#xf2b3d;||&#xf2b3e;||&#xf2b3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B4x |&#xf2b40;||&#xf2b41;||&#xf2b42;||&#xf2b43;||&#xf2b44;||&#xf2b45;||&#xf2b46;||&#xf2b47;||&#xf2b48;||&#xf2b49;||&#xf2b4a;||&#xf2b4b;||&#xf2b4c;||&#xf2b4d;||&#xf2b4e;||&#xf2b4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B5x |&#xf2b50;||&#xf2b51;||&#xf2b52;||&#xf2b53;||&#xf2b54;||&#xf2b55;||&#xf2b56;||&#xf2b57;||&#xf2b58;||&#xf2b59;||&#xf2b5a;||&#xf2b5b;||&#xf2b5c;||&#xf2b5d;||&#xf2b5e;||&#xf2b5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B6x |&#xf2b60;||&#xf2b61;||&#xf2b62;||&#xf2b63;||&#xf2b64;||&#xf2b65;||&#xf2b66;||&#xf2b67;||&#xf2b68;||&#xf2b69;||&#xf2b6a;||&#xf2b6b;||&#xf2b6c;||&#xf2b6d;||&#xf2b6e;||&#xf2b6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B7x |&#xf2b70;||&#xf2b71;||&#xf2b72;||&#xf2b73;||&#xf2b74;||&#xf2b75;||&#xf2b76;||&#xf2b77;||&#xf2b78;||&#xf2b79;||&#xf2b7a;||&#xf2b7b;||&#xf2b7c;||&#xf2b7d;||&#xf2b7e;||&#xf2b7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B8x |&#xf2b80;||&#xf2b81;||&#xf2b82;||&#xf2b83;||&#xf2b84;||&#xf2b85;||&#xf2b86;||&#xf2b87;||&#xf2b88;||&#xf2b89;||&#xf2b8a;||&#xf2b8b;||&#xf2b8c;||&#xf2b8d;||&#xf2b8e;||&#xf2b8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2B9x |&#xf2b90;||&#xf2b91;||&#xf2b92;||&#xf2b93;||&#xf2b94;||&#xf2b95;||&#xf2b96;||&#xf2b97;||&#xf2b98;||&#xf2b99;||&#xf2b9a;||&#xf2b9b;||&#xf2b9c;||&#xf2b9d;||&#xf2b9e;||&#xf2b9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2BAx |&#xf2ba0;||&#xf2ba1;||&#xf2ba2;||&#xf2ba3;||&#xf2ba4;||&#xf2ba5;||&#xf2ba6;||&#xf2ba7;||&#xf2ba8;||&#xf2ba9;||&#xf2baa;||&#xf2bab;||&#xf2bac;||&#xf2bad;||&#xf2bae;||&#xf2baf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2BBx |&#xf2bb0;||&#xf2bb1;||&#xf2bb2;||&#xf2bb3;||&#xf2bb4;||&#xf2bb5;||&#xf2bb6;||&#xf2bb7;||&#xf2bb8;||&#xf2bb9;||&#xf2bba;||&#xf2bbb;||&#xf2bbc;||&#xf2bbd;||&#xf2bbe;||&#xf2bbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2BCx |&#xf2bc0;||&#xf2bc1;||&#xf2bc2;||&#xf2bc3;||&#xf2bc4;||&#xf2bc5;||&#xf2bc6;||&#xf2bc7;||&#xf2bc8;||&#xf2bc9;||&#xf2bca;||&#xf2bcb;||&#xf2bcc;||&#xf2bcd;||&#xf2bce;||&#xf2bcf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2BDx |&#xf2bd0;||&#xf2bd1;||&#xf2bd2;||&#xf2bd3;||&#xf2bd4;||&#xf2bd5;||&#xf2bd6;||&#xf2bd7;||&#xf2bd8;||&#xf2bd9;||&#xf2bda;||&#xf2bdb;||&#xf2bdc;||&#xf2bdd;||&#xf2bde;||&#xf2bdf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2BEx |&#xf2be0;||&#xf2be1;||&#xf2be2;||&#xf2be3;||&#xf2be4;||&#xf2be5;||&#xf2be6;||&#xf2be7;||&#xf2be8;||&#xf2be9;||&#xf2bea;||&#xf2beb;||&#xf2bec;||&#xf2bed;||&#xf2bee;||&#xf2bef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2BFx |&#xf2bf0;||&#xf2bf1;||&#xf2bf2;||&#xf2bf3;||&#xf2bf4;||&#xf2bf5;||&#xf2bf6;||&#xf2bf7;||&#xf2bf8;||&#xf2bf9;||&#xf2bfa;||&#xf2bfb;||&#xf2bfc;||&#xf2bfd;||&#xf2bfe;||&#xf2bff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C0x |&#xf2c00;||&#xf2c01;||&#xf2c02;||&#xf2c03;||&#xf2c04;||&#xf2c05;||&#xf2c06;||&#xf2c07;||&#xf2c08;||&#xf2c09;||&#xf2c0a;||&#xf2c0b;||&#xf2c0c;||&#xf2c0d;||&#xf2c0e;||&#xf2c0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C1x |&#xf2c10;||&#xf2c11;||&#xf2c12;||&#xf2c13;||&#xf2c14;||&#xf2c15;||&#xf2c16;||&#xf2c17;||&#xf2c18;||&#xf2c19;||&#xf2c1a;||&#xf2c1b;||&#xf2c1c;||&#xf2c1d;||&#xf2c1e;||&#xf2c1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C2x |&#xf2c20;||&#xf2c21;||&#xf2c22;||&#xf2c23;||&#xf2c24;||&#xf2c25;||&#xf2c26;||&#xf2c27;||&#xf2c28;||&#xf2c29;||&#xf2c2a;||&#xf2c2b;||&#xf2c2c;||&#xf2c2d;||&#xf2c2e;||&#xf2c2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C3x |&#xf2c30;||&#xf2c31;||&#xf2c32;||&#xf2c33;||&#xf2c34;||&#xf2c35;||&#xf2c36;||&#xf2c37;||&#xf2c38;||&#xf2c39;||&#xf2c3a;||&#xf2c3b;||&#xf2c3c;||&#xf2c3d;||&#xf2c3e;||&#xf2c3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C4x |&#xf2c40;||&#xf2c41;||&#xf2c42;||&#xf2c43;||&#xf2c44;||&#xf2c45;||&#xf2c46;||&#xf2c47;||&#xf2c48;||&#xf2c49;||&#xf2c4a;||&#xf2c4b;||&#xf2c4c;||&#xf2c4d;||&#xf2c4e;||&#xf2c4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C5x |&#xf2c50;||&#xf2c51;||&#xf2c52;||&#xf2c53;||&#xf2c54;||&#xf2c55;||&#xf2c56;||&#xf2c57;||&#xf2c58;||&#xf2c59;||&#xf2c5a;||&#xf2c5b;||&#xf2c5c;||&#xf2c5d;||&#xf2c5e;||&#xf2c5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C6x |&#xf2c60;||&#xf2c61;||&#xf2c62;||&#xf2c63;||&#xf2c64;||&#xf2c65;||&#xf2c66;||&#xf2c67;||&#xf2c68;||&#xf2c69;||&#xf2c6a;||&#xf2c6b;||&#xf2c6c;||&#xf2c6d;||&#xf2c6e;||&#xf2c6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C7x |&#xf2c70;||&#xf2c71;||&#xf2c72;||&#xf2c73;||&#xf2c74;||&#xf2c75;||&#xf2c76;||&#xf2c77;||&#xf2c78;||&#xf2c79;||&#xf2c7a;||&#xf2c7b;||&#xf2c7c;||&#xf2c7d;||&#xf2c7e;||&#xf2c7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C8x |&#xf2c80;||&#xf2c81;||&#xf2c82;||&#xf2c83;||&#xf2c84;||&#xf2c85;||&#xf2c86;||&#xf2c87;||&#xf2c88;||&#xf2c89;||&#xf2c8a;||&#xf2c8b;||&#xf2c8c;||&#xf2c8d;||&#xf2c8e;||&#xf2c8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2C9x |&#xf2c90;||&#xf2c91;||&#xf2c92;||&#xf2c93;||&#xf2c94;||&#xf2c95;||&#xf2c96;||&#xf2c97;||&#xf2c98;||&#xf2c99;||&#xf2c9a;||&#xf2c9b;||&#xf2c9c;||&#xf2c9d;||&#xf2c9e;||&#xf2c9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2CAx |&#xf2ca0;||&#xf2ca1;||&#xf2ca2;||&#xf2ca3;||&#xf2ca4;||&#xf2ca5;||&#xf2ca6;||&#xf2ca7;||&#xf2ca8;||&#xf2ca9;||&#xf2caa;||&#xf2cab;||&#xf2cac;||&#xf2cad;||&#xf2cae;||&#xf2caf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2CBx |&#xf2cb0;||&#xf2cb1;||&#xf2cb2;||&#xf2cb3;||&#xf2cb4;||&#xf2cb5;||&#xf2cb6;||&#xf2cb7;||&#xf2cb8;||&#xf2cb9;||&#xf2cba;||&#xf2cbb;||&#xf2cbc;||&#xf2cbd;||&#xf2cbe;||&#xf2cbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2CCx |&#xf2cc0;||&#xf2cc1;||&#xf2cc2;||&#xf2cc3;||&#xf2cc4;||&#xf2cc5;||&#xf2cc6;||&#xf2cc7;||&#xf2cc8;||&#xf2cc9;||&#xf2cca;||&#xf2ccb;||&#xf2ccc;||&#xf2ccd;||&#xf2cce;||&#xf2ccf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2CDx |&#xf2cd0;||&#xf2cd1;||&#xf2cd2;||&#xf2cd3;||&#xf2cd4;||&#xf2cd5;||&#xf2cd6;||&#xf2cd7;||&#xf2cd8;||&#xf2cd9;||&#xf2cda;||&#xf2cdb;||&#xf2cdc;||&#xf2cdd;||&#xf2cde;||&#xf2cdf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2CEx |&#xf2ce0;||&#xf2ce1;||&#xf2ce2;||&#xf2ce3;||&#xf2ce4;||&#xf2ce5;||&#xf2ce6;||&#xf2ce7;||&#xf2ce8;||&#xf2ce9;||&#xf2cea;||&#xf2ceb;||&#xf2cec;||&#xf2ced;||&#xf2cee;||&#xf2cef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2CFx |&#xf2cf0;||&#xf2cf1;||&#xf2cf2;||&#xf2cf3;||&#xf2cf4;||&#xf2cf5;||&#xf2cf6;||&#xf2cf7;||&#xf2cf8;||&#xf2cf9;||&#xf2cfa;||&#xf2cfb;||&#xf2cfc;||&#xf2cfd;||&#xf2cfe;||&#xf2cff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D0x |&#xf2d00;||&#xf2d01;||&#xf2d02;||&#xf2d03;||&#xf2d04;||&#xf2d05;||&#xf2d06;||&#xf2d07;||&#xf2d08;||&#xf2d09;||&#xf2d0a;||&#xf2d0b;||&#xf2d0c;||&#xf2d0d;||&#xf2d0e;||&#xf2d0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D1x |&#xf2d10;||&#xf2d11;||&#xf2d12;||&#xf2d13;||&#xf2d14;||&#xf2d15;||&#xf2d16;||&#xf2d17;||&#xf2d18;||&#xf2d19;||&#xf2d1a;||&#xf2d1b;||&#xf2d1c;||&#xf2d1d;||&#xf2d1e;||&#xf2d1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D2x |&#xf2d20;||&#xf2d21;||&#xf2d22;||&#xf2d23;||&#xf2d24;||&#xf2d25;||&#xf2d26;||&#xf2d27;||&#xf2d28;||&#xf2d29;||&#xf2d2a;||&#xf2d2b;||&#xf2d2c;||&#xf2d2d;||&#xf2d2e;||&#xf2d2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D3x |&#xf2d30;||&#xf2d31;||&#xf2d32;||&#xf2d33;||&#xf2d34;||&#xf2d35;||&#xf2d36;||&#xf2d37;||&#xf2d38;||&#xf2d39;||&#xf2d3a;||&#xf2d3b;||&#xf2d3c;||&#xf2d3d;||&#xf2d3e;||&#xf2d3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D4x |&#xf2d40;||&#xf2d41;||&#xf2d42;||&#xf2d43;||&#xf2d44;||&#xf2d45;||&#xf2d46;||&#xf2d47;||&#xf2d48;||&#xf2d49;||&#xf2d4a;||&#xf2d4b;||&#xf2d4c;||&#xf2d4d;||&#xf2d4e;||&#xf2d4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D5x |&#xf2d50;||&#xf2d51;||&#xf2d52;||&#xf2d53;||&#xf2d54;||&#xf2d55;||&#xf2d56;||&#xf2d57;||&#xf2d58;||&#xf2d59;||&#xf2d5a;||&#xf2d5b;||&#xf2d5c;||&#xf2d5d;||&#xf2d5e;||&#xf2d5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D6x |&#xf2d60;||&#xf2d61;||&#xf2d62;||&#xf2d63;||&#xf2d64;||&#xf2d65;||&#xf2d66;||&#xf2d67;||&#xf2d68;||&#xf2d69;||&#xf2d6a;||&#xf2d6b;||&#xf2d6c;||&#xf2d6d;||&#xf2d6e;||&#xf2d6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D7x |&#xf2d70;||&#xf2d71;||&#xf2d72;||&#xf2d73;||&#xf2d74;||&#xf2d75;||&#xf2d76;||&#xf2d77;||&#xf2d78;||&#xf2d79;||&#xf2d7a;||&#xf2d7b;||&#xf2d7c;||&#xf2d7d;||&#xf2d7e;||&#xf2d7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D8x |&#xf2d80;||&#xf2d81;||&#xf2d82;||&#xf2d83;||&#xf2d84;||&#xf2d85;||&#xf2d86;||&#xf2d87;||&#xf2d88;||&#xf2d89;||&#xf2d8a;||&#xf2d8b;||&#xf2d8c;||&#xf2d8d;||&#xf2d8e;||&#xf2d8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2D9x |&#xf2d90;||&#xf2d91;||&#xf2d92;||&#xf2d93;||&#xf2d94;||&#xf2d95;||&#xf2d96;||&#xf2d97;||&#xf2d98;||&#xf2d99;||&#xf2d9a;||&#xf2d9b;||&#xf2d9c;||&#xf2d9d;||&#xf2d9e;||&#xf2d9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2DAx |&#xf2da0;||&#xf2da1;||&#xf2da2;||&#xf2da3;||&#xf2da4;||&#xf2da5;||&#xf2da6;||&#xf2da7;||&#xf2da8;||&#xf2da9;||&#xf2daa;||&#xf2dab;||&#xf2dac;||&#xf2dad;||&#xf2dae;||&#xf2daf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2DBx |&#xf2db0;||&#xf2db1;||&#xf2db2;||&#xf2db3;||&#xf2db4;||&#xf2db5;||&#xf2db6;||&#xf2db7;||&#xf2db8;||&#xf2db9;||&#xf2dba;||&#xf2dbb;||&#xf2dbc;||&#xf2dbd;||&#xf2dbe;||&#xf2dbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2DCx |&#xf2dc0;||&#xf2dc1;||&#xf2dc2;||&#xf2dc3;||&#xf2dc4;||&#xf2dc5;||&#xf2dc6;||&#xf2dc7;||&#xf2dc8;||&#xf2dc9;||&#xf2dca;||&#xf2dcb;||&#xf2dcc;||&#xf2dcd;||&#xf2dce;||&#xf2dcf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2DDx |&#xf2dd0;||&#xf2dd1;||&#xf2dd2;||&#xf2dd3;||&#xf2dd4;||&#xf2dd5;||&#xf2dd6;||&#xf2dd7;||&#xf2dd8;||&#xf2dd9;||&#xf2dda;||&#xf2ddb;||&#xf2ddc;||&#xf2ddd;||&#xf2dde;||&#xf2ddf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2DEx |&#xf2de0;||&#xf2de1;||&#xf2de2;||&#xf2de3;||&#xf2de4;||&#xf2de5;||&#xf2de6;||&#xf2de7;||&#xf2de8;||&#xf2de9;||&#xf2dea;||&#xf2deb;||&#xf2dec;||&#xf2ded;||&#xf2dee;||&#xf2def; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2DFx |&#xf2df0;||&#xf2df1;||&#xf2df2;||&#xf2df3;||&#xf2df4;||&#xf2df5;||&#xf2df6;||&#xf2df7;||&#xf2df8;||&#xf2df9;||&#xf2dfa;||&#xf2dfb;||&#xf2dfc;||&#xf2dfd;||&#xf2dfe;||&#xf2dff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E0x |&#xf2e00;||&#xf2e01;||&#xf2e02;||&#xf2e03;||&#xf2e04;||&#xf2e05;||&#xf2e06;||&#xf2e07;||&#xf2e08;||&#xf2e09;||&#xf2e0a;||&#xf2e0b;||&#xf2e0c;||&#xf2e0d;||&#xf2e0e;||&#xf2e0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E1x |&#xf2e10;||&#xf2e11;||&#xf2e12;||&#xf2e13;||&#xf2e14;||&#xf2e15;||&#xf2e16;||&#xf2e17;||&#xf2e18;||&#xf2e19;||&#xf2e1a;||&#xf2e1b;||&#xf2e1c;||&#xf2e1d;||&#xf2e1e;||&#xf2e1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E2x |&#xf2e20;||&#xf2e21;||&#xf2e22;||&#xf2e23;||&#xf2e24;||&#xf2e25;||&#xf2e26;||&#xf2e27;||&#xf2e28;||&#xf2e29;||&#xf2e2a;||&#xf2e2b;||&#xf2e2c;||&#xf2e2d;||&#xf2e2e;||&#xf2e2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E3x |&#xf2e30;||&#xf2e31;||&#xf2e32;||&#xf2e33;||&#xf2e34;||&#xf2e35;||&#xf2e36;||&#xf2e37;||&#xf2e38;||&#xf2e39;||&#xf2e3a;||&#xf2e3b;||&#xf2e3c;||&#xf2e3d;||&#xf2e3e;||&#xf2e3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E4x |&#xf2e40;||&#xf2e41;||&#xf2e42;||&#xf2e43;||&#xf2e44;||&#xf2e45;||&#xf2e46;||&#xf2e47;||&#xf2e48;||&#xf2e49;||&#xf2e4a;||&#xf2e4b;||&#xf2e4c;||&#xf2e4d;||&#xf2e4e;||&#xf2e4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E5x |&#xf2e50;||&#xf2e51;||&#xf2e52;||&#xf2e53;||&#xf2e54;||&#xf2e55;||&#xf2e56;||&#xf2e57;||&#xf2e58;||&#xf2e59;||&#xf2e5a;||&#xf2e5b;||&#xf2e5c;||&#xf2e5d;||&#xf2e5e;||&#xf2e5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E6x |&#xf2e60;||&#xf2e61;||&#xf2e62;||&#xf2e63;||&#xf2e64;||&#xf2e65;||&#xf2e66;||&#xf2e67;||&#xf2e68;||&#xf2e69;||&#xf2e6a;||&#xf2e6b;||&#xf2e6c;||&#xf2e6d;||&#xf2e6e;||&#xf2e6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E7x |&#xf2e70;||&#xf2e71;||&#xf2e72;||&#xf2e73;||&#xf2e74;||&#xf2e75;||&#xf2e76;||&#xf2e77;||&#xf2e78;||&#xf2e79;||&#xf2e7a;||&#xf2e7b;||&#xf2e7c;||&#xf2e7d;||&#xf2e7e;||&#xf2e7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E8x |&#xf2e80;||&#xf2e81;||&#xf2e82;||&#xf2e83;||&#xf2e84;||&#xf2e85;||&#xf2e86;||&#xf2e87;||&#xf2e88;||&#xf2e89;||&#xf2e8a;||&#xf2e8b;||&#xf2e8c;||&#xf2e8d;||&#xf2e8e;||&#xf2e8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2E9x |&#xf2e90;||&#xf2e91;||&#xf2e92;||&#xf2e93;||&#xf2e94;||&#xf2e95;||&#xf2e96;||&#xf2e97;||&#xf2e98;||&#xf2e99;||&#xf2e9a;||&#xf2e9b;||&#xf2e9c;||&#xf2e9d;||&#xf2e9e;||&#xf2e9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2EAx |&#xf2ea0;||&#xf2ea1;||&#xf2ea2;||&#xf2ea3;||&#xf2ea4;||&#xf2ea5;||&#xf2ea6;||&#xf2ea7;||&#xf2ea8;||&#xf2ea9;||&#xf2eaa;||&#xf2eab;||&#xf2eac;||&#xf2ead;||&#xf2eae;||&#xf2eaf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2EBx |&#xf2eb0;||&#xf2eb1;||&#xf2eb2;||&#xf2eb3;||&#xf2eb4;||&#xf2eb5;||&#xf2eb6;||&#xf2eb7;||&#xf2eb8;||&#xf2eb9;||&#xf2eba;||&#xf2ebb;||&#xf2ebc;||&#xf2ebd;||&#xf2ebe;||&#xf2ebf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2ECx |&#xf2ec0;||&#xf2ec1;||&#xf2ec2;||&#xf2ec3;||&#xf2ec4;||&#xf2ec5;||&#xf2ec6;||&#xf2ec7;||&#xf2ec8;||&#xf2ec9;||&#xf2eca;||&#xf2ecb;||&#xf2ecc;||&#xf2ecd;||&#xf2ece;||&#xf2ecf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2EDx |&#xf2ed0;||&#xf2ed1;||&#xf2ed2;||&#xf2ed3;||&#xf2ed4;||&#xf2ed5;||&#xf2ed6;||&#xf2ed7;||&#xf2ed8;||&#xf2ed9;||&#xf2eda;||&#xf2edb;||&#xf2edc;||&#xf2edd;||&#xf2ede;||&#xf2edf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2EEx |&#xf2ee0;||&#xf2ee1;||&#xf2ee2;||&#xf2ee3;||&#xf2ee4;||&#xf2ee5;||&#xf2ee6;||&#xf2ee7;||&#xf2ee8;||&#xf2ee9;||&#xf2eea;||&#xf2eeb;||&#xf2eec;||&#xf2eed;||&#xf2eee;||&#xf2eef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2EFx |&#xf2ef0;||&#xf2ef1;||&#xf2ef2;||&#xf2ef3;||&#xf2ef4;||&#xf2ef5;||&#xf2ef6;||&#xf2ef7;||&#xf2ef8;||&#xf2ef9;||&#xf2efa;||&#xf2efb;||&#xf2efc;||&#xf2efd;||&#xf2efe;||&#xf2eff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F0x |&#xf2f00;||&#xf2f01;||&#xf2f02;||&#xf2f03;||&#xf2f04;||&#xf2f05;||&#xf2f06;||&#xf2f07;||&#xf2f08;||&#xf2f09;||&#xf2f0a;||&#xf2f0b;||&#xf2f0c;||&#xf2f0d;||&#xf2f0e;||&#xf2f0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F1x |&#xf2f10;||&#xf2f11;||&#xf2f12;||&#xf2f13;||&#xf2f14;||&#xf2f15;||&#xf2f16;||&#xf2f17;||&#xf2f18;||&#xf2f19;||&#xf2f1a;||&#xf2f1b;||&#xf2f1c;||&#xf2f1d;||&#xf2f1e;||&#xf2f1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F2x |&#xf2f20;||&#xf2f21;||&#xf2f22;||&#xf2f23;||&#xf2f24;||&#xf2f25;||&#xf2f26;||&#xf2f27;||&#xf2f28;||&#xf2f29;||&#xf2f2a;||&#xf2f2b;||&#xf2f2c;||&#xf2f2d;||&#xf2f2e;||&#xf2f2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F3x |&#xf2f30;||&#xf2f31;||&#xf2f32;||&#xf2f33;||&#xf2f34;||&#xf2f35;||&#xf2f36;||&#xf2f37;||&#xf2f38;||&#xf2f39;||&#xf2f3a;||&#xf2f3b;||&#xf2f3c;||&#xf2f3d;||&#xf2f3e;||&#xf2f3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F4x |&#xf2f40;||&#xf2f41;||&#xf2f42;||&#xf2f43;||&#xf2f44;||&#xf2f45;||&#xf2f46;||&#xf2f47;||&#xf2f48;||&#xf2f49;||&#xf2f4a;||&#xf2f4b;||&#xf2f4c;||&#xf2f4d;||&#xf2f4e;||&#xf2f4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F5x |&#xf2f50;||&#xf2f51;||&#xf2f52;||&#xf2f53;||&#xf2f54;||&#xf2f55;||&#xf2f56;||&#xf2f57;||&#xf2f58;||&#xf2f59;||&#xf2f5a;||&#xf2f5b;||&#xf2f5c;||&#xf2f5d;||&#xf2f5e;||&#xf2f5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F6x |&#xf2f60;||&#xf2f61;||&#xf2f62;||&#xf2f63;||&#xf2f64;||&#xf2f65;||&#xf2f66;||&#xf2f67;||&#xf2f68;||&#xf2f69;||&#xf2f6a;||&#xf2f6b;||&#xf2f6c;||&#xf2f6d;||&#xf2f6e;||&#xf2f6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F7x |&#xf2f70;||&#xf2f71;||&#xf2f72;||&#xf2f73;||&#xf2f74;||&#xf2f75;||&#xf2f76;||&#xf2f77;||&#xf2f78;||&#xf2f79;||&#xf2f7a;||&#xf2f7b;||&#xf2f7c;||&#xf2f7d;||&#xf2f7e;||&#xf2f7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F8x |&#xf2f80;||&#xf2f81;||&#xf2f82;||&#xf2f83;||&#xf2f84;||&#xf2f85;||&#xf2f86;||&#xf2f87;||&#xf2f88;||&#xf2f89;||&#xf2f8a;||&#xf2f8b;||&#xf2f8c;||&#xf2f8d;||&#xf2f8e;||&#xf2f8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2F9x |&#xf2f90;||&#xf2f91;||&#xf2f92;||&#xf2f93;||&#xf2f94;||&#xf2f95;||&#xf2f96;||&#xf2f97;||&#xf2f98;||&#xf2f99;||&#xf2f9a;||&#xf2f9b;||&#xf2f9c;||&#xf2f9d;||&#xf2f9e;||&#xf2f9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2FAx |&#xf2fa0;||&#xf2fa1;||&#xf2fa2;||&#xf2fa3;||&#xf2fa4;||&#xf2fa5;||&#xf2fa6;||&#xf2fa7;||&#xf2fa8;||&#xf2fa9;||&#xf2faa;||&#xf2fab;||&#xf2fac;||&#xf2fad;||&#xf2fae;||&#xf2faf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2FBx |&#xf2fb0;||&#xf2fb1;||&#xf2fb2;||&#xf2fb3;||&#xf2fb4;||&#xf2fb5;||&#xf2fb6;||&#xf2fb7;||&#xf2fb8;||&#xf2fb9;||&#xf2fba;||&#xf2fbb;||&#xf2fbc;||&#xf2fbd;||&#xf2fbe;||&#xf2fbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2FCx |&#xf2fc0;||&#xf2fc1;||&#xf2fc2;||&#xf2fc3;||&#xf2fc4;||&#xf2fc5;||&#xf2fc6;||&#xf2fc7;||&#xf2fc8;||&#xf2fc9;||&#xf2fca;||&#xf2fcb;||&#xf2fcc;||&#xf2fcd;||&#xf2fce;||&#xf2fcf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2FDx |&#xf2fd0;||&#xf2fd1;||&#xf2fd2;||&#xf2fd3;||&#xf2fd4;||&#xf2fd5;||&#xf2fd6;||&#xf2fd7;||&#xf2fd8;||&#xf2fd9;||&#xf2fda;||&#xf2fdb;||&#xf2fdc;||&#xf2fdd;||&#xf2fde;||&#xf2fdf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2FEx |&#xf2fe0;||&#xf2fe1;||&#xf2fe2;||&#xf2fe3;||&#xf2fe4;||&#xf2fe5;||&#xf2fe6;||&#xf2fe7;||&#xf2fe8;||&#xf2fe9;||&#xf2fea;||&#xf2feb;||&#xf2fec;||&#xf2fed;||&#xf2fee;||&#xf2fef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F2FFx |&#xf2ff0;||&#xf2ff1;||&#xf2ff2;||&#xf2ff3;||&#xf2ff4;||&#xf2ff5;||&#xf2ff6;||&#xf2ff7;||&#xf2ff8;||&#xf2ff9;||&#xf2ffa;||&#xf2ffb;||&#xf2ffc;||&#xf2ffd;||&#xf2ffe;||&#xf2fff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range F0000–FFFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} o0ixrnlpt26m1y06rd1sgho1u08nfmk Unicode/Character reference/F3000-F3FFF 0 243345 4664460 4585911 2026-08-25T17:33:19Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A (ctd.)'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F300x |&#xf3000;||&#xf3001;||&#xf3002;||&#xf3003;||&#xf3004;||&#xf3005;||&#xf3006;||&#xf3007;||&#xf3008;||&#xf3009;||&#xf300a;||&#xf300b;||&#xf300c;||&#xf300d;||&#xf300e;||&#xf300f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F301x |&#xf3010;||&#xf3011;||&#xf3012;||&#xf3013;||&#xf3014;||&#xf3015;||&#xf3016;||&#xf3017;||&#xf3018;||&#xf3019;||&#xf301a;||&#xf301b;||&#xf301c;||&#xf301d;||&#xf301e;||&#xf301f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F302x |&#xf3020;||&#xf3021;||&#xf3022;||&#xf3023;||&#xf3024;||&#xf3025;||&#xf3026;||&#xf3027;||&#xf3028;||&#xf3029;||&#xf302a;||&#xf302b;||&#xf302c;||&#xf302d;||&#xf302e;||&#xf302f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F303x |&#xf3030;||&#xf3031;||&#xf3032;||&#xf3033;||&#xf3034;||&#xf3035;||&#xf3036;||&#xf3037;||&#xf3038;||&#xf3039;||&#xf303a;||&#xf303b;||&#xf303c;||&#xf303d;||&#xf303e;||&#xf303f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F304x |&#xf3040;||&#xf3041;||&#xf3042;||&#xf3043;||&#xf3044;||&#xf3045;||&#xf3046;||&#xf3047;||&#xf3048;||&#xf3049;||&#xf304a;||&#xf304b;||&#xf304c;||&#xf304d;||&#xf304e;||&#xf304f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F305x |&#xf3050;||&#xf3051;||&#xf3052;||&#xf3053;||&#xf3054;||&#xf3055;||&#xf3056;||&#xf3057;||&#xf3058;||&#xf3059;||&#xf305a;||&#xf305b;||&#xf305c;||&#xf305d;||&#xf305e;||&#xf305f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F306x |&#xf3060;||&#xf3061;||&#xf3062;||&#xf3063;||&#xf3064;||&#xf3065;||&#xf3066;||&#xf3067;||&#xf3068;||&#xf3069;||&#xf306a;||&#xf306b;||&#xf306c;||&#xf306d;||&#xf306e;||&#xf306f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F307x |&#xf3070;||&#xf3071;||&#xf3072;||&#xf3073;||&#xf3074;||&#xf3075;||&#xf3076;||&#xf3077;||&#xf3078;||&#xf3079;||&#xf307a;||&#xf307b;||&#xf307c;||&#xf307d;||&#xf307e;||&#xf307f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F308x |&#xf3080;||&#xf3081;||&#xf3082;||&#xf3083;||&#xf3084;||&#xf3085;||&#xf3086;||&#xf3087;||&#xf3088;||&#xf3089;||&#xf308a;||&#xf308b;||&#xf308c;||&#xf308d;||&#xf308e;||&#xf308f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F309x |&#xf3090;||&#xf3091;||&#xf3092;||&#xf3093;||&#xf3094;||&#xf3095;||&#xf3096;||&#xf3097;||&#xf3098;||&#xf3099;||&#xf309a;||&#xf309b;||&#xf309c;||&#xf309d;||&#xf309e;||&#xf309f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F30Ax |&#xf30a0;||&#xf30a1;||&#xf30a2;||&#xf30a3;||&#xf30a4;||&#xf30a5;||&#xf30a6;||&#xf30a7;||&#xf30a8;||&#xf30a9;||&#xf30aa;||&#xf30ab;||&#xf30ac;||&#xf30ad;||&#xf30ae;||&#xf30af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F30Bx |&#xf30b0;||&#xf30b1;||&#xf30b2;||&#xf30b3;||&#xf30b4;||&#xf30b5;||&#xf30b6;||&#xf30b7;||&#xf30b8;||&#xf30b9;||&#xf30ba;||&#xf30bb;||&#xf30bc;||&#xf30bd;||&#xf30be;||&#xf30bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F30Cx |&#xf30c0;||&#xf30c1;||&#xf30c2;||&#xf30c3;||&#xf30c4;||&#xf30c5;||&#xf30c6;||&#xf30c7;||&#xf30c8;||&#xf30c9;||&#xf30ca;||&#xf30cb;||&#xf30cc;||&#xf30cd;||&#xf30ce;||&#xf30cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F30Dx |&#xf30d0;||&#xf30d1;||&#xf30d2;||&#xf30d3;||&#xf30d4;||&#xf30d5;||&#xf30d6;||&#xf30d7;||&#xf30d8;||&#xf30d9;||&#xf30da;||&#xf30db;||&#xf30dc;||&#xf30dd;||&#xf30de;||&#xf30df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F30Ex |&#xf30e0;||&#xf30e1;||&#xf30e2;||&#xf30e3;||&#xf30e4;||&#xf30e5;||&#xf30e6;||&#xf30e7;||&#xf30e8;||&#xf30e9;||&#xf30ea;||&#xf30eb;||&#xf30ec;||&#xf30ed;||&#xf30ee;||&#xf30ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F30Fx |&#xf30f0;||&#xf30f1;||&#xf30f2;||&#xf30f3;||&#xf30f4;||&#xf30f5;||&#xf30f6;||&#xf30f7;||&#xf30f8;||&#xf30f9;||&#xf30fa;||&#xf30fb;||&#xf30fc;||&#xf30fd;||&#xf30fe;||&#xf30ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F310x |&#xf3100;||&#xf3101;||&#xf3102;||&#xf3103;||&#xf3104;||&#xf3105;||&#xf3106;||&#xf3107;||&#xf3108;||&#xf3109;||&#xf310a;||&#xf310b;||&#xf310c;||&#xf310d;||&#xf310e;||&#xf310f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F311x |&#xf3110;||&#xf3111;||&#xf3112;||&#xf3113;||&#xf3114;||&#xf3115;||&#xf3116;||&#xf3117;||&#xf3118;||&#xf3119;||&#xf311a;||&#xf311b;||&#xf311c;||&#xf311d;||&#xf311e;||&#xf311f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F312x |&#xf3120;||&#xf3121;||&#xf3122;||&#xf3123;||&#xf3124;||&#xf3125;||&#xf3126;||&#xf3127;||&#xf3128;||&#xf3129;||&#xf312a;||&#xf312b;||&#xf312c;||&#xf312d;||&#xf312e;||&#xf312f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F313x |&#xf3130;||&#xf3131;||&#xf3132;||&#xf3133;||&#xf3134;||&#xf3135;||&#xf3136;||&#xf3137;||&#xf3138;||&#xf3139;||&#xf313a;||&#xf313b;||&#xf313c;||&#xf313d;||&#xf313e;||&#xf313f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F314x |&#xf3140;||&#xf3141;||&#xf3142;||&#xf3143;||&#xf3144;||&#xf3145;||&#xf3146;||&#xf3147;||&#xf3148;||&#xf3149;||&#xf314a;||&#xf314b;||&#xf314c;||&#xf314d;||&#xf314e;||&#xf314f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F315x |&#xf3150;||&#xf3151;||&#xf3152;||&#xf3153;||&#xf3154;||&#xf3155;||&#xf3156;||&#xf3157;||&#xf3158;||&#xf3159;||&#xf315a;||&#xf315b;||&#xf315c;||&#xf315d;||&#xf315e;||&#xf315f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F316x |&#xf3160;||&#xf3161;||&#xf3162;||&#xf3163;||&#xf3164;||&#xf3165;||&#xf3166;||&#xf3167;||&#xf3168;||&#xf3169;||&#xf316a;||&#xf316b;||&#xf316c;||&#xf316d;||&#xf316e;||&#xf316f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F317x |&#xf3170;||&#xf3171;||&#xf3172;||&#xf3173;||&#xf3174;||&#xf3175;||&#xf3176;||&#xf3177;||&#xf3178;||&#xf3179;||&#xf317a;||&#xf317b;||&#xf317c;||&#xf317d;||&#xf317e;||&#xf317f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F318x |&#xf3180;||&#xf3181;||&#xf3182;||&#xf3183;||&#xf3184;||&#xf3185;||&#xf3186;||&#xf3187;||&#xf3188;||&#xf3189;||&#xf318a;||&#xf318b;||&#xf318c;||&#xf318d;||&#xf318e;||&#xf318f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F319x |&#xf3190;||&#xf3191;||&#xf3192;||&#xf3193;||&#xf3194;||&#xf3195;||&#xf3196;||&#xf3197;||&#xf3198;||&#xf3199;||&#xf319a;||&#xf319b;||&#xf319c;||&#xf319d;||&#xf319e;||&#xf319f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F31Ax |&#xf31a0;||&#xf31a1;||&#xf31a2;||&#xf31a3;||&#xf31a4;||&#xf31a5;||&#xf31a6;||&#xf31a7;||&#xf31a8;||&#xf31a9;||&#xf31aa;||&#xf31ab;||&#xf31ac;||&#xf31ad;||&#xf31ae;||&#xf31af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F31Bx |&#xf31b0;||&#xf31b1;||&#xf31b2;||&#xf31b3;||&#xf31b4;||&#xf31b5;||&#xf31b6;||&#xf31b7;||&#xf31b8;||&#xf31b9;||&#xf31ba;||&#xf31bb;||&#xf31bc;||&#xf31bd;||&#xf31be;||&#xf31bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F31Cx |&#xf31c0;||&#xf31c1;||&#xf31c2;||&#xf31c3;||&#xf31c4;||&#xf31c5;||&#xf31c6;||&#xf31c7;||&#xf31c8;||&#xf31c9;||&#xf31ca;||&#xf31cb;||&#xf31cc;||&#xf31cd;||&#xf31ce;||&#xf31cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F31Dx |&#xf31d0;||&#xf31d1;||&#xf31d2;||&#xf31d3;||&#xf31d4;||&#xf31d5;||&#xf31d6;||&#xf31d7;||&#xf31d8;||&#xf31d9;||&#xf31da;||&#xf31db;||&#xf31dc;||&#xf31dd;||&#xf31de;||&#xf31df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F31Ex |&#xf31e0;||&#xf31e1;||&#xf31e2;||&#xf31e3;||&#xf31e4;||&#xf31e5;||&#xf31e6;||&#xf31e7;||&#xf31e8;||&#xf31e9;||&#xf31ea;||&#xf31eb;||&#xf31ec;||&#xf31ed;||&#xf31ee;||&#xf31ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F31Fx |&#xf31f0;||&#xf31f1;||&#xf31f2;||&#xf31f3;||&#xf31f4;||&#xf31f5;||&#xf31f6;||&#xf31f7;||&#xf31f8;||&#xf31f9;||&#xf31fa;||&#xf31fb;||&#xf31fc;||&#xf31fd;||&#xf31fe;||&#xf31ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F320x |&#xf3200;||&#xf3201;||&#xf3202;||&#xf3203;||&#xf3204;||&#xf3205;||&#xf3206;||&#xf3207;||&#xf3208;||&#xf3209;||&#xf320a;||&#xf320b;||&#xf320c;||&#xf320d;||&#xf320e;||&#xf320f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F321x |&#xf3210;||&#xf3211;||&#xf3212;||&#xf3213;||&#xf3214;||&#xf3215;||&#xf3216;||&#xf3217;||&#xf3218;||&#xf3219;||&#xf321a;||&#xf321b;||&#xf321c;||&#xf321d;||&#xf321e;||&#xf321f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F322x |&#xf3220;||&#xf3221;||&#xf3222;||&#xf3223;||&#xf3224;||&#xf3225;||&#xf3226;||&#xf3227;||&#xf3228;||&#xf3229;||&#xf322a;||&#xf322b;||&#xf322c;||&#xf322d;||&#xf322e;||&#xf322f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F323x |&#xf3230;||&#xf3231;||&#xf3232;||&#xf3233;||&#xf3234;||&#xf3235;||&#xf3236;||&#xf3237;||&#xf3238;||&#xf3239;||&#xf323a;||&#xf323b;||&#xf323c;||&#xf323d;||&#xf323e;||&#xf323f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F324x |&#xf3240;||&#xf3241;||&#xf3242;||&#xf3243;||&#xf3244;||&#xf3245;||&#xf3246;||&#xf3247;||&#xf3248;||&#xf3249;||&#xf324a;||&#xf324b;||&#xf324c;||&#xf324d;||&#xf324e;||&#xf324f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F325x |&#xf3250;||&#xf3251;||&#xf3252;||&#xf3253;||&#xf3254;||&#xf3255;||&#xf3256;||&#xf3257;||&#xf3258;||&#xf3259;||&#xf325a;||&#xf325b;||&#xf325c;||&#xf325d;||&#xf325e;||&#xf325f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F326x |&#xf3260;||&#xf3261;||&#xf3262;||&#xf3263;||&#xf3264;||&#xf3265;||&#xf3266;||&#xf3267;||&#xf3268;||&#xf3269;||&#xf326a;||&#xf326b;||&#xf326c;||&#xf326d;||&#xf326e;||&#xf326f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F327x |&#xf3270;||&#xf3271;||&#xf3272;||&#xf3273;||&#xf3274;||&#xf3275;||&#xf3276;||&#xf3277;||&#xf3278;||&#xf3279;||&#xf327a;||&#xf327b;||&#xf327c;||&#xf327d;||&#xf327e;||&#xf327f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F328x |&#xf3280;||&#xf3281;||&#xf3282;||&#xf3283;||&#xf3284;||&#xf3285;||&#xf3286;||&#xf3287;||&#xf3288;||&#xf3289;||&#xf328a;||&#xf328b;||&#xf328c;||&#xf328d;||&#xf328e;||&#xf328f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F329x |&#xf3290;||&#xf3291;||&#xf3292;||&#xf3293;||&#xf3294;||&#xf3295;||&#xf3296;||&#xf3297;||&#xf3298;||&#xf3299;||&#xf329a;||&#xf329b;||&#xf329c;||&#xf329d;||&#xf329e;||&#xf329f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F32Ax |&#xf32a0;||&#xf32a1;||&#xf32a2;||&#xf32a3;||&#xf32a4;||&#xf32a5;||&#xf32a6;||&#xf32a7;||&#xf32a8;||&#xf32a9;||&#xf32aa;||&#xf32ab;||&#xf32ac;||&#xf32ad;||&#xf32ae;||&#xf32af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F32Bx |&#xf32b0;||&#xf32b1;||&#xf32b2;||&#xf32b3;||&#xf32b4;||&#xf32b5;||&#xf32b6;||&#xf32b7;||&#xf32b8;||&#xf32b9;||&#xf32ba;||&#xf32bb;||&#xf32bc;||&#xf32bd;||&#xf32be;||&#xf32bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F32Cx |&#xf32c0;||&#xf32c1;||&#xf32c2;||&#xf32c3;||&#xf32c4;||&#xf32c5;||&#xf32c6;||&#xf32c7;||&#xf32c8;||&#xf32c9;||&#xf32ca;||&#xf32cb;||&#xf32cc;||&#xf32cd;||&#xf32ce;||&#xf32cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F32Dx |&#xf32d0;||&#xf32d1;||&#xf32d2;||&#xf32d3;||&#xf32d4;||&#xf32d5;||&#xf32d6;||&#xf32d7;||&#xf32d8;||&#xf32d9;||&#xf32da;||&#xf32db;||&#xf32dc;||&#xf32dd;||&#xf32de;||&#xf32df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F32Ex |&#xf32e0;||&#xf32e1;||&#xf32e2;||&#xf32e3;||&#xf32e4;||&#xf32e5;||&#xf32e6;||&#xf32e7;||&#xf32e8;||&#xf32e9;||&#xf32ea;||&#xf32eb;||&#xf32ec;||&#xf32ed;||&#xf32ee;||&#xf32ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F32Fx |&#xf32f0;||&#xf32f1;||&#xf32f2;||&#xf32f3;||&#xf32f4;||&#xf32f5;||&#xf32f6;||&#xf32f7;||&#xf32f8;||&#xf32f9;||&#xf32fa;||&#xf32fb;||&#xf32fc;||&#xf32fd;||&#xf32fe;||&#xf32ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F330x |&#xf3300;||&#xf3301;||&#xf3302;||&#xf3303;||&#xf3304;||&#xf3305;||&#xf3306;||&#xf3307;||&#xf3308;||&#xf3309;||&#xf330a;||&#xf330b;||&#xf330c;||&#xf330d;||&#xf330e;||&#xf330f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F331x |&#xf3310;||&#xf3311;||&#xf3312;||&#xf3313;||&#xf3314;||&#xf3315;||&#xf3316;||&#xf3317;||&#xf3318;||&#xf3319;||&#xf331a;||&#xf331b;||&#xf331c;||&#xf331d;||&#xf331e;||&#xf331f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F332x |&#xf3320;||&#xf3321;||&#xf3322;||&#xf3323;||&#xf3324;||&#xf3325;||&#xf3326;||&#xf3327;||&#xf3328;||&#xf3329;||&#xf332a;||&#xf332b;||&#xf332c;||&#xf332d;||&#xf332e;||&#xf332f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F333x |&#xf3330;||&#xf3331;||&#xf3332;||&#xf3333;||&#xf3334;||&#xf3335;||&#xf3336;||&#xf3337;||&#xf3338;||&#xf3339;||&#xf333a;||&#xf333b;||&#xf333c;||&#xf333d;||&#xf333e;||&#xf333f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F334x |&#xf3340;||&#xf3341;||&#xf3342;||&#xf3343;||&#xf3344;||&#xf3345;||&#xf3346;||&#xf3347;||&#xf3348;||&#xf3349;||&#xf334a;||&#xf334b;||&#xf334c;||&#xf334d;||&#xf334e;||&#xf334f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F335x |&#xf3350;||&#xf3351;||&#xf3352;||&#xf3353;||&#xf3354;||&#xf3355;||&#xf3356;||&#xf3357;||&#xf3358;||&#xf3359;||&#xf335a;||&#xf335b;||&#xf335c;||&#xf335d;||&#xf335e;||&#xf335f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F336x |&#xf3360;||&#xf3361;||&#xf3362;||&#xf3363;||&#xf3364;||&#xf3365;||&#xf3366;||&#xf3367;||&#xf3368;||&#xf3369;||&#xf336a;||&#xf336b;||&#xf336c;||&#xf336d;||&#xf336e;||&#xf336f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F337x |&#xf3370;||&#xf3371;||&#xf3372;||&#xf3373;||&#xf3374;||&#xf3375;||&#xf3376;||&#xf3377;||&#xf3378;||&#xf3379;||&#xf337a;||&#xf337b;||&#xf337c;||&#xf337d;||&#xf337e;||&#xf337f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F338x |&#xf3380;||&#xf3381;||&#xf3382;||&#xf3383;||&#xf3384;||&#xf3385;||&#xf3386;||&#xf3387;||&#xf3388;||&#xf3389;||&#xf338a;||&#xf338b;||&#xf338c;||&#xf338d;||&#xf338e;||&#xf338f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F339x |&#xf3390;||&#xf3391;||&#xf3392;||&#xf3393;||&#xf3394;||&#xf3395;||&#xf3396;||&#xf3397;||&#xf3398;||&#xf3399;||&#xf339a;||&#xf339b;||&#xf339c;||&#xf339d;||&#xf339e;||&#xf339f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F33Ax |&#xf33a0;||&#xf33a1;||&#xf33a2;||&#xf33a3;||&#xf33a4;||&#xf33a5;||&#xf33a6;||&#xf33a7;||&#xf33a8;||&#xf33a9;||&#xf33aa;||&#xf33ab;||&#xf33ac;||&#xf33ad;||&#xf33ae;||&#xf33af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F33Bx |&#xf33b0;||&#xf33b1;||&#xf33b2;||&#xf33b3;||&#xf33b4;||&#xf33b5;||&#xf33b6;||&#xf33b7;||&#xf33b8;||&#xf33b9;||&#xf33ba;||&#xf33bb;||&#xf33bc;||&#xf33bd;||&#xf33be;||&#xf33bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F33Cx |&#xf33c0;||&#xf33c1;||&#xf33c2;||&#xf33c3;||&#xf33c4;||&#xf33c5;||&#xf33c6;||&#xf33c7;||&#xf33c8;||&#xf33c9;||&#xf33ca;||&#xf33cb;||&#xf33cc;||&#xf33cd;||&#xf33ce;||&#xf33cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F33Dx |&#xf33d0;||&#xf33d1;||&#xf33d2;||&#xf33d3;||&#xf33d4;||&#xf33d5;||&#xf33d6;||&#xf33d7;||&#xf33d8;||&#xf33d9;||&#xf33da;||&#xf33db;||&#xf33dc;||&#xf33dd;||&#xf33de;||&#xf33df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F33Ex |&#xf33e0;||&#xf33e1;||&#xf33e2;||&#xf33e3;||&#xf33e4;||&#xf33e5;||&#xf33e6;||&#xf33e7;||&#xf33e8;||&#xf33e9;||&#xf33ea;||&#xf33eb;||&#xf33ec;||&#xf33ed;||&#xf33ee;||&#xf33ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F33Fx |&#xf33f0;||&#xf33f1;||&#xf33f2;||&#xf33f3;||&#xf33f4;||&#xf33f5;||&#xf33f6;||&#xf33f7;||&#xf33f8;||&#xf33f9;||&#xf33fa;||&#xf33fb;||&#xf33fc;||&#xf33fd;||&#xf33fe;||&#xf33ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F340x |&#xf3400;||&#xf3401;||&#xf3402;||&#xf3403;||&#xf3404;||&#xf3405;||&#xf3406;||&#xf3407;||&#xf3408;||&#xf3409;||&#xf340a;||&#xf340b;||&#xf340c;||&#xf340d;||&#xf340e;||&#xf340f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F341x |&#xf3410;||&#xf3411;||&#xf3412;||&#xf3413;||&#xf3414;||&#xf3415;||&#xf3416;||&#xf3417;||&#xf3418;||&#xf3419;||&#xf341a;||&#xf341b;||&#xf341c;||&#xf341d;||&#xf341e;||&#xf341f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F342x |&#xf3420;||&#xf3421;||&#xf3422;||&#xf3423;||&#xf3424;||&#xf3425;||&#xf3426;||&#xf3427;||&#xf3428;||&#xf3429;||&#xf342a;||&#xf342b;||&#xf342c;||&#xf342d;||&#xf342e;||&#xf342f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F343x |&#xf3430;||&#xf3431;||&#xf3432;||&#xf3433;||&#xf3434;||&#xf3435;||&#xf3436;||&#xf3437;||&#xf3438;||&#xf3439;||&#xf343a;||&#xf343b;||&#xf343c;||&#xf343d;||&#xf343e;||&#xf343f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F344x |&#xf3440;||&#xf3441;||&#xf3442;||&#xf3443;||&#xf3444;||&#xf3445;||&#xf3446;||&#xf3447;||&#xf3448;||&#xf3449;||&#xf344a;||&#xf344b;||&#xf344c;||&#xf344d;||&#xf344e;||&#xf344f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F345x |&#xf3450;||&#xf3451;||&#xf3452;||&#xf3453;||&#xf3454;||&#xf3455;||&#xf3456;||&#xf3457;||&#xf3458;||&#xf3459;||&#xf345a;||&#xf345b;||&#xf345c;||&#xf345d;||&#xf345e;||&#xf345f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F346x |&#xf3460;||&#xf3461;||&#xf3462;||&#xf3463;||&#xf3464;||&#xf3465;||&#xf3466;||&#xf3467;||&#xf3468;||&#xf3469;||&#xf346a;||&#xf346b;||&#xf346c;||&#xf346d;||&#xf346e;||&#xf346f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F347x |&#xf3470;||&#xf3471;||&#xf3472;||&#xf3473;||&#xf3474;||&#xf3475;||&#xf3476;||&#xf3477;||&#xf3478;||&#xf3479;||&#xf347a;||&#xf347b;||&#xf347c;||&#xf347d;||&#xf347e;||&#xf347f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F348x |&#xf3480;||&#xf3481;||&#xf3482;||&#xf3483;||&#xf3484;||&#xf3485;||&#xf3486;||&#xf3487;||&#xf3488;||&#xf3489;||&#xf348a;||&#xf348b;||&#xf348c;||&#xf348d;||&#xf348e;||&#xf348f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F349x |&#xf3490;||&#xf3491;||&#xf3492;||&#xf3493;||&#xf3494;||&#xf3495;||&#xf3496;||&#xf3497;||&#xf3498;||&#xf3499;||&#xf349a;||&#xf349b;||&#xf349c;||&#xf349d;||&#xf349e;||&#xf349f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F34Ax |&#xf34a0;||&#xf34a1;||&#xf34a2;||&#xf34a3;||&#xf34a4;||&#xf34a5;||&#xf34a6;||&#xf34a7;||&#xf34a8;||&#xf34a9;||&#xf34aa;||&#xf34ab;||&#xf34ac;||&#xf34ad;||&#xf34ae;||&#xf34af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F34Bx |&#xf34b0;||&#xf34b1;||&#xf34b2;||&#xf34b3;||&#xf34b4;||&#xf34b5;||&#xf34b6;||&#xf34b7;||&#xf34b8;||&#xf34b9;||&#xf34ba;||&#xf34bb;||&#xf34bc;||&#xf34bd;||&#xf34be;||&#xf34bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F34Cx |&#xf34c0;||&#xf34c1;||&#xf34c2;||&#xf34c3;||&#xf34c4;||&#xf34c5;||&#xf34c6;||&#xf34c7;||&#xf34c8;||&#xf34c9;||&#xf34ca;||&#xf34cb;||&#xf34cc;||&#xf34cd;||&#xf34ce;||&#xf34cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F34Dx |&#xf34d0;||&#xf34d1;||&#xf34d2;||&#xf34d3;||&#xf34d4;||&#xf34d5;||&#xf34d6;||&#xf34d7;||&#xf34d8;||&#xf34d9;||&#xf34da;||&#xf34db;||&#xf34dc;||&#xf34dd;||&#xf34de;||&#xf34df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F34Ex |&#xf34e0;||&#xf34e1;||&#xf34e2;||&#xf34e3;||&#xf34e4;||&#xf34e5;||&#xf34e6;||&#xf34e7;||&#xf34e8;||&#xf34e9;||&#xf34ea;||&#xf34eb;||&#xf34ec;||&#xf34ed;||&#xf34ee;||&#xf34ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F34Fx |&#xf34f0;||&#xf34f1;||&#xf34f2;||&#xf34f3;||&#xf34f4;||&#xf34f5;||&#xf34f6;||&#xf34f7;||&#xf34f8;||&#xf34f9;||&#xf34fa;||&#xf34fb;||&#xf34fc;||&#xf34fd;||&#xf34fe;||&#xf34ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F350x |&#xf3500;||&#xf3501;||&#xf3502;||&#xf3503;||&#xf3504;||&#xf3505;||&#xf3506;||&#xf3507;||&#xf3508;||&#xf3509;||&#xf350a;||&#xf350b;||&#xf350c;||&#xf350d;||&#xf350e;||&#xf350f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F351x |&#xf3510;||&#xf3511;||&#xf3512;||&#xf3513;||&#xf3514;||&#xf3515;||&#xf3516;||&#xf3517;||&#xf3518;||&#xf3519;||&#xf351a;||&#xf351b;||&#xf351c;||&#xf351d;||&#xf351e;||&#xf351f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F352x |&#xf3520;||&#xf3521;||&#xf3522;||&#xf3523;||&#xf3524;||&#xf3525;||&#xf3526;||&#xf3527;||&#xf3528;||&#xf3529;||&#xf352a;||&#xf352b;||&#xf352c;||&#xf352d;||&#xf352e;||&#xf352f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F353x |&#xf3530;||&#xf3531;||&#xf3532;||&#xf3533;||&#xf3534;||&#xf3535;||&#xf3536;||&#xf3537;||&#xf3538;||&#xf3539;||&#xf353a;||&#xf353b;||&#xf353c;||&#xf353d;||&#xf353e;||&#xf353f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F354x |&#xf3540;||&#xf3541;||&#xf3542;||&#xf3543;||&#xf3544;||&#xf3545;||&#xf3546;||&#xf3547;||&#xf3548;||&#xf3549;||&#xf354a;||&#xf354b;||&#xf354c;||&#xf354d;||&#xf354e;||&#xf354f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F355x |&#xf3550;||&#xf3551;||&#xf3552;||&#xf3553;||&#xf3554;||&#xf3555;||&#xf3556;||&#xf3557;||&#xf3558;||&#xf3559;||&#xf355a;||&#xf355b;||&#xf355c;||&#xf355d;||&#xf355e;||&#xf355f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F356x |&#xf3560;||&#xf3561;||&#xf3562;||&#xf3563;||&#xf3564;||&#xf3565;||&#xf3566;||&#xf3567;||&#xf3568;||&#xf3569;||&#xf356a;||&#xf356b;||&#xf356c;||&#xf356d;||&#xf356e;||&#xf356f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F357x |&#xf3570;||&#xf3571;||&#xf3572;||&#xf3573;||&#xf3574;||&#xf3575;||&#xf3576;||&#xf3577;||&#xf3578;||&#xf3579;||&#xf357a;||&#xf357b;||&#xf357c;||&#xf357d;||&#xf357e;||&#xf357f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F358x |&#xf3580;||&#xf3581;||&#xf3582;||&#xf3583;||&#xf3584;||&#xf3585;||&#xf3586;||&#xf3587;||&#xf3588;||&#xf3589;||&#xf358a;||&#xf358b;||&#xf358c;||&#xf358d;||&#xf358e;||&#xf358f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F359x |&#xf3590;||&#xf3591;||&#xf3592;||&#xf3593;||&#xf3594;||&#xf3595;||&#xf3596;||&#xf3597;||&#xf3598;||&#xf3599;||&#xf359a;||&#xf359b;||&#xf359c;||&#xf359d;||&#xf359e;||&#xf359f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F35Ax |&#xf35a0;||&#xf35a1;||&#xf35a2;||&#xf35a3;||&#xf35a4;||&#xf35a5;||&#xf35a6;||&#xf35a7;||&#xf35a8;||&#xf35a9;||&#xf35aa;||&#xf35ab;||&#xf35ac;||&#xf35ad;||&#xf35ae;||&#xf35af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F35Bx |&#xf35b0;||&#xf35b1;||&#xf35b2;||&#xf35b3;||&#xf35b4;||&#xf35b5;||&#xf35b6;||&#xf35b7;||&#xf35b8;||&#xf35b9;||&#xf35ba;||&#xf35bb;||&#xf35bc;||&#xf35bd;||&#xf35be;||&#xf35bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F35Cx |&#xf35c0;||&#xf35c1;||&#xf35c2;||&#xf35c3;||&#xf35c4;||&#xf35c5;||&#xf35c6;||&#xf35c7;||&#xf35c8;||&#xf35c9;||&#xf35ca;||&#xf35cb;||&#xf35cc;||&#xf35cd;||&#xf35ce;||&#xf35cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F35Dx |&#xf35d0;||&#xf35d1;||&#xf35d2;||&#xf35d3;||&#xf35d4;||&#xf35d5;||&#xf35d6;||&#xf35d7;||&#xf35d8;||&#xf35d9;||&#xf35da;||&#xf35db;||&#xf35dc;||&#xf35dd;||&#xf35de;||&#xf35df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F35Ex |&#xf35e0;||&#xf35e1;||&#xf35e2;||&#xf35e3;||&#xf35e4;||&#xf35e5;||&#xf35e6;||&#xf35e7;||&#xf35e8;||&#xf35e9;||&#xf35ea;||&#xf35eb;||&#xf35ec;||&#xf35ed;||&#xf35ee;||&#xf35ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F35Fx |&#xf35f0;||&#xf35f1;||&#xf35f2;||&#xf35f3;||&#xf35f4;||&#xf35f5;||&#xf35f6;||&#xf35f7;||&#xf35f8;||&#xf35f9;||&#xf35fa;||&#xf35fb;||&#xf35fc;||&#xf35fd;||&#xf35fe;||&#xf35ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F360x |&#xf3600;||&#xf3601;||&#xf3602;||&#xf3603;||&#xf3604;||&#xf3605;||&#xf3606;||&#xf3607;||&#xf3608;||&#xf3609;||&#xf360a;||&#xf360b;||&#xf360c;||&#xf360d;||&#xf360e;||&#xf360f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F361x |&#xf3610;||&#xf3611;||&#xf3612;||&#xf3613;||&#xf3614;||&#xf3615;||&#xf3616;||&#xf3617;||&#xf3618;||&#xf3619;||&#xf361a;||&#xf361b;||&#xf361c;||&#xf361d;||&#xf361e;||&#xf361f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F362x |&#xf3620;||&#xf3621;||&#xf3622;||&#xf3623;||&#xf3624;||&#xf3625;||&#xf3626;||&#xf3627;||&#xf3628;||&#xf3629;||&#xf362a;||&#xf362b;||&#xf362c;||&#xf362d;||&#xf362e;||&#xf362f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F363x |&#xf3630;||&#xf3631;||&#xf3632;||&#xf3633;||&#xf3634;||&#xf3635;||&#xf3636;||&#xf3637;||&#xf3638;||&#xf3639;||&#xf363a;||&#xf363b;||&#xf363c;||&#xf363d;||&#xf363e;||&#xf363f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F364x |&#xf3640;||&#xf3641;||&#xf3642;||&#xf3643;||&#xf3644;||&#xf3645;||&#xf3646;||&#xf3647;||&#xf3648;||&#xf3649;||&#xf364a;||&#xf364b;||&#xf364c;||&#xf364d;||&#xf364e;||&#xf364f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F365x |&#xf3650;||&#xf3651;||&#xf3652;||&#xf3653;||&#xf3654;||&#xf3655;||&#xf3656;||&#xf3657;||&#xf3658;||&#xf3659;||&#xf365a;||&#xf365b;||&#xf365c;||&#xf365d;||&#xf365e;||&#xf365f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F366x |&#xf3660;||&#xf3661;||&#xf3662;||&#xf3663;||&#xf3664;||&#xf3665;||&#xf3666;||&#xf3667;||&#xf3668;||&#xf3669;||&#xf366a;||&#xf366b;||&#xf366c;||&#xf366d;||&#xf366e;||&#xf366f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F367x |&#xf3670;||&#xf3671;||&#xf3672;||&#xf3673;||&#xf3674;||&#xf3675;||&#xf3676;||&#xf3677;||&#xf3678;||&#xf3679;||&#xf367a;||&#xf367b;||&#xf367c;||&#xf367d;||&#xf367e;||&#xf367f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F368x |&#xf3680;||&#xf3681;||&#xf3682;||&#xf3683;||&#xf3684;||&#xf3685;||&#xf3686;||&#xf3687;||&#xf3688;||&#xf3689;||&#xf368a;||&#xf368b;||&#xf368c;||&#xf368d;||&#xf368e;||&#xf368f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F369x |&#xf3690;||&#xf3691;||&#xf3692;||&#xf3693;||&#xf3694;||&#xf3695;||&#xf3696;||&#xf3697;||&#xf3698;||&#xf3699;||&#xf369a;||&#xf369b;||&#xf369c;||&#xf369d;||&#xf369e;||&#xf369f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F36Ax |&#xf36a0;||&#xf36a1;||&#xf36a2;||&#xf36a3;||&#xf36a4;||&#xf36a5;||&#xf36a6;||&#xf36a7;||&#xf36a8;||&#xf36a9;||&#xf36aa;||&#xf36ab;||&#xf36ac;||&#xf36ad;||&#xf36ae;||&#xf36af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F36Bx |&#xf36b0;||&#xf36b1;||&#xf36b2;||&#xf36b3;||&#xf36b4;||&#xf36b5;||&#xf36b6;||&#xf36b7;||&#xf36b8;||&#xf36b9;||&#xf36ba;||&#xf36bb;||&#xf36bc;||&#xf36bd;||&#xf36be;||&#xf36bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F36Cx |&#xf36c0;||&#xf36c1;||&#xf36c2;||&#xf36c3;||&#xf36c4;||&#xf36c5;||&#xf36c6;||&#xf36c7;||&#xf36c8;||&#xf36c9;||&#xf36ca;||&#xf36cb;||&#xf36cc;||&#xf36cd;||&#xf36ce;||&#xf36cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F36Dx |&#xf36d0;||&#xf36d1;||&#xf36d2;||&#xf36d3;||&#xf36d4;||&#xf36d5;||&#xf36d6;||&#xf36d7;||&#xf36d8;||&#xf36d9;||&#xf36da;||&#xf36db;||&#xf36dc;||&#xf36dd;||&#xf36de;||&#xf36df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F36Ex |&#xf36e0;||&#xf36e1;||&#xf36e2;||&#xf36e3;||&#xf36e4;||&#xf36e5;||&#xf36e6;||&#xf36e7;||&#xf36e8;||&#xf36e9;||&#xf36ea;||&#xf36eb;||&#xf36ec;||&#xf36ed;||&#xf36ee;||&#xf36ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F36Fx |&#xf36f0;||&#xf36f1;||&#xf36f2;||&#xf36f3;||&#xf36f4;||&#xf36f5;||&#xf36f6;||&#xf36f7;||&#xf36f8;||&#xf36f9;||&#xf36fa;||&#xf36fb;||&#xf36fc;||&#xf36fd;||&#xf36fe;||&#xf36ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F370x |&#xf3700;||&#xf3701;||&#xf3702;||&#xf3703;||&#xf3704;||&#xf3705;||&#xf3706;||&#xf3707;||&#xf3708;||&#xf3709;||&#xf370a;||&#xf370b;||&#xf370c;||&#xf370d;||&#xf370e;||&#xf370f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F371x |&#xf3710;||&#xf3711;||&#xf3712;||&#xf3713;||&#xf3714;||&#xf3715;||&#xf3716;||&#xf3717;||&#xf3718;||&#xf3719;||&#xf371a;||&#xf371b;||&#xf371c;||&#xf371d;||&#xf371e;||&#xf371f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F372x |&#xf3720;||&#xf3721;||&#xf3722;||&#xf3723;||&#xf3724;||&#xf3725;||&#xf3726;||&#xf3727;||&#xf3728;||&#xf3729;||&#xf372a;||&#xf372b;||&#xf372c;||&#xf372d;||&#xf372e;||&#xf372f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F373x |&#xf3730;||&#xf3731;||&#xf3732;||&#xf3733;||&#xf3734;||&#xf3735;||&#xf3736;||&#xf3737;||&#xf3738;||&#xf3739;||&#xf373a;||&#xf373b;||&#xf373c;||&#xf373d;||&#xf373e;||&#xf373f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F374x |&#xf3740;||&#xf3741;||&#xf3742;||&#xf3743;||&#xf3744;||&#xf3745;||&#xf3746;||&#xf3747;||&#xf3748;||&#xf3749;||&#xf374a;||&#xf374b;||&#xf374c;||&#xf374d;||&#xf374e;||&#xf374f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F375x |&#xf3750;||&#xf3751;||&#xf3752;||&#xf3753;||&#xf3754;||&#xf3755;||&#xf3756;||&#xf3757;||&#xf3758;||&#xf3759;||&#xf375a;||&#xf375b;||&#xf375c;||&#xf375d;||&#xf375e;||&#xf375f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F376x |&#xf3760;||&#xf3761;||&#xf3762;||&#xf3763;||&#xf3764;||&#xf3765;||&#xf3766;||&#xf3767;||&#xf3768;||&#xf3769;||&#xf376a;||&#xf376b;||&#xf376c;||&#xf376d;||&#xf376e;||&#xf376f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F377x |&#xf3770;||&#xf3771;||&#xf3772;||&#xf3773;||&#xf3774;||&#xf3775;||&#xf3776;||&#xf3777;||&#xf3778;||&#xf3779;||&#xf377a;||&#xf377b;||&#xf377c;||&#xf377d;||&#xf377e;||&#xf377f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F378x |&#xf3780;||&#xf3781;||&#xf3782;||&#xf3783;||&#xf3784;||&#xf3785;||&#xf3786;||&#xf3787;||&#xf3788;||&#xf3789;||&#xf378a;||&#xf378b;||&#xf378c;||&#xf378d;||&#xf378e;||&#xf378f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F379x |&#xf3790;||&#xf3791;||&#xf3792;||&#xf3793;||&#xf3794;||&#xf3795;||&#xf3796;||&#xf3797;||&#xf3798;||&#xf3799;||&#xf379a;||&#xf379b;||&#xf379c;||&#xf379d;||&#xf379e;||&#xf379f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F37Ax |&#xf37a0;||&#xf37a1;||&#xf37a2;||&#xf37a3;||&#xf37a4;||&#xf37a5;||&#xf37a6;||&#xf37a7;||&#xf37a8;||&#xf37a9;||&#xf37aa;||&#xf37ab;||&#xf37ac;||&#xf37ad;||&#xf37ae;||&#xf37af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F37Bx |&#xf37b0;||&#xf37b1;||&#xf37b2;||&#xf37b3;||&#xf37b4;||&#xf37b5;||&#xf37b6;||&#xf37b7;||&#xf37b8;||&#xf37b9;||&#xf37ba;||&#xf37bb;||&#xf37bc;||&#xf37bd;||&#xf37be;||&#xf37bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F37Cx |&#xf37c0;||&#xf37c1;||&#xf37c2;||&#xf37c3;||&#xf37c4;||&#xf37c5;||&#xf37c6;||&#xf37c7;||&#xf37c8;||&#xf37c9;||&#xf37ca;||&#xf37cb;||&#xf37cc;||&#xf37cd;||&#xf37ce;||&#xf37cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F37Dx |&#xf37d0;||&#xf37d1;||&#xf37d2;||&#xf37d3;||&#xf37d4;||&#xf37d5;||&#xf37d6;||&#xf37d7;||&#xf37d8;||&#xf37d9;||&#xf37da;||&#xf37db;||&#xf37dc;||&#xf37dd;||&#xf37de;||&#xf37df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F37Ex |&#xf37e0;||&#xf37e1;||&#xf37e2;||&#xf37e3;||&#xf37e4;||&#xf37e5;||&#xf37e6;||&#xf37e7;||&#xf37e8;||&#xf37e9;||&#xf37ea;||&#xf37eb;||&#xf37ec;||&#xf37ed;||&#xf37ee;||&#xf37ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F37Fx |&#xf37f0;||&#xf37f1;||&#xf37f2;||&#xf37f3;||&#xf37f4;||&#xf37f5;||&#xf37f6;||&#xf37f7;||&#xf37f8;||&#xf37f9;||&#xf37fa;||&#xf37fb;||&#xf37fc;||&#xf37fd;||&#xf37fe;||&#xf37ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F380x |&#xf3800;||&#xf3801;||&#xf3802;||&#xf3803;||&#xf3804;||&#xf3805;||&#xf3806;||&#xf3807;||&#xf3808;||&#xf3809;||&#xf380a;||&#xf380b;||&#xf380c;||&#xf380d;||&#xf380e;||&#xf380f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F381x |&#xf3810;||&#xf3811;||&#xf3812;||&#xf3813;||&#xf3814;||&#xf3815;||&#xf3816;||&#xf3817;||&#xf3818;||&#xf3819;||&#xf381a;||&#xf381b;||&#xf381c;||&#xf381d;||&#xf381e;||&#xf381f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F382x |&#xf3820;||&#xf3821;||&#xf3822;||&#xf3823;||&#xf3824;||&#xf3825;||&#xf3826;||&#xf3827;||&#xf3828;||&#xf3829;||&#xf382a;||&#xf382b;||&#xf382c;||&#xf382d;||&#xf382e;||&#xf382f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F383x |&#xf3830;||&#xf3831;||&#xf3832;||&#xf3833;||&#xf3834;||&#xf3835;||&#xf3836;||&#xf3837;||&#xf3838;||&#xf3839;||&#xf383a;||&#xf383b;||&#xf383c;||&#xf383d;||&#xf383e;||&#xf383f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F384x |&#xf3840;||&#xf3841;||&#xf3842;||&#xf3843;||&#xf3844;||&#xf3845;||&#xf3846;||&#xf3847;||&#xf3848;||&#xf3849;||&#xf384a;||&#xf384b;||&#xf384c;||&#xf384d;||&#xf384e;||&#xf384f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F385x |&#xf3850;||&#xf3851;||&#xf3852;||&#xf3853;||&#xf3854;||&#xf3855;||&#xf3856;||&#xf3857;||&#xf3858;||&#xf3859;||&#xf385a;||&#xf385b;||&#xf385c;||&#xf385d;||&#xf385e;||&#xf385f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F386x |&#xf3860;||&#xf3861;||&#xf3862;||&#xf3863;||&#xf3864;||&#xf3865;||&#xf3866;||&#xf3867;||&#xf3868;||&#xf3869;||&#xf386a;||&#xf386b;||&#xf386c;||&#xf386d;||&#xf386e;||&#xf386f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F387x |&#xf3870;||&#xf3871;||&#xf3872;||&#xf3873;||&#xf3874;||&#xf3875;||&#xf3876;||&#xf3877;||&#xf3878;||&#xf3879;||&#xf387a;||&#xf387b;||&#xf387c;||&#xf387d;||&#xf387e;||&#xf387f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F388x |&#xf3880;||&#xf3881;||&#xf3882;||&#xf3883;||&#xf3884;||&#xf3885;||&#xf3886;||&#xf3887;||&#xf3888;||&#xf3889;||&#xf388a;||&#xf388b;||&#xf388c;||&#xf388d;||&#xf388e;||&#xf388f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F389x |&#xf3890;||&#xf3891;||&#xf3892;||&#xf3893;||&#xf3894;||&#xf3895;||&#xf3896;||&#xf3897;||&#xf3898;||&#xf3899;||&#xf389a;||&#xf389b;||&#xf389c;||&#xf389d;||&#xf389e;||&#xf389f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F38Ax |&#xf38a0;||&#xf38a1;||&#xf38a2;||&#xf38a3;||&#xf38a4;||&#xf38a5;||&#xf38a6;||&#xf38a7;||&#xf38a8;||&#xf38a9;||&#xf38aa;||&#xf38ab;||&#xf38ac;||&#xf38ad;||&#xf38ae;||&#xf38af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F38Bx |&#xf38b0;||&#xf38b1;||&#xf38b2;||&#xf38b3;||&#xf38b4;||&#xf38b5;||&#xf38b6;||&#xf38b7;||&#xf38b8;||&#xf38b9;||&#xf38ba;||&#xf38bb;||&#xf38bc;||&#xf38bd;||&#xf38be;||&#xf38bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F38Cx |&#xf38c0;||&#xf38c1;||&#xf38c2;||&#xf38c3;||&#xf38c4;||&#xf38c5;||&#xf38c6;||&#xf38c7;||&#xf38c8;||&#xf38c9;||&#xf38ca;||&#xf38cb;||&#xf38cc;||&#xf38cd;||&#xf38ce;||&#xf38cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F38Dx |&#xf38d0;||&#xf38d1;||&#xf38d2;||&#xf38d3;||&#xf38d4;||&#xf38d5;||&#xf38d6;||&#xf38d7;||&#xf38d8;||&#xf38d9;||&#xf38da;||&#xf38db;||&#xf38dc;||&#xf38dd;||&#xf38de;||&#xf38df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F38Ex |&#xf38e0;||&#xf38e1;||&#xf38e2;||&#xf38e3;||&#xf38e4;||&#xf38e5;||&#xf38e6;||&#xf38e7;||&#xf38e8;||&#xf38e9;||&#xf38ea;||&#xf38eb;||&#xf38ec;||&#xf38ed;||&#xf38ee;||&#xf38ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F38Fx |&#xf38f0;||&#xf38f1;||&#xf38f2;||&#xf38f3;||&#xf38f4;||&#xf38f5;||&#xf38f6;||&#xf38f7;||&#xf38f8;||&#xf38f9;||&#xf38fa;||&#xf38fb;||&#xf38fc;||&#xf38fd;||&#xf38fe;||&#xf38ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F390x |&#xf3900;||&#xf3901;||&#xf3902;||&#xf3903;||&#xf3904;||&#xf3905;||&#xf3906;||&#xf3907;||&#xf3908;||&#xf3909;||&#xf390a;||&#xf390b;||&#xf390c;||&#xf390d;||&#xf390e;||&#xf390f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F391x |&#xf3910;||&#xf3911;||&#xf3912;||&#xf3913;||&#xf3914;||&#xf3915;||&#xf3916;||&#xf3917;||&#xf3918;||&#xf3919;||&#xf391a;||&#xf391b;||&#xf391c;||&#xf391d;||&#xf391e;||&#xf391f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F392x |&#xf3920;||&#xf3921;||&#xf3922;||&#xf3923;||&#xf3924;||&#xf3925;||&#xf3926;||&#xf3927;||&#xf3928;||&#xf3929;||&#xf392a;||&#xf392b;||&#xf392c;||&#xf392d;||&#xf392e;||&#xf392f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F393x |&#xf3930;||&#xf3931;||&#xf3932;||&#xf3933;||&#xf3934;||&#xf3935;||&#xf3936;||&#xf3937;||&#xf3938;||&#xf3939;||&#xf393a;||&#xf393b;||&#xf393c;||&#xf393d;||&#xf393e;||&#xf393f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F394x |&#xf3940;||&#xf3941;||&#xf3942;||&#xf3943;||&#xf3944;||&#xf3945;||&#xf3946;||&#xf3947;||&#xf3948;||&#xf3949;||&#xf394a;||&#xf394b;||&#xf394c;||&#xf394d;||&#xf394e;||&#xf394f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F395x |&#xf3950;||&#xf3951;||&#xf3952;||&#xf3953;||&#xf3954;||&#xf3955;||&#xf3956;||&#xf3957;||&#xf3958;||&#xf3959;||&#xf395a;||&#xf395b;||&#xf395c;||&#xf395d;||&#xf395e;||&#xf395f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F396x |&#xf3960;||&#xf3961;||&#xf3962;||&#xf3963;||&#xf3964;||&#xf3965;||&#xf3966;||&#xf3967;||&#xf3968;||&#xf3969;||&#xf396a;||&#xf396b;||&#xf396c;||&#xf396d;||&#xf396e;||&#xf396f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F397x |&#xf3970;||&#xf3971;||&#xf3972;||&#xf3973;||&#xf3974;||&#xf3975;||&#xf3976;||&#xf3977;||&#xf3978;||&#xf3979;||&#xf397a;||&#xf397b;||&#xf397c;||&#xf397d;||&#xf397e;||&#xf397f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F398x |&#xf3980;||&#xf3981;||&#xf3982;||&#xf3983;||&#xf3984;||&#xf3985;||&#xf3986;||&#xf3987;||&#xf3988;||&#xf3989;||&#xf398a;||&#xf398b;||&#xf398c;||&#xf398d;||&#xf398e;||&#xf398f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F399x |&#xf3990;||&#xf3991;||&#xf3992;||&#xf3993;||&#xf3994;||&#xf3995;||&#xf3996;||&#xf3997;||&#xf3998;||&#xf3999;||&#xf399a;||&#xf399b;||&#xf399c;||&#xf399d;||&#xf399e;||&#xf399f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F39Ax |&#xf39a0;||&#xf39a1;||&#xf39a2;||&#xf39a3;||&#xf39a4;||&#xf39a5;||&#xf39a6;||&#xf39a7;||&#xf39a8;||&#xf39a9;||&#xf39aa;||&#xf39ab;||&#xf39ac;||&#xf39ad;||&#xf39ae;||&#xf39af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F39Bx |&#xf39b0;||&#xf39b1;||&#xf39b2;||&#xf39b3;||&#xf39b4;||&#xf39b5;||&#xf39b6;||&#xf39b7;||&#xf39b8;||&#xf39b9;||&#xf39ba;||&#xf39bb;||&#xf39bc;||&#xf39bd;||&#xf39be;||&#xf39bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F39Cx |&#xf39c0;||&#xf39c1;||&#xf39c2;||&#xf39c3;||&#xf39c4;||&#xf39c5;||&#xf39c6;||&#xf39c7;||&#xf39c8;||&#xf39c9;||&#xf39ca;||&#xf39cb;||&#xf39cc;||&#xf39cd;||&#xf39ce;||&#xf39cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F39Dx |&#xf39d0;||&#xf39d1;||&#xf39d2;||&#xf39d3;||&#xf39d4;||&#xf39d5;||&#xf39d6;||&#xf39d7;||&#xf39d8;||&#xf39d9;||&#xf39da;||&#xf39db;||&#xf39dc;||&#xf39dd;||&#xf39de;||&#xf39df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F39Ex |&#xf39e0;||&#xf39e1;||&#xf39e2;||&#xf39e3;||&#xf39e4;||&#xf39e5;||&#xf39e6;||&#xf39e7;||&#xf39e8;||&#xf39e9;||&#xf39ea;||&#xf39eb;||&#xf39ec;||&#xf39ed;||&#xf39ee;||&#xf39ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F39Fx |&#xf39f0;||&#xf39f1;||&#xf39f2;||&#xf39f3;||&#xf39f4;||&#xf39f5;||&#xf39f6;||&#xf39f7;||&#xf39f8;||&#xf39f9;||&#xf39fa;||&#xf39fb;||&#xf39fc;||&#xf39fd;||&#xf39fe;||&#xf39ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A0x |&#xf3a00;||&#xf3a01;||&#xf3a02;||&#xf3a03;||&#xf3a04;||&#xf3a05;||&#xf3a06;||&#xf3a07;||&#xf3a08;||&#xf3a09;||&#xf3a0a;||&#xf3a0b;||&#xf3a0c;||&#xf3a0d;||&#xf3a0e;||&#xf3a0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A1x |&#xf3a10;||&#xf3a11;||&#xf3a12;||&#xf3a13;||&#xf3a14;||&#xf3a15;||&#xf3a16;||&#xf3a17;||&#xf3a18;||&#xf3a19;||&#xf3a1a;||&#xf3a1b;||&#xf3a1c;||&#xf3a1d;||&#xf3a1e;||&#xf3a1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A2x |&#xf3a20;||&#xf3a21;||&#xf3a22;||&#xf3a23;||&#xf3a24;||&#xf3a25;||&#xf3a26;||&#xf3a27;||&#xf3a28;||&#xf3a29;||&#xf3a2a;||&#xf3a2b;||&#xf3a2c;||&#xf3a2d;||&#xf3a2e;||&#xf3a2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A3x |&#xf3a30;||&#xf3a31;||&#xf3a32;||&#xf3a33;||&#xf3a34;||&#xf3a35;||&#xf3a36;||&#xf3a37;||&#xf3a38;||&#xf3a39;||&#xf3a3a;||&#xf3a3b;||&#xf3a3c;||&#xf3a3d;||&#xf3a3e;||&#xf3a3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A4x |&#xf3a40;||&#xf3a41;||&#xf3a42;||&#xf3a43;||&#xf3a44;||&#xf3a45;||&#xf3a46;||&#xf3a47;||&#xf3a48;||&#xf3a49;||&#xf3a4a;||&#xf3a4b;||&#xf3a4c;||&#xf3a4d;||&#xf3a4e;||&#xf3a4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A5x |&#xf3a50;||&#xf3a51;||&#xf3a52;||&#xf3a53;||&#xf3a54;||&#xf3a55;||&#xf3a56;||&#xf3a57;||&#xf3a58;||&#xf3a59;||&#xf3a5a;||&#xf3a5b;||&#xf3a5c;||&#xf3a5d;||&#xf3a5e;||&#xf3a5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A6x |&#xf3a60;||&#xf3a61;||&#xf3a62;||&#xf3a63;||&#xf3a64;||&#xf3a65;||&#xf3a66;||&#xf3a67;||&#xf3a68;||&#xf3a69;||&#xf3a6a;||&#xf3a6b;||&#xf3a6c;||&#xf3a6d;||&#xf3a6e;||&#xf3a6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A7x |&#xf3a70;||&#xf3a71;||&#xf3a72;||&#xf3a73;||&#xf3a74;||&#xf3a75;||&#xf3a76;||&#xf3a77;||&#xf3a78;||&#xf3a79;||&#xf3a7a;||&#xf3a7b;||&#xf3a7c;||&#xf3a7d;||&#xf3a7e;||&#xf3a7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A8x |&#xf3a80;||&#xf3a81;||&#xf3a82;||&#xf3a83;||&#xf3a84;||&#xf3a85;||&#xf3a86;||&#xf3a87;||&#xf3a88;||&#xf3a89;||&#xf3a8a;||&#xf3a8b;||&#xf3a8c;||&#xf3a8d;||&#xf3a8e;||&#xf3a8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3A9x |&#xf3a90;||&#xf3a91;||&#xf3a92;||&#xf3a93;||&#xf3a94;||&#xf3a95;||&#xf3a96;||&#xf3a97;||&#xf3a98;||&#xf3a99;||&#xf3a9a;||&#xf3a9b;||&#xf3a9c;||&#xf3a9d;||&#xf3a9e;||&#xf3a9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3AAx |&#xf3aa0;||&#xf3aa1;||&#xf3aa2;||&#xf3aa3;||&#xf3aa4;||&#xf3aa5;||&#xf3aa6;||&#xf3aa7;||&#xf3aa8;||&#xf3aa9;||&#xf3aaa;||&#xf3aab;||&#xf3aac;||&#xf3aad;||&#xf3aae;||&#xf3aaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3ABx |&#xf3ab0;||&#xf3ab1;||&#xf3ab2;||&#xf3ab3;||&#xf3ab4;||&#xf3ab5;||&#xf3ab6;||&#xf3ab7;||&#xf3ab8;||&#xf3ab9;||&#xf3aba;||&#xf3abb;||&#xf3abc;||&#xf3abd;||&#xf3abe;||&#xf3abf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3ACx |&#xf3ac0;||&#xf3ac1;||&#xf3ac2;||&#xf3ac3;||&#xf3ac4;||&#xf3ac5;||&#xf3ac6;||&#xf3ac7;||&#xf3ac8;||&#xf3ac9;||&#xf3aca;||&#xf3acb;||&#xf3acc;||&#xf3acd;||&#xf3ace;||&#xf3acf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3ADx |&#xf3ad0;||&#xf3ad1;||&#xf3ad2;||&#xf3ad3;||&#xf3ad4;||&#xf3ad5;||&#xf3ad6;||&#xf3ad7;||&#xf3ad8;||&#xf3ad9;||&#xf3ada;||&#xf3adb;||&#xf3adc;||&#xf3add;||&#xf3ade;||&#xf3adf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3AEx |&#xf3ae0;||&#xf3ae1;||&#xf3ae2;||&#xf3ae3;||&#xf3ae4;||&#xf3ae5;||&#xf3ae6;||&#xf3ae7;||&#xf3ae8;||&#xf3ae9;||&#xf3aea;||&#xf3aeb;||&#xf3aec;||&#xf3aed;||&#xf3aee;||&#xf3aef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3AFx |&#xf3af0;||&#xf3af1;||&#xf3af2;||&#xf3af3;||&#xf3af4;||&#xf3af5;||&#xf3af6;||&#xf3af7;||&#xf3af8;||&#xf3af9;||&#xf3afa;||&#xf3afb;||&#xf3afc;||&#xf3afd;||&#xf3afe;||&#xf3aff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B0x |&#xf3b00;||&#xf3b01;||&#xf3b02;||&#xf3b03;||&#xf3b04;||&#xf3b05;||&#xf3b06;||&#xf3b07;||&#xf3b08;||&#xf3b09;||&#xf3b0a;||&#xf3b0b;||&#xf3b0c;||&#xf3b0d;||&#xf3b0e;||&#xf3b0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B1x |&#xf3b10;||&#xf3b11;||&#xf3b12;||&#xf3b13;||&#xf3b14;||&#xf3b15;||&#xf3b16;||&#xf3b17;||&#xf3b18;||&#xf3b19;||&#xf3b1a;||&#xf3b1b;||&#xf3b1c;||&#xf3b1d;||&#xf3b1e;||&#xf3b1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B2x |&#xf3b20;||&#xf3b21;||&#xf3b22;||&#xf3b23;||&#xf3b24;||&#xf3b25;||&#xf3b26;||&#xf3b27;||&#xf3b28;||&#xf3b29;||&#xf3b2a;||&#xf3b2b;||&#xf3b2c;||&#xf3b2d;||&#xf3b2e;||&#xf3b2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B3x |&#xf3b30;||&#xf3b31;||&#xf3b32;||&#xf3b33;||&#xf3b34;||&#xf3b35;||&#xf3b36;||&#xf3b37;||&#xf3b38;||&#xf3b39;||&#xf3b3a;||&#xf3b3b;||&#xf3b3c;||&#xf3b3d;||&#xf3b3e;||&#xf3b3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B4x |&#xf3b40;||&#xf3b41;||&#xf3b42;||&#xf3b43;||&#xf3b44;||&#xf3b45;||&#xf3b46;||&#xf3b47;||&#xf3b48;||&#xf3b49;||&#xf3b4a;||&#xf3b4b;||&#xf3b4c;||&#xf3b4d;||&#xf3b4e;||&#xf3b4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B5x |&#xf3b50;||&#xf3b51;||&#xf3b52;||&#xf3b53;||&#xf3b54;||&#xf3b55;||&#xf3b56;||&#xf3b57;||&#xf3b58;||&#xf3b59;||&#xf3b5a;||&#xf3b5b;||&#xf3b5c;||&#xf3b5d;||&#xf3b5e;||&#xf3b5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B6x |&#xf3b60;||&#xf3b61;||&#xf3b62;||&#xf3b63;||&#xf3b64;||&#xf3b65;||&#xf3b66;||&#xf3b67;||&#xf3b68;||&#xf3b69;||&#xf3b6a;||&#xf3b6b;||&#xf3b6c;||&#xf3b6d;||&#xf3b6e;||&#xf3b6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B7x |&#xf3b70;||&#xf3b71;||&#xf3b72;||&#xf3b73;||&#xf3b74;||&#xf3b75;||&#xf3b76;||&#xf3b77;||&#xf3b78;||&#xf3b79;||&#xf3b7a;||&#xf3b7b;||&#xf3b7c;||&#xf3b7d;||&#xf3b7e;||&#xf3b7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B8x |&#xf3b80;||&#xf3b81;||&#xf3b82;||&#xf3b83;||&#xf3b84;||&#xf3b85;||&#xf3b86;||&#xf3b87;||&#xf3b88;||&#xf3b89;||&#xf3b8a;||&#xf3b8b;||&#xf3b8c;||&#xf3b8d;||&#xf3b8e;||&#xf3b8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3B9x |&#xf3b90;||&#xf3b91;||&#xf3b92;||&#xf3b93;||&#xf3b94;||&#xf3b95;||&#xf3b96;||&#xf3b97;||&#xf3b98;||&#xf3b99;||&#xf3b9a;||&#xf3b9b;||&#xf3b9c;||&#xf3b9d;||&#xf3b9e;||&#xf3b9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3BAx |&#xf3ba0;||&#xf3ba1;||&#xf3ba2;||&#xf3ba3;||&#xf3ba4;||&#xf3ba5;||&#xf3ba6;||&#xf3ba7;||&#xf3ba8;||&#xf3ba9;||&#xf3baa;||&#xf3bab;||&#xf3bac;||&#xf3bad;||&#xf3bae;||&#xf3baf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3BBx |&#xf3bb0;||&#xf3bb1;||&#xf3bb2;||&#xf3bb3;||&#xf3bb4;||&#xf3bb5;||&#xf3bb6;||&#xf3bb7;||&#xf3bb8;||&#xf3bb9;||&#xf3bba;||&#xf3bbb;||&#xf3bbc;||&#xf3bbd;||&#xf3bbe;||&#xf3bbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3BCx |&#xf3bc0;||&#xf3bc1;||&#xf3bc2;||&#xf3bc3;||&#xf3bc4;||&#xf3bc5;||&#xf3bc6;||&#xf3bc7;||&#xf3bc8;||&#xf3bc9;||&#xf3bca;||&#xf3bcb;||&#xf3bcc;||&#xf3bcd;||&#xf3bce;||&#xf3bcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3BDx |&#xf3bd0;||&#xf3bd1;||&#xf3bd2;||&#xf3bd3;||&#xf3bd4;||&#xf3bd5;||&#xf3bd6;||&#xf3bd7;||&#xf3bd8;||&#xf3bd9;||&#xf3bda;||&#xf3bdb;||&#xf3bdc;||&#xf3bdd;||&#xf3bde;||&#xf3bdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3BEx |&#xf3be0;||&#xf3be1;||&#xf3be2;||&#xf3be3;||&#xf3be4;||&#xf3be5;||&#xf3be6;||&#xf3be7;||&#xf3be8;||&#xf3be9;||&#xf3bea;||&#xf3beb;||&#xf3bec;||&#xf3bed;||&#xf3bee;||&#xf3bef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3BFx |&#xf3bf0;||&#xf3bf1;||&#xf3bf2;||&#xf3bf3;||&#xf3bf4;||&#xf3bf5;||&#xf3bf6;||&#xf3bf7;||&#xf3bf8;||&#xf3bf9;||&#xf3bfa;||&#xf3bfb;||&#xf3bfc;||&#xf3bfd;||&#xf3bfe;||&#xf3bff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C0x |&#xf3c00;||&#xf3c01;||&#xf3c02;||&#xf3c03;||&#xf3c04;||&#xf3c05;||&#xf3c06;||&#xf3c07;||&#xf3c08;||&#xf3c09;||&#xf3c0a;||&#xf3c0b;||&#xf3c0c;||&#xf3c0d;||&#xf3c0e;||&#xf3c0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C1x |&#xf3c10;||&#xf3c11;||&#xf3c12;||&#xf3c13;||&#xf3c14;||&#xf3c15;||&#xf3c16;||&#xf3c17;||&#xf3c18;||&#xf3c19;||&#xf3c1a;||&#xf3c1b;||&#xf3c1c;||&#xf3c1d;||&#xf3c1e;||&#xf3c1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C2x |&#xf3c20;||&#xf3c21;||&#xf3c22;||&#xf3c23;||&#xf3c24;||&#xf3c25;||&#xf3c26;||&#xf3c27;||&#xf3c28;||&#xf3c29;||&#xf3c2a;||&#xf3c2b;||&#xf3c2c;||&#xf3c2d;||&#xf3c2e;||&#xf3c2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C3x |&#xf3c30;||&#xf3c31;||&#xf3c32;||&#xf3c33;||&#xf3c34;||&#xf3c35;||&#xf3c36;||&#xf3c37;||&#xf3c38;||&#xf3c39;||&#xf3c3a;||&#xf3c3b;||&#xf3c3c;||&#xf3c3d;||&#xf3c3e;||&#xf3c3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C4x |&#xf3c40;||&#xf3c41;||&#xf3c42;||&#xf3c43;||&#xf3c44;||&#xf3c45;||&#xf3c46;||&#xf3c47;||&#xf3c48;||&#xf3c49;||&#xf3c4a;||&#xf3c4b;||&#xf3c4c;||&#xf3c4d;||&#xf3c4e;||&#xf3c4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C5x |&#xf3c50;||&#xf3c51;||&#xf3c52;||&#xf3c53;||&#xf3c54;||&#xf3c55;||&#xf3c56;||&#xf3c57;||&#xf3c58;||&#xf3c59;||&#xf3c5a;||&#xf3c5b;||&#xf3c5c;||&#xf3c5d;||&#xf3c5e;||&#xf3c5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C6x |&#xf3c60;||&#xf3c61;||&#xf3c62;||&#xf3c63;||&#xf3c64;||&#xf3c65;||&#xf3c66;||&#xf3c67;||&#xf3c68;||&#xf3c69;||&#xf3c6a;||&#xf3c6b;||&#xf3c6c;||&#xf3c6d;||&#xf3c6e;||&#xf3c6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C7x |&#xf3c70;||&#xf3c71;||&#xf3c72;||&#xf3c73;||&#xf3c74;||&#xf3c75;||&#xf3c76;||&#xf3c77;||&#xf3c78;||&#xf3c79;||&#xf3c7a;||&#xf3c7b;||&#xf3c7c;||&#xf3c7d;||&#xf3c7e;||&#xf3c7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C8x |&#xf3c80;||&#xf3c81;||&#xf3c82;||&#xf3c83;||&#xf3c84;||&#xf3c85;||&#xf3c86;||&#xf3c87;||&#xf3c88;||&#xf3c89;||&#xf3c8a;||&#xf3c8b;||&#xf3c8c;||&#xf3c8d;||&#xf3c8e;||&#xf3c8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3C9x |&#xf3c90;||&#xf3c91;||&#xf3c92;||&#xf3c93;||&#xf3c94;||&#xf3c95;||&#xf3c96;||&#xf3c97;||&#xf3c98;||&#xf3c99;||&#xf3c9a;||&#xf3c9b;||&#xf3c9c;||&#xf3c9d;||&#xf3c9e;||&#xf3c9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3CAx |&#xf3ca0;||&#xf3ca1;||&#xf3ca2;||&#xf3ca3;||&#xf3ca4;||&#xf3ca5;||&#xf3ca6;||&#xf3ca7;||&#xf3ca8;||&#xf3ca9;||&#xf3caa;||&#xf3cab;||&#xf3cac;||&#xf3cad;||&#xf3cae;||&#xf3caf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3CBx |&#xf3cb0;||&#xf3cb1;||&#xf3cb2;||&#xf3cb3;||&#xf3cb4;||&#xf3cb5;||&#xf3cb6;||&#xf3cb7;||&#xf3cb8;||&#xf3cb9;||&#xf3cba;||&#xf3cbb;||&#xf3cbc;||&#xf3cbd;||&#xf3cbe;||&#xf3cbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3CCx |&#xf3cc0;||&#xf3cc1;||&#xf3cc2;||&#xf3cc3;||&#xf3cc4;||&#xf3cc5;||&#xf3cc6;||&#xf3cc7;||&#xf3cc8;||&#xf3cc9;||&#xf3cca;||&#xf3ccb;||&#xf3ccc;||&#xf3ccd;||&#xf3cce;||&#xf3ccf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3CDx |&#xf3cd0;||&#xf3cd1;||&#xf3cd2;||&#xf3cd3;||&#xf3cd4;||&#xf3cd5;||&#xf3cd6;||&#xf3cd7;||&#xf3cd8;||&#xf3cd9;||&#xf3cda;||&#xf3cdb;||&#xf3cdc;||&#xf3cdd;||&#xf3cde;||&#xf3cdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3CEx |&#xf3ce0;||&#xf3ce1;||&#xf3ce2;||&#xf3ce3;||&#xf3ce4;||&#xf3ce5;||&#xf3ce6;||&#xf3ce7;||&#xf3ce8;||&#xf3ce9;||&#xf3cea;||&#xf3ceb;||&#xf3cec;||&#xf3ced;||&#xf3cee;||&#xf3cef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3CFx |&#xf3cf0;||&#xf3cf1;||&#xf3cf2;||&#xf3cf3;||&#xf3cf4;||&#xf3cf5;||&#xf3cf6;||&#xf3cf7;||&#xf3cf8;||&#xf3cf9;||&#xf3cfa;||&#xf3cfb;||&#xf3cfc;||&#xf3cfd;||&#xf3cfe;||&#xf3cff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D0x |&#xf3d00;||&#xf3d01;||&#xf3d02;||&#xf3d03;||&#xf3d04;||&#xf3d05;||&#xf3d06;||&#xf3d07;||&#xf3d08;||&#xf3d09;||&#xf3d0a;||&#xf3d0b;||&#xf3d0c;||&#xf3d0d;||&#xf3d0e;||&#xf3d0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D1x |&#xf3d10;||&#xf3d11;||&#xf3d12;||&#xf3d13;||&#xf3d14;||&#xf3d15;||&#xf3d16;||&#xf3d17;||&#xf3d18;||&#xf3d19;||&#xf3d1a;||&#xf3d1b;||&#xf3d1c;||&#xf3d1d;||&#xf3d1e;||&#xf3d1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D2x |&#xf3d20;||&#xf3d21;||&#xf3d22;||&#xf3d23;||&#xf3d24;||&#xf3d25;||&#xf3d26;||&#xf3d27;||&#xf3d28;||&#xf3d29;||&#xf3d2a;||&#xf3d2b;||&#xf3d2c;||&#xf3d2d;||&#xf3d2e;||&#xf3d2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D3x |&#xf3d30;||&#xf3d31;||&#xf3d32;||&#xf3d33;||&#xf3d34;||&#xf3d35;||&#xf3d36;||&#xf3d37;||&#xf3d38;||&#xf3d39;||&#xf3d3a;||&#xf3d3b;||&#xf3d3c;||&#xf3d3d;||&#xf3d3e;||&#xf3d3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D4x |&#xf3d40;||&#xf3d41;||&#xf3d42;||&#xf3d43;||&#xf3d44;||&#xf3d45;||&#xf3d46;||&#xf3d47;||&#xf3d48;||&#xf3d49;||&#xf3d4a;||&#xf3d4b;||&#xf3d4c;||&#xf3d4d;||&#xf3d4e;||&#xf3d4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D5x |&#xf3d50;||&#xf3d51;||&#xf3d52;||&#xf3d53;||&#xf3d54;||&#xf3d55;||&#xf3d56;||&#xf3d57;||&#xf3d58;||&#xf3d59;||&#xf3d5a;||&#xf3d5b;||&#xf3d5c;||&#xf3d5d;||&#xf3d5e;||&#xf3d5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D6x |&#xf3d60;||&#xf3d61;||&#xf3d62;||&#xf3d63;||&#xf3d64;||&#xf3d65;||&#xf3d66;||&#xf3d67;||&#xf3d68;||&#xf3d69;||&#xf3d6a;||&#xf3d6b;||&#xf3d6c;||&#xf3d6d;||&#xf3d6e;||&#xf3d6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D7x |&#xf3d70;||&#xf3d71;||&#xf3d72;||&#xf3d73;||&#xf3d74;||&#xf3d75;||&#xf3d76;||&#xf3d77;||&#xf3d78;||&#xf3d79;||&#xf3d7a;||&#xf3d7b;||&#xf3d7c;||&#xf3d7d;||&#xf3d7e;||&#xf3d7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D8x |&#xf3d80;||&#xf3d81;||&#xf3d82;||&#xf3d83;||&#xf3d84;||&#xf3d85;||&#xf3d86;||&#xf3d87;||&#xf3d88;||&#xf3d89;||&#xf3d8a;||&#xf3d8b;||&#xf3d8c;||&#xf3d8d;||&#xf3d8e;||&#xf3d8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3D9x |&#xf3d90;||&#xf3d91;||&#xf3d92;||&#xf3d93;||&#xf3d94;||&#xf3d95;||&#xf3d96;||&#xf3d97;||&#xf3d98;||&#xf3d99;||&#xf3d9a;||&#xf3d9b;||&#xf3d9c;||&#xf3d9d;||&#xf3d9e;||&#xf3d9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3DAx |&#xf3da0;||&#xf3da1;||&#xf3da2;||&#xf3da3;||&#xf3da4;||&#xf3da5;||&#xf3da6;||&#xf3da7;||&#xf3da8;||&#xf3da9;||&#xf3daa;||&#xf3dab;||&#xf3dac;||&#xf3dad;||&#xf3dae;||&#xf3daf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3DBx |&#xf3db0;||&#xf3db1;||&#xf3db2;||&#xf3db3;||&#xf3db4;||&#xf3db5;||&#xf3db6;||&#xf3db7;||&#xf3db8;||&#xf3db9;||&#xf3dba;||&#xf3dbb;||&#xf3dbc;||&#xf3dbd;||&#xf3dbe;||&#xf3dbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3DCx |&#xf3dc0;||&#xf3dc1;||&#xf3dc2;||&#xf3dc3;||&#xf3dc4;||&#xf3dc5;||&#xf3dc6;||&#xf3dc7;||&#xf3dc8;||&#xf3dc9;||&#xf3dca;||&#xf3dcb;||&#xf3dcc;||&#xf3dcd;||&#xf3dce;||&#xf3dcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3DDx |&#xf3dd0;||&#xf3dd1;||&#xf3dd2;||&#xf3dd3;||&#xf3dd4;||&#xf3dd5;||&#xf3dd6;||&#xf3dd7;||&#xf3dd8;||&#xf3dd9;||&#xf3dda;||&#xf3ddb;||&#xf3ddc;||&#xf3ddd;||&#xf3dde;||&#xf3ddf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3DEx |&#xf3de0;||&#xf3de1;||&#xf3de2;||&#xf3de3;||&#xf3de4;||&#xf3de5;||&#xf3de6;||&#xf3de7;||&#xf3de8;||&#xf3de9;||&#xf3dea;||&#xf3deb;||&#xf3dec;||&#xf3ded;||&#xf3dee;||&#xf3def; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3DFx |&#xf3df0;||&#xf3df1;||&#xf3df2;||&#xf3df3;||&#xf3df4;||&#xf3df5;||&#xf3df6;||&#xf3df7;||&#xf3df8;||&#xf3df9;||&#xf3dfa;||&#xf3dfb;||&#xf3dfc;||&#xf3dfd;||&#xf3dfe;||&#xf3dff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E0x |&#xf3e00;||&#xf3e01;||&#xf3e02;||&#xf3e03;||&#xf3e04;||&#xf3e05;||&#xf3e06;||&#xf3e07;||&#xf3e08;||&#xf3e09;||&#xf3e0a;||&#xf3e0b;||&#xf3e0c;||&#xf3e0d;||&#xf3e0e;||&#xf3e0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E1x |&#xf3e10;||&#xf3e11;||&#xf3e12;||&#xf3e13;||&#xf3e14;||&#xf3e15;||&#xf3e16;||&#xf3e17;||&#xf3e18;||&#xf3e19;||&#xf3e1a;||&#xf3e1b;||&#xf3e1c;||&#xf3e1d;||&#xf3e1e;||&#xf3e1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E2x |&#xf3e20;||&#xf3e21;||&#xf3e22;||&#xf3e23;||&#xf3e24;||&#xf3e25;||&#xf3e26;||&#xf3e27;||&#xf3e28;||&#xf3e29;||&#xf3e2a;||&#xf3e2b;||&#xf3e2c;||&#xf3e2d;||&#xf3e2e;||&#xf3e2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E3x |&#xf3e30;||&#xf3e31;||&#xf3e32;||&#xf3e33;||&#xf3e34;||&#xf3e35;||&#xf3e36;||&#xf3e37;||&#xf3e38;||&#xf3e39;||&#xf3e3a;||&#xf3e3b;||&#xf3e3c;||&#xf3e3d;||&#xf3e3e;||&#xf3e3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E4x |&#xf3e40;||&#xf3e41;||&#xf3e42;||&#xf3e43;||&#xf3e44;||&#xf3e45;||&#xf3e46;||&#xf3e47;||&#xf3e48;||&#xf3e49;||&#xf3e4a;||&#xf3e4b;||&#xf3e4c;||&#xf3e4d;||&#xf3e4e;||&#xf3e4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E5x |&#xf3e50;||&#xf3e51;||&#xf3e52;||&#xf3e53;||&#xf3e54;||&#xf3e55;||&#xf3e56;||&#xf3e57;||&#xf3e58;||&#xf3e59;||&#xf3e5a;||&#xf3e5b;||&#xf3e5c;||&#xf3e5d;||&#xf3e5e;||&#xf3e5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E6x |&#xf3e60;||&#xf3e61;||&#xf3e62;||&#xf3e63;||&#xf3e64;||&#xf3e65;||&#xf3e66;||&#xf3e67;||&#xf3e68;||&#xf3e69;||&#xf3e6a;||&#xf3e6b;||&#xf3e6c;||&#xf3e6d;||&#xf3e6e;||&#xf3e6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E7x |&#xf3e70;||&#xf3e71;||&#xf3e72;||&#xf3e73;||&#xf3e74;||&#xf3e75;||&#xf3e76;||&#xf3e77;||&#xf3e78;||&#xf3e79;||&#xf3e7a;||&#xf3e7b;||&#xf3e7c;||&#xf3e7d;||&#xf3e7e;||&#xf3e7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E8x |&#xf3e80;||&#xf3e81;||&#xf3e82;||&#xf3e83;||&#xf3e84;||&#xf3e85;||&#xf3e86;||&#xf3e87;||&#xf3e88;||&#xf3e89;||&#xf3e8a;||&#xf3e8b;||&#xf3e8c;||&#xf3e8d;||&#xf3e8e;||&#xf3e8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3E9x |&#xf3e90;||&#xf3e91;||&#xf3e92;||&#xf3e93;||&#xf3e94;||&#xf3e95;||&#xf3e96;||&#xf3e97;||&#xf3e98;||&#xf3e99;||&#xf3e9a;||&#xf3e9b;||&#xf3e9c;||&#xf3e9d;||&#xf3e9e;||&#xf3e9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3EAx |&#xf3ea0;||&#xf3ea1;||&#xf3ea2;||&#xf3ea3;||&#xf3ea4;||&#xf3ea5;||&#xf3ea6;||&#xf3ea7;||&#xf3ea8;||&#xf3ea9;||&#xf3eaa;||&#xf3eab;||&#xf3eac;||&#xf3ead;||&#xf3eae;||&#xf3eaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3EBx |&#xf3eb0;||&#xf3eb1;||&#xf3eb2;||&#xf3eb3;||&#xf3eb4;||&#xf3eb5;||&#xf3eb6;||&#xf3eb7;||&#xf3eb8;||&#xf3eb9;||&#xf3eba;||&#xf3ebb;||&#xf3ebc;||&#xf3ebd;||&#xf3ebe;||&#xf3ebf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3ECx |&#xf3ec0;||&#xf3ec1;||&#xf3ec2;||&#xf3ec3;||&#xf3ec4;||&#xf3ec5;||&#xf3ec6;||&#xf3ec7;||&#xf3ec8;||&#xf3ec9;||&#xf3eca;||&#xf3ecb;||&#xf3ecc;||&#xf3ecd;||&#xf3ece;||&#xf3ecf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3EDx |&#xf3ed0;||&#xf3ed1;||&#xf3ed2;||&#xf3ed3;||&#xf3ed4;||&#xf3ed5;||&#xf3ed6;||&#xf3ed7;||&#xf3ed8;||&#xf3ed9;||&#xf3eda;||&#xf3edb;||&#xf3edc;||&#xf3edd;||&#xf3ede;||&#xf3edf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3EEx |&#xf3ee0;||&#xf3ee1;||&#xf3ee2;||&#xf3ee3;||&#xf3ee4;||&#xf3ee5;||&#xf3ee6;||&#xf3ee7;||&#xf3ee8;||&#xf3ee9;||&#xf3eea;||&#xf3eeb;||&#xf3eec;||&#xf3eed;||&#xf3eee;||&#xf3eef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3EFx |&#xf3ef0;||&#xf3ef1;||&#xf3ef2;||&#xf3ef3;||&#xf3ef4;||&#xf3ef5;||&#xf3ef6;||&#xf3ef7;||&#xf3ef8;||&#xf3ef9;||&#xf3efa;||&#xf3efb;||&#xf3efc;||&#xf3efd;||&#xf3efe;||&#xf3eff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F0x |&#xf3f00;||&#xf3f01;||&#xf3f02;||&#xf3f03;||&#xf3f04;||&#xf3f05;||&#xf3f06;||&#xf3f07;||&#xf3f08;||&#xf3f09;||&#xf3f0a;||&#xf3f0b;||&#xf3f0c;||&#xf3f0d;||&#xf3f0e;||&#xf3f0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F1x |&#xf3f10;||&#xf3f11;||&#xf3f12;||&#xf3f13;||&#xf3f14;||&#xf3f15;||&#xf3f16;||&#xf3f17;||&#xf3f18;||&#xf3f19;||&#xf3f1a;||&#xf3f1b;||&#xf3f1c;||&#xf3f1d;||&#xf3f1e;||&#xf3f1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F2x |&#xf3f20;||&#xf3f21;||&#xf3f22;||&#xf3f23;||&#xf3f24;||&#xf3f25;||&#xf3f26;||&#xf3f27;||&#xf3f28;||&#xf3f29;||&#xf3f2a;||&#xf3f2b;||&#xf3f2c;||&#xf3f2d;||&#xf3f2e;||&#xf3f2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F3x |&#xf3f30;||&#xf3f31;||&#xf3f32;||&#xf3f33;||&#xf3f34;||&#xf3f35;||&#xf3f36;||&#xf3f37;||&#xf3f38;||&#xf3f39;||&#xf3f3a;||&#xf3f3b;||&#xf3f3c;||&#xf3f3d;||&#xf3f3e;||&#xf3f3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F4x |&#xf3f40;||&#xf3f41;||&#xf3f42;||&#xf3f43;||&#xf3f44;||&#xf3f45;||&#xf3f46;||&#xf3f47;||&#xf3f48;||&#xf3f49;||&#xf3f4a;||&#xf3f4b;||&#xf3f4c;||&#xf3f4d;||&#xf3f4e;||&#xf3f4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F5x |&#xf3f50;||&#xf3f51;||&#xf3f52;||&#xf3f53;||&#xf3f54;||&#xf3f55;||&#xf3f56;||&#xf3f57;||&#xf3f58;||&#xf3f59;||&#xf3f5a;||&#xf3f5b;||&#xf3f5c;||&#xf3f5d;||&#xf3f5e;||&#xf3f5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F6x |&#xf3f60;||&#xf3f61;||&#xf3f62;||&#xf3f63;||&#xf3f64;||&#xf3f65;||&#xf3f66;||&#xf3f67;||&#xf3f68;||&#xf3f69;||&#xf3f6a;||&#xf3f6b;||&#xf3f6c;||&#xf3f6d;||&#xf3f6e;||&#xf3f6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F7x |&#xf3f70;||&#xf3f71;||&#xf3f72;||&#xf3f73;||&#xf3f74;||&#xf3f75;||&#xf3f76;||&#xf3f77;||&#xf3f78;||&#xf3f79;||&#xf3f7a;||&#xf3f7b;||&#xf3f7c;||&#xf3f7d;||&#xf3f7e;||&#xf3f7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F8x |&#xf3f80;||&#xf3f81;||&#xf3f82;||&#xf3f83;||&#xf3f84;||&#xf3f85;||&#xf3f86;||&#xf3f87;||&#xf3f88;||&#xf3f89;||&#xf3f8a;||&#xf3f8b;||&#xf3f8c;||&#xf3f8d;||&#xf3f8e;||&#xf3f8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3F9x |&#xf3f90;||&#xf3f91;||&#xf3f92;||&#xf3f93;||&#xf3f94;||&#xf3f95;||&#xf3f96;||&#xf3f97;||&#xf3f98;||&#xf3f99;||&#xf3f9a;||&#xf3f9b;||&#xf3f9c;||&#xf3f9d;||&#xf3f9e;||&#xf3f9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3FAx |&#xf3fa0;||&#xf3fa1;||&#xf3fa2;||&#xf3fa3;||&#xf3fa4;||&#xf3fa5;||&#xf3fa6;||&#xf3fa7;||&#xf3fa8;||&#xf3fa9;||&#xf3faa;||&#xf3fab;||&#xf3fac;||&#xf3fad;||&#xf3fae;||&#xf3faf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3FBx |&#xf3fb0;||&#xf3fb1;||&#xf3fb2;||&#xf3fb3;||&#xf3fb4;||&#xf3fb5;||&#xf3fb6;||&#xf3fb7;||&#xf3fb8;||&#xf3fb9;||&#xf3fba;||&#xf3fbb;||&#xf3fbc;||&#xf3fbd;||&#xf3fbe;||&#xf3fbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3FCx |&#xf3fc0;||&#xf3fc1;||&#xf3fc2;||&#xf3fc3;||&#xf3fc4;||&#xf3fc5;||&#xf3fc6;||&#xf3fc7;||&#xf3fc8;||&#xf3fc9;||&#xf3fca;||&#xf3fcb;||&#xf3fcc;||&#xf3fcd;||&#xf3fce;||&#xf3fcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3FDx |&#xf3fd0;||&#xf3fd1;||&#xf3fd2;||&#xf3fd3;||&#xf3fd4;||&#xf3fd5;||&#xf3fd6;||&#xf3fd7;||&#xf3fd8;||&#xf3fd9;||&#xf3fda;||&#xf3fdb;||&#xf3fdc;||&#xf3fdd;||&#xf3fde;||&#xf3fdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3FEx |&#xf3fe0;||&#xf3fe1;||&#xf3fe2;||&#xf3fe3;||&#xf3fe4;||&#xf3fe5;||&#xf3fe6;||&#xf3fe7;||&#xf3fe8;||&#xf3fe9;||&#xf3fea;||&#xf3feb;||&#xf3fec;||&#xf3fed;||&#xf3fee;||&#xf3fef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !F3FFx |&#xf3ff0;||&#xf3ff1;||&#xf3ff2;||&#xf3ff3;||&#xf3ff4;||&#xf3ff5;||&#xf3ff6;||&#xf3ff7;||&#xf3ff8;||&#xf3ff9;||&#xf3ffa;||&#xf3ffb;||&#xf3ffc;||&#xf3ffd;||&#xf3ffe;||&#xf3fff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range F0000–FFFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} tmo6xhmu4fnc2mrcpls5tdsu78ppmvl Unicode/Character reference/F4000-F4FFF 0 243346 4664618 4585907 2026-08-26T10:59:39Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A (ctd.)'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center" !F400x |&#xf4000;||&#xf4001;||&#xf4002;||&#xf4003;||&#xf4004;||&#xf4005;||&#xf4006;||&#xf4007;||&#xf4008;||&#xf4009;||&#xf400a;||&#xf400b;||&#xf400c;||&#xf400d;||&#xf400e;||&#xf400f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F401x |&#xf4010;||&#xf4011;||&#xf4012;||&#xf4013;||&#xf4014;||&#xf4015;||&#xf4016;||&#xf4017;||&#xf4018;||&#xf4019;||&#xf401a;||&#xf401b;||&#xf401c;||&#xf401d;||&#xf401e;||&#xf401f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F402x |&#xf4020;||&#xf4021;||&#xf4022;||&#xf4023;||&#xf4024;||&#xf4025;||&#xf4026;||&#xf4027;||&#xf4028;||&#xf4029;||&#xf402a;||&#xf402b;||&#xf402c;||&#xf402d;||&#xf402e;||&#xf402f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F403x |&#xf4030;||&#xf4031;||&#xf4032;||&#xf4033;||&#xf4034;||&#xf4035;||&#xf4036;||&#xf4037;||&#xf4038;||&#xf4039;||&#xf403a;||&#xf403b;||&#xf403c;||&#xf403d;||&#xf403e;||&#xf403f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F404x |&#xf4040;||&#xf4041;||&#xf4042;||&#xf4043;||&#xf4044;||&#xf4045;||&#xf4046;||&#xf4047;||&#xf4048;||&#xf4049;||&#xf404a;||&#xf404b;||&#xf404c;||&#xf404d;||&#xf404e;||&#xf404f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F405x |&#xf4050;||&#xf4051;||&#xf4052;||&#xf4053;||&#xf4054;||&#xf4055;||&#xf4056;||&#xf4057;||&#xf4058;||&#xf4059;||&#xf405a;||&#xf405b;||&#xf405c;||&#xf405d;||&#xf405e;||&#xf405f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F406x |&#xf4060;||&#xf4061;||&#xf4062;||&#xf4063;||&#xf4064;||&#xf4065;||&#xf4066;||&#xf4067;||&#xf4068;||&#xf4069;||&#xf406a;||&#xf406b;||&#xf406c;||&#xf406d;||&#xf406e;||&#xf406f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F407x |&#xf4070;||&#xf4071;||&#xf4072;||&#xf4073;||&#xf4074;||&#xf4075;||&#xf4076;||&#xf4077;||&#xf4078;||&#xf4079;||&#xf407a;||&#xf407b;||&#xf407c;||&#xf407d;||&#xf407e;||&#xf407f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F408x |&#xf4080;||&#xf4081;||&#xf4082;||&#xf4083;||&#xf4084;||&#xf4085;||&#xf4086;||&#xf4087;||&#xf4088;||&#xf4089;||&#xf408a;||&#xf408b;||&#xf408c;||&#xf408d;||&#xf408e;||&#xf408f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F409x |&#xf4090;||&#xf4091;||&#xf4092;||&#xf4093;||&#xf4094;||&#xf4095;||&#xf4096;||&#xf4097;||&#xf4098;||&#xf4099;||&#xf409a;||&#xf409b;||&#xf409c;||&#xf409d;||&#xf409e;||&#xf409f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F40Ax |&#xf40a0;||&#xf40a1;||&#xf40a2;||&#xf40a3;||&#xf40a4;||&#xf40a5;||&#xf40a6;||&#xf40a7;||&#xf40a8;||&#xf40a9;||&#xf40aa;||&#xf40ab;||&#xf40ac;||&#xf40ad;||&#xf40ae;||&#xf40af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F40Bx |&#xf40b0;||&#xf40b1;||&#xf40b2;||&#xf40b3;||&#xf40b4;||&#xf40b5;||&#xf40b6;||&#xf40b7;||&#xf40b8;||&#xf40b9;||&#xf40ba;||&#xf40bb;||&#xf40bc;||&#xf40bd;||&#xf40be;||&#xf40bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F40Cx |&#xf40c0;||&#xf40c1;||&#xf40c2;||&#xf40c3;||&#xf40c4;||&#xf40c5;||&#xf40c6;||&#xf40c7;||&#xf40c8;||&#xf40c9;||&#xf40ca;||&#xf40cb;||&#xf40cc;||&#xf40cd;||&#xf40ce;||&#xf40cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F40Dx |&#xf40d0;||&#xf40d1;||&#xf40d2;||&#xf40d3;||&#xf40d4;||&#xf40d5;||&#xf40d6;||&#xf40d7;||&#xf40d8;||&#xf40d9;||&#xf40da;||&#xf40db;||&#xf40dc;||&#xf40dd;||&#xf40de;||&#xf40df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F40Ex |&#xf40e0;||&#xf40e1;||&#xf40e2;||&#xf40e3;||&#xf40e4;||&#xf40e5;||&#xf40e6;||&#xf40e7;||&#xf40e8;||&#xf40e9;||&#xf40ea;||&#xf40eb;||&#xf40ec;||&#xf40ed;||&#xf40ee;||&#xf40ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F40Fx |&#xf40f0;||&#xf40f1;||&#xf40f2;||&#xf40f3;||&#xf40f4;||&#xf40f5;||&#xf40f6;||&#xf40f7;||&#xf40f8;||&#xf40f9;||&#xf40fa;||&#xf40fb;||&#xf40fc;||&#xf40fd;||&#xf40fe;||&#xf40ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F410x |&#xf4100;||&#xf4101;||&#xf4102;||&#xf4103;||&#xf4104;||&#xf4105;||&#xf4106;||&#xf4107;||&#xf4108;||&#xf4109;||&#xf410a;||&#xf410b;||&#xf410c;||&#xf410d;||&#xf410e;||&#xf410f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F411x |&#xf4110;||&#xf4111;||&#xf4112;||&#xf4113;||&#xf4114;||&#xf4115;||&#xf4116;||&#xf4117;||&#xf4118;||&#xf4119;||&#xf411a;||&#xf411b;||&#xf411c;||&#xf411d;||&#xf411e;||&#xf411f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F412x |&#xf4120;||&#xf4121;||&#xf4122;||&#xf4123;||&#xf4124;||&#xf4125;||&#xf4126;||&#xf4127;||&#xf4128;||&#xf4129;||&#xf412a;||&#xf412b;||&#xf412c;||&#xf412d;||&#xf412e;||&#xf412f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F413x |&#xf4130;||&#xf4131;||&#xf4132;||&#xf4133;||&#xf4134;||&#xf4135;||&#xf4136;||&#xf4137;||&#xf4138;||&#xf4139;||&#xf413a;||&#xf413b;||&#xf413c;||&#xf413d;||&#xf413e;||&#xf413f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F414x |&#xf4140;||&#xf4141;||&#xf4142;||&#xf4143;||&#xf4144;||&#xf4145;||&#xf4146;||&#xf4147;||&#xf4148;||&#xf4149;||&#xf414a;||&#xf414b;||&#xf414c;||&#xf414d;||&#xf414e;||&#xf414f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F415x |&#xf4150;||&#xf4151;||&#xf4152;||&#xf4153;||&#xf4154;||&#xf4155;||&#xf4156;||&#xf4157;||&#xf4158;||&#xf4159;||&#xf415a;||&#xf415b;||&#xf415c;||&#xf415d;||&#xf415e;||&#xf415f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F416x |&#xf4160;||&#xf4161;||&#xf4162;||&#xf4163;||&#xf4164;||&#xf4165;||&#xf4166;||&#xf4167;||&#xf4168;||&#xf4169;||&#xf416a;||&#xf416b;||&#xf416c;||&#xf416d;||&#xf416e;||&#xf416f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F417x |&#xf4170;||&#xf4171;||&#xf4172;||&#xf4173;||&#xf4174;||&#xf4175;||&#xf4176;||&#xf4177;||&#xf4178;||&#xf4179;||&#xf417a;||&#xf417b;||&#xf417c;||&#xf417d;||&#xf417e;||&#xf417f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F418x |&#xf4180;||&#xf4181;||&#xf4182;||&#xf4183;||&#xf4184;||&#xf4185;||&#xf4186;||&#xf4187;||&#xf4188;||&#xf4189;||&#xf418a;||&#xf418b;||&#xf418c;||&#xf418d;||&#xf418e;||&#xf418f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F419x |&#xf4190;||&#xf4191;||&#xf4192;||&#xf4193;||&#xf4194;||&#xf4195;||&#xf4196;||&#xf4197;||&#xf4198;||&#xf4199;||&#xf419a;||&#xf419b;||&#xf419c;||&#xf419d;||&#xf419e;||&#xf419f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F41Ax |&#xf41a0;||&#xf41a1;||&#xf41a2;||&#xf41a3;||&#xf41a4;||&#xf41a5;||&#xf41a6;||&#xf41a7;||&#xf41a8;||&#xf41a9;||&#xf41aa;||&#xf41ab;||&#xf41ac;||&#xf41ad;||&#xf41ae;||&#xf41af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F41Bx |&#xf41b0;||&#xf41b1;||&#xf41b2;||&#xf41b3;||&#xf41b4;||&#xf41b5;||&#xf41b6;||&#xf41b7;||&#xf41b8;||&#xf41b9;||&#xf41ba;||&#xf41bb;||&#xf41bc;||&#xf41bd;||&#xf41be;||&#xf41bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F41Cx |&#xf41c0;||&#xf41c1;||&#xf41c2;||&#xf41c3;||&#xf41c4;||&#xf41c5;||&#xf41c6;||&#xf41c7;||&#xf41c8;||&#xf41c9;||&#xf41ca;||&#xf41cb;||&#xf41cc;||&#xf41cd;||&#xf41ce;||&#xf41cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F41Dx |&#xf41d0;||&#xf41d1;||&#xf41d2;||&#xf41d3;||&#xf41d4;||&#xf41d5;||&#xf41d6;||&#xf41d7;||&#xf41d8;||&#xf41d9;||&#xf41da;||&#xf41db;||&#xf41dc;||&#xf41dd;||&#xf41de;||&#xf41df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F41Ex |&#xf41e0;||&#xf41e1;||&#xf41e2;||&#xf41e3;||&#xf41e4;||&#xf41e5;||&#xf41e6;||&#xf41e7;||&#xf41e8;||&#xf41e9;||&#xf41ea;||&#xf41eb;||&#xf41ec;||&#xf41ed;||&#xf41ee;||&#xf41ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F41Fx |&#xf41f0;||&#xf41f1;||&#xf41f2;||&#xf41f3;||&#xf41f4;||&#xf41f5;||&#xf41f6;||&#xf41f7;||&#xf41f8;||&#xf41f9;||&#xf41fa;||&#xf41fb;||&#xf41fc;||&#xf41fd;||&#xf41fe;||&#xf41ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F420x |&#xf4200;||&#xf4201;||&#xf4202;||&#xf4203;||&#xf4204;||&#xf4205;||&#xf4206;||&#xf4207;||&#xf4208;||&#xf4209;||&#xf420a;||&#xf420b;||&#xf420c;||&#xf420d;||&#xf420e;||&#xf420f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F421x |&#xf4210;||&#xf4211;||&#xf4212;||&#xf4213;||&#xf4214;||&#xf4215;||&#xf4216;||&#xf4217;||&#xf4218;||&#xf4219;||&#xf421a;||&#xf421b;||&#xf421c;||&#xf421d;||&#xf421e;||&#xf421f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F422x |&#xf4220;||&#xf4221;||&#xf4222;||&#xf4223;||&#xf4224;||&#xf4225;||&#xf4226;||&#xf4227;||&#xf4228;||&#xf4229;||&#xf422a;||&#xf422b;||&#xf422c;||&#xf422d;||&#xf422e;||&#xf422f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F423x |&#xf4230;||&#xf4231;||&#xf4232;||&#xf4233;||&#xf4234;||&#xf4235;||&#xf4236;||&#xf4237;||&#xf4238;||&#xf4239;||&#xf423a;||&#xf423b;||&#xf423c;||&#xf423d;||&#xf423e;||&#xf423f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F424x |&#xf4240;||&#xf4241;||&#xf4242;||&#xf4243;||&#xf4244;||&#xf4245;||&#xf4246;||&#xf4247;||&#xf4248;||&#xf4249;||&#xf424a;||&#xf424b;||&#xf424c;||&#xf424d;||&#xf424e;||&#xf424f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F425x |&#xf4250;||&#xf4251;||&#xf4252;||&#xf4253;||&#xf4254;||&#xf4255;||&#xf4256;||&#xf4257;||&#xf4258;||&#xf4259;||&#xf425a;||&#xf425b;||&#xf425c;||&#xf425d;||&#xf425e;||&#xf425f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F426x |&#xf4260;||&#xf4261;||&#xf4262;||&#xf4263;||&#xf4264;||&#xf4265;||&#xf4266;||&#xf4267;||&#xf4268;||&#xf4269;||&#xf426a;||&#xf426b;||&#xf426c;||&#xf426d;||&#xf426e;||&#xf426f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F427x |&#xf4270;||&#xf4271;||&#xf4272;||&#xf4273;||&#xf4274;||&#xf4275;||&#xf4276;||&#xf4277;||&#xf4278;||&#xf4279;||&#xf427a;||&#xf427b;||&#xf427c;||&#xf427d;||&#xf427e;||&#xf427f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F428x |&#xf4280;||&#xf4281;||&#xf4282;||&#xf4283;||&#xf4284;||&#xf4285;||&#xf4286;||&#xf4287;||&#xf4288;||&#xf4289;||&#xf428a;||&#xf428b;||&#xf428c;||&#xf428d;||&#xf428e;||&#xf428f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F429x |&#xf4290;||&#xf4291;||&#xf4292;||&#xf4293;||&#xf4294;||&#xf4295;||&#xf4296;||&#xf4297;||&#xf4298;||&#xf4299;||&#xf429a;||&#xf429b;||&#xf429c;||&#xf429d;||&#xf429e;||&#xf429f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F42Ax |&#xf42a0;||&#xf42a1;||&#xf42a2;||&#xf42a3;||&#xf42a4;||&#xf42a5;||&#xf42a6;||&#xf42a7;||&#xf42a8;||&#xf42a9;||&#xf42aa;||&#xf42ab;||&#xf42ac;||&#xf42ad;||&#xf42ae;||&#xf42af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F42Bx |&#xf42b0;||&#xf42b1;||&#xf42b2;||&#xf42b3;||&#xf42b4;||&#xf42b5;||&#xf42b6;||&#xf42b7;||&#xf42b8;||&#xf42b9;||&#xf42ba;||&#xf42bb;||&#xf42bc;||&#xf42bd;||&#xf42be;||&#xf42bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F42Cx |&#xf42c0;||&#xf42c1;||&#xf42c2;||&#xf42c3;||&#xf42c4;||&#xf42c5;||&#xf42c6;||&#xf42c7;||&#xf42c8;||&#xf42c9;||&#xf42ca;||&#xf42cb;||&#xf42cc;||&#xf42cd;||&#xf42ce;||&#xf42cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F42Dx |&#xf42d0;||&#xf42d1;||&#xf42d2;||&#xf42d3;||&#xf42d4;||&#xf42d5;||&#xf42d6;||&#xf42d7;||&#xf42d8;||&#xf42d9;||&#xf42da;||&#xf42db;||&#xf42dc;||&#xf42dd;||&#xf42de;||&#xf42df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F42Ex |&#xf42e0;||&#xf42e1;||&#xf42e2;||&#xf42e3;||&#xf42e4;||&#xf42e5;||&#xf42e6;||&#xf42e7;||&#xf42e8;||&#xf42e9;||&#xf42ea;||&#xf42eb;||&#xf42ec;||&#xf42ed;||&#xf42ee;||&#xf42ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F42Fx |&#xf42f0;||&#xf42f1;||&#xf42f2;||&#xf42f3;||&#xf42f4;||&#xf42f5;||&#xf42f6;||&#xf42f7;||&#xf42f8;||&#xf42f9;||&#xf42fa;||&#xf42fb;||&#xf42fc;||&#xf42fd;||&#xf42fe;||&#xf42ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F430x |&#xf4300;||&#xf4301;||&#xf4302;||&#xf4303;||&#xf4304;||&#xf4305;||&#xf4306;||&#xf4307;||&#xf4308;||&#xf4309;||&#xf430a;||&#xf430b;||&#xf430c;||&#xf430d;||&#xf430e;||&#xf430f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F431x |&#xf4310;||&#xf4311;||&#xf4312;||&#xf4313;||&#xf4314;||&#xf4315;||&#xf4316;||&#xf4317;||&#xf4318;||&#xf4319;||&#xf431a;||&#xf431b;||&#xf431c;||&#xf431d;||&#xf431e;||&#xf431f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F432x |&#xf4320;||&#xf4321;||&#xf4322;||&#xf4323;||&#xf4324;||&#xf4325;||&#xf4326;||&#xf4327;||&#xf4328;||&#xf4329;||&#xf432a;||&#xf432b;||&#xf432c;||&#xf432d;||&#xf432e;||&#xf432f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F433x |&#xf4330;||&#xf4331;||&#xf4332;||&#xf4333;||&#xf4334;||&#xf4335;||&#xf4336;||&#xf4337;||&#xf4338;||&#xf4339;||&#xf433a;||&#xf433b;||&#xf433c;||&#xf433d;||&#xf433e;||&#xf433f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F434x |&#xf4340;||&#xf4341;||&#xf4342;||&#xf4343;||&#xf4344;||&#xf4345;||&#xf4346;||&#xf4347;||&#xf4348;||&#xf4349;||&#xf434a;||&#xf434b;||&#xf434c;||&#xf434d;||&#xf434e;||&#xf434f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F435x |&#xf4350;||&#xf4351;||&#xf4352;||&#xf4353;||&#xf4354;||&#xf4355;||&#xf4356;||&#xf4357;||&#xf4358;||&#xf4359;||&#xf435a;||&#xf435b;||&#xf435c;||&#xf435d;||&#xf435e;||&#xf435f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F436x |&#xf4360;||&#xf4361;||&#xf4362;||&#xf4363;||&#xf4364;||&#xf4365;||&#xf4366;||&#xf4367;||&#xf4368;||&#xf4369;||&#xf436a;||&#xf436b;||&#xf436c;||&#xf436d;||&#xf436e;||&#xf436f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F437x |&#xf4370;||&#xf4371;||&#xf4372;||&#xf4373;||&#xf4374;||&#xf4375;||&#xf4376;||&#xf4377;||&#xf4378;||&#xf4379;||&#xf437a;||&#xf437b;||&#xf437c;||&#xf437d;||&#xf437e;||&#xf437f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F438x |&#xf4380;||&#xf4381;||&#xf4382;||&#xf4383;||&#xf4384;||&#xf4385;||&#xf4386;||&#xf4387;||&#xf4388;||&#xf4389;||&#xf438a;||&#xf438b;||&#xf438c;||&#xf438d;||&#xf438e;||&#xf438f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F439x |&#xf4390;||&#xf4391;||&#xf4392;||&#xf4393;||&#xf4394;||&#xf4395;||&#xf4396;||&#xf4397;||&#xf4398;||&#xf4399;||&#xf439a;||&#xf439b;||&#xf439c;||&#xf439d;||&#xf439e;||&#xf439f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F43Ax |&#xf43a0;||&#xf43a1;||&#xf43a2;||&#xf43a3;||&#xf43a4;||&#xf43a5;||&#xf43a6;||&#xf43a7;||&#xf43a8;||&#xf43a9;||&#xf43aa;||&#xf43ab;||&#xf43ac;||&#xf43ad;||&#xf43ae;||&#xf43af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F43Bx |&#xf43b0;||&#xf43b1;||&#xf43b2;||&#xf43b3;||&#xf43b4;||&#xf43b5;||&#xf43b6;||&#xf43b7;||&#xf43b8;||&#xf43b9;||&#xf43ba;||&#xf43bb;||&#xf43bc;||&#xf43bd;||&#xf43be;||&#xf43bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F43Cx |&#xf43c0;||&#xf43c1;||&#xf43c2;||&#xf43c3;||&#xf43c4;||&#xf43c5;||&#xf43c6;||&#xf43c7;||&#xf43c8;||&#xf43c9;||&#xf43ca;||&#xf43cb;||&#xf43cc;||&#xf43cd;||&#xf43ce;||&#xf43cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F43Dx |&#xf43d0;||&#xf43d1;||&#xf43d2;||&#xf43d3;||&#xf43d4;||&#xf43d5;||&#xf43d6;||&#xf43d7;||&#xf43d8;||&#xf43d9;||&#xf43da;||&#xf43db;||&#xf43dc;||&#xf43dd;||&#xf43de;||&#xf43df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F43Ex |&#xf43e0;||&#xf43e1;||&#xf43e2;||&#xf43e3;||&#xf43e4;||&#xf43e5;||&#xf43e6;||&#xf43e7;||&#xf43e8;||&#xf43e9;||&#xf43ea;||&#xf43eb;||&#xf43ec;||&#xf43ed;||&#xf43ee;||&#xf43ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F43Fx |&#xf43f0;||&#xf43f1;||&#xf43f2;||&#xf43f3;||&#xf43f4;||&#xf43f5;||&#xf43f6;||&#xf43f7;||&#xf43f8;||&#xf43f9;||&#xf43fa;||&#xf43fb;||&#xf43fc;||&#xf43fd;||&#xf43fe;||&#xf43ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F440x |&#xf4400;||&#xf4401;||&#xf4402;||&#xf4403;||&#xf4404;||&#xf4405;||&#xf4406;||&#xf4407;||&#xf4408;||&#xf4409;||&#xf440a;||&#xf440b;||&#xf440c;||&#xf440d;||&#xf440e;||&#xf440f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F441x |&#xf4410;||&#xf4411;||&#xf4412;||&#xf4413;||&#xf4414;||&#xf4415;||&#xf4416;||&#xf4417;||&#xf4418;||&#xf4419;||&#xf441a;||&#xf441b;||&#xf441c;||&#xf441d;||&#xf441e;||&#xf441f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F442x |&#xf4420;||&#xf4421;||&#xf4422;||&#xf4423;||&#xf4424;||&#xf4425;||&#xf4426;||&#xf4427;||&#xf4428;||&#xf4429;||&#xf442a;||&#xf442b;||&#xf442c;||&#xf442d;||&#xf442e;||&#xf442f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F443x |&#xf4430;||&#xf4431;||&#xf4432;||&#xf4433;||&#xf4434;||&#xf4435;||&#xf4436;||&#xf4437;||&#xf4438;||&#xf4439;||&#xf443a;||&#xf443b;||&#xf443c;||&#xf443d;||&#xf443e;||&#xf443f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F444x |&#xf4440;||&#xf4441;||&#xf4442;||&#xf4443;||&#xf4444;||&#xf4445;||&#xf4446;||&#xf4447;||&#xf4448;||&#xf4449;||&#xf444a;||&#xf444b;||&#xf444c;||&#xf444d;||&#xf444e;||&#xf444f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F445x |&#xf4450;||&#xf4451;||&#xf4452;||&#xf4453;||&#xf4454;||&#xf4455;||&#xf4456;||&#xf4457;||&#xf4458;||&#xf4459;||&#xf445a;||&#xf445b;||&#xf445c;||&#xf445d;||&#xf445e;||&#xf445f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F446x |&#xf4460;||&#xf4461;||&#xf4462;||&#xf4463;||&#xf4464;||&#xf4465;||&#xf4466;||&#xf4467;||&#xf4468;||&#xf4469;||&#xf446a;||&#xf446b;||&#xf446c;||&#xf446d;||&#xf446e;||&#xf446f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F447x |&#xf4470;||&#xf4471;||&#xf4472;||&#xf4473;||&#xf4474;||&#xf4475;||&#xf4476;||&#xf4477;||&#xf4478;||&#xf4479;||&#xf447a;||&#xf447b;||&#xf447c;||&#xf447d;||&#xf447e;||&#xf447f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F448x |&#xf4480;||&#xf4481;||&#xf4482;||&#xf4483;||&#xf4484;||&#xf4485;||&#xf4486;||&#xf4487;||&#xf4488;||&#xf4489;||&#xf448a;||&#xf448b;||&#xf448c;||&#xf448d;||&#xf448e;||&#xf448f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F449x |&#xf4490;||&#xf4491;||&#xf4492;||&#xf4493;||&#xf4494;||&#xf4495;||&#xf4496;||&#xf4497;||&#xf4498;||&#xf4499;||&#xf449a;||&#xf449b;||&#xf449c;||&#xf449d;||&#xf449e;||&#xf449f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F44Ax |&#xf44a0;||&#xf44a1;||&#xf44a2;||&#xf44a3;||&#xf44a4;||&#xf44a5;||&#xf44a6;||&#xf44a7;||&#xf44a8;||&#xf44a9;||&#xf44aa;||&#xf44ab;||&#xf44ac;||&#xf44ad;||&#xf44ae;||&#xf44af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F44Bx |&#xf44b0;||&#xf44b1;||&#xf44b2;||&#xf44b3;||&#xf44b4;||&#xf44b5;||&#xf44b6;||&#xf44b7;||&#xf44b8;||&#xf44b9;||&#xf44ba;||&#xf44bb;||&#xf44bc;||&#xf44bd;||&#xf44be;||&#xf44bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F44Cx |&#xf44c0;||&#xf44c1;||&#xf44c2;||&#xf44c3;||&#xf44c4;||&#xf44c5;||&#xf44c6;||&#xf44c7;||&#xf44c8;||&#xf44c9;||&#xf44ca;||&#xf44cb;||&#xf44cc;||&#xf44cd;||&#xf44ce;||&#xf44cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F44Dx |&#xf44d0;||&#xf44d1;||&#xf44d2;||&#xf44d3;||&#xf44d4;||&#xf44d5;||&#xf44d6;||&#xf44d7;||&#xf44d8;||&#xf44d9;||&#xf44da;||&#xf44db;||&#xf44dc;||&#xf44dd;||&#xf44de;||&#xf44df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F44Ex |&#xf44e0;||&#xf44e1;||&#xf44e2;||&#xf44e3;||&#xf44e4;||&#xf44e5;||&#xf44e6;||&#xf44e7;||&#xf44e8;||&#xf44e9;||&#xf44ea;||&#xf44eb;||&#xf44ec;||&#xf44ed;||&#xf44ee;||&#xf44ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F44Fx |&#xf44f0;||&#xf44f1;||&#xf44f2;||&#xf44f3;||&#xf44f4;||&#xf44f5;||&#xf44f6;||&#xf44f7;||&#xf44f8;||&#xf44f9;||&#xf44fa;||&#xf44fb;||&#xf44fc;||&#xf44fd;||&#xf44fe;||&#xf44ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F450x |&#xf4500;||&#xf4501;||&#xf4502;||&#xf4503;||&#xf4504;||&#xf4505;||&#xf4506;||&#xf4507;||&#xf4508;||&#xf4509;||&#xf450a;||&#xf450b;||&#xf450c;||&#xf450d;||&#xf450e;||&#xf450f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F451x |&#xf4510;||&#xf4511;||&#xf4512;||&#xf4513;||&#xf4514;||&#xf4515;||&#xf4516;||&#xf4517;||&#xf4518;||&#xf4519;||&#xf451a;||&#xf451b;||&#xf451c;||&#xf451d;||&#xf451e;||&#xf451f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F452x |&#xf4520;||&#xf4521;||&#xf4522;||&#xf4523;||&#xf4524;||&#xf4525;||&#xf4526;||&#xf4527;||&#xf4528;||&#xf4529;||&#xf452a;||&#xf452b;||&#xf452c;||&#xf452d;||&#xf452e;||&#xf452f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F453x |&#xf4530;||&#xf4531;||&#xf4532;||&#xf4533;||&#xf4534;||&#xf4535;||&#xf4536;||&#xf4537;||&#xf4538;||&#xf4539;||&#xf453a;||&#xf453b;||&#xf453c;||&#xf453d;||&#xf453e;||&#xf453f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F454x |&#xf4540;||&#xf4541;||&#xf4542;||&#xf4543;||&#xf4544;||&#xf4545;||&#xf4546;||&#xf4547;||&#xf4548;||&#xf4549;||&#xf454a;||&#xf454b;||&#xf454c;||&#xf454d;||&#xf454e;||&#xf454f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F455x |&#xf4550;||&#xf4551;||&#xf4552;||&#xf4553;||&#xf4554;||&#xf4555;||&#xf4556;||&#xf4557;||&#xf4558;||&#xf4559;||&#xf455a;||&#xf455b;||&#xf455c;||&#xf455d;||&#xf455e;||&#xf455f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F456x |&#xf4560;||&#xf4561;||&#xf4562;||&#xf4563;||&#xf4564;||&#xf4565;||&#xf4566;||&#xf4567;||&#xf4568;||&#xf4569;||&#xf456a;||&#xf456b;||&#xf456c;||&#xf456d;||&#xf456e;||&#xf456f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F457x |&#xf4570;||&#xf4571;||&#xf4572;||&#xf4573;||&#xf4574;||&#xf4575;||&#xf4576;||&#xf4577;||&#xf4578;||&#xf4579;||&#xf457a;||&#xf457b;||&#xf457c;||&#xf457d;||&#xf457e;||&#xf457f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F458x |&#xf4580;||&#xf4581;||&#xf4582;||&#xf4583;||&#xf4584;||&#xf4585;||&#xf4586;||&#xf4587;||&#xf4588;||&#xf4589;||&#xf458a;||&#xf458b;||&#xf458c;||&#xf458d;||&#xf458e;||&#xf458f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F459x |&#xf4590;||&#xf4591;||&#xf4592;||&#xf4593;||&#xf4594;||&#xf4595;||&#xf4596;||&#xf4597;||&#xf4598;||&#xf4599;||&#xf459a;||&#xf459b;||&#xf459c;||&#xf459d;||&#xf459e;||&#xf459f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F45Ax |&#xf45a0;||&#xf45a1;||&#xf45a2;||&#xf45a3;||&#xf45a4;||&#xf45a5;||&#xf45a6;||&#xf45a7;||&#xf45a8;||&#xf45a9;||&#xf45aa;||&#xf45ab;||&#xf45ac;||&#xf45ad;||&#xf45ae;||&#xf45af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F45Bx |&#xf45b0;||&#xf45b1;||&#xf45b2;||&#xf45b3;||&#xf45b4;||&#xf45b5;||&#xf45b6;||&#xf45b7;||&#xf45b8;||&#xf45b9;||&#xf45ba;||&#xf45bb;||&#xf45bc;||&#xf45bd;||&#xf45be;||&#xf45bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F45Cx |&#xf45c0;||&#xf45c1;||&#xf45c2;||&#xf45c3;||&#xf45c4;||&#xf45c5;||&#xf45c6;||&#xf45c7;||&#xf45c8;||&#xf45c9;||&#xf45ca;||&#xf45cb;||&#xf45cc;||&#xf45cd;||&#xf45ce;||&#xf45cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F45Dx |&#xf45d0;||&#xf45d1;||&#xf45d2;||&#xf45d3;||&#xf45d4;||&#xf45d5;||&#xf45d6;||&#xf45d7;||&#xf45d8;||&#xf45d9;||&#xf45da;||&#xf45db;||&#xf45dc;||&#xf45dd;||&#xf45de;||&#xf45df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F45Ex |&#xf45e0;||&#xf45e1;||&#xf45e2;||&#xf45e3;||&#xf45e4;||&#xf45e5;||&#xf45e6;||&#xf45e7;||&#xf45e8;||&#xf45e9;||&#xf45ea;||&#xf45eb;||&#xf45ec;||&#xf45ed;||&#xf45ee;||&#xf45ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F45Fx |&#xf45f0;||&#xf45f1;||&#xf45f2;||&#xf45f3;||&#xf45f4;||&#xf45f5;||&#xf45f6;||&#xf45f7;||&#xf45f8;||&#xf45f9;||&#xf45fa;||&#xf45fb;||&#xf45fc;||&#xf45fd;||&#xf45fe;||&#xf45ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F460x |&#xf4600;||&#xf4601;||&#xf4602;||&#xf4603;||&#xf4604;||&#xf4605;||&#xf4606;||&#xf4607;||&#xf4608;||&#xf4609;||&#xf460a;||&#xf460b;||&#xf460c;||&#xf460d;||&#xf460e;||&#xf460f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F461x |&#xf4610;||&#xf4611;||&#xf4612;||&#xf4613;||&#xf4614;||&#xf4615;||&#xf4616;||&#xf4617;||&#xf4618;||&#xf4619;||&#xf461a;||&#xf461b;||&#xf461c;||&#xf461d;||&#xf461e;||&#xf461f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F462x |&#xf4620;||&#xf4621;||&#xf4622;||&#xf4623;||&#xf4624;||&#xf4625;||&#xf4626;||&#xf4627;||&#xf4628;||&#xf4629;||&#xf462a;||&#xf462b;||&#xf462c;||&#xf462d;||&#xf462e;||&#xf462f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F463x |&#xf4630;||&#xf4631;||&#xf4632;||&#xf4633;||&#xf4634;||&#xf4635;||&#xf4636;||&#xf4637;||&#xf4638;||&#xf4639;||&#xf463a;||&#xf463b;||&#xf463c;||&#xf463d;||&#xf463e;||&#xf463f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F464x |&#xf4640;||&#xf4641;||&#xf4642;||&#xf4643;||&#xf4644;||&#xf4645;||&#xf4646;||&#xf4647;||&#xf4648;||&#xf4649;||&#xf464a;||&#xf464b;||&#xf464c;||&#xf464d;||&#xf464e;||&#xf464f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F465x |&#xf4650;||&#xf4651;||&#xf4652;||&#xf4653;||&#xf4654;||&#xf4655;||&#xf4656;||&#xf4657;||&#xf4658;||&#xf4659;||&#xf465a;||&#xf465b;||&#xf465c;||&#xf465d;||&#xf465e;||&#xf465f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F466x |&#xf4660;||&#xf4661;||&#xf4662;||&#xf4663;||&#xf4664;||&#xf4665;||&#xf4666;||&#xf4667;||&#xf4668;||&#xf4669;||&#xf466a;||&#xf466b;||&#xf466c;||&#xf466d;||&#xf466e;||&#xf466f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F467x |&#xf4670;||&#xf4671;||&#xf4672;||&#xf4673;||&#xf4674;||&#xf4675;||&#xf4676;||&#xf4677;||&#xf4678;||&#xf4679;||&#xf467a;||&#xf467b;||&#xf467c;||&#xf467d;||&#xf467e;||&#xf467f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F468x |&#xf4680;||&#xf4681;||&#xf4682;||&#xf4683;||&#xf4684;||&#xf4685;||&#xf4686;||&#xf4687;||&#xf4688;||&#xf4689;||&#xf468a;||&#xf468b;||&#xf468c;||&#xf468d;||&#xf468e;||&#xf468f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F469x |&#xf4690;||&#xf4691;||&#xf4692;||&#xf4693;||&#xf4694;||&#xf4695;||&#xf4696;||&#xf4697;||&#xf4698;||&#xf4699;||&#xf469a;||&#xf469b;||&#xf469c;||&#xf469d;||&#xf469e;||&#xf469f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F46Ax |&#xf46a0;||&#xf46a1;||&#xf46a2;||&#xf46a3;||&#xf46a4;||&#xf46a5;||&#xf46a6;||&#xf46a7;||&#xf46a8;||&#xf46a9;||&#xf46aa;||&#xf46ab;||&#xf46ac;||&#xf46ad;||&#xf46ae;||&#xf46af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F46Bx |&#xf46b0;||&#xf46b1;||&#xf46b2;||&#xf46b3;||&#xf46b4;||&#xf46b5;||&#xf46b6;||&#xf46b7;||&#xf46b8;||&#xf46b9;||&#xf46ba;||&#xf46bb;||&#xf46bc;||&#xf46bd;||&#xf46be;||&#xf46bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F46Cx |&#xf46c0;||&#xf46c1;||&#xf46c2;||&#xf46c3;||&#xf46c4;||&#xf46c5;||&#xf46c6;||&#xf46c7;||&#xf46c8;||&#xf46c9;||&#xf46ca;||&#xf46cb;||&#xf46cc;||&#xf46cd;||&#xf46ce;||&#xf46cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F46Dx |&#xf46d0;||&#xf46d1;||&#xf46d2;||&#xf46d3;||&#xf46d4;||&#xf46d5;||&#xf46d6;||&#xf46d7;||&#xf46d8;||&#xf46d9;||&#xf46da;||&#xf46db;||&#xf46dc;||&#xf46dd;||&#xf46de;||&#xf46df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F46Ex |&#xf46e0;||&#xf46e1;||&#xf46e2;||&#xf46e3;||&#xf46e4;||&#xf46e5;||&#xf46e6;||&#xf46e7;||&#xf46e8;||&#xf46e9;||&#xf46ea;||&#xf46eb;||&#xf46ec;||&#xf46ed;||&#xf46ee;||&#xf46ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F46Fx |&#xf46f0;||&#xf46f1;||&#xf46f2;||&#xf46f3;||&#xf46f4;||&#xf46f5;||&#xf46f6;||&#xf46f7;||&#xf46f8;||&#xf46f9;||&#xf46fa;||&#xf46fb;||&#xf46fc;||&#xf46fd;||&#xf46fe;||&#xf46ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F470x |&#xf4700;||&#xf4701;||&#xf4702;||&#xf4703;||&#xf4704;||&#xf4705;||&#xf4706;||&#xf4707;||&#xf4708;||&#xf4709;||&#xf470a;||&#xf470b;||&#xf470c;||&#xf470d;||&#xf470e;||&#xf470f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F471x |&#xf4710;||&#xf4711;||&#xf4712;||&#xf4713;||&#xf4714;||&#xf4715;||&#xf4716;||&#xf4717;||&#xf4718;||&#xf4719;||&#xf471a;||&#xf471b;||&#xf471c;||&#xf471d;||&#xf471e;||&#xf471f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F472x |&#xf4720;||&#xf4721;||&#xf4722;||&#xf4723;||&#xf4724;||&#xf4725;||&#xf4726;||&#xf4727;||&#xf4728;||&#xf4729;||&#xf472a;||&#xf472b;||&#xf472c;||&#xf472d;||&#xf472e;||&#xf472f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F473x |&#xf4730;||&#xf4731;||&#xf4732;||&#xf4733;||&#xf4734;||&#xf4735;||&#xf4736;||&#xf4737;||&#xf4738;||&#xf4739;||&#xf473a;||&#xf473b;||&#xf473c;||&#xf473d;||&#xf473e;||&#xf473f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F474x |&#xf4740;||&#xf4741;||&#xf4742;||&#xf4743;||&#xf4744;||&#xf4745;||&#xf4746;||&#xf4747;||&#xf4748;||&#xf4749;||&#xf474a;||&#xf474b;||&#xf474c;||&#xf474d;||&#xf474e;||&#xf474f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F475x |&#xf4750;||&#xf4751;||&#xf4752;||&#xf4753;||&#xf4754;||&#xf4755;||&#xf4756;||&#xf4757;||&#xf4758;||&#xf4759;||&#xf475a;||&#xf475b;||&#xf475c;||&#xf475d;||&#xf475e;||&#xf475f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F476x |&#xf4760;||&#xf4761;||&#xf4762;||&#xf4763;||&#xf4764;||&#xf4765;||&#xf4766;||&#xf4767;||&#xf4768;||&#xf4769;||&#xf476a;||&#xf476b;||&#xf476c;||&#xf476d;||&#xf476e;||&#xf476f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F477x |&#xf4770;||&#xf4771;||&#xf4772;||&#xf4773;||&#xf4774;||&#xf4775;||&#xf4776;||&#xf4777;||&#xf4778;||&#xf4779;||&#xf477a;||&#xf477b;||&#xf477c;||&#xf477d;||&#xf477e;||&#xf477f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F478x |&#xf4780;||&#xf4781;||&#xf4782;||&#xf4783;||&#xf4784;||&#xf4785;||&#xf4786;||&#xf4787;||&#xf4788;||&#xf4789;||&#xf478a;||&#xf478b;||&#xf478c;||&#xf478d;||&#xf478e;||&#xf478f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F479x |&#xf4790;||&#xf4791;||&#xf4792;||&#xf4793;||&#xf4794;||&#xf4795;||&#xf4796;||&#xf4797;||&#xf4798;||&#xf4799;||&#xf479a;||&#xf479b;||&#xf479c;||&#xf479d;||&#xf479e;||&#xf479f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F47Ax |&#xf47a0;||&#xf47a1;||&#xf47a2;||&#xf47a3;||&#xf47a4;||&#xf47a5;||&#xf47a6;||&#xf47a7;||&#xf47a8;||&#xf47a9;||&#xf47aa;||&#xf47ab;||&#xf47ac;||&#xf47ad;||&#xf47ae;||&#xf47af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F47Bx |&#xf47b0;||&#xf47b1;||&#xf47b2;||&#xf47b3;||&#xf47b4;||&#xf47b5;||&#xf47b6;||&#xf47b7;||&#xf47b8;||&#xf47b9;||&#xf47ba;||&#xf47bb;||&#xf47bc;||&#xf47bd;||&#xf47be;||&#xf47bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F47Cx |&#xf47c0;||&#xf47c1;||&#xf47c2;||&#xf47c3;||&#xf47c4;||&#xf47c5;||&#xf47c6;||&#xf47c7;||&#xf47c8;||&#xf47c9;||&#xf47ca;||&#xf47cb;||&#xf47cc;||&#xf47cd;||&#xf47ce;||&#xf47cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F47Dx |&#xf47d0;||&#xf47d1;||&#xf47d2;||&#xf47d3;||&#xf47d4;||&#xf47d5;||&#xf47d6;||&#xf47d7;||&#xf47d8;||&#xf47d9;||&#xf47da;||&#xf47db;||&#xf47dc;||&#xf47dd;||&#xf47de;||&#xf47df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F47Ex |&#xf47e0;||&#xf47e1;||&#xf47e2;||&#xf47e3;||&#xf47e4;||&#xf47e5;||&#xf47e6;||&#xf47e7;||&#xf47e8;||&#xf47e9;||&#xf47ea;||&#xf47eb;||&#xf47ec;||&#xf47ed;||&#xf47ee;||&#xf47ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F47Fx |&#xf47f0;||&#xf47f1;||&#xf47f2;||&#xf47f3;||&#xf47f4;||&#xf47f5;||&#xf47f6;||&#xf47f7;||&#xf47f8;||&#xf47f9;||&#xf47fa;||&#xf47fb;||&#xf47fc;||&#xf47fd;||&#xf47fe;||&#xf47ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F480x |&#xf4800;||&#xf4801;||&#xf4802;||&#xf4803;||&#xf4804;||&#xf4805;||&#xf4806;||&#xf4807;||&#xf4808;||&#xf4809;||&#xf480a;||&#xf480b;||&#xf480c;||&#xf480d;||&#xf480e;||&#xf480f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F481x |&#xf4810;||&#xf4811;||&#xf4812;||&#xf4813;||&#xf4814;||&#xf4815;||&#xf4816;||&#xf4817;||&#xf4818;||&#xf4819;||&#xf481a;||&#xf481b;||&#xf481c;||&#xf481d;||&#xf481e;||&#xf481f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F482x |&#xf4820;||&#xf4821;||&#xf4822;||&#xf4823;||&#xf4824;||&#xf4825;||&#xf4826;||&#xf4827;||&#xf4828;||&#xf4829;||&#xf482a;||&#xf482b;||&#xf482c;||&#xf482d;||&#xf482e;||&#xf482f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F483x |&#xf4830;||&#xf4831;||&#xf4832;||&#xf4833;||&#xf4834;||&#xf4835;||&#xf4836;||&#xf4837;||&#xf4838;||&#xf4839;||&#xf483a;||&#xf483b;||&#xf483c;||&#xf483d;||&#xf483e;||&#xf483f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F484x |&#xf4840;||&#xf4841;||&#xf4842;||&#xf4843;||&#xf4844;||&#xf4845;||&#xf4846;||&#xf4847;||&#xf4848;||&#xf4849;||&#xf484a;||&#xf484b;||&#xf484c;||&#xf484d;||&#xf484e;||&#xf484f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F485x |&#xf4850;||&#xf4851;||&#xf4852;||&#xf4853;||&#xf4854;||&#xf4855;||&#xf4856;||&#xf4857;||&#xf4858;||&#xf4859;||&#xf485a;||&#xf485b;||&#xf485c;||&#xf485d;||&#xf485e;||&#xf485f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F486x |&#xf4860;||&#xf4861;||&#xf4862;||&#xf4863;||&#xf4864;||&#xf4865;||&#xf4866;||&#xf4867;||&#xf4868;||&#xf4869;||&#xf486a;||&#xf486b;||&#xf486c;||&#xf486d;||&#xf486e;||&#xf486f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F487x |&#xf4870;||&#xf4871;||&#xf4872;||&#xf4873;||&#xf4874;||&#xf4875;||&#xf4876;||&#xf4877;||&#xf4878;||&#xf4879;||&#xf487a;||&#xf487b;||&#xf487c;||&#xf487d;||&#xf487e;||&#xf487f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F488x |&#xf4880;||&#xf4881;||&#xf4882;||&#xf4883;||&#xf4884;||&#xf4885;||&#xf4886;||&#xf4887;||&#xf4888;||&#xf4889;||&#xf488a;||&#xf488b;||&#xf488c;||&#xf488d;||&#xf488e;||&#xf488f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F489x |&#xf4890;||&#xf4891;||&#xf4892;||&#xf4893;||&#xf4894;||&#xf4895;||&#xf4896;||&#xf4897;||&#xf4898;||&#xf4899;||&#xf489a;||&#xf489b;||&#xf489c;||&#xf489d;||&#xf489e;||&#xf489f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F48Ax |&#xf48a0;||&#xf48a1;||&#xf48a2;||&#xf48a3;||&#xf48a4;||&#xf48a5;||&#xf48a6;||&#xf48a7;||&#xf48a8;||&#xf48a9;||&#xf48aa;||&#xf48ab;||&#xf48ac;||&#xf48ad;||&#xf48ae;||&#xf48af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F48Bx |&#xf48b0;||&#xf48b1;||&#xf48b2;||&#xf48b3;||&#xf48b4;||&#xf48b5;||&#xf48b6;||&#xf48b7;||&#xf48b8;||&#xf48b9;||&#xf48ba;||&#xf48bb;||&#xf48bc;||&#xf48bd;||&#xf48be;||&#xf48bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F48Cx |&#xf48c0;||&#xf48c1;||&#xf48c2;||&#xf48c3;||&#xf48c4;||&#xf48c5;||&#xf48c6;||&#xf48c7;||&#xf48c8;||&#xf48c9;||&#xf48ca;||&#xf48cb;||&#xf48cc;||&#xf48cd;||&#xf48ce;||&#xf48cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F48Dx |&#xf48d0;||&#xf48d1;||&#xf48d2;||&#xf48d3;||&#xf48d4;||&#xf48d5;||&#xf48d6;||&#xf48d7;||&#xf48d8;||&#xf48d9;||&#xf48da;||&#xf48db;||&#xf48dc;||&#xf48dd;||&#xf48de;||&#xf48df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F48Ex |&#xf48e0;||&#xf48e1;||&#xf48e2;||&#xf48e3;||&#xf48e4;||&#xf48e5;||&#xf48e6;||&#xf48e7;||&#xf48e8;||&#xf48e9;||&#xf48ea;||&#xf48eb;||&#xf48ec;||&#xf48ed;||&#xf48ee;||&#xf48ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F48Fx |&#xf48f0;||&#xf48f1;||&#xf48f2;||&#xf48f3;||&#xf48f4;||&#xf48f5;||&#xf48f6;||&#xf48f7;||&#xf48f8;||&#xf48f9;||&#xf48fa;||&#xf48fb;||&#xf48fc;||&#xf48fd;||&#xf48fe;||&#xf48ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F490x |&#xf4900;||&#xf4901;||&#xf4902;||&#xf4903;||&#xf4904;||&#xf4905;||&#xf4906;||&#xf4907;||&#xf4908;||&#xf4909;||&#xf490a;||&#xf490b;||&#xf490c;||&#xf490d;||&#xf490e;||&#xf490f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F491x |&#xf4910;||&#xf4911;||&#xf4912;||&#xf4913;||&#xf4914;||&#xf4915;||&#xf4916;||&#xf4917;||&#xf4918;||&#xf4919;||&#xf491a;||&#xf491b;||&#xf491c;||&#xf491d;||&#xf491e;||&#xf491f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F492x |&#xf4920;||&#xf4921;||&#xf4922;||&#xf4923;||&#xf4924;||&#xf4925;||&#xf4926;||&#xf4927;||&#xf4928;||&#xf4929;||&#xf492a;||&#xf492b;||&#xf492c;||&#xf492d;||&#xf492e;||&#xf492f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F493x |&#xf4930;||&#xf4931;||&#xf4932;||&#xf4933;||&#xf4934;||&#xf4935;||&#xf4936;||&#xf4937;||&#xf4938;||&#xf4939;||&#xf493a;||&#xf493b;||&#xf493c;||&#xf493d;||&#xf493e;||&#xf493f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F494x |&#xf4940;||&#xf4941;||&#xf4942;||&#xf4943;||&#xf4944;||&#xf4945;||&#xf4946;||&#xf4947;||&#xf4948;||&#xf4949;||&#xf494a;||&#xf494b;||&#xf494c;||&#xf494d;||&#xf494e;||&#xf494f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F495x |&#xf4950;||&#xf4951;||&#xf4952;||&#xf4953;||&#xf4954;||&#xf4955;||&#xf4956;||&#xf4957;||&#xf4958;||&#xf4959;||&#xf495a;||&#xf495b;||&#xf495c;||&#xf495d;||&#xf495e;||&#xf495f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F496x |&#xf4960;||&#xf4961;||&#xf4962;||&#xf4963;||&#xf4964;||&#xf4965;||&#xf4966;||&#xf4967;||&#xf4968;||&#xf4969;||&#xf496a;||&#xf496b;||&#xf496c;||&#xf496d;||&#xf496e;||&#xf496f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F497x |&#xf4970;||&#xf4971;||&#xf4972;||&#xf4973;||&#xf4974;||&#xf4975;||&#xf4976;||&#xf4977;||&#xf4978;||&#xf4979;||&#xf497a;||&#xf497b;||&#xf497c;||&#xf497d;||&#xf497e;||&#xf497f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F498x |&#xf4980;||&#xf4981;||&#xf4982;||&#xf4983;||&#xf4984;||&#xf4985;||&#xf4986;||&#xf4987;||&#xf4988;||&#xf4989;||&#xf498a;||&#xf498b;||&#xf498c;||&#xf498d;||&#xf498e;||&#xf498f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F499x |&#xf4990;||&#xf4991;||&#xf4992;||&#xf4993;||&#xf4994;||&#xf4995;||&#xf4996;||&#xf4997;||&#xf4998;||&#xf4999;||&#xf499a;||&#xf499b;||&#xf499c;||&#xf499d;||&#xf499e;||&#xf499f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F49Ax |&#xf49a0;||&#xf49a1;||&#xf49a2;||&#xf49a3;||&#xf49a4;||&#xf49a5;||&#xf49a6;||&#xf49a7;||&#xf49a8;||&#xf49a9;||&#xf49aa;||&#xf49ab;||&#xf49ac;||&#xf49ad;||&#xf49ae;||&#xf49af; |----- style="text-align:center" !F49Bx |&#xf49b0;||&#xf49b1;||&#xf49b2;||&#xf49b3;||&#xf49b4;||&#xf49b5;||&#xf49b6;||&#xf49b7;||&#xf49b8;||&#xf49b9;||&#xf49ba;||&#xf49bb;||&#xf49bc;||&#xf49bd;||&#xf49be;||&#xf49bf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F49Cx |&#xf49c0;||&#xf49c1;||&#xf49c2;||&#xf49c3;||&#xf49c4;||&#xf49c5;||&#xf49c6;||&#xf49c7;||&#xf49c8;||&#xf49c9;||&#xf49ca;||&#xf49cb;||&#xf49cc;||&#xf49cd;||&#xf49ce;||&#xf49cf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F49Dx |&#xf49d0;||&#xf49d1;||&#xf49d2;||&#xf49d3;||&#xf49d4;||&#xf49d5;||&#xf49d6;||&#xf49d7;||&#xf49d8;||&#xf49d9;||&#xf49da;||&#xf49db;||&#xf49dc;||&#xf49dd;||&#xf49de;||&#xf49df; |----- style="text-align:center" !F49Ex |&#xf49e0;||&#xf49e1;||&#xf49e2;||&#xf49e3;||&#xf49e4;||&#xf49e5;||&#xf49e6;||&#xf49e7;||&#xf49e8;||&#xf49e9;||&#xf49ea;||&#xf49eb;||&#xf49ec;||&#xf49ed;||&#xf49ee;||&#xf49ef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F49Fx |&#xf49f0;||&#xf49f1;||&#xf49f2;||&#xf49f3;||&#xf49f4;||&#xf49f5;||&#xf49f6;||&#xf49f7;||&#xf49f8;||&#xf49f9;||&#xf49fa;||&#xf49fb;||&#xf49fc;||&#xf49fd;||&#xf49fe;||&#xf49ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A0x |&#xf4a00;||&#xf4a01;||&#xf4a02;||&#xf4a03;||&#xf4a04;||&#xf4a05;||&#xf4a06;||&#xf4a07;||&#xf4a08;||&#xf4a09;||&#xf4a0a;||&#xf4a0b;||&#xf4a0c;||&#xf4a0d;||&#xf4a0e;||&#xf4a0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A1x |&#xf4a10;||&#xf4a11;||&#xf4a12;||&#xf4a13;||&#xf4a14;||&#xf4a15;||&#xf4a16;||&#xf4a17;||&#xf4a18;||&#xf4a19;||&#xf4a1a;||&#xf4a1b;||&#xf4a1c;||&#xf4a1d;||&#xf4a1e;||&#xf4a1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A2x |&#xf4a20;||&#xf4a21;||&#xf4a22;||&#xf4a23;||&#xf4a24;||&#xf4a25;||&#xf4a26;||&#xf4a27;||&#xf4a28;||&#xf4a29;||&#xf4a2a;||&#xf4a2b;||&#xf4a2c;||&#xf4a2d;||&#xf4a2e;||&#xf4a2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A3x |&#xf4a30;||&#xf4a31;||&#xf4a32;||&#xf4a33;||&#xf4a34;||&#xf4a35;||&#xf4a36;||&#xf4a37;||&#xf4a38;||&#xf4a39;||&#xf4a3a;||&#xf4a3b;||&#xf4a3c;||&#xf4a3d;||&#xf4a3e;||&#xf4a3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A4x |&#xf4a40;||&#xf4a41;||&#xf4a42;||&#xf4a43;||&#xf4a44;||&#xf4a45;||&#xf4a46;||&#xf4a47;||&#xf4a48;||&#xf4a49;||&#xf4a4a;||&#xf4a4b;||&#xf4a4c;||&#xf4a4d;||&#xf4a4e;||&#xf4a4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A5x |&#xf4a50;||&#xf4a51;||&#xf4a52;||&#xf4a53;||&#xf4a54;||&#xf4a55;||&#xf4a56;||&#xf4a57;||&#xf4a58;||&#xf4a59;||&#xf4a5a;||&#xf4a5b;||&#xf4a5c;||&#xf4a5d;||&#xf4a5e;||&#xf4a5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A6x |&#xf4a60;||&#xf4a61;||&#xf4a62;||&#xf4a63;||&#xf4a64;||&#xf4a65;||&#xf4a66;||&#xf4a67;||&#xf4a68;||&#xf4a69;||&#xf4a6a;||&#xf4a6b;||&#xf4a6c;||&#xf4a6d;||&#xf4a6e;||&#xf4a6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A7x |&#xf4a70;||&#xf4a71;||&#xf4a72;||&#xf4a73;||&#xf4a74;||&#xf4a75;||&#xf4a76;||&#xf4a77;||&#xf4a78;||&#xf4a79;||&#xf4a7a;||&#xf4a7b;||&#xf4a7c;||&#xf4a7d;||&#xf4a7e;||&#xf4a7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A8x |&#xf4a80;||&#xf4a81;||&#xf4a82;||&#xf4a83;||&#xf4a84;||&#xf4a85;||&#xf4a86;||&#xf4a87;||&#xf4a88;||&#xf4a89;||&#xf4a8a;||&#xf4a8b;||&#xf4a8c;||&#xf4a8d;||&#xf4a8e;||&#xf4a8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4A9x |&#xf4a90;||&#xf4a91;||&#xf4a92;||&#xf4a93;||&#xf4a94;||&#xf4a95;||&#xf4a96;||&#xf4a97;||&#xf4a98;||&#xf4a99;||&#xf4a9a;||&#xf4a9b;||&#xf4a9c;||&#xf4a9d;||&#xf4a9e;||&#xf4a9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4AAx |&#xf4aa0;||&#xf4aa1;||&#xf4aa2;||&#xf4aa3;||&#xf4aa4;||&#xf4aa5;||&#xf4aa6;||&#xf4aa7;||&#xf4aa8;||&#xf4aa9;||&#xf4aaa;||&#xf4aab;||&#xf4aac;||&#xf4aad;||&#xf4aae;||&#xf4aaf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4ABx |&#xf4ab0;||&#xf4ab1;||&#xf4ab2;||&#xf4ab3;||&#xf4ab4;||&#xf4ab5;||&#xf4ab6;||&#xf4ab7;||&#xf4ab8;||&#xf4ab9;||&#xf4aba;||&#xf4abb;||&#xf4abc;||&#xf4abd;||&#xf4abe;||&#xf4abf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4ACx |&#xf4ac0;||&#xf4ac1;||&#xf4ac2;||&#xf4ac3;||&#xf4ac4;||&#xf4ac5;||&#xf4ac6;||&#xf4ac7;||&#xf4ac8;||&#xf4ac9;||&#xf4aca;||&#xf4acb;||&#xf4acc;||&#xf4acd;||&#xf4ace;||&#xf4acf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4ADx |&#xf4ad0;||&#xf4ad1;||&#xf4ad2;||&#xf4ad3;||&#xf4ad4;||&#xf4ad5;||&#xf4ad6;||&#xf4ad7;||&#xf4ad8;||&#xf4ad9;||&#xf4ada;||&#xf4adb;||&#xf4adc;||&#xf4add;||&#xf4ade;||&#xf4adf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4AEx |&#xf4ae0;||&#xf4ae1;||&#xf4ae2;||&#xf4ae3;||&#xf4ae4;||&#xf4ae5;||&#xf4ae6;||&#xf4ae7;||&#xf4ae8;||&#xf4ae9;||&#xf4aea;||&#xf4aeb;||&#xf4aec;||&#xf4aed;||&#xf4aee;||&#xf4aef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4AFx |&#xf4af0;||&#xf4af1;||&#xf4af2;||&#xf4af3;||&#xf4af4;||&#xf4af5;||&#xf4af6;||&#xf4af7;||&#xf4af8;||&#xf4af9;||&#xf4afa;||&#xf4afb;||&#xf4afc;||&#xf4afd;||&#xf4afe;||&#xf4aff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B0x |&#xf4b00;||&#xf4b01;||&#xf4b02;||&#xf4b03;||&#xf4b04;||&#xf4b05;||&#xf4b06;||&#xf4b07;||&#xf4b08;||&#xf4b09;||&#xf4b0a;||&#xf4b0b;||&#xf4b0c;||&#xf4b0d;||&#xf4b0e;||&#xf4b0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B1x |&#xf4b10;||&#xf4b11;||&#xf4b12;||&#xf4b13;||&#xf4b14;||&#xf4b15;||&#xf4b16;||&#xf4b17;||&#xf4b18;||&#xf4b19;||&#xf4b1a;||&#xf4b1b;||&#xf4b1c;||&#xf4b1d;||&#xf4b1e;||&#xf4b1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B2x |&#xf4b20;||&#xf4b21;||&#xf4b22;||&#xf4b23;||&#xf4b24;||&#xf4b25;||&#xf4b26;||&#xf4b27;||&#xf4b28;||&#xf4b29;||&#xf4b2a;||&#xf4b2b;||&#xf4b2c;||&#xf4b2d;||&#xf4b2e;||&#xf4b2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B3x |&#xf4b30;||&#xf4b31;||&#xf4b32;||&#xf4b33;||&#xf4b34;||&#xf4b35;||&#xf4b36;||&#xf4b37;||&#xf4b38;||&#xf4b39;||&#xf4b3a;||&#xf4b3b;||&#xf4b3c;||&#xf4b3d;||&#xf4b3e;||&#xf4b3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B4x |&#xf4b40;||&#xf4b41;||&#xf4b42;||&#xf4b43;||&#xf4b44;||&#xf4b45;||&#xf4b46;||&#xf4b47;||&#xf4b48;||&#xf4b49;||&#xf4b4a;||&#xf4b4b;||&#xf4b4c;||&#xf4b4d;||&#xf4b4e;||&#xf4b4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B5x |&#xf4b50;||&#xf4b51;||&#xf4b52;||&#xf4b53;||&#xf4b54;||&#xf4b55;||&#xf4b56;||&#xf4b57;||&#xf4b58;||&#xf4b59;||&#xf4b5a;||&#xf4b5b;||&#xf4b5c;||&#xf4b5d;||&#xf4b5e;||&#xf4b5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B6x |&#xf4b60;||&#xf4b61;||&#xf4b62;||&#xf4b63;||&#xf4b64;||&#xf4b65;||&#xf4b66;||&#xf4b67;||&#xf4b68;||&#xf4b69;||&#xf4b6a;||&#xf4b6b;||&#xf4b6c;||&#xf4b6d;||&#xf4b6e;||&#xf4b6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B7x |&#xf4b70;||&#xf4b71;||&#xf4b72;||&#xf4b73;||&#xf4b74;||&#xf4b75;||&#xf4b76;||&#xf4b77;||&#xf4b78;||&#xf4b79;||&#xf4b7a;||&#xf4b7b;||&#xf4b7c;||&#xf4b7d;||&#xf4b7e;||&#xf4b7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B8x |&#xf4b80;||&#xf4b81;||&#xf4b82;||&#xf4b83;||&#xf4b84;||&#xf4b85;||&#xf4b86;||&#xf4b87;||&#xf4b88;||&#xf4b89;||&#xf4b8a;||&#xf4b8b;||&#xf4b8c;||&#xf4b8d;||&#xf4b8e;||&#xf4b8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4B9x |&#xf4b90;||&#xf4b91;||&#xf4b92;||&#xf4b93;||&#xf4b94;||&#xf4b95;||&#xf4b96;||&#xf4b97;||&#xf4b98;||&#xf4b99;||&#xf4b9a;||&#xf4b9b;||&#xf4b9c;||&#xf4b9d;||&#xf4b9e;||&#xf4b9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4BAx |&#xf4ba0;||&#xf4ba1;||&#xf4ba2;||&#xf4ba3;||&#xf4ba4;||&#xf4ba5;||&#xf4ba6;||&#xf4ba7;||&#xf4ba8;||&#xf4ba9;||&#xf4baa;||&#xf4bab;||&#xf4bac;||&#xf4bad;||&#xf4bae;||&#xf4baf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4BBx |&#xf4bb0;||&#xf4bb1;||&#xf4bb2;||&#xf4bb3;||&#xf4bb4;||&#xf4bb5;||&#xf4bb6;||&#xf4bb7;||&#xf4bb8;||&#xf4bb9;||&#xf4bba;||&#xf4bbb;||&#xf4bbc;||&#xf4bbd;||&#xf4bbe;||&#xf4bbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4BCx |&#xf4bc0;||&#xf4bc1;||&#xf4bc2;||&#xf4bc3;||&#xf4bc4;||&#xf4bc5;||&#xf4bc6;||&#xf4bc7;||&#xf4bc8;||&#xf4bc9;||&#xf4bca;||&#xf4bcb;||&#xf4bcc;||&#xf4bcd;||&#xf4bce;||&#xf4bcf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4BDx |&#xf4bd0;||&#xf4bd1;||&#xf4bd2;||&#xf4bd3;||&#xf4bd4;||&#xf4bd5;||&#xf4bd6;||&#xf4bd7;||&#xf4bd8;||&#xf4bd9;||&#xf4bda;||&#xf4bdb;||&#xf4bdc;||&#xf4bdd;||&#xf4bde;||&#xf4bdf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4BEx |&#xf4be0;||&#xf4be1;||&#xf4be2;||&#xf4be3;||&#xf4be4;||&#xf4be5;||&#xf4be6;||&#xf4be7;||&#xf4be8;||&#xf4be9;||&#xf4bea;||&#xf4beb;||&#xf4bec;||&#xf4bed;||&#xf4bee;||&#xf4bef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4BFx |&#xf4bf0;||&#xf4bf1;||&#xf4bf2;||&#xf4bf3;||&#xf4bf4;||&#xf4bf5;||&#xf4bf6;||&#xf4bf7;||&#xf4bf8;||&#xf4bf9;||&#xf4bfa;||&#xf4bfb;||&#xf4bfc;||&#xf4bfd;||&#xf4bfe;||&#xf4bff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C0x |&#xf4c00;||&#xf4c01;||&#xf4c02;||&#xf4c03;||&#xf4c04;||&#xf4c05;||&#xf4c06;||&#xf4c07;||&#xf4c08;||&#xf4c09;||&#xf4c0a;||&#xf4c0b;||&#xf4c0c;||&#xf4c0d;||&#xf4c0e;||&#xf4c0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C1x |&#xf4c10;||&#xf4c11;||&#xf4c12;||&#xf4c13;||&#xf4c14;||&#xf4c15;||&#xf4c16;||&#xf4c17;||&#xf4c18;||&#xf4c19;||&#xf4c1a;||&#xf4c1b;||&#xf4c1c;||&#xf4c1d;||&#xf4c1e;||&#xf4c1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C2x |&#xf4c20;||&#xf4c21;||&#xf4c22;||&#xf4c23;||&#xf4c24;||&#xf4c25;||&#xf4c26;||&#xf4c27;||&#xf4c28;||&#xf4c29;||&#xf4c2a;||&#xf4c2b;||&#xf4c2c;||&#xf4c2d;||&#xf4c2e;||&#xf4c2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C3x |&#xf4c30;||&#xf4c31;||&#xf4c32;||&#xf4c33;||&#xf4c34;||&#xf4c35;||&#xf4c36;||&#xf4c37;||&#xf4c38;||&#xf4c39;||&#xf4c3a;||&#xf4c3b;||&#xf4c3c;||&#xf4c3d;||&#xf4c3e;||&#xf4c3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C4x |&#xf4c40;||&#xf4c41;||&#xf4c42;||&#xf4c43;||&#xf4c44;||&#xf4c45;||&#xf4c46;||&#xf4c47;||&#xf4c48;||&#xf4c49;||&#xf4c4a;||&#xf4c4b;||&#xf4c4c;||&#xf4c4d;||&#xf4c4e;||&#xf4c4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C5x |&#xf4c50;||&#xf4c51;||&#xf4c52;||&#xf4c53;||&#xf4c54;||&#xf4c55;||&#xf4c56;||&#xf4c57;||&#xf4c58;||&#xf4c59;||&#xf4c5a;||&#xf4c5b;||&#xf4c5c;||&#xf4c5d;||&#xf4c5e;||&#xf4c5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C6x |&#xf4c60;||&#xf4c61;||&#xf4c62;||&#xf4c63;||&#xf4c64;||&#xf4c65;||&#xf4c66;||&#xf4c67;||&#xf4c68;||&#xf4c69;||&#xf4c6a;||&#xf4c6b;||&#xf4c6c;||&#xf4c6d;||&#xf4c6e;||&#xf4c6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C7x |&#xf4c70;||&#xf4c71;||&#xf4c72;||&#xf4c73;||&#xf4c74;||&#xf4c75;||&#xf4c76;||&#xf4c77;||&#xf4c78;||&#xf4c79;||&#xf4c7a;||&#xf4c7b;||&#xf4c7c;||&#xf4c7d;||&#xf4c7e;||&#xf4c7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C8x |&#xf4c80;||&#xf4c81;||&#xf4c82;||&#xf4c83;||&#xf4c84;||&#xf4c85;||&#xf4c86;||&#xf4c87;||&#xf4c88;||&#xf4c89;||&#xf4c8a;||&#xf4c8b;||&#xf4c8c;||&#xf4c8d;||&#xf4c8e;||&#xf4c8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4C9x |&#xf4c90;||&#xf4c91;||&#xf4c92;||&#xf4c93;||&#xf4c94;||&#xf4c95;||&#xf4c96;||&#xf4c97;||&#xf4c98;||&#xf4c99;||&#xf4c9a;||&#xf4c9b;||&#xf4c9c;||&#xf4c9d;||&#xf4c9e;||&#xf4c9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4CAx |&#xf4ca0;||&#xf4ca1;||&#xf4ca2;||&#xf4ca3;||&#xf4ca4;||&#xf4ca5;||&#xf4ca6;||&#xf4ca7;||&#xf4ca8;||&#xf4ca9;||&#xf4caa;||&#xf4cab;||&#xf4cac;||&#xf4cad;||&#xf4cae;||&#xf4caf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4CBx |&#xf4cb0;||&#xf4cb1;||&#xf4cb2;||&#xf4cb3;||&#xf4cb4;||&#xf4cb5;||&#xf4cb6;||&#xf4cb7;||&#xf4cb8;||&#xf4cb9;||&#xf4cba;||&#xf4cbb;||&#xf4cbc;||&#xf4cbd;||&#xf4cbe;||&#xf4cbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4CCx |&#xf4cc0;||&#xf4cc1;||&#xf4cc2;||&#xf4cc3;||&#xf4cc4;||&#xf4cc5;||&#xf4cc6;||&#xf4cc7;||&#xf4cc8;||&#xf4cc9;||&#xf4cca;||&#xf4ccb;||&#xf4ccc;||&#xf4ccd;||&#xf4cce;||&#xf4ccf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4CDx |&#xf4cd0;||&#xf4cd1;||&#xf4cd2;||&#xf4cd3;||&#xf4cd4;||&#xf4cd5;||&#xf4cd6;||&#xf4cd7;||&#xf4cd8;||&#xf4cd9;||&#xf4cda;||&#xf4cdb;||&#xf4cdc;||&#xf4cdd;||&#xf4cde;||&#xf4cdf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4CEx |&#xf4ce0;||&#xf4ce1;||&#xf4ce2;||&#xf4ce3;||&#xf4ce4;||&#xf4ce5;||&#xf4ce6;||&#xf4ce7;||&#xf4ce8;||&#xf4ce9;||&#xf4cea;||&#xf4ceb;||&#xf4cec;||&#xf4ced;||&#xf4cee;||&#xf4cef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4CFx |&#xf4cf0;||&#xf4cf1;||&#xf4cf2;||&#xf4cf3;||&#xf4cf4;||&#xf4cf5;||&#xf4cf6;||&#xf4cf7;||&#xf4cf8;||&#xf4cf9;||&#xf4cfa;||&#xf4cfb;||&#xf4cfc;||&#xf4cfd;||&#xf4cfe;||&#xf4cff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D0x |&#xf4d00;||&#xf4d01;||&#xf4d02;||&#xf4d03;||&#xf4d04;||&#xf4d05;||&#xf4d06;||&#xf4d07;||&#xf4d08;||&#xf4d09;||&#xf4d0a;||&#xf4d0b;||&#xf4d0c;||&#xf4d0d;||&#xf4d0e;||&#xf4d0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D1x |&#xf4d10;||&#xf4d11;||&#xf4d12;||&#xf4d13;||&#xf4d14;||&#xf4d15;||&#xf4d16;||&#xf4d17;||&#xf4d18;||&#xf4d19;||&#xf4d1a;||&#xf4d1b;||&#xf4d1c;||&#xf4d1d;||&#xf4d1e;||&#xf4d1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D2x |&#xf4d20;||&#xf4d21;||&#xf4d22;||&#xf4d23;||&#xf4d24;||&#xf4d25;||&#xf4d26;||&#xf4d27;||&#xf4d28;||&#xf4d29;||&#xf4d2a;||&#xf4d2b;||&#xf4d2c;||&#xf4d2d;||&#xf4d2e;||&#xf4d2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D3x |&#xf4d30;||&#xf4d31;||&#xf4d32;||&#xf4d33;||&#xf4d34;||&#xf4d35;||&#xf4d36;||&#xf4d37;||&#xf4d38;||&#xf4d39;||&#xf4d3a;||&#xf4d3b;||&#xf4d3c;||&#xf4d3d;||&#xf4d3e;||&#xf4d3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D4x |&#xf4d40;||&#xf4d41;||&#xf4d42;||&#xf4d43;||&#xf4d44;||&#xf4d45;||&#xf4d46;||&#xf4d47;||&#xf4d48;||&#xf4d49;||&#xf4d4a;||&#xf4d4b;||&#xf4d4c;||&#xf4d4d;||&#xf4d4e;||&#xf4d4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D5x |&#xf4d50;||&#xf4d51;||&#xf4d52;||&#xf4d53;||&#xf4d54;||&#xf4d55;||&#xf4d56;||&#xf4d57;||&#xf4d58;||&#xf4d59;||&#xf4d5a;||&#xf4d5b;||&#xf4d5c;||&#xf4d5d;||&#xf4d5e;||&#xf4d5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D6x |&#xf4d60;||&#xf4d61;||&#xf4d62;||&#xf4d63;||&#xf4d64;||&#xf4d65;||&#xf4d66;||&#xf4d67;||&#xf4d68;||&#xf4d69;||&#xf4d6a;||&#xf4d6b;||&#xf4d6c;||&#xf4d6d;||&#xf4d6e;||&#xf4d6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D7x |&#xf4d70;||&#xf4d71;||&#xf4d72;||&#xf4d73;||&#xf4d74;||&#xf4d75;||&#xf4d76;||&#xf4d77;||&#xf4d78;||&#xf4d79;||&#xf4d7a;||&#xf4d7b;||&#xf4d7c;||&#xf4d7d;||&#xf4d7e;||&#xf4d7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D8x |&#xf4d80;||&#xf4d81;||&#xf4d82;||&#xf4d83;||&#xf4d84;||&#xf4d85;||&#xf4d86;||&#xf4d87;||&#xf4d88;||&#xf4d89;||&#xf4d8a;||&#xf4d8b;||&#xf4d8c;||&#xf4d8d;||&#xf4d8e;||&#xf4d8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4D9x |&#xf4d90;||&#xf4d91;||&#xf4d92;||&#xf4d93;||&#xf4d94;||&#xf4d95;||&#xf4d96;||&#xf4d97;||&#xf4d98;||&#xf4d99;||&#xf4d9a;||&#xf4d9b;||&#xf4d9c;||&#xf4d9d;||&#xf4d9e;||&#xf4d9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4DAx |&#xf4da0;||&#xf4da1;||&#xf4da2;||&#xf4da3;||&#xf4da4;||&#xf4da5;||&#xf4da6;||&#xf4da7;||&#xf4da8;||&#xf4da9;||&#xf4daa;||&#xf4dab;||&#xf4dac;||&#xf4dad;||&#xf4dae;||&#xf4daf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4DBx |&#xf4db0;||&#xf4db1;||&#xf4db2;||&#xf4db3;||&#xf4db4;||&#xf4db5;||&#xf4db6;||&#xf4db7;||&#xf4db8;||&#xf4db9;||&#xf4dba;||&#xf4dbb;||&#xf4dbc;||&#xf4dbd;||&#xf4dbe;||&#xf4dbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4DCx |&#xf4dc0;||&#xf4dc1;||&#xf4dc2;||&#xf4dc3;||&#xf4dc4;||&#xf4dc5;||&#xf4dc6;||&#xf4dc7;||&#xf4dc8;||&#xf4dc9;||&#xf4dca;||&#xf4dcb;||&#xf4dcc;||&#xf4dcd;||&#xf4dce;||&#xf4dcf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4DDx |&#xf4dd0;||&#xf4dd1;||&#xf4dd2;||&#xf4dd3;||&#xf4dd4;||&#xf4dd5;||&#xf4dd6;||&#xf4dd7;||&#xf4dd8;||&#xf4dd9;||&#xf4dda;||&#xf4ddb;||&#xf4ddc;||&#xf4ddd;||&#xf4dde;||&#xf4ddf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4DEx |&#xf4de0;||&#xf4de1;||&#xf4de2;||&#xf4de3;||&#xf4de4;||&#xf4de5;||&#xf4de6;||&#xf4de7;||&#xf4de8;||&#xf4de9;||&#xf4dea;||&#xf4deb;||&#xf4dec;||&#xf4ded;||&#xf4dee;||&#xf4def; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4DFx |&#xf4df0;||&#xf4df1;||&#xf4df2;||&#xf4df3;||&#xf4df4;||&#xf4df5;||&#xf4df6;||&#xf4df7;||&#xf4df8;||&#xf4df9;||&#xf4dfa;||&#xf4dfb;||&#xf4dfc;||&#xf4dfd;||&#xf4dfe;||&#xf4dff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E0x |&#xf4e00;||&#xf4e01;||&#xf4e02;||&#xf4e03;||&#xf4e04;||&#xf4e05;||&#xf4e06;||&#xf4e07;||&#xf4e08;||&#xf4e09;||&#xf4e0a;||&#xf4e0b;||&#xf4e0c;||&#xf4e0d;||&#xf4e0e;||&#xf4e0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E1x |&#xf4e10;||&#xf4e11;||&#xf4e12;||&#xf4e13;||&#xf4e14;||&#xf4e15;||&#xf4e16;||&#xf4e17;||&#xf4e18;||&#xf4e19;||&#xf4e1a;||&#xf4e1b;||&#xf4e1c;||&#xf4e1d;||&#xf4e1e;||&#xf4e1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E2x |&#xf4e20;||&#xf4e21;||&#xf4e22;||&#xf4e23;||&#xf4e24;||&#xf4e25;||&#xf4e26;||&#xf4e27;||&#xf4e28;||&#xf4e29;||&#xf4e2a;||&#xf4e2b;||&#xf4e2c;||&#xf4e2d;||&#xf4e2e;||&#xf4e2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E3x |&#xf4e30;||&#xf4e31;||&#xf4e32;||&#xf4e33;||&#xf4e34;||&#xf4e35;||&#xf4e36;||&#xf4e37;||&#xf4e38;||&#xf4e39;||&#xf4e3a;||&#xf4e3b;||&#xf4e3c;||&#xf4e3d;||&#xf4e3e;||&#xf4e3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E4x |&#xf4e40;||&#xf4e41;||&#xf4e42;||&#xf4e43;||&#xf4e44;||&#xf4e45;||&#xf4e46;||&#xf4e47;||&#xf4e48;||&#xf4e49;||&#xf4e4a;||&#xf4e4b;||&#xf4e4c;||&#xf4e4d;||&#xf4e4e;||&#xf4e4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E5x |&#xf4e50;||&#xf4e51;||&#xf4e52;||&#xf4e53;||&#xf4e54;||&#xf4e55;||&#xf4e56;||&#xf4e57;||&#xf4e58;||&#xf4e59;||&#xf4e5a;||&#xf4e5b;||&#xf4e5c;||&#xf4e5d;||&#xf4e5e;||&#xf4e5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E6x |&#xf4e60;||&#xf4e61;||&#xf4e62;||&#xf4e63;||&#xf4e64;||&#xf4e65;||&#xf4e66;||&#xf4e67;||&#xf4e68;||&#xf4e69;||&#xf4e6a;||&#xf4e6b;||&#xf4e6c;||&#xf4e6d;||&#xf4e6e;||&#xf4e6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E7x |&#xf4e70;||&#xf4e71;||&#xf4e72;||&#xf4e73;||&#xf4e74;||&#xf4e75;||&#xf4e76;||&#xf4e77;||&#xf4e78;||&#xf4e79;||&#xf4e7a;||&#xf4e7b;||&#xf4e7c;||&#xf4e7d;||&#xf4e7e;||&#xf4e7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E8x |&#xf4e80;||&#xf4e81;||&#xf4e82;||&#xf4e83;||&#xf4e84;||&#xf4e85;||&#xf4e86;||&#xf4e87;||&#xf4e88;||&#xf4e89;||&#xf4e8a;||&#xf4e8b;||&#xf4e8c;||&#xf4e8d;||&#xf4e8e;||&#xf4e8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4E9x |&#xf4e90;||&#xf4e91;||&#xf4e92;||&#xf4e93;||&#xf4e94;||&#xf4e95;||&#xf4e96;||&#xf4e97;||&#xf4e98;||&#xf4e99;||&#xf4e9a;||&#xf4e9b;||&#xf4e9c;||&#xf4e9d;||&#xf4e9e;||&#xf4e9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4EAx |&#xf4ea0;||&#xf4ea1;||&#xf4ea2;||&#xf4ea3;||&#xf4ea4;||&#xf4ea5;||&#xf4ea6;||&#xf4ea7;||&#xf4ea8;||&#xf4ea9;||&#xf4eaa;||&#xf4eab;||&#xf4eac;||&#xf4ead;||&#xf4eae;||&#xf4eaf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4EBx |&#xf4eb0;||&#xf4eb1;||&#xf4eb2;||&#xf4eb3;||&#xf4eb4;||&#xf4eb5;||&#xf4eb6;||&#xf4eb7;||&#xf4eb8;||&#xf4eb9;||&#xf4eba;||&#xf4ebb;||&#xf4ebc;||&#xf4ebd;||&#xf4ebe;||&#xf4ebf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4ECx |&#xf4ec0;||&#xf4ec1;||&#xf4ec2;||&#xf4ec3;||&#xf4ec4;||&#xf4ec5;||&#xf4ec6;||&#xf4ec7;||&#xf4ec8;||&#xf4ec9;||&#xf4eca;||&#xf4ecb;||&#xf4ecc;||&#xf4ecd;||&#xf4ece;||&#xf4ecf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4EDx |&#xf4ed0;||&#xf4ed1;||&#xf4ed2;||&#xf4ed3;||&#xf4ed4;||&#xf4ed5;||&#xf4ed6;||&#xf4ed7;||&#xf4ed8;||&#xf4ed9;||&#xf4eda;||&#xf4edb;||&#xf4edc;||&#xf4edd;||&#xf4ede;||&#xf4edf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4EEx |&#xf4ee0;||&#xf4ee1;||&#xf4ee2;||&#xf4ee3;||&#xf4ee4;||&#xf4ee5;||&#xf4ee6;||&#xf4ee7;||&#xf4ee8;||&#xf4ee9;||&#xf4eea;||&#xf4eeb;||&#xf4eec;||&#xf4eed;||&#xf4eee;||&#xf4eef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4EFx |&#xf4ef0;||&#xf4ef1;||&#xf4ef2;||&#xf4ef3;||&#xf4ef4;||&#xf4ef5;||&#xf4ef6;||&#xf4ef7;||&#xf4ef8;||&#xf4ef9;||&#xf4efa;||&#xf4efb;||&#xf4efc;||&#xf4efd;||&#xf4efe;||&#xf4eff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F0x |&#xf4f00;||&#xf4f01;||&#xf4f02;||&#xf4f03;||&#xf4f04;||&#xf4f05;||&#xf4f06;||&#xf4f07;||&#xf4f08;||&#xf4f09;||&#xf4f0a;||&#xf4f0b;||&#xf4f0c;||&#xf4f0d;||&#xf4f0e;||&#xf4f0f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F1x |&#xf4f10;||&#xf4f11;||&#xf4f12;||&#xf4f13;||&#xf4f14;||&#xf4f15;||&#xf4f16;||&#xf4f17;||&#xf4f18;||&#xf4f19;||&#xf4f1a;||&#xf4f1b;||&#xf4f1c;||&#xf4f1d;||&#xf4f1e;||&#xf4f1f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F2x |&#xf4f20;||&#xf4f21;||&#xf4f22;||&#xf4f23;||&#xf4f24;||&#xf4f25;||&#xf4f26;||&#xf4f27;||&#xf4f28;||&#xf4f29;||&#xf4f2a;||&#xf4f2b;||&#xf4f2c;||&#xf4f2d;||&#xf4f2e;||&#xf4f2f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F3x |&#xf4f30;||&#xf4f31;||&#xf4f32;||&#xf4f33;||&#xf4f34;||&#xf4f35;||&#xf4f36;||&#xf4f37;||&#xf4f38;||&#xf4f39;||&#xf4f3a;||&#xf4f3b;||&#xf4f3c;||&#xf4f3d;||&#xf4f3e;||&#xf4f3f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F4x |&#xf4f40;||&#xf4f41;||&#xf4f42;||&#xf4f43;||&#xf4f44;||&#xf4f45;||&#xf4f46;||&#xf4f47;||&#xf4f48;||&#xf4f49;||&#xf4f4a;||&#xf4f4b;||&#xf4f4c;||&#xf4f4d;||&#xf4f4e;||&#xf4f4f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F5x |&#xf4f50;||&#xf4f51;||&#xf4f52;||&#xf4f53;||&#xf4f54;||&#xf4f55;||&#xf4f56;||&#xf4f57;||&#xf4f58;||&#xf4f59;||&#xf4f5a;||&#xf4f5b;||&#xf4f5c;||&#xf4f5d;||&#xf4f5e;||&#xf4f5f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F6x |&#xf4f60;||&#xf4f61;||&#xf4f62;||&#xf4f63;||&#xf4f64;||&#xf4f65;||&#xf4f66;||&#xf4f67;||&#xf4f68;||&#xf4f69;||&#xf4f6a;||&#xf4f6b;||&#xf4f6c;||&#xf4f6d;||&#xf4f6e;||&#xf4f6f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F7x |&#xf4f70;||&#xf4f71;||&#xf4f72;||&#xf4f73;||&#xf4f74;||&#xf4f75;||&#xf4f76;||&#xf4f77;||&#xf4f78;||&#xf4f79;||&#xf4f7a;||&#xf4f7b;||&#xf4f7c;||&#xf4f7d;||&#xf4f7e;||&#xf4f7f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F8x |&#xf4f80;||&#xf4f81;||&#xf4f82;||&#xf4f83;||&#xf4f84;||&#xf4f85;||&#xf4f86;||&#xf4f87;||&#xf4f88;||&#xf4f89;||&#xf4f8a;||&#xf4f8b;||&#xf4f8c;||&#xf4f8d;||&#xf4f8e;||&#xf4f8f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4F9x |&#xf4f90;||&#xf4f91;||&#xf4f92;||&#xf4f93;||&#xf4f94;||&#xf4f95;||&#xf4f96;||&#xf4f97;||&#xf4f98;||&#xf4f99;||&#xf4f9a;||&#xf4f9b;||&#xf4f9c;||&#xf4f9d;||&#xf4f9e;||&#xf4f9f; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4FAx |&#xf4fa0;||&#xf4fa1;||&#xf4fa2;||&#xf4fa3;||&#xf4fa4;||&#xf4fa5;||&#xf4fa6;||&#xf4fa7;||&#xf4fa8;||&#xf4fa9;||&#xf4faa;||&#xf4fab;||&#xf4fac;||&#xf4fad;||&#xf4fae;||&#xf4faf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4FBx |&#xf4fb0;||&#xf4fb1;||&#xf4fb2;||&#xf4fb3;||&#xf4fb4;||&#xf4fb5;||&#xf4fb6;||&#xf4fb7;||&#xf4fb8;||&#xf4fb9;||&#xf4fba;||&#xf4fbb;||&#xf4fbc;||&#xf4fbd;||&#xf4fbe;||&#xf4fbf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4FCx |&#xf4fc0;||&#xf4fc1;||&#xf4fc2;||&#xf4fc3;||&#xf4fc4;||&#xf4fc5;||&#xf4fc6;||&#xf4fc7;||&#xf4fc8;||&#xf4fc9;||&#xf4fca;||&#xf4fcb;||&#xf4fcc;||&#xf4fcd;||&#xf4fce;||&#xf4fcf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4FDx |&#xf4fd0;||&#xf4fd1;||&#xf4fd2;||&#xf4fd3;||&#xf4fd4;||&#xf4fd5;||&#xf4fd6;||&#xf4fd7;||&#xf4fd8;||&#xf4fd9;||&#xf4fda;||&#xf4fdb;||&#xf4fdc;||&#xf4fdd;||&#xf4fde;||&#xf4fdf; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4FEx |&#xf4fe0;||&#xf4fe1;||&#xf4fe2;||&#xf4fe3;||&#xf4fe4;||&#xf4fe5;||&#xf4fe6;||&#xf4fe7;||&#xf4fe8;||&#xf4fe9;||&#xf4fea;||&#xf4feb;||&#xf4fec;||&#xf4fed;||&#xf4fee;||&#xf4fef; |----- style="text-align:center" !F4FFx |&#xf4ff0;||&#xf4ff1;||&#xf4ff2;||&#xf4ff3;||&#xf4ff4;||&#xf4ff5;||&#xf4ff6;||&#xf4ff7;||&#xf4ff8;||&#xf4ff9;||&#xf4ffa;||&#xf4ffb;||&#xf4ffc;||&#xf4ffd;||&#xf4ffe;||&#xf4fff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range F0000–FFFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} ecgoa3yaayaqa2dp7j01hy4306wt0fh Unicode/Character reference/1B000-1BFFF 0 243374 4664621 4633046 2026-08-26T11:29:32Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 Attempting to solve lints - Please ignore the notification this edit generated. 4664621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kana Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B00x |style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC E|&#x1b000;}}||style="background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC YE|&#x1b001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER A-1|&#x1b002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER A-2|&#x1b003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER A-3|&#x1b004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER A-WO|&#x1b005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC YI|&#x1b006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER I-2|&#x1b007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER I-3|&#x1b008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER I-4|&#x1b009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER U-1|&#x1b00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER U-2|&#x1b00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER U-3|&#x1b00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER U-4|&#x1b00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER U-5|&#x1b00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER E-2|&#x1b00f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER E-3|&#x1b010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER E-4|&#x1b011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER E-5|&#x1b012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER E-6|&#x1b013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER O-1|&#x1b014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER O-2|&#x1b015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER O-3|&#x1b016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-1|&#x1b017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-2|&#x1b018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-3|&#x1b019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-4|&#x1b01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-5|&#x1b01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-6|&#x1b01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-7|&#x1b01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-8|&#x1b01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-9|&#x1b01f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-10|&#x1b020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-11|&#x1b021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KA-KE|&#x1b022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-1|&#x1b023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-2|&#x1b024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-3|&#x1b025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-4|&#x1b026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-5|&#x1b027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-6|&#x1b028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-7|&#x1b029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KI-8|&#x1b02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-1|&#x1b02b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-2|&#x1b02c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-3|&#x1b02d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-4|&#x1b02e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-5|&#x1b02f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-6|&#x1b030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KU-7|&#x1b031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-1|&#x1b032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-2|&#x1b033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-3|&#x1b034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-4|&#x1b035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-5|&#x1b036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KE-6|&#x1b037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-1|&#x1b038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-2|&#x1b039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-3|&#x1b03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER KO-KI|&#x1b03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-1|&#x1b03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-2|&#x1b03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-3|&#x1b03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-4|&#x1b03f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-5|&#x1b040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-6|&#x1b041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-7|&#x1b042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SA-8|&#x1b043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-1|&#x1b044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-2|&#x1b045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-3|&#x1b046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-4|&#x1b047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-5|&#x1b048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SI-6|&#x1b049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-1|&#x1b04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-2|&#x1b04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-3|&#x1b04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-4|&#x1b04d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-5|&#x1b04e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-6|&#x1b04f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B05x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-7|&#x1b050;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SU-8|&#x1b051;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-1|&#x1b052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-2|&#x1b053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-3|&#x1b054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-4|&#x1b055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SE-5|&#x1b056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-1|&#x1b057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-2|&#x1b058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-3|&#x1b059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-4|&#x1b05a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-5|&#x1b05b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-6|&#x1b05c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER SO-7|&#x1b05d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-1|&#x1b05e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-2|&#x1b05f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B06x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-3|&#x1b060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TA-4|&#x1b061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-1|&#x1b062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-2|&#x1b063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-3|&#x1b064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-4|&#x1b065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-5|&#x1b066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-6|&#x1b067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TI-7|&#x1b068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-1|&#x1b069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-2|&#x1b06a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-3|&#x1b06b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-4|&#x1b06c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TU-TO|&#x1b06d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-1|&#x1b06e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-2|&#x1b06f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B07x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-3|&#x1b070;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-4|&#x1b071;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-5|&#x1b072;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-6|&#x1b073;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-7|&#x1b074;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-8|&#x1b075;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TE-9|&#x1b076;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-1|&#x1b077;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-2|&#x1b078;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-3|&#x1b079;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-4|&#x1b07a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-5|&#x1b07b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-6|&#x1b07c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER TO-RA|&#x1b07d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-1|&#x1b07e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-2|&#x1b07f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B08x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-3|&#x1b080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-4|&#x1b081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-5|&#x1b082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-6|&#x1b083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-7|&#x1b084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-8|&#x1b085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NA-9|&#x1b086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-1|&#x1b087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-2|&#x1b088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-3|&#x1b089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-4|&#x1b08a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-5|&#x1b08b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-6|&#x1b08c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-7|&#x1b08d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NI-TE|&#x1b08e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NU-1|&#x1b08f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B09x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NU-2|&#x1b090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NU-3|&#x1b091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-1|&#x1b092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-2|&#x1b093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-3|&#x1b094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-4|&#x1b095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-5|&#x1b096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-6|&#x1b097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NE-KO|&#x1b098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-1|&#x1b099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-2|&#x1b09a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-3|&#x1b09b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-4|&#x1b09c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER NO-5|&#x1b09d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-1|&#x1b09e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-2|&#x1b09f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-3|&#x1b0a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-4|&#x1b0a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-5|&#x1b0a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-6|&#x1b0a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-7|&#x1b0a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-8|&#x1b0a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-9|&#x1b0a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-10|&#x1b0a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HA-11|&#x1b0a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-1|&#x1b0a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-2|&#x1b0aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-3|&#x1b0ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-4|&#x1b0ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-5|&#x1b0ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-6|&#x1b0ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HI-7|&#x1b0af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HU-1|&#x1b0b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HU-2|&#x1b0b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HU-3|&#x1b0b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-1|&#x1b0b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-2|&#x1b0b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-3|&#x1b0b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-4|&#x1b0b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-5|&#x1b0b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-6|&#x1b0b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HE-7|&#x1b0b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-1|&#x1b0ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-2|&#x1b0bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-3|&#x1b0bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-4|&#x1b0bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-5|&#x1b0be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-6|&#x1b0bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-7|&#x1b0c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER HO-8|&#x1b0c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-1|&#x1b0c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-2|&#x1b0c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-3|&#x1b0c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-4|&#x1b0c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-5|&#x1b0c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-6|&#x1b0c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MA-7|&#x1b0c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-1|&#x1b0c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-2|&#x1b0ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-3|&#x1b0cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-4|&#x1b0cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-5|&#x1b0cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-6|&#x1b0ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MI-7|&#x1b0cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-1|&#x1b0d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-2|&#x1b0d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-3|&#x1b0d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MU-4|&#x1b0d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER ME-1|&#x1b0d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER ME-2|&#x1b0d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER ME-MA|&#x1b0d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-1|&#x1b0d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-2|&#x1b0d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-3|&#x1b0d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-4|&#x1b0da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-5|&#x1b0db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER MO-6|&#x1b0dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-1|&#x1b0dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-2|&#x1b0de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-3|&#x1b0df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-4|&#x1b0e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-5|&#x1b0e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YA-YO|&#x1b0e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-1|&#x1b0e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-2|&#x1b0e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-3|&#x1b0e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YU-4|&#x1b0e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-1|&#x1b0e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-2|&#x1b0e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-3|&#x1b0e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-4|&#x1b0ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-5|&#x1b0eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER YO-6|&#x1b0ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-1|&#x1b0ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-2|&#x1b0ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-3|&#x1b0ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B0Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RA-4|&#x1b0f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-1|&#x1b0f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-2|&#x1b0f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-3|&#x1b0f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-4|&#x1b0f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-5|&#x1b0f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-6|&#x1b0f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RI-7|&#x1b0f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-1|&#x1b0f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-2|&#x1b0f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-3|&#x1b0fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-4|&#x1b0fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-5|&#x1b0fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RU-6|&#x1b0fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-1|&#x1b0fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-2|&#x1b0ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kana Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B10x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-3|&#x1b100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RE-4|&#x1b101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-1|&#x1b102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-2|&#x1b103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-3|&#x1b104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-4|&#x1b105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-5|&#x1b106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER RO-6|&#x1b107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-1|&#x1b108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-2|&#x1b109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-3|&#x1b10a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-4|&#x1b10b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WA-5|&#x1b10c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-1|&#x1b10d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-2|&#x1b10e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-3|&#x1b10f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B11x |{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-4|&#x1b110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WI-5|&#x1b111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-1|&#x1b112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-2|&#x1b113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-3|&#x1b114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WE-4|&#x1b115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-1|&#x1b116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-2|&#x1b117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-3|&#x1b118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-4|&#x1b119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-5|&#x1b11a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-6|&#x1b11b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER WO-7|&#x1b11c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER N-MU-MO-1|&#x1b11d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|HENTAIGANA LETTER N-MU-MO-2|&#x1b11e;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU|&#x1b11f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B12x |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC YI|&#x1b120;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC YE|&#x1b121;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU|&#x1b122;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA DIGRAPH KOTO|&#x1b123;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA DIGRAPH TOKI|&#x1b124;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA DIGRAPH TOTE|&#x1b125;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA DIGRAPH YOKI|&#x1b126;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ALTERNATE NE|&#x1b127;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER ALTERNATE WI|&#x1b128;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Small Kana Extension''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B13x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KO|&#x1b132;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B14x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B15x |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WI|&#x1b150;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WE|&#x1b151;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL WO|&#x1b152;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL KO|&#x1b155;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B16x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WI|&#x1b164;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WE|&#x1b165;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL WO|&#x1b166;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL N|&#x1b167;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER SMALL ARCHAIC YE|&#x1b168;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Nushu''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B17x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B170|&#x1b170;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B171|&#x1b171;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B172|&#x1b172;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B173|&#x1b173;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B174|&#x1b174;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B175|&#x1b175;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B176|&#x1b176;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B177|&#x1b177;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B178|&#x1b178;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B179|&#x1b179;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B17A|&#x1b17a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B17B|&#x1b17b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B17C|&#x1b17c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B17D|&#x1b17d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B17E|&#x1b17e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B17F|&#x1b17f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B18x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B180|&#x1b180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B181|&#x1b181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B182|&#x1b182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B183|&#x1b183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B184|&#x1b184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B185|&#x1b185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B186|&#x1b186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B187|&#x1b187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B188|&#x1b188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B189|&#x1b189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B18A|&#x1b18a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B18B|&#x1b18b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B18C|&#x1b18c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B18D|&#x1b18d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B18E|&#x1b18e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B18F|&#x1b18f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B19x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B190|&#x1b190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B191|&#x1b191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B192|&#x1b192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B193|&#x1b193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B194|&#x1b194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B195|&#x1b195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B196|&#x1b196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B197|&#x1b197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B198|&#x1b198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B199|&#x1b199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B19A|&#x1b19a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B19B|&#x1b19b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B19C|&#x1b19c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B19D|&#x1b19d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B19E|&#x1b19e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B19F|&#x1b19f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B1Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A0|&#x1b1a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A1|&#x1b1a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A2|&#x1b1a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A3|&#x1b1a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A4|&#x1b1a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A5|&#x1b1a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A6|&#x1b1a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A7|&#x1b1a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A8|&#x1b1a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1A9|&#x1b1a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1AA|&#x1b1aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1AB|&#x1b1ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1AC|&#x1b1ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1AD|&#x1b1ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1AE|&#x1b1ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1AF|&#x1b1af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B1Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B0|&#x1b1b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B1|&#x1b1b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B2|&#x1b1b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B3|&#x1b1b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B4|&#x1b1b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B5|&#x1b1b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B6|&#x1b1b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B7|&#x1b1b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B8|&#x1b1b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1B9|&#x1b1b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1BA|&#x1b1ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1BB|&#x1b1bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1BC|&#x1b1bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1BD|&#x1b1bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1BE|&#x1b1be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1BF|&#x1b1bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B1Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B1C0|&#x1b1c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU 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CHARACTER-1B2E0|&#x1b2e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E1|&#x1b2e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E2|&#x1b2e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E3|&#x1b2e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E4|&#x1b2e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E5|&#x1b2e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E6|&#x1b2e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E7|&#x1b2e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E8|&#x1b2e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2E9|&#x1b2e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2EA|&#x1b2ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2EB|&#x1b2eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2EC|&#x1b2ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2ED|&#x1b2ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2EE|&#x1b2ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2EF|&#x1b2ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B2Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F0|&#x1b2f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F1|&#x1b2f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F2|&#x1b2f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F3|&#x1b2f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F4|&#x1b2f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F5|&#x1b2f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F6|&#x1b2f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F7|&#x1b2f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F8|&#x1b2f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2F9|&#x1b2f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2FA|&#x1b2fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NUSHU CHARACTER-1B2FB|&#x1b2fb;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Shuishu''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B30x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B31x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B32x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B33x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B34x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B35x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B36x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B37x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B38x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B39x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B3Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B40x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B41x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B42x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B43x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B44x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B45x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B46x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B47x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B48x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B49x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B4Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Shuishu Radicals''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B50x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B51x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B52x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lisu Bamboo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B53x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B54x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B55x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B56x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B57x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B58x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B59x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B5Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B60x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B61x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B62x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B63x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B64x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B65x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B66x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B67x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B68x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B69x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B6Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B70x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B71x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B72x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B73x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B74x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B75x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B76x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B77x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B78x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B79x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B7Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B80x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B81x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B82x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B83x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B84x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B85x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B86x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B87x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B88x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B89x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B90x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B91x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B92x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lisu Bamboo Radicals''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B93x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B94x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B95x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Musical Symbols''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B96x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B97x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B98x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B99x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Bopomofo Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1B9Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Indus''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BA9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BAAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BAEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BAFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BB9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BBFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Duployan''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER H|&#x1bc00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER X|&#x1bc01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER P|&#x1bc02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER T|&#x1bc03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER F|&#x1bc04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER K|&#x1bc05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER L|&#x1bc06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER B|&#x1bc07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER D|&#x1bc08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER V|&#x1bc09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER G|&#x1bc0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER R|&#x1bc0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER P N|&#x1bc0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER D S|&#x1bc0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER F N|&#x1bc0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER K M|&#x1bc0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER R S|&#x1bc10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER TH|&#x1bc11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN DH|&#x1bc12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER DH|&#x1bc13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER KK|&#x1bc14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN J|&#x1bc15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER HL|&#x1bc16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER LH|&#x1bc17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER RH|&#x1bc18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER M|&#x1bc19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER N|&#x1bc1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J|&#x1bc1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S|&#x1bc1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER M N|&#x1bc1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER N M|&#x1bc1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J M|&#x1bc1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S J|&#x1bc20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER M WITH DOT|&#x1bc21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER N WITH DOT|&#x1bc22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J WITH DOT|&#x1bc23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J WITH DOTS INSIDE AND ABOVE|&#x1bc24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S WITH DOT|&#x1bc25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S WITH DOT BELOW|&#x1bc26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER M S|&#x1bc27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER N S|&#x1bc28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J S|&#x1bc29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S S|&#x1bc2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER M N S|&#x1bc2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER N M S|&#x1bc2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J M S|&#x1bc2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S J S|&#x1bc2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J S WITH DOT|&#x1bc2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J N|&#x1bc30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER J N S|&#x1bc31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S T|&#x1bc32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S T R|&#x1bc33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S P|&#x1bc34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S P R|&#x1bc35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER T S|&#x1bc36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER T R S|&#x1bc37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER W|&#x1bc38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER WH|&#x1bc39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER W R|&#x1bc3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S N|&#x1bc3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S M|&#x1bc3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER K R S|&#x1bc3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER G R S|&#x1bc3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S K|&#x1bc3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER S K R|&#x1bc40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER A|&#x1bc41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN OW|&#x1bc42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER OA|&#x1bc43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER O|&#x1bc44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER AOU|&#x1bc45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER I|&#x1bc46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER E|&#x1bc47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER IE|&#x1bc48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SHORT I|&#x1bc49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER UI|&#x1bc4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER EE|&#x1bc4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN EH|&#x1bc4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER ROMANIAN I|&#x1bc4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN EE|&#x1bc4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER LONG I|&#x1bc4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER YE|&#x1bc50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER U|&#x1bc51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER EU|&#x1bc52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER XW|&#x1bc53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER U N|&#x1bc54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER LONG U|&#x1bc55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER ROMANIAN U|&#x1bc56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER UH|&#x1bc57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN U|&#x1bc58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER OOH|&#x1bc59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER OW|&#x1bc5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER OU|&#x1bc5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER WA|&#x1bc5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER WO|&#x1bc5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER WI|&#x1bc5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER WEI|&#x1bc5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER WOW|&#x1bc60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER NASAL U|&#x1bc61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER NASAL O|&#x1bc62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER NASAL I|&#x1bc63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER NASAL A|&#x1bc64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER PERNIN AN|&#x1bc65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER PERNIN AM|&#x1bc66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN EN|&#x1bc67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN AN|&#x1bc68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER SLOAN ON|&#x1bc69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN LETTER VOCALIC M|&#x1bc6a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LEFT HORIZONTAL SECANT|&#x1bc70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX MID HORIZONTAL SECANT|&#x1bc71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX RIGHT HORIZONTAL SECANT|&#x1bc72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW VERTICAL SECANT|&#x1bc73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX MID VERTICAL SECANT|&#x1bc74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH VERTICAL SECANT|&#x1bc75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED SECANT|&#x1bc76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED LEFT-TO-RIGHT SECANT|&#x1bc77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED TANGENT|&#x1bc78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED TAIL|&#x1bc79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED E HOOK|&#x1bc7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED I HOOK|&#x1bc7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX ATTACHED TANGENT HOOK|&#x1bc7c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH ACUTE|&#x1bc80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH TIGHT ACUTE|&#x1bc81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH GRAVE|&#x1bc82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH LONG GRAVE|&#x1bc83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH DOT|&#x1bc84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH CIRCLE|&#x1bc85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH LINE|&#x1bc86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH WAVE|&#x1bc87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX HIGH VERTICAL|&#x1bc88;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BC9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW ACUTE|&#x1bc90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW TIGHT ACUTE|&#x1bc91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW GRAVE|&#x1bc92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW LONG GRAVE|&#x1bc93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW DOT|&#x1bc94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW CIRCLE|&#x1bc95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW LINE|&#x1bc96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW WAVE|&#x1bc97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW VERTICAL|&#x1bc98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN AFFIX LOW ARROW|&#x1bc99;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN SIGN O WITH CROSS|&#x1bc9c;}}||style="font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN THICK LETTER SELECTOR|[DT LS]}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN DOUBLE MARK|&#x1bc9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DUPLOYAN PUNCTUATION CHINOOK FULL STOP|&#x1bc9f;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Shorthand Format Controls''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCAx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTHAND FORMAT LETTER OVERLAP|[⇸]}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTHAND FORMAT CONTINUING OVERLAP|[↳]}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTHAND FORMAT DOWN STEP|[↓]}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHORTHAND FORMAT UP STEP|[↑]}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pitman Shorthand''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BCFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Other Shorthands''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BDFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1BFFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} pi8afx18i34frpm9yx003nvuxjhiu1y Browser Font Settings 0 245795 4664579 4659888 2026-08-26T08:54:14Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664579 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background:beige;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid lightgray; margin:0; padding:1em;"> <table style="font-size:0.9em;background:transparent;color:inherit; float:left; border:none; margin:0.75em 1em 1em 0;"> <tr> <td align=left>__TOC__</td> </tr> </table> <h2 style="font-weight:bold; border-bottom:none;margin-bottom:-0.2em">Introduction</h2> <hr> <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''Many feel the need to adjust browser font-sizes'''</span>, be it to compensate for poor eye-sight or just to make readable some ill-designed web-page. My own ignorance of the subject was quickly discovered when I attempted to interpret the help pages for the Firefox and other browsers. I thought that I had understood it, but alas rarely had. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''Many parts affect the eventual font-sizes'''.</span> These include the web-author's HTML page design, user style sheets, numerous browser settings, and the platform's own display settings. Each browser differs in its facilities, though the most useful settings are common to them all. This page describes a few of the text-sizing facilities found in three common browsers. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''Here are some font definitions'''.</span> There are general sets of fonts called ''families''. These include ''Serif'' (with tails), ''Sans-serif'' (without tails), ''Proportional'' (each character's width adjusted for overall appearance) , and ''Monospace'' (each character having the same width). Each family has within it sets of font ''variants'', (some use the term ''faces''), each with its own font-name, like ''Times New Roman'', ''Arial'', and ''Courier''. The fonts used most are ''scalable'' in that they can be increased or decreased in size to a considerable extent without ragged edges developing. For a more thorough description of terminology, perhaps better suited to printing, see the Wikipedia page entitled [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface '''Typeface''']. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The term 'font' here means the 'named font' '''.</span> There is some confusion in the intuitive use of the word ''font''. The intention among most is to mean the font-name and perhaps the font-family when ''font'' is used, but not the font-size, font-color, or other properties, and understanding this simple point can sometimes make sense of what is otherwise confusion. The transition of terminology from printing to computer screens has left the matter in disarray, but here the descriptions will be found to be easily understood. Should these notes use the terms ''font'', ''face'', ''variant'' or ''family'', they will refer to the font-name, such as ''Courier'' or ''Arial'' and when ''size'' is intended, that word will be used. <br><br>&nbsp; </div> <div style="background:linen;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid lightgray; margin:0; padding:1em;"> =='''Screen display settings'''== <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''At the topmost level, the software platform's display settings control the size of everything''';</span> on the desktop, on applications, text, images, tables, everything. That is to say, the screen can be left in its ''native'' resolution, usually its maximum resolution, or it can be set to have a lower resolution. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''Setting a lower resolution for the screen'''</span> means that pixels are assumed to be grouped into 'bigger blocks' than before, and so objects displayed on the screen, whose widths are still defined in the same number of pixels, must now take up more space. To put it another way, the ''logical'' screen pixels of the software are each mapped to a greater number of ''physical'' screen pixels than before. As a result, everything on the screen is magnified, and on small screens the layout needs to be rearranged by the software to make it all fit. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The desktop text-size should be changed'''</span> if it is uncomfortable to read. This setting should be made before considering any other adjustments to the fonts in browsers or other programs, because this setting affects them too. As an example, the Windows platform adjusts screen resolution in the ''Display'' section of its ''Control Panel''. Although this setting can be increased greatly, there is a limit to the resizing that most programs can handle in response to it. <br clear=all> <br>&nbsp; </div> <div style="background:floralwhite;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid lightgray; margin:0; padding:1em;"> =='''Font sizes in web-pages'''== <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The sizing code used by web-authors profoundly affects the web-page'''</span>, especially when the user attempts to change the size of the text. The main issue relates to whether or not the author has designed his page in absolute sizes or relative sizes. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Absolute sizing</h3> ---- <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The use of ''absolute'' length measurements to define font-size'''</span>, e.g., ''pt'' (points), ''px'' (pixels), ''cm'' (centimeters), or ''in'' (inches) causes the fonts to be displayed in an exact size, and the browser will use conversion factors to render the text on the page. When the browser has its settings at ''nominal'', that is without zooming or other magnified texts, the text is displayed at near the sizes found in printed work. That is not to say that absolute sizes are a bad thing. They most often produce clear web-pages. However, when the user attempts to increase the text size with the default settings, it does not shift at all. Using default settings has no effect on fonts sized in points or pixels. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''To quickly test this idea'''</span> just open the ''Google'' search page, and try to increase its size with the default font setting. (not the page zoom). Google's web author has specified the size of the fonts in absolute units. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Relative sizing</h3> ---- <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The use of ''relative'' length measurements to define font-size'''</span>, e.g., ''em'' (the width of the container's letter 'm'), ''ex'' (the width of the container's letter 'x'), or ''%'' (percentage of the container's font size), without any mention of ''absolute'' sizes, allows the use of all of the browser's text-sizing features. This is the preferred design method for most web pages. <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The underlying assumption used by browsers in displaying text'''</span> assumes that every unit of em is equivalent to 16 pixels. This assumption is then modified before display, to take into account the browser's default settings. (Internet Explorer is said to function best when, in addition to using only relative sizes, a font-size of 100% is placed in the page's body tag). <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Mixing Absolute and Relative</h3> ---- <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''When there is a mixture of both ''absolute'' and ''relative'' font sizes'''</span> in the web-page or its style sheets, the page might still work well, and users would not know that it was so. However, when a larger default size is chosen, the ''relative'' sizes will be scaled while the ''absolute'' sizes will not, causing much confusion and misalignment of text. Most browsers have features to help overcome such confusion, and can ignore absolute sizes. When this is done, the user must select fonts to replace them. In addition, users can use their own style sheets. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Default sizing and font choice</h3> ---- <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''When there are no font sizes, absolute or relative, in the page's styles '''</span>, then the browser's default font-size is used throughout. If the author has provided a choice of font, for example, ''Times New Roman'', it will be used, but if none was specified, then the default font-name is chosen. A similar argument applies to font-color. The 'no-sizes-at-all' situation makes use of the Client Stylesheet. It has the lowest priority of all other styles. <br><br>&nbsp; </div> <div style="background:seashell;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid lightgray; margin:0; padding:1em;"> =='''Common Browser Features'''== <span style="font-style:italic;" >'''The three browsers in the table below have been listed to compare their text-sizing facilities'''</span>. Rather that singing the praises or failings of any one browser, it is perhaps more useful to point out that nearly all internet browsers are provided free of charge, and so it is entirely possible to have different browsers for particular tasks. Notes on each of the categories can be found in the text that follows. <table style="text-align:center;font-size:1em;background:oldlace;{{Text default color}};border:1px solid gray;" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=10px align=center width=80% > <caption style="margin:0 0 0.5em 0;font-size:1.5em"> Font-sizing Features of Three Browsers </caption> <tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:brown; color: white;"> <th style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black">Feature</th> <th style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black">Internet Explorer 8</th> <th style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black">Mozilla Firefox 3</th> <th style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black">Opera 11</th> </tr> <tr> <td align=left width=25% style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid gray">Change User Font-size </td> <td width=25% style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td width=25% style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td width=25% style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align=left style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid gray">Change User Font-family</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align=left style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid gray">Zoom the Whole Page</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align=left style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid gray">Zoom Text Only</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[image:Red_x.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[image:Red_x.svg|30px]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align=left style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid gray">Set Minimum Font-size</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[image:Red_x.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td align=left style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid gray">User Style Sheets</td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]<br> <ref>[http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Use-your-own-style-sheet-to-format-webpages Internet Explorer 8 Style Sheets]</ref></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]<br> <ref>[http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html Customizing Firefox]</ref>&nbsp;<ref>[https://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Profiles Firefox Profile Location]</ref></td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid gray">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]<br> <ref>[http://www.opera.com/docs/usercss/ User CSS in Opera]</ref></td> </tr> <tr> <td align=left style="font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1.5px solid black">Accessibility Features</td> <td style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> <td style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black">[[Image:Tick green modern.svg|30px]]</td> </tr> </table> <br><br> {{technote|heading=About Points|Browser options and preferences for fonts use units of pixels. For a display baseline, they take 1em as equivalent to 16 pixels. In the absence of other display magnification, this displays as about 12pt.}} {{technote|heading=Remember to Restart!|When installing or changing a local style-sheet, nearly all browsers will require a browser-restart to see the changes. This also applies to preference changes in Opera.}} <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Change User Font-size</h3> ---- This is the browser's main size adjustment, and it only affects text, not the whole page like the page zoom setting. It is sometimes called ''default size'' because it is the value used in the absence of any other specifications. More importantly, when web-authors correctly specify fonts in ''relative'' sizes, this setting provides the background size setting, or base-size, that will act as a reference point for the scaling of the whole range of fonts on the page. It is the one that a person would use routinely for their preferred viewing level. All three of these browsers allow the user to change the font-sizes displayed, and can even override the author's specific point-sizes in favor of them. Of these three, Internet Explorer 8 has the fewest facilities. It has no separate ''default size'' setting but depends on five 'smallest-to-largest' choices on the View (and Page) toolbars. A recent test of Internet Explorer 8 with near-native screen resolution, 100% page zoom, and the browser's font setting at maximum, could not produce 1em-text larger than about one quarter of an inch (6mm.). Both Firefox 3 and Opera 11 can specify a default size over a wide range, and it is set in the browser options (preferences). <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Change User Font-family</h3> ---- The choice of Arial sans-serif fonts for most web-work is fortunate, for it has good clarity and most users tend to stick to it. However, when an author has not specified which font-name to apply to a page, then the user's default font is used. If on the other hand the web-author ''has'' specified which font-names to use, but the user finds them disagreeable, then the user can override his choices in favor of his own. In each of these three browsers the override is just a matter of clearing boxes. The three perform equally well in the selection of font-name and font-color. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Zoom the Whole Page</h3> ---- All three browsers have a page zooming facility. As the name suggests, both text and other page structures are increased, and it is not limited by any other size settings - it is just a page magnifier. This setting can be used as a temporary measure to magnify text, though it will magnify everything. Surprisingly, in an unusual spirit of cooperation, all three browsers use the same shortcuts for zooming. (''Ctrl+plus'' to increase; ''Ctrl+minus'' to decrease; and ''Ctrl+zero'' to reset). Both Internet Explorer 8 and Opera 11 have a generous range of page-zoom settings in their drop menus, but no sign of a reset there. Firefox 3 on the other hand has a mere 'up or down' choice for zooming, but shows a reset. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Zoom Text Only</h3> ---- This feature allows the zooming of the page text without changing the other structures. It is a true text feature in that it cannot be reduced below the setting for minimum font-size. Unlike other facilities of the kind, it also increases the size of fonts specified by the author, his absolute sizes, as well as those with relative sizing; this is done without overriding the author's fonts. This feature is similar to the ''minimum font size'' setting. It uses the same shortcuts as the page zoom. On the down-side; some features, like banner text is best made with fixed absolutes, so that when the text size is increased by the user, the text does not spill out of the box. Because text-zoom affects all text it might distort such features. Of the three browsers, it is featured only in Firefox 3. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Minimum Font-size</h3> ---- At first sight a ''minimum font-size'' might seem the same as a ''default size''. however, the ''default size'' refers to ''the usual body text'', whereas an author might still set values ''below'' the body text, say for the text within a table. This minimum font-size setting is the most general, in that it applies to both absolute and relative sizes, and works without the need to override the author's fonts. That is to say, even if the author has specified a 9px font in his style sheet, a minimum font-size setting of 16px will cause it to be scaled up. The scaling does not apply to ''all'' of the fonts on the page; only the ones below the threshold. So this setting, if higher than the default size, will override some values. Those who intend for all text to be no smaller than the body font, should set both the default and the mimimum to be the same. On the other hand, for those without special viewing needs, who want to give web-authors the most latitude of display, the minimum should be at about two thirds of the default. Firefox 3 and Opera 11 can set a minimum font-size, but Internet Explorer 8 has no specific setting. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">User Style Sheets</h3> ---- The author's styles are either written into the web-page directly, (heading styles or inline styles), or are contained in style sheets that are downloaded with the web-page to the browser. There can be several style sheets and many styles on the page, and the job of the browser is to decide which of all the styles to apply to the parts of the page. The browser sometimes allows the user to add a style sheet of his own, and this sheet can be given priority in deciding formats on the page. This allows the user to specify his own styles, albeit seen only on his local display. This feature can permit custom styles for special purposes; accessibility features for the visually impaired, and to overcome one-off problem types. Internet Explorer 8 and Opera 11 allow such style sheets to be added from a 'Browse' dialog, whereas Firefox 3 needs the user to add the css file manually to the browser's profile folders. References can be found at the bottom of this page that describe their inclusion. A style sheet was tested with Internet Explorer 8, and it is considered a simple process for those familiar with the making of CSS (cascading style sheet) style expressions. Interested parties can find methods for making style sheets at &nbsp;[http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp '''W3 CSS Reference'''] and at &nbsp;[http://www.fonttester.com/ '''Font Tester'''], and many find that they can write a ''.css'' file in ''Notepad'' after a suitable period of study. <h3 style="margin-bottom:-0.33em;">Accessibility Features</h3> ---- All three of the tested browsers are keen to mention their accessibility features though their effectiveness remains unclear. My recent test of the voice features in Opera 11 failed entirely, and a bug report was made. It is perhaps true to say that the inclusion of user style sheet facilities is in itself a step toward allowing special formats, though browsers that supply a selection of such style sheets for each disablement grouping would surely command the most respect. Only Opera, of these three allows high contrast styles to be applied from the browser's toolbar. Individuals with experience of the subject are invited to add their comments here. Although not usually considered a browser issue the Windows and Microsoft Office help panels, for ''off line viewing'', use a specially formatted version of Internet Explorer to display HTML-based documentation. Because the normal browser tool bars are missing from these help panels, they have options buttons to allow the increase or decrease of font sizes. When an ''external help web-page'' is accessed by a Microsoft product, it uses Internet Explorer preferentially. Unfortunately these web help pages do not always scale as they should. Those who use wide screen sizes, (1600 pixels or so), will find that some Microsoft Office help pages have some text that is too small for usual working. (VBA help example code for example.) In Word 2010, VBA Help of Windows 7, cannot be re-sized at all, despite the existence of a button for that purpose. However, because these help features use Internet Explorer to display them, a user style-sheet has been found to be the best solution. By setting IE to have a user style sheet, the MS Help screens can be made in any text size that is specified. However, doing so usually means that IE must be reserved for that specific purpose, and another browser is probably needed for the web in general. The simple css code given in the drop-box below can be saved as a css file and installed as a user-style-sheet to show how to increase the text sizes for difficult pages. (E.g., some offline Developer VBA examples). That said, Off-line MS Developer Help pages opened in the MS Word VDE have stubbornly small text even while the On-line VBA Help works well. {{dropimage|width=600px|align=center|hbgc=transparent|User Style Sheet for MS Help Pages|<pre> /* This style sheet allows Microsoft Office Help pages to display in the size specified below - eg 11 point */ /* Be sure to restart the Office application after installing the style sheet */ /* When the help pages are still badly distorted, then repairing MS Office will sometimes rectify the matter */ /* Install this css file as a User Style Sheet to see how it works. Be sure to select the 'Ignore font sizes specified in web pages' and the 'Format documents using my style sheet' check boxes in the Accessibility dialog of the Internet Explorer's browser options. */ /* ****************************Styles ********************************* */ div { font-family:Verdana serif monospace; font-size:11pt; line-height:1.5em; } </pre>}} == '''References''' == <references /> ==See Also== *[http://www.fonttester.com/ Try CSS Coding] : A free-to-use, interactive, CSS code writer and viewer, primarily for text. *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface Typeface] : A detailed page on fonts from Wikipedia *[http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_reference.asp W3 CSS Reference] : The World Wide Web Consortium's CSS reference pages *[[Internet_Explorer/Adding_User_Styles|Adding User Styles]] : Details to make a user style sheet in Internet Explorer. <br />&nbsp; </div> {{Shelves|Internet}} {{Alphabetical|B}} {{status|0%}} 5bftqwycb1ukczykvrx13sutn49h7w6 Aros/Platforms/Arm Raspberry Pi support 0 286123 4664411 4664393 2026-08-25T12:48:31Z Jeff1138 301139 4664411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green RPi Compute Module 5 IO board - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite untested *Blue Waveshare Raspberry Pi Compute Module with the ddr2 type connector on the underside *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 2erw10rvr1330gfccajshuo2mr4jpn7 4664412 4664411 2026-08-25T12:49:09Z Jeff1138 301139 4664412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green RPi Compute Module 5 IO board - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue Waveshare Raspberry Pi Compute Module with the ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 0uzv9luz544o8muj6iacg6l5dtihpqc 4664414 4664412 2026-08-25T12:54:08Z Jeff1138 301139 4664414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green RPi Compute Module 5 IO board - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue Waveshare Raspberry Pi Compute Module with the ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 39elaxfyaxojaz0sp5vnsfn6frm55fh 4664415 4664414 2026-08-25T12:56:25Z Jeff1138 301139 4664415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green RPi Compute Module 5 IO board - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue Waveshare Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} quzxtlnzqobzzr2qbvrgccvyayxmmin 4664423 4664415 2026-08-25T13:06:54Z Jeff1138 301139 4664423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green RPi Compute Module 5 IO board - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} pwvcd6kenqvtf3acbyxpvksgsd7ln7x 4664424 4664423 2026-08-25T13:08:41Z Jeff1138 301139 4664424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1751] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} tehz316br0ezyye8c4vk6jyon3kc71r 4664425 4664424 2026-08-25T13:10:42Z Jeff1138 301139 4664425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1751] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 ] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} rdvgu53rhdva2bqfxmz50n1of9pldf7 4664426 4664425 2026-08-25T13:12:10Z Jeff1138 301139 4664426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 CM5 has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} bkfoj310ie74ibmdc8nqvh0vlej3gbs 4664429 4664426 2026-08-25T13:24:37Z Jeff1138 301139 4664429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} m2xo5an59f4f46ur20ie13nwk86oy1b 4664430 4664429 2026-08-25T13:31:46Z Jeff1138 301139 4664430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} q8vazewzebf0baxqkydedvk97xktfdq 4664431 4664430 2026-08-25T13:58:03Z Jeff1138 301139 4664431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} nwh8mgv9nh3igljb7cakrbztv3ycgo8 4664432 4664431 2026-08-25T14:15:31Z Jeff1138 301139 4664432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress][https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver. *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 69c19wj4pr6yewihfavt4rkwobcl07y 4664433 4664432 2026-08-25T14:28:11Z Jeff1138 301139 4664433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress][https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} kqtjge6o1y14hzu8ltfu7i9a3w89k5x 4664434 4664433 2026-08-25T15:05:47Z Jeff1138 301139 4664434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress][https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} mdt55y0ck7a5xhcu9x8ibfxzslzmk6f 4664436 4664434 2026-08-25T15:44:53Z Jeff1138 301139 4664436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress][https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} qxhywtfb1d52wtb32g5ifk4vwmkn6wn 4664447 4664436 2026-08-25T16:59:06Z Jeff1138 301139 4664447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future *[https://www.icarosdesktop.org/p/download.html half way down there is a user manual for PC Icaros 2.3 pdf which answers common questions with pictures until we have one for the Pi] Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} lkstrvqrxba7015w30dctiw9kybf9s6 4664452 4664447 2026-08-25T17:07:36Z Jeff1138 301139 4664452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Until we have a manual guide for the Aros Pi take a look here, although a different architecture it does cover the broad strokes of Aros usage *[https://aminet.net/package/docs/misc/IcarosManual_2_2_8 PC Aros Manual from 2015] *[https://www.icarosdesktop.org/p/download.html half way down there is a user manual for PC Icaros 2.3 pdf which answers common questions with pictures] Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} czeucyu2hjim18d7wecougcx3dbljb4 4664453 4664452 2026-08-25T17:13:07Z Jeff1138 301139 4664453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Until we have a manual guide for the Aros Pi look here, although a different architecture it does cover the broad strokes of Aros usage *[https://aminet.net/package/docs/misc/IcarosManual_2_2_8 PC Aros Manual from 2020 some sections do not apply to Pi] Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} a40uz4sv3qr1smqedzcmh370j9dofkp 4664456 4664453 2026-08-25T17:19:38Z Jeff1138 301139 4664456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Until we have a manual guide for the Aros Pi look here, although a different architecture it does cover the broad strokes of Aros usage *[https://aminet.net/package/docs/misc/IcarosManual_2_2_8 PC Aros Manual from 2020, possibly half of the sections do not apply to Pi or have changed] Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} bugagvfml7nip2t48qaq93u4ft85h4b 4664457 4664456 2026-08-25T17:21:39Z Jeff1138 301139 4664457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Until we have a manual guide for the Aros Pi look here, although a different architecture it does cover the broad strokes of Aros usage *[https://aminet.net/package/docs/misc/IcarosManual_2_2_8 PC Aros Manual from 2020, possibly half of the sections do not apply to the Pi or have changed since 2020] Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 2o2vi9npkanph5c48d5adaaeb9qjkfy 4664488 4664457 2026-08-26T05:58:04Z Jeff1138 301139 4664488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} kz5wo4jtphjh84roo4wcbtaaer19tql 4664490 4664488 2026-08-26T06:10:33Z Jeff1138 301139 4664490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} czyqwjfgaxueh7w25l5czl0rmqp1i9w 4664587 4664490 2026-08-26T09:27:35Z Jeff1138 301139 4664587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 4qslteti6mok2hoa1ix8mmx0533lax9 4664589 4664587 2026-08-26T09:30:33Z Jeff1138 301139 4664589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi] - untested ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} bfzhdnm3vtlww42p3tjs3tvlpvzg11h 4664591 4664589 2026-08-26T09:32:48Z Jeff1138 301139 4664591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} f8wurpditulrhm0e230c38gsa03hyc2 4664593 4664591 2026-08-26T09:39:34Z Jeff1138 301139 4664593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} jczrx5que2pmyia26xzpqete4kqo3pn 4664594 4664593 2026-08-26T09:43:20Z Jeff1138 301139 4664594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 656et5g1wyux05fycyvjs594py036pv 4664596 4664594 2026-08-26T10:00:14Z Jeff1138 301139 4664596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 2j8czh8fbbio83xhswqf5d5al59cgix 4664597 4664596 2026-08-26T10:27:38Z Jeff1138 301139 4664597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 00w8u0o09gsew2c5sns4nhw8bid7fo5 4664598 4664597 2026-08-26T10:29:27Z Jeff1138 301139 4664598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 and jetson nvidia *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} kromz8eboqevx3t4l6o2cz4j78vugqj 4664599 4664598 2026-08-26T10:30:52Z Jeff1138 301139 4664599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 and jetson nvidia - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} fekan1ct2ncbs3tbmrokfmymtfds7v5 4664600 4664599 2026-08-26T10:32:32Z Jeff1138 301139 4664600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with tpi adapters and nvidia jetson - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 9x7co3rtuzg53ya8u6x009j5c22zea7 4664601 4664600 2026-08-26T10:37:30Z Jeff1138 301139 4664601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} 1410tkyse7vno1zgr5xdxd33v8lewo3 4664604 4664601 2026-08-26T10:39:55Z Jeff1138 301139 4664604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} ncuf7bdaai7a0egrmaaa7z9xpbdgxaa 4664609 4664604 2026-08-26T10:42:10Z Jeff1138 301139 4664609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} pojbp569iknljacyjw4q75lhq9qierf 4664611 4664609 2026-08-26T10:44:48Z Jeff1138 301139 4664611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver, maybe not BTLE and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} cpqxkdh7fwrgneyywf7lycplocumpv6 4664612 4664611 2026-08-26T10:46:33Z Jeff1138 301139 4664612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} hjsfvzal3kalf47jvedbq1uwmgxjgqz 4664614 4664612 2026-08-26T10:47:47Z Jeff1138 301139 4664614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} j18n9ft7e7j55bqd045lnfq2cgo5qng 4664616 4664614 2026-08-26T10:51:52Z Jeff1138 301139 4664616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} k55g5nyu4mw2dsf936zap035uocd7rj 4664619 4664616 2026-08-26T11:14:18Z Jeff1138 301139 4664619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installing on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} dig9guuk6ay0kpbcg2hdau8o8anygej 4664623 4664619 2026-08-26T11:57:11Z Jeff1138 301139 4664623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3 Port]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 Pi500 keyboard wedge Pi400 keyboard wedge * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 SC1967] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 SC1751] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B - untested *Blue Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi 5 Compute Module - untested *Green RPi Compute Module 4 IO board V1.4 CM4ISO (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi 4 Compute Module - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (??if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32??) does not boot *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - untested *Blue UGEEK Raspberry Pi Compute Module IO Board with the CM3+ in ddr2 type connector on the underside - untested *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 discontinued ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2013-05 Work put on hiatus * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support as well], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] '''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds][https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot C Classes Developer etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 64bit build works well on a single core. Multicore may follow. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=60&pid=13363#post_13363 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] USB boot maybe possible in the future Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press Save button [[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] [[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3 Port]] Wifi setup needs the network prefs with Wireless tab completed with your router settings and main TCP/IP tab click add interface -> change Device to bwfm.device as net0: and IPv4. Please Save If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup: <pre> execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device >nil: </pre> Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line Lan port on the Pi3b+ usblan78xx.device is supported but not on any other Pi so far For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage Double left mouse click on most picture, audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon Prefs needed? There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] with an hid keyboard and mouse driver and many reports of flakiness with the Pi3's Bluetooth, especially if used in conjunction with WiFi *Bluetooth 4.1 and BLE Pi3B and Pi3A *Bluetooth 4.2 and BLE Pi3B+ *Bluetooth 5.0 and BLE Pi4 and Pi5 Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use [https://aminet.net/package/util/time/NTPSync ntpsync] or similar to get the date and time from the internet Youtube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [], [], The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13617#post_13617 this forum thread] for discussion, features etc [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ pi OS Lite] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout more] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behaviour, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Linux hosted Pi build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Aros Docker for various systems], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d84b9a337f9aa059154d9af69275935125166bdd Apple Silicon support] =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. === GPU === VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS/OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs are a bit weird and far from optimal, especially MorphOS one, because it aims for m68k binary compatibility. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? I have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. I so far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (I have verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Why did usbromstartup become HW-specific ? In the past i have done a big job separating kickstart into several parts. I have never got any responses, so i re-describe my idea. For now it loads the hs otg chipset driver .. The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). It's mandatory on PI since there are no other interface types - so being a separate package is irrelevant/pointless. Is Raspberry's USB controller non-HCI compliant? Actually i expect it to be compliant, then wouldn't it be better to make existing drivers discovering them? AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but I'm not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. Framebuffer - basic display RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. USB * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz - 1Gb - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n and a dual 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 1/2/4 GB ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 1.8GHz inside keyboard 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 2023 Pi 5 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k displays from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR5 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> {{BookCat}} sonngcalogvagfdbwd0uk0im2lq8w34 Flora of New York/Acorales & Alismatales 0 291576 4664438 4604645 2026-08-25T16:05:17Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4664438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{../header | this = Acorales & Alismatales | prev-link = Nymphaeales & magnoliids | prev-text = Nymphaeales & magnoliids | next-link = Dioscoreales & Liliales }} {{:Flora of New York/Clade alismatid monocots}} {{:Flora of New York/TOC-Acorales & Alismatales}} <!-- [[File:Wolffia-Spirodela.jpg|thumb|right|480px|Duckweeds:<br>• ''Spirodela polyrhiza'' (large),<br>• ''Lemna minor'' (medium),<br>• ''Wolffia arrhiza'' (small).]] --> =<small>Order</small> Acorales= {{../txt |The order '''{{../w|Acorales}}''' consists of only the {{../w|Acoraceae}} (sweetflag family), with ''{{../w|Acorus}}'' as its only genus.<ref>{{../APW-ref|Acorales}}</ref> }} ==Family Acoraceae== ===''Acorus''=== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Acorus calamus.spadix.jpg |cap=''Acorus calamus'' | }} {{../table|order=Acorales|Acoraceae||||Acorus|}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -->{{../genus|Acorus|Sweetflag|116|2|}} <!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -->{{../taxon | species = Acorus americanus | author = (Raf.) Raf. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../var1|1828| '''Acorus calamus''' |L. |'''americanus'''|Raf. |Med. Fl. 1: 25 (1828)}} {{../sp-1|1836| '''Acorus americanus''' |(Raf.) Raf. |New Fl. 1: 57 (1836) }} {{../var1|1954| Acorus calamus |L. | americanus |H.Wulff}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = American sweet-flag | en2 = American sweetflag | en3 = Several-veined sweetflag | en4 = Sweetflag | fr1 = Acore d'Amérique | fr2 = Acorus d'Amérique | fr3 = Belle-angélique <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | status2 = Fertile diploid<br>&emsp;(2n = 2x = 24) | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|138|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACAM|N|}} | col-id = | gbif = | inat = 157984-Acorus-americanus | pow-id = 60458986-2 <!-- Acorus calamus var. americanus Raf. --> | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = 2432 | gobot = acorus/americanus | its-id = 182561 | ars-id = 418734 | fna-id = 222000002 | tro-id = 2100001 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = ACAM | nse-id = Acorus+americanus | bna-id = Acorus%20americanus | map = Acorus americanus nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Broome (2009), Cattaraugus (1960), Erie (1923-1991), Greene(1989), Nassau (1994), Niagara (1898), Onondaga (1936), Orange (1990, Otsego (1935), Rensselaer (1997-2000), Rockland (1990), Schoharie (1893), St. Lawrence (1916, 1997), Suffolk (1975, 1977)">14 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Clinton (2019), New York (2016), Onondaga (2021), St. Lawrence (2014-2021), Saratoga (2020)">5 counties</abbr> | image1 = Acorus americanus USFS-1.jpg|width1=120}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Acorus calamus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753| '''Acorus calamus''' |L. |Sp. Pl.: 324 (1753)}} {{../sp-1|1764| Calamus aromaticus |Garsault |Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 40 (1764), opus utique oppr.}} {{../sp-1|1840| Acorus angustatus |Raf. |Autik. Bot.: 196 (1840)}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Old World sweet-flag | en2 = European sweetflag | en3 = Single-veined sweetflag | en4 = Flag-root | en5 = Myrtle flag | fr1 = Acore roseau | fr2 = Acorus roseau | fr3 = Acore aromatique | fr4 = Belle-angélique <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status2 = Sterile triploid<br>&emsp;(2n = 3x = 36) | c-rank = 0 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Sun <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|130|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACCA4|X|}} | col-id = | gbif = | inat = 82306-Acorus-calamus | pow-id = 77167492-1 <!-- Acorus calamus var. calamus --> | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = 2433 | gobot = acorus/calamus | its-id = 564989 | ars-id = 1358 | fna-id = 200027130 | tro-id = 2100006 | nse-id = Acorus+calamus | bna-id = Acorus%20calamus | ipn-id = | map = Acorus calamus nymap.svg | image1 = Acorus calamus 002.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} =<small>Order</small> Alismatales= {{../txt |The order '''{{../w|Alismatales}}''' as defined in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.<ref>{{../APW-ref|Alismatales}}</ref> }} ==Family Araceae== {{../txt |The plants of the '''{{../w|Araceae}}''' (arum family) have numerous small flowers that are part of a spadix, a spike inflorescence on which the flowers are borne on a fleshy stem. The spadix is usually surrounded by a bract called a spathe. }} ===Subfamily Orontioideae=== {{../txt|The '''{{../w|Orontioideae}}''' contains just two New York species, both native: ''Orontium aquaticum'' (golden club) and ''Symplocarpus foetidus'' (eastern skunk cabbage). This subfamily also includes the genus ''Lysichiton'' which comprises the western and Asian skunk cabbages, neither of which are known to have naturalized in New York.}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Orontium''==== {{../txt |img=Orontium aquaticum5.jpg |cap=''Orontium aquaticum''<br>golden club |''Orontium aquaticum'' ('''golden club'''), the only living species of its genus, probably reaches the northern extent of its range in New York and adjacent New England. It is considered to be threatened in New York, where it is mostly found in Hudson River tidal marshes, but has been reported in acidic bogs and ponds farther inland. }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|{{../w|Orontioideae}}|Orontieae|}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Orontium|Goldenclub|568|1|}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Orontium aquaticum | au-abbr = L. | au-full = Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) | au-pub = Species Plantarum 1:324. 1 May 1753 <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Orontium aquaticum |L.}} {{../sp-1|1895|Aronia aquatica |(L.) Baill.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Golden club <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nynhp = 2<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9440|Orontium aquaticum|Threatened|S2|G5}}</ref> | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|133|2|Orontium aquaticum L. - golden-club - In New York this species is known mostly from tidal marshes along the Hudson River. Most are freshwater although some are perhaps slightly brackish. The plants also occur in adjacent swamps. Also in acidic peat bogs and ponds (in one case planted and persisting in an acidic bog.)}} | usda = {{../usda|ORAQ|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 432495 | fna-id = | tro-id = 2103069 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = ORAQ | nse-id = | bna-id = Orontium%20aquaticum | map = | image1 = Orontium aquaticum RHu 03.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Symplocarpus''==== {{../txt |img=Symplocarpus foetidus Zazensou in nobusegatake 2008-4-4.JPG |cap=''Symplocarpus foetidus''<br>skunk cabbage |'''Skunk cabbage''' (''Symplocarpus foetidus'') is the only North American native of the genus. The western skunk cabbage is in the genus ''Lysichiton'' and has not been reported to have naturalized in New York. }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Orontioideae|Symplocarpeae| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Symplocarpus|Skunk-cabbage|1027|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Symplocarpus foetidus | author = (L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Dracontium foetidum |L.}} {{../sp-1|1808|Spathyema foetida |(L.) Raf. ''nom. inval''.}} {{../sp-1|1812|Symplocarpus foetidus |(L.) W.Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1817|Symplocarpus foetidus |(L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton}} {{../sp-1|1818|Symplocarpus foetidus |Nutt.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Skunk cabbage | en2 = Polecatweed | fr1 = Chou puant | fr2 = Tabac-du-diable <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Shade <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|131|5|Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. - Seepage springs and slopes, swamps, and wet floodplain forests. Symplocarpus foetidus is common in a variety of shaded wetlands although it does have a preference for cold seepage areas and mucky soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|SYFO|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 400340 | fna-id = 200027331 | tro-id = 50150424 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = SYFO | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Symplocarpus foetidus CT2.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Lemnoideae=== {{../txt |img=Wolffia-Spirodela.jpg |cap=Duckweeds:<br>• ''Spirodela polyrhiza'' (large),<br>• ''Lemna minor'' (medium),<br>• ''Wolffia arrhiza'' (small). |The {{../w|Lemnoideae}} contains the small aquatic plants known as '''duckweeds''', or '''water lentils'''. This subfamily contains plants previously placed in the Lemnaceae. }} ====''Spirodela''==== {{../txt |img=Spirodela polyrhiza Prague 2014 1.jpg |cap=''Spirodela polyrrhiza'' - common duck-meat |'''Common duck-meat''' (''Spirodela polyrrhiza'') }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Lemnoideae|||Spirodela| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Spirodela|Duckmeat|661|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Spirodela polyrrhiza | author = (L.) Schleid. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lemna polyrhiza |L.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Spirodela polyrhiza |Schleid.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Spirodela polyrrhiza |Schleid.<ref>"The initial ρ of a Greek word transliterated as ''rh'', e.g. ''rhiza'' (ριζα, root, rhizome), should have an additional ''r'' added to it when preceded by a vowel, e.g. ''Glycyrrhiza'' (γλυκυρριζα, liquorice, from γλυκος, sweet, ριζα, root), ''leptorrhiza'' (λεπτορριζα, with a thin root, from λεπτος, small, slender), but as many reputable authors, Linnaeus among them, have omitted this additional ''r'', it is best regarded as optional and an author's original spelling, as in ''Lemna polyrhiza'', should be accepted." - [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?400337 W. T. Stearn (1992), ''Botanical Latin'' ed. 4: 261.]</ref>}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Common water-flaxseed | en2 = Common duck-meal | en3 = Common duck-meat | en4 = Greater duckweed | en5 = Giant duckweed | fr1 = Spirodèle polyrhize <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1778|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|SPPO|NN|}} | vascan = 6493 | gobot = spirodela/polyrrhiza | its-id = 505347 | ars-id = 400337 | fna-id = 200027353 | tro-id = 18100004 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Spirodela+polyrhiza | bna-id = Spirodela%20polyrhiza | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Spirodela polyrhiza sl1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Lemna''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Lemnoideae|||Lemna| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Lemna|Duckweed|660|5| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna minor | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lemna minor |L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Lenticula minor |(L.) Scop.}} {{../sp-1|1816|Lemna minima |Thuill. ex P.Beauv.}} {{../sp-1|1901|Hydrophace minor |(L.) Bubani}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Lesser duckweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1780|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|LEMI3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Lemna/minor | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Kleine Wasserlinse (Entengrütze).JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna trisulca | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lemna trisulca |L.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Star duckweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1782|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|LETR|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Lemna/trisulca | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Lemna trisulca NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna perpusilla | author = Torr. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1843|Lemna perpusilla |Torr.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Minute duckweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nynhp = 1<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9647|Lemna perpusilla|Endangered|S1|G5}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1785|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|LEPE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Lemna/perpusilla | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Lemna perpusilla 3.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna valdiviana | author = Phil. |<!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1864|Lemna valdiviana |Phil.}} |<!-- -- --> | en1 = Pale duckweed | en2 = Valdivia duckweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nynhp = 1<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9648|Lemna valdiviana|Endangered|S1|G5}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1784|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|LEVA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Lemna/valdiviana | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lemna valdiviana NRCS-001 (4x3).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna turionifera | author = Landolt |<!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1975|Lemna turionifera |Landolt}} |<!-- -- --> | en1 = Turion duckweed | en2 = Lenticulare turionifère | --- | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7135|U|}} | usda = {{../usda|LETU2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Lemna/turionifera | its-id = 503362 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Lemna turionifera.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Lemna|Duckweed|660|X|txt=(excluded species) }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna gibba | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Lemna gibba|L.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Swollen duckweed | fr1 = <!-- -- --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|160|}} | usda = {{../usda|LEGI|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = L gibba3.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lemna obscura | author = (Austin) Daubs <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1965|Lemna obscura |(Austin) Daubs}} {{../var1|1867|Lemna minor |L.|obscura|Austin}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Little duckweed <!-- -- --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|636|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|LEOB2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 416563 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Aguas del lago de Maracaibo contaminadas por Lemna 02.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Wolffia''==== {{../txt |img=Wolffia columbiana sl6.jpg |cap=''Wolffia columbiana'' - Columbian watermeal |The genus '''''Wolffia''''' (watermeal) contains the world's smallest flowering plants, each an undifferentiated, rootless floating body. These species are often found in mixed populations in still ponds, lakes, and marshes in various parts of the state. }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Lemnoideae|||Wolffia| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Wolffia|Watermeal|1022|3|author=Horkel ex Schleiden }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Wolffia columbiana | author = H.Karst. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1865|Wolffia columbiana |H.Karst}} {{../sp-1|1892|Grantia columbiana |(H.Karst.) MacMill.}} {{../sp-1|1912|Bruniera columbiana |(H.Karst.) Nieuwl.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Columbian watermeal | en2 = Columbia watermeal | en3 = Columbian duckmeal <!-- -- --> | fr1 = Wolffie de Colombie | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1781|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|WOCO|NN|}} | vascan = 6497 | gobot = wolffia/columbiana | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Wolffia columbiana sl4.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Wolffia borealis | author = (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../var1|1868|Wolffia brasiliensis |Wedd|borealis|Engelm. ex Hegelm.}} {{../sp-1|1986|Wolffia borealis |(Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Dotted watermeal | en2 = Northern watermeal | en3 = Northern duckmeal <!-- -- --> | fr1 = Wolffie borèle <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1783|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|WOBO|NN|Wolffia borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & Wildi}} | vascan = | gobot = wolffia/borealis | its-id = 505749 | ars-id = 416574 | fna-id = 222000451 | tro-id = 18100047 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = 2015.09.13 13.52.47 IMG 0449 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Wolffia brasiliensis | author = Wedd. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1849|Wolffia brasiliensis |Wedd.}} {{../sp-1|????|Bruniera punctata|}} {{../sp-1|1864|Wolffia punctata|Griseb.}} {{../sp-1|????|Wolffia papulifera|}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Brazilian watermeal <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1779|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|WOBR|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = wolffia/brasiliensis | its-id = 505750 | ars-id = 416573 | fna-id = 222000452 | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Wolffia brasiliensis.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Aroideae=== ====Tribe Calleae==== =====''Calla''===== {{../txt |img=Calla palustris 7867.jpg |cap=''Calla palustris'' - water arum |''Calla palustris'' is the sole species of the genus and is native to cool wetlands of the Northern Hemisphere, including those in New York State. }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|{{../w|Aroideae}}|Calleae| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Calla|Callalily|783|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Calla palustris | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Calla palustris |L.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Wild calla | en2 = Water arum | fr1 = Calla des marais <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|134|5}} | usda = {{../usda|CAPA|NN}} | vascan = 2677 | gobot = calla/palustris | its-id = 42546 | ars-id = 102469 | fna-id = 200027260 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Calla palustris5.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Peltandreae==== =====''Peltandra''===== {{../txt |img=Peltandra virginica MA.jpg |cap=''Peltandra virginica'' |The genus ''Peltandra'' in New York contains the '''green arrow arum''' or '''tuckahoe''' (''Peltandra virginica'') }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Aroideae|Peltandreae| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Peltandra|Arrow-arum|896|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Peltandra virginica | au-abbr = (L.) Raf. ex Schott |<!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1832|Peltandra virginica |(L.) Raf. ex Schott}} |<!-- -- --> | en1 = Green arrow arum | en2 = Green arrow-arum | en3 = Arrow arum | en4 = Poison arum | en5 = Tuckahoe |<!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|132|5}} | usda = {{../usda|PEVI|NN}} | vascan = | gobot = Peltandra/virginica | its-id = | ars-id = 102483 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Peltandra%20virginica | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Peltandra virginica kz02.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====Tribe Arisaemateae==== {{../txt |img= |cap= |The Arisaemateae includes two genera that can be found in New York: ''Arisaema'' and ''Pinellia''. These include the plants known as '''Jack-in-the-pulpit''' and '''green dragon'''. }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> =====''Arisaema''===== {{../txt |img=Arisaema triphyllum SCA-01641.jpg |cap=''Arisaema triphyllum''.<br>Jack-in-the-pulpit |Two species of ''Arisaema'' are native to New York: ''A. triphyllum'' ('''Jack-in-the-Pulpit''') and ''A. dracontium'' ('''Green dragon'''). Three subspecies of Jack-in-the-Pulpit have been reported in New York. ''A. triphyllum'' ssp. '''''triphyllum''''', a tetraploid with 2n:56 chromosomes, likely originated as a hybrid of subspecies '''''stewardsonii''''' and '''''pusillum''''', each of which is a diploid with 2n:28 chromosomes.<ref>[http://www.theprimrosepath.com/Featured_Plants/Arisaema_triphyllum/triphyllumcomplex.htm M. Treiber (1980). "Biosystematics of the Arisaema triphyllum Complex." PhD Dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.]</ref>}} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Aroideae|Arisaemateae||Arisaema| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Arisaema|Jack-in-the-pulpit|475|4|sect=Pedatisecta<ref name=renner>[http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/6/881.long Susanne S. Renner, Li-Bing Zhang & Jin Murata (2004) "A chloroplast phylogeny of ''Arisaema'' (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa." ''American Journal of Botany'' '''91(6)''': 881-888.]</ref>|author=Mart.| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Arisaema triphyllum | author = (L.) Schott | ssp0 = triphyllum <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Arum triphyllum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1832|Arisaema triphyllum|(L.) Schott}} {{../sp-1|1835|Arisaema atrorubens|(Aiton) Blume}} <!-- -- --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Common Jack-in-the-pulpit|}} {{../vn1|Indian Jack-in-the-pulpit|}} {{../vn1|Indian-turnip|}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Arisème petit-prêcheur|}} <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | nyfa = {{../nyfa|135|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ARTRT3|N|}} | vascan = 2676 | gobot = arisaema/triphyllum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000013 | tro-id = 2105363 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Arisaema triphyllum ssp triphyllum NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Arisaema triphyllum - Jack-in-the-Pulpit - Petit prêcheur (6112116376).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Arisaema triphyllum | author = (L.) Schott | ssp0 = stewardsonii | ssp-au = (Britton) Huttl. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1901|Arisaema stewardsonii|Britton}} {{../var1|1910|Arisaema triphyllum |(L.) Schott|stewardsonii|Stevens}} {{../for1|1920|Arisaema triphyllum |(L.) Schott|stewardsonii|Engl.}} {{../ssp1|1949|Arisaema triphyllum |(L.) Schott|stewardsonii|Huttl.}} <!-- -- --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Stewardson's Jack-in-the-pulpit|}} {{../vn1|Swamp Jack-in-the-pulpit|}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Arisème de Stewardson|}} {{../vn1|Arisèma de Stewardson|}} <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | nyfa = {{../nyfa|140|5|Onon-Tomp-Oswe-Madi}} | usda = {{../usda|ARTRS|N|Onon-Tomp-Oswe-Madi}} | vascan = 2675 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000013 | tro-id = 2104937 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Arisaema triphyllum ssp stewardsonii NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Arisaema triphyllum ssp stewardsonii iNat-71948898.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Arisaema triphyllum | author = (L.) Schott | ssp0 = pusillum | ssp-au = (Peck) Huttl. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../var1|1898|Arisaema triphyllum ||pusillum |Peck}} {{../sp-1|1901|Arisaema pusillum |(Peck) Nash}} {{../sp-1|1903|Arisaema acuminatum |Small}} {{../var1|1921|Arisaema triphyllum ||acuminatum |Engl.}} {{../for1|1940|Arisaema triphyllum ||pusillum |Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1949|Arisaema triphyllum ||pusillum |Huttl.}} | --- | en1 = Small jack-in-the-pulpit | en2 = Peck's jack-in-the-pulpit | fr1 = Arisème nain | --- | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | nyfa = {{../nyfa|136|3|Ulst-Dutc-Rock-Bron}} | usda = {{../usda|ARTRP|N|Ulst-Dutc-Rock-Bron}} | vascan = 2673 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000013 | tro-id = 2104935 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Arisaema triphyllum ssp pusillum NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Arisaema triphyllum ssp. pusillum.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Arisaema triphyllum | hp1 = Arisaema triphyllum ''ssp.'' stewardsonii | hp2 = Arisaema triphyllum ''ssp.'' triphyllum | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en-vns = {{../hybrid-of|Swamp Jack-in-the-pulpit|Common Jack-in-the-pulpit}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Unknown | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7262|U|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Arisaema|Green-dragon|475|4|sect=Tortuosa<ref name=renner/>|author=Mart.| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Arisaema dracontium | author = (L.) Schott | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Arum dracontium|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1832|Arisaema dracontium|(L.) Schott}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1903|Muricauda dracontium|(L.) Small}} | --- | en1 = Green dragon | en2 = Dragon root | en3 = Dragon arum | fr1 = Arisème dragon | fr2 = Arisèma dragon | --- | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|137|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|ARDR3|NN|}} | vascan = 2672 | gobot = arisaema/dracontium | its-id = | ars-id = 3998 | fna-id = 222000012 | tro-id = 2101479 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Arisaema dracontium - Green Dragon.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} =====''Pinellia''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Pinellia ternata02.jpg |cap=''Pinellia ternata'' |''Pinellia ternata'' ('''crowdipper''') is being tracked as a potentially invasive plant in New York and New Jersey.<ref>[https://imapinvasives.natureserve.org/imap/services/page/StateSpeciesList/1094.html New York Species Record for ''Pinellia ternata'' (crowdipper) in iMapInvasives, updated 8/8/2016]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Aroideae|Arisaemateae||Pinellia| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Pinellia|Pinellia|287|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Pinellia ternata | author = (Thunb.) Makino <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1784|Arum ternatum |Thunb.}} {{../sp-1|1837|Alocasia ternata |(Thunb.) Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1837|Atherurus ternatus |(Thunb.) Blume}} {{../sp-1|1901|Pinellia ternata |(Thunb.) Makino}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Crowdipper | en2 = Asian green dragon | --- | status = Introduced | from = eastern Asia | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Unknown naturalization | imap = 1094 | ipa-us = 30011 | gbif-e = | gbif-i = | gbif-n = 8678824 | ny-tier = Untiered | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA | ns-rank = 2.138438/Pinellia_ternata Exotic <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6867|X|King (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = 8678824 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 166883-Pinellia-ternata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Kings (1950-51, 2008)">Kings County</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Nassau (2020), New York (2019), Rockland (2021)">3 counties</abbr> | image1 = Pinellia ternata inlf-inside-abrimaal1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Pistieae==== =====''Pistia''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img="+arya+" Pistia stratiotes ꦲꦥꦸꦲꦥꦸ apu-apu-Bulak Lor 2019 1.jpg |cap=''Pistia stratiotes'' |'''Water lettuce''' (''Pistia stratiotes'') is now listed with an Ecological Invasiveness rank of '''Very High''' and placed in New York State Tier 2.<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers, Water lettuce (''Pistia stratiotes'').]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Aroideae|Pistieae| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Pistia|Water-lettuce|283|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Pistia stratiotes | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Pistia stratiotes |L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Pistia spathulata |Michx.}} {{../var1|1878|Pistia stratiotes |L.|spathulata |Engl.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Water-lettuce | en2 = Tropical duckweed | en3 = Nile cabbage <!-- -- --> | fr1 = Laitue d'eau | status = Introduced|from=US South | from1 = South America | from2 = Africa | status1 = Very highly invasive | status2 = Impersistent | nyis = 62%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Pistia stratiotes|Not Assessable|62}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|139|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PIST2|N0|}} | vascan = 27976 | gobot = 78589-Pistia-stratiotes | inat = | its-id = 42542 | ars-id = 102491 | fna-id = | tro-id = 2103622 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Pistia stratiotes nymap.svg | cos = <abbr title="Orange (1900-98, Suffolk (1979-95)">NYFA: 2 counties</abbr><br><abbr title="Bronx, Erie, Monroe, Niagara">iMap: 3 counties</abbr><br><abbr title="Bronx, Broome, Niagara, Saratoga, Suffolk">iNat: 5 counties</abbr> | image1 = Starr 071121-0019 Pistia stratiotes.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Colocasieae==== =====''Colocasia''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Taimo Okinawa.jpg |cap=''Colocasia esculenta'' | }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Araceae|Aroideae|Colocasieae||Colocasia| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Colocasia|Taro|0||| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Colocasia esculenta | au-abbr = (L.) Schott | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Arum esculentum |L.}} {{../sp-1|1801|Caladium esculentum |(L.) Vent.}} {{../sp-1|1832|Colocasia esculenta |(L.) Schott}} {{../var1|1832|Colocasia esculenta |(L.) Schott| esculenta|}} {{../sp-1|1832|Colocasia antiquorum |Schott|}} {{../var1|1856|Colocasia antiquorum |Schott| esculenta|(L.) Schott}} <!-- -- --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Coco yam|2021 iMapInvasives}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|0|Not Listed}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">Not listed</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">xx counties</abbr> | image1 = Elephant Ear Flower Five.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Tofieldiaceae== ===''Triantha''=== {{../table|order=Alismatales|{{../w|Tofieldiaceae}}| }} <!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Triantha|Tofieldia|1110|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Triantha glutinosa | author = (Michx.) Baker <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|Narthecium glutinosum |Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1879|Triantha glutinosa |(Michx.) Baker}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Sticky false-asphodel <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1832|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRGL5|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Triantha/glutinosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TRGL5 | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Triantha glutinosa.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Alismataceae== The {{../w|Alismataceae}} (water-plantain family) has about a dozen documented taxa in three genera growing outside of cultivation in New York. ===''Sagittaria''=== {{../txt |img=Sagittaria latifolia 1 (5097358241).jpg |cap=''Sagittaria latifolia''<br>broad-leaved arrowhead | }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Alismataceae|||Sagittaria | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Sagittaria|Arrowhead|894|8| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria latifolia | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Broad-leaved arrowhead | en2 = Wapato | en3 = Common arrowhead | en4 = Duck-potato | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|44|5|Onon-Tomp-Oswe-Madi}} | usda = {{../usda|SALA2|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/latifolia | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Sagittaria latifolia WFNY-001.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria rigida | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sessile-fruited arrowhead | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|43|5|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe}} | usda = {{../usda|SARI|N|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/rigida | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Sagittaria rigida iNat-227430385.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria graminea | ssp0 = graminea | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Grass-leaved arrowhead | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|45|5|Onon-Oswe-Sene-Onei}} | usda = {{../usda|SAGRG|N|Onon-Oswe-Sene-Onei}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/graminea | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Sagittaria graminea ssp graminea NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Sagittaria graminea (14158688593).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria cuneata | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Northern arrowhead | en2 = Wapato | en3 = Wapatum arrowhead | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|47|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|SACU|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/cuneata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Sagittaria cuneata-8-02-05.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria engelmanniana | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Acid-water arrowhead | en2 = Engelmann arrowhead | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|46|4|Oswe-Livi-Oran-Rock}} | usda = {{../usda|SAEN|N|Nass-Suff (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/engelmanniana | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Sagittaria engelmanniana (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria subulata | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Strap-leaved arrowhead | status = Native | status1 = Rare | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|40|3|Tiog-Alba-Gree-Ulst}} | usda = {{../usda|SASU|N|Tiog-Alba-Gree-Wash}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/subulata | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Sagittaria subulata kz01 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria montevidensis | ssp0 = spongiosa | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> Lophotocarpus spathulatus Lophotocarpus spongiosus Sagittaria spathulata Sagittaria calycina var spongiosa </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Spongy-leaved arrowhead | en2 = Tidal arrowhead | en3 = Spongy arrowhead | en4 = Hooded arrowhead | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|41|2|Alba-Gree-Ulst-Colu}} | usda = {{../usda|SACAS|N|Alba,Green,Ulst,Colu,Dutc+5}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/montevidensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000352 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Sagittaria montevidensis ssp spongiosa NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Sagittaria montevidensis 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria teres | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Slender arrowhead | en2 = Quill-leaved sagittaria | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|42|1|Suff (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|SATE2|N|Suff (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/teres | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000359 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Sagittaria teres drawing.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sagittaria australis | author = (J.G.Sm.) Small <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../var1|1897|Sagittaria longirostra ||australis|J.G.Sm.}} {{../sp-1|1903|Sagittaria australis |(J.G.Sm.) Small}} {{../ssp1|auct|Sagittaria engelmanniana||longirostra|non Micheli 1955}} {{../sp-1|auct|Sagittaria longirostra |non J.G.Sm.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Longbeak arrowhead | en2 = Appalachian arrowhead | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|154|}} | usda = {{../usda|SAAU2|N|(1991)}} | vascan = | gobot = Sagittaria/australis | its-id = | ars-id = 414323 | fna-id = 222000328 | tro-id = 900002 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Long-beaked Arrowhead - Sagittaria australis, Prince William Forest Park, Triangle, Virginia.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ===''Alisma''=== {{../txt |img=Alisma subcordatum 144004501.jpg |cap=''Alisma subcordatum'' |Three species of '''water-plantains''' (genus ''Alisma'') have been reported in New York State. }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Alismataceae|||Alisma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Alisma|Water-plantain|62|3| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Alisma subcordatum | au-abbr = Raf. | au-full = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1808. '' '''Alisma subcordatum''' ''Raf. in Med. Repos., ser. 2, 5:362 1813. '' Alisma parviflorum ''Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:252 1824. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''var. ''parviflorum ''(Pursh) Torr. in Fl. N. Middle United States 1840. '' Alisma montanum ''Raf. in Autik. Bot.:62 1962. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''ssp. ''subcordatum ''(Raf.) Hultén in Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = American water-plantain <br> Southern water-plantain <br> Broad-leaved water-plantain <br> Small water-plantain | fr-vns = Alisma subcordé <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|36|24 counties|24 counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|130756-Alisma-subcordatum|16 counties|16 NYS counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2865181|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|ALSU|N|Rens,Wash,Oran,Colu,Putn+4}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = BSHP | pow-id = 8509-2 | wfo-id = 0000755500 | fsus = 390 | vascan = 2461 | gobot = Alisma/subcordatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Alisma_subcordatum | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Alisma subcordatum - Water Plantain.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Alisma triviale | au-abbr = Pursh | au-full = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1808. '' Alisma roseum ''Raf. in Med. Repos., nom. nud. 1813. '' '''Alisma triviale''' ''Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:252 1817. '' Alisma odoratum ''Raf. in Fl. Ludov.:17 1830. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''var. ''americanum ''Schult. & Schult.f. 1888. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''var. ''triviale ''(Pursh) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1900. '' Alisma brevipes ''Greene in Pittonia 4:158 1908. '' Alisma superbum ''Lunell in Bull. Leeds Herb. 2:5 1908. '' Alisma superbum ''var. ''angustissimum ''Lunell in Bull. Leeds Herb. 2:5 1908. '' Alisma superbum ''var. ''lanceolatum ''Lunell in Bull. Leeds Herb. 2:5 1914. '' Alisma subcordatum ''var. ''superbum ''(Lunell) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 1932. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''ssp. ''brevipes ''(Greene) Sam. in Ark. Bot. 24A(7):19 1935. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''var. ''brevipes ''(Greene) Vict. in Fl. Laurent.:615 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Northern water-plantain | fr-vns = Alisma commun <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = S5, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|37|13 counties|13 New York State counties}} | inatc = {{../inat|61167-Alisma-triviale|13 counties|13 New York State counties}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2865140|present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|ALTR7|N|Rens,Wash,Oran,Rock,Putn (only)}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = 65VDN | pow-id = 8516-2 | wfo-id = 0000755508 | fsus = 391 | vascan = 2462 | gobot = Alisma/triviale | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Alisma_triviale | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Alisma triviale.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Alisma gramineum | au-abbr = Lej. | au-full = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1811. '' '''Alisma gramineum''' ''Lej. in Fl. Spa 1:175 1827. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''var. ''gramineum ''(Lej.) Dumort. in Fl. Belg.:135 1843. '' Alisma geyeri ''Torr. in I.N.Nicollet, Rep.Hydrogr.Mississippi:162 1851. '' Alisma plantago-aquatica ''var. ''graminifolium ''Lange in Haandb.Danske Fl., nom. illeg. 1903. '' Alisma graminifolium ''Glück in Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 73:33 1957. '' Alisma gramineum ''var. ''angustissimum ''(DC.) Hendricks in Amer. Midl. Naturalist </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Narrow-leaved water-plantain <br> Grass-leaved water-plantain <br> Ribbon-leaf water-plantain | fr-vns = Alisma graminoide <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n=14 | ny-rank = S4, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|38|2-3|Wayn-Orle-Jeff-Stla (only)}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|ALGR|N|Wayn-Orle-Jeff-Stla (only)}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = BSFZ | pow-id = 77097302-1 | wfo-id = 0000755418 | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = Alisma/gramineum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Alisma_gramineum | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Alisma gramineum plant.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ===''Helanthium''=== {{../txt |img=Helanthium tenellum - Mutis-2.png |cap=''Helanthium tenellum'' |The species ''Helanthium tenellum'' <small> (Mart. ex Schult.f.) J.G.Sm.</small> ('''mud-babies''' or '''dwarf burhead''') is not known to persist New York State, though specimens were collected from Queens County in 1921. }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Alismataceae|||Helanthium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Helanthium|Burhead|1130|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helanthium tenellum | author = (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Britton <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1830. '' Alisma tenellum ''Mart. ex Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 1833. '' Alisma ranunculoides ''var. ''brasiliense ''A.St.-Hil. in Voy. Distr. Diam. 2:432 1856. '' Echinodorus subulatus ''Engelm. in A.Gray, Manual, ed. 2:438 1856. '' Echinodorus parvulus ''Engelm. in A.Gray, Manual, ed. 2:439 1868. '' Echinodorus tenellus ''(Mart. ex Schult.f.) Buchenau in Index Crit. Butom. Alism. 1898. '' Sagittaria tenella ''(Mart. ex Schult.f.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 326 1905. '' '''Helanthium tenellum''' ''(Mart. ex Schult.f.) J.G.Sm. in N.L.Britton 1909. '' Helanthium parvulum ''(Engelm.) Small in N.L.Britton & al. 1955. '' Echinodorus tenellus ''var. ''ecostatus ''Fassett in Rhodora 57:184 1955. '' Echinodorus tenellus ''var. ''parvulus ''(Engelm.) Fassett in Rhodora 57:185 1955. '' Echinodorus tenellus ''fo. ''randii ''Fassett in Rhodora 57:188 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Dwarf burhead <br> Mud-babies <br> Pygmy chain sword <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SX, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|39|Queens (1921)|Queens County (1921)}} | inatc = {{../inat|204326-Helanthium-tenellum|No NY obs.|No NYS observations}} | gbifc = {{../gbif|2864529|Not present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|ECTE2|NN|as Echinodorus tenellus (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Buchenau }} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = helanthium/tenellum | its-id = 38899 | Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau | ars-id = 460430 | Helanthium tenellum (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Britton | fna-id = 222000054 | Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau 1868. | tro-id = 900111 | Helanthium tenellum (Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Britton | map = Helanthium tenellum nymap.svg | image1 = Helanthium tenellum iNat-438373304.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Butomaceae== ===''Butomus''=== {{../txt |img=ButomusUmbellatus2.jpg |cap=''Butomus umbellatus''<br>flowering rush |The sole species of '''{{../w|Butomaceae}}''' (the flowering rush family) is the aquatic Eurasian plant ''Butomus umbellatus'', which is listed as moderately invasive in New York. Its first appearance in North America was in the St. Laurence River in 1897, and it is now a problem weed in the Great Lakes.<ref>[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/butomus/umbellatus/ Go Botany - New England Wild Flower Society]</ref> Studies by L. C. Anderson in 1974 found that the naturalized North American ''Butomus'' populations had separate sources. Those east of Niagara Falls, introduced near the St. Lawrence River, originated in eastern Asia. Those west of the Falls were introduced near Detroit, and were from western Euraasia. R. L. Stuckey, in 1994, recognized these two groups as separate species, with ''B. umbellatus'', from western Eurasia, found west of the Falls, and ''B. junceus'', from eastern Asia, found east of the falls.<ref>[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024717 ''Flora of North America'', www.eFloras.org]</ref> ''B. junceus'' is not widely accepted as a separate species at this time, but if it were to be accepted, New York's populations would probably be considered to be ''B. junceus''.<ref>[http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=649 Weldy, Troy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson (2014) ''New York Flora Atlas''. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.]</ref><ref>[http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=3%2F27%2F2014+5%3A42%3A31+AM&SpeciesID=1100&State=&HUCNumber=DStClair Cao, L., L. Berent, and A. Fusaro (2014). ''Butomus umbellatus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database'', Gainesville, FL.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Butomaceae||||Butomus| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Butomus|Flowering rush|790|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Butomus umbellatus | author = L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Butomus umbellatus|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1837|Butomus junceus|Turcz.}} | en1 = Flowering rush | en2 = Water gladiolus | en3 = Grass rush | fr1 = Butome à ombelle | fr2 = Jonc fleuri | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = NE-1<ref name=NE1>{{../ref|NE1}}</ref> | gbif-i = 2864467 | nyis = 64%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Butomus umbellatus|Moderate|64|first}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|649|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|BUUM|X|}} | gbif = 2864467 | vascan = 4138 | gobot = butomus/umbellatus | its-id = 38886 | ars-id = 404280 | fna-id = 200024717 | tro-id = 4800001 | ipn-id = 58290-1 | nse-id = Butomus+umbellatus | bna-id = Butomus%20umbellatus | map = Butomus umbellatus nymap.svg | image1 = Butomus umbellatus Sturm-04007.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Hydrocharitaceae== The '''{{../w|Hydrocharitaceae}}''' (tape-grass family) ... ===Subfamily Hydrocharitoideae=== ====''Hydrocharis''==== {{../txt |img=Hydrocharis.jpg |cap=''Hydrocharis morsus-ranae'' |'''European frog-bit''' (''Hydrocharis morsus-ranae'') is a recent invader of northern New York State, often occurring with ''Phragmites australis''. }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Hydrocharitoideae|||Hydrocharis}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ -->{{../genus|Hydrocharis|Frog-bit|487|1|}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ -->{{../taxon | species = Hydrocharis morsus-ranae | author = L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Hydrocharis Morsus ranae|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1827|Pontederia dubia|Blume}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1925|H. dubia|(Blume) Backer}} | en1 = Common frogbit | en2 = European frog-bit | en3 = Frog's bit | fr1 = Hydrocharide grenouillette | fr2 = Grenouillette | fr3 = Morène | fr4 = Petit nénuphar | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Very highly invasive | nyis = 86%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Hydrocharis morsus-ranae|Very high|86|first}}</ref> | status3 = Prohibited<ref name="prohibit-ref">{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1598|X|Cayu-Oswe-Wayn-Sara}} | usda = {{../usda|HYMO6|XX|New York, Otario & Quebec only}} | vascan = 6121 | gobot = hydrocharis/morsus-ranae | its-id = 503098 | ars-id = 419827 | fna-id = 220006621 | tro-id = 16100007 | ipn-id = 114336-3 | nse-id = Hydrocharis+morsus-ranae | bna-id = Hydrocharis%20morsus-ranae | map = Hydrocharis morsus-ranae nymap.svg | image1 = Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 2017-08-06 3636.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ====''Egeria''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Hydrocharitoideae|||Egeria| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Egeria|Waterweed|650|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Egeria densa | author = Planch. | sn0 = {{../sn|1849|Egeria densa|Planch.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1857|Elodea densa|Casp.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1931|Anacharis densa|Vict.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1933|Philotria densa|Small}} | en1 = Brazilian waterweed | en2 = Brazilian elodea | en3 = South American waterweed | status = Introduced | from = Brazil | status1 = Highly invasive | nyis = 75%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Egeria densa|High|75}}</ref> | status3 = Prohibited<ref name="prohibit-ref">{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref> | status4 = NE-2<ref name=NE2>{{../ref|NE2}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1601|X|Oran-Nass-Suff (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|EGDE|XW|}} | vascan = 6117 | gobot = egeria/densa | its-id = 38972 | ars-id = 400175 | fna-id = 220004601 | tro-id = 16100033 | map = Egeria densa nymap.svg | image1 = Wasserpest.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Limnobium''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Limnobium spongia 02.jpg |cap=''Limnobium spongia'' | }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Hydrocharitoideae|||Limnobium| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Limnobium|Spongeplant|924|1|author=Rich. 1814| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Limnobium spongia | author1 = (Bosc) Rich. ex Steud. | sn0 = {{../sn|1807|Hydrocharis spongia|Bosc}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1814|Limnobium spongia|Rich.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1818|Hydrocharis cordifolia|Nutt.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1840|Limnobium spongia|Steud.}} | en1 = American frogbit | en2 = American spongeplant | status = Introduced | status1 = US South native | status2 = Impersistent | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1602|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LISP2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = 0 | its-id = 38948 | ars-id = 419810 | fna-id = 222000213 | tro-id = 16100044 | map = | image1 = Limnobium spongia kz01 (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ===Subfamily Stratiotoideae=== ====''Stratiotes''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Stratiotes aloides spring.jpg |cap=''Stratiotes aloides'' |Although not yet found in New York, ''Stratiotes aloides'' ('''water soldiers''') have been discovered on the Trent River in Ontario and the Ottawa River in Quebec.<ref>[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/60467-Stratiotes-aloides iNaturalist (2021). ''Stratiotes aloides'' (Water-Soldier)]</ref><ref>[https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/greatlakes/FactSheet.aspx?Species_ID=3159&Potential=Y&Type=2&HUCNumber Fusaro, A., A. Davidson, K. Alame, M. Gappy, E. Baker, G. Nunez, J. Larson, W. Conard, and P. Alsip, 2021, ''Stratiotes aloides'' L.: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, and NOAA Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System, Ann Arbor, MI, Revision Date: 5/11/2017, Access Date: 9/14/2021]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Stratiotoideae|||Stratiotes| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Stratiotes|Water-aloe||0| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Stratiotes aloides | author = L. <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Stratiotes aloides|L.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Water-soldiers | en2 = Water-aloe | fr1 = Stratiote faux-aloès | fr2 = Faux-aloès | fr3 = Aloès d'eau <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = NYS Tier 1a | nyis = Not ranked<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Stratiotes aloides|Listed but not ranked|No reports outside of cultivation in New York}}</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|STAL6|00|(excluded)}} | note = [http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@biodiversity/documents/document/stdprod_104417.pdf CA] | vascan = 27898 | gobot = | inat = 60467-Stratiotes-aloides | its-id = 505383 | ars-id = 316418 | fna-id = | tro-id = 16100129 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = 0 | map = nymap.svg | cos = no reports | image1 = StratiotesAloidesFlower.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Anacharidoideae=== ====''Elodea''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Anacharidoideae|||Elodea| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Elodea|Waterweed|50|3| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Elodea canadensis | author1 = L.Rich. ex Michx. | en1 = Canadian waterweed | en2 = Common waterweed | en3 = Broad waterweed | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1600|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ELCA7|NN|}} | image1 = Elodea canadensis2 ies.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Elodea nuttallii | author1 = (Planch.) St. John | en1 = Nuttall's waterweed | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1599|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ELNU2|NN|}} | image1 = ElodeaNuttallii2.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Elodea bifoliata | author = H.St.John <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn||E. longivaginata|H.St.John|}} |{{../sn||E. nevadensis|(Planch.) H,St.John|}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Twoleaf waterweed | en2 = Two-leaved waterweed | en3 = Long-sheath waterweed | status = Introduced | status1 = Western native | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1597|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|ELBI2|NN|}} | map = No counties NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Herne - Kanal - Osthafen 06 ies.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ====''Lagarosiphon''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Lagarosiphon major flowers on Salagou Lake cf01.jpg |cap=''Lagarosiphon major'' flowers on Salagou Lake, France |'''African oxygen weed''' or '''African elodea''' (''Lagarosiphon major'') is listed on the Federal Noxious Weed list and on the Michigan prohibited aquatic plant list.<ref>[https://www.misin.msu.edu/facts/detail/?project=misin&id=134&cname=African%20oxygen%20weed The Midwest Invasive Species Information Network (MISIN) (2021). African oxygen weed (''Lagarosiphon major'').]</ref> The New York State rank is '''High'''.<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: African elodea (''Lagarosiphon major''), Ecological Rank High, NYS Tier 1b, Capitol Region 1c, 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Anacharidoideae|||Lagarosiphon| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Lagarosiphon|Oxygen weed|0| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Lagarosiphon major | author = (Ridl.) Moss | en1 = African oxygen weed | en2 = African elodea | status = Introduced | status1 = Highly invasive | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|0|Not Listed}} | usda = {{../usda|LAMA15|X?|}} | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Lagarasiphon major, Howardian, August 1992 (34388714862).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Hydrilloideae=== ====''Najas''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Najadoideae|Najadeae||Najas| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Najas|Waternymph / Naiad|53|7| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas flexilis | author1 = (Willd.) Rostk. & W.L.E.Schmidt <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1798|Caulinia flexilis|Willd.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1803|Najas canadensis|Michx.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1824|N. flexilis|Rostk. & W.L.E.Schmidt}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1942|N. flexilis|ssp=caespitosus|ssp-au=Maguire}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1975|N. caespitosus|(Maguire) Reveal}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Slender naiad | en2 = Slender naias | en3 = Slender water-nymph | en4 = Nodding water-nymph | en5 = Bushy naiad | en6 = Northern water-nymph | en7 = Wavy waternymph <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1927|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|NAFL|NN|}} | gobot = najas/flexilis | its-id = | ars-id = 400099 | fna-id = 222000255 | tro-id = | nse-id = Najas+flexilis | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0213 Naias flexilis.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas gracillima | author1 = (A.Braun ex Engelm.) Magnus <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1867|Najas indica ''var.'' gracillima|}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1870|Najas gracillima|Magnus}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Thread-like naiad | en2 = Thread-like water-nymph | en3 = Slender waternymph <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1928|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|NAGR|NN|}} | gobot = najas/gracillima | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Najas gracillima seeds.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas guadalupensis | author1 = (Spreng.) Magnus | ssp = guadalupensis <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1825|Caulinia guadalupensis|Spreng.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1870|Najas guadalupensis|Magnus}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Southern water-nymph | en2 = Southern naiad <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1930|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|NAGUG|NN|all US states except Alaska}} | gobot = najas/guadalupensis | its-id = 510482 | ars-id = 400100 | noxious weed in PR | fna-id = 222000260 | tro-id = 22200058 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = Najas guadalupensis ssp guadalupensis nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0214 Naias guadalupensis.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas guadalupensis | author1 = (Spreng.) Magnus | ssp = muenscheri | ssp-au1 = (R.T.Clausen) R.R.Haynes & Hellq. <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1937|Najas muenscheri|R.T.Clausen}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1979|N.g.|var=muenscheri|var-au=R.R.Haynes}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1996|N.g.|ssp=muenscheri|ssp-au=R.R.Haynes & Hellq.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Hudson River water-nymph | en2 = Muenscher's water-nymph | en3 = Mermaid weed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nynhp = 1<br>'''Endemic'''<ref>The Hudson River water-nymph is endemic to the lower Hudson River (from the Mohawk River to Piermont), one of the few New York endemic taxa. {{../nynhp-ref|9684|Najas guadalupensis ''ssp.'' muenscheri|Endangered|S1|G5T1}}</ref> <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1931|1E|Endangered & endemic to the Hudson River Valley.}} | usda = {{../usda|NAGUM2|N0|as Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus ssp. muenscheri (R.T.Clausen) Haynes & C.B.Hellquist}} | ref-21 = [http://www.acris.nynhp.org/guide.php?id=9684 NHP] | gobot = | not present in New England s.s. | its-id = 566055 | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000262 | tro-id = 50083830 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = Najas guadalupensis ssp muenscheri nymap.svg | image1 = Najas guadalupensis NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas guadalupensis | author1 = (Spreng.) Magnus | ssp = olivacea | ssp-au1 = (Rosend. & Butters) R.R.Haynes & Hellq. <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1935|N. olivacea|Rosend.& Butters}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1979|N. guadalupensis|var=olivacea|var-au=R.R.Haynes}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1996|N. guadalupensis|ssp=olivacea|ssp-au=R.R.Haynes & Hellq.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Guadalupe water-nymph | en2 = Southern naiad <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1932|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|NAGUO2|NN|}} | gobot = najas/guadalupensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000261 | tro-id = 50083828 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = Najas guadalupensis ssp olivacea nymap.svg | image1 = Najas guadalupensis NRCS-4x3.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas marina | author = L. <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Najas marina|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1893|Najas gracilis|Morong}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1903|Najas gracilis|Small}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Spiny water-nymph | en2 = Spiny naiad | en3 = Holly-leaved naiad | en4 = Prickly waternymph <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1926|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|NAMA|NN|}} | gobot = | not listed | its-id = | ars-id = 400101 | fna-id = 200024705 | tro-id = 22200006 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = Najas marina nymap.svg | image1 = JCS Najas marina 01544.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Najas minor | author = {{../w|Carlo Allioni|All.}} <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1773|Najas minor|All.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1807|Fluvialis minor|Pers.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1808|Ittnera minor|C.C.Gmel.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1845|Caulinia minor|Coss. & Germ.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Brittle water-nymph <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = n. Africa | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = NYS Tier 5<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: ''Najas minor'' (brittle naiad) - NYS Tier 5]</ref> | status3 = <ref>[https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/najas/minor/ ''Najas minor'' is prohibited in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. 2021 Native Plant Trust, Go Botany.]</ref> <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1929|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|NAMI|XX|}} | gobot = najas/minor | its-id = | ars-id = 416233 | fna-id = 200024706 | tro-id = 22200005 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = Najas minor nymap.svg | image1 = Najas minor NRCS (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Hydrilla''==== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Hydrilla verticillata-1-bsi-yercaud-salem-India.jpg |cap=''Hydrilla verticillata'' |The genus ''Hydrilla'' is usually considered to contain the single species ''Hydrilla verticillata'', which is commonly known simply as '''hydrilla'''. It's a Eurasian aquatic plant commonly used in aquariums and was probably first released in North America in the 1950s but not found in New York State until 2008, when it was discovered in Orange and Suffolk Counties.<ref>[https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/104790.html New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2021). "Hydrilla."]</ref><ref>[https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/hydrillafs.pdf New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (2020). Hydrilla Fact Sheet.]</ref> More recently, hydrilla has been discovered in and around Cayuga Lake, Tonawanda Creek near Buffalo, Susquehanna River near Binghamton and elsewhere. By 2021, iMapInvasives showed hydrilla in at least 12 New York counties.<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: ''Hydrilla verticillata''. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Najadoideae|Najadeae||Hydrilla| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Hydrilla|Water-thyme|1114|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Hydrilla verticillata | author = (L.f.) {{../w|John Forbes Royle|Royle}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1782|Serpicula verticillata|L.f.}} | sn2 = {{../sn|1824|Udora verticillata|Spreng.}} | sn3 = {{../sn|1839|Hydrilla verticillata|Royle}} | sn4 = {{../sn|1888|Elodea verticillata|F.Muell.}} | en1 = Hydrilla | en2 = Florida elodea | en3 = Waterthyme | en4 = Water-thyme | en5 = Esthwaite waterweed <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia, Africa | from1 = Australia | status1 = Very highly invasive | nyis = 91%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Hydrilla verticillata|Very high|91}}</ref> | status2 = NYS Tier 2<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: ''Hydrilla verticillata''. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program.]</ref> | status3 = Discovered 2008.<ref>Three large infestations of Hydrilla were discovered in Orange and Suffolk Counties in 2008.</ref> | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7179|X1|Oran-Nass}} | usda = {{../usda|HYVE3|X0|}} | vascan = | not listed in Canada | gobot = hydrilla/verticillata | its-id = 38974 | ars-id = 316414 | fna-id = 200024721 | tro-id = 16100005 | map = Hydrilla verticillata nymap.svg | cos = NYFA: Orange, Westchester<br><br>iMap: <abbr title="2021: Broome, Cayuga, Erie, Kings, Nassau, Niagara, Monroe, Orange, Tompkins, Suffolk, Tioga, Westchester">≥ 12 counties</abbr> | image1 = Hydrilla verticillata kz01 01.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ====''Vallisneria''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Hydrocharitaceae|Najadoideae|Vallisnerieae| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Vallisneria|Eelgrass|652|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Vallisneria americana | author = Michx. <!-- -- --> | en1 = Eel-grass | en2 = Tape-grass | en3 = Water-celery | en4 = Wild-celery <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1596|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|VAAM3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Vallisneria americana UMFS 2.JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Scheuchzeriaceae== The {{fny-w|Monotypic taxon|monotypic}} {{fny-w|Scheuchzeriaceae}} (scheuchzeria family) ===''Scheuchzeria''=== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Scheuchzeriaceae||||Scheuchzeria| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Scheuchzeria|Rannoch-rush|236|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Scheuchzeria palustris | author = L. <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn||S. americana|(Fernald) G.N.Jones}} | sn1 = {{../sn||S. palustris|var=americana|Fernald}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = American scheuchzeria | en2 = Rannoch-rush <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2905|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|SCPA2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Scheuchzeria/palustris | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = ScheuchzeriaPalustris2.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Juncaginaceae== The {{fny-w|Juncaginaceae}} (arrowgrass family) ===''Triglochin''=== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Juncaginaceae||||Triglochin| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Triglochin|Arrowgrass|895|2| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Triglochin maritima | author = L. | en1 = Seaside arrowgrass | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1677|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRMA20|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Triglochin maritima baie-authie 80 29042007 6.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Triglochin palustris | author = L. | en1 = Slender bog arrow-grass | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1676|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRPA28|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Triglochin palustris 02.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Ruppiaceae== The {{fny-w|Ruppiaceae}} (ditch-grass family) ===''Ruppia''=== {{../txt |img=Starr 040410-0254 Ruppia maritima.jpg |cap=''Ruppia maritima''<br>ditch-grass | }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../table|order=Alismatales|Ruppiaceae||||Ruppia| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Ruppia|Widgeonweed|40|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Ruppia maritima | author = L. <!-- -- --> | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Ruppia maritima|L.}} | sn1 = {{../sn|1915|Buccaferrea maritima|Lunell}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Ditch-grass | en2 = Beaked ditchgrass | en3 = Widgeongrass | en4 = Sea ditchgrass | en5 = Tassel pondweed | fr1 = Ruppie maritime | fr2 = Persil d'eau <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2843|3-4|}} | usda = {{../usda|RUMA5|NN|}} | vascan = 9037 | gobot = ruppia/maritima | its-id = 39063 | ars-id = | fna-id = 220011791 | tro-id = 26300130 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ruppia+maritima | bna-id = Ruppia%20maritima | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ruppia maritima South Chungcheong, South Korea 27 Jun 2006.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ==Family Zosteraceae== The {{fny-w|Zosteraceae}} (eelgrass family) ===''Zostera''=== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Zosteraceae||||Zostera| }} <!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Zostera|Eelgrass|651|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Zostera marina | author = L. (1753) | sn0 = Zostera pacifica ''L.'' | en1 = Eelgrass | en2 = Seawrack | en3 = Zostére marine | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | nyfa = {{../nyfa|3133|3|Long Island only}} | usda = {{../usda|ZOMA|NN|}} | its-id = 39074 | fna-id = 200024703 | image1 = Zostera marina.jpeg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Potamogetonaceae== The {{fny-w|Potamogetonaceae}} (pond-weed family) ===Tribe Potamogetoneae=== ====''Potamogeton''==== {{../txt |img= |cap= |The ''Potamogeton'' ('''pondweed''') subdivisions used here are from Lindqvist et al. (2006).<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00124.x/abstract Lindqvist, C., De Laet, J., Haynes, R. R., Aagesen, L., Keener, B. R. and Albert, V. A. (2006), Molecular phylogenetics of an aquatic plant lineage, Potamogetonaceae. Cladistics, 22: 568–588. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00124.x]</ref> Chromosome numbers are from Kaplan et al. (2013).<ref>[http://www.preslia.cz/P134Kaplan.pdf Zdeněk Kaplan, Vlasta Jarolímová & Judith Fehrer (2013). "Revision of chromosome numbers of Potamogetonaceae: a new basis for taxonomic and evolutionary implications." ''Preslia'' 85:421–482, 2013.]</ref> }} =====''Potamogeton'' clade 1A===== {{../txt |img=Potamogeton crispus 5274005.jpg |cap=''Potamogeton crispus''<br>curly-leaved pondweed | }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Potamogeton|clade=1A| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|32|clade=1A| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton robbinsii | author = Oakes | --- | en1 = Robbins' pondweed | en2 = Flat-leaved pondweed | en3 = Fern pondweed | --- | fr1 = Potamot de Robbins | status = Native | status1 = Secure | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2508|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|PORO2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/robbinsii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000307 | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton robbinsii NRCS-002.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton crispus | author = L. | sn0 = {{fny-sn|1753|Potamogeton crispus|L.}} | --- | en1 = Curly pondweed | en2 = Curled pondweed | --- | fr1 = Potamot crepu | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | from2 = Australia | status1 = Very highly invasive | status2 = NE-1<ref name=NE1>{{fny-ref|NE1}}</ref> '''Note'''<ref>The exotic invasive ''Potamogeton crispus'' is easily recognized by being the only species in North America with serrate leaves ([http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024690 Flora of North America]).</ref> | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyis = 80%<ref>{{fny-nyis-ref|Potamogeton crispus|Very high|80}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2490|X|Onon-Cayu-Oswe-Tomp-Madi+M}} | usda = {{../usda|POCR3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/crispus | its-id = | ars-id = 400123 | fna-id = 200024690 | tro-id = | map = | image1 = Potamogeton crispus Thomé-033.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} =====''Potamogeton'' clade 1B===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=20180810Potamogeton natans2.jpg |cap=''Potamogeton natans'' | }} {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Potamogeton|clade=1B| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|32|clade=1B| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton natans | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Floating pondweed | en2 = Floating-leaved pondweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2495|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|PONA4|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/natans | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Leipzig - Mendelssohnufer + Pleißemühlgraben 04 ies (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton nodosus | author = Poir. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1816|Potamogeton nodosus|Poir.}} {{../sp-1|1848|P. lonchites|Tuck.}} {{../var1|1893|P. americanus|Cham. & Schltdl.|novaeboracensis|(Morong) A. Benn. ex Fassett}} {{../var1|1893|P. lonchites|Tuck.|novaeboracensis|Morong}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Long-leaved pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 4 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2494|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|PONO2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/nodosus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = | image1 = Limni Preveli 07 (cropped).JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton perfoliatus | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|1753|P. perfoliatus|L.}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Claspingleaf pondweed | en2 = Clasping-leaved pondweed | en3 = Clasped pondweed | en4 = Perfoliate pondweed <!-- -- --> | fr1 = Potamot perfolié <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2513|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POPE7|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/perfoliatus | its-id = | ars-id = 417554 | fna-id = 200024699 | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = PotamogetonPerfoliatus2.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton richardsonii | author1 = (A.Benn.) Rydb. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../var1|1889|P. perfoliatus|L.|richardsonii|A.Benn.}} {{../spa1|1905|P. richardsonii|Rydb.}} {{../ssp1|1941|P. perfoliatus|L.|richardsonii|Hultén}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Richardson's pondweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2515|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|PORI2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/richardsonii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000306 | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton richardsonii.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton amplifolius | author1 = Tuck. (1848) <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Largeleaf pondweed | en2 = Large-leaved pondweed | en3 = Broad-leaved pondweed <!-- -- --> | fr1 = Potamot à grandes feuilles <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2512|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POAM5|NN|}} | vascan = 8291 | gobot = potamogeton/amplifolius | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000277 | tro-id = | map = | image1 = Potamogeton amplifolius NRCS-3.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton oakesianus | author1 = J.W.Robbins <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Oakes' pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = Chro. # unk. <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2521|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POOA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/oakesianus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000295 | tro-id = | map = | image1 = BB-0175 Potamogeton oakesianus.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton praelongus | author1 = Wulfen <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Whitestem pondweed | en2 = White-stemmed pondweed | --- | fr1 = Potamot à longs pédoncules | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2520|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POPR5|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/praelongus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000300 | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton praelongus bluete.jpeg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton gramineus | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Grassy pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = n = 26 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2503|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POGR8|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/gramineus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton gramineus (3817604665).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton illinoensis | author = <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Illinois pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 104 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2496|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POIL|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/illinoensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = | image1 = BB-0184 Potamogeton illinoensis.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton × spathuliformis | author1 = (J.W. Robbins) Morong (pro sp.) | hp1 = Potamogeton gramineus | hp2 = Potamogeton illinoensis <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Hybrid pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 78 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2523|3?|}} | usda = {{../usda|POSP4|NN|}} | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton × nitens | author = | hp1 = Potamogeton gramineus | hp2 = Potamogeton perfoliatus <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Hybrid pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = ? | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2492|3?|}} | usda = {{../usda|PONI5|NN|}} | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton × subdentatus | author1 = Hagstr. | hp1 = Potamogeton illinoensis | hp2 = Potamogeton perfoliatus <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Hybrid pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = ? | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2504|U|}} | usda = {{../usda|POSU11|N0|NY, AL, FL only}} | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton alpinus | author = Balbis | sn0 = {{../sn|1804|Potamogeton alpinus|Balbis}} <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Alpine pondweed | en2 = Northern pondweed | en3 = Red pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2510|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|POAL8|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/alpinus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000276 | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton alpinus out of watet.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton pulcher | author = Tuck. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Spotted pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = chr. # unk. <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2511|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|POPU6|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/pulcher | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0177 Potamogeton pulcher.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|X|clade=1B|txt=(excluded&nbsp;species)| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton lucens | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Shining pondweed | fr1 = <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|156|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton lucens Prague 2012 4.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton × angustifolius | sp-disp = | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = | hp1 = Potamogeton gramineus | hp2 = Potamogeton lucens <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Long-leaved pondweed | fr1 = <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = 2n = 52 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|155|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> =====''Potamogeton'' clade 2A===== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Potamogeton|clade=2A| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|32|clade=2A| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton epihydrus | author = Raf. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../spa1|1808|Potamogeton epihydrus|Raf.}} {{../spa1|1827|P. nuttallii|Cham. & Schltdl.}} {{../var1|1894|P. nuttallii|Cham. & Schltdl.|ramosus|Peck}} {{../var1|1924|P. epihydrus|Raf.|ramosus|(Peck) House}} {{../var1|1932|P. epihydrus|Raf.|typicus|(Raf.) Fernald|info=nom. inval.}} {{../var1|1932|P. epihydrus|Raf.|nuttallii|(Cham. & Schltdl.) Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1965|P. epihydrus|Raf.|nuttallii|(Cham. & Schltdl.) Calder & Roy L.Taylor}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Ribbon-leaved pondweed | en2 = Nuttall's pondweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 26 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2507|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POEP2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/epihydrus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000283 | tro-id = 26300087 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton epihydrus NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> =====''Potamogeton'' clade 2B===== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Potamogeton|clade=2B| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|32|clade=2B| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton spirillus | author = Tuck. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../spa1|1817|P. dimorphus|Raf.}} {{../spa1|1848|P. spirillus|Tuck.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Spiral pondweed | en2 = Northern snailseed pondweed | --- | fr1 = Potamot spirille | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 28 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2524|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POSP3|NN|}} | vascan = 8320 | gobot = potamogeton/spirillus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000308 | tro-id = 26300119 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton spirillus (as Potamogeton dimorphus) BB-1913.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton bicupulatus | author1 = Fernald <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../var2|1893|P. diversifolius||trichophyllus|Morong}} {{../spa1|1932|P. bicupulatus|Fernald}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Snailseed pondweed | en2 = Snail-seeded pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2493|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POBI9|NN|}} | vascan = 8292 | gobot = potamogeton/bicupulatus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000278 | tro-id = 26300082 | map = | image1 = Potamogeton bicupulatus, NH, USA.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton confervoides | author1 = Rchb. | sn0 = {{../sn|1845|P. confervoides|Rchb.}} | sn1 = {{../sn||P. tuckermanii|}} | --- | en1 = Algae-like pondweed | en2 = Alga pondweed | en3 = Tuckerman’s pondweed | --- | fr1 = Potamot confervoïde | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2501|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|POCO12|NN|}} | vascan = 8293 | gobot = potamogeton/confervoides | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = | image1 = BB-0190 Potamogeton confervoides.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton diversifolius | author1 = {{fny-w|Raf.}} (1808) | sn0 = {{../sn||P. capillaceus|Poir.}} | sn1 = {{../sn||P. dimorphus|Raf.}} | --- | en1 = Water-thread pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = 2n = 28 <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2491|1|Native, especially vulnerable in New York State.}} | usda = {{../usda|PODI|N0|Most of US lower 48, not shown in Canada}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/diversifolius | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000282 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton diversifolius NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> =====''Potamogeton'' clade 2C===== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Potamogeton|clade=2C| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|32|clade=2C| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton foliosus | author = Raf. | ssp0 = foliosus <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Leafy pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2506|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POFOF4|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/foliosus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton foliosus NRCS-1 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton pusillus | author = L. <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Small pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2502|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POPUP5|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/pusillus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0200 Potamogeton pusillus.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton berchtoldii | author = Fieber <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1| |Potamogeton berchtoldii |Fieber}} {{../var1| |Potamogeton pusillus |L.|tenuissimus|Mert. & W.D.J.Koch}} {{../ssp1| |Potamogeton pusillus |L.|tenuissimus|(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Haynes & C.B.Hellquist}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Berchtold’s pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2497|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/berchtoldii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton berchtoldii fruit (02).JPG }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton vaseyi | author = J.W.Robbins <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1867|Potamogeton vaseyi|J.W.Robbins}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Vasey's pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2509|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POVA3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/vaseyi | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000312 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0198 Potamogeton vaseyi.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton zosteriformis | author1 = Fernald <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|auct|Potamogeton compressus|non L.|}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Flat-stemmed pondweed | en2 = Flatstem pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2518|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POZO|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/zosteriformis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton zosteriformis NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton friesii | author = <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Fries' pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2505|4?|}} | usda = {{../usda|POFR3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/friesii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton friesii.jpeg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton obtusifolius | author1 = Mert. & W.D.J. Koch <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Blunt-leaved pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2517|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|POOB2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/obtusifolius | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton obtusifolius sl25.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton hillii | author = Morong <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Hill's pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2499|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|POHI4|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/hillii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0193 Potamogeton hillii.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton ogdenii | author1 = Hellquist & Hilton <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Ogden's pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2514|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|POOG|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/ogdenii | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton strictifolius | author = Benn. <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|auct|P. rutilus|non=Wolfg.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Straight-leaved pondweed | en2 = Narrowleaf pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2516|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|POST2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = potamogeton/strictifolius | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton × haynesii | author1 = Hellquist & Crow | hp1 = Potamogeton strictifolius | hp2 = Potamogeton zosteriformis <!-- -- --> | syns = <!-- -- --> | en1 = Hybrid pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2522|1?|}} | usda = {{../usda|POHA11|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Potamogeton|Pondweed|266|X|clade=2C|txt=(excluded&nbsp;species)| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton compressus | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|P. compressus|L.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Grass-wrack pondweed | en2 = Flatstem pondweed | en3 = Eelgrass pondweed | fr1 = <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|157|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = 308518 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Potamogeton compressus.jpeg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Potamogeton rutilus | au-abbr = Wolfg. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1827|P. rutilus|Wolfg.}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Shetland pondweed | fr1 = <!-- -- --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|158|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = 308710 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = BB-0197 Potamogeton rutilus.png }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ====''Stuckenia''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Stuckenia| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Stuckenia|Pondweed|267|2| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Stuckenia pectinata | author = (L.) Börner <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Potamogeton pectinatus|L.}} {{../sp-1||Stuckenia pectinata|(L.) Börner}} {{../sp-1||Coleogeton pectinatum|(L.) Les & R.R.Haynes}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Sago pondweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- -- --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2500|5|Shallow water of ponds, lakes and slow moving streams.}} | usda = {{../usda|STPE15|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = La marque juillet 2017a5.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Stuckenia filiformis | author = (Pers.) Börner <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../snl |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} |{{../sn|||}} }} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Thread-leaved pondweed | en2 = Fineleaf pondweed <!-- -- --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2498|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|STFIA2|NN|as ssp. alpina}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stuckenia filiformis ssp filiformis NRCS-1.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Stuckenia|Pondweed|267|X|txt=(excluded species) }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Stuckenia vaginata | author = (Turcz.) Holub <!-- -- --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1854|Potamogeton vaginatus|Turcz.}} {{../sp-1|1984|Stuckenia vaginata|(Turcz.) Holub}} <!-- -- --> | en1 = Sheathed pondweed | en2 = Big sheathed pondweed | en3 = Large sheathed pondweed | fr1 = Potamot engainé <!-- -- --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|159|}} | usda = {{../usda|STVA8|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 222000379 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stuckenia vaginata.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} ===Tribe Zannichellieae=== ====''Zannichellia''==== {{../table|order=Alismatales|Potamogetonaceae||||Zannichellia| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../genus|Zannichellia|Horned pondweed|3132|1| }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../taxon | species = Zannichellia palustris | author = L. | sn0 = {{../sn|1753|Zannichellia palustris|L.}} | --- | en1 = Horned pondweed | --- | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|3132|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ZAPA|NN|}} | vascan = 8344 | gobot = zannichellia/palustris | its-id = 39068 | ars-id = | fna-id = 200024702 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = ZannichelliaPalustris3.jpg }}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --> {{../end table}} {{BookCat}} flymbjgb4utp3igcrru3gcr1bi8aw67 User:Danielravennest/papers/Mars21 2 296327 4664595 4663144 2026-08-26T09:48:41Z Danielravennest 13526 /* 4.0 - Seed Factory Technology */ 4664595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#d0f0f0;line-height:2.5em;font-family:'Georgia', serif";">Building Better Worlds in the 21st Century</span>}} <div style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Georgia', serif;"> :'''Dani Eder,''' :''The Seed Factory Project,'' :''6485 Rivertown Rd, Fairburn, GA, 30213'' :''email: danielravennest@gmail.com'' :'''Aug 2026''' '''Note:''' This report is an introduction to the ideas and work of the Seed Factory Project to date, which are covered in more detail in the two volume '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Better Worlds]''' set. <div class="nonumtoc">{{TOCright}}</div> =='''0.0 - Summary'''== &emsp; &emsp; National space programs to date have been based on the idea of going to one place at a time, like the Moon and Mars, for reasons like science and national prestige. Missions have finite goals and end when they are reached, so they don't include full development of the destinations. Instead, equipment and supplies have come from Earth, which kept costs high. Limited goals and high cost resulted in poor return on effort. &emsp;Our project proposes a broader approach of upgrading and extending civilization on Earth first, then full development of the entire Solar System, and eventually beyond it. It is based on the idea self-improving production systems that grow from a starter set of core equipment called a '''[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Seed Factory]'''. Seed factories make more equipment for themselves mostly using local energy and raw materials. This is in addition to making finished products like any other factory. &emsp;Each location follows a growth cycle of self-improvement, making products for local use, trade with the rest of society, and becoming economically self-supporting. Once matured, a location sends elements of new starter sets to new locations. Locations are developed in logical progression from easier to harder and more distant. With proper planning locations can be sustainable, and even reduce unwanted side effects on the environment. &emsp;The very large physical space, materials, and energy resources beyond Earth enable large total returns. Since locations grow to support themselves, the net cost of such a program is only the initial start-up, so the return on effort is high. &emsp;It isn't in the scope of this report to provide detailed plans and hardware designs. What we describe is a possible path that leverages self-improving production methods. This is a step towards solving existing problems and building a better future, but much more work is needed for this idea. =='''1.0 - Problems of Past Space Programs'''== &emsp; &emsp;Governments have pursued space projects and programs, individually or in groups, for purposes like research, exploration, advancing technology, and prestige. While the results can be large, these efforts often suffer from outdated assumptions, high absolute costs, low relative return on effort, and a focus on single destinations. They have also often not leveraged new knowledge and technology. :'''Outdated Assumptions''' &emsp;Sending people to the Moon and Mars are stated goals of '''[https://www.space.commerce.gov/policy/national-space-policy/ US National Space Policy]'''. Significant annual budgets are being spent towards these goals, primarily on the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System Space Launch System]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft) Orion Spacecraft]'''. The program concept to reach these goals is directly descended from plans first made in the mid-20th Century, such as '''[http://launiusr.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/mars_high.jpg Von Braun, 1954]'''. In the decades since, the technologies to be used have advanced, but the overall concept has not. In NASA's '''[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/journey-to-mars-next-steps-20151008_508.pdf Journey to Mars]''' (pdf file Oct 2015), the "mission" approach includes a number of assumptions: * It is a round trip for the crew, from Earth to Mars and back, with limited duration on the Martian surface. * Because the number of missions is small and they are short, it is not economic to develop many local resources. * Most or all equipment and supplies are launched from Earth. * High cost limits mission mass. So crews have to accept risks from radiation exposure, equipment failure, and lack of fallback positions. &emsp;Other goals like the Moon and orbiting stations have similar limiting assumptions, and are considered separately from each other. :'''High Cost''' &emsp;Government-funded and contractor-built space programs have little incentive on either side to finish promptly or keep costs under control. Project-oriented agencies want to continue their existence, but getting approval for new projects is hard. Contractors want to earn as much as possible, but winning new contracts by competitive bidding is uncertain. Politicians who decide on budgets want to preserve jobs in current locations, which works against cost savings. &emsp;The incentives on all sides have led to low cost estimates to get project approval. The tacit understanding is real costs will gradually be revealed as the work progresses. Spent funds deter cancellation as the full costs are revealed, because the funds would then have been wasted on an unfinished project. This pattern avoids frequent approval for a new project or competing for new work. The project schedules are instead stretched to fit real cost to available annual budgets. The result is a few big "can't fail" projects. Public failures risk losing funding or even an agencies' existence. So projects must be conservative, slowing progress. :'''Low Returns''' &emsp;In terms of exploration and science, a trip going to one place like Mars, and bringing back perhaps a few hundred kg of samples, is not much return for the effort expended. Relatively short round trips do not allow for full exploration of a landing site, much less a planet with the land area of Earth. Lack of refueling stations and reusable vehicles limits sample mass that can be returned to Earth, where researchers and laboratories can fully analyze them. &emsp;If most items have to be launched from the deep gravity well of Earth, then delivery costs will be high, and increase linearly with the number of missions. High transport cost limits weight, and in turn safety features like adequate radiation shielding, backup vehicles, and spare parts and supplies. To minimize risk, what is built must be both lightweight and near-perfect, which is also expensive. Despite that, crew risk is still high in absolute terms. The combination of low return and high cost have delayed going to the the Moon and Mars for decades. Such a program is now moving forward, but very slowly. :'''Focus on the Moon and Mars''' &emsp;The Moon is nearby, big, and obvious to everyone on Earth. So it was a natural first destination for human exploration. Venus and Mars are the closest major planets. Venus was originally thought a suitable destination because of similarity of orbit, mass, and gravity. However it turned out to be very hot from a thick CO2 atmosphere. Mars then became the next focus of human exploration by being the most Earth-like and nearby destination. &emsp;The focus on Earth-like conditions ignores that on Earth, even the best places require some technology to survive, and more of it to be comfortable and flourish. At a minimum clothing, shelter, and agriculture, are needed, with their underlying technologies. For most of the Earth technology like ships, planes, and snow crawlers are needed to reach places, and more technology if you intend to stay. &emsp;Mars, or anywhere else in space, also require technology to survive and flourish. But Mars does not require dramatically more than harsh places on Earth. For example the temperatures on Mars overlap those of cold places on Earth, such as Siberia and Antarctica. At the same time, the surface of Mars is harder to reach than other locations in space. Getting there needs more work than high orbits near Earth. The colder surface temperatures and 80% lower solar flux require more equipment than near Earth. A primary focus on the Moon and Mars over everywhere else is a mistake. They are large, interesting, and can be useful. So they should be part of future programs, but not to the exclusion of other places. &emsp;A new approach is needed that remedies the problems noted above. It should be based on up-to-date knowledge of the Solar System and new technologies developed since the mid-20th century. It should explore and use all of the many places in the Solar System. That includes the orbital and interplanetary spaces around and between natural objects. Finally, it should have high science and economic returns for the effort expended, including direct returns to people on Earth. =='''2.0 - New Knowledge and Technologies'''== &emsp; &emsp;Our new approach starts with a modern overview of the Solar System and its resources. We then introduce technologies to access and use those resources. Self-improving production systems that become highly efficient with "Smart Tools" is key among these. Our intent is to use these to benefit civilization and the Earth's environment. ==='''2.1 - The Modern Solar System'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The Solar System as of 1950 included 9 planets and their moons, plus about 2,000 asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter. Materials would be available on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars, but required significant fuel to take elsewhere. So they would only be used locally. Energy would come from solar-powered steam turbines, or a little later from fuel cells. These ideas are quite outdated and becoming more so each year. &emsp;Today we can inventory the known Solar System in terms of its material and energy resources. Such '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource Natural Resources]''' on Earth are well-studied and understood. Most people today know about the Moon, the other major planets, and that some of them also have moons. So here we will mainly review the more recently found and less familiar parts Solar System. &emsp;In terms of resource access, the smaller members of the Solar System all take less energy to land on and remove materials from than Earth. They also have greater surface area relative to mass and lower gravity, making extraction easier. :'''Material Resources''' &emsp;'''[[w:Near-Earth_object|Near Earth Objects (NEOs)]]''' are those which come closer than 1.3 AU to the Sun, where 1 AU is the Earth's average solar distance. Mars' orbit ranges from 1.38-1.67 AU, so NEO's are "on the way there" in terms of solar distance. In 1950 time there were 55 such objects known, of which only 13 were asteroids. The rest were comets, which are easier to find when they have large tails. The asteroids were ignored because their orbits were not ideal, and mining them was still a subject for science fiction. &emsp;This has changed dramatically. As of August 2026 there are over '''[https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html 42,000 known NEOs]'''. The number has increased exponentially since about 1980 as better telescopes have been used to find them. These searches are partly driven by the impact risk such objects pose to Earth. Of those found so far, 875 are asteroids 1 km or larger in size, a nearly full count. 11,700 are larger than 140 meters out of an estimated 27,000 total. The rest are smaller, with perhaps 4 million to be found larger than 10 meters ([https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/aa8036 '''Trilling, 2017''']). 124 of them are comets, which lose material when close to the Sun. Just the largest handful of NEOs have a combined mass of 50 trillion tons, which is roughly a thousand years of mining activity on Earth. &emsp;The much larger numbers known today means more of them are in orbits easy to reach from Earth or on the way to Mars. Very efficient '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion Electric Propulsion]''' and other technologies unknown in 1950 time now exist. They make it possible to reach NEOs and work with them remotely from Earth, as recent asteroid and comet probes have done. Early research has been done on '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining Asteroid Mining]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_manufacturing Space Manufacturing]''' to make use of their materials. Using NEOs as sources of propellants, supplies, and other products would greatly reduce what you need to bring from Earth for space projects. &emsp;Beyond those that come close to Earth, the '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpc/summary Total Number]''' of known objects in the Solar System, as of August 2026, is 1.56 million. This is about 780 times what was known in 1950. The list of such '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets Minor Planets]''' has grown rapidly as new dedicated telescopes and search techniques were applied, and is expected to increase by another factor of 10 now that the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory Rubin Observatory]''' has begun operating. [[File:Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png|thumb|right|600x600px|Figure 2.1-1 - Inner Solar System objects.]] &emsp;91.7% of known objects are in the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt Main Asteroid Belt]''' between Mars and Jupiter (Figure 2.1-1), but many thousands of others are in orbits throughout the Solar System. The '''[https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/lists/MPLists.html Minor Planet Center]''' maintains information about all of them. The high proportion in the Asteroid Belt is a function of distance, not absolute numbers. Brightness decreases as square of both distance from the Sun and the telescope. So discoveries are strongly biased to nearby objects, and to only finding the largest ones at greater distances. But total number of objects goes up about 3,500 times when the size goes down by 100 times. So there are many more smaller objects still to be found. &emsp;Many of the objects discovered beyond Neptune, at 30-80 AU, have '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity Eccentric Orbits]'''. These objects tend to be found at the close end of their orbits, when they are bright enough to see. This additional discovery bias means there are many more like them waiting to be found, but are currently in more distant parts of their orbits, or never come close enough to find with current telescopes. The August 2026 count of about 8300 such distant objects is limited to those larger than 100 km for the farthest ones. As search methods improve, many more such objects will be found at all distances and more of the smaller ones. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets Near-Parabolic Comets]''' can reach distances measured in light-years, or even escape the Solar System entirely. Aside from them, the known size of the Solar System has increased 168 times since 1995, from 49.3 AU for Pluto to 8285 AU for the maximum distance of Centaur object '''[https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2015%20FW539&commit=Show 2015 FW539]'''. Some of these objects are quite large (Figure 2.1-2), and there is even a suspected major planet still to be found. Although the absolute distance of these objects is very large, the energy to reach them has a finite limit. The five planetary probes '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System Leaving the Solar System]''' already have more energy than needed to reach anything in the Solar System. The practical limit is set by how long it takes to reach and use them. [[File:Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg|thumb|right|512x249px|Figure 2.1-2 - Large Trans-Neptune Objects.]] &emsp;The inventory of Solar System objects is now known to be incomplete, especially for small and distant ones. Despite this, there is detailed knowledge of the history, composition, and geology of some of its members, and this is constantly improving. We expect this to continue, especially from future mass-produced probes with efficient propulsion and refueling capability. Many more objects can then be visited than the current handful per decade. As more is learned about these objects, better plans on how to use them can be made. But even with current knowledge, a start on such plans is possible. :'''Energy Resources''' &emsp;The Sun is an immense energy source, producing 20 trillion times what human civilization uses today. That energy streams in all directions, not just at the objects which orbit it. Mining and building on the surface of Solar System bodies is convenient, but they typically gather half or less of the available solar energy. This is because of day-night cycles, geography, and in some cases atmospheres and eclipses from other bodies. &emsp;It takes significant energy to move materials from the larger bodies to open space, but once there, solar energy is available up to 100% of the time. For example, with current rockets it takes about 480 MJ (134 kWh) to raise 1 kg from Earth to an orbit in full sunlight. Once there, 1 kg of modern space solar panel can extract that much energy in 56 days, but lasts about 100 times longer. Most solar system bodies are smaller than Earth, and there are more efficient ways to lift materials than today's rockets. So from a net energy standpoint it often makes sense to work in open space. &emsp;Solar cells were only 6% efficient in the mid-20th century, so solar-driven steam turbines were part of the original Mars mission concepts. Solar cells are now 47.6% efficient in the laboratory and 31% for space power applications, and continue to '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency Improve]'''. Using lightweight concentrating reflectors, they can be useful even in the outer Solar System. Where heat, rather than electricity, is needed, direct solar exposure or using mirrors can can reach 80% collection efficiency or higher. &emsp;In addition to solar, there are various energy sources that are more limited in scale and location. These include nuclear fission and potentially fusion, geothermal, and wind. On Earth we use hydroelectric and chemical combustion, but those are not generally available elsewhere. The orbital motion and gravity fields of bodies are not energy sources, but their potential and kinetic energy can be used in various ways. The Sun's output alone, which will last for billions of years, plus raw materials found all over the Solar System, are enough to sustain civilization and the Earth's environment. :'''The Illusion of Scarcity''' &emsp;Current civilization is actually quite limited, even on Earth. The urban, forest, and farm land used in any significant way amounts to only 13.5% of the planet's surface. The remainder are oceans, deserts, and ice caps that are only traveled through or barely used. Of the part that is used, the average depth is equivalent to a thin surface layer. &emsp;The world's biosphere (about 2000 Gigtons) plus the human built environment (about 1100 Gigatons) averages about 6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, while the Earth's total mass to area is 11.71 billion kg/m<sup>2</sup>, or a ratio of one part in 2 billion. At the density of water, the biosphere plus civilization amounts to a 6 mm (1/4 inch) thick layer across the planet's surface. If we only consider the fraction of the planet used, the equivalent thickness is 7.4 times higher, or 4.4 cm (1.75 inches). If this number seems small, it is because most of us live in places that are built up. Life and civilization are very unevenly distributed. Cities and river dams, for example, have much higher built mass per area, while tropical forests can reach 25 times the average biosphere density per area. &emsp;The perceived scarcity of resources is thus an illusion, because we as observers live in the more built up places. Current civilization actually uses only 2 billionths of the planet's mass and one ten-thousandth of the available energy flow. Photosynthesis uses about 13 times more of the available energy, but still only about 1/8% of it. In a literal sense we are only scratching the surface of our own planet. When we consider the whole Solar System, the available resources increase by hundreds of times in mass, and two billion times the energy that reaches Earth. &emsp;A larger fraction of smaller bodies is accessible. On Earth pressure and temperature limits going too deep. Bodies with lower gravity and less hot interiors can be accessed more deeply or all the way through. The much higher total energy across the Solar System would also allow reprocessing and reusing what we consider waste products today. Scarcity would not be a problem if these vast untapped resources could be used. ==='''2.2 - New Technologies'''=== &emsp; &emsp;For our approach we want to use the best available production and space technologies, plus some new ones that can be developed in the near future. These include seed factories, production networks, space technologies that are already in use but not yet in government plans, and new ones for space not yet fully developed. This is in addition to more standard existing technology. :'''Seed Factories''' &emsp;Production systems which use part of their output for self-improvement can grow exponentially. Production can start with simpler tools, but modern technology like computers, communications, automation, robotics, software, and artificial intelligence lets them become more efficient. &emsp;We call a starter set of tools and machines capable of self-improvement using human labor and other energy inputs a '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Seed Factory]'''. They grow to become mature factories by analogy to plant seeds, which grow into mature plants that can produce more seeds. Seed factories can improve in several ways: * Making parts for additional copies of current equipment. * Making new types of items not in the starter set, and * Making different versions of existing equipment (larger, more accurate, etc.). &emsp;While modern technology can reduce the labor needed, some people are still needed today to operate the factory. Like any other factory, some part of its output is for sale or trade. This helps cover the initial cost and paying for items it can't make internally. &emsp;The improvements increase production capacity and the range of products that can be made. Since the capacity to grow increases with the size of the factory, the growth is exponential. The starter or added equipment can include power generation, mining, and materials processing, so the factory can eventually self-supply and self-power from local resources. A seed factory may not use any local sources to start with, but can approach 100% as it matures. Some parts and materials would likely be too hard to make, or too rare locally. So even for a mature factory those would still come from elsewhere. &emsp;When production at a given location is mature enough, it can start supplying parts for, or complete new starter sets. These can be set up in the same area, or sent to new locations, repeating the growth process. Internal growth and making new starter sets highly leverages the initial cost. It fundamentally changes the return/cost ratio of projects for the better. :'''Locations and MakerNets''' &emsp;When we refer to "locations" we mean a single environment type, with equipment and people that are close enough that they can work together and trade physical items easily. On Earth that might be a single metropolitan area. In less developed places it might be smaller in size from lack of easy local transport. Equipment in a given location may have different owners or control systems, but can still coordinate their work and cooperate on larger projects. &emsp;The collection of coordinating operations forms a network, which we call a '''MakerNet''', after the modern '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_culture Maker Subculture]''', who make things. The network has multiple communicating nodes, each of which includes a set of equipment and people who can do tasks. A MakerNet can extend over multiple locations, since data transfer and remote control can operate over long distances at low cost. &emsp;Physical transportation of people and supplies is not as easy, so we distinguish separate locations within a larger network. To the extent local sources can be used, it would lower transport costs. So there is an incentive to ship lightweight items like information over bulk materials. :'''Space Technologies''' &emsp;New or improved space technologies have been developed since the mid-20th century, but not fully included in existing program plans. These include: * '''Electric propulsion''' - which uses many times less propellant than chemical rockets. Using large tanks of propellant to deliver relatively small payloads has strongly limited space projects in the past. * '''Better Materials''' - There are new and significantly improved engineering materials, including high strength fibers, and composite materials that use them. Production methods for them have also improved. * '''Closed Loop Life Support''' - has been developed which recycles supplies using mechanical equipment or biology. &emsp;Additional technologies that were not specifically developed for space, but can be used for it, include small and powerful computers, their software, other kinds of electronics, robotics, automation, high speed communications, and most recently artificial intelligence (AI) applications. &emsp;Many other space technologies have been proposed, but not yet fully developed. This is either from lack of money and resources, or not enough scale yet to justify them. MakerNets and seed factories can potentially overcome these limitations. Our second volume on '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Space Systems Engineering]''' collects current and future space technologies that we know of, so they can be considered for future planning and projects. Some new transport examples are ground-based accelerators and air-breathing engines for reaching orbit, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(structure) Rotating Skyhooks]''' for artificial gravity and orbit transfer. =='''3.0 - New Program Concept'''== &emsp; &emsp;For discussion purposes we refer to this as a program, with component phases and projects. But we do not expect it to be under centralized government direction. Instead it would include independent businesses operated for profit, public/private partnerships, incentive prizes, some government effort, and other project methods. &emsp;This section summarizes our goals and approach. The rest of this report, and our other documents, provide more details. This is a work in progress. It is by no means a finished proposal or a final design. It likely never will be, as the future brings new discoveries and technologies. We have identified new goals and methods, and made a start at the details, but much more work is needed. Our work is open-source, so feel free to build on it, provide feedback, and contribute your own ideas. :<u>'''Goal 1 - Benefits on Earth'''</u> &emsp;Existing government space program goals are mainly for defense, science, exploration, and national prestige. They have limited budgets because they compete with other government priorities. Our approach is to go beyond these limits, to include the full range of civilized activities, both on Earth and in space. About billion times more people live on Earth right now than in space, and their needs are much larger and more immediate. So our first goal is to address problems on Earth, starting with easier ones, then moving towards the more difficult. &emsp;Competition and the profit motive have often demonstrated faster and cheaper results, so we want to take advantage of them. If there is money to be made, there is a vast pool of capital available beyond government budgets. The $429 billion '''[https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/ Global Space Economy]''' in 2025 was already mostly commercial activity, and 17.6 times NASA's budget. &emsp;The original '''[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19830007077 1982 Version]''' of the seed factory idea was intended to enable large space projects by production in space. But the laws of nature and how technologies work are the same everywhere. If networks of exponentially improving and multiplying systems can work in space, they will work on Earth too. The operating environments, local raw materials, and energy sources may differ by location, but the underlying principles are the same. &emsp;The early versions of seed factories would most likely be built in higher income areas. These are the easiest places to start because equipment, materials, and energy sources are readily available, as are people who know how to work with them. Conventional jobs have always been at risk from economic and business changes. In the future they may be permanently replaced by the same kinds of advanced technologies seed factories can use. Self-built and self-owned production can supplement or replace conventional work for hire. &emsp;As the owners of production capacity, people can more securely meet their basic needs. They get the benefit of the output regardless of how much labor is replaced by technology. Self-improving systems can grow to mostly copy themselves, so they would become low cost to build. They can also become highly automated and use renewable energy, making them low cost to operate. &emsp;A growing network of productive systems can then be extended to lower income areas on Earth. This allows bypassing fossil fuel development and the problems it creates, while gaining the comforts, health, and safety found in higher income areas. The systems can be further extended to difficult and extreme locations on Earth that are currently unused or barely used. This would lessen scarcity of raw materials, further lowering cost of operation. These expansions and upgrades should be done with planning and care to prevent new environmental side-effects. &emsp;Although we describe a progression from easier to harder locations, a given type of location does not have to be completely developed before starting the next category. Rather, their starting points are staggered in order of difficulty, and their development then continues in parallel. :<u>'''Goal 2 - Benefits from Space'''</u> &emsp;Economic and environmental reasons are enough for building self-improving systems on Earth. Once experience with them is built up, such systems can then be used in a series of locations in space. There are several reasons for this: * Access to materials on Earth is limited vertically because temperatures and pressure increase with depth. * Solar energy in nearby space outside the Earth's shadow averages 7 times more than the Earth's surface because there is no night, weather, or atmospheric absorption. Close orbits range from 0 to 40% shade, so still have at least 4.2 times the available energy * Different and much larger amounts of materials are accessible, which can be used without affecting the Earth's environment. * There are a variety of risks to civilization on Earth, both natural and self-created. Some of them can be reduced by projects in and expansion into space. &emsp;So our second goal is to make use of space to bring benefits to Earth, and later extend civilization and the biosphere into the space environment. &emsp;Space projects would logically start with easier and nearby locations, then move to farther and more difficult ones in sequence. Developing a new location begins with imports of equipment and starter materials from Earth or previous locations. Core production and resource extraction is built up, then expands to other kinds of industry. Later deliveries of materials, products, and services helps expand operations. &emsp;Remote control is feasible when distances are short, otherwise command-response times can be long. So some people may be needed on-location to set up and maintain equipment. Suitable locations can build up habitats beyond this for other reasons. Once built up enough, an existing location, along with previous ones, can serve as staging points for the next ones, supplying transportation, starter sets, and other items as needed. &emsp;Space locations vary in environment, raw materials, and energy resources. So a trade network among them and the rest of civilization makes sense, just like it does on Earth. Each location takes advantage of local conditions to do what it can do best, and trade with others as needed. Through trade, locations can become economically self-supporting and not a cost sink for society. :<u>'''Program Advantages'''</u> &emsp;Our new approach has a number of advantages: * It addresses the frequent criticism of space programs that there are problems here on Earth that need solving. So we place solving economic and environmental problems first, ahead of large space projects. * Self-improving and highly automated production lowers the cost of rocket factories and launch sites on Earth. It also lowers how much you need to launch by using local resources already in space. The combined result is much cheaper space projects. Activities that are currently uneconomic can become viable. * In terms of science and exploration, access to the whole Solar System is better than just the Moon and Mars, as interesting as they may be. Locations develop their local resources, so they can sustain long-term operations, rather than being limited to short term missions and single landing sites. * A continuing development program much safer than isolated missions. A network of many locations can keep backup supplies and equipment available, and they can be delivered more quickly. Automated and remote controlled transports can deliver supplies and equipment before the first people arrive, and regularly afterwards, providing a buffer against problems. * Lower production and transport costs means more robust designs can be used. Current space systems minimize weight to save on launch from Earth. Robust designs will have better safety margins, lowering crew risk. Bulk mined materials, either in raw form or as end products, can provide radiation shielding during long missions. Production capacity at the destination, such as the Martian surface, enables making spare parts and replacement supplies on the spot, bypassing long delivery times from Earth. ==='''3.1 - Program Sequence'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Our program concept is organized into a number of phases and smaller individual projects. There are several reasons for this: * The phases have different scales of operation, or use locations with different operating environments, raw materials, and energy resources. They will need different designs suited to them. * We intend each phase to economically justify itself, and provide revenue and benefits to support later ones. It would take too much funding for such a large program otherwise. * New technologies need more development before using them for seed factories, makernets, and various space projects. This will not happen all at once. Splitting up the research and development across phases and projects is more manageable. * We can lay out a long term program now, but we don't know what new technologies will be invented in the future, or when. Later phases can be identified for guidance and direction, but it makes sense to concentrate on the early ones for now. Details of later phases can be left flexible until their time approaches. [[File:Phase Starts vs Time.png|thumb|right|768x480px|Figure 3.1-1 - Program Phases vs Time.]] &emsp;In general, phases don't end, but rather build on previous ones and operate in parallel once started (Figure 3.1-1). For example, mature industrial factories will continue to operate once new locations are set up elsewhere. The phases have a logical sequence, where later steps generally depend on earlier ones. We have identified seven main ones numbered 0 to 6, shown in different colors, with a number of sub-phases indicated by an added letter (4A, 4B, 4C, ...). [[File:Program Phases.png|thumb|right|768x480px|Figure 3.1-2 - Logical sequence of program phases.]] &emsp;Figure 3.1-2 diagrams the logical relationship of phases. It does not show all their relationships, since that would make the diagram too complicated to read. Their general order is from easier to harder, and from local to more distant. Each phase typically involves multiple projects and locations. For example Phase 5B - Mars Surface Locations, would eventually include many projects across the planet. Most locations will evolve across time by expansion and upgrade. The phases are summarized in the next two headings (3.2 and 3.3), and then in more detail in report sections 4 through 9 below. ==='''3.2 - Phases 0 to 3: Earth Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Our program in the broadest sense changes the goals from specific destinations, like a mission to Mars, to improving and extending civilization and the biosphere throughout the Solar System and beyond. We start with our own planet first, because there are large and immediate needs here. So the first four phases apply to Earth. &emsp;Much of human civilization is unevenly developed and unsustainable, and the vast majority of people will live here for many decades. Starting on Earth allows getting experience with technologies that will later be used in space. It is easier and less expensive to apply them here first, and they can produce economic benefits to sustain themselves. &emsp;This program would widen participation from national space programs, to the much wider base of all of civilization. Government space programs are only about 0.08% of gross world product, and only part of that is devoted to exploration and science beyond Earth. Being more inclusive increases the available inputs for projects, and makes faster progress in the end. The first four phases are: :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 0: Research and Development'''</u> - The first major phase performs necessary research and development (R&D) for production technologies to be used on Earth, later adaptions to space, and ones used only in space. It also develops transport, habitation, and service technologies as needed for the particular conditions of different locations. The R&D work is spread out in time according to which phases, locations, and projects particular designs are needed for. Some later R&D, such as testing hardware in the operating environment, would occur in space. Since a lot of production technology already exists on Earth, the earliest R&D will mainly be selection of what to use and in what order. Modified and completely new tech will be worked on later as needed. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 1: Starter Locations & Network'''</u> - This phase builds the first sets of seed factory equipment and begins the self-improvement process. Phase 1 equipment can start small, such as home and hobby use, which makes it affordable. Individual equipment items or small groups of them can be located at home or shared work spaces. A network of people directly or electronically coordinate their work to make items for each other, build new network nodes, and start to accumulate larger shared items. New locations may start with less than full starter sets, and build up to making internal improvements. Phase 1 locations are typically in developed and populated areas with access to the materials, energy sources, and equipment needed. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 2: Distributed and Industrial Locations'''</u> - One of the ways a seed factory can grow is to use existing equipment to make parts for larger ones. This leads from home and hobby size, to small business, commercial, and industrial scale equipment and locations. At smaller scales it is reasonable to gather the full range of equipment and people in one place, and make a wide range of products. At larger scales, the equipment and their operators tend to become more distributed and specialized, and serve larger markets. But they can still coordinate on projects and products. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 3: Difficult and Extreme Locations'''</u> - This phase begins extending life and civilization to the parts of the Earth where there is very little or none today. They are unoccupied partly because the environment conditions are more difficult. Self-improving production allows operating affordably in such places. New systems would be set up and grow serially from moderate to difficult and more extreme environments. Technologies like automation and remote control allows machines to operate where it is not feasible for people to stay. :&emsp;A major direction for expansion is vertically, to access additional resources and physical space. This goes beyond the fairly thin current layer of activity near the Earth's surface. We can expand the total active area by 7.4 times, but height can be increased hundreds or thousands of meters both up and down. This enables many times more usable volume and materials. ==='''3.3 - Phases 4-6: Space Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The later parts of our program involve developing and using space to benefit Earth. It would be based on experience gained in the earlier phases with self-improving systems, which can make more such systems. It is also based on the larger production capacity developed in Phases 2 and 3. This capacity enables building transport systems like rocket factories and launch sites, and plus equipment and starter sets to be used at the new locations. The experience in working in remote and hostile environments in Phase 3 can also be applied to the remote and hostile environments of space. &emsp;At a civilization level this accesses the much larger physical volume, energy, and material resources beyond Earth. Some heavy industry can eventually be moved to space locations, protecting the Earth's environment. It can also decrease societal risks by, for example, diverting hazardous asteroids, or filter parts of the solar spectrum to reduce overheating the planet. &emsp;As in the earlier phases, we propose a step-by-step approach: extracting local resources, building up core production, diversifying industries, then sending starter sets to the next locations. Locations become physically and economically self-supporting, allowing moving forward to new ones. The three later main phases are: :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 4: Orbital Locations'''</u> - Locations in this phase share being in orbit around Earth, or in open space between large bodies. This is in contrast to the the surface or closely bound bound orbits around those bodies. The sub-phases progress from lower to higher Earth orbits, then in distance from the Sun from closer to more distant. :&emsp;The main local raw materials are from asteroids and other small bodies, but we can import additional material from Earth, the Moon, and other places. We can also mine a limited amount of the Earth's upper atmosphere and the "debris belt" of discarded space hardware. Solar energy is abundantly available in the open spaces near the Sun, but other solutions become more important in the farther areas. The limit to this phase is the farthest orbits bound to the Sun. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 5: Planetary System Locations'''</u> - These locations are orbits tied by gravity to the Moon, major planets, and their larger moons, or on their respective surfaces. The sub-phases are by distance starting with the Moon, then to the inner and outer planets. Although orbital and planetary locations share features like vacuum or atmospheres we can't breath, they differ in having significant gravity wells or surface gravity, and in having night or time in shadow from the Sun. These differences require different designs, so we place them in a separate phase. Mars is part of this phase, but compared to current space programs it has long-term and larger scale exploration and development, rather than a few short missions to specific spots. :&emsp;<u>'''Phase 6: Interstellar Locations'''</u> - The last major phase of extending life and civilization includes the space between stars and locations bound to other stars. This is mostly speculative right now because it is far away in time. A lot new technology will likely be needed, and what will already be developed by then is unknown. But we see no reason to stop just because the edge of our Solar System is reached. For now, technical feasibility limits how far projects can go. But that may change in the future, so we include this final phase as a place-holder, and to provide a direction to plan for. &emsp; =='''4.0 - Seed Factory Technology'''== &emsp; &emsp;Our program leans heavily on the idea of "seed factories", which are self-improving production systems which grow from starter sets. We note some details in this section, but more on the subject can be found in '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Seed_Factories Volume I]''', and in information about '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Danielravennest/SFP Our Project]''', which is attempting to develop the technology. &emsp;'''Tools and Growth''' - Our ancestors used tools to make more tools at least as far back as the Paleolithic, 2.6 million years ago, when '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerstone Hammerstones]''' were used to flake other stones to produce an assortment of tools. Locally found objects like rocks and sticks were likely used even earlier, but left no identifiable evidence. In modern times we use metal-cutting '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool Machine Tools]''' to make parts for more machine tools, plus all the other kinds of machines used to make other products. &emsp;Any collection of tools and machines can be used the conventional way to provide products and services to others. The income can then be used to buy new equipment. What is new about seed factories is using starter sets purposely designed to make parts for more tools and equipment to improve the set. A starter set can produce its own energy and extract raw materials, or rely on outside supplies to operate. Once set up, the starter set can improve itself internally in several ways: * <u>Replication</u> - making copies of existing parts and equipment, * <u>Diversification</u> - making parts for new equipment not in the current set, * <u>Quality</u> - making items stronger, more accurate, or from different materials, and * <u>Scaling</u> - making different size parts (usually larger) than the current ones. &emsp;A relatively small starter set can then grow to produce a wide range and large quantity of products. This can optionally include parts for new starter sets. A starter set may not be able to copy most of its original parts at first, because it lacks the right equipment. But after following a planned series of upgrades it can gain the ability to reproduce all or most of the original set. Biological plant seeds follow a similar growth cycle to make more seeds, which is why we call the starter sets "seed factories". Biological plants can even be part of a starter set, such as using trees to provide lumber and also grow more trees. &emsp;The seed factory approach substitutes information, like plans and instructions, for some part of a mature and more capable factory. On Earth this reduces the cost to get started. For space projects it reduces the starting weight and size, making delivery to distant places easier. With modern technology, the information can be stored and transmitted efficiently, and '''Smart Tools''' (software, robots, etc.) can do much of the work. However, growing from a starter set will take more time than immediately building a finished factory. :'''Self-Replication and Distributed Production''' &emsp;A seed factory is not the same as a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_machine Self-Replicating Machine]'''. First, a number of different materials and production processes are needed to make modern equipment. These are best carried out by separate tools and machines designed for each task. For large-scale production the set of equipment will be closer to commercial building size, and better described as a factory than a single machine. &emsp;Second, a starter set can be much smaller and simpler than the mature factory. We think of it as the seed from which a factory grows. But a plant seed is not the same as the mature plant, so this is not direct replication in the sense of making an exact copy. If a mature factory can produce new starter sets, it is indirect replication by a cycle of growth and then making copies. This is more like plants and animals reproducing by way of smaller and simpler offspring. &emsp;Third, starter sets and the mature factories are not generally able to make everything they need by themselves. At first they will lack all the right equipment. Even when mature there will likely be items too hard to make, or the materials too rare locally. Those need to be supplied from elsewhere. Since they cannot do it all by themselves, they are not fully self-replicating. &emsp;Traditional factories and workshops had to bring the equipment and people to one place, because it was the only way to coordinate the work. With modern computers, software, and communications this is no longer required. Equipment in different places can work together, and people can operate them remotely. So a modern view of factory capacity is the ability to make things on a regular basis. The people and equipment may be in one place for efficiency, but they don't have to be - they can be partly or entirely distributed. What's important is they can work together to make desired products. :'''Operations and Functions''' &emsp;Production in general involves a number of processes, which turn can require multiple steps. A seed factory may not be able to do all of them at the start, but they can be added in steps as it upgrades. Process categories include: * <u>Control of operations</u> - collecting data and sending instructions to the various people and equipment. * <u>Supply power</u> - this includes electricity, thermal heating, and other sources. * <u>Extract materials</u> - mining and harvesting raw materials. * <u>Process materials</u> - converting raw materials to usable inventory. * <u>Fabricate parts</u> - use inventory stock to produce finished parts. * <u>Storage and protection</u> - house inventory in various stages of production, plus protect equipment and inventory from local conditions when needed. * <u>Assemble elements</u> - combine finished parts and materials to produce completed products. * <u>Grow organics</u> - such as food and timber. These can grow on their own given the right conditions, making it different from other kinds of production. &emsp;Most production flows need materials and energy to work with, in addition to tools and machines. In developed areas these can come from outside sources. In less- or undeveloped areas, this may be difficult. Even in developed areas it may be more economic to self-supply. Production systems can start with or build their own mining and processing equipment for materials. They can also start with or build energy sources, such as wind turbines and solar farms. &emsp;Once operating, production generally uses up supplies like lubricants and drill bits, and needs replacements for parts that wear out. These can either be part of the starter set inventory, or supplied from outside as needed. Over time, a growing system can start to make these items for itself. In order to keep growing and improving, a given system has to make or import items faster than old ones wear out. It also needs enough outside supplies of energy, materials, parts, and other items that it can't make internally. &emsp;We don't expect mature factories to reach 100% self-sufficiency. Some items will likely come from other places, in exchange for surplus products and services supplied to others. We also don't expect fully automated production at current levels of industrial technology. Some people will be needed to use the equipment and do tasks only people can do. Those people can be physically present, or in some cases control operatopms remotely. =='''5.0 - Phase 0: Research and Development (R&D)'''== &emsp; &emsp;The rest of this report describes our program phases and sub-phases in more detail. It does not cover detailed plans and hardware designs both for length and because they haven't been defined yet. We also can't claim this is the best possible program. We present it as a <u>possible</u> path that leverages self-improving production methods. Much more work is needed on this idea, and we invite other people to help. Where next steps have been identified, we note them here, in our two volumes on seed factories and space systems, and our other documents. &emsp;This first R&D phase is numbered zero because it is preparation to make the later phases possible. The sub-phases would be numbered according to the later phases the work applies to. So sub-phase 0.1 would be R&D work that applies to Phase 1: Starter Locations. :'''R&D Goals''' &emsp;Our program needs research and development first because we are attempting a new way to organize projects using starter sets and self-improvement. This will need some new equipment and processes for particular environments, especially those in space. So the goal of this phase is to supply ready-to-use technology and designs. Since R&D is the first program phase, it can't evolve from previous ones. Instead it must start with existing items like buildings, tools, machines, design methods, and skills. &emsp;Developing new locations is not the main purpose of this phase, like it is for later ones. Places like offices, industrial space, and test areas will be needed for the R&D work, but can start with existing ones. Testing for unique environments may be easier to do in those environments than building simulators. So some later R&D work may move to difficult locations on Earth, or to locations in space. :'''Production by R&D Phase''' &emsp;Despite not being the main goal, some production will happen in the course of setting up R&D locations, testing new equipment designs, and figuring out the best operating flows. But these are secondary to the main goal to provide usable designs and processes for later phases to use. &emsp;Some of the equipment built for testing may be kept and used internally afterwards. This would help expand and upgrade the R&D locations themselves, and serve as a demonstration of the self-improvement process. Other finished equipment, products, and services generated during R&D can get sold or traded to fund further R&D work. Feedback from such items can help improve the designs. &emsp;Final designs should have a long operating life if they are to be useful. So earlier prototypes should last longer than the time needed to test them. Ones with remaining useful lives can be delivered to other locations for later phases and projects. Lastly, the R&D phase may produce some final versions of starter set equipment. These can be used directly in later phases. :'''Sharing Our Results''' &emsp;We want our work to have the most benefit for the most people. We plan to open-source the designs, so that anyone can use and improve on them. Individual machines, factories, and the products they produce, would be separately owned, either privately or institutionally. &emsp;The R&D Phase may develop new methods and technology to use for itself in the course of working towards later phase designs. We would also make such new developments available for others to use. An example is full resource accounting, which tracks all the inputs and outputs of a system the way financial accounting tracks money. In order for projects to be functional and sustainable, they should account for everything, including scarce resources and all process wastes. If possible they should be recyclable or usable elsewhere, but you can't do that if you don't identify and track them. :'''R&D Tasks and Projects''' &emsp;The R&D work is divided up according to the later phases and projects that need it. Items used by multiple phases are assigned to the first one they are needed for. Later phases start at different times. So the R&D work for each one is started far enough ahead that it is ready when needed. &emsp;New designs and technology are likely needed even for the last phase. So we expect R&D work will continue for the whole life of our program. In addition to internal R&D work, we expect technology to make progress outside our program. So part of the R&D phase is staying current with outside developments so improved designs and methods can be developed later. The growth of locations, and unique conditions found there, may require design updates, new hardware models, and customization. Lastly, we expect feedback from using the items in later phases and suggestions for improvements. All of these are reasons to continue the R&D process. &emsp;The R&D work is also grouped into individual projects according to the technologies being developed or type of end use. So far we have started the Seed Factory Project to develop the basic ideas for self-improving systems, and started working on what is needed for Phase 1 locations and networks. &emsp;Future R&D project examples are ocean mining platforms or interplanetary tugs. Such systems would be used in later phases, so we have not identified specific ones to start yet. There is a lot of science and technology work happening elsewhere in civilization. We do not expect to duplicate that work, but use their results where it makes sense, and contribute back our own results to the general fund of knowledge. =='''6.0 - Moderate Locations'''== &emsp; &emsp;Once the R&D phase starts providing plans, designs, and technology, the core self-improvement methods stay the same in all later phases. But equipment sets must be adapted to local environments, material and energy resources, and available people and their skills. Finished products and services also need to be adapted for local and export use. So our program concept has multiple later phases to account for all these differences. &emsp;Phases 1 and 2 are for the easiest environment conditions, which we call "Moderate". This includes temperatures, water supply, and a number of others environment conditions. We list them in section 7.1 which covers conditions that are more difficult. Moderate ones are the kinds of places where most people currently live. Among them are locations with significant population and physical development, such as around cities. These locations have enough people, supply sources, and transportation to get started. So they are the easiest ones to build the first projects in. The three phases/sub-phases for these areas are mainly distinguished by scale of operation. They are 1:Starter, 2A: Distributed, and 2B: Industrial. ==='''6.1 - Phase 1: Starter Locations and Network'''=== &emsp; :'''Goals''' &emsp;The main goals of this phase are (1) provide products and services at the personal and community level, (2) develop experience with starter sets and self-improvement, and (3) develop networks among local sites and different locations. Network members can trade physical items as needed, and coordinate their work on larger or more complicated projects, despite being in different places. &emsp;Networks would be used in all later phases. This is because (1) locations vary in the material and energy sources available. (2) Individuals and groups have variable skills and interests. They also may not want to travel too far to work on projects. (3) Physical space, utilities, safety, and local rules may limit the work done at a particular site. :'''Starting Points''' &emsp;Projects in general need tools, resources, energy, and knowledge to complete, or "TREK" for short. Early projects won't have the benefit of a lot of finished R&D work. To start with they can use already developed tools and machines, existing sources of materials and parts, available electric power and fuels, and the many books, online videos, and other information sources on how to do what is needed. &emsp;An early project example is setting up for a hobby or home improvement. Such projects don't have to be completed all at once. They can be started with minimal equipment for the first steps, and gradually add more as skills accumulate. Eventually an owner can start building custom items like a work table or storage for themselves. If they can find other people interested in similar projects they can share knowledge, trade items, and help each other when extra people are needed. Like other parts of our program, people's skills and the equipment they work with are not intended to reach a static end point, but to grow and develop over time. So self-education, training, and practice are encouraged. &emsp;Equipment for this phase starts at the hobby and home use level, for personal and local community products and services. Their duty cycle (percentage of time in operation) is less than full time, and the equipment is smaller and less expensive. This puts the equipment in reach of ordinary people or small groups. Groups of people can afford a number of these smaller items. They can be housed in space they already have, or can build or rent without too much difficulty. &emsp;Equipment may be distributed at people's homes, or grouped into clusters on one property, such as a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackerspace Community Workshop]''' or small scale production cooperative. Individual sites may be limited in size and cost, but the network as a whole is intended to grow and improve. :'''Later Improvements''' &emsp;Improvements can come new R&D work. personal experience, more copies existing items, scaling to larger (and sometimes smaller) sizes, and purchases funded from sales. As the network expands and upgrades itself, it can produce more items internally for further upgrades, and more products for network use or to sell. Network production can be logically grouped into (1) tools and machines intended to make more tools and machines, (2) items intended for production but not for making more equipment, such as a sawmill or greenhouse, and (3) finished products to be used, traded, or sold, like furniture and food. &emsp;The R&D phase would gradually develop plans, designs, and instructions for starter sets, upgrade paths, and custom equipment. These would be shared as information, and can start to be provided as packaged sets. Later projects can then start self-improving faster. A trading network can grow as more sites in more locations are built. &emsp;Examples of future R&D-developed equipment include a 1x2 meter bridge mill, with replaceable heads and bits so it can perform different tasks, and a 15 kW solar furnace with replaceable focus targets. The furnace can directly heat items in a crucible, or generate steam for an electric generator. Such starter set equipment is designed for flexibility, rather than maximum efficiency and speed. That way a smaller starter set can be used for a variety of tasks at lower cost. Later equipment, built with the help of the starter set, can be dedicated to single tasks with higher efficiency and performance. Starter equipment may be supplied finished and ready to operate, as kits with some level of assembly and supplies needed, or purely as plans and instructions. ==='''6.2 - Phase 2A: Distributed Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Goals''' &emsp;The goals of this phase are (1) increased scale of sites and locations, and (2) relief from job insecurity and displacement by automation. :'''Evolution''' &emsp;Phase 1 locations in general would accumulate skills and equipment. Some sites will move beyond hobby and home use, towards more regular small business and commercial activity. This involves part or full time operation, and selling more products outside the self-improvement network. The larger scale and more intense uses will need different equipment sets. &emsp;When running a business, speed and efficiency become more important, so equipment is chosen or built to do particular tasks well. This results in a larger collection of more specialized equipment. Skills and training also become more specialized and take longer to learn. Particular sites will tend to do a few things well, and trade for other things they need. A comprehensive large node (general purpose workshop or factory) that does many kinds of work is still possible in this phase, but less common. So working sites will tend to be distributed in multiple places. &emsp;Business and commercial scale operation is not limited to production only, but can also serve the full range of habitation, transport, and service industries. For example, a restaurant is a service business, but it needs a building, furniture, and kitchen equipment first. So the logical progression is from core equipment to make more equipment, then finished products like building materials and furniture, and finally industries that don't produce items, but use them to operate. :'''Ownership''' &emsp;In the current economic system, separation of ownership and labor results in the problem of job insecurity. The owners of a for-profit business have the incentive to remove workers as soon as possible to save on labor costs. The removal may be due to lower production and sales, or changes in business methods and technology that need less labor or different skills. &emsp;When a person or group has built and expanded their own equipment and business, the owners and workers are the same people. They don't have the same incentive to remove themselves. To the extent they make items for their own use, production would remain constant. If outside sales decrease, they own the equipment to build and start doing something else to make up the difference. Automation is a threat to conventional jobs by needing less labor. But owners who use the same automation for themselves are not threatened with unemployment. Rather they just work less time or more efficiently. &emsp;By diversifying into different industries, self-owned production can integrate with the rest of civilization and be self-supporting. New network members can become owners by first building or buying into a share of core production. They can then use that production to make or trade for what's needed in other industries. Alternately they can start out working for others in their chosen industry, and buy or trade for production shares. Either way they have more security as owners. ==='''6.3 - Phase 2B: Industrial Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Goals''' &emsp;The main goal of this phase is to reach the most efficient production capacity by additional growth in scale and specialization. Industrial locations are in the same kind of developed areas and moderate environments as Phase 2A Distributed Locations, so we group them together under Phase 2. :'''Growth and Specialization''' &emsp;Industrial nodes can evolve from distributed small business or commercial nodes by continuing self-improvement and growth. They can also be built as new nodes of the final size, where the equipment is supplied by other parts of the network. In that case, supplying the larger equipment and space to house them will likely need outside capital, because individuals or a small group typically won't have enough funds. Gradual evolution from a smaller size by self-production would not require as much, or any, outside funding. &emsp;Larger work spaces with larger input and output flows will tend to limit industrial locations to fewer products. For example, if you are processing scrap metal on an industrial scale into new metal stock, it helps to be near a rail line to transport the scrap and the finished metal. The more products, factory space, and specialized needs you have, the less likely you will find one big location that can satisfy all of them. &emsp;The larger production scale means more outside customers for the products, or larger scale customers. The market area for a site will likely reach beyond a single location, to a region or even world-wide. Since outputs are sold to a wide range of customers at greater distances, transport capacity becomes more important in this phase. &emsp;A narrow product range and large scale markets means demand can be more variable from general economic circumstances or competition. Distributed finance and ownership makes sense in this case. Demand may be low for a particular product, but may be high for something else. In a distributed portfolio these tend to average out. Owners can then reassign their labor and equipment as needed to meet the higher demand products. &emsp;The overall network has a high capacity to recycle and self-produce what it needs. So modifying equipment to meet changing needs is easier to do. This is a somewhat different business model than investors and workers, with managers in between. It more a network of active owner-operators who can change the mix of what they own and what they produce as needed. &emsp;Like distributed locations, industrial ones can serve the full range of industry types. A combination of industrial, distributed, and individual scale industries can meet most of the needs that people have. If they own their own equipment, or shares in them, because they collectively built and grew them themselves, those needs are met securely, despite higher levels of automation. =='''7.0 - Other Earth Locations'''== &emsp; :'''Goal''' &emsp;The main goal of this phase is a better quality of life through sustainable development. The Earth's population is growing, and most people want a better lifestyle. This needs more physical resources and energy. But the Earth is already being stressed by human impact on the environment, and future growth will only increase the stress. :'''Method''' &emsp;One way out of this dilemma is to produce abundant renewable energy with self-improving systems. These systems make more of themselves exponentially, including more power sources. Renewable energy will have much less impact on the planet's heat balance. Large amounts of energy allow increased reprocessing of wastes, and extraction from lower grade ores or even common rock and ocean water. Rapid expansion brings material goods to the rest of the world faster. Self-production and automation lowers the relative costs of products, energy, and materials. :'''New Locations''' &emsp;Increased supply of raw materials and energy will likely need access to more difficult and remote locations. So Phase 3 covers working in areas that are thinly or completely uninhabited, or that have difficult or extreme local environments. New designs and processes will be needed for such areas. So a new program phase with added R&D is started. &emsp;Harder conditions are a matter of degree, rather than absolutes with a clear dividing line. Sections 7.1 and 7.2 list the ones we have identified. We define the "normal" (moderate) range as those where the middle 90% of of people live. Difficult and extreme conditions are then significantly above or below the moderate range. &emsp;If at least one of the eleven parameters is well beyond the moderate range, then the location is assigned to the difficult category. Extreme locations are even farther from moderate, and can be hostile to people living and working there. More remote-control and automated operations will tend to be used, instead of trying to build controlled environments for people. &emsp;We want to preserve the Earth's total environment, and the parts that are still in a natural state. So developing the difficult and extreme locations must consider sustainability, renewable energy, and environmental impact. An example would be building offshore fisheries to replace wild fish catches. The latter are putting a strain on the ocean food chain, so it is desirable to minimize that impact. But the fisheries must consider all their inputs and outputs in a total system approach to avoid unintended side-effects. &emsp;The mechanics of building in these locations is somewhat different than previous phases. These areas are less populated, with fewer supply sources and utilities available. So growing from a minimal set of tools and machines is harder to do. Instead, more finished equipment is sent from previous locations to start basic functions like mining and producing energy. A set of production equipment then uses these resources, plus some level of imported supplies, to increase capacity. &emsp;That capacity then supplies products and services are for local use. Surplus output is traded with the rest of civilization to make the locations self-supporting economically. Once built up, a location can also contribute to starting additional ones. The experience gained in working in difficult or extreme conditions, working remotely, and building up resource extraction and production in such places will be useful for later phases beyond Earth. ==='''7.1 - Phase 3A: Difficult Earth Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;We define moderate conditions as those where the middle 90% of the Earth's population lives, with 5% at the upper or lower ends for a given parameter. This definition is somewhat arbitrary, but we think reasonable from a design standpoint. The "Difficult" environments are then those that are at least 10% beyond the moderate range in at least one parameter. 10% is measured either linearly or as a logarithmic factor, depending how wide the normal range is. The parameters and moderate and difficult ranges are: &emsp;'''Temperature''' - This is measured by winter average daily lows and summer average daily highs. The moderate range is 260-310K (-13 to 37C). A given location is likely to exceed either the high or low limit, but not both. The difficult range is therefore below 255K (-18C) or above 315K (42C). Examples of difficult temperatures include Chelyabinsk, Russia, where average winter lows are -19C, and Death Valley, California, where summer highs are up to 47C. The lower limit ie more likely to be reached at high altitudes and latitudes. The high limit is more likely to be reached deep underground, because the Earth's internal temperature rises 25 Kelvin/Celsius on average per kilometer of depth. &emsp;'''Water Supply''' - This is measured by fresh water supply in meters or tons/m^2 per year from rain, rivers, snow, ice, moisture condensation and freshwater aquifers. Salty surface water and aquifers are not included, as they aren't drinkable without desalination. Aquifers are limited to natural replenishment rates, as they are not sustainable if drawn from faster. The moderate range is 0.25 to 2.5 meters/year. Since this is a large range, we use a logarithmic scale, and define difficult as 26% below or above the moderate limits, or <0.185 and >3.15 meters/year. The world's drier deserts fall below the 18.5 cm rainfall level, and places like the east coast of Nicaragua exceed the 315 cm upper limit on rainfall. Too much water is difficult because it can cause problems like flooding, erosion, and decay. &emsp;'''Atmosphere Pressure''' - This is measured by average local air pressure in kiloPascals (kPa). For reference, standard sea-level pressure is 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi). The moderate range is assumed to be from 80-100 kPa (near sea-level to 2000 meters altitude) Difficult pressures are below 70kPa (2750 meters altitude) or above 110 kPa (750 meters below sea-level). These correspond to high mountains or plateaus, and deep underground at low altitudes, since the lowest surface elevation is -413 meters. Low pressures and rapid changes in pressure can cause medical problems for people, so pressure-control is needed where people are. Effects on equipment are mostly minor in this range. &emsp;'''Ground Pressure''' - This is the ground/soil strength at the surface, or surrounding water or rock pressure below the surface, in MegaPascals (MPa). These affect the design of structures, and values that are too low or too high become difficult. For reference, average household floors are designed for 0.275 MPa loads. The moderate range is 0.25 to 2.0 MPa. Difficult conditions are then below 0.19 MPa or above 2.5 MPa. The high limit is reached at ocean depths of 250 meters, and underground at depths of 100 meters in average rock. High surrounding pressures require closed containers to lower them for people, or support structures to prevent collapse. The low limit is reached in open waters (zero strength), fine sand or moist clay (low strengths). Low ground strength requires larger building foundations, or floating construction in the case of open waters &emsp;'''Energy Supply''' - This is measured by average energy supply from renewable natural sources in W/m^2. Wind and solar are available in most places, and are rapidly renewable. Ocean thermal and geothermal are widely available if you go deep enough, but take long periods to renew once depleted, so we only count their renewal rate, not the stored energy. Sources like hydroelectric or tidal energy are not available everywhere, but counted if they are. &emsp;Fossil fuels are not sustainable because of finite supply and the waste products they produce. Biofuels may be produced sustainably. Fuels for nuclear fission and fusion (which is still being developed) are in large enough supply to be considered sustainable but require mining or separation. They can be used to produce energy, but we don't count their contribution to local supply. &emsp;Low energy supply is difficult because some is needed for almost every kind of human activity. If it is not available locally, it must be imported by methods like fuel delivery or power lines. High levels of energy supply are not considered difficult. The range of energy flux is roughly 150 to 900 W/m^2 on Earth, so a difficult low value is 125 W/m^2. Any significant depth below the surface is cut off from wind and solar sources, so are likely to be difficult and require energy supplied from elsewhere. &emsp;'''Gravity Level''' - This is mainly one of the conditions for space environments. On and near the Earth's surface it does not vary by more than 10% unless you are in a centrifuge or accelerating vehicle, so there are no natural places on Earth beyond moderate conditions. Low gravity causes biological problems for people, and may for animals and plants. High gravity is difficult to work in for people, and requires extra structural support for physical items. &emsp;'''Radiation Dose''' - This is measured by unprotected background radiation in milliSeivert (mSv)/year. Industrial exposure, such as to medical imaging staff, or from mining, using, and disposing of radioactive materials, is not considered an environment condition. But such exposure needs its own designs for safety and shielding. Natural background radiation varies by location, according to altitude, magnetic field, and what materials are in the ground below. In most places on Earth it varies from 1 to 13 mSv/year. &emsp;A few places have high radiation levels from concentrations of radioactive elements and their decay products, up to 135 mSv/yr. People have lived in such locations for many generations, with no apparent ill effects. Since adaption may have occurred for long-term residents, we will be conservative and consider high radiation levels a hazard to the general population. &emsp;Levels above 17 mSv/year would be considered difficult. Depending on sources, they might require shielding, sealing, or air circulation. Low radiation levels are not considered hazardous, so background levels below 1 mSv/year are not considered difficult. Note that the human body contains some radioactive elements naturally, so there is no zero background level. Even the highest natural radiation levels on Earth are not significant for most equipment designs. &emsp;'''Ping Time''' - This is the round-trip communication delay to the next nearest 5% of world population, in milliseconds (ms). Long delays create difficulty in voice communications or real-time remote control, and slow down any computer network-based activity. There is no lower limit for this parameter, since short ping times are not a difficult condition. &emsp;On or near the Earth's surface we consider ping times above 100 milliseconds to be difficult, as this much delay starts to be noticeable to people. There are few locations that have such high values to reach 5% of the world's people. The 5% value is because you can choose to do tasks like remote control from reasonably nearby, and not from the farthest place on Earth. This parameter becomes more important in space. The speed of light limits operations to within 15,000 km to stay under 100 ms. That only reaches moderately high Earth orbit, and most of space is far beyond that distance. &emsp;'''Travel Time''' - This is the maximum one-way normal travel time for people, to reach the nearest 5% of other people. Travel time for cargo is assumed to be proportional to that for people. High travel times makes it more difficult and expensive to bring in people with special skills, or necessary parts and materials. Densely populated areas can usually be reached in 5 hours or less. Most of the world's populated areas can be reached within 48 hours, so we set this as the upper limit for moderate (developed) travel. The worst case travel time is 10-20 days for parts of Tibet which lack roads, and ocean locations distant from any airports, requiring ship travel to reach. Very low travel times are not a difficulty, so we set no lower limit for this parameter. We define difficult travel as needing more than 2.5 days. &emsp;'''Stay Time''' - This is the average stay time per person per location, in years. People stay in the same location if they live and sleep there the majority of the time, and make trips to other locations less than half the time. Short stay times are more difficult because of increased transportation needs and staff turnover. The short times may be caused by a harsh environment, lack of habitation and services, or the location is simply undesirable. It can also be caused by a rapidly growing population lowering the average residence time. In that case, the difficulty is caused by having to rapidly build new habitation and services. &emsp;Long stay times are not considered difficult, and their upper limit is the human lifespan. Rapidly growing areas provide the shortest average times on Earth, 7 years if normal turnover is added to growth. Since the upper bound is ~70 years, we will set the difficult limit at 25% below the shortest average, at 5 years. Examples where such low values occur are mining and construction camps in remote locations. &emsp;'''Transport Energy''' - This is the total energy to reach a location from the nearest 5% of population, by the most efficient method, in MegaJoules per kilogram (MJ/kg). For reference, 3.6 MJ = 1 kiloWatt-hour of electricity. Transport energy includes kinetic, potential, and frictional energy. High transport energy is difficult because of increased need for equipment, and their higher cost of operation. &emsp;On Earth, potential and kinetic energy of transport are generally low, and friction dominates. Rail and water transport are currently the most efficient bulk methods, and range from 0.225 to 2.25 MJ/kg between densely and sparsely populated areas. Low transport energy is not considered difficult, but we set values above 2.85 MJ/kg to be. Such values can occur when rail and water transport are not available, and part of the trip must be by less efficient methods. It can also happen when there is a lot of altitude change on the route, increasing frictional losses so as not to exceed speed limits. &emsp;Some of these parameters change with time, due to technology and development. For example, parts of Alaska had long travel times when the only available transport was by dog sled. Once small airplanes and a network of landing fields were available, it became less difficult. It may be a specific goal to upgrade a location to less difficult status, but we define it for phases and R&D by the pre-existing conditions that have to be dealt with. ==='''7.2 - Phase 3B: Extreme Earth Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;We define extreme locations as an additional 10% beyond the difficult range. This is again in linear or logarithmic amounts, depending on the span of moderate conditions most people live in. The more extreme parameters will need further design modifications, and therefore supporting R&D to develop them. We define no upper bound on how extreme things can get, they are only limited by the natural environment and general state of civilization. The parameter values are: &emsp;'''Temperature''' - average daily lows below 250K (-23C) or average daily highs above 320K (47C). The lows might be found in Antarctica or at high altitudes. The highs are found deep underground or in the hottest deserts. &emsp;'''Water Supply''' - The lower range is less than 0.12 meters/year (4.75 inches), which is a very dry desert. The upper range is more than 3.8 meters/year, which is found in the wettest rain forests. &emsp;'''Atmosphere Pressure''' - The extreme ranges are below 60 kPa or above 120 kPa, which correspond to altitudes above about 5500 meters or below -1600 meters. These correspond to very high mountain tops and deep underground. &emsp;'''Ground Pressure''' - The ranges are below 0.12 MPa or above 3 MPa. These correspond to soft clay or open water at the low end, and depths of 300 meters in water and 120 meters in rock. &emsp;'''Energy Supply''' - The low range is below 90 W/m^2 from wind and solar, which is mainly encountered below the surface. High values of energy supply are not a difficulty. &emsp;'''Gravity Level''' - This parameter does not vary by more than a few percent on Earth, so extreme conditions more than 20% beyond normal do not occur. &emsp;'''Radiation Dose''' - The extreme range is more than 21 mSV/year, which occurs in some natural high radiation areas, or if spending a lot of time (>25%) at high altitude near the magnetic poles, where cosmic radiation can come down vertically. &emsp;'''Ping Time''' - The range for extreme ping time is more than 125 ms round trip. This is nearly around the world at the speed of light, so accessing 5% of the population only takes this long if radio or fiber communications routes are very indirect or unavailable. &emsp;'''Travel Time''' - The range for extreme travel time is more than 3 days to reach. This is found only in very remote areas without conventional transportation. &emsp;'''Stay Time''' - The lower range is average stay times below 3 years 4 months, which mainly would be found in temporary work locations. &emsp;'''Transport Energy''' - The upper range for extreme transport energy is above 3.5 MJ/kg. This is reached mainly when inefficient transportation has to be used. =='''8.0 - Phase 4: Orbital Locations'''== &emsp; [[File:Von_Braun_1952_Space_Station_Concept_9132079_original.jpg|thumb|right|640x446px|Figure 8.0-1 - 1952 space station concept by Wernher von Braun and Chesley Bonestell.]] :'''Goals''' &emsp;The main goals of the later phases are using space to bring benefits to Earth, and to help with some long-term problems that can't be handled any other way. &emsp;Figure 8.0-1 is an early concept for a rotating space station, made 5 years before the first orbital launch of Sputnik 1. Note the ring-shaped solar collector on top. This would heat a fluid to produce power, since solar cells were not well developed at the time. We show it as a reminder that plans can only be made from what is known at the time. Our approach to developing space may look equally out of date 70 years in the future. Despite that, we have to start somewhere and then make updates as needed. :'''Approach''' &emsp;Sections 8, 9, and 10 cover Phases 4, 5, and 6 in that order. Sub-phases for each are grouped together because they involve working in similar space environments. Orbital locations (Phase 4) come first, because Earth orbit has to be reached before going anywhere else in space. Planetary system locations (Phase 5) share being on or tied by gravity to the larger Solar System bodies other than Earth. Their gravity wells take more work to travel to and from. The local environments are also different on and around these bodies. &emsp;We expect the various sub-phases to have different starting times, but overlap and continue in parallel once started. Phase 6 (Interstellar) involves places beyond the Sun's gravitational dominance. It is expected to be last in time. It is hard to predict what technology will be available by then, and how such distant locations would be used. So the last phase is mainly included as a placeholder and to provide some direction for future work. :'''Current and Near-Term Space Industry''' &emsp;Working on long-term problems doesn't have an immediate economic return. So the first uses of our approach for places beyond Earth would be to support existing and near-term space industry. According to UN records there were over 8200 satellites orbiting the Earth at the start of 2022. Of these, about 4850 were active. There are a smaller number of spacecraft and other items that have been sent to the Moon and beyond, some of which are still operating. The inactive equipment, plus other discarded items and fragments, make up artificial '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris Space Debris]'''. The increasing amount of debris is one of the long-term problems that need solving. &emsp;'''[https://sia.org/news-resources/state-of-the-satellite-industry-report/ Total Economic Activity]''' related to space was $386 billion as of 2021, split between government and private projects. But nearly all of the people involved, and most of the physical tasks, happen on Earth. This provides a starting point for using our self-improvement methods and other advanced technology. In turn that should lower costs. &emsp;Reaching space is generally industrial-scale activity. Rockets themselves are large, and so are the places and equipment to build and launch them. So it would be part of or follow Phase 2B's other industrial locations. What is sent to space can be as small as hobby scale. '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite Amateur Radio Operators]''' have sent satellites into orbit, and well over a thousand '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CubeSat Cubesats]''' based on 10 cm modular sizes have been sent to space. Building and operating equipment sent to space more typically ranges from Phase 2A's small business and commercial scale up to the industrial level. &emsp;Reaching space was very expensive until recently because some or all of a rocket was discarded after one use. The high cost limited space activity to large nations or groups of them at first. Over time, commercial space activity has grown to be about 75% of the total. Lower cost transportation and satellite equipment is actively being pursued. The methods include adopting mass production, and discarding less or none of the rocket each flight. &emsp;Most equipment sent to space is also discarded when it fails or reaches the end of its useful life. This adds to the cost of operating in space. Refueling, maintenance, and repair of equipment in space is very limited. New production, upgrades, and recycling is limited to non-existent. Total cost can be lowered by changing how space projects are built, delivered, and operated. In turn this would expand existing uses, and open up new ones like private space stations and space tourism. :'''Long-Term Sustainability''' &emsp;As of 2021 fossil fuels supplied about 77% of global primary energy. Since about 1900 their rapid growth powered most of the development of modern civilization. But that comes with a number of unfortunate side effects. They include environmental damage, pollution, and adding greenhouse gases, mainly CO2, to the atmosphere far faster then natural processes remove it. &emsp;These gases reduce infrared radiation back to space, altering the balance between incoming sunlight and outgoing heat. Venus' surface temperature of 462 C (864 F) shows why this is a bad idea. Only 50C of Venus' higher temperature is due to being closer to the Sun. The rest is primarily heat trapped by a thick CO2 atmosphere. Society must transition this century to renewable non-carbon energy sources, so Earth doesn't become more like the hell that Venus is. &emsp;Despite the large-scale use of fossil and other energy sources, current civilization can't afford to capture and reprocess all waste materials, nor extract new materials from abundant low-grade sources. New materials come from '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore Ores]''' instead. These have higher concentrations of desired products, which take less work to extract. However, high-grade ores are in limited supply. If used materials are not fully reprocessed, those ores will eventually run out. So the current state of civilization is unsustainable. It is heading towards severe problems from increasing temperature, running out of affordable materials, or both. &emsp;At the same time, the world's population is growing, and not everyone has the benefits of full development. Such development demands even more energy and materials. It's unfair to deny these benefits to some people because others were the first to get them. A growing population with a high standard of living will put more stress on the remaining natural world, and deplete accessible resources faster. Self-improving factories and other advanced technologies can be used to build more renewable energy sources and reprocess more wastes. This would have less impact on Earth, but it does not reduce it to zero. :'''Civilization-Level Risks''' &emsp;Another problem is preserving civilization and the biosphere in the face of large-scale risks. One such risk is runaway greenhouse warming due to positive feedback loops. This is different than the temperature rising a certain number of degrees from higher CO<sub>2</sub> levels. Melting ice caps can expose darker water or land, increasing the absorbed sunlight and causing further melting. Another feedback loop is release of methane from frozen ocean hydrates and organic matter in permafrost. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, and so can lead to accelerated release. &emsp;Another risk is from asteroids. Large asteroids fly past Earth fairly frequently, and occasionally hit it, causing widespread damage. There are enough craters, recorded impacts, and near misses to know it is a low probability event, but can be catastrophic if it does. So it is worth trying to reduce the risks. Note that small objects either burn up in the atmosphere or only cause local damage, and don't require civilization-level action to prevent. &emsp;There are other large-scale risks besides these two. Examples include '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano Supervolcano]''' eruptions, genetically engineered plagues, and nuclear war. It is worth some effort to identify these risks, and reduce them if possible. Backup locations beyond Earth can be a last resort if such efforts fail, but most efforts should likely be directed at prevention rather than recovery. ==='''8.1 - Using Space to Solve Earth's Problems'''=== &emsp; &emsp;There are abundant energy and material resources in space. If the cost of using them can be brought low enough, then that becomes preferable to, for example, putting more solar panels in climates unsuited to them, or digging ever deeper underground to find high quality ores. &emsp;There is seven times more solar energy available in space near the Earth than the average on the ground. Atmospheric absorption, night, and weather account for the difference. The equipment to collect that energy is also about seven times lighter because it doesn't need to handle gravity and weather. So the energy to equipment mass ratio is roughly 50 times higher. &emsp;There is also a wide variety of accessible materials in space, starting with the Moon's surface and nearby asteroids. These have been "pre-mined" in the sense that impacts have left them broken up and loose. Extracting them doesn't need heavy equipment, so the tons mined per ton of equipment is high. The combination of high energy and low equipment could allow rapid bootstrapping of space industry. The products can then help solve the problems and risks we noted above. :'''Lowering Space Operations Cost''' &emsp;Reaching and working in space has been very expensive, especially beyond the lowest Earth orbits. But that is an engineering problem, not one set by basic physics. For example, wholesale potatoes are on the order of $300/ton, and the wholesale electrical energy to put those potatoes in Earth orbit (8.7 MWh) is on the order of $550, less than twice as much. Sending even cheap bulk commodities to space would be affordable if done with high efficiency. Current launch costs are quoted at $1.52 million/ton or more (Falcon Heavy, 2022), 2750 times as much. This shows how much room there is for improvement. &emsp;There are a number of ways this cost can be reduced. Reaching space today requires a good deal of equipment on Earth, like rocket factories, the rockets themselves, and launch sites for them. Self-improving automated production can lower the costs of these. As with other industries, you can begin with a starter set, and grow it until you have mature factories that produce the space hardware you need. &emsp;A large amount of rocket and satellite hardware is discarded after use. This is a major contributor to high costs. Improved designs can allow reuse and repair. Conventional rockets are also inefficient. They require about 40 times the payload mass in fuel (for '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_propellant#Current_cryogenic_types LOX/RP-1]''') containing 387 MJ/kg of fuel energy. The payload ends up with 32 MJ/kg of kinetic and potential energy, so the fuel efficiency is only 8.3%. Alternate launch methods can dramatically improve on this value, but there has to be enough traffic to space to justify their development. &emsp;Advanced production methods in space, using materials and energy already there, can ultimately reduce mass launched from Earth by 98-99%. The transportation component of operating in space can then be reduced by a similar ratio. If in-space production costs are less than the launch savings, then overall costs go down. &emsp;More efficient space technologies, like electric propulsion and closed life support, further reduce the mass from Earth needed to operate. The closer we can source supplies to the desired destination, the less effort is needed to move them there. So a Lunar or Mars base would ideally get most of what it needs locally, or from not too far away, and only get from Earth what can't be found or made otherwise. The combination of all these methods would get much closer to "potato cost". :'''Space Development Process''' &emsp;Our approach would follow the same general path in space as it does on Earth. In particular the methods used for difficult and extreme locations on Earth are relevant, although the details will differ. Space is nearly undeveloped and barely populated. So early tasks include delivering equipment to supply energy and gather raw materials. A core set of processing equipment would be used to turn raw materials into basic supplies like propellants, and production inventory like metal stock. &emsp;Other equipment takes these products, plus some amount of imported items, and fabricates parts for more production equipment, plus finished items like habitats for people and food production. Metals for machinery and construction are likely the majority of first generation production, since that is the foundation of industry on Earth. Second and later generation equipment can then produce other materials and products in an expanding sequence. &emsp;In the early stages there is less equipment available at a given location. So a larger percentage of parts and materials has to be imported from previous places, or from Earth. As more equipment accumulates, a higher percentage can be produced locally. Once a given location has matured enough, it can start to make items for new starter sets. These can be used in the same region, such as other parts of the Moon, or sent off to start developing new regions. &emsp;Once a location can export a surplus of locally made items, they can be traded for those it can't make, or needed materials that are locally rare. Such trade would be based on '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_advantage Comparative Advantage]''' like it is on Earth. By export and trade a location can become economically self-supporting, and not a cost burden. This is in contrast to a station or base that can't make things locally, which has to be supplied from elsewhere at a continuing cost. &emsp;Self-supporting locations can produce an expanding wave of civilization and life as far as people want to carry them - throughout the Solar System, and in the long term, beyond it. :'''General Space Environment Features''' &emsp;Orbital locations in Phase 4 begin at 200 km altitude above the Earth's surface, where atmospheric density is low enough for stable orbits. They extend beyond that to the limits of stable orbits bound by gravity to Earth, then to interplanetary orbits at all distances from the Sun. The planetary system locations of Phase 5 are embedded within the larger interplanetary region, and move with the major bodies and the gravity fields they produce. &emsp;The environment conditions, raw materials, and available energy vary widely across the different regions. So we divide Phase 4 into six sub-phases by region, and Phase 5 into five sub-phases. We expect their development to start mostly in order by distance from Earth. Orbital locations include smaller bodies like asteroids found there, and planetary systems include an area of stable orbits around them and the smaller bodies tied to them by gravity. &emsp;The environment parameters for Phases 4 and 5 are generally more difficult than extreme ones on Earth (Phase 3B). The added difficulty in many cases is incremental, not orders of magnitude steps, and not in all parameters. Proper design and operation can deal with most of these conditions, but some places are so extreme that current technology has no way to handle them. The general ranges are noted here. Some details for sub-phases and particular locations are noted below. Extensive and growing knowledge about them comes from the field of '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_science Planetary Science]'''. * '''Temperature''' - Distance from the Sun, and the percent field of view of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation Cosmic Background]''', which is at near absolute zero temperature (2.7K) are the main determinants of local temperature. It can range anywhere from above 700K to below 50K (+425 to -225 C). Partly shadowed orbits, or night on a surface, can produce wide temperature swings. Reflection from the surface of a body, or underground surroundings, will modify the ambient temperature. * '''Water Supply''' - Orbital locations don't have a weather system that delivers a renewable water supply like Earth. But some bodies have water in the form of hydrated minerals or ice. Liquid water layers may exist inside dwarf planets and moons, and water in general is abundant beyond the "frost line" around 3 AU, where temperatures are low enough for ice to be stable in a vacuum. * '''Atmosphere Pressure''' - Vacuum is the normal condition in open space and on the surface of most bodies. Some of the larger dwarf planets and moons have non-zero pressures, and all the major planets except Mercury have significant to dominant atmospheres. * '''Ground Pressure''' - This doesn't exist in open space, and is generally low even for larger asteroids, either because of low gravity or low surface strength. Ground pressure can become significant if you go deep enough into larger asteroids. It becomes very high inside large moons and major planets. * '''Energy Supply''' - Varies from above 10 kW/m<sup>2</sup> in close solar orbits to below 1.5 W/m<sup>2</sup> beyond Neptune. Orbits with time in shadow lose a percentage of this. Surfaces in vacuum reduce solar energy by about 50% from nights, with variations from topography like mountains and craters. Atmospheres can further reduce solar energy. :&emsp;Other sources like wind, precipitation, and geothermal may be available on some bodies. Nuclear power is possible using fuel delivered from Earth or mined from places with radioactive elements like the Moon. Power can be transmitted over moderate distances using conductors and beams, or even simple reflectors. * '''Gravity Level''' - Natural gravity ranges from zero in free orbits, to about 3% of Earth's on dwarf planets, and up to 2.4 times Earth on larger moons and major planets. Artificial gravity can be supplied by rotation where biology or industrial processes need it. Artificial gravity is only limited by structural materials and practical issues like arrival and departure. * '''Radiation Dose''' - Most orbits and surface regions have high natural levels of radiation from galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events (flares), and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Radiation Belts]''' like the ones around Earth. Devices like solar panels and electronics are generally less sensitive to radiation than living things, but can still be damaged or temporarily upset. :&emsp;Radiation can be lowered to safe levels using bulk mass as shielding, or possibly artificial methods like magnetic fields. Shielding mass in orbital locations can come from asteroids or imported from moons. On substantial bodies their mass provides partial natural shielding, and going underground and arranging local materials can provide the rest. Transport vehicles can use fuel, water, or other supplies as shielding. Large habitats may get enough shielding from their outer structure, equipment, and storage tanks. * '''Ping Time''' - Round trip communication time varies greatly from milliseconds in low Earth orbits to hours or even days in the outer Solar System. Essentially all the communication time is due to speed of light delays. On Earth, fiber-optic cables transmit at about 2/3 the speed of light, and follow indirect paths from geography and a spherical planet. * '''Travel Time''' - This also varies greatly according to orbit region. It can take a few hours to reach low Earth orbit or return from it to the ground, plus some travel time to other population on the Earth's surface. Travel to the outer Solar System using known propulsion systems will take a number of years or even decades. * '''Stay Time''' - This is currently very short because there are no permanently inhabited locations in orbit. Astronaut crews typically stay about 6 months aboard the International Space Station. With the development of larger, more permanent locations, with artificial gravity, food supplies, etc. the stay times can increase to a number of years. * '''Transport Energy''' - Much less than 5% of civilization is in space, so transport energy is measured from the Earth's surface to an orbital location. This is a minimum of 33 MJ/kg, set by the physics of reaching low Earth orbit. It is a lot higher using current rockets, because their operating efficiency is low. More distant orbital locations require additional energy to reach, and currently this reduces cargo mass dramatically, producing even higher transport energy/kg. ==='''8.2 - Phase 4A: Low Orbit Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Sections 8.2 to 8.7 cover sub-phases 4A to 4F. We limit the a amount of detail to keep the size of this report reasonable, and in some cases is limited by the current state of knowledge about the regions. Each region would be developed using the general approach in Section 8.1, with some methods adapted to local conditions. The start of each successive sub-phase is staggered in time, but a region does not have to be fully developed before starting on the next one. They would develop in parallel once started. &emsp;We suggest some economic uses for these regions, how to reach them, and how to develop them. We don't know enough to say if these are the best or only uses for them, and we certainly don't know what ideas other people will come up with in the future. So consider this report as a starting point for others to improve upon. :'''Low Orbit Features''' &emsp;Earth orbits form a continuous range from 200 km, the minimum set by atmospheric drag, to the maximum set by Sun's gravity becoming dominant. We divide that range in half by the transport energy required to reach it, at 2700 km average altitude. Conditions are different enough between low and high orbits to get their own sub-phases. Orbits can be elliptical and constantly vary in altitude, so we use the average between the high and low points, which is called the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes Semi-Major Axis]'''. &emsp;Objects in low orbits are in the Earth's shadow about 22-40% of the time, reduceing available energy. The Earth fills a large part of the field of view, which affects thermal balances, and lighting when over the sunlit side. Orbit periods are 2.5 hours or less, so travel time from the Earth's surface is fairly short. Ping time by way of ground stations is under 20 ms, so not difficult. But low orbits have a limited view of the Earth's surface at one time. So multiple ground stations are needed, or communications are relayed by a higher satellite. This can add up to 500 ms to round-trip communications, which is a noticeable delay. &emsp;The Earth's magnetic field traps particles into '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Radiation Belts]''' that begin at low orbits and extend past them to high orbits. Unprotected people and electronics can be damaged by the high radiation levels. So spacecraft have to be designed to withstand radiation, avoid these belts, cross them quickly, have sufficient shielding, or the belts depleted artificially. &emsp;Material resources are relatively scarce in low orbit. They include the upper edge of the Earth's atmosphere, and debris from inactive satellites and rocket stages. The mass of particles in the radiation belts is very small. Other materials have to be imported from Earth or higher locations. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;We would like all regions in space to become economically self-supporting. Earth orbits already are, with 75% of total space activity being commercial. Low orbits are occupied by a large number of active satellites serving the people below. Current uses include Earth observation, such as weather, mapping, and agricultural monitoring. Many satellites are now used for communications relay between points on the surface. Government uses include research, such as the Space Station and Hubble Telescope, and national security. &emsp;Future uses may include tourism, orbital assembly and maintenance, and payload transfer, and refueling for more distant destinations. Further development of low orbits would start with existing markets. It would expand to new ones as transportation costs are reduced and local industry built up. We discuss some options in this section, but it is an area with projects being worked on by many others. &emsp;We don't expect large-scale production and habitats in low orbits, because more materials and energy are available higher up. We do expect low orbits to become transit points, because below the radiation belts is the nearest place to Earth that is reasonably safe and doesn't need constant propulsion to maintain position. :'''Transport from Earth''' &emsp;Low orbit has few available materials, so most items have to be imported. Rockets and space hardware have existed for decades, but they are still too expensive for many future uses. As noted in section 8.1, self-improving and automated production can help lower the cost of building and running aerospace factories and launch sites. &emsp;Reusing rocket hardware can improve costs substantially, but conventional rockets have low energy efficiency. They are limited by the energy in chemical '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant Propellants]''' and the mass of the Earth, neither of which is changing. A shift to different launch technologies can can improve efficiency and cost. But there has to be enough traffic to justify the added R&D cost in the face of existing rocket systems. There are many possible launch technologies. See Part 2 of our volume on '''[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Space_Transport_and_Engineering_Methods Space Systems Engineering]''' for an extensive list. We provide one example here to illustrate the possibilities. [[File:AEDC_Range-G_Launcher_facility.jpg|thumb|800x599px|Figure 8.2-1 - AEDC Range-G Hypersonic Research Gun (on left, 20cm interior diameter of barrel).]] &emsp;'''Hypersonic Guns''' - Hypervelocity gas guns have been used in research for decades (Figure 8.2-1). They are inexpensive to build compared to most aerospace hardware. This is because they don't have to fly, so can be made of heavy industrial parts, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-gas_gun Light Gas Guns]''' are basically simple devices. &emsp;A larger version of such a gun, on a mountain with the correct slope, can supply 50-70% of orbit velocity for bulk cargo which is not sensitive to high g-forces. These include fuel, water, structural parts, even frozen food. Outdoor barrels measured in km rather than meters lower g-forces and operating pressures. But they are still generally too high for delicate cargo and people. Those would use other kinds of transportation. Industrial factories grown from starter sets could be a low-cost source for the construction equipment to build on the mountain, the high pressure pipe, other parts for the gun, and an energy source to compress and heat the gas for launch. &emsp;Muzzle velocities much higher than ~4 km/s (half of orbit speed) become increasingly less efficient. This is because of limits on expansion rate of the working gas, and increased drag and heating while climbing through the atmosphere. The remaining part of reaching orbit is supplied by an internal rocket engine on the projectile or by other methods. Because the rocket engine only supplies half or less of the velocity, it is many times smaller relative to cargo than conventional rockets. &emsp;The fuel-to-payload energy efficiency is roughly two-thirds, much better than conventional rockets. The gun also uses energy, but it is relatively cheap to operate. It is stationary on the ground, uses inexpensive materials, and can be used many times. The projectiles are rugged and durable, and can also be used many times. Re-entry is much gentler than the initial launch. The operating cost per ton to orbit should therefore be lower than conventional rockets. A gun-type launcher could deliver a large portion of the mass to orbit. There is no requirement that everything going to space has to travel the same way, any more than it does here on Earth. &emsp;'''Other Launch Methods''' - Hypervelocity guns are just one example. Other technologies with reasonable prospects include high-speed air-breathing engines for the early part of flight, and orbiting structures with suborbital landing platforms for the later part. Both are more efficient than chemical rockets in their respective velocity ranges. Unfortunately neither can easily serve the whole job of transport to orbit. A combination of systems, each operating where it works best, is likely the better option. &emsp;High speed jet engines and orbital platforms would require substantial R&D, and are therefore not likely to be the first things built. Instead, lowering the cost of conventional rockets is the first step. It would then be supplemented with a low R&D system like a hypersonic gun. Once new markets are opened up by the lower costs, the more advanced technologies that need more R&D can then make economic sense. :'''Mining and Production''' &emsp;Low orbits are not ideal places to process raw materials. That requires a lot of energy, and sunlight is blocked a good percentage of the time. But there is enough energy to fabricate parts and assemble them to finished items. For example, spools of high strength fiber and metal wire are rugged enough to be launched by bulk systems. The fiber and wire can be wrapped and plasma-sprayed in layers around inflatable or collapsible forms, to build up large, lightweight structures. Large pressurized volumes built this way can then house other production and assembly equipment and people to work there. &emsp;There are some material resources in low orbit that don't require a lot of processing. At altitudes of around 200 km it may be possible to "scoop mine" the upper atmosphere. A collection scoop funnels incoming air, which is very thin at this altitude, to a vacuum pump and compressor. A portion of the air is expelled by electric engines at much higher velocity than the incoming flow. This makes up for drag from the scoop. The remaining air is stored in tanks. &emsp;When the tanks are full, the mining ship climbs higher and unloads to storage tanks at a depot. The reason to mine like this, rather than launching gases directly from Earth, is the solar arrays that power the mining ship can produce 1000 times the energy needed to put themselves in orbit over their operating life. As long as the gas mining can be done with reasonable efficiency, launching solar arrays rather than tanks of gases results in much more usable product in the end. &emsp;A steady supply of air (or nitrogen and oxygen if separated) obviously can be used to support people in orbit. It can also fuel tugs that collect dead satellites and debris from the Earth's "debris belt". This both reduces the hazard they create, and supplies useful resources. The collected materials can be scavenged for usable parts or recycled into new products. Dead satellites and empty rocket stages are made of aerospace materials, so they should not need a lot of processing to reuse. &emsp;Mining the debris is only feasible with a cheap source of propellant and efficient electric engines. The pieces are in random orbits, and would consume too much propellant to gather otherwise. Air plus debris mining can provide enough materials to support some production in low orbit. The larger sources available from the Moon and asteroids, and the full-time solar energy in higher orbits, leads to the majority of production being done elsewhere. It can be efficiently delivered "downhill" using gentle '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobraking Aerobraking]'''. Low orbit mining and production then ends up supporting local uses, and this region functions as a transfer point between the ground and elsewhere. ==='''8.3 - Phase 4B: High Orbit Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''High Orbit Features''' &emsp;We define high orbits as extending from 2700 km average altitude to the limit of the Earth's dominant gravitational influence, or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere Hill Sphere]'''. For Earth this is about 1.5 million km, but towards the outer edges orbits become less stable. This is a large range of distances, but it only represents the upper 25% of energy between the Earth's surface and escape. That's because gravity is an inverse square force and weakens rapidly as you increase distance. &emsp;The Moon is the most prominent feature in high orbit. It has its own area of dominant gravity, with a radius of about 60,000 km, and reasonably stable orbits with semi-major axes to about 35,000 km. Additional energy is needed to descend through the Moon's gravity field to low orbits or the surface. Conditions are also different enough near and on the Moon that we assign the region within 35,000 km to Phase 5A - Lunar Locations. &emsp;High orbits are in sunlight 85-100% of the time, reaching the highest values when farther from the Earth and Moon. Temperature is determined mostly by the Sun and the cold Cosmic Background, but at lower altitudes the Earth contributes a significant amount of reflected light and infrared heat. Orbit periods range from 2.5 hours to 7 months, so travel times by the most efficient routes can be long. Direct paths can be much faster, 12 days or less, at the expense of additional energy. &emsp;Ping time varies from as little as 25 ms, which is not difficult, up to 10 seconds, which has a large impact on voice, real-time control, and electronic data. The upper part of the Earth's radiation belts, solar, and cosmic radiation create high to dangerous levels for people and equipment. Energy resources are abundant in this region, but material resources are low in their natural state. The Moon and Near Earth Objects can supply materials with fairly low transport energies. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;One orbit in this region, geosynchronous, at 35,000 km altitude, is already heavily used. This orbit has a period of 24 hours, which matches the Earth's rotation. So satellites appear to stay above a fixed ground location, and ground antennas can be stationary rather than having to track satellite motion. Synchronous orbit is in the outer fringe of the radiation belts. &emsp;Future production and human habitation would likely start higher up. One set of such locations are near the Earth-Moon L4 and L5 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_point Lagrange Points]'''. These are stable regions, but not singular points. The Sun's gravity and the Moon's orbit not being circular or in the same plane as the Earth and Sun cause some motion around the points. &emsp;Delivery, refueling, and maintenance of high orbit satellites from Earth are current and near-term activities for this region. Future activity can include supplying fuel and other supplies from space sources back to low orbit and to early interplanetary locations. These and other possible future activities depend on bringing costs down to affordable levels. This would happen incrementally as self-improving production for early markets bootstraps to larger levels. &emsp;There are some civilization-level problems that high orbit activity can help with. If climate change solutions on Earth are not enough, orbiting sun filters can be used. They let wavelengths used by plants through, but block other parts of the solar spectrum. This would help cool the planet. Large solar system objects that pose a risk to Earth could be diverted or put to use instead. This requires finding them far enough in advance to change their orbit. An active civilization and biosphere off-planet could restore Earth if catastrophes happen despite our best efforts. &emsp;The solar energy flowing through this region is nearly 500 million times what civilization uses today. The Moon and nearby asteroids can supply 250 million years of raw materials at Earth's current mining rate without recycling. With abundant energy and recycling a small fraction of these resources can make civilization sustainable for a very long time. :'''Transport from Other Orbits''' &emsp;Excluding the Moon, the high orbit region is nearly devoid of raw materials. So they must be imported from elsewhere. Current transport from Earth uses a rocket to reach orbit, then more chemical or electric propulsion to reach higher orbits. Electric propulsion is about ten times more fuel-efficient than chemical rockets, and is being used more in recent years. &emsp;Electric engines need large amounts of power to operate, but efficient and lightweight solar panels have been developed in the last few decades (see '''[https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html NREL Efficiency Chart]'''). The engines are low thrust, which would expose people and some other items to too much radiation while crossing the Van Allen belts. So some early transport will use less efficient but faster rockets. Once propellants and bulk mass for shielding are available from space sources, the penalty for less efficient transport can be reduced. &emsp;Bulk materials mined from NEOs (Section 2.1) are not time- or radiation-sensitive. They can be transported entirely by electric engines on tugs that make multiple trips. Since part of the product from these objects is more fuel for the tugs, the transport becomes self-sustaining once started. A tug can return about 750 times its hardware mass over a 15 year working life, while consuming about 17 times its mass in propellant over the same period. Tugs can also efficiently deliver hardware and finished products to other orbits as needed. &emsp;The Moon is small enough that bulk materials can be thrown directly into orbit by electric catapults. Assuming 50% efficiency and 50% duty cycle from lunar night, a solar panel can power throwing 1000 times its own mass per year for a 15 year operating life. If the catapult is not too heavy relative to the total mass it can throw, the overall mass return ratio is high. From low Lunar orbit, electric tugs take over and deliver the materials for processing. There are about five major "ore types" of different compositions on the Moon and NEOs: highlands, maria, carbonaceous, stony, and metallic. Using all of them would supply the widest range of raw materials to make the widest range of products. :'''High Orbit Production''' &emsp;Energy is needed to convert raw materials into finished products. High orbits have abundant '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant Solar Energy]''', up to 11,930 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year. It can be converted to electricity by solar panels or used directly for heating using concentrating reflectors. Modern space solar panels and reflectors are very light weight relative to their power output, since they don't have to withstand gravity or weather. Excess heat can be disposed of by radiators or natural '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_exitance Emittance]'''. Low temperatures can be reached with '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_sunshade Thermal Shades]''' to block the Sun and other heat sources, and active refrigeration if needed. &emsp;A set of solar panels can supply enough power to start production, since electric power has many uses. Early processing, fabrication, and assembly equipment would come from Earth or low orbit. The first set of products are simple items to be used directly, such as shielding mass, fuel, and basic construction materials. The early production equipment would be supplemented over time by items made in orbit. Over time high orbit industry would transition from importing everything, to making items locally, then exporting products to other destinations. &emsp;Given sources of raw materials and energy, the simplest product of all is radiation shielding for people and equipment. This only requires crushing and sorting, then packing into containers around areas that need protection. Shielding also acts as thermal insulation and impact protection. Shielded modules allow extended crew stays in high orbit. Crews can operate production equipment and perform economic tasks for others, like satellite maintenance and refueling. To some extent the crew can be helped by remote control from Earth. &emsp;Next in difficulty, but not necessarily in priority, are water and carbon compounds, extracted from '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-type_asteroid Carbonaceous-Type Asteroid]''' material. This requires 200-300 C temperatures, which reflectors can supply, and a container and condenser to capture the vapors. Water and carbon can be chemically reformed to oxygen and hydrocarbons, which are common high-thrust rocket propellants. This is useful when transporting people through the radiation belts or for landing on the Moon. They can also be used in electric engines for higher efficiency at lower thrust. Water, carbon compounds, air mined from low orbit, and possibly rock for soil can supply greenhouse modules, so that crews can produce their own food and recycle life support supplies. &emsp;Metallic or '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-type_asteroid M-Type Asteroids]''' are thought to be the source '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_meteorite Iron Meteorites]''' found on Earth and Mars. They make up about 5% of known asteroids, with the metal portion being an iron-nickel alloy. A high temperature furnace can melt the alloy, a small amount of carbon added to make a steel alloy, and then cast into basic shapes. &emsp;Steel makes up about 90% of all metal used on Earth. Being able to produce it from space sources would allow a much higher percentage of self-production in space. Subtractive and additive '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool Machine Tools]''' are used to turn basic metal shapes into finished parts. Those can be assembled, along with some imported items, into new machines, including more machine tools. New machines and constructed metal items can then work with other materials. &emsp;Other space-made products can include '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_fiber Basalt Fiber]''' made from lunar basalts, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers Carbon Fibers]''' from asteroid carbon compounds. These are are very high strength-to-weight. Fiber-reinforced metal structures are strong and relatively light weight. They would be useful for all kinds of construction. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_deposition Vacuum Deposition]''' is relatively easy to do in high orbit since vacuum is the natural state of that region. Products can include lightweight reflector sheets, and parts for radiator panels. These can be combined with high-concentration solar cells from Earth to supply power with less mass than complete panels. '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory Refractories]''' are a class of materials that can withstand high temperatures. Some were formed in high-temperature environments in space, and others can be made artificially. They are used in all kinds of industrial processes such as furnaces and cooling systems for thermal processing of materials. &emsp;In the long term, in-space production can supply up to 98-99% of the mass for space projects, greatly reducing what needs to come from Earth. The remaining 1-2% includes materials too rare in space to usefully mine, and products too hard to make relative to importing from Earth. Examples are electronics and drugs, which are already mass produced and high value for their weight. Importing them is easier than trying to make them. :'''Living in High Orbit''' &emsp;After science and and supporting existing satellites, the first people to spend much time in high orbits would be there to build up industry. But ultimately large, comfortable space habitats can be built as permanent living space, like towns and cities on Earth. Like the ones on Earth, they don't have to be built all at once. The first ones can be small, and attached to industrial production facilities. &emsp;Larger residential habitats can also start small, but be designed to grow over time. Growth can be linear or in layers, like an onion. Linear growth can start with modules attached in a ring, with solar panels attached to each. The ring can be spun for artificial gravity. Additional rings can be stacked with the first one, with a ring of reflectors to direct sunlight to all the panels. &emsp;Layered growth adds new pressure shells over compartments outside the previous ones. The outer shells are in vacuum, and provide radiation, meteor impact, and thermal shielding. Inwards of that are pressurized areas for storage and mechanical equipment. Then comes living quarters and a central open space. The entire habitat rotates for artificial gravity. As new layers are added, items are moved outwards to fill the larger space. Compared to building a large habitat all at once, this spreads the construction cost over time, and the habitat is only expanded when extra space is needed. ==='''8.4 - Phase 4C: Inner Interplanetary Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Inner Interplanetary Features''' &emsp;These are orbits detached from the Earth's dominant gravity and go around the Sun instead, though they may pass close to the Earth at times. They range from as close as equipment can function to the Sun to 1.8 AU. This is just beyond Mars' greatest distance from the Sun (1.666 AU) and where the Main Asteroid Belt starts. It excludes Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and orbits around them. &emsp;Solar power is available 100% of the time in these orbits, but the intensity varies from 31% to many times that near Earth, depending on Solar distance. Exposed temperature correspondingly varies from 244K (-29C) to very hot for dark objects, and less for bright or reflective ones. Travel time from Earth can range from months to years depending on orbit and propulsion method, and whether gravity assists from the planets are used. These save fuel, but usually require extra time. &emsp;Solar and cosmic radiation are a moderately high background, with occasional flares/solar particle events that are much more intense, up to lethal human levels without shielding. Ping time ranges from a few seconds for orbits crossing near Earth, to over 45 minutes at 1.8 AU on the far side of the Sun, by way of a relay satellite. The Sun interrupts direct communication to the opposite side. &emsp;As noted in section 2.1, there are nearly 32,000 known NEOs as of April 2023, and the number is currently increasing by 10% a year. There are another 1500 which don't come closer than 1.3 AU to the Sun and orbit within 1.8 AU on average. The largest among both sets, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1036_Ganymed 1036 Ganymed]''' isn't particularly easy to reach, but has about 100 times the mass of all the rock ever mined on Earth. So total material resources in this region is large. &emsp;Asteroid orbits vary in size, are typically not circular, and somewhat tilted with respect to Earth's, so the energy required to reach a particular one varies. Timing also matters, since everything moves at different speeds in solar orbits. Efficient travel depends on a vehicle and the target arriving at the same place at the same time. The composition of asteroids vary across about a dozen spectral classes, indicating different chemical compositions. &emsp;There are not many active comets in this region because the Sun's heat evaporates their ices in a short time. About 25 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft Minor Planets and Comets]''' have been visited by spacecraft so far. Most of our knowledge is from telescopes and examining meteorites that have fallen to Earth, and sometimes radar if they come close to us. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;There are only a few spacecraft currently in this region. They are mostly scientific probes in transit to other places, or stationed at the Earth-Sun Lagrange points 1 and 2 (ESL-1 and ESL-2). Future use is likely to start with asteroid mining and delivery to Earth orbit with electric tugs. About 75% of discovered asteroids in this region are more than 30 meters in size. This is due to limits of current telescopes rather than actual numbers, and may change with time. 30 meters implies a mass of 20-100 thousand tons depending on composition. This is too heavy to move whole with near-term propulsion. A method that should work with all sizes is scraping loose material or grabbing boulders from asteroid surfaces. &emsp;Prior to mining, prospecting missions should visit multiple candidates for geologic mapping and sampling. Mining would start with asteroids that are easy to reach from Earth orbit, and return bulk ore there to be processed. As Earth orbits become more developed, they can start to send production and habitat equipment to this region in addition to mining. Since raw materials and full-time solar energy are available, this can grow in time to full size factories and produce habitats, vehicles, and whatever else is needed locally. :'''Inner Interplanetary Transport''' &emsp;The early transport in this region would be mainly slow but efficient electric tugs. They can haul large loads of rock relative to their mass, up to 1000 tons for a 10 ton vehicle and 23 tons of propellant. This will vary with the orbit destination and velocity changes needed. Smaller cargo loads can be moved faster with the same propulsion. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist Gravity Assists]''' can be used if the Moon and inner planets are in the right positions. Chemical rockets would be used when fast velocity changes are needed. Solar sails may be effective in moving things even more slowly but with no propellant use. This depends on large lightweight reflectors delivered to or made in orbit. &emsp;Over time, a network of "transit habitats" can be built up. These are stationed in repeating orbits between planets and particular destinations. They would be larger, safer, and more comfortable than individual passenger vehicles. They can self-supply from nearby asteroids. This reduces having to send life support equipment and supplies each time for the relatively long trips in the region. &emsp;Rotating platforms called '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhook_(structure) Skyhooks]''' can be built to provide both comfortable gravity and fast velocity changes. The platform mass stores momentum from very efficient propulsion that can be exchanged with payloads arriving and departing. The platform needs to be relatively heavy relative to each payload, so it doesn't change its own orbit much in use. Natural asteroids, production "slag" (leftover material not used in products), and the platform's own structure and equipment can serve this purpose. If traffic is balanced in direction, the net orbit change will be minimal. &emsp;Skyhooks can serve as a space equivalent to airports - mainly used to get from one place to another. Like airports, they need enough traffic to justify their construction, and can be developed and upgraded over time. Building them is easier if high strength materials can be produced locally in space. :'''Inner Interplanetary Production''' &emsp;Global primary energy consumption on Earth was 18 TeraWatts in 2021. This includes mining, processing, and manufacturing about 2 million kg/s of materials. So the energy intensity of civilization is 9 MJ/kg on average. We will double this to allow for recycling of materials in space, and add 8 km/s of orbit velocity change, requiring 300 MJ/kg of electric tug power. That covers a reasonable range of interplanetary orbits. &emsp;Transportation rather than production is then the dominant energy use in this region for new materials that need delivery. Modern space solar arrays typically product about 100 W/kg near Earth, and would take 36.8 days to produces the required 318 MJ. With a useful life of 20 years, their total energy output is 200 times that needed to transport their own mass in raw materials and all other energy needed to make replacement panels. Concentrating reflector and nuclear power sources are not yet developed enough for space to do calculate energy return ratios. They may turn out better or worse than solar panels, but as long as we have one known energy source with a high return ratio, we can base space industry on it. &emsp;The same process of bootstrapping production in Earth orbits can be used in interplanetary space. This starts with mining for export, then simple products made locally, and gradually growing to make more complex ones. As distance from Earth increases, fewer raw materials would tend to from the Moon, and more from nearby asteroids. These asteroids are of different types, which provides a reasonable variety of materials to work with. &emsp;If we restrict ourselves to within 20 degrees of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic Ecliptic]''', to maintain access to the planets and keep velocity changes lower, we have access to 1/3 of the Sun's total energy, or 1.3 x 10^26 Watts. This is 7 trillion times our current energy use, a number so large it is hard to imagine it could not sustain civilization. :'''Living Beyond Earth Orbit''' &emsp;Once methods of living in orbits around Earth are developed in the previous phases, doing so in solar orbits beyond the Earth-Moon region can use the same basic technologies. The main adjustments would be for available solar energy and temperature with distance from the Sun, and the kinds of materials found relatively nearby in velocity terms. In space, velocity changes take work, while coasting to a destination merely takes time. &emsp;It isn't yet clear if a "hunter-gatherer" or "sedentary" lifestyle would be more effective. The first means moving equipment to new asteroid locations as needed, while in the second the it stays in a particular orbit, and materials are brought to it. Since everything is in relative motion around the Sun, opportunities will change with time. So choosing a particularly useful asteroid as a home location may be a good strategy. ==='''8.5 - Phase 4D: Mid-Interplanetary Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Living and working in the next region out from the Sun is a smooth continuation of the previous phase, but is different in having lower levels of solar energy and much larger amounts of raw materials. :'''Mid-Interplanetary Features''' [[File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|thumb|600x600px|Figure 8.5-1 - Main Asteroid Belt and Jupiter Trojan region.]] &emsp;This region includes orbits from 1.8 to 6.0 AU in semi-major axes (Figure 8.5-1). As of 2023 this includes dwarf planet '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet) Ceres]''', 1.18 million other Main Belt asteroids, over 5600 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_asteroid Hildas]''', which are in 3:2 resonance with Jupiter, and over 12,500 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_trojan Jupiter Trojans]''' that occupy the Lagrange regions ahead of and behind the planet. It does not include Jupiter itself and the region within 20 million km of the planet (Section 9.4). &emsp;There are around 450 known comets in the region. The '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics) Frost Line]''' for water is in this region at 2.7-3.2 AU. So this is where many comets become active (give off gas and dust), making them easier to find. Hydrogen and oxygen are the 1st and 3rd most common elements, and helium (2nd) doesn't make compounds. So water is the most common compound of two elements. Objects beyond the frost line tend to have have large amounts of it. &emsp;Solar power is available 100% of the time except shadowed areas on and around objects. Intensity varies from 31 to 2.78% of that near Earth. Temperature varies from 244 to 217K (-29 to -56C) for black objects, and less for lighter colored ones. Travel time from Earth is months to years on minimum energy transits, with high to lethal radiation levels for unprotected people. Ping time varies from 13 to 120 minutes, including a relay to avoid a direct path through the Sun. &emsp;The vast and growing number of known objects in the region have a total mass of about 3 billion Gigatons, which far exceeds the Earth's total mining output of about 60 Gigatons/year. About half the total mass is in the four '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids Largest Asteroids]''': 1 Ceres, 4 Vesta, 2 Pallas, and 10 Hygeia. Composition varies considerably between asteroids due to differences in their formation and history. Velocity to reach orbit from the largest body, Ceres, is only 270 meters/second, or 860 times less kinetic energy than from Earth. So all these objects are easy to access once you are near them. The main energy cost is in adjusting your orbit around the Sun. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;This region has very few of spacecraft at present, so most uses are in the future. Abundant raw materials of diverse composition, and adequate amounts of solar energy when concentrated, will enable mining and transport to earlier locations as early activities. Previous locations have higher solar intensity for production and habitation. When it makes sense to do so, seed factories and other advanced technologies can help bootstrap a full range of local industry, and eventually large scale habitation. There is enough material and energy in this region to support a full civilization. :'''Mid-Interplanetary Transport''' &emsp;The same transport methods can be used in this region as for the inner interplanetary region. The main difference is adding reflectors to solar panels to make up for the lower solar intensity. Electric catapults and skyhooks are somewhat more efficient for injecting bulk cargo to transfer orbits, because they do point acceleration rather than spiral orbits. If a large asteroid absorbs the reaction force, they also don't need propellant. Gravity assists from the inner planets and Jupiter can also increase efficiency. :'''Mid-Interplanetary Production''' &emsp;The inner parts of this region have enough sunlight for solar panels to produce power directly. In the outer regions, solar panels benefit from reflectors to increase the light intensity. Concentrating reflectors can produce higher temperatures at all distances, either for industrial processes or habitats. Increasing amounts of reflectors are needed as you get farther from the Sun, but they are inherently lightweight in a zero gravity environment with no weather. Note that the total amount of solar energy available in this region is the same as for the Inner Interplanetary region. It has simply traveled farther and is more spread out. The difference is access to larger amounts of raw materials. &emsp;Asteroids are covered in a mixture of rocks and dust of varying sizes. This is the result of repeated impacts over their life and gravitational attraction. In fact, some asteroids are so low in density that they must be "gravel piles", with no solid central body. Since most asteroids are small, the rocks and dust are easily disturbed and can become a hazard to mining and production operations. So material has to be removed carefully without too much disturbance. Alternately the mining area or the whole asteroid can be covered to contain loose material. &emsp;More distant asteroids and comets contain water and other volatile compounds. These can be extracted separately by heating. Bulk or separated products are then moved by tugs to factories for later production steps. For larger operations, a shell can surround the whole asteroid, keeping gas and dust contained. Processing equipment can then be attached to the outside of the shell, and materials delivered continuously until the asteroid is consumed. The mining and production unit can then move to another target, or the target moved to the unit, whichever is lighter. ==='''8.6 - Phase 4E: Outer Interplanetary Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;This region is again a continuation of the previous one, with even less solar energy and about 40 times more available materials. :'''Outer Interplanetary Features''' &emsp;Outer interplanetary orbits range from 6 to 60 AU in semi-major axis. The areas close to Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are excluded. They are accounted for in Phase 5E (Section 9.5}. As of 2023 there are over 500 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body) Centaur]''' objects. These have orbits among the four giant planets, whose gravity makes them unstable over a few million years. There are also thousands of known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object Trans-Neptune Objects]''' with orbits beyond that planet, making a total of about 3800 in this region. Some, like Pluto and Eris, are large enough to be considered '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet Dwarf Planets]'''. The remainder are in the range of 15 to 850 km, with the lower end set by our current telescopes' ability to find them. There are undoubtedly smaller ones that are undiscovered. &emsp;Available solar power is low, from 2.78% to 0.0278% of near-Earth values. This requires large reflectors to increase intensity, nuclear fission or fusion (if developed), or beamed energy from closer to the Sun. Ambient temperatures are extremely cold, from 160 to 50K for black objects, and lower for lighter ones. Travel time from Earth is typically many years, with high to occasionally lethal radiation levels for unprotected people. Ping time is 1.4 to 17 hours. &emsp;The number of known objects is much smaller than the Mid-Interplanetary region, but their mass is roughly 40 times larger - about 2% of Earth or nearly double the Moon. With increasing distance from the Sun, gases and ices with lower boiling points condensed from the original Solar Nebula. So there is more water, ammonia, nitrogen and other frozen materials, along with rocks and metals. The distinction between asteroid and frozen comet becomes fuzzy, so we call all of them 'objects' and the smaller ones 'minor planets'. :'''Outer Interplanetary Activities''' &emsp;This region is likely too far to use with current technology. Activities beyond science and exploration are far enough in the future that technology is likely to change in unexpected directions. When other activities would start and what they will be is undertain, but we can speculate based on what we know today. The raw materials in the region are different than those closer to the Sun. So the first activities are likely to be mining materials scarce closer to the Sun, and bringing them to where there is more energy to process them. &emsp;Due to weak sunlight in this region, nuclear propulsion and gravity assists from the larger bodies are likely to be major transport methods. The solar system has a limited amount of natural '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide Radionuclides]''' that can produce useful power levels. If '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power Fusion Power]''' is not developed enough, they can be made artificially near the Sun where abundant energy is available. If nuclear fusion is well developed, there is abundant hydrogen from which fusion fuels can be produced. &emsp;As distance increases from the Sun, orbit velocities and required velocity changes decrease as the square root of. Solar flux decreases faster, as the inverse square of distance. So solar sails become less effective than for closer regions. Beamed energy from close to the Sun is a possibility. It requires large optics to focus the beam to a reasonable size at destinations in the region. &emsp;We don't expect a lot of production here at first. Water and nitrogen are very useful and found in large amounts. Transport would be slow using minimum energy trajectories. If there is enough demand, a "pipeline" of bulk cargoes in transit could be set up, with vehicles at each end to set them on course and collect them at the end. The cargo can coast in between, saving on vehicle use. Once the pipeline is filled, then cargoes arrive on a regular schedule. &emsp;If lightweight solar reflectors or fusion are developed enough, a full economy based on them may develop, with full production and habitation. We don't see a strong reason to live this far out rather than the warmer and brighter inner regions, but such reasons may develop. ==='''8.7 - Phase 4F: Distant Orbit Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The previous three phases are called 'interplanetary' because they are among or near the eight known major planets. This last region is beyond all of them so we call it 'distant'. :'''Distant Orbit Features''' &emsp;Distant orbits range from 60 AU in semi-major axis to the limits of the Sun's dominance at about 100,000 AU. As of 2023 there are about 1200 known asteroids and comets in the region. It includes about 650 '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_centaurs.html Scattered Disk]''' and '''[https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_tnos.html Trans-Neptune]''' objects, and a similar number of '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets Long Period]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets Near Parabolic]''' comets. &emsp;A few of these objects belong to much larger and more distant populations known as the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hills_cloud Hills]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud Oort Clouds]'''. For our purposes we define these as orbits with axes from 2000-10,000 AU and 10,000 to where passing stars, gas clouds, and galactic tides make orbits unstable. This is roughly 100,000 AU. The existence of comets whose orbits extend to these distances argues for the cloud's existence. Otherwise no active comets would be left after billions of years. Their total number and mass is only guessed at, but may be billions to trillions and multiples of the Earth's mass. There is some evidence to suspect a major planet is also in this region. &emsp;Current telescopes are limited to finding objects within about 80 AU from the Sun. So only the ones that come within the 60-80 AU range at their closest ''and'' are currently at the near end of their orbits have been found to date. We expect to find many more objects in the region as telescopes improve. Active comets from distant orbits which come close to the Sun give us some information on composition from the gas and dust they emit. &emsp;Solar energy is very weak in this region, below 0.0278% of that near Earth, and temperatures are extremely cold, from 50K down to near the cosmic background of 2.7K. Travel time with current propulsion technology is many years to centuries. Ping time ranges from 14 hours to 3 years. :'''Distant Orbit Activities''' &emsp;Our current information about objects in this region is poor. So any uses beyond science and exploration are deferred to the far future. When that time comes, though, there is a very large reserve of materials that can be put to use. One identified use is the Sun acting as a gravitational lens, with a focus around 800 AU from the Sun, in the Scattered Disk region. Placing telescopes directly opposite a star of interest would allow much more detailed observations than otherwise possible, because of the 2 million km optical diameter of the Sun as a lens. &emsp;To keep transport times within reason, very high energy propulsion would be needed, such as nuclear fusion. Since the light elements needed for fusion are common in these outer regions, this could be self-fueling once set up. Unfortunately, fusion is not yet a viable technology. Transport that uses it remains speculative at present. Due to the low to nearly non-existent solar energy in this region, nuclear energy sources would likely be needed to even consider local production. Production must remain speculative at present. =='''9.0 - Planetary System Locations'''== &emsp; &emsp;The planetary systems of Phase 5 are different in several ways from the orbital locations in Phase 4 and from each other. Specific designs are needed to handle the differences, so we identify separate sub-phases for each. First are their gravity fields, which require energy to travel through and create significant surface gravity. Second are their large sizes relative objects in the orbital regions, and third is the diversity of conditions found on and around the planets. &emsp;Reasons to use planetary systems include access to the different raw materials available, relief of Earth's biosphere by moving industry off-planet, and some people's preference for natural environments. As with orbital locations, the start of each sub-phase is staggered from nearest to furthest, and is preceded by orbital transport that can reach them carrying useful amounts of equipment. So Phase 4 and 5 projects will overlap in time. ==='''9.1 - Phase 5A: Lunar Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Earth is one of the eight major planets in the Solar System. It is already occupied and developed, and we covered using our technical approach earlier in this report. We also covered most orbits around Earth in Sections 8.2 and 8.3. The exception was the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon Moon]''' and the area around it. We place it here among other planetary systems since lunar activities are more similar to those for smaller planets and the larger moons of the other planets. :'''Lunar Features''' &emsp;The Lunar region includes the Moon itself, and orbits with semi-major axes below 35,000 km . These are close enough to be relatively stable. Lunar orbits in general are somewhat unstable. The Moon has mass concentrations from past impacts that create an uneven gravity field (Figure 9.1-1). The Earth and Sun are also much more massive than the Moon, and have significant effects on objects orbiting it ([https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0038094617070061 ''Gordienko, 2018'']). &emsp;The Moon has the same average distance from the Sun as the Earth, so available solar energy and basic temperatures ranges are the same. Sunlight is partly blocked in lower Lunar orbits, and blocked about 50% of the time on the surface over a 29.5 day cycle. Surface gravity averages 1.62 m/s<sup>2</sup>, or 1/6th of Earth, with a total variation of 0.025 m/s<sup>2</sup> by location. &emsp;Escape velocity from the Lunar surface is 2380 m/s, or 21% of Earth. So escape energy is only 4.5% of Earth's. Low orbit velocities are 1680 m/s or less, and 700 m/s more is needed to escape from them. Circular orbit velocity at the upper edge of the region is 375 m/s, and escape is an added 155 m/s. Surface area of the Moon is 37.93 million km^2 measured horizontally, or about one quarter of the Earth's land area. Sloped terrain increase the total exposed surface area. [[File:Moon_gravity_acceleration_map_LGM2011.jpg|thumb|right|800x450px|Figure 9.1-1 - Lunar surface gravity map. Near side on left, far side on right.]] &emsp;Earth is only 81.3 times the Moon's mass. So the center of mass of both averages 1/4 of the way down from the Earth's surface to it's center. Both move around this center every 27.3 days with respect to the stars. Since both also orbit the Sun, the Moon's orbit and day lengths are not the same. &emsp;The Moon is tidally locked to Earth, and keeps approximately the same side facing us. It is not exact because the Moon's orbit is not circular, it has a slight residual pendulum motion, and we have different vantage points from the Earth's surface. So about 59% of its surface can be seen from Earth over time. The two hemispheres are called the "near" and "far" sides. There is no "dark" side, since both get sunlight during a lunar day. &emsp;Orbits around the Moon vary from 108 minutes close to the surface, to 6.8 days for the largest ones in the region. Travel time from Earth is 3-4 days for direct transfer orbits. Electric propulsion is much more efficient, but also much slower. Without shielding, travel to and staying on and around the Moon can expose people to lethal radiation levels. This is from Earth's radiation belts, solar, and cosmic sources. Ping time from Earth to the Lunar region varies from 2.2 to 2.94 seconds, depending on where in the region, and the Moon's distance in it's orbit. This includes satellite relay time if communicating with areas that can't be seen directly from Earth. &emsp;The Moon has a somewhat variable and reasonably well understood '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon Geology]'''. This is known from a number of lander and orbital missions, some of which returned samples, and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_meteorite Lunar Meteorites]''' thrown to Earth by impacts. Broadly, the surface is oxide minerals with silicon, iron, calcium, aluminum, and magnesium, in order of abundance, and 3-4% other elements. &emsp;The Moon is too small and warm to keep an atmosphere. With nothing to stop them, the surface has been heavily cratered and broken up by repeated impacts of all sizes. The result is a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_soil Regolith]''' or lunar soil that has been tossed around many times. It is a mix of the original crust and the remains of impacting objects. There is no weathering like on Earth, but the solar wind can charge dust particles which then move, and temperature cycles cause rocks to crack near the surface. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;The Lunar region is embedded in the High Orbit region, and reaching it from Earth is possible with current and near-term transport. Science and exploration activities are already in progress. Further development can start as soon as there are economic reasons for it. The first uses are likely to be local on the surface, and from the Moon's relative closeness to populated satellite orbits and low energy to reach these orbits. For example, some '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_water Water]''' appears to be trapped in cold polar craters on the Moon. It has multiple uses, and could be delivered relatively efficiently to high and low Earth orbits. &emsp;Regolith mining can supply enough materials for much larger projects on the Moon and nearby orbits. The loose surface layer averages 5 meters thick across the whole Moon. It can be collected without using heavy equipment and totals about 300,000 Gigatons, or 7,000 years of Earth's total stone and sand mining in 2020. Projects that use lunar (and asteroid) materials are not as limited by launch mass and cost from Earth, so they can use simpler and heavier designs. In the future, production that uses lots of energy, or have hazards and side effects, could be moved to space to reduce the burden on Earth's environment. &emsp;Satellites that beam energy to Earth is one possibility. If this can be done economically, it might become the largest export market from orbit. Renewable energy on Earth is now relatively low cost, but it is variable and some places have poor conditions for using it. There is 10 times more solar energy in space than such places and it is more predictable. So it may prove useful, despite the extra cost of building in space. :'''Lunar Transport''' &emsp;Early landings on the Moon would not have the support of much infrastructure. They would use current high thrust chemical rockets to access the surface. At first, all propellants would come from Earth. Water from polar lunar craters can supply 83.5% of methane/oxygen propellant, and and also life support supplies, reducing the mass needed from Earth. Carbonaceous type asteroids contain up to 20% carbon compounds and water. These can be reformed chemically to CH<sub>4</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> and fully replace Earth supplies. How much would come from each source will depend on cost and availability. &emsp;Over time, chemical propulsion can be replaced by more efficient methods. As mentioned in Section 8.3, an electric catapult can deliver 1000 times a solar array's mass per year from the surface to Lunar orbit. Electric propulsion can then move lunar and asteroid materials a common orbit for processing. High orbits around the Moon or Earth are preferred for their near-full time sunlight and a combined low velocity to reach. Both propellants and other products can be made with processing and manufacturing equipment in the same location. &emsp;Lunar basalt and carbon from asteroids can be used to make high strength fibers. These can be used to build an efficient skyhook system in lunar orbit. Such a system makes sense if there is enough traffic to the Moon. If the tip velocity is equal to orbit velocity they cancel, and trips to the lunar surface would need very little fuel. A lander can be dropped off and picked up at low altitude. It would not be dropped directly on the surface because of the variable gravity field and heights of lunar mountains and crater walls. &emsp;If the skyhook is in near-polar orbit, it can access any point on the surface every 15 days as the Moon rotates below it. Using other angles of the skyhook's rotation, and by climbing to different distances from the center, arrival and departure directions and speeds up to 1.41 times lunar escape are possible. Catching and releasing vehicles affects the skyhook's orbit. If traffic is balanced in direction and mass, and the skyhook is massive enough, it is a temporary change. If traffic is more in one direction than the other, the difference can be made up by electric propulsion at high efficiency. &emsp;Low gravity is known to be harmful to people. If the skyhook radius is about 250 km, the tip acceleration will be about 1 g, which avoids this problem. A large supply of lunar materials can supply shielding. With these people can live comfortably and safely. They are close enough to the lunar surface to operate equipment by remote control in real time. Alternate solutions are using rotating habitats on the surface or limiting stay times. :'''Lunar Production''' &emsp;The advantages of using the Moon are relative closeness to high orbits, and low energy to move cargo. But there are few low boiling-point materials left on the Moon, because it formed in a molten state, suffered many high energy impacts and early tidal heating, and is too small to keep an atmosphere. A fully-developed space economy would need to supplement lunar materials with those from nearby asteroids and from Earth. Some materials are too rare to usefully mine in space, and some products are too hard or expensive to make there relative to delivery from Earth. So two-way trade can develop for lunar activities to support themselves. &emsp;Early Lunar production can start with mining bulk regolith for radiation/thermal/impact protection, and polar ice for propellant and life support. These don't need a lot of complex equipment. More energy-intensive and complex processes like vacuum oxide reduction and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction Carbothermic Reactions]''' can separate oxygen and various metals from the regolith. Seed factory equipment can be used to bootstrap making other products for local use and export. As better transport systems are installed in sequence, the cost of delivery elsewhere will decrease. &emsp;Solar energy will likely be the dominant energy source for lunar production. Silicon for solar cells, aluminum for reflectors, and other metals for structures are widely available from the regolith to provide solar power. However some craters with water are permanently shadowed, the lunar night is two weeks long, and large solar plants are not very portable. So other energy sources may be useful. &emsp;Some regions of the Lunar surface contain ~10 parts per million Uranium and Thorium. The ore has an energy content of about 800 MJ/kg (20 times that of coal on Earth). Helium-3 has been proposed as a fusion fuel to be mined from the Moon. Although the energy content of pure He-3 is 200 TJ/kg, the concentration is only 15 parts per billion or less, resulting in an ore content of only 3 MJ/kg. So fissionable elements are a better energy source on the Moon in terms of energy produced per ton of mined ore. &emsp;Other energy sources for the Moon can include the rims of shadowed craters, where sunlight is highly available, microwave or laser beamed power across terrain or from orbit, and even fuel cells or batteries for portable power. Thermal energy storage is an option using the vast amount of rocks and dust as the storage medium, and the natural vacuum as insulation. The material is heated during the day by sunlight, and the heat used to generate power during the Lunar night. :'''Living in Lunar Locations''' &emsp;Low gravity is known to be harmful, so long-term habitats on the Lunar surface may require rotation to create artificial gravity. An example would be a large habitat dome for spaciousness, and a centrifuge built around the rim for living quarters. Residents would spend enough time in the centrifuge to maintain health, but could work and enjoy the low gravity the rest of the time. &emsp;We have essentially no data on how much gravity is enough between zero and 1.0. We know the body deteriorates over time in zero gravity. So as a worst case, people would need to spend most of their time in a one gee environment of some type, but this subject needs more research. Another option is limiting permanent stay times on the surface. People would live mostly in orbit with artificial gravity and operate most equipment by remote control. &emsp;The other requirements for people to live and work in the lunar region have mostly been solved by existing space stations, and using bulk materials for shielding. One exception is lunar dust, which is abrasive, toxic, and is everywhere on the surface. Various methods to deal with it have been proposed, but R&D is needed to figure out which work best. ==='''9.2 - Phase 5B: Mars Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Mars]''' is next among planetary locations in terms of velocity and time to reach, and the environment conditions there. It is a large step beyond the Moon, but Mars is within the inner interplanetary region (Section 8.4) that Earth also occupies. So we expect Martian activities to start after some level of development of the region in-between. :'''Mars Features''' &emsp;The Mars region includes the planet, two small moons, and reasonably stable orbits with semi-major axes up to 340,000 km (100 radii). Its orbit around the Sun is 9.3% eccentric, varying from 1.38 to 1.67 AU in distance. Solar flux varies with distance from 494 to 716 W/m<sup>2</sup>, or 36 to 52.5% of that near Earth. Surface gravity varies from 3.683 to 3.743 m/s<sup>2</sup>, a 1.6% range, with a reference value of 3.711 (3/8ths of Earth). Lower values are near the equator and atop tall mountains, while higher values are at lower altitudes in the north polar region and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Planitia Hellas]''' basin. &emsp;Ping time from Earth varies from 6 to 45 minutes, depending on relative orbital position and need for a relay satellite to avoid the Sun. Unprotected radiation levels range from high to lethal, but the Mars surface and its moons provide ample material for shielding. &emsp;Escape velocity from the surface is 5,027 m/s, and is 502 m/s at the upper edge of the orbital region. Circular orbit velocities are 70.7% of escape. This ratio holds for orbits around any body. Escape energy is 20% that of Earth. Orbits around Mars vary from 100 minutes for low ones to 70 days at the edge of the region. Surface area of Mars is 144.8 million km<sup>2</sup>, or 97% of Earth's land area. Day length is 24h 40m, slightly longer than Earth, and the Martian year is 1.881 Earth years. Travel times vary according to the relative positions of Mars and Earth, and the transport method used. When aligned, minimum energy orbits average 7 months one way. &emsp;The moons '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon) Phobos]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deimos_(moon) Deimos]''' have near-circular orbits of with 9,377 and 23,460 km radius. They have mean diameters of 22.5 and 12.4 km, but are irregular shapes. They have a combined mass of 12,800 Gigatons, or 290 years of Earth's rock and sand mining. This is a significant orbital resource. They are likely collected impact debris, so similar to Mars in composition. [[File:Generalised_Geological_Map_of_Mars.jpg|thumb|700x1024px|Figure 9.2-1 - Generalized geologic map of Mars.]] &emsp;The atmosphere is 96% CO2, a bit under 2% each Argon and Nitrogen, and an assortment of trace gases. Surface pressure varies from 30 Pascals at the top of Olympus Mons to 1155 Pascals in the Hellas basin. The high value is 1.14% of sea-level pressure on Earth. Pressure varies by 30% annually, as some of the CO2 freezes and evaporates at the poles. Surface temperatures vary from 120 to 293K (-153 to 20 C), depending on latitude and season. Typical day-night variation is 70K/C because the atmosphere does not have much thermal mass. &emsp;Mars has quite a varied surface geology, as a result of internal melting and vulcanism, impacts, and much higher levels of water and atmospheric pressure earlier in it's history (Figure 9.2-1 from '''[http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/ USGS Map 3292, 2014]'''). There is significant amounts of water in the soil as hydrates, permafrost, and in thick dusty ice caps. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Human activity in the region can begin with a scientific outpost. It would be an extension of existing robotic exploration, and Phase 4C activity among asteroids in the surrounding region (Section 8.4). The outpost and relay satellites are placed in orbit close enough to Mars for real-time remote control. Surface robots carry out science and sample collection at first, with some samples returned to the outpost for further analysis. Most outpost supplies can come from Mars' moons and nearby asteroids. &emsp;Over time, other robots and equipment are delivered to the surface to start to preparing for people. Once enough supplies and basic production are in place, they can start to visit. This approach delays risking people on the surface until a supply chain and reliable two-way transportation is available. &emsp;As more production capacity is built up on Mars and surrounding orbits, it can start to transition from science to prospecting for unique resources, building up local habitation, and a full economy. Since Mars has almost the same land area as Earth, there is plenty of room to do this. Building up activities in the Mars region would be a relatively small extension from previous regions. So it is not a large cost burden, but rather an investment in further growth. :'''Mars Transport''' &emsp;In Phases 4B and 4C (sections 8.3 and 8.4 above), electric tugs were used to move asteroid materials back to Earth/Moon orbits for processing. To expand towards Mars, the same type of tugs move materials from Near Earth or Near Mars orbits to specific '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_cycler Mars Cycler]''' orbits. These orbits allow repeat flybys of Earth and Mars using gravity assists. Given the many thousands of asteroids in the interplanetary region, some of them have low velocity to and from a cycler orbit. &emsp;Other tugs deliver habitat modules and initial processing equipment from near Earth to the same orbit. The raw asteroid materials are distributed around the habitat for radiation shielding, and used as a counterweight for artificial gravity. At the next opportunity a crew meets up with the new "Mars Transfer Station", and begins to process the raw materials into fuel, air, water, metals, etc. They also establish a greenhouse to produce food. When raw materials run low, a tug is sent to another nearby asteroid to get more. &emsp;Whenever the Transfer Station is near Earth, new crew, equipment, and supplies can be delivered. Crew aboard the transfer station are safe from radiation hazards, have gravity to maintain health, and can eventually produce most of what they need themselves. The Station can be used multiple times to bring new crews to Mars, saving mass over carrying a life support system and supplies for every trip. Cargo besides people can travel to the Mars region directly with tugs. &emsp;When the transfer station is built up enough, a set of crew detach and inject into Mars orbit. The Martian moons then become a source of materials in addition to nearby asteroids. Eventually enough propellants are produced locally for trips to the planet's surface. &emsp;Chemical rockets consume a lot of propellants traveling back and forth from the surface. In the longer term, some combination of skyhook and surface catapult can replace most of that. These would be large projects, but the propellant savings for each trip makes up for it. Carbon from asteroids or the moons, and basalt from Mars, can be used to make the strong fibers for such systems. &emsp;Skyhooks can start small with low capacity, but their orbit parameters and timing would be shifted from bulk going up. Linear or rotary electric catapults on the surface are attached to the planet and not affected this way. To limit drag losses they would be built on the large Martian volcanoes. Mixed use of both systems is also possible. It is too early to choose among these or other options, but chemical rockets are inefficient. In the long run something better would be preferred. :'''Mars Production''' &emsp;Like other phases of our program, the production in the region starts with mining raw materials for basic products with ready-to-use equipment. Seed factory equipment is delivered to orbit and the surface as needed. This bootstraps more diverse, larger scale, and advanced production. The supply chain from Earth and intermediate regions supports this with regular deliveries. &emsp;Mars has a different history than asteroids, so it likely has sources of volatile compounds and minerals not common in the orbital regions. Very efficient bulk transport is desirable for an export market to develop. Because the gravity well of Mars requires large-scale systems to do this, exports may not be economic right away, but rather need a build-up period in the region first. :'''Living in Mars Locations''' &emsp;Living in the orbital region around Mars would be similar to high orbits around Earth or the interplanetary region that surrounds both. There would be minor differences in available solar energy and local material sources. Living on the surface would require adapting designs to local conditions of gravity, temperature, and other parameters. Since gravity is 3/8 Earth normal, that includes how to maintain health for people and other living things. Example methods are body weights and rotating habitats. &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming Terraforming]''' Mars has often been suggested because it is already the most similar place to Earth. Doing this for a small population is likely too much effort for the amount of use it would get. When the population gets large enough or technology has advanced enough the local population (Martians) can decide if terraforming makes sense. Self-improving production systems can make such a project easier. &emsp;An alternate approach is to use habitat domes to provide a feeling of being outdoors. Internal pressure would be much higher than outside. So lightweight domes need a lot of structure and anchoring to avoid lifting off the ground. Domes can be weighted down by bulk soil and rock, or using thick glass. These also provide radiation, temperature, and impact protection. ==='''9.3 - Phase 5C: Venus and Mercury Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus Venus]''' and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet) Mercury]''' are the next in difficulty after Mars. They have abundant solar energy available, but as a result are mostly very hot. There are relatively few nearby asteroids to start orbital development with. :'''Venus and Mercury Features''' &emsp;The Venus and Mercury regions include the planets, and relatively stable orbits within 600,000 and 100,000 km of their centers, respectively. Like Earth they are embedded in the Inner Interplanetary region (Section 8.4). They have no known moons. So the main interest is the planets themselves and activity around them. Venus' orbit is nearly circular at 0.723 AU, while Mercury's is 20% eccentric and varies from 0.307 to 0.467 AU. &emsp;Solar flux is 1.9 times higher than near Earth at Venus, and 4.6-10.6 times higher at Mercury. Equilibrium temperatures in sunlight are 17% and 46-80% higher in Kelvin. The surface temperature is 735K (462 C) for Venus, from a thick atmosphere with a strong greenhouse effect. Mercury ranges from below 100K in shadowed polar craters, to as high as 700K at the sub-solar point at perihelion. A given location can vary nearly this whole temperature range due to a 58.6 day rotation period. Venus's rotation takes 243 days, but the atmosphere mostly eliminates temperature changes. &emsp;Venus' surface gravity is 8.87 m/s^2 (90% of Earth), and Mercury's is 3.7 m/s^2, the same as for Mars. Escape velocities are 10.36 and 4.25 km/s from their surfaces and 1,041 and 664 m/s from the outer edge of their regions. Orbits range from 90 minutes to 59 days around Venus, and 85 minutes to 15.5 days around Mercury. Ping times from Earth vary from 4.3 to 30 minutes for Venus, and 9 to 25 minutes for Mercury. Travel times by least energy transfer orbits are 4.8 and 3.5 months respectively. &emsp;The '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Venus Geology of Venus]''' appears to be mostly volcanic, and it has lost most of its water to space. The atmosphere has a surface pressure of 9.2 MPa (90.8 times Earth), and is composed of 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% Nitrogen, with some trace gases. While it is very hot at the surface, moderate pressures of 0.5 times Earth and temperatures around 27 C exist at 55 km altitude. Mercury has only a trace atmosphere, and a '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_mineral Silicate]''' surface about 40% O, 25% Si, 11% Mg, 6% Al, 4% each Ca and Fe, and 2% S. Polar regions can have surprisingly moderate average temperatures, and water ice has been found in shadowed polar craters :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Near-term use of Venus and Mercury is more difficult because of the higher velocity to reach them and generally hostile temperatures. Scoop-mining gases from the upper reaches of Venus' atmosphere is a possibility. In the mid-term, floating habitats are possible at altitudes where temperature and pressure are reasonable. Polar stations on Mercury can take advantage of lower average temperatures with proper insulation. In the long term asteroid iron or aluminum can be used for orbiting sunshades to cool both planets where needed. &emsp;Reducing temperature lowers the scale height of Venus' atmosphere, and preferentially lowers the pressure of the high altitude regions of the planet, making them more accessible. There is the possibility that low enough temperatures will promote carbonation of the volcanic surface minerals, further lowering pressures, and that this process can be enhanced artificially. If the surface conditions can be made more tolerable, then large scale access to raw materials plus high energy available in orbit could promote industry. &emsp;It takes 7 to 12 km/s velocity change to travel from near Earth to the Venus and Mercury orbit regions, and therefore 0.15 and 0.27 kg of propellant per kg cargo using electric thrusters. This does not account for gravity assists or skyhook transfers. These require 263 and 474 MJ of solar power respectively. If the cargo is all solar arrays, or equivalent thermal power generation, they will produce an additional 13.75 and 91.5 MJ/day added power output, and repay the extra energy use in 19 and 5.2 days respectively. So energy-intensive processes highly favor going closer to the Sun. :'''Venus and Mercury Transport''' &emsp;Higher orbit speeds as you get closer to the Sun means more velocity changes are needed to reach them. Like elsewhere, gravity assists and skyhook systems can help do this more efficiently. Solar-powered electric propulsion is quite viable closer to the Sun. Solar flux increases faster then velocity changes, so this introduces the possibility of solar sails as an additional transport method in the inner regions. The advantage of solar sails is they do not consume propellant. But in the outer Solar System low solar energy makes them very slow. &emsp;For example, reflected sunlight provides 15.5 Newtons/km^2 at Venus, and a 1 micron thick Magnesium-Aluminum sail would mass 2400 kg/km^2. This generates 558 m/s/day acceleration for the bare sail. This is reduced by the remaining structure and cargo mass, and by angling the sail to control thrust direction. This acceleration is comparable to that for electric propulsion using solar array mass near Earth. A combined system can take advantage of reduced propellant use from a sail and wider thrust angles from the electric engines. :'''Venus and Mercury Production''' &emsp;Production in the Venus and Mercury regions would likely start in orbit as an extension of Inner Interplanetary activity. The higher solar flux relative to energy needed to reach inner orbits favors processes that need lots of energy. Raw materials can come from nearby and imported asteroid sources, and possibly scoop mining gas from Venus orbit. There are only 59 known asteroids whose orbit is entirely inside Earth's, and less than 2500 others whose orbit is smaller than Earth's and cross inside of it. This is only 0.2% of the total known, so many materials may have to be imported from farther away. &emsp;Habitats to support production, with artificial gravity, thermal, and radiation shielding can be built in more developed regions and transported to Venus and Mercury orbit to start with. Surface catapults are possible from Mercury's polar regions, where temperatures are more moderate. The combination of materials delivered at least partly by solar sailing and abundant solar energy should allow production to grow in time. :'''Living at Venus and Mercury''' &emsp;Living in orbits around the two planets would be similar to the nearby interplanetary region, and not require much new design. The planets themselves are mostly hostile in their current state, so we expect few other habitats would be built beyond possible science and exploration outposts in the mid-term. If planet-scale terraforming becomes feasible, mostly by blocking excess sunlight, non-industrial habitats may develop in the long-term. ==='''9.4 - Phase 5D: Jupiter System Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;Development of the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter Jupiter System]''' would likely follow the Mid-Interplanetary (Section 8.5), as its orbit is near the outer edge of that region. It isn't clear if the Jupiter region will be easier or harder to develop than Venus and Mercury. :'''Jupiter System Features''' &emsp;The Jupiter System includes the largest planet in the Solar System (317.8 Earth masses), and reasonably stable orbits around it with semi-major axes less 25 million km. It includes four '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons Galilean Moons]''' more than 3000 km diameter, named as a group after their discoverer. As of 2023 there are 91 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter Smaller Moons]''' from 1-170 km in size. The larger moons can support their own reaxonably stable orbits, and can be used for gravity assists to change orbits in the Jupiter system. &emsp;Solar flux varies from 3.3-4.1% of that near Earth, so concentrating reflectors are useful in this region. Escape velocity is 59.5 km/s from just above the atmosphere, or an added 24.6 km/s from low orbit. Escape is 3.11 km/s from the edge of the region. Orbit periods range from 174 minutes to 2.26 years. Travel time from Earth by minimum energy orbit is 2.7 years, while gravity assists and other propulsion methods can increase or decrease the time. Ping time is 1.06 to 1.85 hours, depending on relative orbit locations. &emsp;Jupiter has a strong magnetic field which creates intense radiation belts. This ranges from high to immediately deadly levels for unprotected people, and can rapidly degrade even shielded electronics. Outside these belts, the usual solar and galactic radiation is still a hazard. Temperature in Jupiter System orbits are about 217K (-56 C) for black objects, and less for lighter colored ones. Jupiter is a Gas Giant, and therefore has no solid surface. The atmosphere is 90% Hydrogen, 10% Helium, plus trace gases. Orbit minus rotation velocity is 29.5 km/s, making it very difficult to access the planet itself or even mine the atmopshere from orbit. &emsp;The four large moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) orbit 0.422, 0.671, 1.07, and 1.88 million km from Jupiter in nearly circular orbits. They have a combined surface area of 232.8 million km^2, or 1.56 times the land area of Earth. They have negligible atmospheres. All four are tidally locked to Jupiter, so their days are equal to their orbit periods of 1.77, 3.55, 7.15, and 16.7 days. Surface gravity varies from 1.23 to 1.80 m/s^2, or 12.5 to 18.4% of Earth. &emsp;Io's surface is volcanic deposits and sulfur compounds. The other three large moons are either entirely or partially covered in ice, with various minerals and frozen compounds making up the rest of their surfaces. Surface temperatures of the large moons range from 70-165K, except for volcanic hot spots on Io, and vary mostly by latitude and how close they are to Jupiter, which determines how much reflected light they get on the near side. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Use of the Jupiter System would likely follow the Main Belt and Trojan locations in Phase 4D. There are 12,500 Jupiter Trojans vs 91 smaller moons around Jupiter, and the Trojans are much larger in total mass. Since Jupiter's gravity well requires more velocity to navigate, there is no particular reason to use the smaller moons except as a way to access the larger ones. The outer Jovian moons are likely captured asteroids, and are the same Solar distance as the Trojan group. So they don't represent new technical challenges. &emsp;The large moons together have 6.6% of Earth's mass, or 5.4 times that of Earth's Moon. They can be a very large source of materials, with some significant variations in composition. Early uses are likely to be mining-based, with return of materials to more developed regions. Even the largest moon, Ganymede, has a low enough orbit velocity that a catapult or skyhook can deliver directly to orbit, after which an electric tug can transport it elsewhere. Water is widely available in the Jupiter System, both for life support and propellant. High radiation close to the planet requires careful design for habitats and electronics. Remote control from a safe distance is a possibility. :'''Jupiter System Transport''' &emsp;Transport from the Mid-Interplanetary region and closer to Earth can start with electric propulsion, and for people use shielded habitat modules. High-thrust landers can be used to start with for the large moons, while skyhooks and catapults can be brought or built later for higher efficiency. Since these would already be developed for previous locations, not much new design would be needed except for radiation protection close to the planet. Transfer habitats in cyclic orbits with heavily shielded sections is a design option. Those sections are used when when close to the planet. We don't expect to land on or mine Jupiter itself until far in the future because of the extremely high energy required. The other Gas Giants are easier to access and have milder radiation belts. :'''Jupiter System Production''' &emsp;Growth of local production follows the usual path of mining first, then bringing seed factory equipment to bootstrap other industries. The smaller outer moons can be an early source of fuel and water. Rocky and metallic materials may need to be imported from the surrounding regions, depending on the composition of the moons. Large reflectors would be a desirable early product to generate power and heat. :'''Living in the Jupiter System''' &emsp;Living in the outer parts of the Jupiter system is very similar to the Trojan asteroid regions, as they are the same average distance from the Sun. Only '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon) Callisto]''' among the large moons has tolerable radiation levels at its surface. The closer moons and orbits around and among them require significant shielding. Water is a good shielding material, and all the large moons have lots of it. ==='''9.5 - Phase 5E: Outer Giant Locations'''=== &emsp; &emsp;The three outer giant planets, '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn Saturn]''', '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus Uranus]''', and '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune Neptune]''', are next in difficulty from distance and lower solar energy. This is compensated somewhat by lower masses than Jupiter, so smaller velocity changes are needed to work around. :'''Outer Giant Features''' &emsp;The three planets average 9.55, 19.22, and 30.11 AU from the Sun. These planets and their orbital regions are embedded in the Outer Interplanetary region of Phase 4E (Section 8.6). Saturn's orbital region extends 30 million km from the planet center, and includes 83 '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn Known Moons]''' as of 2023. Eleven of these moons are larger than 100 km, of which five (Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, and Iapetus) are larger than 1,000 km, with Titan being 5,150 km in diameter (75% of Mars). &emsp;Uranus' region is 24 million km in radius, and has 27 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus Moons]'''. Five of them (Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon) are considered major, ranging from 470 to 1575 km in diameter. Neptune's region is 50 million km radius, and has 14 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune Moons]''', of which Triton is by far the largest at 2700 km diameter. The larger moons of all three can support stable orbits and enable gravity assists. All the giant planets, including Jupiter, have ring systems. Saturn's is the most massive at an estimated 30 million Gigatons, almost as much as the 400 km moon Mimas, which orbits nearby. &emsp;Solar energy is weak in these regions, about 1%, 1/4%, and 1/9% of that near Earth. Large reflectors would be needed to bring sunlight to useful levels. Nuclear power may be more effective. Escape velocities are 35.5, 21.3, and 23.5 km/s from each planet, and 1,535, 682, and 255 m/s from the edge of their regions. Orbit periods are vary from 250, 180, and 155 minutes close to the planets, to 3.8, 9.9, and 27 years at the edge. Travel times are 6, 16, and 30 years by minimum energy orbits. Gravity assists and added propulsion can shorten the trips. &emsp;Ping times average 2.65, 5.33, and 8.35 hours, plus or minus about 20 minutes for relative planetary positions. Radiation levels around Saturn are about as high as Earth's Van Allen Belts, so added shielding is needed for people and electronics. It is most intense between the ring system and the moon Enceladus. Radiaition around Uranus and Neptune are lower, but still include the solar and cosmic background flux present in most parts of the Solar System. &emsp;Like Jupiter, the outer Giants have no solid surface. Their atmospheres get denser with depth until they are beyond the '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics) Critical Point]''' and reach liquid density and higher. The upper portions are 96% hydrogen, 3% helium for Saturn; 83% hydrogen, 15% helium, and 2.3% hethane for Uranus; and 80% hydrogen, 19% helium, and 1.5% methane for Neptune. All three have small amounts of trace gases. Orbit minus planet rotation velocities are 15.2, 12.5, and 13.9 km/s. Scoop mining their atmospheres would be hard, but should be feasible. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;The outer Giant regions are too far for near-term use. Their development could start once the Outer Interplanetary region around them is accessible. The first use is likely to be mining various raw materials. The combined total of 124 moons and one major ring system around these planets have a mass of 1720 x 10<sup>20</sup> kg, or 2.34 times the Moon. This is a very large source of materials, but their distance means mining them will be delayed. Mined material would likely be brought back back to inner regions where there is more energy for processing and projects that need them. Other uses besides mining are too far in the future to predict right now. &emsp;Titan has a thick Nitrogen atmosphere (1.4 times Earth pressure) with 1.4% Methane at upper levels and 4.9% at lower levels. Low orbits are about 1.8 km/s, so scoop-mining this atmosphere is particularly easy. Helium-3 has been proposed as a low radiation fusion fuel. Fusion in general has not yet been solved, and the He-3 reaction is 10 times harder than deuterium-tritium (D-T), which is the main target of current research. &emsp;If either kind of fusion becomes feasible, scoop-mining the outer Giant atmospheres may become economic because of its high energy output, and the light gases also make good propellants. All three giants have deuterium, and Uranus and Neptune have the highest concentrations of Helium in their atmospheres, and thus the He-3 isotope. The easier D-T fusion should enable trips to these planets in reasonable time. :'''Outer Giant Transport''' &emsp;Chemical rockets have sent probes to the outer planets, but this is very inefficient. As in other regions, gravity assists from massive bodies, surface catapults, and skyhooks can be used to improve transport efficiency. Solar power has been used for probes as far as Jupiter and its Trojan asteroids, but reflectors to increase power for propulsion in farther regions hasn't yet been developed. Current work is on small fission reactors for a variety of uses, including nuclear-electric propulsion, which would be much more efficient than chemical. &emsp;Fission and fusion fuels have high energy content but the reactors to use them tend to be higher mass than solar power. The also emit harmful radiation, but most parts of the Solar System are already filled with it anyway. The same shielding can protect from both sources. Nuclear fuels are also relatively rare compared to silicon used for solar cells or aluminum/magnesium alloy for concentrating reflectors. It isn't clear what the best energy source for future propulsion will be. :'''Outer Giant Production and Living''' &emsp;We don't expect activities beyond science, exploration, and mining in these regions until technology improves significantly from current levels. Since we can't predict what improvements will be made in the long-term, we will leave what local production and habitation is possible as an open question. =='''10.0 - Interstellar Locations'''== &emsp; &emsp;The last major phase of our program involves interstellar locations. The key difference that warrants a new phase is the extreme distances involved. This breaks the ability to deliver things from the Solar System and communicate with it in a reasonable time. Deveopment of these locations would require high self-sufficiency in transport, enough starting materials, and self-improving systems capable of growth without outside assistance. &emsp;Phase 6 projects are far enough in the future that we can only speculate about them in general terms. We include it mainly as a place-holder and to give direction for future long-term work. We divide it into two sub-phases - the spaces between stars, and those around other star systems. Since you must cross interstellar space before reaching the other systems, logically the sub-phases are in that order. ==='''10.1 - Phase 6A: Interstellar Space Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Interstellar Features''' &emsp;We define the Interstellar region as starting 100,000 AU from the Sun, where nearby stars and the Milky Way galaxy as a whole begin to contest the Sun's gravity. There is no outer limit for this region beyond whatever travel distances are possible from future technology. Since we don't know what those future technologies will be, for now we will arbitrarily set a boundary of 20 light years from the Sun. &emsp;Probably the most significant feature of this region is that star systems are all in relative motion to each other, with an average velocity of 50 km/s. This is on top of the general rotation of the galaxy at about 225 km/s. As of 2023 there are 131 known '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs Stars and Brown Dwarfs]''' in the 20 light year "Solar Neighborhood". Given their average velocity, they will travel 20 light years in 120,000 years, so the membership of the neighborhood will change about every 1250 years on average. &emsp;The local interstellar region is very low density gas, at ~0.3 atoms per cubic centimeter, or 1 gram per 564 km cube. That does not include cometary clouds around stars, or wandering objects between them. We know very little about such smaller objects, but assume some exist by similarity to our own Solar System. &emsp;The Interstellar environment between stars is not much different from distant orbit environments in Phase 4F (Section 8.7). Stellar energy is effectively zero, and while stellar radiation is not a factor in this region, cosmic radiation still is. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;We don't know enough about material resources and energy sources in this region to propose economic uses. The distance to the Sun detaches any industries from regular trade with the rest of civilization. Science, exploration, and seeding interstellar colonies are possible long-term activities. :'''Interstellar Transport''' &emsp;Interstellar transport can be divided into slow and fast types. The slow type is on the order of stellar velocities (5-500 km/s). An example is a large habitat with large material reserves and fusion power as an energy source. It can subsist on the cometary clouds around stars and unbound objects between them. When it gets close enough to a selected star, it can enter orbit and travel with it. Such habitats would be based on previous space habitats in the Solar System, so it doesn't require a lot of new development. &emsp;Travel times between stars at these speeds would average 3000 years or longer. Such times are long enough that technology changes during the trip are a factor. Trying to reach a specific star doesn't make unless technology had reached a plateau or making improvements in transit was planned for. If the habitat is considered a permanent place to live that happens to be moving to access new resources, speed of travel is less of an issue. &emspFast interstellar puts much more energy into transportation, to reach higher velocities and shorten time to a destination. Possible methods include fusion-powered engines and beamed power using the Sun as a gravitational lens for focus. Rather than a large habitat with a full range of civilized activity, fast interstellar operates more like ships on Earth, with a crew dedicated to reaching a destination and maintaining operations. We don't yet know what interstellar transport methods will prove feasible, if any, and the other space-related technologies available by then, so this is all speculative for now. :'''Interstellar Production''' &emsp;We don't know enough about resources in this region to consider gathering raw materials. So the only production we can plan for now is what they bring with them. If they start with a large reserve, such as a captured comet nucleus, it can be used for supplies, maintenance, and upgrades. ==='''10.2 - Phase 6B: Stellar Locations'''=== &emsp; :'''Stellar System Features''' &emsp;We define stellar regions as those surrounding individual stars, brown dwarfs, or multi-object systems, of which there are 94 within 20 light years. The size of the regions are scaled to the square root of the system mass divided by Sun's mass, times 100,000 AU. This is their region of gravitational dominance and any cometary cloud bound to them. &emsp;Stars and brown dwarfs are bright enough to find with current equipment. In fact 22 star systems within 20 light years can be seen from a dark location on Earth without optical aid. We have basic information about planets and disks around other stars. Their parent stars tell us where to look, and the stars themselves provide data about the planets from Doppler shifts and transits. &emsp;The number of discovered planets at all distances is growing rapidly, from none before 1988 to about 2000 by the end of 2015, and over 5000 by 2023. 59 of them are within 20 light years. Dust and gas in '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstellar_disc Disks]''' around younger stars are visible to current telescopes, but none are within 20 light years. Two nearby star systems, epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti, are known to have longer-lived debris disks. :'''Economic Uses''' &emsp;Due to extreme distance, the only economic uses we see for now are science, exploration, and seeding independent colonies. More study is needed with better telescopes before any attempt to plan travel to these stars. :'''Exostellar Transport''' &emsp;Transport between stars is covered under Phase 6A in the previous section. Travel within a given stellar region would use the same technologies as around the Sun, with modifications for available energy sources. :'''Exostellar Production''' &emsp;As mentioned earlier, we would want to observe the nearby stars in more detail by using the Sun as a giant gravitational lens. Following that would likely be robotic probes to more closely examine whatever is found around these stars. A self-bootstrapping seed factory approach should work at other stars, since the properties of energy and matter are the same everywhere. However the details will depend on what resources are available. </div> d6yu3djwtyujrjp3ezf0bnigeg28pes Breton/Introductory lessons 0 360046 4664574 4652309 2026-08-26T08:44:47Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navlist/Top}} __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #bbd2e1;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" |<br /> <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:Breton-europe-flags.jpg|200px]]<big><br />&nbsp;<br />'''Introduction to Breton'''</big></div><br /> <div style="text-align: center;">[[Image:Saint-Malo Panorama.png|800x400px|Saint Malo]]</div> |- | style="width: 60%; background-color: #fffff0;color:inherit; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" <!--rowspan="2"--> | <div style="text-align: center;"><big><b>Brezhoneg</b></big></div> [[Image:Calvaire, Notre-Dame-de-Tronoën, Finistère, Bretagne, France.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Calvary, Brittany]] '''Breton, ''Brezhoneg''''' is a Celtic language close to Welsh or Cornish. [[Image:Religious_banner_in_Brittany,_2007-08.jpg|300x300px|left]] '''Brittany''' ([[w:Breton language|Breton]]: ''{{lang|br|Breizh}}'') is one of the six Celtic nations. Located in France, it is split into two French regions. It is located in [[w:Western Europe|Western Europe]] at the Northwestern corner of France. Breton is traditionally spoken in the western most part of Brittany “'''{{lang|br|Breizh Izhel}}'''” but today many people in Rennes and Nantes - as well as Paris - know or learn Breton. This is why it has now a unified spelling (''{{lang|br|Peurunvan}}'') which allows for different pronunciations and therefore respects as far as possible the different dialects. The lessons in this method are in ''{{lang|br|peurunvan}}'' spelling. Some texts will give information upon dialect pronunciations (with the adapted spelling for this context). |- | style="width: 60%; background-color: #bbd2e1;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" | ==Topics== * Testenn kentañ<nowiki>: </nowiki>'''[[/About Breton/| About Breton]]''' * Eilved destenn<nowiki>: </nowiki>'''[[/Breton pronunciation/|Pronunciation ]]''' * Teirved destenn<nowiki>: </nowiki>'''[[/Breton basics/|Breton Basics]]''' * Pederved destenn<nowiki>: </nowiki>'''[[/Breton dialects/|Breton Dialects]]''' |} {{Navlist/Bottom}} {{BookCat}} [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Introductory lessons|*]] no5em5wgac2acx354ftijhhie3pzhr8 Breton/Introductory lessons/About Breton 0 360047 4664494 4342460 2026-08-26T06:36:31Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navlist/Top}} {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |style="border:1px solid #777777;-moz-border-radius:8px;background-color:#bbd2e1;{{Text default color}};" align="center"| <big>'''Introduction to Breton'''<br /><br />'''About Breton'''</big> |} {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |style="border:1px solid #777777;-moz-border-radius:8px;background-color:#bbd2e1;{{Text default color}};"| == Brittany == The official Region of Brittany consists of the four departments of Finistère, Morbihan, Côtes d'Armor, and Ille et Villaine with a total population of 2,885,349 as of January 1, 1996. The administrative capital of Brittany is the eastern Breton city of Rennes. A more inclusive and traditional definition of Brittany also includes a fifth department, Loire Atlantique which contains the historic city of Nantes or Naoned in Breton. The population of the five departments of Brittany was 3,945,249 as of January 1, 1996. For a thousand years the city of Nantes in Loire Atlantique was one of the seats of the Breton parliament and de facto capitol of the independent Duchy of Brittany. [[Image:Collocou galleg ha brezonnec.png|right|300px|thumb|Excerpt from an old Breton book (1753) (French and Breton texts side by side).]] == The Breton language == Breton is the only Celtic language still spoken on the European continent. It is not however a derivative of ancient Gaulish, the Celtic tongue of ancient France and much of central Europe. Breton is rather as its name implies an import from Britain having being brought to what is now Brittany by various waves of refugees and immigrants from Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries who were dislocated by the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain during this period. Breton remains closely related to Welsh and Cornish<ref>Setu amañ eur ganaouenn e kerneveurek troet e brezhonek (Here is a song translated from Cornish into Breton) : {|border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;font-size:87%;line-height:1.1" |- !width="50%"|Kerneveurek (Cornish) !rowspan="12"|&nbsp; !width="50%"|Brezhoneg (Breton) |- | Bryal ha mata... tressa... beswera... pympus... wheffes... seythes... | ''"Bryal ha mata"''... trede... pevare... pempvet... c’hwec’hvet... seizhvet... |- | A dus us ena war an treth a wel an cogow-ma... | An dud ez emañ war an trezh a well ar bagoù-mañ... |- | Hag omdydhana oll an jeth heb let na pyn na pla... | Hag em diduellañ holl an deiz hep let na poan na preder... |- | Gwreugh perthy cof ahanan-ny a wyth ha deth ha nos,... | Grit merci ouzh ac’hanomp-ni a vez ha deiz ha noz,... |- | On parys prest erbyn an cry “Towl ros ! Towl ros ! Towl ros !”... | Omp pared prest ouzh ar c'hri “Taol roued ! Taol roued ! Taol roued !”... |- | Yn awel, glaw hag ergh ha rew an kerdyn ny a hal... | En avel, glav hag erc’h ha rev ar c'herden ni a hal... |- | Na bysow crom na breghow brew ny lest dhyn rag an whel... | Na bizoù sor na brec’hioù brev ne dalc’h deomp ouzh an trevell... |- | Ha why yn agas gwelyow tom ow cusca cudhys clos... | Ha c’hwi en oc’h gweleoù tomm o kousket kuzhet klok... |- | Gostyth on-ny dhe derros trom, rak carrek, mor ha fros... | Kostez omp-ni d’an torosenn trumm, rak karreg, mor ha froud... |- | Gwreugh dybry agas pysk ytho, y’n bosty po yn-tre... | Grit debriñ oc’h pesk eta, en ostaleri pe en ti... |- | Hag ewlbos ughel re’gas bo ! Ha byner re bo le ! | Hag elboued uhel ho pefe ! Ha bihanoc’h ne devoe morse ! |} </ref> and more distantly related to Scottish-Gaelic, Irish and Manx.<ref>[[wikt:Appendix:Celtic_Swadesh_lists|Comparison of Celtic languages]]</ref> During the Middle Ages even when Brittany was entirely independent much of the Breton nobility and clergy adopted French because of its greater currency in Europe at this time. From this period also many of the towns became largely French in speech though not exclusively because Breton retained its hold on the agricultural hinterland and urban merchants and tradesmen could not ignore this. From about the year 1100 onwards Breton slowly yielded ground to Gallo and retreated westwards. It is estimated that by 1881 about 2,000,000 people out of 3.2 million in Brittany spoke Breton. By 1914 it is estimated that out of 3.1 million inhabitants of Brittany at least 1,300,000 were still Breton speaking. In addition, several hundred thousand Breton speaking emigrants were to be found in Paris, northern France, Belgium, Canada and the United States so that the Breton speaking world at this time probably encompassed some two million souls, and it is clear that Breton was the most widely spoken Celtic language in 1900. Few would have predicted in 1900 that the twentieth century would witness the most massive erosion ever experienced in the sixteen century long history of the language. There are today probably about 400,000 Breton speakers in western Brittany with another 50,000 to 100,000 in eastern Brittany. It must be remembered that a significant part of eastern Brittany has never been Breton speaking. In eastern Brittany (particularly in the two very important cities of Rennes/Roazhon and Nantes/Naoned) the Latin speech eventually evolved into Gallo, a language which should be regarded as a parallel development with French and not a dialect of French. |} {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |style="border:1px solid #777777;-moz-border-radius:8px;background-color:#bbd2e1;{{Text default color}}"| == Breton literature == * Breton first appeared in writing in 590 AD in a manuscript entitled the Leyde manuscript, a botanical treatise in Breton and Latin [http://www.gwalarn.org/brezhoneg/istor/leyde.html 1]. * Written by Jehan Lagadeuc in 1464, the Catholicon is the first trilingual dictionary in the world (Breton - French - Latin), it is also the first Breton dictionary and the first French dictionary [http://www.catholicon.net/bzh_skritur_reizh/degemer.htm 2]. * The first printed text in Breton, a passion play, made its appearance in 1530. * In the 19th century there was a revival of Breton literature and it continues to flourish today. <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em;width:150px;border:1px solid #AAA;background:#FFF;color:#000;padding:0.5em;font-size:87%;text-align:center"> [[Image:Breton-language-spoken-Spilhennig.svg|150px|border|Splihennigh]]<br /> ''« Spilhennig », merk ar vrezhonegerien'' - A new sign for Breton speakers. </div> == <span style="color:blue;">Keit ma vimp bev</span> - And now ? Death or survival ? == Breton language activists have established a network of Breton medium schools across Brittany which are expanding rapidly. They have launched a Breton language television service. They have launched several Breton language radio stations. Numerous new periodicals and books in Breton are now being published to serve a clearly increasing market. A concerted effort to strengthen both youth and adult literacy in the language has been mounted. Municipality after municipality in Brittany has adopted a policy of Breton/French bilingualism. A region wide agency Ofis ar Brezhoneg/the Office of the Breton Language has been established to carry out and monitor both status and corpus planning for the language in the future. While it may not at once be apparent, eastern Brittany is in many ways just as important for the future of the Breton language as is western Brittany. Due to its greater urbanization in centres such as Nantes and Rennes about 2.5 million of Brittany's 4.1 million people are now to be found in eastern Brittany as opposed to the 1.6 million inhabitants of western Brittany today. This is in contrast to the situation a century ago when about 60% of the population lived in the Breton speaking west. In the long run Breton must establish a foothold for itself in such places as Rennes and Nantes if Breton is really to put itself on an equal footing with French in the everyday life of Brittany. |} {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |style="border:1px solid #777777;-moz-border-radius:8px;background-color:#bbd2e1;{{Text default color}};"| == Notes == <references/> |} {{Navlist/Bottom}} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} cygq22sytjape9a94nfwwbf6gv1ghx1 Breton/Level 1/Lesson 4 0 360056 4664510 4662332 2026-08-26T06:50:42Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664510 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == Mutations == '''Foreword : This lesson does not deal with exceptions. Please refer to the next lesson on mutations for a full explanation including exceptions.''' === Definition === A mutation is the change of the first letter of a word according to different contexts. Examples : Mamm (''mother'') --> Ar '''v'''amm (''the mother'') Kozh (''old'') --> Mamm '''g'''ozh (''Grand mother'') === Table of mutations === Mutations in Breton obey to regular phonetics laws. They are summarized in the table below (details to be found in the rest of this page) : [[Image:Bzhg Table Mutations simplified.jpg]] |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Mutations to soften ("dre vlotaat") == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |K ||G ||Gw ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|P ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|B ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|M ||T ||D |- !Mutation |G ||C’h ||W ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|B ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|V ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|V ||D ||Z |} <br /> Soft mutation happens in the following cases : * after '''a''', '''da''', '''daou''', '''div''', '''dindan''', '''diwar''', '''dre''', '''e (possessive)''', '''eme''', '''en em''', '''en ur''', '''hanter''', '''holl''', '''na''', '''ne''', '''pa''', '''pe''', '''re''', '''war'''... * after the article for the feminine singular words and the related adjective * after the article for the masculine plural person names (except when the plural is in -où) and the related adjective <br /> Soft Mutation will be noted (S!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''V'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''Z'''<br /> '''K''' becomes '''G'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''C'H'''<br /> '''GW''' becomes '''W'''<br /> '''P''' becomes '''B'''<br /> '''M''' becomes '''V'''<br /> '''T''' becomes '''D''' '''Examples :''' :: '''Breur''' (brother) gives '''Da vreur''' :: '''Dant''' (tooth) gives '''Da zant''' :: '''Glin''' (kneel) gives '''Da c'hlin''' <br /> === Mutations after the article (simplified) === ''This lesson does not treat of the following exceptions (the next lesson on mutations gives the corresponding rules) :'' * Plac'h (girl) * Dor (door) * Bag (boat), tra (thing) * Tadoù (fathers), testoù (witnesses), priedoù (husbands), mestroù (chiefs) <br /> Here is a summary for mutations after the article : [[Image:Bzhg Table Article mutations simplified.jpg]] Here is a presentation of the rules regarding the mutations after the article : [[Image:Bzhg Article mutations simplified.jpg]] '''Go to the [[/Quiz on mutations after the article|Quiz]]''' === Mutations of the adjective epithet (simplified) === ''This lesson does not treat of the following exceptions (the next lesson on mutations gives the corresponding rules) :'' * Plac'h (girl) * Dor (door) * Bag (boat), tra (thing), amzer (weather), avel (wind), c'hwezh (odour) * Labour (work) * Person names * Tadoù (fathers), testoù (witnesses), priedoù (husbands), mestroù (chiefs) <br /> Here is a summary for mutations of the adjective epithet : [[Image:Bzhg Table Epithet mutations simplified.jpg]] Here is a presentation of the rules regarding the mutations of the adjective epithet : [[Image:Bzhg Epithet mutations simplified.jpg]] '''Go to the [[/Quiz on mutations of the adjective epithet|Quiz]]''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Mutations to harden ("dre galetaat") == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |B ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|D ||G |- !Mutation |P ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|T ||K |} Hard mutation happens in the following cases : * Possessive "ho" (yours) * After "az, "ez", "'z" (you - sg.) * After "da'z ..." (to yours ...) * After "ez" (in yours ...) <br /> Hard Mutation will be noted (H!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''P'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''T'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''K'''<br /> '''Examples :''' :: '''Breur''' (brother) gives '''Ho preur''' :: '''Dant''' (tooth) gives '''Ho tant''' :: '''Glin''' (kneel) gives '''Ho klin''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Mixed mutations == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |B ||D ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|G ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|GW ||M |- !Mutation |V ||T ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|C'H ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|W ||V |} [[Image:BZHG spirant and mixed mutations.jpg]] Mixed mutation happens in the following cases : * Present participe ::Formed by "o" + Verb. * After verb particle "e" * After "ma" (That) <br /> Mixed Mutation will be noted (M!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''V'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''T'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''C'H'''<br /> '''GW''' becomes '''W'''<br /> '''M''' becomes '''V''' '''Examples :''' :: '''Deskiñ''' (to learn) gives '''O teskiñ''' :: '''Gortoz''' (to wait) gives '''O c'hortoz''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Spirant mutations == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |P ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|T ||K |- !Mutation |F ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|Z ||C'H |} Spirant mutation happens in the following cases : * After "ma" or "va" (mine) * After "he" (Hers) * After "o" (Theirs) * After numbers : tri, teir, pevar, peder, nav <br /> Spirant Mutation will be noted (Sp!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''P''' becomes '''F'''<br /> '''T''' becomes '''Z'''<br /> '''K''' becomes '''C'H''' '''Examples :''' :: '''Penn''' (head) gives '''Va fenn''' :: '''Kador''' (chair) gives '''Va c'hador''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}};border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Exercises == Go to the [[/Quiz|Quiz]] |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Local variations , frequent errors == The rules presented above match the most common usage. However, in some cases, local forms exist that are different. Also, errors in mutations are frequent ... {|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" ! Mutation variants ! Usage ratio<br />(Google estimate) ! Precise Google request ! Comment |- | Ar Brezhoneg | 99500 | "Ar Brezhoneg" | |- | Ar Vrezhoneg | 723 | "Ar Vrezhoneg" | Clearly a mistake ! |- | | | | |- | Ma mamm | 557 | "Ma mamm" | |- | Ma vamm | 8 | "Ma vamm" | |- | | | | |- | Va mamm | 264 | "va mamm" zo mat | |- | Va vamm | ''None'' | "va vamm" zo mat | |- | | | | |- | Ma tad | 129 | "Ma tad" mab | |- | Ma dad | ''None'' | "Ma dad" mab | |- | Ma zad | 358 | "Ma zad" mab | |- | Va zad | 314 | "Va zad" zo mat | |- | | | | |- | Ar mamm | 40 | "Ar mamm" zo mat | |- | Ar vamm | 786 | "Ar vamm" zo mat | |- | | | | |- | An tad | 988 | "An tad" zo mat | |- | An dad | 29 | "An dad" zo mat | |- | Ar zad | ''None'' | "Ar zad" zo | |} Caution : Some Google matches may not be in Breton but in some other language ! The figures are an approximation ! |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} oow30hk2pw6ef70ujvdjuj7ilfj7sv2 4664511 4664510 2026-08-26T06:51:07Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664511 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == Mutations == '''Foreword : This lesson does not deal with exceptions. Please refer to the next lesson on mutations for a full explanation including exceptions.''' === Definition === A mutation is the change of the first letter of a word according to different contexts. Examples : Mamm (''mother'') --> Ar '''v'''amm (''the mother'') Kozh (''old'') --> Mamm '''g'''ozh (''Grand mother'') === Table of mutations === Mutations in Breton obey to regular phonetics laws. They are summarized in the table below (details to be found in the rest of this page) : [[Image:Bzhg Table Mutations simplified.jpg]] |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Mutations to soften ("dre vlotaat") == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |K ||G ||Gw ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|P ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|B ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|M ||T ||D |- !Mutation |G ||C’h ||W ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|B ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|V ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|V ||D ||Z |} <br /> Soft mutation happens in the following cases : * after '''a''', '''da''', '''daou''', '''div''', '''dindan''', '''diwar''', '''dre''', '''e (possessive)''', '''eme''', '''en em''', '''en ur''', '''hanter''', '''holl''', '''na''', '''ne''', '''pa''', '''pe''', '''re''', '''war'''... * after the article for the feminine singular words and the related adjective * after the article for the masculine plural person names (except when the plural is in -où) and the related adjective <br /> Soft Mutation will be noted (S!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''V'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''Z'''<br /> '''K''' becomes '''G'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''C'H'''<br /> '''GW''' becomes '''W'''<br /> '''P''' becomes '''B'''<br /> '''M''' becomes '''V'''<br /> '''T''' becomes '''D''' '''Examples :''' :: '''Breur''' (brother) gives '''Da vreur''' :: '''Dant''' (tooth) gives '''Da zant''' :: '''Glin''' (kneel) gives '''Da c'hlin''' <br /> === Mutations after the article (simplified) === ''This lesson does not treat of the following exceptions (the next lesson on mutations gives the corresponding rules) :'' * Plac'h (girl) * Dor (door) * Bag (boat), tra (thing) * Tadoù (fathers), testoù (witnesses), priedoù (husbands), mestroù (chiefs) <br /> Here is a summary for mutations after the article : [[Image:Bzhg Table Article mutations simplified.jpg]] Here is a presentation of the rules regarding the mutations after the article : [[Image:Bzhg Article mutations simplified.jpg]] '''Go to the [[/Quiz on mutations after the article|Quiz]]''' === Mutations of the adjective epithet (simplified) === ''This lesson does not treat of the following exceptions (the next lesson on mutations gives the corresponding rules) :'' * Plac'h (girl) * Dor (door) * Bag (boat), tra (thing), amzer (weather), avel (wind), c'hwezh (odour) * Labour (work) * Person names * Tadoù (fathers), testoù (witnesses), priedoù (husbands), mestroù (chiefs) <br /> Here is a summary for mutations of the adjective epithet : [[Image:Bzhg Table Epithet mutations simplified.jpg]] Here is a presentation of the rules regarding the mutations of the adjective epithet : [[Image:Bzhg Epithet mutations simplified.jpg]] '''Go to the [[/Quiz on mutations of the adjective epithet|Quiz]]''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Mutations to harden ("dre galetaat") == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |B ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|D ||G |- !Mutation |P ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|T ||K |} Hard mutation happens in the following cases : * Possessive "ho" (yours) * After "az, "ez", "'z" (you - sg.) * After "da'z ..." (to yours ...) * After "ez" (in yours ...) <br /> Hard Mutation will be noted (H!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''P'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''T'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''K'''<br /> '''Examples :''' :: '''Breur''' (brother) gives '''Ho preur''' :: '''Dant''' (tooth) gives '''Ho tant''' :: '''Glin''' (kneel) gives '''Ho klin''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Mixed mutations == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |B ||D ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|G ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|GW ||M |- !Mutation |V ||T ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|C'H ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|W ||V |} [[Image:BZHG spirant and mixed mutations.jpg]] Mixed mutation happens in the following cases : * Present participe ::Formed by "o" + Verb. * After verb particle "e" * After "ma" (That) <br /> Mixed Mutation will be noted (M!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''V'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''T'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''C'H'''<br /> '''GW''' becomes '''W'''<br /> '''M''' becomes '''V''' '''Examples :''' :: '''Deskiñ''' (to learn) gives '''O teskiñ''' :: '''Gortoz''' (to wait) gives '''O c'hortoz''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Spirant mutations == {|align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:center" |- !Initial |P ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|T ||K |- !Mutation |F ||bgcolor="#DDDDFF"|Z ||C'H |} Spirant mutation happens in the following cases : * After "ma" or "va" (mine) * After "he" (Hers) * After "o" (Theirs) * After numbers : tri, teir, pevar, peder, nav <br /> Spirant Mutation will be noted (Sp!) Following letters are affected:<br /> '''P''' becomes '''F'''<br /> '''T''' becomes '''Z'''<br /> '''K''' becomes '''C'H''' '''Examples :''' :: '''Penn''' (head) gives '''Va fenn''' :: '''Kador''' (chair) gives '''Va c'hador''' |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}};border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Exercises == Go to the [[/Quiz|Quiz]] |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Local variations , frequent errors == The rules presented above match the most common usage. However, in some cases, local forms exist that are different. Also, errors in mutations are frequent ... {|class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" ! Mutation variants ! Usage ratio<br />(Google estimate) ! Precise Google request ! Comment |- | Ar Brezhoneg | 99500 | "Ar Brezhoneg" | |- | Ar Vrezhoneg | 723 | "Ar Vrezhoneg" | Clearly a mistake ! |- | | | | |- | Ma mamm | 557 | "Ma mamm" | |- | Ma vamm | 8 | "Ma vamm" | |- | | | | |- | Va mamm | 264 | "va mamm" zo mat | |- | Va vamm | ''None'' | "va vamm" zo mat | |- | | | | |- | Ma tad | 129 | "Ma tad" mab | |- | Ma dad | ''None'' | "Ma dad" mab | |- | Ma zad | 358 | "Ma zad" mab | |- | Va zad | 314 | "Va zad" zo mat | |- | | | | |- | Ar mamm | 40 | "Ar mamm" zo mat | |- | Ar vamm | 786 | "Ar vamm" zo mat | |- | | | | |- | An tad | 988 | "An tad" zo mat | |- | An dad | 29 | "An dad" zo mat | |- | Ar zad | ''None'' | "Ar zad" zo | |} Caution : Some Google matches may not be in Breton but in some other language ! The figures are an approximation ! |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} 6xchfprd04glotnnz1um5c5zpq1yd2a Breton/Level 1/Lesson 5 0 360057 4664586 2949574 2026-08-26T09:05:15Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664586 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == Pronunciation rules == '''Foreword : This lesson does not treat of exceptions. Please refer to the next lesson on pronunciation for a full explanation including exceptions.''' === Pouezh mouezh / Accentuation === Accentuation is strong in Breton. Accentuation may vary : * according to the length of the word * according to the group the word belongs to (word alone or name + adjective, etc.). |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Polysyllabic words == Accentuation is on the penultimate syllable. <br /><br /> |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Monosyllabic words == === Monosyllabic words alone === Monosyllabic words alone are accentuated. === Name with a short adjective === In the case of a monosyllabic name with a short adjective (no more than 2 syllables), the adjective is accentuated . === Name with a long adjective === In the case of a monosyllabic name with a long adjective (3 syllables or more), the name is accentuated . <br /><br /> |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #EED153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Exceptions == The exceptions are not treated in this lesson. Please refer to the next lesson on pronunciation for a description of exceptions. <br /><br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} 25nf8c65ymi14ow2roiqp4d7411vsfb Breton/Level 1/Lesson 1/Goulennoù 0 360059 4664603 2949519 2026-08-26T10:39:52Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664603 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |- |style="border:1px solid #999999;background-color:#eed153;{{Text default color}};-moz-border-radius:8px"| == Questions == {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | Petra emaoc’h oc’h ober ? | What are you doing? |- | Penaos eo da vamm ? | How’s your mother? |- |colspan="2"|[[Image:Petra emaoc'h.ogg]] |- | Tad | Father |- | Breur | Brother |- | C’hoar | Sister |- | Kazh | Cat |- | Ki | Dog |- | N’eo ket hi klañv ? | Isn’t she ill? |- |colspan="2"|[[Image:Klanv.ogg]] |} == Exercises == Go to the [[/Quiz|Quiz]]. |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} m9nxzi9t2zl4735td5zbmffntq9h8cf Breton/Level 1/Lesson 1/Piv on 0 360060 4664605 2949520 2026-08-26T10:40:21Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664605 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |- |style="border:1px solid #999999;background-color:#eed153;{{Text default color}};-moz-border-radius:8px"| == Describing yourself == {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | [''Your name''] eo va anv. | My name is [''your name'']. |- | [''Name''] ez on. | I’m [''Name'']. |- | Breizhad on. | I’m a Breton man. |- | Breizhadez on. | I’m a Breton woman. |- | Saoz on. | I’m an Englishman. |- | Me a gomz... / Ez emaon o kaozeal... | I speak... / I am speaking... |- | Kerneveurek / Kerneveureg | Cornish ''(general / language)'' |- | Saoznek / Saozneg | English |- | Gallek / Galleg | French |- | Skozek / Skozeg | Scottish (Gaelic) |- | Breton ''or'' Breizhek / Brezhoneg | Breton ''(from Brittany)'' |- | Gouezelek / Gouezeleg | Irish |- | Kembraek / Kembraeg | Welsh |- |colspan="2"| [[Image:Yann.ogg]] |} == Exercises == Go to the [[/Quiz|Quiz]]. |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} k015ngtau54lv3bbcl04amk7wye3m85 Breton/Level 2/Lesson 1 0 360065 4664497 4664027 2026-08-26T06:38:21Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664497 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #87e990;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ==<big>Kentel 1: Verbs</big>== This Lesson contains a few common verbs you will need to know for a conversation.<br/> ==Vocabulary / Geriadur== Note : The examples use different tenses (present, imperative, past, ...). These tenses are explained later on ... so, don't worry !<br> {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="30%"|Brezhoneg!!width="30%"|English!!width="40%"|Example |- | '''mont''', or '''monet''' | To go | '''Mont''' a ran da Gemper <br> I go to Kemper |- | '''bout''' or '''bezañ''' | To be |Laouen '''on'''<br> I am happy |- | '''Anavezout''' | To know | Bro Saoz az '''anavezan''' mat<br> I know well England |- | '''Gouzout''' | To know | Me '''oar''' mat Brezhoneg<br> I know well Breton |- | '''Deskiñ''' | To learn | '''Deskit''' Brezhoneg !<br> Learn Breton ! |- | '''Kregiñ''' | To start | '''Kroget''' am eus da zeskiñ Brezhoneg<br> I have started to learn Breton |- | '''Echuiñ''' | To end | '''Echuet''' eo va labour ganin<br> I have finished my work |- | '''Debriñ''' | To eat | Un aval a '''zebran'''<br> I eat an apple |- | '''Evañ''' | To drink | Kafe a '''evomp'''<br> We drink coffee |- | '''Ober''' | To do / To make | Trouz a '''reont''' e-pad an noz<br> They make noise during the night |- | '''Dont''' or '''Donet''' | To come | '''Deus''' 'ta buan !<br>Come quick ! |- | '''C'hoari''' | To play | Deus da '''c'hoari''' ganin !<br>Come and play with me ! |- | '''Karout''' | To love / To like | '''Karet''' out ganin<br> I love you |- | '''Kaozeal''' | To speak | Gant piv e c'hellin '''kaozeal''' a-zivout ar gavadenn-se?<br> With whom will I be able to speak about this finding ? |- | '''Lavarout''' or '''Lavaret''' | To say | Ha me '''lavar''' hag a '''lavaro''' ...<br> And I say and will say ... |- | '''skrivañ''' | To write | Ul lizher hir a '''skrivomp'''<br> We write a long letter |- | '''Lenn''' | To read | Ul levr a '''lennit'''<br> You read a book |- | '''kazout''' | To hate | Ar big he deus '''kazet''' he neizh<br> The magpie has started to hate her nest<br> (from a person that will not come back home) |- | '''Mennout''' | To will | '''Mennout''' a rit staliañ anezho ?<br> Do you want to install them ? |- | '''Prederiañ''' | To think | Met ma '''prederian''' warno ur wech an amzer ...<br>But when I think of them from times to times ... |- | '''Ganet''' | Born | Me zo bet '''ganet''' e-kreiz ar mor ...<br>I was born in the middle of the sea ...<br>(excerpt of a poem) |- | '''Gwelout''' or '''Gwelet''' | To see | Plijet on o '''welout''' ac'hanout<br> I am glad to see you |- | '''Sellout''' | To look | '''Sell''' 'ta piv !<br> Look who's coming ! |- | '''Mervel''' | To die | Ret eo d'an holl '''mervel''' teir gwech ...<br> All must die three times ...<br>(excerpt from a song in ''Barzhas Breizh'') |- | '''Komz''' | To speak / To chat | '''Komzit''' Brezhoneg d'ho pugale !<br> Speak Breton to your children ! |- | '''Labourat''' | To work | Bevomp ha '''labouromp''' e Kreiz-Breizh !<br> Let's live and work in Center Brittany ! |- | '''Gwerzhañ''' | To sell | |- | '''Kemer''' | To take | |- | '''Degemer''' | To receive | |- | '''Kas'' | To send | |- |colspan="3"|<!-- [[Image:Verbs1.ogg]] --> |} ==Exercises/Poelladenn== As in the previous courses, do this exercise: ====Ex 1==== Write out the Breton words, section by section. Have 2 columns, clearly separated, and write Breton and English. Then cover up one column (eg. English) with paper and write the corresponding words on the paper. Then try it the other way round, cover up the Breton, and write out the words using the English as cues. This will be a little bit more difficult. Repeat all this after an interval, the more you do it the easier you will remember the words. ===Ex 2=== Now , this will be a little more difficult Take the following verbs and put them down on paper <br/> Skrivañ<br/> Echuiñ<br/> Karout<br/> Kas<br/> Sellout<br/> Mervel<br/> Kregiñ<br/> Kemer<br/> Mont<br/> Dont<br/> <br/> Now, Each one has an opposite. Now re write the positives beside them<br/> <br/> Cover up the original list, and write the list in English as before.<br/> eg. <br/>'''Karout''' - ''Love''<br/>'''Skrivañ''' - ''Write'' <br/> <br/> And again cover up the Breton, but write the English Opposite. <br/>Eg.<br/> ''Love''- ''Hate''<br/> ''Write'' - ''Read'' <br/><br/> Now , Cover up the first English column, and write the Breton for the 2nd English.<br/> <br/> ''Hate'' - '''Kazout'''<br/> ''Read'' - '''Lenn'''<br/> <br/> Cover up the English and write the opposites again.<br/> <br/> '''Kazout''' - '''Karout'''<br/> '''Lenn''' - '''Skrivañ'''<br/> <br/> Then back to the beginning again<br/> <br/> '''Karout''' - ''Love''<br/> '''Skrivañ''' - ''Write''<br/> <br/> Carry on doing this until you can do it with ease.<br/> <br/> Again, you will learn these verbs really quite quickly while doing this.<br/> <br/> <big>But you can also use Adjectives</big><br/> <br/> '''Bras''' - ''Big'' - ''Small'' - '''Bihan''' - '''Bras''' ect.<br/> <br/> <big>And nouns</big><br/> <br/> '''Mamm''' - ''Mum'' - ''Dad'' - '''Tad''' - '''Mamm'''<br/> <br/> You can include as many words as you want.<br/> <br/> '''ar vaouez vihan''' - ''The small woman'' - ''the big man'' - '''an den bras''' - '''ar vaouez vihan'''<br/> <br/> You can do practically anything with this.<br/> <br/> If you want, you can go back to [[Breton/Level 1|Level 1]] And use this technique as a test to see if you remember them.<br/><br/> If you wish, add more verbs to your list , and if you find a pair of verbs (eg.Love/Hate) Add them firstly to the complete list and then to the smaller list in Ex 2. |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} qlfqpd5k6ax2i57qwjcv0r1ipifamrz Breton/Level 2/Lesson 2 0 360066 4664607 2949581 2026-08-26T10:41:26Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664607 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #87e990;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | ==Lesson 2 : Nouns== ===Ar familh / The family=== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="25%"|Brezhoneg!!width="25%"|English!!width="50%"|Example |- | Mamm | Mum | Hevelep '''mamm''', hevelep merc’h <br /> Same mother, same daughter |- | Tad | Father | E-lec'h '''tad''', pe ma '''zad''', pa gomz an den ouzh e dad, e lavar tadig pe tata<br /> Instead of father, or my father, when speaking of their father, people say dad or daddy. |- | Breur | Brother | |- | C'hoar | Sister | |- | Mab | Son | |- | Merc'h | Daughter | |- | Eontr | Uncle | |- | Moereb | Aunt | |- | Tad-kozh | Grand father | |- | Mamm-gozh | Grand mother | |- | Tad-kuñv | Great grand father | |- | Tad-you | Great great grand father | |- | Keniterv | Cousin(F) | |- | Kenderv | Cousin (M) | Salaun, roue Breizh, a lazhas e '''genderv''' Erispoe<br />Salomon, king of Brittany, killed his cousin Erispoe |- |colspan="3"|<!-- [[Image:Family1.ogg]] --> |} ===E ker / In the Town=== Ty House Atant Farm / Settlement Iliz Church Hent Road/Way Stal Shop Klañvdi Hospital Min or Mengleuz Mine Porzh Port Stal-vara Bakers Ty Ker Town Hall Mirdi Museum Skol School Karrdi Garage Levraoueg Library Kafe Pub ===Ar Vro / The land=== Menez Hill Mor Sea Breizh Brittany Gwern Moor Oabl Sky Traezh Beach Ster River Aber Mouth (of river) ===Lies seurt / Miscelaneous=== Karr Car Levr Book Pluenn Pen Geriadur Dictionary Kador Chair Taol Table Kegin Kitchen Kambr Bedroom ==Exercises== ====Ex 1==== Write out the Breton words, section by section. Have 2 columns, clearly separated, and write Breton and English. Then cover up one column (eg. English) with paper and write the corresponding words on the paper. Then try it the other way round, cover up the Breton, and write out the words using the English as cues. This will be a little bit more difficult. Repeat all this after an interval, the more you do it the easier you will remember the words. |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} t2drjnq1pz8pwtu8nm8sgcp1pfa1yo8 Breton/Level 2/Lesson 3 0 360067 4664575 4656777 2026-08-26T08:49:30Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664575 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #87e990;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == The Present Tense, Continuous Tense & Situation Tense == === Irregular verb - "To be" / "Bezañ" === ==== Personal form & impersonal form ==== The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : <br />the personal form and the impersonal form. These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form). For example : The english sentence "''I am wise''" may be translated in two ways : * '''Me a zo fur''' (impersonal form) to insist upon the subject (''Me''). Since the subject already gives the notion of person, it is useless to give a personal form to the verb. Therefore the verb is invariant (here : ''a zo'') and this form is called the impersonal form. * '''Fur ez on''' (personal form) to insist upon the attribute (''Fur''). Here the verb varies according to the person since the notion of person is not present otherwise. ==== Continuous Tense ==== The Continuous Tense is used for repetitive or continued actions. If we take the same example : * '''Fur ez vezan''' means "''I am usually wise''". When translating from Breton to English allow your native language instinct to sort out in which case the simple present (I speak Breton) or the present continuous (I am speaking Breton) is more appropriate and idiomatic.<br /> ==== Situation Tense ==== The Situation Tense is used to indicate the place (in space or time) where the subject is or, in a wider meaning, its position (social, etc.). Example : * '''Er skol emaon''' means "''I am at school''". <br /> ==== Impersonal passive ==== This mode is used when the subject is not known or not precisely defined. In English, this would often be translated by "they". For instance, <span style="color:blue;">"e oar"</span> would give "they are". <br /> <br /> ==== Table ==== {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Present''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Present Tense<br />Personal form!! Present Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez on |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|me a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezan |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| me a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaon |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|I am |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez out |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|te a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezez |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| te a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaout |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|You are (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez eo |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|eñ a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vez |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| eñ a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|He is |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez eo |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|hi a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vez |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| hi a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|She is |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez omp |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|ni a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezomp |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| ni a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|We are |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez oc'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|c'hwi a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezit |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| c'hwi a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|You are (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ez int |style="background:#82c46c;{{text default color}};"|int a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezont |style="background:FF55E4D;{{text default color}};"| int a vez |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| emaint |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They are |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|oar, eur |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezer |style="background:FF55E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| emeur |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> === Regular verb - "To write" / "Skrivañ" === ==== Personal form & impersonal form ==== The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : the personal form and the impersonal form. These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form). ==== Auxiliary form ==== A verb can also be used with an auxiliary (most often the verb '''Ober''' to do) to insist upon the action itself. For instance, '''skrivañ a ran ul levr''' (I write a letter) will be used to insist upon the verb '''skrivañ''' (to write). <br /> <br /> ==== Table ==== {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%' margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Present''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Present Tense<br />Personal form!! Present Tense<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivan |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|me a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ran ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivez |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|te a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rez ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You write a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriv |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ra ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He writes a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriv |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|hi a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ra ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She writes a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivomp |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|ni a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reomp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivit |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rit ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You write a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivont |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|int a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reont ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They write a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriver |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reer ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> [[Image:01 Skriv.ogg]] <br /> == Progressive Form == <br /> To create the progressive form, add the continuous particle '''o''' (H!). Careful it causes hard mutation:<br /> <br /> <br /> (H!) Hard Mutation Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''P'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''T'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''K'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Here are some verbal nouns: <br /> '''kaozeal''' ''speak/ing''<br /> '''komz''' ''chat/ting, speak/ing''<br /> '''skrivañ''' ''write/ing''<br /> '''ober''' ''work/ing''<br /> '''chom''' ''dwell/ing''<br /> '''gwerzhañ''' ''sell/ing''<br /> '''mond''' ''go/ing''<br /> '''kemer''' ''take/ing''<br /> '''degemer''' ''receive/ing''<br /> '''deskiñ''' ''learn/ing''<br /> '''kas''';'''daveiñ''' ''send/ing''<br /> <br /> <br /> Now all you need to do is put them together following this pattern:<br /> <br /> {present of '''bezañ'''} + {'''o''' (H!)} + {verbal noun}<br /> '''ez on o kaozeal Brezhoneg.'''<br /> ''I speak Breton./I am speaking Breton.''<br /> <br /> '''ez on o skriva ul lizer.'''<br /> ''You'' (sg.) ''write a letter./You are writing a letter.''<br /> <br /> '''emañ eñ o teskiñ Kembraeg.'''<br /> ''He learns Welsh./He is learning Welsh.''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Caution :''' The progressive form may not always be translated by the construction "o" + (verbal noun). In some cases, other constructions are more appropriate : 1/ To mark intention : Dre + (verbal noun) *Dre lenn kalz a levriou mad e teui eur maout war ar yez.<br />''By reading lots of good books, will you become a "champion" in Breton language.'' *Dre soubañ va biz enni am-bije merzet ne oa ket evid beza lonket ken buan ha tra.<br />''By dipping my finger in the soup, I would have understood that I had to wait before eating it.'' 2/ Unexpected result : En eur + (verbal noun) *En eur lenn al levr-se am-eus merket e oa an oberour eun den a-zoare.<br />''When reading this book, I noticed that the writer was a good man.'' *En eur lonka va soubenn am-eus merket e oa tomm bero.<br />''When eating my soup, I noticed that the soup was boiling hot.'' 3/ Evolution : Mont war + (verbal noun) / To go toward + verbal noun In the following sentences, this yields : war ''(verbal noun)'' ez a ... :war = toward :ez a = goes *War gresk ez a ar prizioù.<br />''Prices are increasing.'' *War fallaad ez a en amzer.<br />''The weather is getting worse.'' <br /> == Negations == Since you want to be able to make negative statements as well as ask questions, here’s what you need to do: Take the long present tense of bezañ (to be) and replace the particle ez with ne (or ''ned'' or ''n''' before a vowel) and add ket after the verb in order to make a negative statement:<br /> <br /> *'''ez on''' ''I am'' *'''ned on ket''' ''I am not'' * or '''n'on ket''' *'''n'out ket''' ''you (sg.) are not''<br /> <br /> The 3rd person singular in negative statements has two special verb forms:<br /> *'''n'eus ket ...''' ''there is not ...''<br /> *'''n'eo ket ...''' ''he (she) is not ...''<br /> *'''ar c'hi n'eo ket ...''' ''the dog is not ...''<br /> *'''ar vugale n'int ket ...''' ''the children are not ...''<br /> <br /> *'''n'omp ket''' ''we are not''<br /> *'''n'oc'h ket''' ''“you (pl.) are not''<br /> *'''n'int ket''' ''they are not''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Now put the sentences together according to the template given above:<br /> '''N'on ket o komz Brezhoneg.''' <br /> ''I don’t speak Breton./I am not speaking Breton.''<br /> <br /> '''N'out ket o skrivañ ul lizer.''' <br /> ''You (sg.) don’t write a letter./You are not writing a letter.''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket o teskiñ Kembraeg.''' <br /> ''He is not learning Welsh.'' <br /> <br /> <br /> == Questions == <br /> To formulate a question simply use the affirmation form :<br /> '''ez on?''' ''am I?''<br /> '''ez out?''' ''are you (sg.)?''<br /> '''ez eus? ''' ''is there?''<br /> '''ez eo?''' ''is he?''<br /> '''ez eo?''' ''is she?''<br /> '''ez eo ar c'hi?''' ''is the dog?''<br /> '''ez omp?''' ''are we?''<br /> '''ez oc'h?''' ''are you (pl.)?''<br /> '''ez int?''' ''are they?''<br /> '''ez int ar vugale?''' ''are the children?''<br /> '''Ez on o komz Brezhoneg?''' <br /> ''Do I speak Breton?/Am I speaking Breton?''<br /> <br /> Sometimes, a question will be preceded by "'''Ha'''" (''And'') or even, when insisting, by "'''Daoust ha'''" (equivalent to "''Is is true that ...''"). '''Ha''' is replaced by '''Hag''' before a vowel. '''Hag ez out o skrivañ ul lizer?''' <br /> ''Do you write a letter?/Are you writing a letter?''<br /> <br /> '''Daoust hag ez eo o teskiñ Kembraeg?''' <br /> ''Does he learn Welsh?/ Is he learning Welsh?'' <br /> <br /> To ask a negative question use the same principles:<br /> <br /> '''Ha n'on ket o komz Brezhoneg?''' <br /> ''Don’t I speak Breton?/Am I not speaking Breton?''<br /> <br /> '''Ha n'out ket o skrivañ ul lizer?''' <br /> ''Don’t you write a letter?/Are you not writing a letter?''<br /> <br /> '''Ha n'eo ket o teskiñ Kembraeg?'''<br /> ''Doesn’t he learn Welsh?/ Is he not learning Welsh?''<br /> ==Exercises/Ober== === Self training === * Listen to the following dialogs which shows : ** Imperative form ** Auxiliary form ** Progressive form [[File:Diviz.ogv]] * Let's continue Now you have seen how its done.<br /><br /> Take the verbs from [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 1|Level 2]] and write them down if you haven't already.<br /><br /> Now change them into their Present tense.<br /> Now underneath, make some sentences up for each verb. EG. ''Me a zesk kembraeg er skol'' (I learn Welsh in school).<br /><br /> === Quiz === [[/Quiz|Go to the Quiz]] |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} lq85xn2z5q8gnztthgdinxd3nre51kc 4664585 4664575 2026-08-26T09:03:33Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664585 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #87e990;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == The Present Tense, Continuous Tense & Situation Tense == === Irregular verb - "To be" / "Bezañ" === ==== Personal form & impersonal form ==== The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : <br />the personal form and the impersonal form. These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form). For example : The english sentence "''I am wise''" may be translated in two ways : * '''Me a zo fur''' (impersonal form) to insist upon the subject (''Me''). Since the subject already gives the notion of person, it is useless to give a personal form to the verb. Therefore the verb is invariant (here : ''a zo'') and this form is called the impersonal form. * '''Fur ez on''' (personal form) to insist upon the attribute (''Fur''). Here the verb varies according to the person since the notion of person is not present otherwise. ==== Continuous Tense ==== The Continuous Tense is used for repetitive or continued actions. If we take the same example : * '''Fur ez vezan''' means "''I am usually wise''". When translating from Breton to English allow your native language instinct to sort out in which case the simple present (I speak Breton) or the present continuous (I am speaking Breton) is more appropriate and idiomatic.<br /> ==== Situation Tense ==== The Situation Tense is used to indicate the place (in space or time) where the subject is or, in a wider meaning, its position (social, etc.). Example : * '''Er skol emaon''' means "''I am at school''". <br /> ==== Impersonal passive ==== This mode is used when the subject is not known or not precisely defined. In English, this would often be translated by "they". For instance, <span style="color:blue;">"e oar"</span> would give "they are". <br /> <br /> ==== Table ==== {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Present''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Present Tense<br />Personal form!! Present Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez on |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|me a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezan |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| me a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaon |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|I am |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez out |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|te a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezez |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| te a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaout |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|You are (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez eo |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|eñ a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vez |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| eñ a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|He is |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez eo |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|hi a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vez |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| hi a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|She is |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez omp |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|ni a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezomp |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| ni a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|We are |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{Text color default}};"|ez oc'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{Text color default}};"|c'hwi a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{Text color default}};"| e vezit |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{Text color default}};"| c'hwi a vez |style="background:Orange;{{Text color default}};"| emaoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text color default}};"|You are (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ez int |style="background:#82c46c;{{text default color}};"|int a zo |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezont |style="background:FF55E4D;{{text default color}};"| int a vez |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| emaint |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They are |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|oar, eur |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezer |style="background:FF55E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| emeur |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> === Regular verb - "To write" / "Skrivañ" === ==== Personal form & impersonal form ==== The Present Tense and the Continuous Tense have two forms : the personal form and the impersonal form. These two forms allow to insist upon either the subject (impersonal form) or the complement, the attribute, the object (personal form). ==== Auxiliary form ==== A verb can also be used with an auxiliary (most often the verb '''Ober''' to do) to insist upon the action itself. For instance, '''skrivañ a ran ul levr''' (I write a letter) will be used to insist upon the verb '''skrivañ''' (to write). <br /> <br /> ==== Table ==== {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%' margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Present''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Present Tense<br />Personal form!! Present Tense<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivan |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|me a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ran ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivez |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|te a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rez ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You write a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriv |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ra ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He writes a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriv |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|hi a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ra ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She writes a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivomp |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|ni a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reomp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivit |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rit ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You write a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivont |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"|int a skriv ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reont ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They write a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriver |style="background:82c46c;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reer ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> [[Image:01 Skriv.ogg]] <br /> == Progressive Form == <br /> To create the progressive form, add the continuous particle '''o''' (H!). Careful it causes hard mutation:<br /> <br /> <br /> (H!) Hard Mutation Following letters are affected:<br /> '''B''' becomes '''P'''<br /> '''D''' becomes '''T'''<br /> '''G''' becomes '''K'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Here are some verbal nouns: <br /> '''kaozeal''' ''speak/ing''<br /> '''komz''' ''chat/ting, speak/ing''<br /> '''skrivañ''' ''write/ing''<br /> '''ober''' ''work/ing''<br /> '''chom''' ''dwell/ing''<br /> '''gwerzhañ''' ''sell/ing''<br /> '''mond''' ''go/ing''<br /> '''kemer''' ''take/ing''<br /> '''degemer''' ''receive/ing''<br /> '''deskiñ''' ''learn/ing''<br /> '''kas''';'''daveiñ''' ''send/ing''<br /> <br /> <br /> Now all you need to do is put them together following this pattern:<br /> <br /> {present of '''bezañ'''} + {'''o''' (H!)} + {verbal noun}<br /> '''ez on o kaozeal Brezhoneg.'''<br /> ''I speak Breton./I am speaking Breton.''<br /> <br /> '''ez on o skriva ul lizer.'''<br /> ''You'' (sg.) ''write a letter./You are writing a letter.''<br /> <br /> '''emañ eñ o teskiñ Kembraeg.'''<br /> ''He learns Welsh./He is learning Welsh.''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Caution :''' The progressive form may not always be translated by the construction "o" + (verbal noun). In some cases, other constructions are more appropriate : 1/ To mark intention : Dre + (verbal noun) *Dre lenn kalz a levriou mad e teui eur maout war ar yez.<br />''By reading lots of good books, will you become a "champion" in Breton language.'' *Dre soubañ va biz enni am-bije merzet ne oa ket evid beza lonket ken buan ha tra.<br />''By dipping my finger in the soup, I would have understood that I had to wait before eating it.'' 2/ Unexpected result : En eur + (verbal noun) *En eur lenn al levr-se am-eus merket e oa an oberour eun den a-zoare.<br />''When reading this book, I noticed that the writer was a good man.'' *En eur lonka va soubenn am-eus merket e oa tomm bero.<br />''When eating my soup, I noticed that the soup was boiling hot.'' 3/ Evolution : Mont war + (verbal noun) / To go toward + verbal noun In the following sentences, this yields : war ''(verbal noun)'' ez a ... :war = toward :ez a = goes *War gresk ez a ar prizioù.<br />''Prices are increasing.'' *War fallaad ez a en amzer.<br />''The weather is getting worse.'' <br /> == Negations == Since you want to be able to make negative statements as well as ask questions, here’s what you need to do: Take the long present tense of bezañ (to be) and replace the particle ez with ne (or ''ned'' or ''n''' before a vowel) and add ket after the verb in order to make a negative statement:<br /> <br /> *'''ez on''' ''I am'' *'''ned on ket''' ''I am not'' * or '''n'on ket''' *'''n'out ket''' ''you (sg.) are not''<br /> <br /> The 3rd person singular in negative statements has two special verb forms:<br /> *'''n'eus ket ...''' ''there is not ...''<br /> *'''n'eo ket ...''' ''he (she) is not ...''<br /> *'''ar c'hi n'eo ket ...''' ''the dog is not ...''<br /> *'''ar vugale n'int ket ...''' ''the children are not ...''<br /> <br /> *'''n'omp ket''' ''we are not''<br /> *'''n'oc'h ket''' ''“you (pl.) are not''<br /> *'''n'int ket''' ''they are not''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Now put the sentences together according to the template given above:<br /> '''N'on ket o komz Brezhoneg.''' <br /> ''I don’t speak Breton./I am not speaking Breton.''<br /> <br /> '''N'out ket o skrivañ ul lizer.''' <br /> ''You (sg.) don’t write a letter./You are not writing a letter.''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket o teskiñ Kembraeg.''' <br /> ''He is not learning Welsh.'' <br /> <br /> <br /> == Questions == <br /> To formulate a question simply use the affirmation form :<br /> '''ez on?''' ''am I?''<br /> '''ez out?''' ''are you (sg.)?''<br /> '''ez eus? ''' ''is there?''<br /> '''ez eo?''' ''is he?''<br /> '''ez eo?''' ''is she?''<br /> '''ez eo ar c'hi?''' ''is the dog?''<br /> '''ez omp?''' ''are we?''<br /> '''ez oc'h?''' ''are you (pl.)?''<br /> '''ez int?''' ''are they?''<br /> '''ez int ar vugale?''' ''are the children?''<br /> '''Ez on o komz Brezhoneg?''' <br /> ''Do I speak Breton?/Am I speaking Breton?''<br /> <br /> Sometimes, a question will be preceded by "'''Ha'''" (''And'') or even, when insisting, by "'''Daoust ha'''" (equivalent to "''Is is true that ...''"). '''Ha''' is replaced by '''Hag''' before a vowel. '''Hag ez out o skrivañ ul lizer?''' <br /> ''Do you write a letter?/Are you writing a letter?''<br /> <br /> '''Daoust hag ez eo o teskiñ Kembraeg?''' <br /> ''Does he learn Welsh?/ Is he learning Welsh?'' <br /> <br /> To ask a negative question use the same principles:<br /> <br /> '''Ha n'on ket o komz Brezhoneg?''' <br /> ''Don’t I speak Breton?/Am I not speaking Breton?''<br /> <br /> '''Ha n'out ket o skrivañ ul lizer?''' <br /> ''Don’t you write a letter?/Are you not writing a letter?''<br /> <br /> '''Ha n'eo ket o teskiñ Kembraeg?'''<br /> ''Doesn’t he learn Welsh?/ Is he not learning Welsh?''<br /> ==Exercises/Ober== === Self training === * Listen to the following dialogs which shows : ** Imperative form ** Auxiliary form ** Progressive form [[File:Diviz.ogv]] * Let's continue Now you have seen how its done.<br /><br /> Take the verbs from [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 1|Level 2]] and write them down if you haven't already.<br /><br /> Now change them into their Present tense.<br /> Now underneath, make some sentences up for each verb. EG. ''Me a zesk kembraeg er skol'' (I learn Welsh in school).<br /><br /> === Quiz === [[/Quiz|Go to the Quiz]] |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} aus9spnkcp5c6heq4pcimjba8hrscxk Breton/Level 2/Lesson 6 0 360070 4664610 4656822 2026-08-26T10:43:41Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|25%}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #87e990;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | = Lesson 6/Kentel C'hwec'h : Araogennoù (Prepositions) = Prepositions are combined with the personal pronoun when relevant. Eg. "Evid" (for) gives "Brezhoneg zo mat '''evidon'''." (Breton is good '''for me'''). === Preposition "From" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "A" (''From'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ac'hanon |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|From me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ac'hanout |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|From you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Anezhañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|From him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Anezhi |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|From her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ac'hanomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|From us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ac'hanoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|From you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Anezho |style="background:LightBlue;{{Text default color}};"|From them |- |} <br /> [[Image:01 Achanon.ogg]] <br /> === Preposition "For" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "Evid" (''For'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Evidon |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Evidout |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Evitañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Eviti |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Evidomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Evidoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Evito |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|For them |- |} <br /> <!-- [[Image:01 Evid.ogg]] --> <br /> '''Prepositions from the same type :''' :Davet (toward) : Davedon<br /> :Eget (than) : Egedon<br /> :Estreget (other than) : Estregedon<br /> :Evel (as) : Eveldon<br /> :Hep (without) : Hepdon<br /> :Nemet (but for) : Nemedon<br /> :Panevet (if it hadn't been for) : Panavedon<br /> <br /> === Preposition "Upon" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "War" (''Upon'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warnon |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warnout |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warnañ, warnezhañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warni, warnezhi |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warnomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warnoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Warno, warnezho |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Upon them |- |} <br /> <!-- [[Image:01 War.ogg]] --> <br /> '''Prepositions from the same type :''' :Diwar (of) : Diwarnon<br /> <br /> === Preposition "In" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "E (en)" (''In'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ennon |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ennout |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ennañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Enni |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ennomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ennoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Enno |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|In them |- |} <br /> Ne sonjan nemet '''ennoc'h''' ! I only think of you ! (Song from Nolwenn Korbell)<br /> <!-- [[Image:01 en.ogg]] --> <br /> '''Prepositions from the same type :''' :Dindan (under) : Dindanon<br /> <br /> === Preposition "By" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "Dre" (''By'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezon |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezout |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezi |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Drezo |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|By them |- |} <br /> <!-- [[Image:01 by.ogg]] --> <br /> '''Prepositions from the same type :''' :A-raog (before) : Araozon<br /> :Dirak (in front of) : Dirazon<br /> :Kenetre (between) : Kenetrezomp<br /> :Eme (said I, said he, etc.) : Emezon<br /> :Etre (between) : Etrezomp<br /> :Hep (without) : Hepzon<br /> :Hervez (According to) : Hervezon<br /> :Rak (before) : Razon<br /> === Preposition "To" / "Toward" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "Da" (''Toward'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Din |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Dit |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Dezhañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Dezhi |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Dimp, Deomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Deoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Dezho |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Toward them |- |} <br /> <!-- [[Image:01 Da.ogg]] --> <br /> <br /> === Preposition "Against" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ '''Preposition "Ouzh" (''Against'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ouzhin |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ouzhit |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Outañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Outi |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ouzhimp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ouzhoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Outo |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Against them |- |} <br /> <!--[[Image:01 Against.ogg]]--> <br /> '''Prepositions from the same type :''' :A-zioc'h (above) : Aziouzhin<br /> :Diouzh (from) : Diouzhin<br /> <br /> === Preposition "With" === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Preposition "Gant" (''With'')''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Brezhoneg!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ganin |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With me |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ganit |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With you (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Gantañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With him |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ganti |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With her |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ganimp, Ganeomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With us |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ganeoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With you (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|Ganto |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|With them |- |} <br /> <!-- [[Image:01 With.ogg]] --> <br /> '''Prepositions from the same type :''' :Digant (from) : Diganin<br /> <br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} m0mx0vmkxu1cjdfwkg6eueleh5uuzst Breton/Level 3/Lesson 2 0 360074 4664580 4654024 2026-08-26T08:55:21Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|50%}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | =Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 2= ==You will learn== *How to ask where something is *How to tell someone where something is *How to tell someone something isn't there ==Position== You use these to describe where an object is: {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ Position |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Breton!! English |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|e-barzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|inside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|er-maezh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|outside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|dirak |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in front |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-dreñv |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|behind |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|e-kichen |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|beside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|etre |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|between |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|e-kreiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the center |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|aze |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|here |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|amañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|there |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-us |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|above |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|en-traoñ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the bottom |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|en-nec'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the top |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|dindan |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|below |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|war |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|upon |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|diwar |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|(coming) from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|gant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|with |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|digant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|without |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|uhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|high |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|izhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|low |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-gleiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the left |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-zehoù |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the right |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|ouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|at |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|diouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-led |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|horizontal |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-sonn |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|vertical |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|eus |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|da |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-hed |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|?? |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|war-eeun |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|straight ahead |- |} ==Position : Questions & answers== This is the basic format for a question:<br /> '''Ez eus''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Emañ''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Eo''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> Eg.<br /> '''Ez eus ur c'harr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol?'''<br /> '''N'emañ ket ur c'hi en ti?'''<br /> This is the basic format for a positive answer:<br /> '''Ez eus, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> '''Geo, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> <br /> Examples : '''Ez eus, emañ ur c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol.'''<br /> '''Geo, emañ ur c'hi en ti.'''<br /> A negative question '''N'eus ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eus ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> A negative question '''N'eo ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eo ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> In the case of asking of a position. You give the position afterwards.<br /> '''Eus ar c'har dirag an ti?'''<br /> '''N'eus ket, n'eo ket ar c'har dirag an ti. Emañ ar c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> <br /> ''Is the car in front of the house? No, the car isn't in front of the house. The car is in the garage.''<br /> Note:<br /> When giving answers about yourself (eg. '''Laouenn out?''' ''Are you happy?''). The positive answer is the appropriate personal form of the same verb. The negative is preceded by the negative particle '''Ne''', eg.: '''Laouenn out?''' = "Eo, Laouenn on." or "N'on ket, trist on."<br /> <br /> =='''Geriadur''' ''Vocabulary''== '''Emañ''' - ''there is''<br /> <br /> '''N'eus ket''' - ''there isn't''<br /> <br /> '''Eus!''' - ''There is!'' (Yes)(a)<br /> <br /> '''en''' - ''in the''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket ...?'''<br /> ''Isn't there...?'' <br /> '''Ez eus ...?''' (used with an indefinite noun)<br /> ''Is there a ...?'' <br /> ==Muioc'h skoueroù/More Examples== Eg. 1.<br /> '''Ez eus ur karr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur karr er karrdi.'''<br /> ''Is there a car in the garage?'' <br /> ''Yes/there is. There is a car in the garage.'' Eg. 2.<br /> '''Emañ ar c'haz dre an tan?'''<br /> '''N'eo ket. N'emañ ket ar c'haz dre an tan. Emañ ar c'haz er kegin.'''<br /> ''Is a cat by the fire?'' <br /> ''No. The cat isn't by the fire. The cat is in the kitchen.''<br /> Eg. 3.<br /> '''Ha n'eus ket un daol en ty ker?'''<br /> '''Ez eus. Emañ un daol en ty ker!'''<br /> ''Isn't there a table in the town hall?''<br /> ''Yes. There is a table in the town hall.''<br /> ==Poelladennoù/Exercises== ====Poelladenn unan==== Using vocabulary you have learnt from the previous courses, make at least 10 sentences. Form a negative and positive option for each sentence. <br /> Eg.: '''Ez eus ur den er stal?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur den er stal.'''<br /> '''Nann. N'eus ket ur den er stal.'''<br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} jkfjh8p8yd9vfecv0u5vg8xuo4y8qio 4664581 4664580 2026-08-26T08:57:49Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|50%}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; color;inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | =Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 2= ==You will learn== *How to ask where something is *How to tell someone where something is *How to tell someone something isn't there ==Position== You use these to describe where an object is: {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ Position |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Breton!! English |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|e-barzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|inside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|er-maezh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|outside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|dirak |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in front |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-dreñv |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|behind |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|e-kichen |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|beside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|etre |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|between |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|e-kreiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the center |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|aze |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|here |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|amañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|there |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-us |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|above |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|en-traoñ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the bottom |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|en-nec'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the top |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|dindan |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|below |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|war |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|upon |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|diwar |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|(coming) from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|gant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|with |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|digant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|without |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|uhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|high |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|izhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|low |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-gleiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the left |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-zehoù |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the right |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|ouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|at |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|diouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-led |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|horizontal |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-sonn |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|vertical |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|eus |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|da |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|a-hed |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|?? |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;{{text default color}};"|war-eeun |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|straight ahead |- |} ==Position : Questions & answers== This is the basic format for a question:<br /> '''Ez eus''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Emañ''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Eo''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> Eg.<br /> '''Ez eus ur c'harr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol?'''<br /> '''N'emañ ket ur c'hi en ti?'''<br /> This is the basic format for a positive answer:<br /> '''Ez eus, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> '''Geo, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> <br /> Examples : '''Ez eus, emañ ur c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol.'''<br /> '''Geo, emañ ur c'hi en ti.'''<br /> A negative question '''N'eus ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eus ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> A negative question '''N'eo ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eo ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> In the case of asking of a position. You give the position afterwards.<br /> '''Eus ar c'har dirag an ti?'''<br /> '''N'eus ket, n'eo ket ar c'har dirag an ti. Emañ ar c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> <br /> ''Is the car in front of the house? No, the car isn't in front of the house. The car is in the garage.''<br /> Note:<br /> When giving answers about yourself (eg. '''Laouenn out?''' ''Are you happy?''). The positive answer is the appropriate personal form of the same verb. The negative is preceded by the negative particle '''Ne''', eg.: '''Laouenn out?''' = "Eo, Laouenn on." or "N'on ket, trist on."<br /> <br /> ==Geriadur ''Vocabulary''== '''Emañ''' - ''there is''<br /> <br /> '''N'eus ket''' - ''there isn't''<br /> <br /> '''Eus!''' - ''There is!'' (Yes)(a)<br /> <br /> '''en''' - ''in the''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket ...?'''<br /> ''Isn't there...?'' <br /> '''Ez eus ...?''' (used with an indefinite noun)<br /> ''Is there a ...?'' <br /> ==Muioc'h skoueroù/More Examples== Eg. 1.<br /> '''Ez eus ur karr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur karr er karrdi.'''<br /> ''Is there a car in the garage?'' <br /> ''Yes/there is. There is a car in the garage.'' Eg. 2.<br /> '''Emañ ar c'haz dre an tan?'''<br /> '''N'eo ket. N'emañ ket ar c'haz dre an tan. Emañ ar c'haz er kegin.'''<br /> ''Is a cat by the fire?'' <br /> ''No. The cat isn't by the fire. The cat is in the kitchen.''<br /> Eg. 3.<br /> '''Ha n'eus ket un daol en ty ker?'''<br /> '''Ez eus. Emañ un daol en ty ker!'''<br /> ''Isn't there a table in the town hall?''<br /> ''Yes. There is a table in the town hall.''<br /> ==Poelladennoù/Exercises== ====Poelladenn unan==== Using vocabulary you have learnt from the previous courses, make at least 10 sentences. Form a negative and positive option for each sentence. <br /> Eg.: '''Ez eus ur den er stal?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur den er stal.'''<br /> '''Nann. N'eus ket ur den er stal.'''<br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} ptfkfr5juu2yi7yu7x0d7et5ebpmwjr 4664582 4664581 2026-08-26T08:59:44Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|talk]]) to last version by TenshiBot 4654024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|50%}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | =Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 2= ==You will learn== *How to ask where something is *How to tell someone where something is *How to tell someone something isn't there ==Position== You use these to describe where an object is: {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ Position |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Breton!! English |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|e-barzh |style="background:LightBlue"|inside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|er-maezh |style="background:LightBlue"|outside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|dirak |style="background:LightBlue"|in front |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-dreñv |style="background:LightBlue"|behind |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|e-kichen |style="background:LightBlue"|beside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|etre |style="background:LightBlue"|between |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|e-kreiz |style="background:LightBlue"|in the center |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|aze |style="background:LightBlue"|here |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|amañ |style="background:LightBlue"|there |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-us |style="background:LightBlue"|above |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|en-traoñ |style="background:LightBlue"|in the bottom |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|en-nec'h |style="background:LightBlue"|in the top |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|dindan |style="background:LightBlue"|below |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|war |style="background:LightBlue"|upon |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|diwar |style="background:LightBlue"|(coming) from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|gant |style="background:LightBlue"|with |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|digant |style="background:LightBlue"|without |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|uhel |style="background:LightBlue"|high |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|izhel |style="background:LightBlue"|low |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-gleiz |style="background:LightBlue"|to the left |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-zehoù |style="background:LightBlue"|to the right |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|ouzh |style="background:LightBlue"|at |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|diouzh |style="background:LightBlue"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-led |style="background:LightBlue"|horizontal |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-sonn |style="background:LightBlue"|vertical |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|eus |style="background:LightBlue"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|da |style="background:LightBlue"|to |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|a-hed |style="background:LightBlue"|?? |- |style="background:#FFCBA4"|war-eeun |style="background:LightBlue"|straight ahead |- |} ==Position : Questions & answers== This is the basic format for a question:<br /> '''Ez eus''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Emañ''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Eo''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> Eg.<br /> '''Ez eus ur c'harr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol?'''<br /> '''N'emañ ket ur c'hi en ti?'''<br /> This is the basic format for a positive answer:<br /> '''Ez eus, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> '''Geo, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> <br /> Examples : '''Ez eus, emañ ur c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol.'''<br /> '''Geo, emañ ur c'hi en ti.'''<br /> A negative question '''N'eus ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eus ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> A negative question '''N'eo ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eo ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> In the case of asking of a position. You give the position afterwards.<br /> '''Eus ar c'har dirag an ti?'''<br /> '''N'eus ket, n'eo ket ar c'har dirag an ti. Emañ ar c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> <br /> ''Is the car in front of the house? No, the car isn't in front of the house. The car is in the garage.''<br /> Note:<br /> When giving answers about yourself (eg. '''Laouenn out?''' ''Are you happy?''). The positive answer is the appropriate personal form of the same verb. The negative is preceded by the negative particle '''Ne''', eg.: '''Laouenn out?''' = "Eo, Laouenn on." or "N'on ket, trist on."<br /> <br /> =='''Geriadur''' ''Vocabulary''== '''Emañ''' - ''there is''<br /> <br /> '''N'eus ket''' - ''there isn't''<br /> <br /> '''Eus!''' - ''There is!'' (Yes)(a)<br /> <br /> '''en''' - ''in the''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket ...?'''<br /> ''Isn't there...?'' <br /> '''Ez eus ...?''' (used with an indefinite noun)<br /> ''Is there a ...?'' <br /> ==Muioc'h skoueroù/More Examples== Eg. 1.<br /> '''Ez eus ur karr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur karr er karrdi.'''<br /> ''Is there a car in the garage?'' <br /> ''Yes/there is. There is a car in the garage.'' Eg. 2.<br /> '''Emañ ar c'haz dre an tan?'''<br /> '''N'eo ket. N'emañ ket ar c'haz dre an tan. Emañ ar c'haz er kegin.'''<br /> ''Is a cat by the fire?'' <br /> ''No. The cat isn't by the fire. The cat is in the kitchen.''<br /> Eg. 3.<br /> '''Ha n'eus ket un daol en ty ker?'''<br /> '''Ez eus. Emañ un daol en ty ker!'''<br /> ''Isn't there a table in the town hall?''<br /> ''Yes. There is a table in the town hall.''<br /> ==Poelladennoù/Exercises== ====Poelladenn unan==== Using vocabulary you have learnt from the previous courses, make at least 10 sentences. Form a negative and positive option for each sentence. <br /> Eg.: '''Ez eus ur den er stal?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur den er stal.'''<br /> '''Nann. N'eus ket ur den er stal.'''<br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} i2p5x8a9gadbpgycmhrnzmxtyajbt42 4664583 4664582 2026-08-26T09:01:25Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|50%}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc;{{text deafult color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | =Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 2= ==You will learn== *How to ask where something is *How to tell someone where something is *How to tell someone something isn't there ==Position== You use these to describe where an object is: {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ Position |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Breton!! English |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|e-barzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|inside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|er-maezh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|outside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|dirak |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in front |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-dreñv |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|behind |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|e-kichen |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|beside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|etre |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|between |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|e-kreiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the center |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|aze |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|here |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|amañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|there |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-us |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|above |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|en-traoñ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the bottom |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|en-nec'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the top |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|dindan |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|below |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|war |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|upon |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|diwar |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|(coming) from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|gant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|with |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|digant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|without |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|uhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|high |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|izhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|low |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-gleiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the left |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-zehoù |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the right |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|ouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|at |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|diouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-led |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|horizontal |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-sonn |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|vertical |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|eus |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|da |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-hed |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|?? |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|war-eeun |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|straight ahead |- |} ==Position : Questions & answers== This is the basic format for a question:<br /> '''Ez eus''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Emañ''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Eo''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> Eg.<br /> '''Ez eus ur c'harr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol?'''<br /> '''N'emañ ket ur c'hi en ti?'''<br /> This is the basic format for a positive answer:<br /> '''Ez eus, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> '''Geo, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> <br /> Examples : '''Ez eus, emañ ur c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol.'''<br /> '''Geo, emañ ur c'hi en ti.'''<br /> A negative question '''N'eus ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eus ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> A negative question '''N'eo ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eo ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> In the case of asking of a position. You give the position afterwards.<br /> '''Eus ar c'har dirag an ti?'''<br /> '''N'eus ket, n'eo ket ar c'har dirag an ti. Emañ ar c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> <br /> ''Is the car in front of the house? No, the car isn't in front of the house. The car is in the garage.''<br /> Note:<br /> When giving answers about yourself (eg. '''Laouenn out?''' ''Are you happy?''). The positive answer is the appropriate personal form of the same verb. The negative is preceded by the negative particle '''Ne''', eg.: '''Laouenn out?''' = "Eo, Laouenn on." or "N'on ket, trist on."<br /> <br /> ==Geriadur ''Vocabulary''== '''Emañ''' - ''there is''<br /> <br /> '''N'eus ket''' - ''there isn't''<br /> <br /> '''Eus!''' - ''There is!'' (Yes)(a)<br /> <br /> '''en''' - ''in the''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket ...?'''<br /> ''Isn't there...?'' <br /> '''Ez eus ...?''' (used with an indefinite noun)<br /> ''Is there a ...?'' <br /> ==Muioc'h skoueroù/More Examples== Eg. 1.<br /> '''Ez eus ur karr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur karr er karrdi.'''<br /> ''Is there a car in the garage?'' <br /> ''Yes/there is. There is a car in the garage.'' Eg. 2.<br /> '''Emañ ar c'haz dre an tan?'''<br /> '''N'eo ket. N'emañ ket ar c'haz dre an tan. Emañ ar c'haz er kegin.'''<br /> ''Is a cat by the fire?'' <br /> ''No. The cat isn't by the fire. The cat is in the kitchen.''<br /> Eg. 3.<br /> '''Ha n'eus ket un daol en ty ker?'''<br /> '''Ez eus. Emañ un daol en ty ker!'''<br /> ''Isn't there a table in the town hall?''<br /> ''Yes. There is a table in the town hall.''<br /> ==Poelladennoù/Exercises== ====Poelladenn unan==== Using vocabulary you have learnt from the previous courses, make at least 10 sentences. Form a negative and positive option for each sentence. <br /> Eg.: '''Ez eus ur den er stal?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur den er stal.'''<br /> '''Nann. N'eus ket ur den er stal.'''<br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} 5eide3wk6gl1hia3xd6fepdjd3qlvai 4664584 4664583 2026-08-26T09:01:47Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{status|50%}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | =Brezhoneg Tri/Lesson 2= ==You will learn== *How to ask where something is *How to tell someone where something is *How to tell someone something isn't there ==Position== You use these to describe where an object is: {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin: auto;" |+ Position |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Breton!! English |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|e-barzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|inside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|er-maezh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|outside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|dirak |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in front |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-dreñv |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|behind |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|e-kichen |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|beside |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|etre |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|between |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|e-kreiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the center |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|aze |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|here |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|amañ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|there |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-us |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|above |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|en-traoñ |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the bottom |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|en-nec'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|in the top |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|dindan |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|below |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|war |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|upon |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|diwar |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|(coming) from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|gant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|with |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|digant |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|without |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|uhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|high |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|izhel |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|low |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-gleiz |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the left |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-zehoù |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to the right |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|ouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|at |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|diouzh |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-led |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|horizontal |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-sonn |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|vertical |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|eus |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|from |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|da |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|to |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|a-hed |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|?? |- |style="background:#FFCBA4;;{{text default color}};"|war-eeun |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|straight ahead |- |} ==Position : Questions & answers== This is the basic format for a question:<br /> '''Ez eus''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Emañ''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> '''Eo''' _____? - ''Is there'' ____?<br /> Eg.<br /> '''Ez eus ur c'harr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol?'''<br /> '''N'emañ ket ur c'hi en ti?'''<br /> This is the basic format for a positive answer:<br /> '''Ez eus, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> '''Geo, emañ _____.''' - ''There is!(=Yes), there is ____.''<br /> <br /> Examples : '''Ez eus, emañ ur c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> '''Ez eus ur gador dirag an daol.'''<br /> '''Geo, emañ ur c'hi en ti.'''<br /> A negative question '''N'eus ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eus ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> A negative question '''N'eo ket ... ?''' ''Isn't it?'' is answered as follows: *the positive answer is '''Geo, ...''' *the negative answer is '''N'eo ket ...'''.<br /> <br /> In the case of asking of a position. You give the position afterwards.<br /> '''Eus ar c'har dirag an ti?'''<br /> '''N'eus ket, n'eo ket ar c'har dirag an ti. Emañ ar c'harr er karrdi.'''<br /> <br /> ''Is the car in front of the house? No, the car isn't in front of the house. The car is in the garage.''<br /> Note:<br /> When giving answers about yourself (eg. '''Laouenn out?''' ''Are you happy?''). The positive answer is the appropriate personal form of the same verb. The negative is preceded by the negative particle '''Ne''', eg.: '''Laouenn out?''' = "Eo, Laouenn on." or "N'on ket, trist on."<br /> <br /> ==Geriadur ''Vocabulary''== '''Emañ''' - ''there is''<br /> <br /> '''N'eus ket''' - ''there isn't''<br /> <br /> '''Eus!''' - ''There is!'' (Yes)(a)<br /> <br /> '''en''' - ''in the''<br /> <br /> '''N'eo ket ...?'''<br /> ''Isn't there...?'' <br /> '''Ez eus ...?''' (used with an indefinite noun)<br /> ''Is there a ...?'' <br /> ==Muioc'h skoueroù/More Examples== Eg. 1.<br /> '''Ez eus ur karr er karrdi?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur karr er karrdi.'''<br /> ''Is there a car in the garage?'' <br /> ''Yes/there is. There is a car in the garage.'' Eg. 2.<br /> '''Emañ ar c'haz dre an tan?'''<br /> '''N'eo ket. N'emañ ket ar c'haz dre an tan. Emañ ar c'haz er kegin.'''<br /> ''Is a cat by the fire?'' <br /> ''No. The cat isn't by the fire. The cat is in the kitchen.''<br /> Eg. 3.<br /> '''Ha n'eus ket un daol en ty ker?'''<br /> '''Ez eus. Emañ un daol en ty ker!'''<br /> ''Isn't there a table in the town hall?''<br /> ''Yes. There is a table in the town hall.''<br /> ==Poelladennoù/Exercises== ====Poelladenn unan==== Using vocabulary you have learnt from the previous courses, make at least 10 sentences. Form a negative and positive option for each sentence. <br /> Eg.: '''Ez eus ur den er stal?'''<br /> '''Eus. Emañ ur den er stal.'''<br /> '''Nann. N'eus ket ur den er stal.'''<br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} jsr88as3sp0tc7sfaiqexxwujbt427r Breton/Level 3/Lesson 4 0 360076 4664514 4662341 2026-08-26T06:52:33Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664514 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == The Imperfect Tense == For definitions, see [[Breton/Level 3/Lesson 3|Lesson 3]] === Tables === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Imperfect''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Imperfect Tense<br />Personal form!! Imperfect Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oan |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezen |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| me a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edon |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I was |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oas |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezes |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| te a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edos |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You were (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oa |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e veze |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| eñ a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edo |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He was |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oa |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e veze |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| hi a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edo |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She was |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oamp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezemp |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| ni a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We were |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oac'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezec'h |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| c'hwi a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edoc'h |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You were (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oant |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a oa |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezent |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| int a veze |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edont |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They were |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e oad |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| e vezed |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:orange;{{text default color}};"| edod |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Imperfect''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Imperfect Tense<br />Personal form!! Imperfect Tense<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skriven |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raen ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrives |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raes ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You wrote a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrive |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rae ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrive |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rae ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivemp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raemp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivec'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raec'h ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You wrote a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivent |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a skrive ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raent ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They wrote a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrived |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raed ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> == The Imperative Tense == === Tables === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Imperative''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Imperative Tense<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|bez |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|be (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|bezet |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let him be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|bezet |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let her be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|bezomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let us be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|bezit |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|be (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|bezent |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let them be |- |} <br /> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Imperative''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Imperative Tense<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|skriv |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|write (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|skrivet |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let him write |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|skrivet |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let her write |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|skrivomp |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let us write |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|skrivit |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|write (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|skrivent |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|let them write |- |} <br /> ==Exercises/Ober== ===Self training=== Now , you have seen how its done.<br /> Take the verbs from [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 1|Level 2, Lesson 1]] and write them down if you haven't already.<br /><br /> Now change them into their Imperfect tense and Imperative tense.<br /><br /> Now underneath , make some sentences up , for each verb. EG. ''Me a zo er skol o teskiñ kembraeg'' (I learn Welsh in school).<br />''Me a veze er skol o teskiñ kembraeg'' (I learned Welsh in school).<br /> ===Quiz=== [[/Quiz|Go to the quiz]] |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} {{status|50%}} sa88zw1kul7vp58qjwkp207rjov0us9 Breton/Level 4/Lesson 4 0 360083 4664513 4662340 2026-08-26T06:52:05Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664513 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #f7ff3c;{{text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == The Preterite Tense == For definitions, see [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 3|Level 2, Lesson 3]] <br /><br /><br /><br /> === Tables === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Preterite''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Preterite Tense<br />Personal form!! Preterite Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voen |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I was (once) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voes |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You were once (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voe |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He was once |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voe |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She was once |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voemp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We were once |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voec'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You were once (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voent |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a voe |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They were once |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e voed |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Preterite''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Preterite Tense<br />Personal form!! Preterite Tense<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivis |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ris ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivout |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rejout ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You wrote a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivas |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reas ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivas |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reas ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivomp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rejomp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We wrote a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivoc'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rejoc'h ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You wrote a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivont |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a skrivas ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rejont ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They wrote a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivod |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rejod ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> == The Future Tense == === Tables === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Future''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Future Tense<br />Personal form!! Future Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vin (vezin) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I shall be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vi (vezi) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You will be (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vo (vezo) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He will be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vo (vezo) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She will be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vimp (vezimp) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We shall be |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e viot (vezot) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You will be (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vint (vezint) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a vo |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They will be |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vior (vezor) |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FEC3aC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Future''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Future Tense<br />Personal form!! Future Tense<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivin |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rin ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I shall write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivi |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a ri ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You will write a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivo |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raio (ray) ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He will write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivo |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raio (ray) ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She will write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivimp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raimp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We shall write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivot |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reot ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You will write a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivint |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a skrivo ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raint ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They will write a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivor |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a reor ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> ==Exercises/Ober== ===Self training=== Now , you have seen how its done.<br /> Take the verbs from [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 1|Level 2, Lesson 1]] and write them down if you haven't already.<br /><br /> Now change them into their preterite tense and future tense.<br /><br /> Now underneath , make some sentences up , for each verb. EG. ''Me a zo er skol o teskiñ kembraeg'' (I learn Welsh in school).<br />''Me a vo er skol evid teskiñ kembraeg'' (I will learn Welsh in school).<br /> ===Quiz=== [[/Quiz|Go to the quiz]] |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} kk82e77qklmyo7rfc13krm96i7z9nc9 Breton/Level 5/Lesson 3 0 360086 4664577 4659891 2026-08-26T08:53:06Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664577 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit" |- |style="border:1px solid #999999;background-color:#BEF574;{{Text default color}};-moz-border-radius:8px"| == You will learn ... / <span style="color:blue;">Te a zesk ...</span> == * Fardañ ha debriñ krampouezh / Making and eating pancakes ** Fardañ krampouezh / Preparing the pancakes ** Debriñ ar c'hampouezh / Eating the pancakes ** Distaliañ an daol - Skaotañ al listri / Clearing the table - Cleaning the dishes == Rimadell == Diboulout, diboulout Meskañ an toaz, meskañ an toaz, meskañ an toaz, Dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ. Aozañ yod, aozañ yod, aozañ yod Dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ ha dibouloutañ. No lump, no lump ! Mixing the dough, ... No lump, ... Making gruel, ... No lump , ... == Fardañ ha debriñ krampouezh / Making and eating pancakes == ==== Fardañ krampouezh / Preparing the pancakes ==== ====== Evid fardañ 24 krampouezhenn / To prepare 24 pancakes ====== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | | |- |} ====== Fardañ an toaz / Preparing the dough ====== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | | |- |} ====== Poazhañ ar c'hampouezh / Cooking pancakes ====== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | | |- |colspan="2"|<!-- [[Image:Fardan krampouezh.ogg]] --> |} ==== Debriñ ar c'hampouezh / Eating the pancakes ==== ====== Geriaoueg ar predoù / While eating ====== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | | |- |} ====== Kaozeal epad an adverenn / Talking while eating ====== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | | |- |colspan="2"|<!-- [[Image:Debrin krampouezh.ogg]] --> |} ==== Distaliañ an daol - Skaotañ al listri / Clearing the table - Cleaning the dishes ==== {|width="100%" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:transparent;color:inherit;border-collapse:collapse" |- !width="50%"|Brezhoneg!!width="50%"|English |- | Distaliañ an daol | Clearing the table |- | Naetaat an daol gant ur spouenn | Cleaning the table with a sponge |- | Skaotañ al listri | Cleaning the dishes |- | Ro din an asiedoù | Pass me the plates |- | Un torchouer | |- | Torchañ al listri | Drying the dishes |- | Ur skubellen | A broom |- | Skubañ al leur | Brooming the room |- | Renkañ ar gadorioù tro-dro d'an daol | Putting the chairs around the table |- |colspan="2"|<!-- [[Image:Skaotan listri.ogg]] --> |} <br /> == Risotto an nevezamzer gant keuz dañvadez == Danvez evit 6 den: 150 g riz ront – 125 g a favennoù fresk – 8 asperjezenn – 1 penn-chalotez – 1 gourjetezenn – 75 g keuz dañvadez rasklet – 40 g parmesan rasklet – 2 galonenn artichaod dre eoul – 35 cl bouilhoñs legumaj – 15 g amann - pebr hag holen [[Image:Risottogantkeuzdanvadez.jpg|thumb]] Dibluskit ha rasklit ar penn-chalotez. Dibluskit ha troc’hit an asperjezennoù a-droc'had. Gwalc’hit ha troc’hit ar gourjetezenn a-vizhierigoù. Dizourit ha troc’hit an 2 galonenn artichaod e pevar. Lakait ar gourjetezenn hag an asperjennoù da boazhañ er vurezh 20 mn. Ouzhpennit ar favennoù goude 10 mn. Tommit ar bouilhoñs. Lakait an amann da deuziñ e-barzh ur frinkell, lakait ar penn-chalotez da rouzañ 1 mn. Lakait goude-se ar riz ha meskit betek ma vo treuzluc'hus. Diskargit ar bouilhoñs banne a banne, ha meskit betek ma vo lonket al liñvaj. Ouzhpennit goude-se an holl legumaj, pebrit hag holennit. Meskit. Rannit ar risotto en asiedoù. Dasstrewiñ gant keuz dañvadez ha parmesan. Mari Lubrano '''Bremaik''', Lun 12 a viz Mae, niv.191 Sizhun 20 - 2008 Evit gouzout hiroc'h: [[http://www.breman.org/ Newspaper Bremañ]] ha [[http://bremaik.free.fr/ Newspaper Bremaik]] <br /> == Exercises == ==== Ex 1 : Quiz ==== Go to the [[/Quiz|Quiz]]. ==== Ex 2 : Memory training ==== Write out the Breton words, section by section. Have 2 columns, clearly separated, and write Breton and English. Then cover up one column (eg. English) with paper and write the corresponding words on the paper. Then try it the other way round, cover up the Breton, and write out the words using the English as cues. This will be a little bit more difficult. Repeat all this after an interval, the more you do it the easier you will remember the words. |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} 93ml10xtbk2h7fpqp4mlg4xyk2ih4da Breton/Level 5/Lesson 5 0 360088 4664515 2949633 2026-08-26T06:53:13Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664515 wikitext text/x-wiki {|cellspacing="5" cellpadding="10" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit;" |- |style="border:1px solid #999999;background-color:#BEF574;{{text default color}};-moz-border-radius:8px"| == Traoù fentus / Jokes == '''Koll''' <br /> Pevar euro a zo ganeoc'h ha koll a rit daou, petra a chom en da chakod ? <br /> Respont : un toull !. '''Meleganezed / Tizh''' <br /> Perak e kresk kement blev ar veleganezed ? <br /> Respont : peogwir ez eus dour d'o gwriziennoù. == Exercises == ==== Ex 1 : Quiz ==== Go to the [[/Quiz|Quiz]]. ==== Ex 2 : Memory training ==== Write out the Breton words, section by section. Have 2 columns, clearly separated, and write Breton and English. Then cover up one column (eg. English) with paper and write the corresponding words on the paper. Then try it the other way round, cover up the Breton, and write out the words using the English as cues. This will be a little bit more difficult. Repeat all this after an interval, the more you do it the easier you will remember the words. |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} l89yhbpsw909e4bl9iyw1k911thw1wr Breton/Level 5/Lesson 4 0 360089 4664512 4662337 2026-08-26T06:51:33Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664512 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #BEF574;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="2" | == The Conditional Present Tense == For definitions, see [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 3|Level 2, Lesson 3]] === Tables === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Conditional Present''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Conditional Present<br />Personal form!! Conditional Present<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefen |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I would |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefes |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefe |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He would |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefe |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She would |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefemp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We would |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefec'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefent |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a vefe |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They would |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vefed |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Conditional Present''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Conditional Present<br />Personal form!! Conditional Present<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfen |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafen ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I would write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfes |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafes ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would write a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfe |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafe ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He would write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfe |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafe ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She would write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfemp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafemp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We would write a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfec'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafec'h ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would write a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfent |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafent ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They would write a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivfed |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rafed ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> == The Past Conditional Tense == === Tables === {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Verb Bezañ (''To be'') - Past Conditional''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Past Conditional<br />Personal form!! Past Conditional<br />Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Personal form!! Continuous Tense<br />Impersonal form!! Situation Tense!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vijen |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I would have been |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vijes |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would have been (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vije |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He would have been |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vije |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She would have been |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vijemp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We would have been |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vijec'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would have been (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vijent |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a vije |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They would have been |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|e vijed |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FEC3AC;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#FF5E4D;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:Orange;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} <br /> {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin:0 auto;" |+ '''Regular Verb Skrivañ (''To write'') - Past Conditional''' |-style="background:LightGrey; color:Brown" ! Past Conditional<br />Personal form!! Past Conditional<br />Impersonal form!! With auxiliary<br />Personal form!! English meaning |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivjen |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|me a skrivje ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rajen ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|I would have writen a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivjes |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|te a skrivje ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rajes ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would have writen a book (sg.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivje |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|eñ a skrivje ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raje ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|He would have writen a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivje |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|hi a skrivfe ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a raje ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|She would have writen a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivjemp |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|ni a skrivje ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rajemp ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|We would have writen a book |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivjec'h |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|c'hwi a skrivje ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rajec'h ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|You would have writen a book (pl.) |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivjent |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"|int a skrivje ul levr |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rajent ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|They would have writen a book |- |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:White;{{text default color}};"| |- |style="background:LightGreen;{{text default color}};"|ul levr a skrivjed |style="background:#82C46C;{{text default color}};"| |style="background:#F0E36B;{{text default color}};"| skrivañ a rajed ul levr |style="background:LightBlue;{{text default color}};"|Impersonal <br />passive |- |} ==Exercises/Ober== ===Self training=== Now , you have seen how its done.<br /> Take the verbs from [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 1|Level 2, Lesson 1]] and write them down if you haven't already.<br /><br /> Now change them into their Present Conditional tense and Past Conditional tense.<br /><br /> Now underneath , make some sentences up , for each verb. EG. ''Me a zo er skol o teskiñ kembraeg'' (I learn Welsh in school).<br />''Me a vefe er skol evid teskiñ kembraeg'' (I would learn Welsh in school).<br /> ===Quiz=== [[/Quiz|Go to the quiz]] |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} 4r1hf9qykp3bregpkiokagt80aajlle Breton/Level 1/Lesson 1/Quiz 0 360097 4664606 3823597 2026-08-26T10:40:50Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664606 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | Enter the Breton words : <quiz display=simple> { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Good day! { Demat|Demat dit|demat|demat dit } { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Good morning! { Mintin vat|mintin vat } || "'''Demat'''" is also used. { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Good evening! { Nozvezh vat|nozvezh vat } { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Good bye! { kenavo|kenavo d'an holl } { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Good night! { Noz vat|noz vat } { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Late { diwezhat } { &nbsp; |type="{}"} I must go now. <span style="color:blue;">Red eo din { mont|mond|moned } bremañ</span> </quiz> Now, complete with breton words : <quiz display=simple> {Complete with Breton words from the lessons in [[Breton/Level 1|Brezhoneg Unan]]. |type="{}"} Demat Yann, { penaos _6 } eo ar bed ganit? Mat { tre|kenañ|awalc'h _8 }, mersi dit. </quiz> [[Image:Quiz 1.ogg]]<br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} ksi57b8b94vsw8p06rblmyjwm5h7paf Breton/Level 1/Lesson 1/Saludiñ/Quiz 0 360098 4664608 3076036 2026-08-26T10:41:59Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664608 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | <big>'''Order the Breton sentence by entering the sequence numbers :'''</big> * <big>'''1 = first,''' </big> * <big>'''2 = second,''' </big> * <big>'''etc.''' </big> * <big>'''X = Does not belong to the sentence'''</big> <br /> == Start with this example == <quiz display=simple> { '''Good day to you.''' |type="{}"} <table style="background:none;" cellpadding="3"> <tr><td>Dit</td><td>{ 2 _1 }</td></tr> || "Dit" = To thee (2<sup>nd</sup> singular) <tr><td>Demat</td><td>{ 1 _1 }</td></tr> || "Demat" = Deiz mat (Day good), the "z" is only pronounced in the north-west of Brittany. <tr><td>Eo</td><td>{ x|X _1 }</td> </table> || Does not belong to the sentence. || || '''Demat dit !''' || = Day-good to thee. </quiz> |} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Now go on with the quiz == <quiz display=simple> { '''Goodbye.''' |type="{}"} <table style="background:none;" cellpadding="3"> <tr><td>All</td><td>{ 4|x|X _1 }</td></tr> || "All" = Other. <tr><td>Ar wech</td><td>{ 3|x|X _1 }</td></tr> || "Ar wech" = The time / The occasion. || Not to be confused with "Amzer" which corresponds to the english notions of weather and time/hour. || "Ar wech all" = The next time. <tr><td>Ken</td><td>{ 1 _1 }</td></tr> || "Ken" = Same/as. || But here "Ken" = Soon. <tr><td>A vo</td><td>{ 2 _1 }</td></tr> || "A vo" = Will be. || The future tense is described in [[Breton/Level 4/Lesson 4|Level 4, Lesson 4]]. || || Two forms are commonly used : || '''Kenavo !''' || '''Ken a vo ar wech all !''' </table> { '''I must go now.''' |type="{}"} <table style="background:none;" cellpadding="3"> <tr><td>Ret</td><td>{ 1 _1 }</td></tr> || "Red" or "Ret" = Necessity <tr><td>A zo</td><td>{ x|X _1 }</td></tr> || Does not belong to the sentence. <tr><td>Bremañ</td><td>{ 5 _1 }</td></tr> || "Bremañ = Now. <tr><td>Din</td><td>{ 3 _1 }</td></tr> || "Din" = To me. || The preposition "Da" (= To / Toward) varies according to the person (Din = To me, Dit = to thee, etc.). || Prepositions are treated in [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 6|Level 2, Lesson 6]] <tr><td>Eo</td><td>{ 2 _1 }</td></tr> || "Eo" = Is. || The present tense of the verb "to be" is treated in [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 3|Level 2, Lesson 3]]. <tr><td>Mont</td><td>{ 4 _1 }</td></tr> || "Mont" = To go. || || '''Ret eo din mont bremañ !''' || ''Necessity is to me to go now !'' = I must go now ! </table> { '''The weather is fine.''' |type="{}"} <table style="background:none;" cellpadding="3"> <tr><td>An</td><td>{ 3 _1 }</td></tr> || "An" = The. || Articles are treated in [[Breton/Level 1/Lesson 3|Level 1, Lesson 3]]. <tr><td>Brav</td><td>{ 1 _1 }</td></tr> || "Brav" = Beautiful. <tr><td>Mat tre</td><td>{ x|X _1 }</td></tr> || Does not belong to the sentence <tr><td>Amzer</td><td>{ 4 _1 }</td></tr> <tr><td>An</td><td>{ 3 _1 }</td></tr> || "Amzer" = Time and Weather. || Here "Amzer" = Weather. <tr><td>Eo</td><td>{ 2 _1 }</td></tr> || "Eo" = Is. || The present tense of the verb "to be" is treated in [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 3|Level 2, Lesson 3]]. || || '''Brav eo an amzer !''' || Pronounced : ''Brao é n amzer'' || This is a common greeting, often used instead of "Demat" which was deprecated before the renewal of the Breton literature. </table> { '''How are you ?''' |type="{}"} <table style="background:none;" cellpadding="3"> <tr><td>Ganit</td><td>{ 4 _1 }</td></tr> || "Ganit" = With thee. || The preposition "Gant" (= With) varies according to the person (Ganin = With me, Ganit = With thee, etc.). || Prepositions are treated in [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 6|Level 2, Lesson 6]]. <tr><td>Emañ</td><td>{ 2 _1 }</td></tr> || "Emañ" = Is. || The present tense of the verb "to be" is treated in [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 3|Level 2, Lesson 3]]. <tr><td>Ar bed</td><td>{ 3 _1 }</td></tr> || "Ar bed" = The world. <tr><td>Penaos</td><td>{ 1 _1 }</td></tr> || "Penaos ?" = How ? || Questions are treated in [[Breton/Level 2/Lesson 5|Level 2, Lesson 5]]. || || '''Penaos emañ ar bed ganit ?''' || ''How is the world with thee ?'' = How are you ? </table> </quiz> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} n49vv027r1cu7xrndxs20lr13k2eps7 Breton/Level 1/Lesson 4/Quiz on mutations after the article 0 360101 4664496 2949572 2026-08-26T06:37:37Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664496 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | Enter the word with the proper mutation : Help : The gender (Masculine / Feminine) is indicated (M or F) Hint : The article indicates the mutation <quiz display=simple> { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Kazh (M) : Ar { C'hazh|C'HAZH|c'hazh|C'Hazh } { &nbsp; |type="{}"} Kador (F) : Ar { Gador|gador } || The rule A1 is applied. </quiz> <!--[[Image:Quiz 4.ogg]]--><br /> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} stji8tky35pjddq6o5b9gizf4p51bk6 Breton/Level 1/Lesson 3/Answers page 0 360102 4664495 2949565 2026-08-26T06:37:07Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664495 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #eed153;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | ''The man is big''.<br /> '''An den a zo braz.'''<br /> or:<br /> '''Ez eo an den braz.'''<br /> or:<br /> '''Braz eo an den.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> ''The new church is beautiful.''<br /> '''An iliz nevez a zo brav.'''<br /> or:<br /> '''Ez eo an iliz nevez brav.'''<br /> or:<br /> '''Brav eo an iliz nevez.'''<br /> <br /> ''The big man went into the church, thereafter, to the old town hall.''<br /> '''An den braz a zo bet ebarzh an iliz, ha goude se, d'an Ti-Ker kozh.''' |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} hiras4ngmj6kt48v4vdkpufbnes3hzm Breton/Level 3/Lesson 4/Quiz 0 360104 4664602 2949609 2026-08-26T10:39:14Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664602 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: #c9a0dc;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1" | == Multiple choices == === Verb Bezañ (To be) === <quiz display=simple> {Choose the correct Breton form(s) :} {I was (once). |type="()"} + E oan. - Ez on. - E vezen. {They were (usually). |type="()"} - Ez edod. - Emaint. + E vezent. {You were (pl. - once). |type="()"} - E vezemp. - E oar. + E oac'h. {I was. |type="[]"} - E oar. + E oan. || Immediate action. + E vezen. || Continuous or usual action. - Ez emañ. - E vefen. + Edon. || Situation form. {Choose the English translation(s) :} {E vezemp. |type="()"} + We were (usually). - They are (now). - He is (situation). </quiz> |} {{BookCat|filing=deep}} gzunlg4l4qpo2qgjl338psyvp8adunv Unicode/Character reference/101000-101FFF 0 382531 4664526 4591802 2026-08-26T07:17:52Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B (ctd.)'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" 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|&#x1012c0;||&#x1012c1;||&#x1012c2;||&#x1012c3;||&#x1012c4;||&#x1012c5;||&#x1012c6;||&#x1012c7;||&#x1012c8;||&#x1012c9;||&#x1012ca;||&#x1012cb;||&#x1012cc;||&#x1012cd;||&#x1012ce;||&#x1012cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1012Dx |&#x1012d0;||&#x1012d1;||&#x1012d2;||&#x1012d3;||&#x1012d4;||&#x1012d5;||&#x1012d6;||&#x1012d7;||&#x1012d8;||&#x1012d9;||&#x1012da;||&#x1012db;||&#x1012dc;||&#x1012dd;||&#x1012de;||&#x1012df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1012Ex |&#x1012e0;||&#x1012e1;||&#x1012e2;||&#x1012e3;||&#x1012e4;||&#x1012e5;||&#x1012e6;||&#x1012e7;||&#x1012e8;||&#x1012e9;||&#x1012ea;||&#x1012eb;||&#x1012ec;||&#x1012ed;||&#x1012ee;||&#x1012ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1012Fx |&#x1012f0;||&#x1012f1;||&#x1012f2;||&#x1012f3;||&#x1012f4;||&#x1012f5;||&#x1012f6;||&#x1012f7;||&#x1012f8;||&#x1012f9;||&#x1012fa;||&#x1012fb;||&#x1012fc;||&#x1012fd;||&#x1012fe;||&#x1012ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !10130x |&#x101300;||&#x101301;||&#x101302;||&#x101303;||&#x101304;||&#x101305;||&#x101306;||&#x101307;||&#x101308;||&#x101309;||&#x10130a;||&#x10130b;||&#x10130c;||&#x10130d;||&#x10130e;||&#x10130f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10131x |&#x101310;||&#x101311;||&#x101312;||&#x101313;||&#x101314;||&#x101315;||&#x101316;||&#x101317;||&#x101318;||&#x101319;||&#x10131a;||&#x10131b;||&#x10131c;||&#x10131d;||&#x10131e;||&#x10131f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10132x |&#x101320;||&#x101321;||&#x101322;||&#x101323;||&#x101324;||&#x101325;||&#x101326;||&#x101327;||&#x101328;||&#x101329;||&#x10132a;||&#x10132b;||&#x10132c;||&#x10132d;||&#x10132e;||&#x10132f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10133x |&#x101330;||&#x101331;||&#x101332;||&#x101333;||&#x101334;||&#x101335;||&#x101336;||&#x101337;||&#x101338;||&#x101339;||&#x10133a;||&#x10133b;||&#x10133c;||&#x10133d;||&#x10133e;||&#x10133f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10134x |&#x101340;||&#x101341;||&#x101342;||&#x101343;||&#x101344;||&#x101345;||&#x101346;||&#x101347;||&#x101348;||&#x101349;||&#x10134a;||&#x10134b;||&#x10134c;||&#x10134d;||&#x10134e;||&#x10134f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10135x |&#x101350;||&#x101351;||&#x101352;||&#x101353;||&#x101354;||&#x101355;||&#x101356;||&#x101357;||&#x101358;||&#x101359;||&#x10135a;||&#x10135b;||&#x10135c;||&#x10135d;||&#x10135e;||&#x10135f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10136x |&#x101360;||&#x101361;||&#x101362;||&#x101363;||&#x101364;||&#x101365;||&#x101366;||&#x101367;||&#x101368;||&#x101369;||&#x10136a;||&#x10136b;||&#x10136c;||&#x10136d;||&#x10136e;||&#x10136f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10137x |&#x101370;||&#x101371;||&#x101372;||&#x101373;||&#x101374;||&#x101375;||&#x101376;||&#x101377;||&#x101378;||&#x101379;||&#x10137a;||&#x10137b;||&#x10137c;||&#x10137d;||&#x10137e;||&#x10137f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10138x |&#x101380;||&#x101381;||&#x101382;||&#x101383;||&#x101384;||&#x101385;||&#x101386;||&#x101387;||&#x101388;||&#x101389;||&#x10138a;||&#x10138b;||&#x10138c;||&#x10138d;||&#x10138e;||&#x10138f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10139x |&#x101390;||&#x101391;||&#x101392;||&#x101393;||&#x101394;||&#x101395;||&#x101396;||&#x101397;||&#x101398;||&#x101399;||&#x10139a;||&#x10139b;||&#x10139c;||&#x10139d;||&#x10139e;||&#x10139f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1013Ax |&#x1013a0;||&#x1013a1;||&#x1013a2;||&#x1013a3;||&#x1013a4;||&#x1013a5;||&#x1013a6;||&#x1013a7;||&#x1013a8;||&#x1013a9;||&#x1013aa;||&#x1013ab;||&#x1013ac;||&#x1013ad;||&#x1013ae;||&#x1013af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1013Bx |&#x1013b0;||&#x1013b1;||&#x1013b2;||&#x1013b3;||&#x1013b4;||&#x1013b5;||&#x1013b6;||&#x1013b7;||&#x1013b8;||&#x1013b9;||&#x1013ba;||&#x1013bb;||&#x1013bc;||&#x1013bd;||&#x1013be;||&#x1013bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1013Cx |&#x1013c0;||&#x1013c1;||&#x1013c2;||&#x1013c3;||&#x1013c4;||&#x1013c5;||&#x1013c6;||&#x1013c7;||&#x1013c8;||&#x1013c9;||&#x1013ca;||&#x1013cb;||&#x1013cc;||&#x1013cd;||&#x1013ce;||&#x1013cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1013Dx |&#x1013d0;||&#x1013d1;||&#x1013d2;||&#x1013d3;||&#x1013d4;||&#x1013d5;||&#x1013d6;||&#x1013d7;||&#x1013d8;||&#x1013d9;||&#x1013da;||&#x1013db;||&#x1013dc;||&#x1013dd;||&#x1013de;||&#x1013df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1013Ex |&#x1013e0;||&#x1013e1;||&#x1013e2;||&#x1013e3;||&#x1013e4;||&#x1013e5;||&#x1013e6;||&#x1013e7;||&#x1013e8;||&#x1013e9;||&#x1013ea;||&#x1013eb;||&#x1013ec;||&#x1013ed;||&#x1013ee;||&#x1013ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1013Fx |&#x1013f0;||&#x1013f1;||&#x1013f2;||&#x1013f3;||&#x1013f4;||&#x1013f5;||&#x1013f6;||&#x1013f7;||&#x1013f8;||&#x1013f9;||&#x1013fa;||&#x1013fb;||&#x1013fc;||&#x1013fd;||&#x1013fe;||&#x1013ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !10140x |&#x101400;||&#x101401;||&#x101402;||&#x101403;||&#x101404;||&#x101405;||&#x101406;||&#x101407;||&#x101408;||&#x101409;||&#x10140a;||&#x10140b;||&#x10140c;||&#x10140d;||&#x10140e;||&#x10140f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10141x |&#x101410;||&#x101411;||&#x101412;||&#x101413;||&#x101414;||&#x101415;||&#x101416;||&#x101417;||&#x101418;||&#x101419;||&#x10141a;||&#x10141b;||&#x10141c;||&#x10141d;||&#x10141e;||&#x10141f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10142x |&#x101420;||&#x101421;||&#x101422;||&#x101423;||&#x101424;||&#x101425;||&#x101426;||&#x101427;||&#x101428;||&#x101429;||&#x10142a;||&#x10142b;||&#x10142c;||&#x10142d;||&#x10142e;||&#x10142f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10143x |&#x101430;||&#x101431;||&#x101432;||&#x101433;||&#x101434;||&#x101435;||&#x101436;||&#x101437;||&#x101438;||&#x101439;||&#x10143a;||&#x10143b;||&#x10143c;||&#x10143d;||&#x10143e;||&#x10143f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10144x |&#x101440;||&#x101441;||&#x101442;||&#x101443;||&#x101444;||&#x101445;||&#x101446;||&#x101447;||&#x101448;||&#x101449;||&#x10144a;||&#x10144b;||&#x10144c;||&#x10144d;||&#x10144e;||&#x10144f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10145x |&#x101450;||&#x101451;||&#x101452;||&#x101453;||&#x101454;||&#x101455;||&#x101456;||&#x101457;||&#x101458;||&#x101459;||&#x10145a;||&#x10145b;||&#x10145c;||&#x10145d;||&#x10145e;||&#x10145f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10146x |&#x101460;||&#x101461;||&#x101462;||&#x101463;||&#x101464;||&#x101465;||&#x101466;||&#x101467;||&#x101468;||&#x101469;||&#x10146a;||&#x10146b;||&#x10146c;||&#x10146d;||&#x10146e;||&#x10146f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10147x |&#x101470;||&#x101471;||&#x101472;||&#x101473;||&#x101474;||&#x101475;||&#x101476;||&#x101477;||&#x101478;||&#x101479;||&#x10147a;||&#x10147b;||&#x10147c;||&#x10147d;||&#x10147e;||&#x10147f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10148x |&#x101480;||&#x101481;||&#x101482;||&#x101483;||&#x101484;||&#x101485;||&#x101486;||&#x101487;||&#x101488;||&#x101489;||&#x10148a;||&#x10148b;||&#x10148c;||&#x10148d;||&#x10148e;||&#x10148f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10149x |&#x101490;||&#x101491;||&#x101492;||&#x101493;||&#x101494;||&#x101495;||&#x101496;||&#x101497;||&#x101498;||&#x101499;||&#x10149a;||&#x10149b;||&#x10149c;||&#x10149d;||&#x10149e;||&#x10149f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1014Ax |&#x1014a0;||&#x1014a1;||&#x1014a2;||&#x1014a3;||&#x1014a4;||&#x1014a5;||&#x1014a6;||&#x1014a7;||&#x1014a8;||&#x1014a9;||&#x1014aa;||&#x1014ab;||&#x1014ac;||&#x1014ad;||&#x1014ae;||&#x1014af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1014Bx |&#x1014b0;||&#x1014b1;||&#x1014b2;||&#x1014b3;||&#x1014b4;||&#x1014b5;||&#x1014b6;||&#x1014b7;||&#x1014b8;||&#x1014b9;||&#x1014ba;||&#x1014bb;||&#x1014bc;||&#x1014bd;||&#x1014be;||&#x1014bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1014Cx |&#x1014c0;||&#x1014c1;||&#x1014c2;||&#x1014c3;||&#x1014c4;||&#x1014c5;||&#x1014c6;||&#x1014c7;||&#x1014c8;||&#x1014c9;||&#x1014ca;||&#x1014cb;||&#x1014cc;||&#x1014cd;||&#x1014ce;||&#x1014cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1014Dx |&#x1014d0;||&#x1014d1;||&#x1014d2;||&#x1014d3;||&#x1014d4;||&#x1014d5;||&#x1014d6;||&#x1014d7;||&#x1014d8;||&#x1014d9;||&#x1014da;||&#x1014db;||&#x1014dc;||&#x1014dd;||&#x1014de;||&#x1014df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1014Ex |&#x1014e0;||&#x1014e1;||&#x1014e2;||&#x1014e3;||&#x1014e4;||&#x1014e5;||&#x1014e6;||&#x1014e7;||&#x1014e8;||&#x1014e9;||&#x1014ea;||&#x1014eb;||&#x1014ec;||&#x1014ed;||&#x1014ee;||&#x1014ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1014Fx |&#x1014f0;||&#x1014f1;||&#x1014f2;||&#x1014f3;||&#x1014f4;||&#x1014f5;||&#x1014f6;||&#x1014f7;||&#x1014f8;||&#x1014f9;||&#x1014fa;||&#x1014fb;||&#x1014fc;||&#x1014fd;||&#x1014fe;||&#x1014ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !10150x |&#x101500;||&#x101501;||&#x101502;||&#x101503;||&#x101504;||&#x101505;||&#x101506;||&#x101507;||&#x101508;||&#x101509;||&#x10150a;||&#x10150b;||&#x10150c;||&#x10150d;||&#x10150e;||&#x10150f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10151x |&#x101510;||&#x101511;||&#x101512;||&#x101513;||&#x101514;||&#x101515;||&#x101516;||&#x101517;||&#x101518;||&#x101519;||&#x10151a;||&#x10151b;||&#x10151c;||&#x10151d;||&#x10151e;||&#x10151f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10152x |&#x101520;||&#x101521;||&#x101522;||&#x101523;||&#x101524;||&#x101525;||&#x101526;||&#x101527;||&#x101528;||&#x101529;||&#x10152a;||&#x10152b;||&#x10152c;||&#x10152d;||&#x10152e;||&#x10152f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10153x |&#x101530;||&#x101531;||&#x101532;||&#x101533;||&#x101534;||&#x101535;||&#x101536;||&#x101537;||&#x101538;||&#x101539;||&#x10153a;||&#x10153b;||&#x10153c;||&#x10153d;||&#x10153e;||&#x10153f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10154x |&#x101540;||&#x101541;||&#x101542;||&#x101543;||&#x101544;||&#x101545;||&#x101546;||&#x101547;||&#x101548;||&#x101549;||&#x10154a;||&#x10154b;||&#x10154c;||&#x10154d;||&#x10154e;||&#x10154f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10155x |&#x101550;||&#x101551;||&#x101552;||&#x101553;||&#x101554;||&#x101555;||&#x101556;||&#x101557;||&#x101558;||&#x101559;||&#x10155a;||&#x10155b;||&#x10155c;||&#x10155d;||&#x10155e;||&#x10155f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10156x |&#x101560;||&#x101561;||&#x101562;||&#x101563;||&#x101564;||&#x101565;||&#x101566;||&#x101567;||&#x101568;||&#x101569;||&#x10156a;||&#x10156b;||&#x10156c;||&#x10156d;||&#x10156e;||&#x10156f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10157x |&#x101570;||&#x101571;||&#x101572;||&#x101573;||&#x101574;||&#x101575;||&#x101576;||&#x101577;||&#x101578;||&#x101579;||&#x10157a;||&#x10157b;||&#x10157c;||&#x10157d;||&#x10157e;||&#x10157f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10158x |&#x101580;||&#x101581;||&#x101582;||&#x101583;||&#x101584;||&#x101585;||&#x101586;||&#x101587;||&#x101588;||&#x101589;||&#x10158a;||&#x10158b;||&#x10158c;||&#x10158d;||&#x10158e;||&#x10158f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10159x |&#x101590;||&#x101591;||&#x101592;||&#x101593;||&#x101594;||&#x101595;||&#x101596;||&#x101597;||&#x101598;||&#x101599;||&#x10159a;||&#x10159b;||&#x10159c;||&#x10159d;||&#x10159e;||&#x10159f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1015Ax |&#x1015a0;||&#x1015a1;||&#x1015a2;||&#x1015a3;||&#x1015a4;||&#x1015a5;||&#x1015a6;||&#x1015a7;||&#x1015a8;||&#x1015a9;||&#x1015aa;||&#x1015ab;||&#x1015ac;||&#x1015ad;||&#x1015ae;||&#x1015af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1015Bx |&#x1015b0;||&#x1015b1;||&#x1015b2;||&#x1015b3;||&#x1015b4;||&#x1015b5;||&#x1015b6;||&#x1015b7;||&#x1015b8;||&#x1015b9;||&#x1015ba;||&#x1015bb;||&#x1015bc;||&#x1015bd;||&#x1015be;||&#x1015bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1015Cx |&#x1015c0;||&#x1015c1;||&#x1015c2;||&#x1015c3;||&#x1015c4;||&#x1015c5;||&#x1015c6;||&#x1015c7;||&#x1015c8;||&#x1015c9;||&#x1015ca;||&#x1015cb;||&#x1015cc;||&#x1015cd;||&#x1015ce;||&#x1015cf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1015Dx |&#x1015d0;||&#x1015d1;||&#x1015d2;||&#x1015d3;||&#x1015d4;||&#x1015d5;||&#x1015d6;||&#x1015d7;||&#x1015d8;||&#x1015d9;||&#x1015da;||&#x1015db;||&#x1015dc;||&#x1015dd;||&#x1015de;||&#x1015df; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1015Ex |&#x1015e0;||&#x1015e1;||&#x1015e2;||&#x1015e3;||&#x1015e4;||&#x1015e5;||&#x1015e6;||&#x1015e7;||&#x1015e8;||&#x1015e9;||&#x1015ea;||&#x1015eb;||&#x1015ec;||&#x1015ed;||&#x1015ee;||&#x1015ef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1015Fx |&#x1015f0;||&#x1015f1;||&#x1015f2;||&#x1015f3;||&#x1015f4;||&#x1015f5;||&#x1015f6;||&#x1015f7;||&#x1015f8;||&#x1015f9;||&#x1015fa;||&#x1015fb;||&#x1015fc;||&#x1015fd;||&#x1015fe;||&#x1015ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !10160x |&#x101600;||&#x101601;||&#x101602;||&#x101603;||&#x101604;||&#x101605;||&#x101606;||&#x101607;||&#x101608;||&#x101609;||&#x10160a;||&#x10160b;||&#x10160c;||&#x10160d;||&#x10160e;||&#x10160f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10161x |&#x101610;||&#x101611;||&#x101612;||&#x101613;||&#x101614;||&#x101615;||&#x101616;||&#x101617;||&#x101618;||&#x101619;||&#x10161a;||&#x10161b;||&#x10161c;||&#x10161d;||&#x10161e;||&#x10161f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10162x |&#x101620;||&#x101621;||&#x101622;||&#x101623;||&#x101624;||&#x101625;||&#x101626;||&#x101627;||&#x101628;||&#x101629;||&#x10162a;||&#x10162b;||&#x10162c;||&#x10162d;||&#x10162e;||&#x10162f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10163x |&#x101630;||&#x101631;||&#x101632;||&#x101633;||&#x101634;||&#x101635;||&#x101636;||&#x101637;||&#x101638;||&#x101639;||&#x10163a;||&#x10163b;||&#x10163c;||&#x10163d;||&#x10163e;||&#x10163f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10164x |&#x101640;||&#x101641;||&#x101642;||&#x101643;||&#x101644;||&#x101645;||&#x101646;||&#x101647;||&#x101648;||&#x101649;||&#x10164a;||&#x10164b;||&#x10164c;||&#x10164d;||&#x10164e;||&#x10164f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10165x |&#x101650;||&#x101651;||&#x101652;||&#x101653;||&#x101654;||&#x101655;||&#x101656;||&#x101657;||&#x101658;||&#x101659;||&#x10165a;||&#x10165b;||&#x10165c;||&#x10165d;||&#x10165e;||&#x10165f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10166x |&#x101660;||&#x101661;||&#x101662;||&#x101663;||&#x101664;||&#x101665;||&#x101666;||&#x101667;||&#x101668;||&#x101669;||&#x10166a;||&#x10166b;||&#x10166c;||&#x10166d;||&#x10166e;||&#x10166f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10167x |&#x101670;||&#x101671;||&#x101672;||&#x101673;||&#x101674;||&#x101675;||&#x101676;||&#x101677;||&#x101678;||&#x101679;||&#x10167a;||&#x10167b;||&#x10167c;||&#x10167d;||&#x10167e;||&#x10167f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10168x |&#x101680;||&#x101681;||&#x101682;||&#x101683;||&#x101684;||&#x101685;||&#x101686;||&#x101687;||&#x101688;||&#x101689;||&#x10168a;||&#x10168b;||&#x10168c;||&#x10168d;||&#x10168e;||&#x10168f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !10169x |&#x101690;||&#x101691;||&#x101692;||&#x101693;||&#x101694;||&#x101695;||&#x101696;||&#x101697;||&#x101698;||&#x101699;||&#x10169a;||&#x10169b;||&#x10169c;||&#x10169d;||&#x10169e;||&#x10169f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1016Ax |&#x1016a0;||&#x1016a1;||&#x1016a2;||&#x1016a3;||&#x1016a4;||&#x1016a5;||&#x1016a6;||&#x1016a7;||&#x1016a8;||&#x1016a9;||&#x1016aa;||&#x1016ab;||&#x1016ac;||&#x1016ad;||&#x1016ae;||&#x1016af; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1016Bx |&#x1016b0;||&#x1016b1;||&#x1016b2;||&#x1016b3;||&#x1016b4;||&#x1016b5;||&#x1016b6;||&#x1016b7;||&#x1016b8;||&#x1016b9;||&#x1016ba;||&#x1016bb;||&#x1016bc;||&#x1016bd;||&#x1016be;||&#x1016bf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !1016Cx 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style="text-align:center;" !101A4x |&#x101a40;||&#x101a41;||&#x101a42;||&#x101a43;||&#x101a44;||&#x101a45;||&#x101a46;||&#x101a47;||&#x101a48;||&#x101a49;||&#x101a4a;||&#x101a4b;||&#x101a4c;||&#x101a4d;||&#x101a4e;||&#x101a4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101A5x |&#x101a50;||&#x101a51;||&#x101a52;||&#x101a53;||&#x101a54;||&#x101a55;||&#x101a56;||&#x101a57;||&#x101a58;||&#x101a59;||&#x101a5a;||&#x101a5b;||&#x101a5c;||&#x101a5d;||&#x101a5e;||&#x101a5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101A6x |&#x101a60;||&#x101a61;||&#x101a62;||&#x101a63;||&#x101a64;||&#x101a65;||&#x101a66;||&#x101a67;||&#x101a68;||&#x101a69;||&#x101a6a;||&#x101a6b;||&#x101a6c;||&#x101a6d;||&#x101a6e;||&#x101a6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101A7x |&#x101a70;||&#x101a71;||&#x101a72;||&#x101a73;||&#x101a74;||&#x101a75;||&#x101a76;||&#x101a77;||&#x101a78;||&#x101a79;||&#x101a7a;||&#x101a7b;||&#x101a7c;||&#x101a7d;||&#x101a7e;||&#x101a7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101A8x |&#x101a80;||&#x101a81;||&#x101a82;||&#x101a83;||&#x101a84;||&#x101a85;||&#x101a86;||&#x101a87;||&#x101a88;||&#x101a89;||&#x101a8a;||&#x101a8b;||&#x101a8c;||&#x101a8d;||&#x101a8e;||&#x101a8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101A9x |&#x101a90;||&#x101a91;||&#x101a92;||&#x101a93;||&#x101a94;||&#x101a95;||&#x101a96;||&#x101a97;||&#x101a98;||&#x101a99;||&#x101a9a;||&#x101a9b;||&#x101a9c;||&#x101a9d;||&#x101a9e;||&#x101a9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101AAx |&#x101aa0;||&#x101aa1;||&#x101aa2;||&#x101aa3;||&#x101aa4;||&#x101aa5;||&#x101aa6;||&#x101aa7;||&#x101aa8;||&#x101aa9;||&#x101aaa;||&#x101aab;||&#x101aac;||&#x101aad;||&#x101aae;||&#x101aaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101ABx |&#x101ab0;||&#x101ab1;||&#x101ab2;||&#x101ab3;||&#x101ab4;||&#x101ab5;||&#x101ab6;||&#x101ab7;||&#x101ab8;||&#x101ab9;||&#x101aba;||&#x101abb;||&#x101abc;||&#x101abd;||&#x101abe;||&#x101abf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101ACx |&#x101ac0;||&#x101ac1;||&#x101ac2;||&#x101ac3;||&#x101ac4;||&#x101ac5;||&#x101ac6;||&#x101ac7;||&#x101ac8;||&#x101ac9;||&#x101aca;||&#x101acb;||&#x101acc;||&#x101acd;||&#x101ace;||&#x101acf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101ADx |&#x101ad0;||&#x101ad1;||&#x101ad2;||&#x101ad3;||&#x101ad4;||&#x101ad5;||&#x101ad6;||&#x101ad7;||&#x101ad8;||&#x101ad9;||&#x101ada;||&#x101adb;||&#x101adc;||&#x101add;||&#x101ade;||&#x101adf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101AEx |&#x101ae0;||&#x101ae1;||&#x101ae2;||&#x101ae3;||&#x101ae4;||&#x101ae5;||&#x101ae6;||&#x101ae7;||&#x101ae8;||&#x101ae9;||&#x101aea;||&#x101aeb;||&#x101aec;||&#x101aed;||&#x101aee;||&#x101aef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101AFx |&#x101af0;||&#x101af1;||&#x101af2;||&#x101af3;||&#x101af4;||&#x101af5;||&#x101af6;||&#x101af7;||&#x101af8;||&#x101af9;||&#x101afa;||&#x101afb;||&#x101afc;||&#x101afd;||&#x101afe;||&#x101aff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{Text default color}};" 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style="text-align:center;" !101B4x |&#x101b40;||&#x101b41;||&#x101b42;||&#x101b43;||&#x101b44;||&#x101b45;||&#x101b46;||&#x101b47;||&#x101b48;||&#x101b49;||&#x101b4a;||&#x101b4b;||&#x101b4c;||&#x101b4d;||&#x101b4e;||&#x101b4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101B5x |&#x101b50;||&#x101b51;||&#x101b52;||&#x101b53;||&#x101b54;||&#x101b55;||&#x101b56;||&#x101b57;||&#x101b58;||&#x101b59;||&#x101b5a;||&#x101b5b;||&#x101b5c;||&#x101b5d;||&#x101b5e;||&#x101b5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101B6x |&#x101b60;||&#x101b61;||&#x101b62;||&#x101b63;||&#x101b64;||&#x101b65;||&#x101b66;||&#x101b67;||&#x101b68;||&#x101b69;||&#x101b6a;||&#x101b6b;||&#x101b6c;||&#x101b6d;||&#x101b6e;||&#x101b6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101B7x |&#x101b70;||&#x101b71;||&#x101b72;||&#x101b73;||&#x101b74;||&#x101b75;||&#x101b76;||&#x101b77;||&#x101b78;||&#x101b79;||&#x101b7a;||&#x101b7b;||&#x101b7c;||&#x101b7d;||&#x101b7e;||&#x101b7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101B8x |&#x101b80;||&#x101b81;||&#x101b82;||&#x101b83;||&#x101b84;||&#x101b85;||&#x101b86;||&#x101b87;||&#x101b88;||&#x101b89;||&#x101b8a;||&#x101b8b;||&#x101b8c;||&#x101b8d;||&#x101b8e;||&#x101b8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101B9x |&#x101b90;||&#x101b91;||&#x101b92;||&#x101b93;||&#x101b94;||&#x101b95;||&#x101b96;||&#x101b97;||&#x101b98;||&#x101b99;||&#x101b9a;||&#x101b9b;||&#x101b9c;||&#x101b9d;||&#x101b9e;||&#x101b9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101BAx |&#x101ba0;||&#x101ba1;||&#x101ba2;||&#x101ba3;||&#x101ba4;||&#x101ba5;||&#x101ba6;||&#x101ba7;||&#x101ba8;||&#x101ba9;||&#x101baa;||&#x101bab;||&#x101bac;||&#x101bad;||&#x101bae;||&#x101baf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101BBx |&#x101bb0;||&#x101bb1;||&#x101bb2;||&#x101bb3;||&#x101bb4;||&#x101bb5;||&#x101bb6;||&#x101bb7;||&#x101bb8;||&#x101bb9;||&#x101bba;||&#x101bbb;||&#x101bbc;||&#x101bbd;||&#x101bbe;||&#x101bbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101BCx |&#x101bc0;||&#x101bc1;||&#x101bc2;||&#x101bc3;||&#x101bc4;||&#x101bc5;||&#x101bc6;||&#x101bc7;||&#x101bc8;||&#x101bc9;||&#x101bca;||&#x101bcb;||&#x101bcc;||&#x101bcd;||&#x101bce;||&#x101bcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101BDx |&#x101bd0;||&#x101bd1;||&#x101bd2;||&#x101bd3;||&#x101bd4;||&#x101bd5;||&#x101bd6;||&#x101bd7;||&#x101bd8;||&#x101bd9;||&#x101bda;||&#x101bdb;||&#x101bdc;||&#x101bdd;||&#x101bde;||&#x101bdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101BEx |&#x101be0;||&#x101be1;||&#x101be2;||&#x101be3;||&#x101be4;||&#x101be5;||&#x101be6;||&#x101be7;||&#x101be8;||&#x101be9;||&#x101bea;||&#x101beb;||&#x101bec;||&#x101bed;||&#x101bee;||&#x101bef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101BFx |&#x101bf0;||&#x101bf1;||&#x101bf2;||&#x101bf3;||&#x101bf4;||&#x101bf5;||&#x101bf6;||&#x101bf7;||&#x101bf8;||&#x101bf9;||&#x101bfa;||&#x101bfb;||&#x101bfc;||&#x101bfd;||&#x101bfe;||&#x101bff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{Text default color}};" 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style="text-align:center;" !101C4x |&#x101c40;||&#x101c41;||&#x101c42;||&#x101c43;||&#x101c44;||&#x101c45;||&#x101c46;||&#x101c47;||&#x101c48;||&#x101c49;||&#x101c4a;||&#x101c4b;||&#x101c4c;||&#x101c4d;||&#x101c4e;||&#x101c4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101C5x |&#x101c50;||&#x101c51;||&#x101c52;||&#x101c53;||&#x101c54;||&#x101c55;||&#x101c56;||&#x101c57;||&#x101c58;||&#x101c59;||&#x101c5a;||&#x101c5b;||&#x101c5c;||&#x101c5d;||&#x101c5e;||&#x101c5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101C6x |&#x101c60;||&#x101c61;||&#x101c62;||&#x101c63;||&#x101c64;||&#x101c65;||&#x101c66;||&#x101c67;||&#x101c68;||&#x101c69;||&#x101c6a;||&#x101c6b;||&#x101c6c;||&#x101c6d;||&#x101c6e;||&#x101c6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101C7x |&#x101c70;||&#x101c71;||&#x101c72;||&#x101c73;||&#x101c74;||&#x101c75;||&#x101c76;||&#x101c77;||&#x101c78;||&#x101c79;||&#x101c7a;||&#x101c7b;||&#x101c7c;||&#x101c7d;||&#x101c7e;||&#x101c7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101C8x 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|&#x101cc0;||&#x101cc1;||&#x101cc2;||&#x101cc3;||&#x101cc4;||&#x101cc5;||&#x101cc6;||&#x101cc7;||&#x101cc8;||&#x101cc9;||&#x101cca;||&#x101ccb;||&#x101ccc;||&#x101ccd;||&#x101cce;||&#x101ccf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101CDx |&#x101cd0;||&#x101cd1;||&#x101cd2;||&#x101cd3;||&#x101cd4;||&#x101cd5;||&#x101cd6;||&#x101cd7;||&#x101cd8;||&#x101cd9;||&#x101cda;||&#x101cdb;||&#x101cdc;||&#x101cdd;||&#x101cde;||&#x101cdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101CEx |&#x101ce0;||&#x101ce1;||&#x101ce2;||&#x101ce3;||&#x101ce4;||&#x101ce5;||&#x101ce6;||&#x101ce7;||&#x101ce8;||&#x101ce9;||&#x101cea;||&#x101ceb;||&#x101cec;||&#x101ced;||&#x101cee;||&#x101cef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101CFx |&#x101cf0;||&#x101cf1;||&#x101cf2;||&#x101cf3;||&#x101cf4;||&#x101cf5;||&#x101cf6;||&#x101cf7;||&#x101cf8;||&#x101cf9;||&#x101cfa;||&#x101cfb;||&#x101cfc;||&#x101cfd;||&#x101cfe;||&#x101cff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{Text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D0x |&#x101d00;||&#x101d01;||&#x101d02;||&#x101d03;||&#x101d04;||&#x101d05;||&#x101d06;||&#x101d07;||&#x101d08;||&#x101d09;||&#x101d0a;||&#x101d0b;||&#x101d0c;||&#x101d0d;||&#x101d0e;||&#x101d0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D1x |&#x101d10;||&#x101d11;||&#x101d12;||&#x101d13;||&#x101d14;||&#x101d15;||&#x101d16;||&#x101d17;||&#x101d18;||&#x101d19;||&#x101d1a;||&#x101d1b;||&#x101d1c;||&#x101d1d;||&#x101d1e;||&#x101d1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D2x |&#x101d20;||&#x101d21;||&#x101d22;||&#x101d23;||&#x101d24;||&#x101d25;||&#x101d26;||&#x101d27;||&#x101d28;||&#x101d29;||&#x101d2a;||&#x101d2b;||&#x101d2c;||&#x101d2d;||&#x101d2e;||&#x101d2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D3x |&#x101d30;||&#x101d31;||&#x101d32;||&#x101d33;||&#x101d34;||&#x101d35;||&#x101d36;||&#x101d37;||&#x101d38;||&#x101d39;||&#x101d3a;||&#x101d3b;||&#x101d3c;||&#x101d3d;||&#x101d3e;||&#x101d3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D4x |&#x101d40;||&#x101d41;||&#x101d42;||&#x101d43;||&#x101d44;||&#x101d45;||&#x101d46;||&#x101d47;||&#x101d48;||&#x101d49;||&#x101d4a;||&#x101d4b;||&#x101d4c;||&#x101d4d;||&#x101d4e;||&#x101d4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D5x |&#x101d50;||&#x101d51;||&#x101d52;||&#x101d53;||&#x101d54;||&#x101d55;||&#x101d56;||&#x101d57;||&#x101d58;||&#x101d59;||&#x101d5a;||&#x101d5b;||&#x101d5c;||&#x101d5d;||&#x101d5e;||&#x101d5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D6x |&#x101d60;||&#x101d61;||&#x101d62;||&#x101d63;||&#x101d64;||&#x101d65;||&#x101d66;||&#x101d67;||&#x101d68;||&#x101d69;||&#x101d6a;||&#x101d6b;||&#x101d6c;||&#x101d6d;||&#x101d6e;||&#x101d6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D7x |&#x101d70;||&#x101d71;||&#x101d72;||&#x101d73;||&#x101d74;||&#x101d75;||&#x101d76;||&#x101d77;||&#x101d78;||&#x101d79;||&#x101d7a;||&#x101d7b;||&#x101d7c;||&#x101d7d;||&#x101d7e;||&#x101d7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D8x |&#x101d80;||&#x101d81;||&#x101d82;||&#x101d83;||&#x101d84;||&#x101d85;||&#x101d86;||&#x101d87;||&#x101d88;||&#x101d89;||&#x101d8a;||&#x101d8b;||&#x101d8c;||&#x101d8d;||&#x101d8e;||&#x101d8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101D9x |&#x101d90;||&#x101d91;||&#x101d92;||&#x101d93;||&#x101d94;||&#x101d95;||&#x101d96;||&#x101d97;||&#x101d98;||&#x101d99;||&#x101d9a;||&#x101d9b;||&#x101d9c;||&#x101d9d;||&#x101d9e;||&#x101d9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101DAx |&#x101da0;||&#x101da1;||&#x101da2;||&#x101da3;||&#x101da4;||&#x101da5;||&#x101da6;||&#x101da7;||&#x101da8;||&#x101da9;||&#x101daa;||&#x101dab;||&#x101dac;||&#x101dad;||&#x101dae;||&#x101daf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101DBx |&#x101db0;||&#x101db1;||&#x101db2;||&#x101db3;||&#x101db4;||&#x101db5;||&#x101db6;||&#x101db7;||&#x101db8;||&#x101db9;||&#x101dba;||&#x101dbb;||&#x101dbc;||&#x101dbd;||&#x101dbe;||&#x101dbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101DCx |&#x101dc0;||&#x101dc1;||&#x101dc2;||&#x101dc3;||&#x101dc4;||&#x101dc5;||&#x101dc6;||&#x101dc7;||&#x101dc8;||&#x101dc9;||&#x101dca;||&#x101dcb;||&#x101dcc;||&#x101dcd;||&#x101dce;||&#x101dcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101DDx |&#x101dd0;||&#x101dd1;||&#x101dd2;||&#x101dd3;||&#x101dd4;||&#x101dd5;||&#x101dd6;||&#x101dd7;||&#x101dd8;||&#x101dd9;||&#x101dda;||&#x101ddb;||&#x101ddc;||&#x101ddd;||&#x101dde;||&#x101ddf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101DEx |&#x101de0;||&#x101de1;||&#x101de2;||&#x101de3;||&#x101de4;||&#x101de5;||&#x101de6;||&#x101de7;||&#x101de8;||&#x101de9;||&#x101dea;||&#x101deb;||&#x101dec;||&#x101ded;||&#x101dee;||&#x101def; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101DFx |&#x101df0;||&#x101df1;||&#x101df2;||&#x101df3;||&#x101df4;||&#x101df5;||&#x101df6;||&#x101df7;||&#x101df8;||&#x101df9;||&#x101dfa;||&#x101dfb;||&#x101dfc;||&#x101dfd;||&#x101dfe;||&#x101dff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{Text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E0x |&#x101e00;||&#x101e01;||&#x101e02;||&#x101e03;||&#x101e04;||&#x101e05;||&#x101e06;||&#x101e07;||&#x101e08;||&#x101e09;||&#x101e0a;||&#x101e0b;||&#x101e0c;||&#x101e0d;||&#x101e0e;||&#x101e0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E1x |&#x101e10;||&#x101e11;||&#x101e12;||&#x101e13;||&#x101e14;||&#x101e15;||&#x101e16;||&#x101e17;||&#x101e18;||&#x101e19;||&#x101e1a;||&#x101e1b;||&#x101e1c;||&#x101e1d;||&#x101e1e;||&#x101e1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E2x |&#x101e20;||&#x101e21;||&#x101e22;||&#x101e23;||&#x101e24;||&#x101e25;||&#x101e26;||&#x101e27;||&#x101e28;||&#x101e29;||&#x101e2a;||&#x101e2b;||&#x101e2c;||&#x101e2d;||&#x101e2e;||&#x101e2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E3x |&#x101e30;||&#x101e31;||&#x101e32;||&#x101e33;||&#x101e34;||&#x101e35;||&#x101e36;||&#x101e37;||&#x101e38;||&#x101e39;||&#x101e3a;||&#x101e3b;||&#x101e3c;||&#x101e3d;||&#x101e3e;||&#x101e3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E4x |&#x101e40;||&#x101e41;||&#x101e42;||&#x101e43;||&#x101e44;||&#x101e45;||&#x101e46;||&#x101e47;||&#x101e48;||&#x101e49;||&#x101e4a;||&#x101e4b;||&#x101e4c;||&#x101e4d;||&#x101e4e;||&#x101e4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E5x |&#x101e50;||&#x101e51;||&#x101e52;||&#x101e53;||&#x101e54;||&#x101e55;||&#x101e56;||&#x101e57;||&#x101e58;||&#x101e59;||&#x101e5a;||&#x101e5b;||&#x101e5c;||&#x101e5d;||&#x101e5e;||&#x101e5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E6x |&#x101e60;||&#x101e61;||&#x101e62;||&#x101e63;||&#x101e64;||&#x101e65;||&#x101e66;||&#x101e67;||&#x101e68;||&#x101e69;||&#x101e6a;||&#x101e6b;||&#x101e6c;||&#x101e6d;||&#x101e6e;||&#x101e6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E7x |&#x101e70;||&#x101e71;||&#x101e72;||&#x101e73;||&#x101e74;||&#x101e75;||&#x101e76;||&#x101e77;||&#x101e78;||&#x101e79;||&#x101e7a;||&#x101e7b;||&#x101e7c;||&#x101e7d;||&#x101e7e;||&#x101e7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E8x |&#x101e80;||&#x101e81;||&#x101e82;||&#x101e83;||&#x101e84;||&#x101e85;||&#x101e86;||&#x101e87;||&#x101e88;||&#x101e89;||&#x101e8a;||&#x101e8b;||&#x101e8c;||&#x101e8d;||&#x101e8e;||&#x101e8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101E9x |&#x101e90;||&#x101e91;||&#x101e92;||&#x101e93;||&#x101e94;||&#x101e95;||&#x101e96;||&#x101e97;||&#x101e98;||&#x101e99;||&#x101e9a;||&#x101e9b;||&#x101e9c;||&#x101e9d;||&#x101e9e;||&#x101e9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101EAx |&#x101ea0;||&#x101ea1;||&#x101ea2;||&#x101ea3;||&#x101ea4;||&#x101ea5;||&#x101ea6;||&#x101ea7;||&#x101ea8;||&#x101ea9;||&#x101eaa;||&#x101eab;||&#x101eac;||&#x101ead;||&#x101eae;||&#x101eaf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101EBx |&#x101eb0;||&#x101eb1;||&#x101eb2;||&#x101eb3;||&#x101eb4;||&#x101eb5;||&#x101eb6;||&#x101eb7;||&#x101eb8;||&#x101eb9;||&#x101eba;||&#x101ebb;||&#x101ebc;||&#x101ebd;||&#x101ebe;||&#x101ebf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101ECx |&#x101ec0;||&#x101ec1;||&#x101ec2;||&#x101ec3;||&#x101ec4;||&#x101ec5;||&#x101ec6;||&#x101ec7;||&#x101ec8;||&#x101ec9;||&#x101eca;||&#x101ecb;||&#x101ecc;||&#x101ecd;||&#x101ece;||&#x101ecf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101EDx |&#x101ed0;||&#x101ed1;||&#x101ed2;||&#x101ed3;||&#x101ed4;||&#x101ed5;||&#x101ed6;||&#x101ed7;||&#x101ed8;||&#x101ed9;||&#x101eda;||&#x101edb;||&#x101edc;||&#x101edd;||&#x101ede;||&#x101edf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101EEx |&#x101ee0;||&#x101ee1;||&#x101ee2;||&#x101ee3;||&#x101ee4;||&#x101ee5;||&#x101ee6;||&#x101ee7;||&#x101ee8;||&#x101ee9;||&#x101eea;||&#x101eeb;||&#x101eec;||&#x101eed;||&#x101eee;||&#x101eef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101EFx |&#x101ef0;||&#x101ef1;||&#x101ef2;||&#x101ef3;||&#x101ef4;||&#x101ef5;||&#x101ef6;||&#x101ef7;||&#x101ef8;||&#x101ef9;||&#x101efa;||&#x101efb;||&#x101efc;||&#x101efd;||&#x101efe;||&#x101eff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{Text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F0x |&#x101f00;||&#x101f01;||&#x101f02;||&#x101f03;||&#x101f04;||&#x101f05;||&#x101f06;||&#x101f07;||&#x101f08;||&#x101f09;||&#x101f0a;||&#x101f0b;||&#x101f0c;||&#x101f0d;||&#x101f0e;||&#x101f0f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F1x |&#x101f10;||&#x101f11;||&#x101f12;||&#x101f13;||&#x101f14;||&#x101f15;||&#x101f16;||&#x101f17;||&#x101f18;||&#x101f19;||&#x101f1a;||&#x101f1b;||&#x101f1c;||&#x101f1d;||&#x101f1e;||&#x101f1f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F2x |&#x101f20;||&#x101f21;||&#x101f22;||&#x101f23;||&#x101f24;||&#x101f25;||&#x101f26;||&#x101f27;||&#x101f28;||&#x101f29;||&#x101f2a;||&#x101f2b;||&#x101f2c;||&#x101f2d;||&#x101f2e;||&#x101f2f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F3x |&#x101f30;||&#x101f31;||&#x101f32;||&#x101f33;||&#x101f34;||&#x101f35;||&#x101f36;||&#x101f37;||&#x101f38;||&#x101f39;||&#x101f3a;||&#x101f3b;||&#x101f3c;||&#x101f3d;||&#x101f3e;||&#x101f3f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F4x |&#x101f40;||&#x101f41;||&#x101f42;||&#x101f43;||&#x101f44;||&#x101f45;||&#x101f46;||&#x101f47;||&#x101f48;||&#x101f49;||&#x101f4a;||&#x101f4b;||&#x101f4c;||&#x101f4d;||&#x101f4e;||&#x101f4f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F5x |&#x101f50;||&#x101f51;||&#x101f52;||&#x101f53;||&#x101f54;||&#x101f55;||&#x101f56;||&#x101f57;||&#x101f58;||&#x101f59;||&#x101f5a;||&#x101f5b;||&#x101f5c;||&#x101f5d;||&#x101f5e;||&#x101f5f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F6x |&#x101f60;||&#x101f61;||&#x101f62;||&#x101f63;||&#x101f64;||&#x101f65;||&#x101f66;||&#x101f67;||&#x101f68;||&#x101f69;||&#x101f6a;||&#x101f6b;||&#x101f6c;||&#x101f6d;||&#x101f6e;||&#x101f6f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F7x |&#x101f70;||&#x101f71;||&#x101f72;||&#x101f73;||&#x101f74;||&#x101f75;||&#x101f76;||&#x101f77;||&#x101f78;||&#x101f79;||&#x101f7a;||&#x101f7b;||&#x101f7c;||&#x101f7d;||&#x101f7e;||&#x101f7f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F8x |&#x101f80;||&#x101f81;||&#x101f82;||&#x101f83;||&#x101f84;||&#x101f85;||&#x101f86;||&#x101f87;||&#x101f88;||&#x101f89;||&#x101f8a;||&#x101f8b;||&#x101f8c;||&#x101f8d;||&#x101f8e;||&#x101f8f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101F9x |&#x101f90;||&#x101f91;||&#x101f92;||&#x101f93;||&#x101f94;||&#x101f95;||&#x101f96;||&#x101f97;||&#x101f98;||&#x101f99;||&#x101f9a;||&#x101f9b;||&#x101f9c;||&#x101f9d;||&#x101f9e;||&#x101f9f; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101FAx |&#x101fa0;||&#x101fa1;||&#x101fa2;||&#x101fa3;||&#x101fa4;||&#x101fa5;||&#x101fa6;||&#x101fa7;||&#x101fa8;||&#x101fa9;||&#x101faa;||&#x101fab;||&#x101fac;||&#x101fad;||&#x101fae;||&#x101faf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101FBx |&#x101fb0;||&#x101fb1;||&#x101fb2;||&#x101fb3;||&#x101fb4;||&#x101fb5;||&#x101fb6;||&#x101fb7;||&#x101fb8;||&#x101fb9;||&#x101fba;||&#x101fbb;||&#x101fbc;||&#x101fbd;||&#x101fbe;||&#x101fbf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101FCx |&#x101fc0;||&#x101fc1;||&#x101fc2;||&#x101fc3;||&#x101fc4;||&#x101fc5;||&#x101fc6;||&#x101fc7;||&#x101fc8;||&#x101fc9;||&#x101fca;||&#x101fcb;||&#x101fcc;||&#x101fcd;||&#x101fce;||&#x101fcf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101FDx |&#x101fd0;||&#x101fd1;||&#x101fd2;||&#x101fd3;||&#x101fd4;||&#x101fd5;||&#x101fd6;||&#x101fd7;||&#x101fd8;||&#x101fd9;||&#x101fda;||&#x101fdb;||&#x101fdc;||&#x101fdd;||&#x101fde;||&#x101fdf; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101FEx |&#x101fe0;||&#x101fe1;||&#x101fe2;||&#x101fe3;||&#x101fe4;||&#x101fe5;||&#x101fe6;||&#x101fe7;||&#x101fe8;||&#x101fe9;||&#x101fea;||&#x101feb;||&#x101fec;||&#x101fed;||&#x101fee;||&#x101fef; |----- style="text-align:center;" !101FFx |&#x101ff0;||&#x101ff1;||&#x101ff2;||&#x101ff3;||&#x101ff4;||&#x101ff5;||&#x101ff6;||&#x101ff7;||&#x101ff8;||&#x101ff9;||&#x101ffa;||&#x101ffb;||&#x101ffc;||&#x101ffd;||&#x101ffe;||&#x101fff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{Text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range 100000–10FFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} qkl02mgb7beushs2mk3cuedmvv92clo Unicode/Character reference/10F000-10FFFF 0 382545 4664520 4591854 2026-08-26T07:05:48Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference|Numebeto=Estou enviando [0000 tô FFFF]}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B (ctd.)'''{{ref|PUA|Note}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F00x |&#x10f000;||&#x10f001;||&#x10f002;||&#x10f003;||&#x10f004;||&#x10f005;||&#x10f006;||&#x10f007;||&#x10f008;||&#x10f009;||&#x10f00a;||&#x10f00b;||&#x10f00c;||&#x10f00d;||&#x10f00e;||&#x10f00f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F01x |&#x10f010;||&#x10f011;||&#x10f012;||&#x10f013;||&#x10f014;||&#x10f015;||&#x10f016;||&#x10f017;||&#x10f018;||&#x10f019;||&#x10f01a;||&#x10f01b;||&#x10f01c;||&#x10f01d;||&#x10f01e;||&#x10f01f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F02x |&#x10f020;||&#x10f021;||&#x10f022;||&#x10f023;||&#x10f024;||&#x10f025;||&#x10f026;||&#x10f027;||&#x10f028;||&#x10f029;||&#x10f02a;||&#x10f02b;||&#x10f02c;||&#x10f02d;||&#x10f02e;||&#x10f02f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F03x |&#x10f030;||&#x10f031;||&#x10f032;||&#x10f033;||&#x10f034;||&#x10f035;||&#x10f036;||&#x10f037;||&#x10f038;||&#x10f039;||&#x10f03a;||&#x10f03b;||&#x10f03c;||&#x10f03d;||&#x10f03e;||&#x10f03f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F04x |&#x10f040;||&#x10f041;||&#x10f042;||&#x10f043;||&#x10f044;||&#x10f045;||&#x10f046;||&#x10f047;||&#x10f048;||&#x10f049;||&#x10f04a;||&#x10f04b;||&#x10f04c;||&#x10f04d;||&#x10f04e;||&#x10f04f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F05x |&#x10f050;||&#x10f051;||&#x10f052;||&#x10f053;||&#x10f054;||&#x10f055;||&#x10f056;||&#x10f057;||&#x10f058;||&#x10f059;||&#x10f05a;||&#x10f05b;||&#x10f05c;||&#x10f05d;||&#x10f05e;||&#x10f05f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F06x |&#x10f060;||&#x10f061;||&#x10f062;||&#x10f063;||&#x10f064;||&#x10f065;||&#x10f066;||&#x10f067;||&#x10f068;||&#x10f069;||&#x10f06a;||&#x10f06b;||&#x10f06c;||&#x10f06d;||&#x10f06e;||&#x10f06f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F07x |&#x10f070;||&#x10f071;||&#x10f072;||&#x10f073;||&#x10f074;||&#x10f075;||&#x10f076;||&#x10f077;||&#x10f078;||&#x10f079;||&#x10f07a;||&#x10f07b;||&#x10f07c;||&#x10f07d;||&#x10f07e;||&#x10f07f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F08x |&#x10f080;||&#x10f081;||&#x10f082;||&#x10f083;||&#x10f084;||&#x10f085;||&#x10f086;||&#x10f087;||&#x10f088;||&#x10f089;||&#x10f08a;||&#x10f08b;||&#x10f08c;||&#x10f08d;||&#x10f08e;||&#x10f08f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F09x |&#x10f090;||&#x10f091;||&#x10f092;||&#x10f093;||&#x10f094;||&#x10f095;||&#x10f096;||&#x10f097;||&#x10f098;||&#x10f099;||&#x10f09a;||&#x10f09b;||&#x10f09c;||&#x10f09d;||&#x10f09e;||&#x10f09f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F0Ax |&#x10f0a0;||&#x10f0a1;||&#x10f0a2;||&#x10f0a3;||&#x10f0a4;||&#x10f0a5;||&#x10f0a6;||&#x10f0a7;||&#x10f0a8;||&#x10f0a9;||&#x10f0aa;||&#x10f0ab;||&#x10f0ac;||&#x10f0ad;||&#x10f0ae;||&#x10f0af; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F0Bx |&#x10f0b0;||&#x10f0b1;||&#x10f0b2;||&#x10f0b3;||&#x10f0b4;||&#x10f0b5;||&#x10f0b6;||&#x10f0b7;||&#x10f0b8;||&#x10f0b9;||&#x10f0ba;||&#x10f0bb;||&#x10f0bc;||&#x10f0bd;||&#x10f0be;||&#x10f0bf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F0Cx |&#x10f0c0;||&#x10f0c1;||&#x10f0c2;||&#x10f0c3;||&#x10f0c4;||&#x10f0c5;||&#x10f0c6;||&#x10f0c7;||&#x10f0c8;||&#x10f0c9;||&#x10f0ca;||&#x10f0cb;||&#x10f0cc;||&#x10f0cd;||&#x10f0ce;||&#x10f0cf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F0Dx |&#x10f0d0;||&#x10f0d1;||&#x10f0d2;||&#x10f0d3;||&#x10f0d4;||&#x10f0d5;||&#x10f0d6;||&#x10f0d7;||&#x10f0d8;||&#x10f0d9;||&#x10f0da;||&#x10f0db;||&#x10f0dc;||&#x10f0dd;||&#x10f0de;||&#x10f0df; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F0Ex |&#x10f0e0;||&#x10f0e1;||&#x10f0e2;||&#x10f0e3;||&#x10f0e4;||&#x10f0e5;||&#x10f0e6;||&#x10f0e7;||&#x10f0e8;||&#x10f0e9;||&#x10f0ea;||&#x10f0eb;||&#x10f0ec;||&#x10f0ed;||&#x10f0ee;||&#x10f0ef; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F0Fx |&#x10f0f0;||&#x10f0f1;||&#x10f0f2;||&#x10f0f3;||&#x10f0f4;||&#x10f0f5;||&#x10f0f6;||&#x10f0f7;||&#x10f0f8;||&#x10f0f9;||&#x10f0fa;||&#x10f0fb;||&#x10f0fc;||&#x10f0fd;||&#x10f0fe;||&#x10f0ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F10x |&#x10f100;||&#x10f101;||&#x10f102;||&#x10f103;||&#x10f104;||&#x10f105;||&#x10f106;||&#x10f107;||&#x10f108;||&#x10f109;||&#x10f10a;||&#x10f10b;||&#x10f10c;||&#x10f10d;||&#x10f10e;||&#x10f10f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F11x |&#x10f110;||&#x10f111;||&#x10f112;||&#x10f113;||&#x10f114;||&#x10f115;||&#x10f116;||&#x10f117;||&#x10f118;||&#x10f119;||&#x10f11a;||&#x10f11b;||&#x10f11c;||&#x10f11d;||&#x10f11e;||&#x10f11f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F12x |&#x10f120;||&#x10f121;||&#x10f122;||&#x10f123;||&#x10f124;||&#x10f125;||&#x10f126;||&#x10f127;||&#x10f128;||&#x10f129;||&#x10f12a;||&#x10f12b;||&#x10f12c;||&#x10f12d;||&#x10f12e;||&#x10f12f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F13x |&#x10f130;||&#x10f131;||&#x10f132;||&#x10f133;||&#x10f134;||&#x10f135;||&#x10f136;||&#x10f137;||&#x10f138;||&#x10f139;||&#x10f13a;||&#x10f13b;||&#x10f13c;||&#x10f13d;||&#x10f13e;||&#x10f13f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F14x |&#x10f140;||&#x10f141;||&#x10f142;||&#x10f143;||&#x10f144;||&#x10f145;||&#x10f146;||&#x10f147;||&#x10f148;||&#x10f149;||&#x10f14a;||&#x10f14b;||&#x10f14c;||&#x10f14d;||&#x10f14e;||&#x10f14f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F15x |&#x10f150;||&#x10f151;||&#x10f152;||&#x10f153;||&#x10f154;||&#x10f155;||&#x10f156;||&#x10f157;||&#x10f158;||&#x10f159;||&#x10f15a;||&#x10f15b;||&#x10f15c;||&#x10f15d;||&#x10f15e;||&#x10f15f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F16x |&#x10f160;||&#x10f161;||&#x10f162;||&#x10f163;||&#x10f164;||&#x10f165;||&#x10f166;||&#x10f167;||&#x10f168;||&#x10f169;||&#x10f16a;||&#x10f16b;||&#x10f16c;||&#x10f16d;||&#x10f16e;||&#x10f16f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F17x |&#x10f170;||&#x10f171;||&#x10f172;||&#x10f173;||&#x10f174;||&#x10f175;||&#x10f176;||&#x10f177;||&#x10f178;||&#x10f179;||&#x10f17a;||&#x10f17b;||&#x10f17c;||&#x10f17d;||&#x10f17e;||&#x10f17f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F18x |&#x10f180;||&#x10f181;||&#x10f182;||&#x10f183;||&#x10f184;||&#x10f185;||&#x10f186;||&#x10f187;||&#x10f188;||&#x10f189;||&#x10f18a;||&#x10f18b;||&#x10f18c;||&#x10f18d;||&#x10f18e;||&#x10f18f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F19x |&#x10f190;||&#x10f191;||&#x10f192;||&#x10f193;||&#x10f194;||&#x10f195;||&#x10f196;||&#x10f197;||&#x10f198;||&#x10f199;||&#x10f19a;||&#x10f19b;||&#x10f19c;||&#x10f19d;||&#x10f19e;||&#x10f19f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F1Ax |&#x10f1a0;||&#x10f1a1;||&#x10f1a2;||&#x10f1a3;||&#x10f1a4;||&#x10f1a5;||&#x10f1a6;||&#x10f1a7;||&#x10f1a8;||&#x10f1a9;||&#x10f1aa;||&#x10f1ab;||&#x10f1ac;||&#x10f1ad;||&#x10f1ae;||&#x10f1af; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F1Bx |&#x10f1b0;||&#x10f1b1;||&#x10f1b2;||&#x10f1b3;||&#x10f1b4;||&#x10f1b5;||&#x10f1b6;||&#x10f1b7;||&#x10f1b8;||&#x10f1b9;||&#x10f1ba;||&#x10f1bb;||&#x10f1bc;||&#x10f1bd;||&#x10f1be;||&#x10f1bf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F1Cx |&#x10f1c0;||&#x10f1c1;||&#x10f1c2;||&#x10f1c3;||&#x10f1c4;||&#x10f1c5;||&#x10f1c6;||&#x10f1c7;||&#x10f1c8;||&#x10f1c9;||&#x10f1ca;||&#x10f1cb;||&#x10f1cc;||&#x10f1cd;||&#x10f1ce;||&#x10f1cf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F1Dx |&#x10f1d0;||&#x10f1d1;||&#x10f1d2;||&#x10f1d3;||&#x10f1d4;||&#x10f1d5;||&#x10f1d6;||&#x10f1d7;||&#x10f1d8;||&#x10f1d9;||&#x10f1da;||&#x10f1db;||&#x10f1dc;||&#x10f1dd;||&#x10f1de;||&#x10f1df; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F1Ex |&#x10f1e0;||&#x10f1e1;||&#x10f1e2;||&#x10f1e3;||&#x10f1e4;||&#x10f1e5;||&#x10f1e6;||&#x10f1e7;||&#x10f1e8;||&#x10f1e9;||&#x10f1ea;||&#x10f1eb;||&#x10f1ec;||&#x10f1ed;||&#x10f1ee;||&#x10f1ef; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F1Fx |&#x10f1f0;||&#x10f1f1;||&#x10f1f2;||&#x10f1f3;||&#x10f1f4;||&#x10f1f5;||&#x10f1f6;||&#x10f1f7;||&#x10f1f8;||&#x10f1f9;||&#x10f1fa;||&#x10f1fb;||&#x10f1fc;||&#x10f1fd;||&#x10f1fe;||&#x10f1ff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F20x 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|&#x10f240;||&#x10f241;||&#x10f242;||&#x10f243;||&#x10f244;||&#x10f245;||&#x10f246;||&#x10f247;||&#x10f248;||&#x10f249;||&#x10f24a;||&#x10f24b;||&#x10f24c;||&#x10f24d;||&#x10f24e;||&#x10f24f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F25x |&#x10f250;||&#x10f251;||&#x10f252;||&#x10f253;||&#x10f254;||&#x10f255;||&#x10f256;||&#x10f257;||&#x10f258;||&#x10f259;||&#x10f25a;||&#x10f25b;||&#x10f25c;||&#x10f25d;||&#x10f25e;||&#x10f25f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F26x |&#x10f260;||&#x10f261;||&#x10f262;||&#x10f263;||&#x10f264;||&#x10f265;||&#x10f266;||&#x10f267;||&#x10f268;||&#x10f269;||&#x10f26a;||&#x10f26b;||&#x10f26c;||&#x10f26d;||&#x10f26e;||&#x10f26f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F27x |&#x10f270;||&#x10f271;||&#x10f272;||&#x10f273;||&#x10f274;||&#x10f275;||&#x10f276;||&#x10f277;||&#x10f278;||&#x10f279;||&#x10f27a;||&#x10f27b;||&#x10f27c;||&#x10f27d;||&#x10f27e;||&#x10f27f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F28x |&#x10f280;||&#x10f281;||&#x10f282;||&#x10f283;||&#x10f284;||&#x10f285;||&#x10f286;||&#x10f287;||&#x10f288;||&#x10f289;||&#x10f28a;||&#x10f28b;||&#x10f28c;||&#x10f28d;||&#x10f28e;||&#x10f28f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F29x |&#x10f290;||&#x10f291;||&#x10f292;||&#x10f293;||&#x10f294;||&#x10f295;||&#x10f296;||&#x10f297;||&#x10f298;||&#x10f299;||&#x10f29a;||&#x10f29b;||&#x10f29c;||&#x10f29d;||&#x10f29e;||&#x10f29f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F2Ax |&#x10f2a0;||&#x10f2a1;||&#x10f2a2;||&#x10f2a3;||&#x10f2a4;||&#x10f2a5;||&#x10f2a6;||&#x10f2a7;||&#x10f2a8;||&#x10f2a9;||&#x10f2aa;||&#x10f2ab;||&#x10f2ac;||&#x10f2ad;||&#x10f2ae;||&#x10f2af; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F2Bx |&#x10f2b0;||&#x10f2b1;||&#x10f2b2;||&#x10f2b3;||&#x10f2b4;||&#x10f2b5;||&#x10f2b6;||&#x10f2b7;||&#x10f2b8;||&#x10f2b9;||&#x10f2ba;||&#x10f2bb;||&#x10f2bc;||&#x10f2bd;||&#x10f2be;||&#x10f2bf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10F2Cx 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|&#x10fe40;||&#x10fe41;||&#x10fe42;||&#x10fe43;||&#x10fe44;||&#x10fe45;||&#x10fe46;||&#x10fe47;||&#x10fe48;||&#x10fe49;||&#x10fe4a;||&#x10fe4b;||&#x10fe4c;||&#x10fe4d;||&#x10fe4e;||&#x10fe4f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FE5x |&#x10fe50;||&#x10fe51;||&#x10fe52;||&#x10fe53;||&#x10fe54;||&#x10fe55;||&#x10fe56;||&#x10fe57;||&#x10fe58;||&#x10fe59;||&#x10fe5a;||&#x10fe5b;||&#x10fe5c;||&#x10fe5d;||&#x10fe5e;||&#x10fe5f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FE6x |&#x10fe60;||&#x10fe61;||&#x10fe62;||&#x10fe63;||&#x10fe64;||&#x10fe65;||&#x10fe66;||&#x10fe67;||&#x10fe68;||&#x10fe69;||&#x10fe6a;||&#x10fe6b;||&#x10fe6c;||&#x10fe6d;||&#x10fe6e;||&#x10fe6f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FE7x |&#x10fe70;||&#x10fe71;||&#x10fe72;||&#x10fe73;||&#x10fe74;||&#x10fe75;||&#x10fe76;||&#x10fe77;||&#x10fe78;||&#x10fe79;||&#x10fe7a;||&#x10fe7b;||&#x10fe7c;||&#x10fe7d;||&#x10fe7e;||&#x10fe7f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FE8x |&#x10fe80;||&#x10fe81;||&#x10fe82;||&#x10fe83;||&#x10fe84;||&#x10fe85;||&#x10fe86;||&#x10fe87;||&#x10fe88;||&#x10fe89;||&#x10fe8a;||&#x10fe8b;||&#x10fe8c;||&#x10fe8d;||&#x10fe8e;||&#x10fe8f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FE9x |&#x10fe90;||&#x10fe91;||&#x10fe92;||&#x10fe93;||&#x10fe94;||&#x10fe95;||&#x10fe96;||&#x10fe97;||&#x10fe98;||&#x10fe99;||&#x10fe9a;||&#x10fe9b;||&#x10fe9c;||&#x10fe9d;||&#x10fe9e;||&#x10fe9f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FEAx |&#x10fea0;||&#x10fea1;||&#x10fea2;||&#x10fea3;||&#x10fea4;||&#x10fea5;||&#x10fea6;||&#x10fea7;||&#x10fea8;||&#x10fea9;||&#x10feaa;||&#x10feab;||&#x10feac;||&#x10fead;||&#x10feae;||&#x10feaf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FEBx |&#x10feb0;||&#x10feb1;||&#x10feb2;||&#x10feb3;||&#x10feb4;||&#x10feb5;||&#x10feb6;||&#x10feb7;||&#x10feb8;||&#x10feb9;||&#x10feba;||&#x10febb;||&#x10febc;||&#x10febd;||&#x10febe;||&#x10febf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FECx |&#x10fec0;||&#x10fec1;||&#x10fec2;||&#x10fec3;||&#x10fec4;||&#x10fec5;||&#x10fec6;||&#x10fec7;||&#x10fec8;||&#x10fec9;||&#x10feca;||&#x10fecb;||&#x10fecc;||&#x10fecd;||&#x10fece;||&#x10fecf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FEDx |&#x10fed0;||&#x10fed1;||&#x10fed2;||&#x10fed3;||&#x10fed4;||&#x10fed5;||&#x10fed6;||&#x10fed7;||&#x10fed8;||&#x10fed9;||&#x10feda;||&#x10fedb;||&#x10fedc;||&#x10fedd;||&#x10fede;||&#x10fedf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FEEx |&#x10fee0;||&#x10fee1;||&#x10fee2;||&#x10fee3;||&#x10fee4;||&#x10fee5;||&#x10fee6;||&#x10fee7;||&#x10fee8;||&#x10fee9;||&#x10feea;||&#x10feeb;||&#x10feec;||&#x10feed;||&#x10feee;||&#x10feef; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FEFx |&#x10fef0;||&#x10fef1;||&#x10fef2;||&#x10fef3;||&#x10fef4;||&#x10fef5;||&#x10fef6;||&#x10fef7;||&#x10fef8;||&#x10fef9;||&#x10fefa;||&#x10fefb;||&#x10fefc;||&#x10fefd;||&#x10fefe;||&#x10feff; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF0x |&#x10ff00;||&#x10ff01;||&#x10ff02;||&#x10ff03;||&#x10ff04;||&#x10ff05;||&#x10ff06;||&#x10ff07;||&#x10ff08;||&#x10ff09;||&#x10ff0a;||&#x10ff0b;||&#x10ff0c;||&#x10ff0d;||&#x10ff0e;||&#x10ff0f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF1x |&#x10ff10;||&#x10ff11;||&#x10ff12;||&#x10ff13;||&#x10ff14;||&#x10ff15;||&#x10ff16;||&#x10ff17;||&#x10ff18;||&#x10ff19;||&#x10ff1a;||&#x10ff1b;||&#x10ff1c;||&#x10ff1d;||&#x10ff1e;||&#x10ff1f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF2x |&#x10ff20;||&#x10ff21;||&#x10ff22;||&#x10ff23;||&#x10ff24;||&#x10ff25;||&#x10ff26;||&#x10ff27;||&#x10ff28;||&#x10ff29;||&#x10ff2a;||&#x10ff2b;||&#x10ff2c;||&#x10ff2d;||&#x10ff2e;||&#x10ff2f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF3x |&#x10ff30;||&#x10ff31;||&#x10ff32;||&#x10ff33;||&#x10ff34;||&#x10ff35;||&#x10ff36;||&#x10ff37;||&#x10ff38;||&#x10ff39;||&#x10ff3a;||&#x10ff3b;||&#x10ff3c;||&#x10ff3d;||&#x10ff3e;||&#x10ff3f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF4x |&#x10ff40;||&#x10ff41;||&#x10ff42;||&#x10ff43;||&#x10ff44;||&#x10ff45;||&#x10ff46;||&#x10ff47;||&#x10ff48;||&#x10ff49;||&#x10ff4a;||&#x10ff4b;||&#x10ff4c;||&#x10ff4d;||&#x10ff4e;||&#x10ff4f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF5x |&#x10ff50;||&#x10ff51;||&#x10ff52;||&#x10ff53;||&#x10ff54;||&#x10ff55;||&#x10ff56;||&#x10ff57;||&#x10ff58;||&#x10ff59;||&#x10ff5a;||&#x10ff5b;||&#x10ff5c;||&#x10ff5d;||&#x10ff5e;||&#x10ff5f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF6x |&#x10ff60;||&#x10ff61;||&#x10ff62;||&#x10ff63;||&#x10ff64;||&#x10ff65;||&#x10ff66;||&#x10ff67;||&#x10ff68;||&#x10ff69;||&#x10ff6a;||&#x10ff6b;||&#x10ff6c;||&#x10ff6d;||&#x10ff6e;||&#x10ff6f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF7x |&#x10ff70;||&#x10ff71;||&#x10ff72;||&#x10ff73;||&#x10ff74;||&#x10ff75;||&#x10ff76;||&#x10ff77;||&#x10ff78;||&#x10ff79;||&#x10ff7a;||&#x10ff7b;||&#x10ff7c;||&#x10ff7d;||&#x10ff7e;||&#x10ff7f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF8x |&#x10ff80;||&#x10ff81;||&#x10ff82;||&#x10ff83;||&#x10ff84;||&#x10ff85;||&#x10ff86;||&#x10ff87;||&#x10ff88;||&#x10ff89;||&#x10ff8a;||&#x10ff8b;||&#x10ff8c;||&#x10ff8d;||&#x10ff8e;||&#x10ff8f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FF9x |&#x10ff90;||&#x10ff91;||&#x10ff92;||&#x10ff93;||&#x10ff94;||&#x10ff95;||&#x10ff96;||&#x10ff97;||&#x10ff98;||&#x10ff99;||&#x10ff9a;||&#x10ff9b;||&#x10ff9c;||&#x10ff9d;||&#x10ff9e;||&#x10ff9f; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FFAx |&#x10ffa0;||&#x10ffa1;||&#x10ffa2;||&#x10ffa3;||&#x10ffa4;||&#x10ffa5;||&#x10ffa6;||&#x10ffa7;||&#x10ffa8;||&#x10ffa9;||&#x10ffaa;||&#x10ffab;||&#x10ffac;||&#x10ffad;||&#x10ffae;||&#x10ffaf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FFBx |&#x10ffb0;||&#x10ffb1;||&#x10ffb2;||&#x10ffb3;||&#x10ffb4;||&#x10ffb5;||&#x10ffb6;||&#x10ffb7;||&#x10ffb8;||&#x10ffb9;||&#x10ffba;||&#x10ffbb;||&#x10ffbc;||&#x10ffbd;||&#x10ffbe;||&#x10ffbf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FFCx |&#x10ffc0;||&#x10ffc1;||&#x10ffc2;||&#x10ffc3;||&#x10ffc4;||&#x10ffc5;||&#x10ffc6;||&#x10ffc7;||&#x10ffc8;||&#x10ffc9;||&#x10ffca;||&#x10ffcb;||&#x10ffcc;||&#x10ffcd;||&#x10ffce;||&#x10ffcf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FFDx |&#x10ffd0;||&#x10ffd1;||&#x10ffd2;||&#x10ffd3;||&#x10ffd4;||&#x10ffd5;||&#x10ffd6;||&#x10ffd7;||&#x10ffd8;||&#x10ffd9;||&#x10ffda;||&#x10ffdb;||&#x10ffdc;||&#x10ffdd;||&#x10ffde;||&#x10ffdf; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FFEx |&#x10ffe0;||&#x10ffe1;||&#x10ffe2;||&#x10ffe3;||&#x10ffe4;||&#x10ffe5;||&#x10ffe6;||&#x10ffe7;||&#x10ffe8;||&#x10ffe9;||&#x10ffea;||&#x10ffeb;||&#x10ffec;||&#x10ffed;||&#x10ffee;||&#x10ffef; |----- style="text-align:center;{{pua}}" !10FFFx |&#x10fff0;||&#x10fff1;||&#x10fff2;||&#x10fff3;||&#x10fff4;||&#x10fff5;||&#x10fff6;||&#x10fff7;||&#x10fff8;||&#x10fff9;||&#x10fffa;||&#x10fffb;||&#x10fffc;||&#x10fffd;||style="{{nch}}"|&nbsp;||style="{{nch}}"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Notes''' |- | || colspan="16" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};font-size:small;text-align:left" |{{note|PUA}}Unicode range 100000–10FFFD is used as a ''private use area'', which is reserved for private use. |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 55d8xt3gx5kh9ay9oeu50nkxh9j3j5z Unicode/Character reference/2D000-2DFFF 0 385109 4664522 4585835 2026-08-26T07:08:15Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2D00x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D000|&#x2d000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D001|&#x2d001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D002|&#x2d002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D003|&#x2d003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D004|&#x2d004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D005|&#x2d005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D006|&#x2d006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D007|&#x2d007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D008|&#x2d008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D009|&#x2d009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D00A|&#x2d00a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D00B|&#x2d00b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D00C|&#x2d00c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D00D|&#x2d00d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D00E|&#x2d00e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D00F|&#x2d00f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2D01x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D010|&#x2d010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D011|&#x2d011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D012|&#x2d012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D013|&#x2d013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D014|&#x2d014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D015|&#x2d015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D016|&#x2d016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D017|&#x2d017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D018|&#x2d018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D019|&#x2d019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D01A|&#x2d01a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D01B|&#x2d01b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D01C|&#x2d01c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D01D|&#x2d01d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D01E|&#x2d01e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D01F|&#x2d01f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2D02x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D020|&#x2d020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D021|&#x2d021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D022|&#x2d022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D023|&#x2d023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D024|&#x2d024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D025|&#x2d025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D026|&#x2d026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D027|&#x2d027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D028|&#x2d028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D029|&#x2d029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D02A|&#x2d02a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D02B|&#x2d02b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D02C|&#x2d02c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D02D|&#x2d02d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D02E|&#x2d02e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D02F|&#x2d02f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2D03x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D030|&#x2d030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D031|&#x2d031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D032|&#x2d032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D033|&#x2d033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D034|&#x2d034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D035|&#x2d035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D036|&#x2d036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D037|&#x2d037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D038|&#x2d038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D039|&#x2d039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D03A|&#x2d03a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D03B|&#x2d03b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D03C|&#x2d03c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D03D|&#x2d03d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D03E|&#x2d03e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D03F|&#x2d03f;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2D04x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D040|&#x2d040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D041|&#x2d041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D042|&#x2d042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D043|&#x2d043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D044|&#x2d044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D045|&#x2d045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D046|&#x2d046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D047|&#x2d047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D048|&#x2d048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D049|&#x2d049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D04A|&#x2d04a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D04B|&#x2d04b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2D04C|&#x2d04c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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IDEOGRAPH-2DFEC|&#x2dfec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFED|&#x2dfed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFEE|&#x2dfee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFEF|&#x2dfef;}} |----- style="text-align:center:background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|2DFFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF0|&#x2dff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF1|&#x2dff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF2|&#x2dff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF3|&#x2dff3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF4|&#x2dff4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF5|&#x2dff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF6|&#x2dff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF7|&#x2dff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF8|&#x2dff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFF9|&#x2dff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFFA|&#x2dffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFFB|&#x2dffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFFC|&#x2dffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFFD|&#x2dffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFFE|&#x2dffe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2DFFF|&#x2dfff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} hez3nvxbhz28giolhnb13kavvoyfxh7 Lentis/Mental Health as a Pharmacological Growth Market 0 392069 4664481 3501015 2026-08-25T23:23:14Z Dkm-sdf 3535907 4664481 wikitext text/x-wiki == Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising == [[File:Food and Drug Administration (United States) (logo).jpg|thumb|US Food and Drug Administration]] The average American watches nine pharmaceutical commercials per day for a total of sixteen hours worth of drug advertisements each year. These commercials, and all other attempts to market pharmaceuticals directly to a customer, are examples of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising (DTCPA)]. DTCPA is illegal in every "developed nation" except Canada, the United States, and New Zealand <ref>US FDA. (n.d.). Keeping Watch Over Direct-to-Consumer Ads [WebContent]. https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm107170.htm</ref>. In Canada, DTCPA can include either the product's name or its intended use, but not both. DTCPA in the United States and New Zealand can include both of these pieces of information.<br> The most common example of direct-to-consumer advertising is the "product claim ad", which makes specific claims about a product's indication, safety, and efficacy.<ref name= Ventola2011>Ventola, C. L. (2011). Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 36(10), 669–684.</ref> In the United States, product claim advertisements are subject to regulations defined by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration Food and Drug Administration's (FDA)] [https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm080806.htm Division of Drug Marketing, Advertising, and Communications (DDMAC)]. Regulations written by DDMAC require that product-claim ads include a "major statement" on the drug's most important risks and either a "brief summary" of the drug's prescribing information or "adequate provision" of such information <ref name=FDA1>US FDA. (n.d.). Drug Advertising: A Glossary of Terms [WebContent]. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/PrescriptionDrugAdvertising/ucm072025.htm#brief_summary</ref>. When they write their "major statement" and "brief summary", pharmaceutical companies are "encouraged to use language [that] consumers can easily understand" <ref name=FDA1/>. <br> Product claim ads must also give a "fair balance" of information about a drug's risks and benefits. === Arguments Against DTCPA === Critics of DTCPA argue that FDA regulations are too vague to adequately protect the consumer and cite "content analysis studies [that] have found that most DTC ads emphasize drug benefits over risks". Critics also blame DTCPA for creating unrealistic expectations of drug performance and for "contributing to the 'medicalization' of natural conditions, cosmetic issues, or trivial ailments, resulting in an overmedicated society".<ref name=Ventola2011/> === Arguments in Favor of DTCPA === Proponents of DTC advertising claim that it "reduces underdiagnosis and undertreatment of conditions".<ref name=Ventola2011/> A study administered by Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital found that "25% of patients who visited their doctor after seeing DTCPA received a new diagnosis."<ref name=Ventola2011/> Most importantly, advocates contend that DTCPA "educates patients and allows them to take charge of their health".<ref name=Ventola2011/> <br> === Potential Ban on DTCPA === A ban on DTC advertising is unlikely, regardless of how the risks compare to the benefits. The [https://journalism.uoregon.edu/~tgleason/j385/Central.htm Central Hudson test], which is used to determine "whether a ban on commercial speech is permissible,"<ref name=Ventola2011/> examines whether an advertisement is misleading, whether a ban would promote a "substantial government interest", and whether the government's interest could be promoted through some other means.<ref name=Ventola2011/> Because the Central Hudson test has been used to overturn bans on alcohol, tobacco, and prescription advertisements, legal scholars expect that a ban on DTCPA would be declared unconstitutional.<ref name=Ventola2011/> ==Attention-Deficit Disorder== ====Origin==== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] is a neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly diagnosed in children.<ref name ="psychiatry"> What is ADHD?" (2017). ''American Psychiatric Association.''https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd</ref> Symptoms of ADHD include hyperactivity, impulsivity, difficultly focusing, and forgetfulness.<ref name = "CDC"> Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (2017, August 31). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html</ref> These symptoms can be intensified by a person’s surroundings, such as a hectic home-life or a strict classroom.<ref name="Nation"> Schwartz, A. (2016). ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma, and the making of an American Epidemic.</ref> ADHD is diagnosed as either inattentive type, hyperactive/impulsive type, or a combined type.<ref name="psychiatry"/> Similar to many other psychiatric illnesses, there is no conclusive way of testing for ADHD.<ref name="psychiatry"/> Instead, it is diagnosed based on a symptom checklist.<ref name="psychiatry"/> According to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association American Psychiatric Association], ADHD only affects 5% of children, but 15% of children are diagnosed. <ref name="Nation"/> ====Pharmaceutical Market Expansion==== According to a New York Times article published by Alan Schwarz, the number of children on ADHD medication has increased from 600,000 in 1990 to 3.5 million in 2013.<ref name ="Times">Schwartz, A. (2013).The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder. The New York Times.</ref> This statistic suggests that ADHD has reached epidemic levels. According to Dr. Keith Connors, a psychologist and professor at Duke University, the increase in ADHD diagnoses is “a concoction to justify the giving out of medication at unprecedented and unjustifiable levels”.<ref name="Times"/> The surge in prescribed ADHD medication appears to have resulted from a 20 year campaign by pharmaceutical companies to publicize the mental disorder to doctors, educators, and parents.<ref name="Nation"/> [[File:AdderallXR-15mg.png|thumb|Adderall]] In their advertising campaigns, pharmaceutical companies have exploited the qualitative nature of ADHD symptoms. Drug companies have expanded the image of ADHD to include relatively normal behavior like carelessness and impatience, and have even overstated the benefits of their medication.<ref name="Times"/> Since 2000, the FDA has cited major ADHD drug manufacturers including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_(pharmaceutical_company) Shire Pharmaceutical] (Adderall, Intuniv) and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceutica Janssen Pharmaceuticals] (Concerta) for false advertising.<ref name="Times"/> The 2005 People magazine cover featured an advertisement for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall Adderall XR] by Shire Pharmaceutical. The ad showed a mom hugging her son and had the caption, "grades that finally match his intelligence". This advertisement appealed to a mother's desire to have successful children. ====Advertising to Parents==== [[File:Strattera atomoxetin.jpg|thumb|Strattera (atomoxetine)]] Pharmaceutical advertisements for ADHD drugs are typically targeted at parents, especially mothers, rather than the patients (children). This is because mothers are seen as impressionable consumers. According to Alan Schwarz, the author of ''ADHD Nation: Children, Doctors, Big Pharma'', “Adderall suddenly wasn’t a medicine just for an ADHD child. It was for his mother, too, to make her child less of a pain, to improve her parental satisfaction of a job well done”.<ref name="Nation"/> Similar advertisements leverage common values of parents, such having successful and competitive children. Pharmaceutical companies strategically market their ADHD products by exploiting social norms regarding parenting in the United States. Not only is it socially acceptable for parents to discuss their children's success, it is expected. The direct-to-consumer advertisements from pharmaceutical companies not only cliam that their drugs will ameliorate ADHD symptoms, but they explicitly state that they will also improve personal skills. For example, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company Eli Lilly and Company] released an ad for their ADHD medication, Strattera, that asked, “‘What can a child with ADHD gain? Control and Confidence’”.<ref name="Nation"/> These advertisements also promise parents peace of mind if they medicate their children with these drugs. A 2003 Concerta ad promised that ADHD medication brought the “comfort of undeniable safety”.<ref name="Nation"/> ====Advertising to Physicians==== Once parents are convinced that ADHD medication will improve their child's behavior and their parental satisfaction, they need a physician to prescribe the drug. Because of this, pharmaceutical companies attempt to gain physicians’ acceptance. They do this by claiming that ADHD medication can both help children avoid accidents and allow them "to experience life’s successes every day”.<ref name="Nation"/> An ad for Strattera that was targeted at doctors shows a child about to skateboard into the street and asks “When could ADHD symptoms affect your patients?”.<ref name="Nation"/> This ad shows that there is a thin line between treating those affected with ADHD and tempting healthy individuals. Since ADHD medications are stimulants that boost concentration and focus, it can be used less as a medicine and more as a performance-enhancing drug. ==Depression== ====Origin==== Depression is a mental illness defined by feelings of sadness or dejection, often accompanied by a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. Types of depression include psychotic depression, antenatal and postnatal depression, and melancholia.<ref>Beyond Blue Ltd. (2016). Types of Depression [WebContent]. https://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/depression/types-of-depression.</ref> Humans have had a long and arduous relationship with the many forms of this illness. Ancient Romans would beat and shackle the afflicted, while Renaissance Christians would burn and drown the mentally ill to rid them of their “demons”.<ref>Nemade, M., Reiss, N.S., Dombeck, M. (2007, September 19). Historical Understandings of Depression. https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/historical-understandings-of-depression/.</ref> ====Pharmaceutical Market Expansion==== Biomedical depression treatment began in the 1950's with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iproniazid iproniazid] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoniazid isoniazid]. Though these drugs were originally used to treat tuberculosis at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaview_Hospital Sea View Hospital], they began to be used as an antidepressant when doctors noticed that they improved their patients' mood.<ref>Selikoff I.J., Robitzek E.H. (1952). Tuberculosis Chemotherapy with Hydrazine Derivatives of Isonicotinic Acid. Chest. 21 (4): 385–438. </ref> Iproniazid grew in sales until the 1960's when it was recalled for toxicity. Since then, many other antidepressants have been developed that have altered the ways in which care is administered to psychiatric patients. [[File:Eli Lilly and Company.svg|thumb|Eli Lilly and Company]] The first antidepressant to be widely accessible in the United States was [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine Fluoxetine], or Prozac, manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company. This drug was approved for commercial use by the FDA in 1988. Before Prozac, antidepressants and other treatment such as electro-compulsive therapy were available only in psychiatric clinics.<ref name= Das2011>Das, A. (2011, March). Pharmaceutical Industry and the market: The case of Prozac and other antidepressants. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 4.</ref> For this reason, Eli Lilly and Company funded large advertising campaigns to promote the idea that Prozac was non-toxic and could be used by anyone. The campaign was so successful that in its first five years of availability, Prozac instigated a 50% increase in antidepressant usage.<ref name=Das2011/> By 1994, the drug was earning Eli Lilly and Company $1.2 billion a year worldwide.<ref>Newsweek. (1994, February 7). The Culture of Prozac. http://www.newsweek.com/id/113121.</ref> By 2011, antidepressants were second in prescription drug sales and accounted for an $11.9 billion industry.<ref name= Li>Li, C. (2014, October 22). The Effects of Direct-to-consumer Antidepressant Advertising on Young Adults. Northeastern's Undergraduate Writing Program Journal.</ref> ====Advertising to Women==== Pharmaceutical companies have used DTC advertising to increase antidepressant sales by appealing to people, especially women, and their insecurities. It is possible that advertisements target women because, according to the MayoClinic, “women are nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression”.<ref name= Mayo>MayoClinic. (2017). Depression in Women: Understanding the Gender Gap. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/depression/art-20047725</ref> This is due to complex hormonal changes, such as those associated with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause, along with life experiences and inherited traits. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression Postpartum depression], for example, is described by feelings of sadness or anxiety after giving birth, and occurs in about 10 to 15% of women.<ref name= Mayo/> Antidepressant advertisements, such as Eli Lilly and Company's ad for Cymbalta,<ref name=cymbalta>Eli Lilly and Company. (n.d.) Cymbalta. http://www.herbmuseum.ca/files/images/v-cymbalta-ad1.jpg.</ref>, frequently feature women that have overcome depression to enjoy their daily life. The Cymbalta print advertisement in particular highlights the smiling, happy face of a mother who is enjoying a tea party in a sunny field with her husband, daughter, and son.<ref name=cymbalta/> Magazines and television feature similar advertisements for Prozac, Pristiq, and Abilify. Pristiq commercials in particular show women with their “wind-up toy counterparts” to symbolize how depressed women “lose their willpower throughout the day”.<ref name= Li/> In addition to promising increased happiness and confidence, antidepressant advertisements assure women that the drug will improve their ability to be a good mother or wife. According to ''America’s State of Mind Report'' by MedCo Solutions, women are more likely than men to use antidepressants in every age bracket.<ref>MedCo Health Solutions, Inc. (n.d.). America’s State of Mind Report. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19032en/s19032en.pdf</ref> Epidemiological studies by the Indian Journal of Psychiatry also indicate that excess antidepressant use occurs most commonly “among married women aged 25–45, with children”.<ref>Rao, T.S., Asha, M.R., Ramesh, B.N., Rao, K.S. (2008 April). Understand Nutrition, Depression, and Mental Illness. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738337/</ref> This could illustrate the success of women-focused antidepressant advertising, but it could also indicate that women are more likely to suffer from depression, or to seek help for depression-like symptoms. Ultimately, it is probable that DTC advertisements are on cause of the epidemic-level rise in depression diagnoses since the release of Prozac in 1988. ==Conclusions and Future Work== Direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising has caused the number of prescriptions for mental health drugs to increase dramatically. Pharmaceutical companies have successfully marketed their products by targeting the members of particular interest groups and appealing to their insecurities. Although pharmaceutical companies do this to ensure that their drug is available to people that need it, they sometimes overemphasize the benefits of their product for the purpose of making money. Future work should examine how pharmaceutical advertisements encourage teachers to monitor their students' mental health. It should also analyze whether medications for mental health disorders are less prevalent in countries where DTCPA is illegal. Finally, researchers can consider how pharmaceutical advertisements have changed over time and how these advertisements have shaped the public's view of mental health illnesses. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{BookCat}} khlq4mqqp9lv8i5btuvrhwctcqdj9y8 Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada.Command Line 0 413594 4664563 4384265 2026-08-26T08:09:05Z ~2026-46627-83 3624182 Fix escaping of whitespace in last example 4664563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ada/Navigation}} {{Ada/95|Ada.Command_Line}} __TOC__ {{Ada/package|Ada|Command_Line}} is a unit of the [[Ada_Programming/Libraries#Predefined_Language_Libraries|Predefined Language Environment]] since Ada 95. == Introduction == The <code>Ada.Command_Line</code> package enables the Ada program to access the command line arguments set by the command that invoked the program. It is the Ada version of the C <code>argv</code> and <code>argc[n]</code> system. If the environment supports it, it is also possible to set the Ada program's exit status with <code>Ada.Command_Line</code>. It is important to note, that all the code in this article is compiled and executed on a Slackware Linux system. The compiler used is GNATMAKE GPL 2008 (20080521) and the shell is [http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html BASH]. This is important because the reference manual clearly states that: ''If the external execution environment supports passing arguments to a program, then Argument_Count returns the number of arguments passed to the program invoking the function. Otherwise, it returns 0. The meaning of “number of arguments” is implementation defined.'' Note the closing sentence: '''The meaning of “number of arguments” is implementation defined'''. What this means, is that you cannot trust a given argument string to yield the same result for all environments. <code>Argument_Count</code> is highly dependent on factors such as operating system, shell, and compiler. == Using Ada.Command_Line == The program we'll be using throughout this article doesn't actually do anything, except report the various arguments we've used when invoking the program. The basic program looks like this: {{Ada/keyword|with}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Text_IO}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|with}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Command_Line}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|procedure}} Args {{Ada/keyword|is}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} IO {{Ada/keyword|renames}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Text_IO{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} CLI {{Ada/keyword|renames}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Command_Line{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|begin}} IO{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Put_Line {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Item {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} "Argument Count:" [[Ada Programming/Delimiters/&|&]] CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count{{Ada/delimiter|'}}{{Ada/attribute|Img}}{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} Args{{Ada/delimiter|;}} When executing the above program with no arguments given, you should get the following output: Argument Count: 0 Let's quickly go over the program: On lines 1 and 2 we add the <code>Text_IO</code> and <code>Command_Line</code> packages to the program. On lines 5 and 6 we rename those packages to the shorter <code>IO</code> and <code>CLI</code> and finally on line 8 we output the current argument count. And that is really all that is required to enable access to the command line arguments given to the program. The full specification of the <code>Command_Line</code> package is about as simple as such [[#Specification|specifications]] can be. We've already encountered the <code>Argument_Count</code> function in the <code>Args</code> program, but lets see what happens when we invoke the <code>Args</code> program with some arguments. === Ada.Command_Line.Argument_Count === The specification for <code>Argument_Count</code> looks like this: {{Ada/keyword|function}} Argument_Count {{Ada/keyword|return}} Natural{{Ada/delimiter|;}} The basic <code>Args</code> program already use the <code>Argument_Count</code> function, so to see how it works, all we have to do is supply the program with a variety of arguments: $ ./args --option=value Argument Count: 1 $ ./args --option=value --foo=bar Argument Count: 2 $ ./args --name=Thomas Løcke Argument Count: 2 $ ./args --option="Thomas Løcke" Argument Count: 1 $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 5 $ ./args /path/to/file\ with\ spaces\ in\ name Argument Count: 1 A pattern should've emerged by now. Of particular interest is the last example: Because the whitespace is escaped, the entire string is treated as one argument. One could easily imagine that another environment might treat such an argument differently and perhaps ignore the backslash. The same holds for the double quotes example ("Thomas Løcke"). Other shells/environments might very well treat "Thomas Løcke" as two separate arguments because of the whitespace. The key thing is to be aware of such details when using <code>Ada.Command_Line</code>. === Ada.Command_Line.Argument === The specification for <code>Argument</code> looks like this: {{Ada/keyword|function}} Argument {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Number {{Ada/delimiter|:}} Positive{{Ada/delimiter|)}} {{Ada/keyword|return}} String{{Ada/delimiter|;}} <code>Argument</code> returns a <code>String</code> argument corresponding to the relative position <code>Number</code>. Note that <code>Number</code> is of type <code>Positive</code>. This means that the valid range of <code>Number</code> is <code>1 .. Argument_Count</code>. If <code>Number</code> is outside this range, a <code>Constraint_Error</code> is raised. To see how it works, we add 3 more lines to our small <code>Args</code> program: {{Ada/keyword|for}} i {{Ada/keyword|in}} 1 {{Ada/delimiter|double_dot|..}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count {{Ada/keyword|loop}} IO{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Put_Line {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Item {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Number {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} i{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} {{Ada/keyword|loop}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} If we run <code>Args</code> with the same arguments as given in the <code>Argument_Count</code> example, we get these results: $ ./args --option=value Argument Count: 1 1: --option=value $ ./args --option=value --foo=bar Argument Count: 2 1: --option=value 2: --foo=bar $ ./args --name=Thomas Løcke Argument Count: 2 1: --name=Thomas 2: Løcke $ ./args --option="Thomas Løcke" Argument Count: 1 1: --option=Thomas Løcke $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 5 1: /path/to/file 2: with 3: spaces 4: in 5: name $ ./args /path/to/file with spaces in name Argument Count: 1 1: /path/to/file with spaces in name There are no big surprises here. If no arguments are given when running the program, you will end up with a <code>null range</code> loop: <code>(1 .. 0)</code>. This is perfectly valid and the result is as expected: The loop is terminated immediately. {{Ada/keyword|with}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Text_IO}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|with}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Command_Line}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|procedure}} Args {{Ada/keyword|is}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} IO {{Ada/keyword|renames}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Text_IO{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} CLI {{Ada/keyword|renames}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Command_Line{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|begin}} IO{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Put_Line {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Item {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} "Argument Count:" [[Ada Programming/Delimiters/&|&]] CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count{{Ada/delimiter|'}}{{Ada/attribute|Img}}{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|for}} i {{Ada/keyword|in}} 1 {{Ada/delimiter|double_dot|..}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count {{Ada/keyword|loop}} IO{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Put {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Item {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} i{{Ada/delimiter|'}}{{Ada/attribute|Img}} [[Ada Programming/Delimiters/&|&]] ": "{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} IO{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Put_Line {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Item {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Number {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} i{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} {{Ada/keyword|loop}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} Args{{Ada/delimiter|;}} === Ada.Command_Line.Command_Name === The specification for <code>Command_Name</code> looks like this: {{Ada/keyword|function}} Command_Name {{Ada/keyword|return}} String{{Ada/delimiter|;}} <code>Command_Name</code> returns the string command used to invoke the program. As is the case with <code>Argument_Count</code>, this is implementation-defined, so <code>Command_Name</code> might return X on system A, Y on system B and null on system C. You cannot rely on this value being the same across all combinations of compilers, shells, and operating systems. To see how it works, add this line to the <code>Args</code> program: IO.Put_Line (CLI.Command_Name); If we execute the program, without any arguments, from within [[Ada Programming/Environment#GNAT_Studio|GNAT Studio]] (using Shift+F2), the result will be this: Argument Count: 0 /home/thomas/wiki_examples/Args/args Notice how GNAT Studio uses the full path to the <code>Args</code> program to invoke it. If I change directory to <code>/home/thomas/wiki_examples/Args/</code>, and execute the <code>Args</code> program from the commandline, I get this: $ args Argument Count: 0 args If I use the common <code>./</code> syntax to execute the program, I get this: $ ./args Argument Count: 0 ./args As you can see, in an environment that supports argument passing, the <code>Command_Name</code> function returns the exact string used to invoke the program. === Ada.Command_Line.Set_Exit_Status === The specification for <code>Set_Exit_Status</code> looks like this: {{Ada/keyword|procedure}} Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|:}} Exit_Status{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} If the environment supports the return of an task completion code, <code>Set_Exit_Status</code> allows you to set an exit status for the program. If you look at the specification for <code>Ada.Command_Line</code>, you will notice the type <code>Exit_Status</code> and the two variables <code>Success</code> and <code>Failure</code>. These two are defined as 0 and 1, respectively, but it is entirely possible to define your own exit status codes. To see how that works, add this to the specification of the <code>Args</code> program: More_Than_One_Arg {{Ada/delimiter|:}} {{Ada/keyword|constant}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|1=:=}} 3{{Ada/delimiter|;}} And this to the body of the program: {{Ada/keyword|if}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count {{Ada/operator|1==}} 0 {{Ada/keyword|then}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Failure{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|elsif}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count {{Ada/operator|1==}} 1 {{Ada/keyword|then}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Success{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|else}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} More_Than_One_Arg{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} {{Ada/keyword|if}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} What we do here is set the exit status depending on the number of arguments given to the program. This is what happens when we execute the program with various arguments: $ ./args Argument Count: 0 $ echo $? 1 $ ./args one Argument Count: 1 $ echo $? 0 $ ./args one two Argument Count: 2 $ echo $? 3 <code>echo $?</code> outputs the exit code of the most recently executed program. On the first execution, we get a failure because no arguments are given. On the second execution, we get a success because exactly one argument is given. On the third execution, we get the special exit code 3 because more than one argument is given. {{Ada/keyword|with}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Text_IO}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|with}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Command_Line}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|procedure}} Args {{Ada/keyword|is}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} {{Ada/package|IO}} {{Ada/keyword|renames}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Text_IO{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} {{Ada/package|CLI}} {{Ada/keyword|renames}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Command_Line{{Ada/delimiter|;}} More_Than_One_Arg {{Ada/delimiter|:}} {{Ada/keyword|constant}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|1=:=}} 3{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|begin}} IO{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Put_Line {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Item {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} "Argument Count:" [[Ada Programming/Delimiters/&|&]] CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count{{Ada/delimiter|'}}{{Ada/attribute|Img}}{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|if}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count {{Ada/operator|1==}} 0 {{Ada/keyword|then}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Failure{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|elsif}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Argument_Count {{Ada/operator|1==}} 1 {{Ada/keyword|then}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Success{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|else}} CLI{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|1=arrow|2==>}} More_Than_One_Arg{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} {{Ada/keyword|if}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} Args{{Ada/delimiter|;}} == Specification == {{Ada/comment| Standard Ada library specification}} {{Ada/comment| Copyright (c) 2003-2018 Maxim Reznik <reznikmm@gmail.com>}} {{Ada/comment| Copyright (c) 2004-2016 AXE Consultants}} {{Ada/comment| Copyright (c) 2004, 2005, 2006 Ada-Europe}} {{Ada/comment| Copyright (c) 2000 The MITRE Corporation, Inc.}} {{Ada/comment| Copyright (c) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Intermetrics, Inc.}} {{Ada/comment| SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause and LicenseRef-AdaReferenceManual}} {{Ada/comment|-------------------------------------------------------------------------}} {{Ada/keyword|package}} {{Ada/package|Ada|Command_Line}} {{Ada/keyword|is}} {{Ada/keyword|pragma}} Preelaborate {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Command_Line{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|function}} Argument_Count {{Ada/keyword|return}} Natural{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|function}} Argument {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Number {{Ada/delimiter|:}} {{Ada/keyword|in}} Positive{{Ada/delimiter|)}} {{Ada/keyword|return}} String{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|function}} Command_Name {{Ada/keyword|return}} String{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|type}} Exit_Status {{Ada/keyword|is}} {{Ada/keyword|range}} implementation_defined {{Ada/delimiter|double_dot|..}} implementation_defined{{Ada/delimiter|;}} Success {{Ada/delimiter|:}} {{Ada/keyword|constant}} Exit_Status{{Ada/delimiter|;}} Failure {{Ada/delimiter|:}} {{Ada/keyword|constant}} Exit_Status{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|procedure}} Set_Exit_Status {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Code {{Ada/delimiter|:}} {{Ada/keyword|in}} Exit_Status{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|private}} {{Ada/keyword|pragma}} Import {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Ada{{Ada/delimiter|,}} Success{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|pragma}} Import {{Ada/delimiter|(}}Ada{{Ada/delimiter|,}} Failure{{Ada/delimiter|)}}{{Ada/delimiter|;}} {{Ada/keyword|end}} Ada{{Ada/delimiter|dot|.}}Command_Line{{Ada/delimiter|;}} == See also == === Wikibook === * [[Ada Programming/Libraries/Ada]] {{Ada/Standard libraries}} === Ada Reference Manual === ==== Ada 95 ==== * {{Ada/95/RM|A|15|title=The Package Command_Line}} ==== Ada 2005 ==== * {{Ada/2005/RM|A|15|title=The Package Command_Line}} ==== Ada 2012 ==== * {{Ada/2012/RM|A|15|title=The Package Command_Line}} === Open-Source Implementations === {{Ada/GNAT|a-comlin.ads|a-comlin.adb}} {{Ada/drake|environment/a-comlin.ads|environment/a-comlin.adb}} <noinclude> {{BookCat}} </noinclude> ondbsyx0gifvt5ddha13vaocxvf3qq5 Unicode/Character reference/31000-31FFF 0 414327 4664527 4585812 2026-08-26T07:22:50Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" 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IDEOGRAPH-312F6|&#x312f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312F7|&#x312f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312F8|&#x312f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312F9|&#x312f9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312FA|&#x312fa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312FB|&#x312fb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312FC|&#x312fc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312FD|&#x312fd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312FE|&#x312fe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-312FF|&#x312ff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3130x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31300|&#x31300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31301|&#x31301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31302|&#x31302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31303|&#x31303;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31304|&#x31304;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31305|&#x31305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31306|&#x31306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31307|&#x31307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31308|&#x31308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31309|&#x31309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3130A|&#x3130a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3130B|&#x3130b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3130C|&#x3130c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3130D|&#x3130d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3130E|&#x3130e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3130F|&#x3130f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3131x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31310|&#x31310;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31311|&#x31311;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31312|&#x31312;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31313|&#x31313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31314|&#x31314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31315|&#x31315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31316|&#x31316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31317|&#x31317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31318|&#x31318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31319|&#x31319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3131A|&#x3131a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3131B|&#x3131b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3131C|&#x3131c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3131D|&#x3131d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3131E|&#x3131e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3131F|&#x3131f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text 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IDEOGRAPH-3132E|&#x3132e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3132F|&#x3132f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3133x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31330|&#x31330;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31331|&#x31331;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31332|&#x31332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31333|&#x31333;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31334|&#x31334;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31335|&#x31335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31336|&#x31336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31337|&#x31337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31338|&#x31338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31339|&#x31339;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3133A|&#x3133a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3133B|&#x3133b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3133C|&#x3133c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3133D|&#x3133d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3133E|&#x3133e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3133F|&#x3133f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3134x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31340|&#x31340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31341|&#x31341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31342|&#x31342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31343|&#x31343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31344|&#x31344;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31345|&#x31345;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31346|&#x31346;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31347|&#x31347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31348|&#x31348;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31349|&#x31349;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3134A|&#x3134a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3135x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31350|&#x31350;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31351|&#x31351;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31352|&#x31352;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31353|&#x31353;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31354|&#x31354;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31355|&#x31355;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31356|&#x31356;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31357|&#x31357;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31358|&#x31358;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31359|&#x31359;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3135A|&#x3135a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3135B|&#x3135b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3135C|&#x3135c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3135D|&#x3135d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3135E|&#x3135e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3135F|&#x3135f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3136x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31360|&#x31360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31361|&#x31361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31362|&#x31362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31363|&#x31363;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31364|&#x31364;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31365|&#x31365;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31366|&#x31366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31367|&#x31367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31368|&#x31368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31369|&#x31369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3136A|&#x3136a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3136B|&#x3136b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3136C|&#x3136c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3136D|&#x3136d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3136E|&#x3136e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3136F|&#x3136f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3137x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31370|&#x31370;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31371|&#x31371;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31372|&#x31372;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31373|&#x31373;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31374|&#x31374;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31375|&#x31375;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31376|&#x31376;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31377|&#x31377;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31378|&#x31378;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31379|&#x31379;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3137A|&#x3137a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3137B|&#x3137b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3137C|&#x3137c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3137D|&#x3137d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3137E|&#x3137e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3137F|&#x3137f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text 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IDEOGRAPH-3138E|&#x3138e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3138F|&#x3138f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|3139x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31390|&#x31390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31391|&#x31391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31392|&#x31392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31393|&#x31393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31394|&#x31394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31395|&#x31395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31396|&#x31396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31397|&#x31397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31398|&#x31398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31399|&#x31399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3139A|&#x3139a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3139B|&#x3139b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3139C|&#x3139c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3139D|&#x3139d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3139E|&#x3139e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3139F|&#x3139f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|313Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A0|&#x313a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A1|&#x313a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A2|&#x313a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A3|&#x313a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A4|&#x313a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A5|&#x313a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A6|&#x313a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A7|&#x313a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A8|&#x313a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-313A9|&#x313a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED 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IDEOGRAPH-31FF8|&#x31ff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FF9|&#x31ff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FFA|&#x31ffa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FFB|&#x31ffb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FFC|&#x31ffc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FFD|&#x31ffd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FFE|&#x31ffe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-31FFF|&#x31fff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} fhnuc7lk087cnzv7ts4jz72npwg51yi Mirad Grammar/Word Families 0 417656 4664509 4664298 2026-08-26T06:43:28Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=2}} == Introduction == : Words in Mirad can be grouped into families. By "family" is meant a group of words derived from the same rootword. This chapter explains that process. == Rootwords == : All non-borrowed words in Mirad are formed from a combination of some 600 building blocks or '''''rootwords'''''. Some of the rootwords consist of a '''''templatic noun''''' whose middle vowel is the ordinal value for zero, representing the top element of a group of scalarized words where the vowel represents how far down the scale the word is relative to the base word. An example is '''mor''' (''universe''), which is the base word of '''mar''' (''star''), '''mer''' (''planet''), '''mir''' (''world''), and '''mur''' (''moon''). Some rootwords are semantic, in that they carry meaning, whereas others are functional or grammatical. :* Semantic Rootwords ::* Templatic Noun Rootwords ::* Non-templatic Noun Rootwords ::* Rootword Stubs ::* Non-noun Rootwords :::* Pronominal Rootwords :::* Numeric Rootwords :::* Alphabetic Rootwords :::* Adjective Nuance Modifiers :::* Abstract Pattern Rootwords :* Grammatical/Functional Rootwords === Semantic Rootwords === : These rootwords have meaning and are not merely functional or grammatical. ==== Templatic Noun Rootwords ==== : Templatic nouns have an ordinal stem vowel that determines the meaning. As the numeric value of the ordinal vowel scales, related words are created. {{msall/top}} :*'''bok'''....''illness/health/pain/care/wound, etc.'' :*'''dob'''....''state/government/leader/administration/minister'' :*'''dom'''....''city/airport/park/fountain'' :*'''dop'''....''military/airforce/army/navy'' :*'''dot'''....''society/friend/associate/citizen/gentleman'' :*'''doz'''....''dance/theater/comedy/music/ballet/cinema/opera/poetry/music composition'' :*'''fob'''....''plants, trees, vines, etc.'' :*'''job'''....''time/year/season/month/day/hour/minute/second'' :*'''mol'''....''nature/air/water/soil/matter...'' :*'''mom'''....''outer space/sky/land/sea/underground...'' :*'''mop'''....''orbit/wind/path/river/road/tunnel...'' :*'''mor'''....''universe/sun/planet/world/moon...'' :*'''mos'''....''floor/wall/door/window/stairs...'' :*'''nof'''....''cloth,knot,net,rope,cord,button,ribbon,film,package'' :*'''nod'''....''point/line/surface/volume'' :*'''nog'''....''degree,measure,level,space'' :*'''olz-'''....colors of the spectrum :*'''nom'''....''situation,place,store/cell'' :*'''nov'''....''linen, thread'' :*'''pot'''....''animals'' :*'''pop''' .... ''travel,flight,ride,sea voyage,tunneling'' :*'''som'''....''furniture/chest/table/chair/bed'' :*'''tob'''....''human/body/head/trunk/arm/leg/hand/foot, etc.'' :*'''tod'''....''family/spouse/parent/sibling/child/people...'' :*'''tof'''....''clothing,shirt,dress/hat,socks...'' :*'''tol'''....''nutrition/food/drink/meal...'' :*'''tom'''....''building/house/hall/room/closet...'' :*'''tot'''....''god/angel'' :*'''top'''....''soul/physique/mind/sentiment/limb'' :*'''tov'''....''hat/shirt/socks,etc.'' :*'''vob'''....''crops/grasses'' :*'''xob'''....''organization/staff/boss, etc.'' {{small/end}} ==== Non-templatic Noun Rootwords ==== : The vowel stems in these words are not part of an ordinal scaling. {{small/top}} :*'''bem'''....''position'' :*'''byem'''....''situation'' :*'''byen'''....''manner'' :*'''did/dud'''....''question/answer'' :*'''din'''....''story'' :*'''daz'''....''dance'', '''dez'''....''theatre'', '''dyez'''....''cinema'', '''diz'''....''comedy'', '''duz'''....''music'', '''dyuz'''....''opera'', '''dyaz'''....''ballet'', '''duez'''....''musical'', '''druz'''....''musical poetry'' :*'''draf'''....''card'', '''dras'''....''document'', '''draz'''....''badge'', '''drayef'''....''sheet'', '''dref'''....''paper'', '''drev'''....''page'', '''dres'''....''note'', '''dril'''....''ink'', '''drof'''....''board'', '''drov'''....''cardboard'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'', '''dyen'''....''phrase'', '''dyun'''....''name'' :*'''gin'''....''tip'', '''grin'''....''blade'' :*'''gum'''....''corner'', '''gun'''....''angle'', '''grun'''....''hook'' :*'''jep'''....''process'', '''jop'''....''sequence'' :*'''jod'''....''occasion'', '''jud'''....''date'' :*'''jwap'''....''moment'', '''jwep'''....''instant'' :*'''kad'''....''disclosure'', '''kap'''....''adventure'', '''kas'''....''locus'', '''kaz'''....''treasure'' :*'''kin'''....''slant'', '''kim'''....''slope'', '''kis'''....''bend'' :*'''kod'''....''secret'', '''kof'''....''cover'', '''kos'''....''mystery'', '''kov'''....''veil'', '''koz'''....''mystery'' :*'''kun'''....''flank'', '''kum'''....''side'' :*'''kyan'''....''change'' :*'''kyen'''....''luck'', '''kyed'''....''guess'', '''kyej'''....''contingency'', '''kyen'''....''chance'', '''kyes'''....''event'' :*'''maf'''....''cloud'', '''miaf'''....''mist'' :*'''mag/mog'''....''fire/ash'' :*'''maj/moj'''....''day/night'' :*'''mak'''....''electricity'' :*'''man/mon'''....''light/dark'' :*'''mav/mov'''....''flame/smoke'' :*'''maz/moz'''....''glow/shade'' :*'''mef'''....''brick'', '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :*'''meg'''....''stone'' :*'''mek'''....''dust'' :*'''mez'''....''crystal'' :*'''mieg'''....''coral'','''miek'''....''sand'','''miel'''....''mud'' :*'''muf'''....''rod'', '''muv'''....''pin'' :*'''mug'''....''metal'', '''muk'''....''mineral'' :*'''mulk'''....''chemical element'' :*'''muz'''....''precious ore'' :*'''myek'''....''powder'', '''myeik'''....''dough'' :*'''nab'''....''row'', '''nap'''....''order'' :*'''nak'''....''metric unit'' :*'''nas'''....''money'', '''naz'''....''value'', '''nax'''....''price'' :*'''noz'''....''jewel'' :*'''nyef'''....''bag'', '''nyev'''....''sack'', '''nyeb'''....''container'', '''nyem'''....''box'' :*'''pib'''....''tooth'' :*'''pob'''....''organism'' :*'''pan/pon'''....''motion/rest'' :*'''paz/poz'''....''ruckus/peace'' :*'''sab'''....''body'' :*'''sag'''....''number'', '''syag'''....''count'' :*'''san'''....''form'' :*'''sat'''....''creature'' :*'''saun'''....''kind'' :*'''saz/sez/siz/suz'''....''sculpture/chisel/painting/artifact'' :*'''sar/sir/sor/sur'''....''tool/machine/hardware/engine'' :*'''sin'''....''image'', '''siun'''....''sign'', '''siyn'''....''mark'' :*'''son'''....''matter'', '''sun'''....''thing'', '''suan'''....''element'' :*'''syab/syob'''....''summit/base'' :*'''syan'''....''class (of things)'' :*'''syeb'''....''container'' :*'''syem'''....''establishment'' :*'''syen'''....''style'' :*'''syin/syun'''....''subject/object'' :*'''syuf'''....''effects'' :*'''taz'''....''sculpture'', '''tez'''...''culture'', '''tuz'''....''art'' :*'''tes'''....''meaning'' :*'''tin/tun'''....''doctrine,-ism/science,-ology'' :*'''tos'''....''feeling'', '''toos'''....''instinct'' :*'''toz'''....''complexion'' :*'''tyan'''....''class (of people)'' :*'''tyeb'''....''brain'', '''tyep'''....''intellect'' :*'''tyen'''....''skill'', '''tyez'''....''magic'' :*'''tyun'''....''concept, idea'' :*'''vaf'''....''intention'' :*'''vak/vok'''....''safety/danger'' :*'''vyab'''....''rule'' :*'''vyen'''....''relation'' :*'''vol'''....''vegetable'' :*'''volz'''....''color'' :*'''vos'''....''flower'' :*'''xag'''....''frequency'' :*'''yom'''....''ice'' :*'''yim/yum'''....''flood/drought'' :*'''yank/yonk'''....''joint/fissure'' :*'''zyad'''....''report'', '''zyan'''....''span'', '''zyag'''....''stretch'', '''zyam'''....''expanse'' :*'''zyeb'''....''glass (container)'', '''zyef'''....''pane of glass'', '''zyel'''....''glaze'', '''zyev'''....''glass'', '''zyeg'''....''hole'', '''zyek'''....''pore'' :*'''zyub'''....''spindle'', '''zyuj'''....''round,turn,cycle'', '''zyul'''....''drop (of water)'', '''zyum'''....''sphere'', '''zyun'''....''ball'', '''zyup'''....''circuit'', '''zyug'''....''tire'', '''zyuk'''....''wheel'', '''zyus'''....''circle'' {{small/end}} ==== Rootword Stubs ==== : Stubs are abbreviated pieces of a rootword that are often used as suffixes and sometimes as prefixes or infixes. Here is an alphabetical list: : {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Stubs |- ! Stub Affix !! Full Form !! Example |- | '''-ab'''....''government, staff'' || '''dab'''....''government''|| '''fyaantinab'''....''abbey'' |- | '''-al'''....''gaseous substance'' || '''mal'''....''air, gas''|| '''tiebal'''....''breath'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tilam'''....''bar'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''belar'''....''wagon, cart'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''tilabil'''...''milk'' || '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' |- | '''do-'''....''public'' || '''dobyena'''....''official''|| '''doyiv'''....''right'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader''|| '''xeb'''....''boss'' |- | '''-el'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food''|| '''kapetel'''....''dogfood'' |- | '''-em'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''ekem'''....''playing field'' |- | '''-fil'''....''alcohol'' || '''sakofil'''....''alcohol'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- |'''-fyel'''....''wax'' || '''katefyel'''....''chocolate''|| '''vifyel'''....''jam'' |- | '''-ib'''....''administration'' || '''dib'''....''administration'' || '''doyevib'''....''judiciary'' |- | '''-if'''....''endearing term'' || '''ifer'''....''to love''||'''petif'''....''pet'' |- | '''-il'''....''liquid substance'' || '''mil'''....''water''|| '''bil'''....''milk'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''efim'''....''w.c.'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine''|| '''syagir'''....''computer'' |- | '''-j'''....''time'' || '''job'''....''time''|| '''hij'''....''now'' |- | '''-lk'''....''chemical'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''solk'''....''sulfur'' |- | '''-lz'''....''color'' || '''volz'''....''color'' || '''malz'''....''white'' |- | '''-m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''hum'''....''there'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''tissue'' || '''misof'''....''curtain'' |- | '''-om'''....''situation'' || '''nom'''....''situation''|| '''yukom'''....''comfort'' |- | '''-or'''....''device in general'' || '''sor'''....''device''||'''enzyukpor'''....''motorcycle'' |- | '''-ov'''....''cloth'' || '''nov'''....''linen''|| '''suemov'''....''sheet'' |- | '''-pib'''....''tooth, cog, tine'' || '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''pibar'''....''fork'' |- | '''-s'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing''|| '''zyus'''....''circle'' |- | '''sul'''....''chemical base'' || '''syob+mul''' || |- | '''-t'''....''person from'' || '''aot/tob'''....''person''|| '''Usat'''....''an American'' |- | '''te-'''....''mental'' || '''tep'''....''mind'' || '''tesiun'''....''symbol'' |- | '''-u-'''....''object-directed verb formant'' || '''buer'''....''give''||'''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''-ud'''....''descendant'' || '''tud'''....''child''|| '''ekpetud'''....''foal'' |- | '''-ul'''....''substance'' || '''mul'''....''substance''|| '''bekul'''....''medecine'' |- | '''-ulob'''....''flap, tab, needle'' || '''tulob'''....''nail'' || '''vulob'''....''thorn'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, compartment'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''yibdalirum'''....''telephone booth'' |- | '''-un'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing''|| '''zyiun'''....''plaque'' |- | '''-ur'''....''motorized device'' || '''sur'''....''motor''|| '''pur'''....''vehicle'' |- | '''-uz'''....''piece of jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel''|| '''tuyubuz'''....''ring'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container''|| '''tilyeb'''....''drinking glass'' |- | '''-yeg'''....''hole, hollow'' || '''zyeg'''....''hole''|| '''mumilyeg'''....''well'' |- | '''-yel'''....''gel, oil'' || '''myel'''....''viscous substance''|| '''arvobyel'''....''peanut oil'' |- | '''-yem'''....''enclosed space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosed space''|| '''veebyem'''....''pod'' |- | '''-yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner, style''|| '''dalyen'''....''idiom''<br> '''heyen'''....''somehow'' |- | '''zil'''....''acid'' || '''yigzil'''....''acid'' || '''hesolka zil'''....''hydrosulfuric acid'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Non-noun Rootwords ==== : These include rootwords other than nouns, such as verbs, prepositions, and adverbs. Those rootwords with a hyphen at the end cannot stand alone, but require a verb or adjective ending to be complete words. ::*'''b-'''....''put'' ::*'''ab/eb/ob'''....''on/between/off'' ::*'''be'''....''at'' ::*'''bay/bey/boy'''....''with/by/without'' ::*'''yab/yeb/yob'''....''up/in/out'' ::*'''ib/ub'''....''away/toward'' ::*'''bi/bu'''....''from/to'' ::*'''byi/byu'''....''since/up to'' ::*'''yib/yub'''....''far/near'' ::*'''ba-/be-/bo-'''....''stir/stay/still'' ::*'''bya-/bye-/byo-'''....''stand/hit/fall'' ::*'''d-'''....''say'' ::*'''dal/del/dol'''....''speak/state/be silent'' ::*'''di-/du-'''....''ask/suggest'' ::*'''dr-'''....''write'' ::*'''dye-'''....''read'' ::*'''dyu-'''....''call'' ::*'''f-'''....''want'' ::*'''if/uf'''....''love/hate'' ::*'''yif/yuf'''....''dare/fear'' ::*'''fi-/fu-'''....''good/bad'' ::*'''fyi-/fyu-'''....''useful/harmful'' ::*'''af/ef/of'''....''allow/need/prohibit'' ::*'''yaf/yef/yof'''....''can/must/cannot'' ::*'''fya-/fye-/fyo-'''....''holy/mystical/profane'' ::*'''ag-/eg-/og-'''....''big/normal/small'' ::*'''yag-/yog-'''....''long/short'' ::*'''ga/ge/go'''....''more/equal/less'' ::*'''gla-/gle-/glo-'''....''very/rather/slightly'' ::*'''gra-/gre-/gro-'''....''too/enough/insufficiently'' ::*'''gwa-/gwe-/gwo-'''....''most/just/least'' ::*'''gya-/gyo-'''....''fat/thin'' ::*'''gyi-/gyu-'''....''solid/frail'' ::*'''ig-/ug-'''....''fast/slow'' ::*'''gi-/gu-'''....''point,sharp/angle'' ::*'''yig-/yug-'''....''hard/soft'' ::*'''ho-/ha-/he-/hi-/hu-'''....''which/the/some/this/that'' ::*'''hyo-/hya-/hye-/hyi-/hyu-'''....''no/all/whatever/same/other'' ::*'''hay/hey/hoy'''....''hello/hey/goodbye'' ::*'''hiy/huy'''....''here is/there is'' ::*'''hihi-/huhu-'''....''laugh/cry'' ::*'''hyay/hyey/hyoy'''....''thanks/please/sorry'' ::*'''hway/hwey/hwoy'''....''congratulations/good luck/boo'' ::*'''ja/je/jo'''....''before/during/after'' ::*'''jay/jey/joy'''....''already/meanwhile/next'' ::*'''aj/ej/oj'''....''past/present/future'' ::*'''ji/ju'''....''since/until'' ::*'''ij/uj'''....''beginning/end'' ::*'''yij/yuj'''....''open/close'' ::*'''jag/jeg-/jog-'''....''age(d)/middle-aged/young'' ::*'''jwa/jwe/jwo'''....''early/timely/late'' ::*'''ak/ek/ok'''....''win/play/lose'' ::*'''yak/yek/yok'''....''expect/try/surprise'' ::*'''ka-/ke-/ko-'''....''find/seek/lose'' ::*'''kya-/kye-/kyo-'''....''mobile/random/fixed'' ::*'''ki-/ku-'''....''diagonal/lateral'' ::*'''ik-/uk-'''....''full/empty'' ::*'''yik-/yuk-'''....''difficult/easy'' ::*'''kyi-/kyu-'''....''heavy/light'' ::*'''am-/om-'''....''hot/cold'' ::*'''im-/um-'''....''wet/dry'' ::*'''na-/ne-/no-'''....''price/save/spend'' ::*'''nya-/nye-/nyo-'''....''accumulate/store/waste'' ::*'''ni-/nu-'''....''earn/pay'' ::*'''nyi-/nyu-'''....''demand/supply'' ::*'''p-'''....''go'' ::*'''pa-/pe-/po-'''....''move/wait/stop'' ::*'''ap-/ep-/op-'''....''get on/intervene/get off'' ::*'''pi-/pu-'''....''leave/arrive'' ::*'''ip-/up-'''....''go away/come'' ::*'''s-'''....''be'' ::*'''as-/es-/os-'''....''become/exist/cease to exist'' ::*'''is-/us-'''....''start out/end up'' ::*'''sa-'''....''comprise'' ::*'''su-'''....''provide'' ::*'''t-'''....''know'' ::*'''ty-'''....''know how'' ::*'''tr-'''....''recognize'' ::*'''tax/tex/tox'''....''remember/think/forget'' ::*'''taj/tej/toj'''....''be born/live/die'' ::*'''tij/tuj'''....''to be awake/to sleep'' ::*'''va/ve/vo'''....''yes/maybe/no'' ::*'''vay/vey/voy'''....''indeed/perhaps/not'' ::*'''van/ven/von'''....''that/if/don't'' ::*'''av/ev/ov'''....''for/neutral/against'' ::*'''iv-/uv-'''....''happy/sad'' ::*'''yav-/yev-/yov-'''....''innocent/fair/guilty'' ::*'''vya-/vye-/vyo-'''....''true/relative/false'' ::*'''vi-/vu-'''....''beautiful/ugly'' ::*'''vyi-/vyu-'''....''clean/dirty'' ::*'''x-'''....''do'' ::*'''ax-/ex-/ox-'''....''act/operate/fail'' ::*'''xal-/xel-/xol-'''....''accomplish/celebrate/undergo'' ::*'''ix-/ux-'''....''effect/cause'' ::*'''xi-/xu-'''....''result/affect'' ::*'''yan/yon'''....''together/apart'' ::*'''yax/yex/yox'''....''be busy/work/be idle'' ::*'''yix/yux'''....''use/help'' ::*'''za/ze/zo'''....''front/middle/rear'' ::*'''zay/zey/zoy'''....''forward/across/back'' ::*'''az-/ez-/oz-'''....''strong/moderate/weak'' ::*'''iz/uz'''....''straight/curved'' ::*'''yaz/yez-/yoz'''....''convex/flush/concave'' ::*'''yiz/yuz'''....''beyond/around'' ::*'''zi/zu'''....''right/left'' ::*'''zyu-/zyi-'''....''round/flat'' ==== Pronominal Root Morphemes ==== ::*'''at/et/it/ot/ut'''....''I/you/he,she/one/self'' ::*'''yat/yet/yit/yot/yut'''....''we,us/you/they,them/themselves'' ::*'''is/yis'''....''it/they,them (inan.)'' ::*'''aut/eut/iut/out'''....''myself/yourself/herself/oneself'' ::*'''ius/yius'''....''itself/themselves (inan.)'' ==== Numeric Root Morphemes ==== ::* '''a/e/i/o/u/ya/ye/yi/yo/yu'''....The cardinal numbers 1-9 ::* '''-w-'''....units infix ::* '''-l-'''....decades infix ::* '''-r-'''....thousands infix ::* '''-ml-'''....millions infix ::* '''-mr-'''....billions infix ==== Alphabetic Spells ==== ::*'''a/ba/ca/da/e/fe/ge/he/i/ji/ki/li/mi/ni/o/po/ro/so/to/u/vu/wu/xu/yu/zu'''....letters of the alphabet ==== Adjectival Nuance Modifiers ==== ::*'''-c-''' ('''yuga'''....''soft'' -> '''yugca'''....''elastic'') ::*'''-f-''' ('''oza'''....''weak'' -> '''ozfa'''....''weary'') ::*'''-k-''' ('''vyoa'''....''false'' -> '''vyoka'''....''incorrect'') ::*'''-l-/-r-'''....intense/more intense -> ('''yika'''....''hard''/'''yikla'''....''complex''/'''yikra'''....''herculean'') ::*'''-n-''' ('''yeba'''....''inner'' -> '''yebna'''....''interior'') ::*'''-s-''' ('''yiga'''....''hard'' -> '''yigsa'''....''stiff'') ::*'''-z-''' ('''yiga'''....''hard'' -> '''yigza'''....''sour'') === Abstract Pattern Rootwords === ::* '''ea''' in words relating to vision :::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' :::* '''beaxer'''....''to guard'' :::* '''teaz'''....''marvel'' ::* '''eu''' in words relating to sounds and noises :::* '''seux'''....''sound'' :::* '''xeus'''....''noise'' :::* '''tiexeuser'''....''to wheeze'' :::* '''gixeuser'''....''to peep'' === Grammatical or Functional Rootwords === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};" |+ Grammatical or Functional Rootwords |- ! Rootwords !! Use(s) !! Example(s) |- |'''-a'''||adjective suffix ||'''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' |- |'''-a/-e/-o'''||past/present/future tense endings ||'''p<u>a</u>'''....''went''<br>'''p<u>e</u>'''....''goes''<br> '''at p<u>o</u>'''...''I will go'' |- |'''-a-/-e-/-o-/-u-'''||perfect/progressive/imminent/hypothetical aspect infixes ||'''p<u>a</u>ye'''....''has gone''<br>'''p<u>e</u>ye'''....''is going''<br>'''p<u>o</u>ya'''....''was about to go''<br>'''Ven at p<u>u</u>'''....''If I were to go'') |- |'''du-'''||prefix for interrogative determiners (question words)|| '''<u>du</u>hos?'''....''what?'' |- |'''-en'''||gerundive suffix ||'''p<u>en</u>'''....''going'' |- |'''-er'''||infinitive suffix ||'''p<u>er</u>'''....''to go'' |- |'''-es'''||inanimate diminutive suffix ||'''fab'''....''tree'' -> '''fab<u>es</u>'''....''dendrite'' |- |'''-et'''||animate diminutive suffix||'''toyb'''....''woman'' -> '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl''<br>'''ektob<u>et</u>'''....''doll'' |- |'''-eyn'''||single act gerundive ending|| '''sanyevder'''....''to criticize'' -> '''sanyevd<u>eyn</u>'''....''critique'' |- |'''-gla((s/t)i)'''||infix/suffix for quantity/degree determiners|| '''duho<u>gla</u>ti?'''....''how many people?''<br>'''hi<u>gla</u>s'''....''this much''<br>'''hi<u>gla</u>si'''....''this many things'' |- |'''gaw-'''|| prefix meaning ''re-''|| '''tajbwa'''....''born'' -> '''gawtajbwa'''....''reborn'' |- |'''ho-/hoo-/ha-/he-/hi-/hii-/hu-/huu/hyo-/hya-/hye-/hyi-/hyu-'''||determiner prefixes||'''<u>hi</u>s'''....''this''<br>'''<u>hyo</u>t'''....''nobody''<br> '''<u>hya</u>ewa'''....''both'' |- |'''-i'''||plural noun marker||'''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- |'''-i-/-u-'''||subject-oriented/patient-oriented verb marker||'''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take''<br>'''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- |'''-j'''||stub suffix for ''when'' determiners|| '''duho<u>j</u>?'''....''when?''<br>'''he<u>j</u>'''....''sometime'' |- |'''-l-/-r-'''||semantic intensifiers |'''aga'''....''big'' -> '''ag<u>l</u>a'''....''huge'' -> '''ag<u>r</u>a'''....''immense''<br> '''via'''....''beautiful'' -> '''vila'''....''gorgeous'' -> '''vira'''....''splendid''<br> '''yuxer'''....''to help'' -> '''yux<u>l</u>er'''....''to serve'' -> '''yux<u>r</u>er'''....''to slave'' |- |'''lo-/lyo'''||verb prefixes that reverse the meaning, ''de-''|| '''xer'''....''do'' -> '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''undo''<br>'''dota'''....''social'' -> '''<u>lyo</u>dota'''....''barbarian'' |- |'''-m'''||stub suffix for ''where'' determiners and place nouns|| '''duho<u>m</u>?'''....''where?''<br>'''hyo<u>m</u>'''....''nowhere'' |- |'''-n'''||general nominalizer ending|| '''yaga'''....''long'' -> '''yaga<u>n</u>'''....''length'' |- |'''-(o)n'''|| buffer for numeric prefixes||'''a<u>n</u>totin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''yo<u>on</u>gun'''....''pentagon'' |- |'''o-/yo-/ol-'''||negative prefix meaning ''un-, non-''||'''twa'''....''known'' -> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown''<br>'''dat'''....''friend'' -> '''yodat'''....''enemy'' |- |'''-on'''||abstract noun ending||'''ega'''....''normal'' -> '''eg<u>on</u>'''....''norm, standard'' |- |'''-s'''||thing stub suffix, infix/suffix for "what" determiners|| '''duhos?'''....''what''<br>'''hyes'''....''anything''<br>'''fua'''....''bad'' -> '''fus'''....''bad thing'' |- |'''-s-/-x-'''||''intransitive/transitive verb formant''|| '''malza'''....''white'' > '''malza<u>s</u>er'''....''to become white''<br>'''malza<u>x</u>er'''....''to whiten (tr.)'' |- |'''-t'''||person stub suffix, infix/suffix for ''who'' determiners|| '''Parisa'''....''Parisian'' -> '''Parisa<u>t</u>'''....''a Parisian''<br>'''duho<u>t</u>?'''....''who?''<br>'''hya<u>t</u>'''....''everyone'' |- |'''-un'''||suffix for the result of an action|| '''deuz<u>un</u>'''....''song'' |- |'''-us'''||''inanimate agent suffix''|| '''sanxer'''....''to form'' -> '''sanx<u>us</u>'''....''formant'' |- |'''-ut'''||animate agent suffix, ''-er, -ist, one who...''|| '''doper'''....''to fight'' -> '''dop<u>ut</u>'''....''fighter'' |- |'''-ux-'''||''causative verb infix''|| '''tayegobler'''....''to cut hair'' -> '''tayegobl<u>ux</u>er'''....''to get a haircut'' |- |'''-w-'''||pre-stem-vowel masculine marker|| '''tob'''....''human'' -> '''t<u>w</u>ob'''....''man'' |- |'''-w-'''||''alternative to -'''y'''-'' in '''j''' words|| '''j<u>w</u>ob''' rather than '''jyob''' |- |'''-w-'''||''superlative marker'' in the words '''gwa/gwe/gwo'''|| '''g<u>w</u>a'''....''most'' |- |'''-y-'''||post-stem-vowel feminine marker|| '''tob'''....''human'' -> '''to<u>y</u>b'''....''woman'' |- |'''-yea'''||''adjective ending denoting a tendency''|| '''daler'''....''to talk'' -> '''dal<u>yea</u>'''....''talkative'' |- |'''-y-/-w-'''||active/passive voice infixes<br>|| '''teata<u>y</u>e'''....''has seen'' -> '''teata<u>w</u>e'''....''has been seen'' |- |'''-y-'''||post-stem-vowel de-intensifier|| '''oma'''....''cold'' -> '''o<u>y</u>ma'''....''cool'' |- |'''y-'''||pre-stem-vowel intensifier|| '''om'''....''cold'' -> '''<u>y</u>om'''....''ice''<br>'''im'''...''wet'' -> '''<u>y</u>im'''....''flood'' |- |'''-y'''||adverb suffix||'''ika'''....''full'' -> '''ika<u>y</u>'''....''fully'' |- |'''-yen(-)'''||''stub infix/suffix for ''how/kind'' determiners''|| '''duho<u>yen</u>?'''....''how?''<br> '''hye<u>yen</u>a'''....''any kind of'' |} === Morphemic Analysis of Some Words === '''azbyasean''' ::* '''az-'''....adj. root meaning ''strong'' ::* '''bya-'''....verb semantic root meaning ''stand'' ::* '''-s-'''....verb intransitive formant :::* '''azbyas-'''....''stand strong'' ::* '''-e-'''....verb present tense marker ::* '''-a'''....adj. suffix ::* '''-n'''....abstraction noun suffix :::* '''azbyasean'''....''standing strong, staunchness'' '''yevadyofway''' ::* '''yev-'''....adj. root meaning ''fair, just'' ::* '''-a'''....adj. ending :::* '''yeva'''....''fair, just'' ::* '''d-'''....verbal root meaning ''to say, to tell'' :::* '''yevad-'''....verb base meaning ''justify, to say something is just'' ::* '''yof-'''....modal verb root meaning ''to be able'' :::* '''yevadyof'''....''ability to justify'' ::* '''-w-'''....passive voice verb infix ::* '''-a'''....adj. suffix :::* '''yofwa'''....''possible, able to be Ved'' :::* '''yevadyofwa'''....adj. meaning ''justifiable'' ::* '''-y'''....adverb suffix :::* '''yevadyofway'''....''unjustifiably'' '''yeloyjagat''' ::* '''ye'''....number ''seven'' ::* '''-l-'''....decades infix ::* '''o'''....number ''zero'' :::* '''yelo'''....number ''seventy'' ::* '''-y'''....post-stem de-intensifier ''approximately'' :::* '''yeloy'''....''about seventy'' ::* '''jag'''....noun meaning ''age'' ::* '''-a'''....adj. suffix :::* '''yeloyjaga'''....''about seventy'' ::* '''-t'''....stub suffix for '''tob'''....''person'' :::* '''yeloyjagat'''....''septuagenarian'' '''novgorfwa''' ::* '''nov'''....top element of semantic templatic noun ''linen'' ::* '''go'''....''less'' ::* '''-r-'''....semantic intensifier :::* '''gor-'''....base of verb meaning ''to divide forcibly'' ::* '''f'''....stub for '''nof'''....''cloth'' ::* '''gorf'''....base of verb meaning ''to tear, rip'' :::* '''novgorf'''....verb base meaning ''to tatter'' ::* '''-w-'''....verb passive infix ::* '''-a'''....adj. ending :::* '''novgorfwa'''....''tattered'' ::* '''-t'''....stub of '''tob'''....''person'' :::* '''novgorfwat'''....''tatterdemalion, tattered person'' '''engonyanxar''' ::* '''e'''....the number ''two'' ::* '''-n'''....buffer letter for numeric prefixes :::* '''en-'''....''bi-, di-, two-'' ::* '''gon'''....noun root ''part'' < '''go'''....''less'' + '''-n''' (nominalizer) ::* '''yan'''....''together'' ::* '''-x-'''....active/factive verb formant :::* '''yanx-'''....base of verb ''to join'' ::* '''-ir'''....stub suffix from '''sir'''....''machine'' :::* '''yanxir'''....''joining machine'' :::* '''engonyanxir'''....''splicing machine, lit. machine for joining two parts'' '''bixmugazona''' ::* '''bi'''....prep. ''from'' ::* '''-x-'''....factive/active verb formant ''to do'' :::* '''bix'''....''pull, traction'' ::* '''mug'''....''metal'' :::* '''bixmug'''....''magnet'' ::* '''az-'''....adj. root ''strong'' ::* '''-on'''....abstract noun ending :::* '''azon'''....''force'' :::* '''bixmugazon'''....''magnetism'' ::* '''-a'''....''adj. ending'' :::* '''bixmugazona'''....''magnetic'' == Mnemonics and Analogy == : This is a language where phonetics is used to present mnemonic relationships and analogy among words as in the following example, based on the word '''teub'''....''mouth'': : {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Mnemonic Family | '''teub'''<br>''mouth'' || '''teud'''<br>''shout''||'''teuf'''<br>''muzzle''||'''teuv'''<br>''mask''||'''seux'''<br>''sound''|| '''xeus'''<br>''noise'' || '''xeuz'''<br>''tune'' || '''teuz'''<br>''voice''||'''deuz'''<br>''song'' || '''seuz'''<br>''tone'' || '''deus'''<br>''accent'' ||'''deud'''<br>''shout''||'''deup'''<br>''beat''||'''seus'''<br>''ring'' |} {{small/end}} : Here are some other examples where analogy and mnemonics are used to the maximum: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Analogy and Mnemonics |- ! colspan=1| '''-eb''' | '''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''xeb'''<br>''boss'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''veb'''<br>''tuft, cob''||'''piteb'''<br>''fishhead''||'''yanglalteb'''<br>''gang leader'' ||'''tameb'''<br>''master'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ub''' | '''tub'''<br>''limb'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''xub'''<br>''subsidiary'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''vub'''<br>''twig'' || '''patub'''<br>''wing'' ||'''petub'''<br>''paw'' || '''pitub'''<br>''fin'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-eub''' | '''teub'''<br>''mouth'' || '''pateub'''<br>''beak, bill'' || '''peteub'''<br>''muzzle'' || '''poteub'''<br>''mug''||'''ivteub'''<br>''smile'' ||'''uvteub'''<br>''frown''||'''ufteub'''<br>''grimace'' ||'''fuivteub'''<br>''smirk'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ayeb''' | '''tayeb'''<br>''hair'' || '''patayeb'''<br>''feather'' || '''pitayeb'''<br>''scale'' || '''fayeb'''<br>''leaf'' || '''vosayeb'''<br>''petal'' || '''potayeb'''<br>''mane''|| '''sayeb'''<br>''foil''||'''vafayeb'''<br>''blade of grass'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ayef''' | '''tayef'''<br>''bristle'' || '''drayef'''<br>''sheet'' || '''yomayef'''<br>''sheet of ice'' || '''fayef'''<br>''foil'' || '''mugayef'''<br>''sheet of metal'' || '''sazulayef'''<br>''lamina''|| '''zyefayef'''<br>''sheet of glass''||'''aulkayef'''<br>''gold leaf'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ayob''' | '''tayob'''<br>''skin'' || '''tayof'''<br>''leather'' || '''petayob'''<br>''hide'' || '''fayob'''<br>''bark'' || '''vayob'''<br>''peel, husk''||'''piitayob'''<br>''shell'' ||'''patijayob'''<br>''eggshell'' ||'''vosayob'''<br>''sepal'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-yob''' | '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || '''vyob'''<br>''plant root, tuber'' || '''syob'''<br>''base''||'''xyob'''<br>''headquarters'' ||'''tesyob'''<br>''reason''||'''vosyob'''<br>''peduncle'' ||'''teyob'''<br>''neck'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ib''' | '''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''vib'''<br>''stem'' || '''uvib'''<br>''stalk''||'''sib'''<br>''shaft'' ||'''xib'''<br>''department'' ||'''pib'''<br>''prong'' || '''tebosib'''<br>''brainstem'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ulob''' | '''tulob'''<br>''nail'' || '''potulob'''<br>''claw'' || '''fulob'''<br>''thorn'' || '''pifulob'''<br>''needle'' || '''mulob'''<br>''pin, prick''|| '''yomulob'''<br>''icicle''||'''megulob'''<br>''obelisk'' ||'''sepetulob'''<br>''spine'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-uf''' | '''tiibufyeg'''<br>''artery'' || '''nufyeg'''<br>''pipe'' || '''muf'''<br>''stick, rod'' || '''movuf'''<br>''cheminy'' || '''fauf'''<br>''log'' || '''manuf'''<br>''candle''||'''zyemuf'''<br>''axis, axle'' ||'''tuf'''<br>''sleeve'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-il''' | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''teabil'''<br>''tear'' || '''teubil'''<br>''saliva'' || '''dril'''<br>''ink'' || '''mil'''<br>''water'' || '''mamil'''<br>''rain'' || '''tayobil'''<br>''sweat'' || '''bil'''<br>''milk'' |} {{small/end}} == Base Words and their Principal Derivatives == : The following is a list of basewords or rootwords with their principal derivatives === '''XER''' ''to do'' === : The verb '''xer''' means ''to do''. Many words are built from this base word using the postional/directional vowel coding rule. Words ending in '''xer''' contrast with those ending in '''ser''', in that the former are transitive (taking an object), as opposed to intransitive (taking no object). ==== Principal Derivatives ==== : This chart shows the principal derivatives in the '''xer'''....''do'' family: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Xer Principal Derivatives |- ! !! A !! E !! O !! I !! U |- | '''xer'''....''do''|| '''axer'''....''render'' || '''exer'''....''function'' || '''oxer'''....''fail to do'' || '''ixer'''....''effect'' || '''uxer'''....''cause'' |- | || '''axler'''....''act, behave'' || '''exler'''....''process'' || || '''ixler'''....''react'' || '''uxler'''....''influence'' |- | '''xrer'''....''execute'' || '''axrer'''....''carry out'' || || || || '''uxrer'''....''provoke'' |- | || || || || '''xier'''....''result'' || '''xuer'''....''bring about'' |- | || '''xaler'''....''accomplish'' || '''xeler'''....''practice'' || '''xoler'''....''undergo'' || '''xiler'''....''undertake'' || '''xuler'''....''foment'' |- | || '''yaxer'''....''be busy'' || '''yexer'''....''work''|| '''yoxer'''....''be idle'' || '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yuxer'''....''help'' |- | ||| || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yoxler'''....''resign'' || '''yixler'''....''hire, employ''<br>'''loyixler'''....''fire'' || '''yuxler'''....''serve'' |- | ||| || '''yexrer'''....''toil'' || || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' || '''yuxrer'''....''slave'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Creating '''xer''' Derivations with Prefixes ==== : Using prefixation, many other words can be built from '''xer''': : Keep in mind that '''xer''' can mean ''do'', ''make'', or ''cause'' in the following derived terms: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Prefixing Xer Words |- ! PREFIX !! BASE !! DERIVATION |- | '''ana'''....''single'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''anaxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''an-'''....''one-'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''anxer'''....''unite'' |- | '''ayn-'''....''whole'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''exer'''....''operate'' || '''yanexer'''....''cooperate'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yanyexer'''....''collaborate'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''yonxer'''....''separate'' |- | '''ge'''....''equal'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''gexer'''....''equal'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''jaxer'''....''prepare'' |- | '''je'''....''while'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''jexer'''....''continue'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''igxer'''....''rush'' |- | '''ug-'''....''slow'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ugxer'''....''delay'' |- | '''oj'''....''future'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ojxer'''....''plan'' |- | '''zoy-'''....''re-, back-'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''zoyxer'''....''redo'' |- | '''sa(n)'''....''shape'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''saxer'''....''create'' |- | '''se(n)'''....''being'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''sexer'''....''build'' |- | '''lo-'''....''un-'' || '''sexer'''....''build'' || '''losexer'''....''destroy'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''melyexer'''....''plough'' |- | '''tea(b)'''....''eye'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''teaxer'''....''look'' |- | '''lo-'''....''un-'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''loyixler'''....''fire'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''xer'''....''cause'' || '''magxer'''....''burn'' |- | '''yuf'''....''fear'' || '''xer'''....''cause'' || '''yufxer'''....''frighten'' |- | '''dofun'''....''crime'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''dofunxer'''....''commit a crime'' |- | '''gra'''....''too much'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''graxer'''....''overdo'' |- | '''voy-'''....''re-'' || '''axler'''....''act'' || '''voyaxler'''....''react'' |- | '''fu-'''....''bad'' || '''exer'''....''operate'' || '''fuexer'''....''malfunction'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Using '''xer''' to Build Verbs from Adjectives ==== : Unlimited transitive verbs can be created with adjectives and '''xer''' as a suffix like ''-ify'', ''-ate'', ''-ize'' in English. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs from Adjectives |- ! ADJECTIVE !! VERB |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify''<br>'''agxer'''....''grow'' |- | '''vyoka'''....''false'' || '''vyokaxer'''....''falsify''<br>'''vyokxer'''....''err'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fiaxer'''....''fix''<br>'''fixer'''....''to do good'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free'' || '''yivaxer'''....''free up''<br>'''yivxer'''....''liberate'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''yagaxer'''....''lengthen''<br>'''yagxer'''....''stretch'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || '''zyiaxer'''....''flatten''<br>'''zyixer'''....''lay out'' |- | '''nyana'''....''collective'' || '''nyanaxer'''....''collectivize''<br>'''nyanxer'''....''collect'' |} {{small/end}} : '''''Note''''': Sometimes, the adjectival ending '''-a''' is dropped. This often produces a different nuance. For example, '''agaxer''' means ''to magnify, make bigger'', but '''agxer''' is more idiomatic and means ''to grow''. : The passive of '''xer''', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' can be used to mean ''to happen'' or ''to become''. For example: ::* '''Duhoj hus xwa?'''....''When did that happen?'' ::* '''At uvxwa hoj at teata ha tud.'''....''I became sad (=was saddened) when I saw the child.'' ==== Using '''xer''' to Build Verbs from Nouns ==== : The use of '''-xer''' to form factive verbs from nouns is extremely common. They are like verbs in English that end in ''-ify'', ''-ate'', ''-ize'' and mean ''to make x'' or ''to render x'', etc. These types of verbs are transitive and commonly take an object. Here are some examples: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs from Nouns |- ! NOUN !! VERB |- | '''dyun'''....''name'' || '''dyunxer'''....''to name, denominate'' |- | '''tex'''....''thought'' || '''texer<sup>*</sup>'''....''to think'' |- | '''aonab'''....''column'' || '''aonabxer'''....''to columnarize'' |- | '''tot'''....''god'' || '''totxer'''....''to deify'' |- | '''calilk'''....''chlorine'' || '''calilkxer'''....''to chlorinate'' |- | '''gimuf'''....''skewer'' || '''gimufxer'''....''to skewer'' |} {{small/end}} <sup>*</sup>If the base noun ends in '''x''', there is not need to repeat the '''x'''. ==== Using '''xer''' for All-Purpose Idioms ==== : The verb '''xer''' can be used as an all-purpose verb for actions which in English are expressed with a variety of idiomatic verbs, for example: ::* '''<u>xer</u> deuz'''....''to <u>perform</u> a song'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> ifpop'''....''to <u>take</u> a cruise'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> ebdid'''....''to <u>conduct</u> an interview'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> yagigpek'''....''to <u>run</u> a marathon'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> dazun'''....''to <u>do</u> a dance number'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> dezekgon'''....''to <u>play</u> a role'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> dovyabdras'''....''to <u>enact</u> a piece of legislation'' ==== Using '''axer''' with Adjectives ==== : The verb '''axer''' can be used as a standalone word to form expressions with adjectives, such as '''to make/render someone happy''', eg.: :* '''Hua deuz <u>axa</u> at uva.'''....''That song <u>made</u> me sad.'' :* '''Et <u>axeye</u> yat gla oyukoma.'''....''You <u>are making</u> us very uncomfortable.'' :* '''Hia apyex <u>axa</u> at teptuja.'''....''This attack <u>rendered</u> me unconcious.'' ==== Using '''uxer''' for Causative Constructions==== : The verb '''uxer''' is used in the meaning '''cause/make/get/force''' someone do something, eg.: ::* '''Ha teyd <u>uxa</u> ha tud doler.'''....''The mother <u>got</u> the child to be silent.'' ::* '''At <u>uxwa</u> simper boy der hyes.'''....''I <u>was made</u> to sit without saying anything.'' ::* '''Iyt <u>uxa</u> iyta tayeb goblwer.'''....''She <u>got</u> her hair cut.'' (Same as: '''Iyt gobluxa iyta tayeb.''') ==== Using '''oxer''' for Failing to Do Something==== : The verb '''oxer''' is used in the meaning ''fail (to do something)'', eg.: ::* '''Ven et <u>oxo</u> puer gwe, et loyixlo.'''....''If you <u>fail</u> to arrive on time, you will be fired.'' ::* '''At <u>oxa</u> tester hos at yakweya xer.'''....''I <u>failed</u> to understand what I was supposed to do.'' === '''SER''' ''to be'' === : The rootword '''ser''' means ''to be'' and is the base for many verbs having to do with being and becoming. Verbs ending in '''ser''' are intransitive (taking no object) and contrast with those ending in '''xer''', which are transitive (taking an object). Verbs in '''ser''' often are stative, i.e. linking verbs. Unlike Spanish, where both '''ser''' and '''estar''' mean ''to be'' with a semantic distinction of permanence and non-permanence, there is only one word for ''to be'' in Mirad covering both meanings. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Principal Ser Derivatives |- ! A !! E !! O !! I !! U |- | '''aser'''....''become''<br>'''ayser'''....''have'' || '''eser'''....''exist, there to be'' || '''oser'''....''cease to be''<br>'''oyser'''....''lack'' || '''iser'''....''start out'' || '''user'''....''end up'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Expressing "there is" and "there are" ==== : The expressions ''there is'' and ''there are'' are constructed with the verb '''eser'''....''to exist'', eg: :* '''<u>Ese</u> bun av et oyb ha sem.'''....''<u>There is</u> a gift for you under the table.'' :* '''<u>Ese</u> hegla vyoki yeb eta dyes.'''....''<u>There are</u> some mistakes in your book.'' :* '''Voy <u>ese</u> tot.'''....''<u>There is</u> no god.'' :* '''Voy <u>eso</u> yaniv himoj.'''....''<u>There will not be</u> a party this evening.'' ==== Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives ==== : The core verb '''ser''' can be postfixed to adjectives to form a class of verbs called stative, which have the meaning '''become X''', and which contrast with parallel transitive verbs in '''xer'''. If the adjectival ending '''a''' is dropped, then the resulting stative verb has a more idiomatic sense. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Stative Verbs |- ! ADJECTIVE !! STATIVE VERB |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaser'''....''get big, magnify''<br>'''agser'''....''grow'' |- | '''uza'''....''curved'' || '''uzaser'''....''become bowed''<br>'''uzser'''....''curve'' |- | '''kyaa'''....''mobile'' || '''kyaaser'''....''become mobile, mobilize''<br>'''kyaser'''...''change'' |- | '''mayna'''....''clear'' || '''maynaser'''....''clear up'' |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaser'''....''become fast, accelerate''<br>'''igser'''....''rush, hurry'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fiaser'''....''to be good''<br>'''fiser'''....''to improve'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Intransitive '''ser''' vs. Transitive '''xer'''==== : Stative verbs in '''-ser''' are most often intransitive and contrast with dynamic, transitive verbs in '''-xer'''. Here are some comparative examples: :* '''It <u>agxe</u> vifeybi.'''....''He <u>grows</u> grapes.'' (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC) :* '''Vifeybi voy <u>agse</u> fiay him.'''....''Grapes do not <u>grow</u> well here.'' (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE) ----- :* '''His <u>kyaxa</u> yata teji.'''....''This <u>changed</u> our lives.'' :* '''Yata teji <u>kyasa</u> hujub.'''....''Our lives <u>changed</u> on that day.'' ----- :* '''Ha mapi <u>uzaxa</u> ha fabi.'''....''The winds <u>bent</u> the trees.'' :* '''Ha fabi <u>uzasa</u> je ha mapilag.'''....''The trees <u>bowed</u> during the storm.'' ----- :* '''Von <u>igxu</u> at.'''....''Don't <u>rush</u> me.'' (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC) :* '''<u>Igsu</u>!'''....''<u>Hurry up</u>!'' (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE) ==== Creating Stative Verbs from Nouns ==== : The above stative verbs were created from adjectives, but such verbs can also be formed from nouns and have the meaning '''to become (something)''': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives |- ! NOUN !! STATIVE VERB |- | '''meg'''....''stone'' || '''megser'''....''petrify, become rock'' |- | '''abnod'''....''peak'' || '''abnodser'''....''peak, climax'' |- | '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''fubser'''....''branch out, ramify'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomser'''....''freeze'' |- | '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''mafser'''....''cloud over'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ilser'''....''liquefy, melt'' |} {{small/end}} : Note: The ending is usually '''-aser''' if the adjective the verb is formed from ends in '''-z, r, l''', or '''s'''. For example, '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' yields '''tepuzraser'''....''to go crazy''. Also, the ending -'''aser''' is used for verbs that are more literal than their counterpart in -'''ser''', for example: '''agser'''....''grow up'' vs. '''agaser'''....''enlarge, get bigger''. ==== Using '''aser''' as a Standalone Verb Meaning ''become'' ==== : The verb '''aser''' can mean "to become (something or some way), eg.: ::* '''Ha graotyan <u>aseye</u> paaxwa.'''....''The crowd <u>is becoming</u> agitated.'' ::* '''At fe <u>aser</u> dovakdibut hoj at agso.'''....''I want <u>to become</u> a policeman when I grow up.'' ==== Words for ''to have'' ==== : Mirad has two interchangeable ways to express the verb ''to have, own, possess'': ::* '''bayser''' lit. ''to own'': ('''At <u>ayse</u> aga tod.'''....''I <u>have</u> a big family.'') ::* '''bexer''' lit. ''to hold'': ('''Yit <u>bexe</u> oga melyexem yub bi him.'''....''They <u>own</u> a small farm near here.'') : These verbs play a part in the formation of other related words: ::* '''bayswer'''....''to belong (to)'' ::* '''bexwer'''....''to belong (to)'' ::* '''baysyafwa'''....''available'' ::* '''baysyofwa'''....''unavailable'' ::* '''bexyafwa'''....''available'' ::* '''bexyofwa'''....''unavailable'' ::* '''bayswa'''....''own, proper, proprietary'' (adj.) ::* '''bexwa'''....''own, proper, proprietary, held'' (adj.) ::* '''Hua tam <u>bayswe</u> at.'''....''That house <u>belongs to</u> me.'' : The opposite of '''bayser''' is '''boyser''' (or '''boyser''')....''to lack''. : Similarly, the opposite of '''bexer''' is '''obexer'''....''to lack''. ::* '''Hia sizun <u>boyse</u> fyaz.'''....''This painting <u>lacks</u> charm.'' ::* '''Wita dez <u>obexa</u> hihiduyean.'''....''His performance <u>lacked</u> humor.'' ::* '''At <u>boyse</u> ha azan bi xaler hua pasyen.'''....''I lack the strength to accomplish that maneuver.'' ::* '''Iyta dobyeni se <u>boysea</u>.'''....''Her manners are <u>lacking</u>.'' ::* '''Vyia mil sa <u>baysyofwa</u>.'''....''Clean water was <u>unavailable</u>.'' === '''BER''' ''to put'', '''PER''' ''to go'' === [[File:Shot Put Pictogram.svg|thumb|]][[File:Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements. Commenced 1872 - Completed 1885. Volume I, Men (Nude) MET DT6805.jpg|thumb|]] : The rootwords '''ber'''....''to put'' and '''per'''....''to go'', combined with positional/directional prefixes and various other word prefixes, form many words having to do with positions, bodily gestures, and directional motions. Those ending in '''ber''' are transitive verbs, while those ending in '''per''' are intransitive. ==== Common '''ber/per''' Verbs Built from Prefixes ==== : (Bear in mind that a '''b''' at the end of a prepositional or adverbial prefix is dropped before '''per''' or '''ber'''), so that '''ab''' + '''per''' becomes '''aper''' and '''ab''' + '''ber''' becomes '''aber'''. This fusion occasionally does not occur when the result is ambiguous. {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs with Positional/Directional Prefixes and Vowels ! Prefix !! Transitive Gesture !! Intransitive Motion |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''dismount'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''go away'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- | '''uib'''....''toward and away'' || '''uiber'''....''transmit'' || '''uiper'''....''come and go'' |- | '''bi'''....''from'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''pier'''....''leave'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''puer'''....''arrive'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over'' || '''ayber'''...''put over'' || '''ayper'''....''go over'' |- | '''oyb'''....''under'' || '''oyber'''...''put under'' || '''oyper'''....''go under'' |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bayber'''....''put together'' || '''bayper'''....''accompany'' |- | '''boy'''....''without'' || '''boyxer'''....''deprive'' || '''boyser'''....''lack'' |- | '''byi'''....''since'' || '''byixer'''....''derive'' || '''byiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''byu'''....''up to'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch'' || '''byuser'''....''encounter'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yaob'''....''up and down'' || '''yaober'''....''to raise and lower'' || '''yaoper'''....''to rise and fall'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose, combine'' || '''yanper'''....''to meet, to join'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''to separate'' || ''yonper'''....''to go separate'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move far away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''advance'' || '''zaper'''....''advance'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''mediate'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''put behind'' || '''zoper'''....''follow'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''put to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''put to the left'' || '''zuper'''....''go left'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curve'' || '''uzber'''....''turn'' || '''uzper'''....''turn'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''promote'' || '''zayper'''....''proceed'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''put back'' || '''zayper'''....''return'' |- | '''zya'''....''all over'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''disperse'' |- | '''zye'''....''through'' || '''zyeber'''....''pass through'' || '''zyeper'''....''penetrate'' |- | '''zyi'''....''flat'' || '''zyiber'''....''lay'' || '''zyiper'''....''lie'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''roll'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''turn'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''zyag'''....''stretched out'' || '''zyagber'''....''stretch'' || '''zyagper'''....''stretch out'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''jaber'''....''prepare'' || '''japer'''....''precede'' |- | '''je'''....''during'' || '''jeber'''....''continue'' || '''jeper'''....''go on'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' || '''jober'''....''delay'' || '''joper'''....''follow'' |- | '''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajber'''....''pass'' || '''ajper'''....''go past'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejber'''....''present'' || '''ejper'''....''present oneself'' |- | '''jwo'''....''late'' || '''jwober'''....''delay'' || '''jwoper'''....''go late'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''assemble'' || '''yanper'''....''join'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''take apart'' || '''yonper'''....''separate oneself'' |- | '''ko-'''....''hidden'' || '''kober'''....''hide'' || '''koper'''....''hide (oneself)'' |- | '''ki-'''....''oblique'' || '''kiber'''....''bend'' || '''kiper'''....''slant, slide, incline'' |- | '''ku-'''....''lateral'' || '''kuber'''....''set aside'' || '''kuper'''....''avoid, sidestep'' |- | '''ik-'''....''full'' || '''ikber'''....''fill'' || '''ikper'''....''become full'' |- | '''uk-'''....''empty''||'''ukber'''....''empty'' || '''ukper'''....''become empty'' |} {{small/end}} : Note also, the following special derivatives: :* '''poper'''....''travel'' :* '''paper'''....''fly, go by plane'' :* '''peper'''....''ride, go by car'' :* '''piper'''....''sail, swim, navigate'' :* '''puper'''....''go by subway, to tunnel'' ==== Common Verb Derivatives ==== : The following chart shows a number of verb derivatives of '''ber''' and '''per''' formed by: ::* augmenting the '''b''' or '''p''' with a vowel having a general sense of direction relative to the speaker (vectorial vowel); :::* '''bier'''....''take'' vs. '''buer'''....''give'' ::* adding a verb formant at the end of the stem: :::* '''-l-''' (strong transitive) or '''-r''' (stronger transitive); :::* '''-s''' (intransitive) or '''-x''' (transitive), ); :::* '''-sl-''' (stronger intransitive) or '''-xl-''' (stronger transitive); :::* '''-sr-''' (even stronger intransitive) or '''-xr-''' (even stronger transitive); ::* intensifying or changing the meaning of the word by prefixing the stem ordinal vowel with '''-y-'''; :::* '''bexer'''....''hold'' <big>-></big> '''byexer'''....''hit'' ::* sometimes prefixing the stem with one or more prepositions or other semantic morphemes; :::* '''bier'''....''take'' <big>-></big> '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' : In these words, stems beginning with '''p-''' are more intense than those in '''b-'''; : The general formula for these verbs is "(PREFIX +)?'''[bp][y]?[aeoiu][sx]?[lr]?er'''". : The following is a small list of '''b(y)[aeoiu]-''' and '''p(y)[aeoiu]-''' derivatives which are formed by prefixing a preposition or some other element. {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ B(y)[aeo]- and P(y)[aeo]- derivatives |- valign=top |- ! Pattern !! A-stem (up) !! E-stem (middle) !! O-stem (down) |- valign=top |- ! '''b_er''' |valign=top|'''baer'''....''lean'' *'''abaer'''....''lean on'' *'''aybaer'''....''lean over'' *'''ibaer'''....''lean away'' *'''oyebaer'''....''lean out'' *'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' *'''yebaer'''....''lean in'' *'''yuzbaer'''....''hug'' |valign=top| -- |valign=top| -- |- valign=top ! '''b_l/rer''' | '''baler'''....''press'' *'''abaler'''....''stamp, impress'' *'''abarer'''....''squash'' *'''aybarer'''....''run over'' *'''barer'''....''crush'' *'''gibarer'''....''stab'' *'''ilbaler'''....''squirt'' *'''kyibaler'''....''stress'' *'''lokyibaler'''....''relax'' *'''obaler'''....''decompress'' *'''oyebaler'''....''express'' *'''tyoyibaler'''....''trample'' *'''tyoyibarer'''....''stomp'' *'''yanbaler'''....''compress'' *'''yanbarer'''....''crunch'' *'''yebaler'''....''imprint'' *'''yobaler'''....''suppress'' *'''yuzbaler'''....''squeeze'' *'''yuzbarer'''....''choke, strangle'' *'''zoybaler'''....''squelch, repress'' *'''zyobaler'''....''constrict'' *'''zyobarer'''....''cramp'' | '''beler'''....''carry'' *'''oyebeler'''....''export'' *'''yebeler'''....''import'' *'''zaobeler'''....''ferry'' *'''zeybeler'''....''transport'' *'''zoybeler'''....''report'' *'''zyabeler'''....''propagate, broadcast'' | '''boler'''....''support'' *'''avboler'''....''endorse'' *'''kuboler'''....''abut'' *'''nasboler'''....''underwrite'' *'''oyboler'''....''underpin'' *'''utboler'''....''support oneself'' *'''yaboler'''....''prop up'' *'''yanboler'''....''co-support'' |- valign=top ! '''b_s/xer<br>b_s/xler<br>b_s/xrer''' | '''bas/xer'''....''stir/gesticulate'' *'''bas/xler'''....''budge'' *'''bas/xrer'''....''shake, agitate'' *'''abaxer'''....''pat, pet'' *'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' *'''abaxrer'''....''rub, massage'' *'''baosler'''....''shivver'' *'''baosrer'''....''quiver, shudder'' *'''baoxer'''....''vibrate'' *'''bas/xler'''....''shake/shake'' *'''ibabas/xrer'''....''corrode/abrade'' *'''ifabaxer'''....''fondle'' *'''izbaxer'''....''point'' *'''kubas/xer'''....''slide'' *'''kyabas/xer'''....''shift/shift'' *'''kyaobaser'''....''fluctuate, waver'' *'''obabas/xrer'''....''rub off/rub off'' *'''oyebabaxrer'''....''rub out'' *'''tayibabaxrer'''....''irritate'' *'''teabaxer'''....''wink'' *'''tebaxer'''....''nod'' *'''teibaxer'''....''nuzzle'' *'''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' *'''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' *'''tuyubaxer'''....''finger, fiddle'' *'''uizbas/xer'''....''swag'' *'''yobas/xer'''....''turn over'' *'''yokbaxer'''....''startle'' *'''yuzbaxer'''....''stir'' *'''yuzbaxler'''....''whip'' *'''zaobas/xer'''....''rock/rock'' *'''zaobas/xler'''....''shake back and forth'' | '''bes/xer'''....''stay/hold'' *'''bexler'''....''keep'' *'''bexrer'''....''preserve'' *'''izbexer'''....''control'' *'''kyobes/xer'''....''stay put/hold steady'' *'''lobexer'''....''let go, release'' *'''oyebes/xer'''....''stay out/exclude'' *'''vakbes/xer'''....''stay safe/keep safe'' *'''yagbes/xer'''....''stay long/conserve'' *'''yanbes/xer'''....''adhere/hold together'' *'''yebes/xer'''....''stay in/include'' *'''yibes/xer'''....''shun/hold off'' *'''yubes/xer'''....''stay near/hold near'' *'''yuzbes/xer'''....''cuddle/hug'' *'''zebes/xer'''....''balance/balance'' *'''zobexer'''....''lag/delay'' *'''zoybes/xer'''....''stay back/retain'' *'''bes/xler'''....''remain/keep'' *'''fyabexler'''....''enshrine'' *'''kobes/xler'''....''keep hidden/keep secret'' *'''kyobes/xler'''....''keep still'' *'''obexler'''....''discard'' *'''teabexler'''....''monitor'' *'''vakbexler'''....''safeguard'' *'''yagbexler'''....''maintain'' *'''yanbexler'''....''keep together'' *'''yonbexler'''....''keep apart, seclude'' *'''yibes/xler'''....''avoid/keep at bay'' *'''yubes/xler'''....''keep close/keep close'' *'''zoybes/xler'''....''keep back/retain'' | '''bos/xer'''....''be quiet/quieten'' *'''jexoboxer'''....''nag'' *'''loboxer'''....''disquiet, annoy'' *'''obos/xer'''....''worry/bother'' *'''tepoboxer'''....''worry, concern'' *'''boxler'''....''squelch'' *'''oboxler'''....''vex, bedevil'' |- valign=top ! '''by_s/xer<br>by_s/xler<br>by_s/xrer''' | '''byas/xer'''....''stand up/erect'' *'''kyobyaser'''....''stand still'' *'''zoybyas/xer'''....''stand back up/stand back up'' | '''byes/xer'''....''strike/hit'' *'''byes/xler'''....''knock'' *'''byes/xrer'''....''thrash'' *'''abyexer'''....''attack, offend'' *'''azbyexer'''....''slam'' *'''ebyexer'''....''clash, fight'' *'''ebyexler'''....''squabble, skirmish'' *'''igbyexer'''....''swat'' *'''ifekbyexer'''....''bop'' *'''igyonbyexer'''....''snap'' *'''ilbyexer'''....''splash'' *'''kyibyexer'''....''thump'' *'''ilzyabyexer'''....''bespatter'' *'''kyuigbyexer'''....''click'' *'''obyexer'''....''protect'' *'''ovbyexer'''....''resist'' *'''obyonbyexer'''....''break off'' *'''seuxbyexer'''....''bang'' *'''tujbyexer'''....''knock out cold'' *'''tojbyexer'''....''strike dead'' *'''tuyabyexer'''....''applaud, clap, slap'' *'''tuyubyexer'''....''rap, tap, strum'' *'''tyobyexer'''....''kick'' *'''yobyexer'''....''knock down'' *'''yanbyes/xer'''....''clash/clash'' *'''yonbyes/xer'''....''break/break'' *'''yonbyes/xler'''....''smash/smash'' *'''yonbyes/xrer'''....''shatter/shatter'' *'''zaobyexer'''....''swat, bat'' *'''zotiubyexer'''....''spank'' *'''zyibyexer'''....''smack, slap'' *'''ikbyexrer'''....''obliterate'' | '''byos/xer'''....''hang/hang'' *'''abyos/xer'''....''depend on/hang on'' *'''obyos/xer'''....''hang off/hang off'' *'''teyopyoxer'''....''hang by the neck'' *'''tojpyoxer'''....''execute by hanging'' *'''yivpyoser'''....''dangle, hang loose'' *'''yobyos/xer'''....''hang down/hang down'' |- valign=top ! '''p-''' !! More intense !! !! |- valign=top ! '''p_er''' | '''paer'''....''hover'' *'''aypaer'''....''hover above'' |valign=top| -- | '''poer'''....''rest'' *'''zepoer'''....''take a break'' |- valign=top ! '''p_l/rer''' | -- | -- | -- |- valign=top ! '''p_s/xer'''<br>'''p_s/xler<br>p_s/xrer''' | '''pas/xer'''....''move/move'' *'''apaxer'''....''wipe'' *'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' *'''apaxrer'''....''scrub, rub'' *'''buipas/xer'''....''move to and fro'' *'''ibapaxer'''....''wipe away, erase'' *'''ibapaxler'''....''sweep away'' *'''igpaser'''....''hurry, hasten'' *'''kopaser'''....''sneak'' *'''kipaser'''....''skate'' *'''kyepaser'''....''wander, roam'' *'''obapaxer'''....''wipe off'' *'''oyebapaxer'''....''wipe out'' *'''oyebapaxler'''....''sweep out'' *'''oyepas/xer'''....''move out/move out'' *'''paoser'''....''stop and go, lurch'' *'''pas/xler'''....''shake/shake'' *'''pasrer'''....''tremble/quake'' *'''tapas/xer'''....''exercise/exercise'' *'''teppaxer'''....''motivate'' *'''tyoipaser'''....''crawl on one's knees'' *'''ugpaser'''....''dawdle'' *'''uizpaser'''....''stagger, swerve, yaw'' *'''yabapasler'''....''get swept up'' *'''yaopaser'''....''fluctuate'' *'''yepas/xer'''....''move in/move in'' *'''yezapaxler'''....''sweep along'' *'''yipas/xer'''....''move away/remove'' *'''yupas/xer'''....''move near/approach'' *'''yuzpaser'''....''circulate, move around'' *'''yuzyupaser'''....''spiral around'' *'''zaopaser'''....''swing'' *'''zaypas/xer'''....''progress, move on/promote'' *'''zoypas/xer'''....''regress/move back'' *'''zuipas/xer'''....''move left and right'' *'''zyupaser'''....''rotate, spin'' | '''pes/xer'''....''wait/trap'' *'''potpexer'''....''go trapping'' *'''pexler'''....''capture'' | '''pos/xer'''....''stop/stop'' *'''dovakpoxer'''....''arrest'' *'''japoxer'''....''forestall'' *'''kyopos/xer'''....''stop still/stop'' *'''pos/xler'''....''sink/plunge'' *'''pos/xrer'''....''drown/drown'' *'''poys/xer'''....''pause, rest/pause, stall'' *'''yopos/xer'''....anquish/cause anxiety *'''zepoxer'''....''interrupt'' |- valign=top ! '''py_s/xer'''<br>'''p_s/xler'''<br>'''p_s/xrer''' | '''pyas/xer'''....''jump, surge/launch, shoot'' *'''apyaser'''....''pounce on'' *'''aypyas/xer'''....''leap over/shoot over'' *'''opyas/xer'''....''leap off/throw off'' *'''oyepyas/xer'''....''leap out/shoot out'' *'''pyaoser'''....''undulate, vaccilate'' *'''uzpyaser'''....''vault'' *'''yaopyas/xer'''....''bounce/bounce'' | '''pyexer'''....''strike, hit'' *'''apyexer'''....''attack, assail'' *'''dalexpyexer'''....''argue, debate'' *'''epyexer'''....''fight, combat, battle'' *'''epyexler'''....''struggle'' *'''ilzyapyexer'''....''splatter'' *'''ilzyopyexer'''....''squirt'' *'''izapyexer'''....''attack head on'' *'''koapyexer'''....''mug'' *'''ovapyexer'''....''counterattack'' *'''ovepyexer'''....''fight against'' *'''ovpyexer'''....''defend'' *'''pyexler'''....''beat, batter, beat up'' *'''pyexrer'''....''pound, whack'' *'''tojpyexler'''....''beat to death'' *'''voyepyexer'''....''fight back'' *'''voypyexer'''....''strike back, retaliate'' *'''yanpyes/xrer'''....''implode'' *'''yokapyexer''''....''surprise attack'' *'''yonpyes/xer'''....''shatter/shatter'' *'''yonpyes/xler'''....''burst/burst'' *'''yonpyes/xrer'''....''explode/explode'' *'''yopyexer'''....''knock down, defeat'' | '''pyos/xer'''....''fall/drop, fell'' *'''apyoser'''....''fall on top of'' *'''aypyoser'''....''fall over'' *'''dobpyoxer'''....''topple a regime'' *'''igpyoser'''....''plummet'' *'''ilpyoxer'''....''pour'' *'''kipyoser'''....''slip'' *'''kupyoser'''....''fall aside'' *'''kyipyoser'''....''plop'' *'''mampyoser'''....''skydive'' *'''milpyoser'''....''rain'' *'''opyoser'''....''fall off'' *'''oyepyoser'''....''fall out'' *'''oypyoser'''....''fall under'' *'''pyosler'''....''dive'' *'''pyoys/xer'''....''trip/trip'' *'''teipyoser'''....''do a nose dive'' *'''tojpyos/xer'''....''fall dead/knock dead'' *'''yanpyoser'''....''collapse'' *'''yepyos/xer'''....''fall in/plunge'' *'''yivpyoser'''....''free-fall'' *'''yonpyoser'''....''fall apart, decay, crumble'' *'''yopyos/xer'''....''fall down, dive/topple, dunk'' *'''zaypyoser'''....''fall forward'' *'''zopyoser'''....''fall behind'' *'''zoypyoser'''....''fall backward'' *'''zyupyoser'''....''tumble'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ B(y)[iu]- and P(y)[iu]- derivatives |- valign=top |- ! Pattern !! I-stem (away)!! U-stem (toward) |- valign=top |- ! '''b_er''' |valign=top|'''bier'''....''take'' *'''ibier'''....''take away'' *'''gonbier'''....''partake'' *'''kexbier'''....''choose'' *'''kobier'''....''steal'' *'''ofbier'''....''steal'' *'''nuxbier'''....''buy'' *'''obier'''....''leave, give up'' *'''ojbier'''....''borrow'' *'''oyebier'''....''exclude'' *'''vabier'''....''accept'' *'''vobier'''....''refuse'' *'''yebier'''....''include'' *'''yembier'''....''replace'' *'''yobier'''....''take down'' *'''zoybier'''....''take back'' | '''buer'''....''give'' *'''gonbuer'''....''share'' *'''fyabuer'''....''dedicate'' *'''grobuer'''....''shortchange'' *'''ifbuer'''....''offer'' *'''jabuer'''....''ante up'' *'''kobuer'''....''bribe'' *'''lobuer'''....''deprive'' *'''nixbuer'''....''sell'' *'''obuer'''....''withhold'' *'''okbuer'''....''sacrifice'' *'''ojbuer'''....''lend'' *'''tuyabuer'''....''hand over'' *'''yembuer'''....''assign'' *'''zaybuer'''....''present'' *'''zeybuer'''....''transfer'' *'''zoybuer'''....''give back, return'' *'''zyabuer'''....''distribute'' |- valign=top ! '''b_l/rer''' | '''biler'''....''fetch, obtain'' *'''birer'''....''seize, grab'' *'''azbirer'''....''commandeer'' *'''igbirer'''....''snag'' *'''kobirer'''....''loot'' *'''obirer'''....''lose grip of'' *'''teyobirer'''....''collar'' *'''tuyafyembirer'''....''pickpocket'' *'''vyobirer'''....''bribe'' *'''vyotexbirer'''....''inveigle'' *'''yafbirer'''....''seize power'' *'''yivbirer'''....''loot'' *'''yokbirer'''....''overwhelm, ransack'' *'''yufbirer'''....''extort'' | '''buler'''....''grant'' *'''ifbuler'''....''dedicate'' *'''tojbuler'''....''bequeath'' *'''burer'''....''yield'' *'''ifburer'''....''volunteer'' *'''nigbuer'''....''accommodate'' |- valign=top ! '''b_s/xer'''<br>'''b_s/xler'''<br>'''b_s/xrer''' | '''bis/xer'''....''withdraw/pull'' *'''abixer'''....''pull on'' *'''aoyebixer'''....''pump'' *'''aybixer'''....''pull over'' *'''ibis/xer'''....''avoid/detract'' *'''obixer'''....''pull off, subtract'' *'''oybixer'''....''pull under'' *'''oyebixer'''....''extract'' *'''ubixer'''....''attract, lure'' *'''yabixer'''....''pull up, hoise'' *'''yagbis/xer'''....''stretch/stretch'' *'''yanbis/xer'''....''contract/contract'' *'''yebis/xer'''....''get sucked in/pull in'' *'''yibixer'''....''detract'' *'''yobis/xer'''....''sink/pull down'' *'''yogbis/xer'''....''shrink/shrink'' *'''yonbis/xer'''....''draw apart/distract'' *'''yovbixer'''....''seduce'' *'''yubis/xer'''....''draw near/attract'' *'''zaybis/xer'''....''protract/protract'' *'''zobixer'''....''drag'' *'''zoybis/xer'''....''retract/retract'' *'''zyabis/xer'''....''extend/extend'' *'''bixler'''....''yank, drag'' *'''oyebixler'''....''extirpate, rip out, drag out'' *'''yabixler'''....''dredge up'' *'''yebixler'''....''drag in'' *'''yibixler'''....''yank away'' *'''yobixler'''....''drag down'' | '''bus/xer'''....''head for/push'' *'''buxler'''....''shove, drive'' *'''buxrer'''....''kick, force'' *'''abuxer'''....''foist'' *'''abuxrer'''....''stomp on'' *'''aybuxer'''....''push over'' *'''ibuxer''''....''repel/push away'' *'''obuxrer'''....''kick off'' *'''ovbuxer'''....''oppose'' *'''oybuxer'''....''push under'' *'''oyebuxer'''....''expel'' *'''yabuxer'''....''push up'' *'''yanbuxer'''....''push together'' *'''yebuxer'''....''impel'' *'''yobuxer'''....''push down'' *'''yonbuxer'''....''dispel'' *'''yovbuxer'''....''sanction'' *'''zaobuxer'''....''jostle'' *'''zaybus/xer'''....''head forward/propel'' *'''zoybus/xer'''....''head back/push back'' *'''zyobuxer'''....''strain'' *'''obuxler'''....''shove off, drive off'' *'''oyebuxler'''....''shove out, expel, drive out'' *'''oyebuxrer'''....''pump out, force out'' *'''yebus/xler'''....''intrude/shove in/drive in'' *'''yobuxler'''....''shove down, drive down'' *'''zyebus/xler'''....''shove oneself though/shove through, drive through'' *'''yabuxrer'''....''kick up'' *'''yebus/xrer'''....''penetrate/pump in, force in'' *'''yibuxrer'''....''kick away'' *'''yobuxrer'''....''force down'' *'''yubuxrer'''....''force near'' |- valign=top ! '''by_s/xer'''<br>'''by_s/xler'''<br>'''by_s/xrer''' | '''byis/xer'''....''originate/derive'' | '''byus/xer'''....''reach toward/touch'' *'''yanbyus/xer'''....''contact/contact'' *'''byuxrer'''....''kick, force'' |- valign=top ! '''p-''' !! More intense verbs !! |- valign=top ! '''p_er''' |valign=top| '''pier'''....''leave'' *'''boypier'''....''forego'' *'''kopier'''....''elude, elope'' *'''mempier'''....''take off'' *'''tampier'''....''leave home'' *'''dompier'''....''leave town'' *'''melpier'''....''take off'' *'''mempier'''....''emigrate'' *'''pipier'''....''set sail'' *'''papier'''....''take off'' *'''pepier'''....''drive off'' *'''popier'''....''set out on a trip'' *'''yexpier'''....''retire'' *'''sempier'''....''get up from the table'' *'''sumpier'''....''get up out of bed'' *'''simpier'''....''get up from the chair'' *'''yanavpier'''....''defect'' *'''yempier'''....''resign'' *'''mimpier'''....''disembark'' *'''yanavpier'''....''defect'' *'''yovpier'''....''abscond'' *'''kopier'''....''elope'' *'''igpier'''....''bolt'' *'''yokpier'''....''suddenly leave'' *'''zopier'''....''abandon'' |valign=top| '''puer'''....''arrive'' *'''japuer'''....''arrive ahead of'' *'''jwapuer'''....''arrive early'' *'''jwepuer'''....''arrive on time'' *'''jwopuer'''....''arrive late'' *'''melpuer'''....''land'' *'''mempuer'''....''immigrate'' *'''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' *'''yempuer'''....''accede, access'' *'''yokpuer'''....''suddenly show up'' |- valign=top ! '''p_l/rer''' | '''piler'''....''flee, evade'' *'''mempiler'''....''flee the country, emigrate as a refugee'' *'''yufpiler'''....''flee in fear'' *'''jwapiler'''....''drop out'' *'''kopiler'''....''sneak away'' *'''zyompiler'''....''evade a tight spot'' *'''pirer'''....''escape'' | -- |- valign=top ! '''p_s/xer'''<br'''>p_s/xler'''<br>'''p_s/xrer''' | '''pis/xer'''....''withdraw/catch'' *'''pis/xler'''..../abduct *'''pitpixer'''....''fish'' *'''pixrer'''....''/rape'' *'''purpixler'''....''carjack, hijack'' *'''tobpixler'''....''kidnap'' | '''pus/xer'''....''jump/throw'' *'''pus/xler'''....''lunge/thrust'' *'''apus/xer'''....''hop on/hop off'' *'''apuxrer'''....''fire at'' *'''aypus/xer'''....''jump over/throw over'' *'''fupuxrer'''....''misfire'' *'''igpus/xer'''....''fling onself/fling'' *'''ililpus/xer'''....''spurt/spurt'' *'''ilpus/xer'''....''spew/spew'' *'''ilzyapus/xer'''....''spray'' *'''ilzyopus/xer'''....''squirt'' *'''ipus/xer'''....''jump away/discard, jettison'' *'''kupus/xer'''....''jump aside/cast aside'' *'''opus/xer'''....''jump off/throw off'' *'''oyepus/xer'''....''jump out/throw out'' *'''oypus/xer'''....''jump under/throw under'' *'''puxrer'''....''/shoot, fire'' *'''puys/xer'''....''skip/toss'' *'''teipuxler'''....''sneeze'' *'''teubilpuxer'''....''spit'' *'''tojpuxrer'''....''shoot dead'' *'''yepus/xer'''....''jump in, throw in, inject'' *'''yepus/xler'''....''intrude/jab, stick in, stab'' *'''yopuxrer'''....''shoot down'' *'''zaypus/xer'''....''jump ahead/project'' *'''zoypus/xer'''....''jump back/reject'' |- valign=top ! '''py_s/xer'''<br>'''p_s/xler'''<br>'''p_s/xrer''' | '''pyis/xer'''....''originate/derive'' | '''pyuer'''....''reach'' *'''pyus/xer'''....''encounter, run into/bump, hit'' *'''izpyuxer'''....''hit head on'' *'''kupyuxer'''....''sideswipe'' *'''pyuxler'''....''crash into'' *'''pyuxrer'''....''shock'' *'''yanpyuxer'''....''collide with'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Using '''Ber''' and '''Per''' to Form Dynamic Verbs ==== : Some verbs with stems ending in '''-j''' are inherently stative. Their dynamic counterparts end in '''-ber''' for transitive verbs and in '''-per''' for intransitive verbs. There is a table showing this: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Using Ber and Per with J Verbs |- ! STATIVE-INTRANSITIVE !! DYNAMIC-TRANSITIVE !! DYNAMIC-INTRANSITIVE |- | '''tojer'''....''die'' || '''tojber'''....''kill'' || '''tojper'''....''drop dead'' |- | '''tajer'''....''be born'' || '''tajber'''....''give birth (to), bear'' || '''tajper'''....''spring up'' |- | '''tejer'''....''live'' || '''tejber'''....''bring to life'' || '''tejper'''....''come to life'' |- | '''tijer'''....''be awake'' || '''tijber'''....''awaken'' || '''tijper'''....''wake up'' |- | '''tujer'''....''sleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' || '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' |- | '''ijer'''....''begin'' || '''ijber'''....''begin (something)'' || '''ijper'''....''start up'' |- | '''ujer'''....''end'' || '''ujber'''....''finish, put an end to'' || '''ujper'''....''come to an end'' |- | '''yijer'''....''open up'' || '''yijber'''....''open up (something)'' || '''yijper'''....''come open'' |- | '''yujer'''....''close'' || '''yujber'''....''close, bring to a close'' || '''yujper'''....''come to a close'' |- | '''ejer'''....''be present'' || '''ejber'''....''present'' || '''ejper'''....''show up'' |- | '''ajer'''....''be past'' || '''ajber'''....''pass on (something)'' ||'''ajper'''...''pass up'' |} {{small/end}} === '''DER''' ''to say'' === [[File:Icon Talking Points.svg|thumb|]] : The rootword '''der''', meaning ''say, tell'' is used in many verbs of communication. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== : Words using the root '''d-''' have to do with communicating, thus '''''saying, talking, writing, reading, singing, performing, etc.'''''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Der Principal Derivatives |- valign=top |- ! A !! E !! O !! I !! U |- valign=top | '''daler'''....''to speak''<br>'''dalzeyn'''....''language''<br>'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect''<br>'''dalyen'''....''idiom'' || '''der'''....''to say''<br>'''deler'''....''to state''<br>'''dodeler'''....''to announce'' || '''doler'''....''to be silent'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''<br>'''dider'''....''to question''<br>'''diler'''....''to request''<br>'''direr'''....''to demand'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''<br>'''duder'''....''to answer''<br>'''duler'''....''to urge''<br>'''durer'''....''to order'' |- valign=top | || '''drer'''....''to write''<br>'''drar'''....''pencil''<br>---'''drarer'''....''to draw''<br>'''drir'''....''typewriter''<br>'''---drirer'''....''to type''<br>'''drur'''....''printer''<br>---'''drurer'''....''to print''<br>'''dodrur'''....''press''<br>---'''dodr(ur)er'''....''to publish''<br>'''dreder'''....''to spell'' || '''droer'''....''to erase'' || || |- valign=top | || '''dyeer'''....''to read''<br>'''dyes'''....''book''<br>'''dyeder'''....''to dictate''<br>'''dodyeder'''....''to recite'' || || || |- valign=top | || '''seuxder'''....''to pronounce''<br>'''sagder'''....''to count'' || || '''din'''....''story''<br>---'''dinder'''....''to recount'' || '''dun'''....''word''<br>'''dyun'''....''name''<br>---'''dyuer'''....''to call''<br>'''dyan'''....''sentence''<br>'''dyen'''....''phrase'' |- valign=top | '''draf'''....''card''<br>'''drav'''....''notebook''<br>'''drayef'''....''sheet'' || '''dref'''....''paper''<br>'''drev'''....''page''<br>'''dreniv'''....''text'' || '''drof'''....''board''<br>'''drov'''....''cardboard'' || || |- valign=top | '''daz'''....''dance''<br>---'''dazer'''....''to dance''<br>'''dyaz'''....''ballet'' || '''dez'''....''theater''<br>---'''dezer'''....''to perform''<br>'''dyez'''....''cinema''<br>'''drez'''....''poetry'' || ||'''diz'''....''comedy'' || '''duz'''....''music''<br>'''dyuz'''....''opera''<br>'''deuz'''....''song''<br>---'''deuzer'''....''to sing'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Forming Derivatives with Prefixes ==== [[File:Communication.gif|thumb|]] : Many verbs of communication are created by prefixing elements to '''der''' (''to say, tell'') as in the following chart: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs of Communication with Der |- ! Prefixed Word !! New Verb |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vader'''....''affirm'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''veder'''....''guess'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyader'''....''swear'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoder'''....''lie'' |- | '''fyaa'''....''holy'' || '''fyader'''....''bless'' |- | '''fyoa'''....''profane'' || '''fyoder'''....''curse'' |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''ozder'''....''hint'' |- | '''zoy-'''....''back'' || '''zoyder'''....''repeat, echo'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' + '''yova'''....''guilty'' || '''veyovder'''....''indict'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' + '''yova'''....''guility'' || '''vayovder'''....''convict'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''jader'''....''predict'' |- | '''vao'''....''yes/no'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''yevder'''....''judge'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fider'''....''praise'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''fuder'''....''disparage'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afder'''....''authorize'' |- | '''of'''....''prohibition'' || '''ofder'''....''ban'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nazder'''....''evaluate'' |- | '''yov'''....''guilt'' || '''yovder'''....''blame'' |- | '''zyaa'''....''wide'' || '''zyader'''....''broadcast'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''yagder'''....''elaborate'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''wrong'' + '''via'''....''beautiful'' || '''vyovider'''....''flatter'' |- | '''vyea'''....''relative'' || '''vyeder'''....''relate'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' + '''oj'''....''future'' || '''vaojder'''....''promise'' |- | '''ut'''....''self'' + '''fia'''....''good'' || '''utfider'''....''boast'' |- | '''uv'''....''sorrow'' + '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''uvtaxder'''....''regret'' |- | '''tes'''....''meaning'' || '''tesder'''....''mean'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovder'''....''object'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyider'''....''emphasize'' |- | '''jwa'''....''early'' || '''jwader'''....''warn'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' + '''vo'''....''no'' || '''javoder'''....''preclude'' |- | '''yuj'''....''close'' || '''yujder'''....''conclude'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' + '''nap'''....''order'' || '''janapder'''....''preordain'' |- | '''hyay'''....''hurrah'' || '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' |- | '''hyey'''....''thanks'' || '''hyeyder'''....''thank'' |- | '''gra'''....''too much'' || '''grader'''....''exaggerate'' |- | '''gaw-'''....''re-'' || '''gawder'''....''to repeat'' |- | '''diz'''....''comedy'' || '''dizder'''....''joke'' |- | '''dre-'''....''write'' || '''dreder'''....''spell'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebder'''....''communicate'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' + '''did-'''....''question'' || '''ebdider'''....''interview'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' + '''tes'''....''meaning'' || '''ebtesder'''....''interpret'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' + '''tex'''....''thought'' || '''ebtexder'''....''decide'' |- | '''ek-'''....''play'' || '''ekder'''....''pretend'' |} {{small/end}} : There are over 700 '''der''' verbs in Mirad, too many to list here. ==== Animal Sounds ==== [[File:Barking Dog - The Noun Project.svg|thumb|]] : Animal noise verbs are created by replacing the final '''-t''' of an animal name with '''der''': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Animal Sound Verbs |- ! Animal !! Sound Verb |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapeder'''....''bark'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepeder'''....''mew'' |- | '''bopeyt'''....''cow'' || '''bopeyder'''....''moo'' |- | '''anpiat'''....''duck'' || '''anpiader'''....''quack'' |- | '''mefapat'''....''turkey'' || '''mefapader'''....''gobble'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Speaking in Languages ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Names of languages can be verbalized by replaced the '''d''' at the end of the language name with '''-der''' or '''-daler''', or '''-dxer''': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Language Speaking Verbs |- | '''Enid'''....''English''|| '''Enider'''....''say in English'' || '''Enidaler'''....''speak in English''|| '''Enidxer'''....''Anglicize'' |- | '''Ferod'''....''French'' || '''Feroder'''....''say in French'' || '''Ferodaler'''....''speak French'' || '''Ferodxer'''....''Gallicize'' |} {{small/end}} : The name of the language discussed in this book is '''Mirad''', which comes from '''mira''', meaning ''global, world''. Thus, ''say in Mirad'' is '''Mirader''' and ''speak Mirad'' is '''Miradaler'''. A speaker of Mirad is a '''Miradut''' or '''Miradalut'''. '''Duven et Miradale?'''....''Do you speak Mirad?''. '''Hey Mirad(al)uti, ansu!'''....''Hey, speakers of Mirad, unite!'' : Examples: ::* '''Duven et Miradale?'''....''Do you speak Mirad?'' ::* '''Diwe Enidu is.'''....''Please say it in English.'' ::* '''Voy ese gaj gla Liadaluti.'''....''There are no longer many Latin-speakers.'' : Note: '''Liadalut''' can be shortened to '''Liadut'''. : Similarly, ''to write in Mirad'' and ''to read in Mirad'' would be '''Miradrer''' and '''Miradyeer''', respectively. So, a person who can read Mirad is called a '''Miradyeut'''. ==== Communication Arts ==== : The base template '''d...z''' is used fort various communication art forms, eg.: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Communications Art Words with D-Z |- valign=top ! Type of Art !! Piece !! Performer !! Venue |- | '''daz'''....''dance''|| '''dazun'''....''a dance'' || '''dazut'''....''dancer''<br>'''dazutyan'''....''dance troupe'' || '''dazim'''....''ballroom'' |- | '''dyaz'''....''ballet'' || '''dyazun'''....''ballet dance'' || '''dyazut'''....''danseur''<br>'''dyazuyt'''....''ballerina'' || '''dyazin'''....''ballet studio'' |- | '''dez'''....''theater, drama'' || '''dezun'''....''a play'' || '''dezut'''....''stage actor''<br>'''dezutyan'''....''cast''|| '''dezam'''....''theater''<br>'''dezyem'''....''stage''<br>'''dezmisof'''....''curtain'' |- | '''dyez'''....''cinema'' || '''dyezun'''....''movie'' || '''dyezut'''....''screen actor''<br>'''dyezutyan'''....''movie cast''<br>'''dyezizbut'''....''movie director''||'''dyezam'''....''movie theater''<br>'''dyez mays'''....''silver screen''<br>'''dyezim'''....''movie salon'' |- | '''diz'''....''comedy'' || '''dizun'''....''a sketch'' || '''dizut'''....''comedian''<br>'''dizutyan'''....''comedy cast'' || '''dizam'''....''comedy club''<br>'''dizyem'''....''stage'' |- | '''podiz'''....''circus'' || '''podizun'''....''circus act'' || '''podizut'''....''clown'' || '''podizam'''....''circus arena''<br>'''podiz tomof'''....''circus tent'' |- | '''drez'''....''poetry''<br>'''dreznad'''....''verse''<br>'''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' || '''drezun'''....''a poem'' || '''drezut'''....''poet'' || '''drezim'''....''poetry salon'' |- | '''duz'''....''music'' || '''duzun'''....''a musical piece'' || '''duzut'''....''musician''<br>'''duzutyan'''....''orchestra'' || '''duzam'''....''music arena''<br>'''duzar'''....''musical instrument'' |- | '''dyuz'''....''opera'' || '''dyuzun'''....''opera''<br>'''dyuzunog'''....''operetta, musical'' || '''dyuzut'''....''opera performer'' || '''dyuzam'''....''opera house'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzun'''....''a song'' || '''deuzut'''....''vocalist'' || '''deuzam'''....''auditorium'' |} {{small/end}} : Some of the above performance arts can be combined using hybrid words: :* '''duez'''....''musical (on stage)'' (music + theater) :* '''dauz'''....''dance music'' ( dance + music) :* '''druz'''....''musical poetry'' (poetry + music) :* '''dyeuz'''....''musical (on film)'' (film + music) === '''TER''' ''to know'' === [[File:Noun mind 366997.svg|thumb|]] : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''t''', meaning human and mental states and activities like ''knowing'', ''thinking'', ''understanding'', etc.: ==== T- TY- TR- Words ==== : Mirad distinguishes three words of knowing: ::* '''ter'''....''to know (a fact)'' ::* '''tyer'''....''to know how'' ::* '''trer'''....''to be familiar with, recognize, to know (a person)'' : Here are some common derivatives of these roots: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; vertical-align: top" |+ T-, TY-, TR- Words |- align=top ! '''t-''' !! '''ty-''' !! '''tr-''' |- valign=top | '''ter'''....''to know''<br>'''tea'''....''aware''<br>'''tun'''....''science, -ology''<br>'''twas'''....''fact, datum''<br>'''tez'''....''culture''<br>'''teyen'''....''idea'' ||'''tyer'''....''to know how''<br>'''tyea'''....''competent''<br>'''tyen'''....''skill''<br>'''tyez'''....''magic''<br>'''tyaf'''....''cognizance'' <br>'''tyun'''....''concept''||'''trer'''....''to recognize''<br>'''tyea'''....''familiar''<br>'''trwa'''....''known''<br>'''trwat'''....''acquaintance''<br>'''fitrwa'''....''famous'' |- valign=top ! '''ti-''' !! '''tyi-'''!! '''tri-''' |- valign=top | '''tier'''....''to find out''<br>'''tiser'''....''to learn''<br>'''tixer'''....''to study''<br>'''tin'''....''doctrine, -ism'' || '''tyier'''....''to learn how''<br>'''tyiut'''....''intern'' ||'''trier'''....''to get acquainted''<br>'''trien'''....''familiarization'' |- valign=top ! '''tu-''' !! '''tyu-''' || '''tru-''' |- valign=top | '''tuer'''....''to inform''<br>'''tuut'''....''informant''<br>'''tuwa'''....''informed''<br>'''tuxer'''....''to teach''<br>'''tuuxer'''....''to educate''<br>'''tuunyan'''....''information''|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''<br>'''tyuut'''....''trainer''<br>'''tyut'''....''expert, master''|| '''truer'''....''to acquaint''<br>'''truen'''....''introduction''<br>'''truwa'''....''acquainted'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TAX- TEX- TOX- Words ==== ::* '''taxer'''....''to remember'' :::* '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' :::* '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' :::* '''texier'''....''to take note of'' :::* '''texuer'''....''to persuade, suggest'' ::* '''toxer'''....''to forget'' ==== TES- TOS- TOOS- Words ==== :* '''tes'''....''meaning'' ::* '''teser'''....''to mean'' :::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' :::* '''testier'''....''to realize'' :::* '''testuer'''....''to explain'' :*'''tos'''....''feeling'' ::* '''toser'''....''to feel (emotionally)'' :::* '''oktoser'''....''to miss'' :::* '''yanuvtoser'''....''to pity'' :* '''toos'''....''instinct'' ::* '''tooser'''....''to have a gut feeling'' ::* '''toosa'''....''instinctual'' ==== TUN (-ology) Words ==== : Suffixing '''-tun'''....''science'' to words forms many ''-ology'' terms. An ''-ologist'' is rendered with '''-tut''', eg: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Ologies |- | '''tep'''....''mind'' || '''teptun'''....''psychology'' || '''teptut'''....''psychologist'' |- | '''tieb'''....''lung'' || '''tiebtun'''....''pneumology'' || '''tiebtut'''....''pneumologist'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tejtun'''....''thanatology'' || '''tejtut'''....''thanatologist'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattun'''....''ornithology'' || '''pattut'''....''ornithologist'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pittun'''....''ichthyology'' || '''pittut'''....''ichthyologist'' |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''pottun'''....''zoology'' || '''pottut'''....''zoologist'' |- | '''mul'''....''matter'' || '''multun'''....''chemistry'' ("materiology?") || '''multut'''....''chemist'' |- | '''ko-'''....''hidden'', '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''kodrentun'''....''cryptology'' || '''kodrentut'''....''cryptologist'' |} {{small/end}} : Some ''-ology'' words in English refer to pseudo-science and are translated into Mirad with the ending '''-tuyn''': {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -Tuin Suffix Words |- | '''mar'''....''star'' || '''martuyn'''....''astrology'' (cf. '''martun'''....''astronomy'')|| '''martuyt'''....''astrologist'' |- | '''sag'''....''number'' || '''sagtuyn'''....''numerology'' (cf. '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'')|| '''sagtuyt'''....''numerologist'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TIN (-ism) Words ==== : Words in English referring to doctrines, dogmas, or ''-isms'' are translated into Mirad with the ending '''-tin''' or its stub, '''-in''', eg: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Ism Words |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || '''dotin'''....''socialism'' |- | '''Buda'''....''Buddha'' || '''Budatin'''....''Bhuddism'' |- | '''gwa'''....''most'', '''fis'''....''good thing'' || '''gwafistin'''....''optimism'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyatin'''....''orthodoxy, truism'' |- | '''an-'''....''one'', '''tot'''....''god'' || '''antotin'''....''monotheism'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TUIN (theory) and TUYN (Pseudo-science) Words ==== : There are some words that refer to pseudoscience use the '''-tuyn''' suffix. Those that are legitimate theories use the suffix '''-tuin'''. ::* '''martuyn'''....''astrology'' ::* '''sagtuyn'''....''numerology'' ::* '''niftuin'''....''string theory'' ::* '''vyeantuin'''....''theory of relativity'' ==== Schools ==== [[File:Larkmead School, Abingdon, Oxfordshire.png|thumb|]] : The general word for ''school'' is '''tixam''' (''study house''). The various levels of schools are translated with this word prefixed with an ordinal vowel or '''ja'''....''pre-'' or '''jo'''....''post''. :* '''tixam'''....''school'' ::* '''jatixam'''....''pre-school, kindergarten'' ::* '''atixam'''....''primary school'' ::* '''etixam'''....''high-school, lycee'' :::* '''etixam ajab'''....''high school first year'' :::* '''etixam ejab'''....''high school second year'' ::* '''itixam'''....''college'' ::* '''utixam'''....''university'' :::* '''utixam ajabat'''....''freshman'' :::* '''utixam ejabat'''....''sophomore'' :::* '''utixam ijabat'''....''junior'' :::* '''utixam ujabat'''....''senior'' ::* '''joutixam'''....''post-graduate school'' :::* '''joutixamut'''....''post-graduate'' : Some activities at school: :* '''tixer tuxun'''....''to study a lesson'' :* '''tuxer tixnead'''....''to teach a course'' :* '''tiser tuunyan'''....''to learn information'' :* '''finsiyndrer dref'''....''to grade a paper'' :* '''teaxer ota finsiyndraf'''....''to look at one's report card'' :* '''iber yaba finsiyni'''....''to get high grades'' :* '''finnogdrafier bi itixam'''....''to graduate from college'' :* '''bier vyaoyek'''....''to take a test'' :* '''buer vyaoyekes'''....''to give a quiz'' :* '''ujaker'''....''to pass'' :* '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' :* '''oteeper tuxun joeb'''....''to miss a class'' :* '''hayder ha tixutyan'''....''to greet the class'' :* '''jwopuer ha tixam'''....''to arrive late to school'' :* '''ubwer bu ha tixameb'''....''to be sent to the principal'' :* '''ber did bu ha tuxut'''....''to ask the teacher a question'' :* '''daldyeer dreniv'''....''to read a text aloud'' :* '''yaber ota tuyab'''....''to raise one's hand'' :* '''dier afon per eftim'''....''to ask permission to go to the bathroom'' :* '''drer dyan be ha molza drof'''....''to write something on the blackboard'' :* '''ujber ota tamtix'''....''to finish one's homework'' : Note: :* '''tuxam'''....''academy'' ::* '''tuxam bi vituzi'''....''academy of fine arts'' ::* '''dopa tuxam'''....''military academy'' === '''BOK''' ''illness'' === : '''Bok''' is at the top of a whole set of words dealing with health, illness, and medicine: [[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|]] ==== Principal Derivatives ==== : The core words are: : :* '''bak'''....''health'' ::* '''baak'''....''sanitation'' ::* '''byak'''....''hygiene'' :* '''bek'''....''treatment'' ::* '''byek'''....''cure'' :* '''bik'''....''care'' :* '''buk'''....''injury'' ::* '''bruk'''....''mutilation'' :* '''bok'''....''illness'' ::* '''book'''....''fatigue'' ::* '''byok'''....''pain'' ::* '''blok'''....''suffering'' ::* '''brok'''....''agony'' ==== BOK, BOOK, BYOK, BLOK, BROK ==== {{small/top}} ::* '''bok'''....''illness'' :::* '''boka'''....''sick, ill'' ::::* '''bokat'''....''patient'' ::::* '''bokam'''....''hospital'' ::::* '''bokser'''....''to get sick'' ::::* '''bokxer'''....''to make sick'' ::::* '''bokul'''....''poison'' :::::* '''bokulier'''....''to take poison'' :::::* '''bokuluer'''....''to poison'' ::* '''book'''....''fatigue'' :::* '''booka'''....''tired'' ::::* '''bookser'''....''go grow weary'' ::::* '''bookxer'''....''to tire out'' ::* '''byok'''....''pain, ache, hurt'' :::* '''byoka'''....''painful'' :::* '''byokser'''....''to hurt, ache'' :::* '''byokxer'''....''to hurt'' ::* '''blok'''....''suffering'' :::* '''blokser'''....''to suffer'' :::* '''blokuer'''....''to afflict'' ::::* '''blokuwat'''....''victim'' ::* '''brok'''....''agony, torture'' :::* '''brokser'''....''to agonize'' :::* '''brokxer'''....''to torture'' :::* '''brokxim'''....''torture chamber'' {{small/end}} ==== Diseases ==== : Words for diseases and illnesses end in '''-bok''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abteubbok'''....''alveolitis'' * '''aglateatbok'''....''macropsia'' * '''alzambok'''....''scarlatina, scarlet fever'' * '''alznodbok'''....''measles'' * '''ambok'''....''fever, inflammation'' * '''aombok'''....''ague'' * '''-bok'''....''-itis, -pathy'' * '''cagronbok'''....''scorbute, scurvy'' * '''dingabok'''....''dengue'' * '''Downboksiunyan'''....''mongolism, Down syndrome'' * '''endeuzbok'''....''diplophonia'' * '''epeltbok'''....''mange'' * '''epeytayobbok'''....''cowpox'' * '''filbok'''....''hangover'' * '''gralevelbok'''....''hyperglycemia'' * '''gratelbok'''....''crapulence, surfeit'' * '''grobokogrunvokan'''....''immunodeficiency'' * '''grolevelbok'''....''hypoglycemia'' * '''gyateebbok'''....''mumps'' * '''hansenbok'''....''leprosy'' * '''hyamerbok'''....''pandemic'' * '''ifonbok'''....''love sickness'' * '''igtiibbok'''....''tachycardia'' * '''ilzbok'''....''jaundice'' * '''ilzilbok'''....''cholera'' * '''jagteabbok'''....''presbyopia'' * '''mampurbok'''....''airsickness'' * '''memyazbok'''....''mountain sickness'' * '''meylztikibbok'''....''cirrhosis'' * '''meztalabbok'''....''gout'' * '''mialbok'''....''typhoid fever'' * '''milyufbok'''....''rabies'' * '''mimbok'''....''nausea, seasickness'' * '''mirbok'''....''pandemic'' * '''nipatbok'''....''pica'' * '''nopeltbok'''....''mange'' * '''obostayosbok'''....''pruritis'' * '''ogesinbok'''....''aniseikonic'' * '''ombok'''....''flu'' * '''panbok'''....''carsickness, motion sickness'' * '''pattiebbok'''....''pip'' * '''peltayosbok'''....''pruritis'' * '''petbok'''....''distemper'' * '''sifilusbok'''....''syphilis'' * '''taebdazbok'''....''chorea'' * '''taebzyobixbok'''....''epilepsy, lockjaw'' * '''taibok'''....''resorption'' * '''talabbok'''....''arthritis'' * '''taobyazbok'''....''cancer, carcinoma, sarcoma'' * '''tayebok'''....''alopecia, hair loss'' * '''tayibbok'''....''neurosis'' * '''tayobbok'''....''dermatitis'' * '''tayobok'''....''molt, skin malady'' * '''tayobyigxenbok'''....''scleroderma'' * '''tayobyozbok'''....''small pox'' * '''teababambok'''....''sty, stye'' * '''teabbok'''....''ophthalmia'' * '''teabkunadbok'''....''conjunctivitis'' * '''teabnyedbok'''....''retinopathy'' * '''teabaolzbok'''....''pinkeye'' * '''teatayibbok'''....''glaucoma'' * '''tyebfyusbok'''....''Alzheimer's disease'' * '''tyeba pasyofbok'''....''cerebral palsy'' * '''tebosambok'''....''encephalitis'' * '''tyebmilboka'''....''hydrocephalic'' * '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis, cold'' * '''teibuzukbok'''....''sinusitis'' * '''telefbok'''....''bulimia'' * '''tepbok'''....''mental illness, psychopathy, psychosis'' * '''tepengonxwanbok'''....''schizophrenia'' * '''teubebbok'''....''gingivitis, gum disease'' * '''tiebbok'''....''influenza, pneumonia'' * '''tiebbokier'''....''catch pneumonia'' * '''tiebkugonbok'''....''pleurisy'' * '''tiebnyosbok'''....''phthisical'' * '''tiebufbok'''....''bronchitis'' * '''tiibbok'''....''heart disease'' * '''tiibilbok'''....''hemophilia'' * '''tiibillevelbok'''....''diabetes'' * '''tiibiltumbok'''....''leukemia'' * '''tiibilyujunbok'''....''thrombosis'' * '''tikebbok'''....''gastritis'' * '''tikibbok'''....''hepatitis, liver disease'' * '''tikubbok'''....''pancreatitis'' * '''tikyabbok'''....''colic'' * '''tikyebzoytalobbok'''....''hemorrhoids, piles'' * '''tikyobbok'''....''dysentery, enteritis'' * '''tiyebbok'''....''prostatitis'' * '''tiyiyba yazbok'''....''ovarian cancer'' * '''tiyiybbok'''....''ovaritis'' * '''tiyobbok'''....''kidney disease, renitis'' * '''toyuzubok'''....''hemorrhoids'' * '''tudeta bok'''....''infant disease'' * '''tujbok'''....''sleep disorder, sleep sickness'' * '''tujefbok'''....''lethargy'' * '''tuloxefbok'''....''pruritis, psoriasis'' * '''tuyoba mup boksiunyan'''....''carpal tunnel syndrome'' * '''tuyobbok'''....''psora'' * '''twiyiba yazbok'''....''testicular cancer'' * '''umvab ambok'''....''hay fever'' * '''unjubambok'''....''quartan'' * '''upetbok'''....''braxy'' * '''uzratyoyabbok'''....''clubfoot'' * '''vuzuvubok'''....''chicken pox, chickenpox'' * '''vyutiibilbok'''....''septicaemia, septicemia'' * '''yabteyobufbok'''....''diphtheria'' * '''yanbyuxbok'''....''contagion'' * '''yayzbok'''....''tuberculosis'' * '''yigxenbok'''....''sclerosis'' * '''yopelatbok'''....''malaria'' * '''yozbok'''....''dropsy'' * '''zateyobbok'''....''croup, laryngopathy, throat disease'' * '''zetifbok'''....''zoster'' * '''zyobixtaebbok'''....''tetanus'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== BAK, BAAK, and BYAK Words ==== {{small/top}} :* '''bak'''....''health'' ::* '''baka'''....''healthy, sound'' ::* '''baktun'''....''health science, medecine'' :::* '''baktut'''....''health specialist, doctor'' ::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, to heal'' ::* '''bakxer'''....''to heal'' ::* '''bakam'''....''wellness center'' ::* '''tepbak'''....''mental health'' :::* '''tepbaka'''....''sane'' ::* '''baak'''....''sanitation'' :::* '''baaka'''....''sanitary'' ::::* '''baakxer'''....''to sanitize'' :::::* '''baakxil'''....''sanitizer (liquid)'' :::* '''baaknov'''....''sanitary napkin'' ::* '''byak'''....''hygiene'' :::* '''byaktyen'''....''hygienics'' :::* '''byaktyut'''....''hygienist'' ::::* '''teuba byaktyut'''....''oral hygienist'' :::* '''byak dref'''....''toilet paper'' {{small/end}} ==== BEK and BYEK Words ==== : The root word '''bek''', which means ''treatment, therapy'' and the related root '''byek''' (''cure'') enter into the formation of the words presented here: {{small/top}} :* '''bek'''....''treatment, therapy'' ::* '''beka'''....''therapeutic'' ::* '''bekier'''....''to get treatment'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' :::* '''bekuut'''....''therapist, nurse'' ::* '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat'' :::* '''fubekuen'''....''maltreatment'' ::* '''abek'''....''operation'' :::* '''abekier'''....''to undergo an operation'' :::* '''abekuer'''....''to operate on'' ::* '''abektun'''....''surgery'' :::* '''abektun bi tayib'''....''neurosurgery'' :::* '''abektun bi teab'''....''eye surgery'' :::* '''abektun bi teib'''....''rhinoplasty'' :::* '''abektun bi tyoyab'''....''foot surgery'' :::* '''abektuna goblar'''....''scalpel'' :::* '''abektut'''....''surgeon'' ::* '''bekuam'''....''treatment center, clinic'' ::* '''bekul'''....''medicine, drug'' :::* '''bekulier'''....''to take medecine'' :::* '''bekuluer'''....''to medicate'' :::* '''bekulnam'''....''pharmacy, drugstore'' ::::* '''bekulnamut'''....''pharmacist'' :::* '''bekul duldras'''....''drug prescription'' :::* '''bekul nid'''....''drug dose, drug volume'' :::* '''bekul syebog'''....''capsule, medicine capsule'' :::* '''bekul zyeb'''....''medicine bottle, vial of medicine'' :::* '''bekul zyunog'''....''capsule, tablet, pill'' :::* '''bekultun'''....''pharmacology'' :::* '''ifbekul'''....''recreational drug'' :::* '''ovbekul'''....''antidote'' :* '''byek'''....''cure, remedy'' ::* '''byeka'''....''curative, remedial'' ::* '''byekxer'''....''to remedy, to cure'' :::* '''byekxut'''....''healer'' ::::* '''fyabekxut'''....''shaman'' :::* '''byekxyafwa'''....''curable'' :::* '''byekxyofwa'''....''incurable'' ::* '''byekser'''....''to convalesce, to cure, to heal, to recover, to recuperate'' :::* '''byeksam'''....''convalescence home'' :::* '''byeksim'''....''convalescence ward, recovery room'' ::* '''byekul'''....''medecine, remedy'' :::* '''hyasbyekul'''....''elixir, nostrum, cure-all'' {{small/end}} ==== BIK Words ==== : The root word '''bik''' means ''care''. : Note: ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care, to be careful'' :::* '''tebikier'''....''to be worried about, to care about'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to provide care, to look after'' :::* '''tebikuer'''....''to give concern to, to worry'' {{small/top}} :* '''bik'''....''care, custody, cuation, heed, vigilence'' ::* '''azla bik'''....''intensive care'' :::* '''azla bikim'''....''intensive care unit, ICU'' ::* '''bay bik'''....''with care'' ::* '''be bik bi'''....''in the care of, C/O'' ::* '''bika'''....''careful, cautious'' ::* '''bikam'''....''clinic'' ::* '''igef bikim'''....''emergency room'' :::* '''bikames'''....''dispensary'' :::* '''bikamut'''....''clinician'' :::* '''bikder'''....''to caution'' ::::* '''bikdun'''....''caveat'' ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' :::* '''bikiyea'''....''careful, vigilent'' :::* '''obikiyea'''....''heedless, careless'' :::* '''tebikier'''....''to worry'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' :::* '''bikuut'''....''caregiver, nurse'' :::* '''bikuam'''....''nursing home, care facility'' :::* '''grabikuer'''....''to mollycoddle'' ::::* '''tudbikuam'''....''child care center, nursery'' ::* '''bikof'''....''bandage'' :::* '''bikofaber'''....''to apply a bandage'' ::* '''jabik'''....''precaution'' ::* '''tudetbikuer'''....''to babysit'' :::* '''tudetbikuut'''....''babysitter'' {{small/end}} ==== BUK and BRUK Words ==== : The root word '''buk''' means ''injury, trauma, wound''. The related root '''bruk''' means ''mutilation''. The following are some principal derivatives: :* '''buk'''....''injury, trauma, wound'' ::* '''bukier'''...''to sustain injury, to get wounded'' ::* '''bukuer'''...''to injure, to wound'' :::* '''bukuwat'''....''injured person'' :::* '''bukuyafwa'''....''vulnerable'' :::* '''amalbuk'''....''scald'' ::::* '''amalbukier'''....''to get scalded'' ::::* '''amalbukuer'''....''to scald'' :::* '''bukzem'''....''trauma center'' ::* '''bukes'''....''abrasion, minor wound'' ::* '''jobuk'''....''scar'' :::* '''dopek jobuk'''....''battle scar'' ::* '''kyebuk'''....''threat, danger, risk'' :::* '''kyebukier'''....''to take a risk'' :::* '''kyebukuer'''....''to endanger, to threaten'' ::* '''yazbuk'''....''blister, boil'' ::* '''yoymbuk'''....''frostbite'' ::* '''hyutbukin'''....''sadism'' ::* '''hyitbukin'''....''masochism'' :::* '''hyuitbukin'''....''sadomasochism'' :* '''bruk'''....''mutilation'' ::* '''brukuer'''....''to mutilate, maim, mangle'' === '''DOB''' ''state'' === : By prefixing ordinal vowels to the stem '''dob''', we get various regimes. B changing '''dob''' to '''deb''' (''ruler''), '''dweb''' (''male ruler''), or '''deyb''' (''female ruler''), we get the counterpart rulers of these regimes. [[File:Hawaiian Royalty, sec8 no152 0001, from Brother Bertram Photograph Collection.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Regimes and Rulers |- ! REGIME=dob !! GENDER-NEUTRAL RULER=deb !! MALE RULER=dweb !! FEMALE RULER=deyb |- | '''adob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''adweb'''....''emperor'' || '''adeyb'''....''empress'' |- | '''edob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''idob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''idweb'''....''prince'' || '''ideyb'''....''princess'' |- | '''udob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''udweb'''....''duke'' || '''udeyb'''....''duchess'' |- | '''yodob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yodweb'''....''marquis'' || '''yodeyb'''....''marquise'' |- | '''yadob'''....''count'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yadweb'''....''count'' || '''yadeyb'''....''countess'' |- | '''yedob'''....''domain'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yedweb'''....''lord'' || '''yedeyb'''....''lady, dominatrix'' |- | '''yidob'''....''barony'' || '''yideb'''....''baron'' || '''yidweb'''....''baron'' || '''yideyb'''....''baroness'' |- | '''alodob'''....''tribe, chiefdom, clan'' || '''alodeb'''....''chief, tribal chief, chieftain'' || '''alodweb'''....''male chief'' || '''alodeyb'''....''chieftaine'' |- | '''obdobem'''....''colony'' || '''obdeb'''....''governor'' || '''obdweb'''....''governor'' || '''obdeyb'''....''governess'' |} {{small/end}} : From '''deb''', we get the stub suffix '''-eb''', which means the ruler, leader, or top offical, as in: ::* '''dom'''....''city'' ---> '''domeb'''....''mayor'' ::* '''vixel'''....''ceremony'' ---> '''vixeleb'''....''master of ceremonies'' ::* '''utixam'''....''university'' ---> '''utixameb'''....''rector'' : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ DOB AND XOB Core Words |- | '''dob'''....''state, regime''|| '''xob'''....''organization'' |- | '''dab'''....''government''|| '''xab'''....''staff'' |- | '''deb'''....''leader, regent'' || '''xeb'''....''boss'' |- | '''dib'''....''administration''<br>----'''dibut'''....''administrator'' || '''xib'''....''office, department''<br>----'''xibut'''....''official'' |- | '''dub'''....''minister''<br>----'''duban'''....''ministry'' || '''xub'''....''branch, affiliate'' |} {{small/end}} ==== DOB Words ==== : The stems of the words in this family start with '''d''' for ''society'' and end with '''b''' for ''organization''. The top-level base word '''dob''' means ''state''. This base word has some sub-elements: :* '''dob'''....''state, regime'' ::* '''doba'''....''of the state'' ::* '''doob'''....''nation'' :::* '''dooba'''....''national'' ::* '''doab'''....''fatherland'' ::* '''doeb'''....''state, province'' :::* '''doeba'''....''state, provincial'' :::* '''doebyan'''....''federation'' ::::* '''doebyana'''....''federal'' :::::* '''doebyaneb'''....''governor'' ::::* '''doebyayn'''....''confederation'' :::::* '''doebyayna(t)'''....''confederate'' ::* '''doib'''....''county, shire, department'' :::* '''doibeb'''....''prefect, provost, sheriff'' ::* '''doub'''....''precinct, arrondissement, district'' ::* '''doyob'''....''ward'' : By prefixing ordinal vowels to '''dob''', we get titled domains and title-holders: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Heads of State |- ! Regime !! Leader |- | '''adob'''....''empire'' || '''adweb'''....''emperor''<br>'''adeyb'''....''empress'' |- | '''edob'''....''monarchy'' || '''edeb'''....''monarch''<br>'''edweb'''....''king''<br>'''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''idob'''....''principality'' || '''idweb'''....''prince''<br>'''ideyb'''....''princess'' |- | '''udob'''....''duchy'' || '''udweb'''....''duke''<br>'''udeyb'''....''duchess'' |- | '''yodob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodweb'''....''marquis''<br>'''yodeyb'''....''marquise'' |- | '''yadob'''....''county, earldom'' || '''yadweb'''....''count, earl''<br>'''yadeyb'''...''countess'' |- | '''yedob'''....''domain'' || '''yedweb'''....''lord''<br>'''yedeyb'''....''lady'' |- | '''yidob'''....''viscountcy'' || '''yidweb'''...''viscount''<br>'''yideyb'''....''viscountess'' |- | '''yudob'''....''barony'' || '''yudweb'''....''baron''<br>'''yudeyb'''....''baroness'' |- | '''alodob'''....''tribe, clan'' || '''alodweb'''....''chief'' |} {{small/end}} : Note the following non-royal states and leaders: :* '''tyodob'''....''republic'' ::* '''tyodeb'''....''president of the republic'' ::* '''tyodeyb'''....''madame president of the republic'' ::* '''abtyodeb'''....''premier'' ::* '''abtyodeyb'''....''madame premier'' :::* '''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president of the republic'' :::* '''obtyodeyb'''....''madame vice-president of the republic'' :* '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' ::* '''tyodeb'''....''president'' ::* '''tyodeyb'''....''madame president'' :::* '''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' :::* '''obtyodeyb'''....''madame vice-president'' : Some other important derivatives: :* '''dobdras'''....''treaty'' :* '''dobier'''....''to conquer, to take control of'' :* '''doabifa'''....''patriotic'' :* '''dobkyax'''....''regime change, coup d'&eacute;tat, revolution'' :* '''dobmem'''....''territory'' ::* '''dobmemyan'''....''commonwealth'' :* '''dobnad'''....''frontier, border'' ::* '''dobnad izbex'''....''customs, border control'' :::* '''dobnadib'''....''customs bureau'' :::* '''dobnadibam'''....''customs house'' :::* '''dobnadibut'''....''customs official'' :* '''dobnix'''....''tax, revenue'' ::* '''dobnixdib'''....''internal revenue service'' ::* '''dobnixiut'''....''tax collector'' ::* '''dobnixuer'''....''to levy a tax'' :::* '''dobnixuyafwa'''....''taxable'' :* '''dobnux'''....''pension'' ::* '''dobnuxwat'''....''pensioner'' ::* '''dobaybuzben'''....''revolution'' ::* '''dobpyox'''....''coup d'etat'' ::* '''dobtut'''....''statesman'' ::* '''dobubwat'''....''envoy'' ::* '''dobyena'''....''official'' ::* '''dobyux'''....''benefit'' ==== Regional Administrations ==== :* '''domem'''....''province'' ::* '''domema'''....''provincial'' ::* '''domeam'''....''department, county, prefecture, shire'' ::* '''domeem'''....''sub-prefecture'' ::* '''domeim'''....''canton'' ::* '''domeum'''....''commune, district'' :::* '''domeuma'''....''communal'' ::* '''domgon'''....''district, quarter, quadrant'' ::* '''yuzdomgon'''....''arrondissement'' ==== DAB Words ==== : The root word '''dab''' means ''government''. : Types of governments: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Governments and Leaders |- ! '''dab'''=''government,rule'' !! '''deb'''=''ruler/leader/governor'' |- | '''tyodab'''<sup>1</sup>....''democracy'' || '''tyodeb'''....''president'' |- | '''tyoydab'''....''mob rule, ochlocracy'' || '''tyoydeb'''....''mob ruler. demagogue'' |- | '''andab'''....''autocracy, monarchy'' || '''andeb'''....''autocrat, monarch'' |- | '''durdab'''....''dictatorship'' || '''durdeb'''....''dictator'' |- | '''nyazdab'''....''plutocracy'' || '''nyazdeb'''....''plutocrat'' |- | '''jagatdab'''....''gerontocracy'' || '''jagatdeb'''....''gerontocrat'' |- | '''glotdab'''....''oligarchy'' ||'''glotdeb'''....''oligarch'' |- | '''abdoutdab'''....''aristocracy'' || '''abdoutdeb'''....''aristocrat'' |- | '''totdab'''....''theocracy'' || '''totdeb'''....''theocrat'' |- | '''abdab'''....''dominion'' || '''abdeb'''....''overlord, master'' |- | '''odab'''....''anarchy'' || '''odabinat'''....''anarchist'' |- | '''obdab'''....''protectorate, subject state'' || '''obdeb'''....''protector, subjugator'' |- | '''yibdabem'''....''colony'' || '''yibdabemeb'''....''colonial governor'' |- | '''memyuvdab'''....''fiefdom'' || '''memyuvdeb'''....''feudal lord'' |- | '''ofbiendab'''....''cleptocracy'' || '''ofbiendeb'''....''cleptocrat'' |- | '''yufdab'''....''despotism, reign of terror'' || '''yufdeb'''....''despot'' |- | '''tyenardab'''....''technocracy'' || '''tyenardeb'''....''technocrat'' |- | '''toybdab'''....''gynarchy'' || '''toybdeb'''....''gynarch'' |- | '''teydab'''....''matriarchy'' || '''teydeb'''....''matriarch'' |- | '''dopdab'''....''martial law, stratocracy'' || '''dopdeb'''....''statocrat'' |- | '''fyatdab'''....''hagiocracy'' || '''fyatdeb'''....''hagiocrat'' |- | '''nizdab'''....''meritocracy'' || '''nizdeb'''....''meritocrat'' |} {{small/end}} :*1. '''tyodob''' means ''republic''. : Other derivatives: :* '''daber'''....''to govern, to rule'' ::* '''dabut'''....''governor, ruler'' :::* '''obdabut'''....''viceroy'' ::* '''dabwa'''....''governed'' :::* '''odabwa'''....''ungoverned'' ::* '''dabyyofwa'''....''ungovernable'' ::* '''yibdabem'''....''colony'' :::* '''yibdabema'''....''colonial'' ::::* '''yibdabemeb'''....''colonial governor'' :::* '''yibdabemxer'''....''to colonize'' ==== DEB Words ==== : The root word '''deb''' means ''leader, master, ruler, chief, head''. The stub '''-eb''' suffix is often used to form different types of chiefs. :* '''yuxleb'''....''server, waiter'' < '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' :* '''yovbyokameb'''....''prison warden'' < '''yovbyokam'''....''prison'' :* '''yexeb'''....''boss'' < '''yex'''....''work'' :* '''yafondeb'''....''tyrant, despot'' < '''yafon'''....''power'' :* '''tixameb'''....''headmaster, principal'' < '''tixam'''....''school'' :* '''tamweb'''....''master of the house'' < '''tam'''....''house'' :* '''pontameb'''....''hotelier'' < '''pontam'''....''hotel'' : The verb '''deber''' means ''to lead'' ==== DIB Words ==== : The root word '''dib''' means ''administration''. The diminutive variant '''diyb''' means ''department''. : Here are words derived from this root: :* '''dib'''....''administration, bureau'' ::* '''diba'''....''administrative'' ::* '''diber'''....''to administer, to manage, to officiate'' ::* '''dibut'''....''administrator, officer, manager'' :::* '''dibutyan'''....''staff, management'' ::* '''dibam'''....''agency'' ::* '''dovakdib'''....''police'' :::* '''doma dovakdib'''....''municipal police'' :::* '''domeama dovakdib'''....''gendarmerie'' :::* '''agdomep dovakdib'''....''highway patrol'' :::* '''purilp dovakdib'''....''traffic police'' :::* '''dovakdibut'''....''police officer'' :::* '''dovakdibam'''....''police station'' ::* '''dobnadib'''....''customs bureau'' ::* '''dosyagdib'''....''census bureau'' ::* '''dobnixdib'''....''internal revenue service'' ::* '''nuixdib'''....''bursar'' ::* '''diyb'''....''department'' :::* '''diyba'''....''departmental'' ==== DUB Words ==== : The root word '''dub''' means ''minister''. :* '''dub'''....''minister, secretary'' ::* '''duba'''....''ministerial, cabinet-level'' :::* '''duban'''....''ministry, secretariat'' :::* '''dubyan'''....''council of ministers, cabinet'' ::* '''aa dub'''....''prime minister'' ::* '''obdub'''....''vice minister, assistant secretary'' ::* '''yibdub'''....''ambassador'' :::* '''yibdubam'''....''embassy'' :::* '''yibdubet'''....''consul'' ::::* '''yibdubetam'''....''consulate'' : The prime minister '''aa dub''' is at the top of a cabinet or council of ministers, '''dubyan'''. Each cabinet minister/secretary heads a ministry or department, '''duban'''. Here is a list of common cabinet ministers/cabinet secretaries: :* '''Dub bi Opyex'''....''Minister/Secretary of Defense'' :* '''Dub bi Dropek'''....''Minister/Secretary of War'' :* '''Dub bi Bak'''....''Minister/Secretary of Health'' :* '''Dub bi Nastun'''....''Minister/Secretary of Finance'' :* '''Dub bi Tuuxen'''....''Minister/Secretary of Education'' :* '''Dub bi Yebmema Soni'''....''Minister/Secretary of Internal Affairs = the Interior'' :* '''Dub bi Oyebmema Soni'''....''Minister/Secretary of External Affairs = State Department = Foreign Office'' :* '''Dub bi Doyevan'''....''Minister/Secretary of Justice'' :* '''Dub bi Yebmema Vakan'''....''Minister/Secretary of Homeland Security'' :* '''Dub bi Donasbex'''....''Minister/Secretary of Treasury'' :* '''Dub bi Nunuien'''....''Minister/Secretary of Commerce'' === '''DOM''' ''city'' === : The base word '''dom''' means city. It is the top-level member of a geo-specific series: :* '''dom'''....''city'' :* '''dam'''....''airport'' (synonymous with '''mampuiem''') :* '''dem'''....''park'' ::* '''deym'''....''garden'' :* '''dim'''....''fountain'' : The word '''dom''' is also the top-level member of a size-ordered series: ::* '''doom'''....''district'' ::* '''doym'''....''town'' ::* '''doam'''....''borough, township'' ::* '''doem'''....''village'' ::* '''doim'''....''hamlet'' ::* '''doum'''....''estate, manor'' : Here some common words derived from '''dom''': :* '''azdom'''....''citadel'' :* '''debdom'''....''capital'' :* '''domab'''....''municipality'' :* '''domeb'''....''burgomaster, mayor'' ::* '''domebam'''....''city hall, mayor's office'' :* '''domgon'''....''district, neighborhood, precinct, quadrant, quarter'' ::* '''domgona'''....''district-related'' ::* '''domgones'''....''block, city block'' :* '''dommas'''....''city wall'' :* '''dommir'''....''civilization, urbane world'' ::* '''dommirxer'''....''to civilize'' ::* '''odommirxwa'''....''uncivilized'' :* '''domned'''....''place, public square'' :* '''domnyed'''....''urban grid'' :* '''domog'''....''village'' :* '''dompur'''....''autobus, bus, omnibus, city bus'' :* '''domsin'''....''cityscape, townscape, urban scene'' :* '''domtam'''....''brownstone, town house, townhouse'' :* '''domtej'''....''city life'' ::* '''domtejen'''....''urban living'' :* '''domtun'''....''urban planning, urbanology'' :* '''domtyalier'''....''dine in public, dine out'' :* '''domtyod'''....''city folk'' :* '''domut'''....''city-dweller, urbanite'' :* '''domxer'''....''urbanize'' :* '''domyen'''....''city ways, civility, urbanity'' ::* '''domyena'''....''urbane'' :* '''domyijem'''....''piazza, plaza, square, urban open space'' :* '''domzem'''....''downtown, city center, midtown'' :* '''doymtyod'''....''townsfolk, townspeople'' :* '''doymut'''....''burgher, townsman'' :* '''doymuyt'''....''townswoman'' :* '''ebdoma'''....''intercity, interurban'' :* '''ebdomep'''....''alley, alleyway'' :* '''ebdompur'''....''coach, intercity bus'' :* '''esomdoym'''....''pueblo'' :* '''fyedom'''....''podunk'' :* '''melyexdoum'''....''farmstead, hacienda, manor, plantation, ranch'' ::* '''melyexdoumeb'''....''majordomo'' ::* '''melyexdoumxer'''....''ranch'' ::* '''melyexdoumxut'''....''rancher'' :* '''midom'''....''harbor'' :* '''midoym'''....''marina'' :* '''mimdom'''....''port city, sea town, seaport'' :* '''yodom'''....''country, countryside, non-urban area, wild, wilderness'' :* '''oyebdom'''....''countryside, outskirts of town'' :* '''tajdom'''....''birthplace town, home town, hometown'' :* '''tamyogdom'''....''favela, shantytown'' :* '''teydom'''....''metropolis'' :* '''vidoom'''....''posh district'' :* '''vudoom'''....''shabby district, slum, ghetto'' :* '''yabdom'''....''uptown'' :* '''yebdom'''....''inner city'' :* '''yuzdom'''....''suburb'' ::* '''yuzdomat'''....''suburbanite'' ::* '''yuzdomgon'''....''arrondissement'' ::* '''yuzdomyan'''....''suburbia'' ::* '''yuba yuzdom'''....''close-in suburb'' ::* '''yiba yuzdom'''....''outer suburb'' :* '''yobdom'''....''downtown'' :* '''zedom'''....''city center, downtown, mid-town, midtown'' :* '''zeydoma'''....''crosstown'' :* '''zyadom'''....''metropolis'' :* '''zyadoma'''....''citywide, metropolitan'' === '''DOP''' ''military'' === : The baseword '''dop''' means ''military'' and is the top level element of a series of geo-specific divisions of the military: :* '''dop'''....''military'' :* '''dap'''....''air force'' :* '''dep'''....''army'' :* '''dip'''....''navy'' ::* '''diep'''....''marine force'' (hybrid of '''dip''' and '''dep''') Note: '''momdop''' is used for ''space force''. [[File:Dirk Backen, Armed Forces Day 2017.jpg|thumb|]] ==== DOP Words ==== : The base word '''dop''' means ''military''. Here are some derived words: :* '''dop'''....''military'' (n.) ::* '''dopa'''....''military'' (adj.) :::* '''dopaun'''....''military unit'' ::* '''dopxer'''....''to militarize'' :::* '''lodopxer'''....''to demilitarize'' ::* '''dopar'''....''arm, weapon'' :::* '''doparuer'''....''to arm'' ::::* '''doparuwa'''....''armed'' ::::* '''doparkuben'''....''armistice'' :::* '''doparier'''....''to take up arms'' :::* '''doparober'''....''to disarm'' ::::* '''doparoben'''....''disarmament'' :::* '''doparam'''....''armory'' :::* '''doparyan'''....''arsenal'' :::* '''doparayob'''....''armor'' ::::* '''doparayobuer'''....''to armor'' :::::* '''doparayobuwa'''....''armored'' ::* '''doput'''....''soldier'' ::* '''dopek'''....''battle, combat'' :::* '''dopeker'''....''to battle, to fight, to combat'' ::::* '''dopekut'''....''combattant'' ::::* '''dopekteud'''....''battle cry'' :::* '''dopnabyan'''....''phalanx'' :::* '''dopjagat'''....''veteran'' ::* '''dropek'''....''war'' :::* '''dropeker'''....''to wage war'' ::::* '''dropekut'''....''warrier'' ::* '''dopbier'''....''to conquer'' :::* '''dopbiut'''....''conqueror'' :::* '''dopbien'''....''conquest'' ::* '''dopembier'''....''to deploy'' :::* '''dopembien'''....''deployment'' ::* '''doptyoper'''....''to march'' ::* '''dopnaper'''....''to parade'' ::* '''doppiler'''....''to desert'' :::* '''doppilut'''....''deserter'' ::* '''doprekifut'''....''hawk'' ::* '''doptaf'''....''armor'' ::* '''doptam'''....''barrack'' ::* '''dopteliem'''....''mess hall'' ::* '''dopyeg'''....''foxhole'' ::* '''dopyevamber'''....''to court-martial'' ::* '''dopyixler'''....''to recruit'' ::* '''dopek zanad'''....''battlefront'' :* '''doop'''....''troop, force'' :* '''doyp'''....''militia'' ==== DAP Words ==== :* '''dap'''....''air force'' ::* '''dapsyob'''....''airbase'' ::* '''dapur'''....''jet fighter'' ::* '''daput'''....''airman'' ==== DEP Words ==== :* '''dep'''....''ground force, army'' ::* '''deput'''....''infantryman'' :::* '''deputyan'''....''infantry'' ::* '''depur'''....''tank'' :::* '''depur yanputyan'''....''tank convoy'' ::* '''dep xob'''....''army corps'' ==== DIP Words ==== :* '''dip'''....''navy'' ::* '''dipa'''....''naval'' :::* '''diput'''....''sailor, seaman'' ::::* '''diputnyev'''....''ditty bag'' ::* '''dipur'''....''battleship, combat ship, naval vessel'' :::* '''dipuryan'''....''flotilla, fleet'' ::::* '''dipuryaneb'''....''fleet commander'' :* '''diep'''....''marines'' ::* '''dieput'''....''marine soldier'' ::* '''diepur'''....''amphibious warship'' : Here are different types of naval combat vessels: :* '''dipur'''....''naval vessel'' ::* '''adipur'''....''aircraft carrier'' ::* '''edipur'''....''cruiser'' ::* '''idipur'''....''frigate'' ::* '''udipur'''....''destroyer'' ::* '''yodipur'''....''corvette'' ::* '''oybdipur'''....''submarine'' :::* '''apyex oybdipur'''....''attack submarine'' ::* '''diepur'''....''amphibious warfare ship'' ::* '''mimkumdipur'''....''littoral combat ship'' ::* '''oybmimdopir mimpar'''....''torpedo boat'' ==== Weapons of War ==== :* '''dopar'''....''weapon, arm'' ::* '''adopar'''....''gun, pistol'' ::* '''edopar'''....''rifle'' ::* '''idopar'''....''shotgun'' ::* '''udopar'''....''musket'' :* '''dopir'''....''artillery'' ::* '''adopir'''....''cannon'' ::* '''edopir'''....''bazooka'' ::* '''idopir'''....''howitzer'' :* '''dopur'''....''machine gun'' :* '''doapar'''....''sabre'' ::* '''doepar'''....''sword'' ::* '''dopyonar'''....''bayonet'' :::* '''mimdopyonar'''....''cutlass'' :::* '''zyadopyonar'''....''battle-ax'' ::* '''dapur'''....''fighter jet'' ::* '''depur'''....''tank'' ::* '''dipur'''....''battleship'' :* '''dopuz-izmuf'''....''bow and arrow'' :* '''megpuxrar'''....''slingshot'' ::* '''megpuxrir'''....''catapult'' : Note: :* '''puxrun'''....''missile, projectile, shell'' ::* '''puxruntyen'''....''ballistics'' :::* '''puxrunog''' (or) '''zyunes'''....''bullet'' ::::* '''puxrunogvaka''' or '''zyunesvaka'''....''bullet-proof'' ::* '''puxrunyan'''....''ammo, ammunition'' ::* '''puxryaf'''....''firepower'' ::* '''puxrer'''....''to shoot'' ::* '''Puxru!'''....''Fire!'' :* '''zyun'''....''ball'' ::* '''adopir zyun'''....''cannonball'' ::* '''adopar zyunes'''....''pistol round'' ::* '''tuyab dopzyun'''....''hand grenade'' ::* '''pyaxar-zaybuxwa dopzyun'''... ''RPG, rocket-propelled grenade'' :* '''pyaxer'''....''to launch'' ::* '''pyaxun'''....''missile, projectile'' ::* '''pyaxmufyeg''' (or) '''pyaxun'''....''rocket'' :* '''yonpyexrer'''....''to explode, to blast'' ::* '''yonpyexrar'''....''bomb'' :::* '''yonpyexrarer'''....''to bomb'' ::* '''yonpyexrul'''....''explosive material'' ::* '''yonpyexrea myek:'''....''blasting powder'' ==== Military Ranks ==== [[File:Military ranks of Ukraine 2 2015.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Military Ranks |- ! ARMY<br>'''dep''' !! NAVY<br>'''dip''' !! AIR FORCE<br>'''dap''' !! MARINE FORCE<br>'''diep''' |- | '''depat'''....''soldier'' || '''dipat'''....''ensign'' || '''dapat'''....''airman'' || '''diepat'''....''private'' |- | '''adepat'''....''private'' || '''adipat'''....''seaman recruit'' || '''adapat'''....''airman basic'' || '''adiepat'''....''private'' |- | '''edepat'''....''private 2'' || '''edipat'''....''seaman apprentice'' || '''edapat'''....''airman'' || '''ediepat'''....''private 1st class'' |- | '''idepat'''....''private first class'' || '''idipat'''....''seaman'' || '''idapat'''....''airman first class'' || '''idiepat'''....''lance corporal'' |- | '''udepat'''....''army specialist'' || '''udipat'''....''petty officer 3rd class'' || '''udapat'''....''senior airman'' || '''udiepat'''....''corporal'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yodipat'''....''petty officer 2nd class'' || '''yodapat'''....''staff sergeant'' || '''yodiepat'''....''sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yadipat'''....''petty officer 3rd class'' || '''yadapat'''....''technical sergeant'' || '''yadiepat'''....''staff sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yedipat'''....''chief petty officer'' || '''obyedapat'''....''master sergeant'' || '''yediepat'''....''gunnery sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''abyedapat'''....''master sergeant with diamond'' || '''....''' '' '' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yidipat'''....''senior chief petty officer'' || '''obyidapat'''....''senior master sergeant'' || '''yidiepat'''....''master sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''abyidapat'''....''senior master sergeant with diamond'' || '''....''' '' '' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''obyudipat'''....''master chief petty officer'' || '''obyudapat'''....''chief master sergeant'' || '''yudiepat'''....''first sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''ebyudipat'''....''fleet master chief petty officer'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''alodiepat'''....''master gunnery sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''abyudipat'''....''master chief petty officer of the navy'' || '''abyudapat'''....''chief master sergeant with diamond'' || '''aladiepat'''....''sergeant major'' |- | '''adeplat'''....''warrant officer'' || '''adiplat'''....''ensign'' || '''adaplat'''....''2nd lieutenant'' || '''adieplat'''....''warrant officer'' |- | '''edeplat'''....''chief warrant officer 2'' || '''ediplat'''....''lieutenant junior grade'' || '''edaplat'''....''1st lieutenant'' || '''edieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 2'' |- | '''ideplat'''....''chief warrant officer 3'' || '''idiplat'''....''lieutenant'' || '''idaplat'''....''captain'' || '''idieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 3'' |- | '''udeplat'''....''chief warrant officer 4'' || '''udiplat'''....''lieutenant commander'' || '''udaplat'''....''major'' || '''udieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 4'' |- | '''yodeplat'''....''chief warrant officer 5'' || '''yodiplat'''....''commander'' || '''yodaplat'''....''lieutenant colonel'' || '''yodieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 5'' |- | '''yadeplat'''....''second lieutenant'' || '''yadiplat'''....''captain'' || '''yadaplat'''....''colonel'' || '''yadieplat'''....''second lieutenant'' |- | '''yedeplat'''....''first lieutenant'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yedieplat'''....''first lieutenant'' |- | '''yideplat'''....''captain'' || '''yidiplat'''....''ensign'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yidieplat'''....''captain'' |- | '''yudeplat'''....''major'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yudieplat'''....''major'' |- | '''adeprat'''....''brigadier general'' || '''adiprat'''....''rear admiral lower half'' || '''adaprat'''....''brigadier general'' || '''adieprat'''....''lieutenant general'' |- | '''edeprat'''....''major general'' || '''ediprat'''....''rear admiral upper half'' || '''edaprat'''....''major general'' || '''edieprat'''....''colonel'' |- | '''ideprat'''....''lieutenant general'' || '''idiprat'''....''vice admiral'' || '''idaprat'''....''lieutenant general'' || '''idieprat'''....''brigadier general'' |- | '''udeprat'''....''4 star general'' || '''udiprat'''....''commandant'' || '''udaprat'''....''general air force chief of staff'' || '''udieprat'''....''major general'' |- | '''yodeprat'''....''5-star general'' || '''yodiprat'''....''fleet admiral'' || '''yodaprat'''....''general of the AF'' || '''yodieprat'''....''lieutenant general'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yadieprat'''....''general'' |} {{small/end}} === '''DOT''' ''society'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''d''' for ''society'' and end in '''t''' for ''human''. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== ::* '''dot'''....''society'' :::* '''doyt'''....''club'' :::* '''doot'''....''public'' :::* '''lyodot'''....''wilderness'' ::* '''dat'''.....''friend'' :::* '''dayt'''....''female friend'' :::* '''dwat'''....''male friend'' :::* '''daat'''....''buddy, chum'' :::* '''yodat'''....''enemy'' ::* '''det'''....''mate, associate, companion'' :::* '''dwet'''....''boyfriend'' :::* '''deyt'''....''girlfriend'' ::* '''dit'''....''citizen'' :::* '''odit'''....''non-citizen, alien'' ::* '''dut'''....''(not used)'' :::* '''duyt'''....''lady, madam'' :::* '''dwut'''....''gentleman, sir'' ::::* '''dwuyti'''....''ladies and gentlemen'' [[File:Vitruvian Man Noun project 6674.svg|thumb|]] ==== DOT and DO- Words ==== : The root word '''dot''' means ''society'' and is at the top of a scalar series of words. The diminutive, '''doyt''' means ''club''. Sometimes '''dot''' is reduced to the stub '''do-''' meaning ''public''. Here are the principal derivatives :* '''dot'''....''society'' ::* '''doot'''....''public'' ::* '''doyt'''....''club'' ::* '''dout'''....''bourgeois'' : Here are some derivatives of '''dot''' and '''do-''': :*'''dot'''....''society'' ::*'''dota'''....''societal, social'' ::*'''dotin'''....''socialism'' :::* '''dotina'''....''socilialist, socialistic'' :::* '''dotinut'''....''socialist'' :::*'''dooba-dotin'''....''national socialism, nazism'' ::::*'''dooba-dotinut'''....''national socialist, nazi'' ::*'''dota abteaxuyt'''....''chaperone'' ::*'''dotaxlyen'''....''demeanor'' ::*'''dotbokat'''....''sociopath'' ::*'''doteader'''....''to notarize'' :::*'''doteadut'''....''notary'' ::*'''doteuz'''....''vote'' :::*'''doteuzaf'''....''franchise, permission to vote'' ::::*'''doteuzafxer'''....''to enfanchise'' ::::*'''doteuzofxer'''....''disenfranchise'' :::*'''doteuzyiv'''....''right to vote'' :::*'''doteuzdref'''....''ballot'' ::::*'''doteuzdref nyem'''....''ballot box'' :::*'''doteuzier'''....''poll'' :::*'''doteuziut'''....''poll-taker, pollster'' :::*'''doteuzkyaxut'''....''swing voter'' :::*'''doteuzsager'''....''canvass'' :::*'''doteuzsagut'''....''canvasser'' :::*'''doteuzir'''....''voting machine'' :::*'''doteuzem'''....''polling place'' :::*'''doteuzum'''....''voting booth'' :::*'''doteuzuer'''....''to vote'' ::::*'''doteuzuun'''....''vote'' ::::*'''doteuzuut'''....''voter'' ::*'''dotmuys'''....''social ladder'' ::*'''dotnab'''....''social rank, social standing, social stratum'' ::*'''dotnaz'''....''caliber'' ::*'''dotnextuna'''....''socioeconomic'' ::*'''dotnix'''....''assessment, duty'' :::*'''dotnixuer'''....''asses a duty'' :::*'''dotnixut'''....''beneficiary, welfare recipient'' :::*'''dotnixuyafwa'''....''dutiable'' ::*'''dofip'''....''welfare'' :::*'''dofipnux'''....''welfare allowance'' :::*'''dofipdob'''....''welfare state'' ::*'''dovak'''....''social security'' :::*'''dovakdib'''....''social security administration, welfare administration'' :::*'''dotvaknux'''....''social security allotment'' ::::*'''dotvaknuxibut'''....''social security recipient'' ::*'''dotoega'''....''weird'' ::*'''dotof'''....''taboo'' ::*'''dotoj'''....''capital punishment'' :::*'''dotoj pesnad'''....''death row'' :::*'''dotojber'''....''to execute, to put to death'' ::*'''dotom'''....''public building'' :::*'''dotomvyixut'''....''janitor'' :::*'''dotomdrwasi'''....''graffiti'' ::*'''dotop'''....''ethos'' :::*'''dotopa'''....''ethical'' :::*'''dotoptun'''....''ethics'' ::*'''dotpifa'''....''gregarious'' :::*'''dotpifut'''....''gregarious person'' ::*'''dotrwa'''....''known publically'' ::*'''dotser'''....''to socialize'' ::*'''dotsiunxer'''....''to salute'' ::*'''dotsyen'''....''civilization'' :::*'''dotsyenxer'''....''civilize'' :::*'''dotsyenxwa'''....''civilized'' ::*'''dottun'''....''sociology'' :::*'''dottut'''....''sociologist'' ::*'''dotuer'''....''divulge, proclaim, promulgate, report, whistleblow'' ::*'''dotufa'''....''recalcitrant'' ::*'''dout'''....''bourgeois'' :::*'''dotutyan'''....''bourgeoisie'' ::*'''dotuun'''....''bulletin, report'' :::*'''dotuunyan'''....''reportage'' :::*'''dotuut'''....''herald, reporter'' ::*'''dotvyab'''....''ruling, statute'' :::*'''dotvyabdras'''....''statute'' ::*'''dotxer'''....''socialize'' :::*'''dotxyika'''....''dorky'' ::*'''dotyen'''....''etiquette, social skill'' :::*'''dotyenukat'''....''dweeb'' ::*'''dotyexut'''....''caseworker, social worker'' ::*'''fidotyen'''....''decency'' :::*'''fidotyena'''....''decent'' :*'''fudotyen'''....''indecency'' ::*'''fudotyena'''....''indecent'' ::*'''kodot'''....''secret society'' ::*'''lyodot'''....''wilderness'' :::*'''lyodota'''....''wild'' ::*'''mirdotsuyt'''....''socialite'' ::*'''odota'''....''asocial'' ::*'''odotsyea'''....''unsociable'' ::*'''odotsyenxwa'''....''uncivilized'' ::*'''ovdota'''....''anti-social'' ::*'''dotoyeber'''....''ostracize'' :*'''tepdota'''....''psychosocial'' :*'''vadoteuz'''....''yes vote'' :*'''vidota'''....''high-brow'' :*'''vodoteuz'''....''no vote'' :*'''vudota'''....''low-brow'' :*'''yabdota'''....''elite, high-society'' :*'''yeber doteuzdref'''....''cast a ballot, cast a vote'' :*'''yobdota'''....''low-brow'' ::* '''doyt'''....''association, club, order'' :::* '''doytam'''....''clubhouse'' :::* '''doyteb'''....''club leader, doyen'' :::* '''doyteyb'''....''doyenne'' :::* '''doytim'''....''clubroom'' :::* '''doytser'''....''associate'' :::* '''doytut'''....''associate, club member'' :::* '''doytxer'''....''associate'' :::* '''doytxwa'''....''associated'' ::* '''fyadoyt'''....''religious community, religious order'' ::* '''mojdoyt'''....''nightclub'' ::* '''oybdoyt'''....''affiliate'' ::* '''doot'''....''public'' :::* '''doota'''....''public'' :::* '''dootxer'''....''publicize'' ::* '''dout'''....''bourgeois'' :::* '''doutyan'''....''bourgeoisie'' : The prefix '''do-''' can be used to form words that are public or official in nature, eg: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ The Do- prefix ! COMBINED FORM !! SUFFIX |- | '''dovyab'''....''law'' || '''vyab'''....''rule'' |- | '''doyevan'''....''justice'' || '''yevan'''....''fairness'' |- | '''doneg'''....''class'' || '''neg'''....''level'' |- | '''dodel'''....''announcement'' || '''del'''....''statement'' |- | '''doyov'''....''crime'' || '''yov'''....''shame'' |- | '''doyiv'''....''right'' || '''yivan'''....''freedom'' |- | '''dobien'''....''coup d'etat'' || '''bien'''....''taking'' |- | '''dodres'''....''bulletin'' || '''dres'''....''document'' |- | '''dokex'''....''inquiry'' || '''kex'''....''search'' |- | '''dovak'''....''public safety'' || '''vak'''....''safety'' |- | '''dovakdib'''....''police'' || '''dib'''....''administration'' |- | '''dotojben'''....''execution'' || '''tojben'''....''killing'' |- | '''dosyag'''....''census'' || '''syag'''....''count'' |- | '''dodrur'''....''press'' || '''drur'''....''printer'' |- | '''dodras''''....''bulletin'' || '''dras'''....''piece of writing'' |- | '''doyen'''....''protocol'' || '''-yen'''....''manner'' |- | '''dodid'''....''inquiry'' || '''did'''....''question'' |- | '''dodil'''....''petition, d&eacute;marche'' || '''dil'''....''request'' |- | '''dodin'''....''history'' || '''din'''....''story'' |- | '''dodyun'''....''appointment'' || '''dyun'''....''name'' |- | '''dodyeen'''....''recital'' || '''dyeen'''....''reading'' |} ==== DAT Words ==== :* '''dat'''....''friend'' ::* '''datan'''....''friendship'' ::* '''datser'''....''to make friends with'' ::* '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' ::* '''datyan'''....''network of friends'' ::* '''datyena'''....''friendly'' ::* '''datavunuer'''....''to show favoratism toward'' :::* '''datavunuen'''....''cronyism'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' :::* '''datibam'''....''hotel'' :::* '''datibut'''....''host'' :::* '''datibwat'''....''guest'' :::* '''datibyen'''....''hospitality'' ::* '''datif'''....''chum, pal, buddy, mate'' ::* '''datim'''....''parlor, salon'' ::* '''datuper'''....''to visit'' ::* '''datzyus'''....''coterie, circle of friends'' ::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::* '''yodat'''....''enemy'' :::* '''agalyodat'''....''nemesis'' ::* '''ovdat'''....''adversary'' :::* '''ovdata'''....''adversarial, hostile'' :::* '''ovdatxer'''....''to alienate'' ::* '''daat'''....''ally'' :::* '''daatan'''....''alliance'' ::* '''ifdwat'''....''boyfriend'' ::* '''ifdayt'''....''girlfriend'' ==== DET Words ==== :* '''det'''....''partner, associate, collegue'' ::* '''deta'''....''fellow, collegiate'' ::* '''detan'''....''partnership, association, fellowship'' ::* '''detser'''....''to associate'' :::* '''lodetser'''....''to disassociate'' ::* '''detxer'''....''to accompany'' :::* '''odetxwa'''....''unaccompanied'' ::* '''nunyaxdet'''....''business partner'' ::* '''detyan'''....''company, consortium, association'' :::* '''nundetyan'''....''commercial firm'' :::* '''detyankexyea'''....''gregarious'' :::* '''detyanog'''....''club'' ::* '''yexdet'''....''office mate, fellow worker, colleague, coworker'' ::* '''dazdet'''....''dance partner'' ::* '''purdet'''....''fellow passenger'' ::* '''popdet'''....''travel mate'' ::* '''dofuxdet'''....''partner in crime'' ::* '''tejdet'''....''life partner'' ==== DIT Words ==== :* '''dit'''....''citizen'' ::* '''dita'''....''civil, civic'' ::* '''ditan'''....''citizenship'' ::* '''dityan'''....''citizenry'' ::* '''ditser'''....''to become a citizen'' ::* '''ditdab'''....''democracy'' :::* '''ditdaba'''....''democratic'' ::* '''ditdeb'''....''president'' :::* '''ditdeban'''....''presidency'' :::* '''ditdeber'''....''to preside'' ::* '''ditdab'''....''republic'' :::* '''ditdaba'''....''republican'' ::* '''ditdop'''....''militia'' ::* '''ditser'''....''to become a citizen'' ::* '''ditxer'''....''to naturalize'' ::* '''dityen'''....''civility'' ==== DUT Words ==== :* '''dwut'''....''sir, gentleman'' :* '''duyt'''....''madam, lady'' :* '''dwuyti'''....''ladies and gentlemen'' === '''FOB''' ''plant'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''f''' for ''vegetation'' and end in '''b''' for ''organism''. The core meronyms of this family are listed here: ::* '''fob'''....''plant, vegetation'' ::* '''fab'''....''tree'' ::* '''feb'''....''fruit'' ::* '''fib'''....''trunk'' ::* '''fub'''....''branch'' ::* '''fyob'''....''root'' [[File:Diversity of plants image version 6.jpg|thumb|]] ==== FOB Words ==== : The base word '''fob''' means ''plant, vegetation''. : Here are words that are derived from this root: : '''fob'''....''plant, vegetation'' :* '''foba'''....''botanical, vegetal'' :** '''fobam'''....''greenhouse'' :* '''fobdem'''....''botanical garden, orchard'' :* '''fobika'''....''verdant'' :** '''fobikay'''....''verdantly'' :* '''fobtun'''....''botany'' :** '''fobtuna'''....''botanic, botanical'' :*** '''fobtunay'''....''botanically'' :* '''fobtut'''....''botanist'' :* '''fobyan'''....''flora, vegetation'' :* '''fobyena'''....''vegetative'' :* '''fobyexem'''....''farm'' :* '''fobyexen'''....''agriculture, cultivating, cultivation, farming, tilling'' :** '''fobyexena'''....''agricultural'' :** '''fobyexenut'''....''agriculturalist'' :* '''fobyexer'''....''cultivate, farm, till'' :* '''fobyexin'''....''agrarianism'' :* '''fobyextun'''....''agronomy'' :** '''fobyextuna'''....''agronomical'' :*** '''fobyextunay'''....''agronomically'' :** '''fobyextut'''....''agronomist'' :* '''fobyex'''....''agriculture, farming, tilth'' :** '''fobyexa'''....''agrarian, agricultural'' :*** '''fobyexam'''....''farmhouse, farmstead'' :** '''fobyexut'''....''cultivator, farmer'' :** '''fobyexwa'''....''farmed'' :** '''fobyexyafwa'''....''cultivable, tillable'' :** '''fobyexyofwa'''....''untillable'' :* '''milfob'''....''aquatic plant, hydrophyte'' :** '''milfoba'''....''hydrophytic'' :*** '''milfobyex'''....''hydroponics'' :**** '''milfobyexa'''....''hydroponic'' ==== FAB / FEB Words ==== : The word '''fab''' means ''tree''. The diminutive is '''fayb''' meaning ''bush, vine''. The fruit or nut of the tree ends in '''feb''', unless it is a berry from a vine, in which case it is '''feyb'''. The juice from the fruit is '''fel''', while the fruit of the berry is '''feyl'''. : Trees all end in '''fab'''. Vines, shrubs, and bushes ending in '''fayb'''. The syllables prefixed to those roots come from the international Linnaean taxonomy. Here some common derived words: :'''fab'''....''tree'' :* '''fabyan'''....''forest'' :** '''fabyayn'''....''woods'' :* '''fayb'''....''bush, vine'' :** '''faybyan'''....''thicket, brush'' :* '''fayeb'''....''leaf'' :** '''fayebyan'''....''foliage'' :* '''faob'''....''wood'' :** '''faof'''....''plank, board'' :** '''fauf'''....''log'' :*** '''faufyan'''....''lumber, timber'' : '''feb'''....''fruit, nut'' :* '''fel'''....''fruit juice'' :* '''feyb'''....''berry'' :** '''feyl'''....''berry juice'' : With the prefixation of Linnaeus taxonomic syllables, we get the following trees: :'''anbromfab''': ''pineapple'', spec=''Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus'' :'''fafab''': ''bean plant, pea plant'', spec=''Fabaceae'' :*'''glefafab''': ''honey locust, honeylocust'', spec=''Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos'' :*'''akfafab''': ''acacia tree'', spec=''Fabaceae Acacia'' :'''plafab''': ''plane tree, plantain'', spec=''Platanaceae Platanus'' :*'''okplafab''': ''sycamore tree, occidental plane tree'', spec=''Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis'' :'''tafab''': ''yew tree'', spec=''Taxaceae Taxus'' :'''ebfab''': ''Ceylon ebony'', spec=''Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum'' :'''acfab''': ''maple tree'', spec=''Aceraceae Acer'' :'''befab''': ''birch tree'', spec=''Betulaceae Betula'' :*'''korbefab''': ''hazel nut tree, kukui tree'', spec=''Betulaceae Corylus'' :'''katefab''': ''cacao tree'', spec=''Malvaceae Theobroma cacao'' :'''fagfab''': ''beech tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Fagus'' :*'''kafagfab''': ''chestnut tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Castanea'' :*'''kwerfagfab''': ''oak tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Quercus quercus'' :*'''kasfagfab''': ''sweet chestnut tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Castanea sativa'' :'''pulifab''': ''pomegranate tree'', spec=''Lythraceae Punica granatum'' :'''pifab''': ''conifer, evergreen tree, pine tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Pinus'' :*'''lapifab''': ''larch tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Larix'':* :*'''abpifab''': ''fir tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Abies'' :*'''cepifab''': ''cedar tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Cedrus'' :*'''licepifab''': ''cedar of Lebanon'', spec=''Pinaceae Cedrus libani'' :*'''tsupifab''': ''hemlock tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Tsuga'':* :'''maswifab''': ''mahogany tree'', spec=''Melaiceae Swietenia mahgoni'' :'''ginkfab''': ''ginkgo tree'', spec=''Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba'' :'''malfab''': ''mallows family'', spec=''Malvaceae'' :*'''himalfab''': ''rosella plant'', spec=''Malvacea Hibiscus sabdariffa'' :*'''okmalfab''': ''balsa tree'', spec=''Malvaceae Ochroma pyramidale'' :*'''komalfab''': ''kola plant'', spec=''Malvaceae Cola nitida old''=nyefab :*'''dumalfab''': ''durian tree'', spec=''Malvaceae Durio'' :'''salfab''': ''willow tree, willow family'', spec=''Salicaceae Salix'' :*'''posalfab''': ''poplar tree,, aspen tree, populus tree'', spec=''Salicaceae Populus'' :*'''balposalfab''': ''cottonwood'', spec=''Salicaceae Populus balsamifera'' :'''olfab''': ''olive tree'', spec=''Oleaceae Olea europaea'' :*'''fraksolfab''': ''ash tree'', spec=''Oleaceae Fraxinus'' :'''ulfab''': ''elm tree'', spec=''Ulmaceae Ulmus'' :'''anfab''': ''cashew/pistachio family'', spec=''Anacardiaceae'' :*'''okanfab''': ''cashew tree'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale'' :*'''mananfab''': ''mango tree'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica'' :*'''pisanfab''': ''pistachio tree'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Pistacia vera'' :*'''topisanfab''': ''poison ivy'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Toxiodendron'' :'''mofab''': ''mulberry tree, mulberry family'', spec=''Moraceae Morus'' :*'''fimofab''': ''fig tree'', spec=''Moraceae Ficus carica'' :*'''urfimofab''': ''banyan'', spec=''Moraceae Ficus Urostigma'' :'''rofab''': ''fruit tree'', spec=''Rosaceae'' :*'''marofab''': ''apple tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Malus domestica'' ::*'''domarofab''': ''crabapple tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Malus domestica'' :*'''kirofab''': ''quince tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Cydonia oblonga'' :*'''pirofab''': ''pear tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Pyrus'' :*prurofab: plum tree, aspen, Rosaceae Prunus domestica :*'''ceprurofab''': ''cherry tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus cerasus'' :*'''amprurofab''': ''almond tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus'' :*'''arprurofab''': ''apricot tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca'' :*'''perprurofab''': ''peach tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus persica'' :'''maprofab''': ''macadamia tree'', spec=''Proteaceae Macadamia'' :'''arfab''': ''palm tree'', spec=''Arecaceae old''=bofab :*'''rafarfab''': ''raffia palm'', spec=''Arecaceae Raphia'' :*'''kokarfab''': ''coconut palm, coconut tree'', spec=''Arecaceae Cocos nucifera'' :*'''foynarfab''': ''date tree'', spec=''Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' :'''pakarfab''': ''papaya, yucca'', spec=''Caricaceae Carica papaya'' :'''erfab''': ''heather'', spec=''Ericaceae'' :'''lefab''': ''Brazil nut tree'', spec=''Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa'' :'''mirfab''': ''myrtle'', spec=''Myrtaceae'' :*'''arsimirfab''': ''clove tree'', spec=''Myrtaceae Syzygium aromaticum'' :*'''pimirfab''': ''pimenta'', spec=''Myrtaceae Pimenta'' :*'''simirfab''': ''lillypillies'', spec=''Myrtaceae Syzygium'' :*'''ewmirfab''': ''eucalyptus tree, juniper tree, gum tree'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus'' :*'''melewmirfab''': ''yellow box'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus melliodora'' :*'''tenewmirfab''': ''stringybark'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tenella'' :*'''korewmirfab''': ''yate'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cornuta'' :'''korfab''': ''dogwood tree'', spec=''Cornaceae Cornus sanguinea'' :'''burfab''': ''torchwood, Burseraceae family'', spec=''Burseraceae'' :*'''ovkaburfab''': ''pili tree'', spec=''Burseraceae Canarium ovatum'' :*'''komburfab''': ''myrrh'', spec=''Burseraceae Commiphora abyssinca'' :*'''bosburfab''': ''frankincense'', spec=''Burseraceae Boswellia'' :'''mirisfab''': ''nutmeg tree'', spec=''Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans'' :'''jufab''': ''walnut tree family, walnut tree'', spec=''Juglandaceae Yuglans'' :*'''cijufab''': ''butternut tree'', spec=''Yuglandaceae Yuglans cinerea'' :*'''ilkarjufab''': ''pecan tree'', spec=''Juglandaceae Carya illioinensis'' :*'''tokarjufab''': ''hickory'', spec=''Juglandaceae Carya tomentosa'' :'''kufab''': ''cypress tree'', spec=''Cupressaceae'' :*'''sekufab''': ''sequoia, giant sequoia, redwood tree'', spec=''Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens'' :*'''jukufab''': ''juniper tree'', spec=''Cupressaceae Juniperus communis'' :'''mufab''': ''banana tree'', spec=''Musaceae Musa'' :*'''enmufab''': ''ensete, false banana'', spec=''Musaceae Ensete'' :'''rufab''': ''citrus family'', spec=''Rutaceae'' :*'''pterufab''': ''hop tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata'' :*'''jacirufab''': ''kumquat'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus japonica'' :*'''mecirufab''': ''lime tree, linden tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus medica'' :*'''recirufab''': ''grapefruit'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus reticulata'' :*'''recirufab''': ''mandarin orange tree, mandarin tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus reticulata'' :*'''licirufab''': ''lemon tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus limon'' :*'''sicirufab''': ''orange tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus sinensis'' :*'''grancirufab''': ''shaddock'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus grandis'' :*'''tancirufab''': ''mandarin orange, tangerine'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus tangerina'' :*'''awcirufab''': ''sour orange tree, marmalade orange tree, bigarade orange tree, bitter orange tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus aurantium'' :*'''tinkrufab''': ''madder, rose madder'', spec=''Rubiaceae tinctorum'' :*'''cinrufab''': ''quinine tree, cinchona'', spec=''Rubiaceae Cinchona'' :'''lawfab''': ''laurel tree'', spec=''Lauraceae'' :*'''cinlawfab''': ''cinnamon tree, laurel tree'', spec=''Lauraceae Cinnamomum'' :*'''saslawfab''': ''sassafras tree'', spec=''Lauraceae Sassafras albidum'' :'''fayb''': ''vine, bush, shrub'' :*'''tefayb''': ''tea plant'', spec=''Theaceae Camellia sinensis'' :*'''koffayb''': ''coffee plant'', spec=''Rubiaceae Coffea arabica'', old=kafayb :*'''pifayb''': ''evergreen shrub'', spec=''Pinospida'' :*'''vifayb''': ''grapevine, vine'', spec=''Vitaceae Vitis vinifera'' :*'''kakfayb''': ''cactus'', spec=''Cactaceae'' :*'''akwilfayb''': ''ilex, holly bush'', spec=''Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium'' :*rofayb: fruit vine ::*'''frarofayb''': ''strawberry bush'', spec=''Rosaceae Fragaria ananassa'' ::*'''grofayb''': ''gooseberry family'', spec=''Grossulariaceae'' :::*'''nirigrofayb''': ''blackcurrant, black currant bush, cassis bush'', spec=''Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum'' :::*'''rurigrofayb''': ''red currant bush, redcurrant bush'', spec=''Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum'' ::*'''rurofayb''': ''raspberry bush'', spec=''Rosaceae Rubus fructicosus'' :::*'''alrurofayb''': ''blackberry vine'', spec=''Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis'' ::*'''prurofayb''': ''blackthorn, sloe'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus spinosa'' ::*'''nuprurofayb''': ''nectarine, peach tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus nucipersica'' :*'''kapsofayb''': ''pepper plant, pepper vine'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum'' :*'''kafayb''': ''honeysuckle bush'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae'' ::*'''vikafayb''': ''viburnum'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Viburnum'' ::*'''samkafayb''': ''elderberry bush'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Sambucus canadensis'' :*'''kapfayb''': ''caper bush'', spec=''Capparidaceae Capparis'' :*'''pipfayb''': ''black pepper vine'', spec=''Piperaceae Piper nigrum'' :*'''vakserfayb''': ''cranberry bush'', spec=''Ericaceae Vaccinium'' ::*'''civakserfayb''': ''blueberry bush'', spec=''Ericaceae Vaccinium sect''. Cyanococcus :*'''verfayb''': ''verbena family'', spec=''Verbenaceae'' :*'''mifayb''': ''bayberry bush'', spec=''Myricaceae'' :*'''mirfayb''': ''myrtle, myrtus family'', spec=''Myrtaceae'' ::*'''psimirfayb''': ''guava'', spec=''Myrtaceae Psidium'' : The fruits and nuts of these trees are derived by changing '''fab''' to '''feb'''. The berries from vines/shrubs/bushes end in '''feyb'''. The following tables shows some examples. The juice of the fruit can be derived by changing '''feb''' to '''fel.''' The juice of a berry can be derived by changing '''feyb''' to '''feyl'''. A jam ends in '''fyel''', while a jelly ends in '''fyeyl'''. An alcoholic drink ends in '''fil'''. [[File:Wild tree 001.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Trees/Bushes/Vines and Their Fruits/Nuts/Berries |- ! TREE !! FRUIT/NUT !! EDIBLE PRODUCT |- | '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''feb'''...''fruit/nut'' || '''fel'''....''fruit juice'' |- | '''rofab'''....''fruit tree'' || '''rofeb'''....''fruit''....''fruit juice'' |- | '''malrofab'''....''apple tree'' || '''malrofeb'''....''apple''|| '''malrofel'''....''apple juice'' |- | '''pirofab'''....''pear tree'' || '''pirofeb'''....''pear''|| '''pirofel'''....''pear juice'' |- | '''ceprurofab'''....''cherry tree'' || '''ceprurofeb'''....''cherry''|| '''ceprurofel'''....''cherry juice'' |- | '''prurofab'''....''plum tree'' || '''prufofeb'''....''plum''|| '''prufofel'''....''plum juice'' |- | '''arprurofab'''....''apricot tree'' || '''arprurofeb'''....''apricot''|| '''arprufofel'''....''apricot juice'' |- | '''perprurofab'''....''peach tree'' || '''perprufofeb'''....''peach''|| '''perprurofel'''....''peach juice'' |- | '''kirofab'''....''quince tree'' || '''kirofeb'''....''quince''|| |- | '''mofab'''....''mulberry tree'' || '''mofeb'''....''mulberry'' || |- | '''pifab'''....''evergreen tree'' || '''pifeb'''....''pine cone''|| |- | '''abpifab'''....''fir tree'' || '''abpifeb'''....''fir cone''|| |- | '''cepifab'''....''cedar tree'' || '''cepifeb'''....''pollen cone''|| |- | '''tafab'''....''yew'' || '''tafeb'''....''aril''|| |- | '''katefab'''....''cacao tree'' ||'''katfeb'''....''cacao, cocoa bean''||'''katefel'''....''chocolate'' |- | '''dyafab'''....''cedar tree'' || '''dyafeb'''....''pollen cone''|| |- | '''arfab'''....''palm tree'' || '''arfeb'''....''drupe''|| |- | '''foynarfab'''....''date tree'' || '''foynarfeb'''....''date''|| |- | '''mufab'''....''banana tree'' || '''mufeb'''....''banana''|| '''mufel'''....''banana juice'' |- | '''kokarfab'''....''coconut tree'' || '''kokarfeb'''....''coconut''|| '''kokarfel'''....''coconut juice'' |- | '''fyofab'''....''pomegranate tree'' || '''fyofeb'''....''pomegranate''|| '''fyofel'''....''pomegranate juice'' |- | '''fimofab'''....''fig tree'' || '''fimofeb'''....''fig''|| '''fimofel'''....''fig juice'' |- | '''olfab'''....''olive tree'' || '''olfeb'''....''olive''|| '''olfyel'''....''olive oil'' |- | '''rufab'''....''citrus tree'' || '''rufeb'''....''citrus fruit'' || '''rufel'''....''citrus juice'' |- | '''sicirufab'''....''orange tree'' || '''sicirufeb'''....''orange''|| '''sicirufel'''....''orange juice'' |- | '''tancirufab'''....''mandarine tree'' || '''tancirufeb'''....''mandarin''|| '''tancirufel'''....''mandarine juice'' |- | '''licirufab'''....''lemon tree'' || '''licirufeb'''....''lemon''|| '''licirufel'''....''lemon juice'' |- | '''recirufab'''....''grapefruit tree'' || '''recirufeb'''....''grapefruit''|| '''recirufel'''....''grapefruit juice'' |- | '''mecirufab'''....''linden tree'' || '''mecirufeb'''....''lime''|| '''mecirufel'''....''lime juice'' |- | '''jacirufab'''....''kumquat tree'' || '''jacirufeb'''....''kumquat'' || |- | '''jufab'''....''walnut tree'' || '''jufeb'''....''walnut''|| |- | '''korbefab'''....''hazel tree'' || '''korbefeb'''....''hazel nut'' || |- | '''fagfab'''....''beech tree'' || '''fagfeb'''....''beechnut''|| |- | '''kafagfab'''....''chestnut tree'' || '''kafagfeb'''....''chestnut''|| |- | '''kwerfagfab'''....''oak tree'' || '''kwerfagfeb'''....''acorn''|| |- | '''kasfagfab'''....''sweet chestnut tree'' || '''kasfagfeb'''....''sweet chestnut''|| |- | '''posalfab'''....''poplar tree'' ||'''posalfeb'''....''catlin'' || |- | '''befab'''....''birch tree'' || '''befeb'''....''samara'' || |- | '''ulfab'''....''elm tree'' || '''ulfeb'''....''samara'' || |- | '''acfab'''....''maple tree'' || || '''acfyel'''....''maple syrup'' |- | '''ralufab'''....''almond tree'' || '''amprurofeb'''....''almond'' || |- | '''okanfab'''....''cashew tree'' || '''okanfeb'''....''cashew'' || |- | '''mananfab'''....''mango tree'' || '''mananfeb'''....''mango'' || '''mananfel'''....''mango juice'' |- ! BUSH/VINE !! BERRY/BEAN !! EDIBLE PRODUCT |- | '''tefayb'''....''tea'' || '''tefayeb'''....''tea leaf''|| '''tefayl'''....''tea'' |- | '''koffayb'''....''coffee plant'' || '''koffeyb'''....''coffee bean''|| '''koffeyl'''....''coffee'' |- | '''nirigrofayb'''....''blackcurrant bush'' || '''nirigrofeyb'''....''blackcurrant'' || '''nirigrofeyl'''....''cassis'' |- | '''frarofayb'''....''strawberry bush'' || '''frarofeyb'''....''strawberry'' || '''frarofeyl'''....''strawberry juice'' |- | '''rurigrofayb'''....''redcurrant bush'' || '''rurigrofeyb'''....''redcurrant'' || |- | '''pipfayb'''....''pepper vine'' || '''pipfeyb'''....''peppercorn''||'''pipfol'''....''pepper'' |- style="vertical-align: top" | '''vifayb'''....''grapevine'' || style="vertical-align: top"|'''vifeyb'''....''grape''|| style="vertical-align: top"|'''vifel'''....''grape juice''<br>'''vifil'''....''wine''<br>'''vifyeyl'''....''grape jelly''<br>'''vifyel'''....''grape jam'' |- | || style="vertical-align: top"|'''vifayeb'''....''ivy (leaf)'' || |- | '''alrurofayb'''....''blackberry vine'' || '''alrurofeyb'''....''blackberry'' || '''alrurofyel'''....''blackberry jam'' |} {{small/end}} ==== FIB Words ==== : The word '''fib''' means ''tree trunk'' and has parallels with '''tib''' (''human body trunk'') and '''vib'''....''stem''. ==== FUB Words ==== :* '''fub'''....''branch'' ::* '''fubog'''....''switch'' ::* '''fubes'''....''twig'' ::* '''fubuj'''....''snag'' ::* '''fubyan'''....''brushwood'' ::* '''fubnyan'''....''fascile, bundle'' ::* '''fubxer'''....''to branch out, to ramify'' :::* '''fubxen'''....''ramification'' ==== FYOB Words ==== :* '''fyob'''....''root'' ::* '''fyoba'''....''radical'' ::* '''fyobober'''....''to eradicate, to uproot, to deracinate'' ::* '''fyobes'''....''radicule'' ::* '''fyobser'''....''to take root'' : Note: The word '''fyoyab''' means ''tree stump'' ("foot of the tree"). === '''JOB''' ''time'' === : Here are the most important derivatives of the baseword '''job'''....''time''. Bear in mind that, in English, there are two meanings for ''time''. One refers to time as it passes, which is translated by '''job''' in Mirad, and the other refers to a ''point in time'', an ''instance'' or ''occasion'', i.e. a countable noun concerning frequency, translated by '''jod''' in Mirad. ==== Calendar Time Units ==== [[File:Calendar (specific day).jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Calendar Time Units |- ! TIME !! GEOLOGIC<br>PERIODS !! SEASONS !! MONTHS !! DAYS OF THE WEEK |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''joab'''....''eon'' || '''jeab'''....''spring'' || '''jiab'''....''January'' || '''juab'''....''Monday'' |- | '''jab'''....''year'' || '''joeb'''....''era'' || '''jeeb'''....''summer'' || '''jieb'''....''February'' || '''jueb'''....''Tuesday'' |- | '''jeb'''....''season'' || '''joib'''....''period'' || '''jeib'''....''autumn'' || '''jiib'''....''March'' || '''juib'''....''Wednesday'' |- | '''jib'''....''month'' || '''joub'''....''epoch'' || '''jeub'''....''winter'' || '''jiub'''....''April'' || '''juub'''....''Thursday'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''joyob'''....''age'' || || '''jiyob'''....''May'' || '''juyob'''....''Friday'' |- | '''jwob'''* ''hour'' ||'''joyab'''....''chron'' || || '''jiyab'''....''June'' || '''yuyab'''....''Saturday'' |- | '''jwab'''* ''minute''<br>'''jwap'''....''moment'' ||'''joyeb'''....''term'' || || '''jiyeb'''....''July'' || '''juyeb'''....''Sunday'' |- | '''jweb'''* ''second''<br>'''jwep'''....''instant'' || || || '''jiyib'''....''August'' || |- | || || || '''jiyub'''....''September'' || |- | || || || '''jilob'''....''October'' || |- | || || || '''jilab'''....''November'' || |- | || || || '''jileb'''....''December'' || |} {{small/end}} : Other calendar units: :* '''yejub'''....''week'' (< '''ye'''....''seven'' + '''jub'''....''day'') :* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (< '''ya'''....''six'' + '''jib'''....''month'' :* '''lojab'''....''decade'' (< '''alo'''....''ten'' + '''jab'''....''year'') :* '''sojab'''....''century'' (< '''aso'''....''hundred'' + '''jab'''....''year'') :* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' (< '''aro'''....''thousand'' + '''jab'''....''year'') :* '''hyajob'''....''eternity'' (< '''hya'''....''all'' + '''job'''....''time'') :* '''hyouj'''....''infinity'' (< '''hyo'''....''no'' + '''uj'''....''end'') : *These would normally be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''', but there are hard to pronounce and difficult to hear, so the '''y''' is replaced by a '''w'''. ==== Clock Time ==== : The units of clock times are: :* '''jwob'''....''hour'' (thus: '''jwobar'''....''clock'' :* '''jwab'''....''minute'' :* '''jweb'''....''second'' ::[[File:Church clock, Evercreech - geograph.org.uk - 2280831.jpg|thumb]] : The following examples show how to express clock time: ::* '''<u>Duhojwob se</u>?'''....''<u>What time is it</u>?'' ::* '''Se <u>alo jwobi</u> JaZ (=jazemaj).'''....''It is <u>ten o'clock</u> A.M.'' ::* '''Se uwa jwobi <u>JoZ</u> (=jozemaj).'''....''It is four o'clock <u>P.M.</u>'' ::* '''Se yawa <u>jwobi gab ilo</u>.'''....''It is <u>six thirty</u>. (= plus thirty)'' ::* '''Se alo (jwebi) ju yiwa.'''....''It is ten (minutes) til eight.'' (or:) ::* '''Se yiwa (jwobi) gab alo.'''.... " " " ::* '''Se <u>uyn ji</u> awa.'''....''It is <u>a quarter past</u> ( = since) one.'' ::* '''Se <u>uyn ju</u> ewa.'''....''It is <u>a quarter til</u> ( = until) two.'' ::* '''Se go <u>jo</u> ewa.'''....''It is a little <u>past</u> ( = after) two.'' ::* '''Se <u>jubay</u> uwa jwabi.'''....''It is <u>almost</u> 4 o'clock.'' ::* '''Se <u>gwe</u> zemaj.'''....''It is <u>exactly</u> (= just) noon.'' ::* '''Se <u>go yiz</u> zemoj.'''....''It was <u>slightly past</u> (= beyond) midnight.'' ::* '''At so hum <u>ojo</u> ale jwobi.'''....''I'll be there <u>in</u> (= not-after) twelve minutes.'' ::* '''Su him <u>jwa</u> / jwe!'''....''Be here <u>early</u> / on time!'' ::* '''Von su <u>jwo</u>!'''....''Don't be <u>late</u>!'' ::* '''Su him <u>ojo</u> zemoj.'''....''Be here <u>by (= not-after)</u> midnight.'' ==== General Time Words ==== {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ General Time Words |- ! GENERAL TIME WORDS !! EXAMPLES |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''job bi uvan'''....''a time of sadness''<br>'''Job pape.'''....''Time flies.'' |- | '''jod'''....''time, instance, occasion'' || '''awa jod'''....''once'' (or) '''ajod'''<br>'''ewa jodi''' (or) '''ejodi'''....''two times''<br>'''gawa jod''' (or) '''gajod'''....''again, another time'' |- | '''xag'''....''frequency'' || '''Duhoxag?'''....''How often?''<br>'''glaxag'''....''very often''<br>'''hyoxag'''....''never'' |- | '''jud'''....''date'' || '''Be duhoa jud?'''....''On what date?''<br>'''be ga jwoa jud'''....''at a later date'' |- | '''jag'''....''age'' || '''Et se duhojaga?'''....''How old are you?''<br>'''At se ulo jaga.'''....''I am forty years old. (Lit: forty of age)'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Some Parallel Time Terms ==== {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Parallel Time Words |- | '''taj'''<br>''birth'' || '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ajna'''<br>''former, old''|| '''ajoba'''<br>''ancient'' || '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''jay'''<br>''already'' ||'''jana'''<br>''previous'' || '''jaga'''<br>''old'' || '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwafa'''<br>''raw''||'''jwaga'''<br>''premature, green'' |- | '''tej'''<br>''life'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''ejna'''<br>''new''|| '''ejoba'''<br>''modern'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jey'''<br>''meanwhile'' || '''jena'''<br>''current'' || ||'''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwefa'''<br>''fresh''||'''jwega'''<br>''ripe'' |- | '''toj'''<br>''death'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ojna'''<br>''imminent''|| '''ojoba'''<br>''futuristic'' || '''jo'''<br>''after'' || '''joy'''<br>''afterwards'' || '''jona'''<br>''next'' || '''joga'''<br>''young'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''jwofa'''<br>''stale''||'''jwoga'''<br>''mature'' |- | '''tij'''<br>''wakefulness'' || '''ij'''<br>''beginning'' || '''ijna'''<br>''initial''|| '''ijob'''<br>''early times'' || '''ji'''<br>''since'' || || || '''jiga'''<br>''fresh, vibrant'' || || || |- | '''tuj'''<br>''sleep'' || '''uj'''<br>''end'' || '''ujna'''<br>''final''|| '''ujob'''<br>''latter days'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' || || || '''juga'''<br>''tired, jaded'' || || || |} {{small/end}} ==== JAB (''year'') Words ==== : The root word '''jab''' means ''year''. Here are some words derived from it: :* '''ajabat'''....''freshman'' :* '''ejabat'''....''sophomore'' :* '''gawyanapa jab'''....''leap year, bissextile year'' :* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''esojaba'''....''bicentennial'' :* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''eynjabay'''....''semiannually'' :* '''donasa jab'''....''fiscal year'' :* '''hijab'''....''this year'' :* '''hujab'''....''that year'' :* '''hyajab'''....''every year'' :* '''ijab'''....''triennial'' :* '''Jabij Zomoj'''....''New Year's Eve'' :* '''jabzyus'''....''anniversary'' :* '''lojab'''....''decade'' :* '''manjab'''....''lightyear'' :* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' :* '''sojab'''....''century'' :* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' :* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''uynjaba'''....''quarterly'' :* '''vijab'''....''vintage year'' :* '''yejab'''....''sabbatical'' :* '''yojab'''....''lustrum'' :* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' :* '''zajab'''....''next year'' :* '''zejab'''....''midyear'' :* '''zojab'''....''last year, yesteryear'' ==== JEB (''season'') Words ==== : The root word '''jeb''' means season. The four seasons are: ::* '''jeab'''....''spring'' ::* '''jeeb'''....''summer'' ::* '''jeib'''....''autumn'' ::* '''jeub'''....''winter'' : Here are some derivations: :* '''jeb'''....''season'' ::* '''jeba'''....''seasonal'' ::* '''jebmalyen'''....''climate'' :::* '''jebalyenxer'''....''to acclimatize'' :::* '''jebmalyentun'''....''climatology'' ::* '''jebmamil'''....''monsoon'' ::* '''jebtam'''....''lodge'' ::* '''jebyuxut'''....''seasoner'' ::* '''ivjeb'''....''honeymoon'' ::* '''ojeba'''....''nonseasonal, unseasonable'' ::* '''taadxen jeb'''....''mating season'' ::* '''Tayalofjeb'''....''Lent'' ::* '''vyajeba'''....''seasonable'' ::* '''vyojeba'''....''unseasonable'' ::* '''vobiblen jeb'''....''harvest season'' ::* '''zajeb'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeb'''....''last season'' :* '''jeab'''....''spring, springtime'' ::* '''jeaba'''....''vernal'' ::* '''jeabyim'''....''freshet'' :* '''jeeb'''....''summer, summertime'' ::* '''jeeb ifpopem'''....''summer resort'' ::* '''jeeb maar yibnod'''....''summer solstice'' ::* '''jeeb tistam'''....''summer school'' ::* '''jeeba''''....''estival'' :::* '''jeeba teaput'''....''summer visitor'' ::* '''jeeber'''....''to estivate, to summer'' ::* '''jeebfabyan'''....''greenwood'' ::* '''jeebtam'''....''dacha, summerhouse'' ::* '''jeebyena'''....''summery'' ::* '''zejeeb'''....''midsummer'' :* '''jeib'''....''autumn, fall'' ::* '''jeiba'''....''autumnal'' :* '''jeub'''....''winter'' ::* '''jeper ha jeub'''....''overwinter'' ::* '''jeub amar yibnod'''....''winter solstice'' ::* '''jeuba'''....''hibernal, wintry'' :* '''jeuber'''....''to winter'' ::* '''jeubjob'''....''wintertime'' ::* '''jeubtuj'''....''dormancy, hibernation, torpor, winter sleep'' :::* '''jeubtujer'''....''to hibernate'' ::* '''jeubxer'''....''winterize'' ::* '''jeubyena'''....''wintry, hibernal'' ::* '''zejeub'''....''midwinter'' ==== JIB (''month'') Words ==== : The root word '''jib''' means month. The twelve months are derived by inserting an ordinal vowel. Note that month names are not capitalized in Mirad. ::* '''jiab'''....''January'' ::* '''jieb'''....''February'' ::* '''jiib'''....''March'' ::* '''jiub'''....''April'' ::* '''jiyob'''....''May'' ::* '''jiyab'''....''June'' ::* '''jiyeb'''....''July'' ::* '''jiyib'''....''August'' ::* '''jiyub'''....''September'' ::* '''jilob'''....''October'' ::* '''jilab'''....''November'' ::* '''jileb'''....''December'' : Here are some derivations of '''jib''': :* '''jib'''....''month'' ::* '''jiba'''....''mensual, monthly'' ::* '''jibdrurun'''....''monthly review'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''menstruate'' ::* '''jibjesea''' (or) '''jibyaga'''....''month-long'' ::* '''enjiba'''....''bimonthly'' ::* '''eynjiba'''....''semimonthly'' ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''hyajiba'''....''monthly'' ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ==== JUB (''day'') Words ==== : The root word '''jub''' means ''day''. The days of the week are formed by inserting ordinal vowels. Note that the first day is Monday and that the days of the week in Mirad are not capitalized. ::* '''juab'''....''Monday'' ::* '''jueb'''....''Tuesday'' ::* '''juib'''....''Wednesday'' ::* '''juub'''....''Thursday'' ::* '''juyob'''....''Friday'' ::* '''juyab'''....''Saturday'' ::* '''juyeb'''....''Sunday'' Some words derived from '''jub''' include: ::* '''zajub'''....''yesterday'' ::* '''hijub'''....''today'' ::* '''zojub'''....''tomorrow'' ::* '''hyajub'''....''every day'' ::* '''hejub'''....''some day'' ::* '''fyajub'''....''feast day'' ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' ::* '''ponjub'''....''holiday'' ::* '''tajjub'''....''birthday'' ==== JWOB (''hour'') Words ==== : The root word '''jwob''' meaning ''hour'' should be spelled '''jyob''', but the distinction between '''job''' and '''jyob''' is difficult to hear and so '''y''' is replaced with '''w'''. : '''Jwob''' is used for ''time'' when referring to ''clock time.'' ::* '''Duhojwob se?'''....''What time is it?'' ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It's two o'clock.'' : '''Jwob''' forms words for time pieces: ::* '''jwobar'''....''watch, time piece'' :::* '''tuyafyem jwobar'''....''pocket watch'' :::* '''tuyob jwobar'''....''wrist watch'' :::* '''nagden jwobar'''....''stopwatch'' ::* '''jwobir'''....''clock'' :::* '''mas jwobir'''....''wall clock'' :::* '''kukupat jwobir'''....''cuckoo clock'' :::* '''jwatuar jwobir'''....''alarm clock'' ::* '''jwobur'''....''grandfather clock'' :::* '''byoskyin jwobur'''....''pendulum clock'' :::* '''jwobur yabtom'''....''clock tower'' : Here are some notable ''hours'': ::* '''ginod jwob'''....''rush hour'' ::* '''iva jwob'''....''happy hour'' ::* '''manyujben jwob'''....''curfew'' ::* '''pien jwob'''....''departure time'' ::* '''puen jwob'''....''arrival time'' ::* '''toj jwob'''....''time of death'' ::* '''tyal jwob'''....''mealtime'' ::* '''yanup jwob'''....''appointment, rendez-vous'' ::* '''pon jwob'''....''recess, break'' ==== JWAB (''minute'') Words ==== : The root word '''jwab''' means ''minute''. The variant '''jwap''' means ''moment.'' Here are some derivatives: :* '''jwab'''....''minute'' ::* '''jwabdar'''....''minute hand'' ::* '''jwabsagder'''...''to clock, to count down the minutes, to time'' ::* '''jwap'''....''moment'' :::* '''jwapa'''....''momentary'' :::* '''hijwap'''....''at this moment'' :::* '''hujwap'''....''at that moment'' :::* '''huujwap'''....''at such a moment'' :::* '''duhojwap?'''....''at what moment?'' :::* '''hejwapi'''....''at certain moments'' :::* '''hyejwap'''....''at any moment'' :::* '''igefjwap'''....''critical moment'' ==== JWEB (''second'') Words ==== : The root word '''jweb''' means ''second, a second of time''. The variant '''jwep''' means ''instant''. Here are some derivatives: :* '''jweb'''....''second'' ::* '''jwebdar'''....''second hand'' ::* '''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' ::* '''aroynjweb'''....''millisecond'' ::* '''goralyujweb'''....''attosecond'' ::* '''goryujweb'''....''nanosecond'' ::* '''golwa jweb'''....''jiffy, split second'' :* '''jwep'''....''instant, jiff, jiffy'' ::* '''jwepa'''....''instantaneous'' ::* '''jwepay'''....''instantaneously, instanter, instantly'' ::* '''be jwep'''....''in an instant'' ::* '''jwepa ikxen'''....''instant gratification'' ::* '''jwepa kafeyl'''....''instant coffee'' ::* '''jwepa yegekun'''....''instant replay'' ==== JOD (''occasion'') Words ==== : The root word '''jod''' means ''occasion, instance, (point in) time''. : The following words of frequency use '''jod''': ::* '''ajod'''....''once'' ::* '''ejodi'''....''twice'' ::* '''ijodi'''....''thrice, three time'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times'' ::* '''be gla jodi'''....''many times, on many occasions'' ::* '''be glo jodi'''....''seldom, at few times'' ::* '''glajoda'''....''frequent'' ::* '''aajoda'''....''first-time'' :::* '''aajodat'''....''first-timer'' ::* '''ajoda kyes'''....''one-time event'' ::* '''gajod''' (or) '''gawa jod'''....''again'' ::* '''hijod'''....''this time'' ::* '''zajod'''....''next time'' ::* '''zojod'''....''last time'' ::* '''av ha ujna jod'''....''for the last time'' ::* '''hyojod'''....''never, not once'' ::* '''hejodi'''....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyajodi'''....''always'' ::* '''huijoda'''....''sporadic'' ::* '''vaodjod'''....''critical time'' ::* '''fyasana jod'''....''solemn occasion'' ==== JUD (''date'') Words ==== : The root word '''jud''' means ''date (on a calendar)''. Here are some derivatives: :* '''balsiyner ha jud'''....''stamp the date'' :* '''jabjud'''....''anniversary'' :* '''judar'''....''calendar'' ::* '''judarer'''....''to put on the calendar, schedule'' ::* '''judarober'''....''call off, cancel'' ::* '''ojudarwa'''....''unscheduled'' :* '''judnabyan'''....''date range'' :* '''judnad'''....''dateline'' :* '''judraf'''....''calendar, date chart'' :* '''judrer'''....''to date'' ::* '''judrawa'''....''dated'' :::* '''ojudrawa'''....''undated'' ::* '''gawjudrer'''....''to reschedule'' ::* '''jajudrer'''....''to antedate, to predate'' ::* '''jojudrer'''....''to postdate, to prorogue'' ::* '''zoyjudrer'''....''to backdate'' ::* '''lojudrer'''....''to cancel, to nix'' :* '''judroer'''....''erase from the calendar, cancel'' :* '''nyuxen jud'''....''delivery date, delivery date'' :* '''tajjud'''....''date of birth'' :* '''ujjud'''....''deadline, end date'' ==== B.C. and A.D. ==== : Mirad uses a less Christian-centric notation comparable to ''CE (Common Era)'' and ''BCE (Before the Common Era)'': : These are represented in Mirad by '''EJ (bi ha Eja Joeb)''' (''of the Current Era'') and '''JaEJ (ja ha Eja Joeb)''' (''Before the Current Era''), respectively. For example: ::* '''His kyesa be 52 EJ.'''....''This happened in 52 BC (=BCE)'' ::* '''Ha mir ujo be 3000 jaEJ.'''....''The world will end in 3000 AD. (=CE)'' === '''JAG''' ''age'', '''SAG''' ''number'', '''XAG''' ''frequency'' === : The words in this family have to do with age, number,and frequency. ==== JAG and JOG- Words ==== [[File:Nowruz 2017 in Bisaran, Kurdistan province.jpg|thumb|]] : The morpheme '''jag''' means ''age''. From this are derived the two main adjectives, '''jaga'''....''old'' and '''joga'''....''young''. These words contain '''aga''' and '''oga''' plus the time element '''j'''. So, old means ''big in terms of time'' and young means ''little in terms of time''. Here are some derived words: :* '''jag'''....''age'' ::* '''jaga'''....''old'' :::* '''jagat'''....''old person, elder'' ::::* '''jagwat'''....''old man'' ::::* '''jagayt'''....''old woman'' ::* '''jagser'''....''get old, grow older'' :::* '''jagsea'''....''getting old'' :::* '''gajaga'''....''elder, older, senior'' ::::* '''gajagat'''....''elder'' ::* '''gwajaga'''....''eldest'' :::* '''gwajagat'''....''eldest'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' :::* '''grejagat, jwot'''....''adult'' :::* '''grejagseat, jwotseat, agseat, jwet'''....''adolescent'' ::* '''grojaga'''....''too young, minor, not old enough'' :::* '''grojagat, jwat'''....''minor, underaged person'' ::* '''aloynjagat'''....''teenager'' ::* '''elojagat'''....''twenty-year-old'' :::* '''eloynjagat'''....''a twenty-something-year-old'' :* '''joga'''....''young'' ::* '''jogxer'''....''to rejuvenate'' (tr.) ::* '''jogser'''....''to rejuvenate'' (intr.) ::* '''jogat'''....''youth, youngster, juvenile'' :::* '''jogwat'''....''male youth, boy, lad'' :::* '''jogayt'''....''female youth, girl'' ::* '''gwajoga'''....''youngest'' :::* '''gwajogat'''....''cadet, youngest one'' ::* '''grajoga'''....''too young'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle-aged'' :::* '''zejagat'''....''middle-aged person'' ==== Age Classes ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Age Classes ! GENDER-NONSPECIFIC (MALE) !! FEMALE |- | '''ajag(w)at'''....''one-year-old (boy)''||'''ajagayt'''....''one-year-old girl'' |- | '''alojag(w)at'''....''ten-year-old (boy)''||'''alojagayt'''....''ten-year-old girl'' |- | '''jog(w)at'''....''youngster, youth, (boy)'' || '''jogayt'''....''girl, damsel'' |- | '''gwajog(w)at'''....''youngest person/(boy)'' || '''gwajogayt'''....''youngest girl'' |- | '''gojag(w)at'''....''younger person/(boy), cadet'' || '''gojagayt'''....''younger girl'' |- | '''aloyjag(w)at'''....''teenager, (teenaged boy)'' || '''aloyjagayt'''....''teenaged girl'' |- | '''grajog(w)at'''....''minor, (under-aged boy)'' || '''grajogayt'''....''minor female, girl too young'' |- | '''grojag(w)at'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwot'''....''minor, immature person/(boy)''||'''grojagayt'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwoyt'''....''minor girl'' |- | '''grejagseat'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwet'''....''adolescent (boy)'' || '''grejagseayt'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jweyt'''....''adolescent (girl)'' |- | '''grejag(w)at'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwat'''....''adult male, (boy of age)'' || '''grejagayt'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwayt'''....''adult female, girl of age'' |- | '''zejag(w)at'''....''middle-aged person/(man)'' || '''zejagayt'''....''middle-aged female/woman'' |- | '''gajag(w)at'''....''older person/(man), elder, superior''||'''gajagayt'''....''older female/woman, elder, superior'' |- | '''grajag(w)at'''....''over-aged person/(man), person/(man too old)'' || '''grajagayt'''....''over-aged female/woman, woman too old'' |- | '''jayg(w)at'''....''youngish individual, youngish (man)'' || '''jaygayt'''....''youngish female, youngish woman'' |- | '''yilojag(w)at'''....''octogenarian'' || '''yilojagayt'''....''octogenarian woman, woman in her eighties'' |- | '''yulojag(w)at'''....''nonagenarian'' || '''yulojagayt'''....''nonagenarian woman, woman in her nineties'' |- | '''asojag(w)at'''....''centenarian'' || '''asojagayt'''....''centenarian woman, 100-year-old woman'' |- | '''jag(w)at'''....''oldster, veteran, old person, (old man), elder'' || '''jagayt'''....''old woman, old lady'' |- | '''jayg(w)at'''....''oldish person''|||'''jaygayt'''....''oldish woman'' |- | '''gwajag(w)at'''....''oldest/senior-most/eldest person/(man)'' ||'''gwajagayt'''....''oldest/senior-most/eldest woman'' |- | '''gwojag(w)at'''....''the least old person/(man)'' || '''gwojagayt'''....''the least old woman'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Age Questions and Answers ==== : The usual question about age is '''Duhojaga et se?'''....''How old are you?'' : Some usual responses are: :* '''At se elo jaga.'''....''I am twenty years old.''&nbsp;&nbsp;(Lit: I am twenty of age.) :* '''At se ili (jabi jaga).'''....''I am thirty-three (years old).'' :* '''Hia tamaz se asoni bi jabi jaga.'''....''This castle is hundreds of years old.'' :* '''Hua tajyat se anay ewa jubi jaga.'''....''That baby is only two days old.'' :* '''Iyt voy se ga jaga vyel at.'''....''She is not older than I.'' :* '''At se gwajagat bi ata tod.'''....''I am the eldest of my family.'' :* '''Hya aloynjagati aso grejagseati.'''....''All teenagers will become adolescents.'' :* '''Duhogla jubi jaga se hia tud?'''....''How many days old is this child?'' ==== SAG, SYAG Words ==== : The word '''sag''' means ''number'' and '''syag''' means ''calculation''. Here are some derivative words: ::* '''sag'''....''number, count'' :::* '''saga'''....''numeric'' :::* '''sagder'''....''to count, to enumerate'' :::* '''zesag'''....''average'' :::* '''sagdyun'''....''numeral'' :::* '''sagun'''....''digit'' :::* '''aynsag'''....''integer'' :::* '''vyesag'''....''ratio, quota'' :::* '''kosag'''....''cipher'' :::* '''golsag'''....''fraction'' :::* '''sagtun'''....''arithmetic'' ::::*'''asagtun'''....''mathematics'' ::::*'''esagtun'''....''algebra'' ::::*'''isagtun'''....''trigonometry'' ::::*'''usagtun'''....''calculus'' ::::*'''eksag'''....''score'' :::::*'''geeksag'''....''tie'' :::*'''sagtuin'''....''numerology'' :::*'''sagtuun'''....''statistic'' ::* '''syag'''....''calculation, computation'' :::* '''syagyofwa'''....''incalculable'' :::* '''syager'''....''to calculate, to compute'' :::* '''syagar'''....''calculator'' :::* '''syagir'''....''computer'' ==== XAG Words ==== : The morpheme '''xag''' means ''frequency'' and is used in the following ways: * As a frequency enumerator adverb: :* '''oxag'''....''never'' :* '''axag'''....''once'' :* '''exag'''....''twice'' :* '''ixag'''....''thrice'' * As an adverb with the '''ga-/ge-/go-''' multiplicator prefixes: ::* '''glaxag'''....''often, multiple times'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''gaxag vyel...'''....''more often than...'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''gwaxag'''....''as often as possible'' ::* '''gexag vyel...'''....''as often as...'' * As an adverb with the '''ho-''' deictic prefixes: ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how often?'' ::* '''hixag'''....''this often'' ::* '''huxag'''....''that often'' ::* '''huuxag van...'''....''so often that...'' ::* '''hyixag vyel...'''....''as often as...'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''never'' * As an adjective: ::* '''glaxaga'''....''frequent'' ::* '''xaga'''....''frequentative'' * As a verb: ::* '''xagper'''....''to frequent'' * As a noun: ::* '''ha xag'''....''the frequency'' === '''MAF''' ''cloud'', '''MAV''' ''flame'', '''MOV''' ''smoke'' === : The root word '''maf''' means ''cloud''. The diminutive '''mayf''' means ''puff''. ==== Types of Clouds ==== [[File:Clouds in Russia. img 517.jpg|thumb|]] : The words for different types of clouds are produced by internal vowel ordination: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Types of Clouds |- ! '''maf'''....''cloud'' |- | '''maaf'''....''stratus'' |- | '''maef'''....''nimbostratus'' |- | '''maif'''....''cumulus'' |- | '''mauf'''....''cumulonimbus'' |- | '''mayof'''....''stratocumulus'' |- | '''mayaf'''....''allocumulus'' |- | '''mayef'''....''allostratus'' |- | '''mayif'''....''cirrocumulus'' |- | '''mayuf'''....''cirrostratus'' |- | '''malof'''....''cirrus'' |} {{small/end}} ==== MAF Words ==== The word '''maf''' means ''cloud''. Here some derived words: :* '''maf'''....''cloud'' ::* '''marmaf'''....''galaxy'' :::* '''ebmarmafa'''....''intergalactic'' ::** '''Amarmaf'''....''Milky Way'' ::* '''mafika'''....''cloudy, turbid'' ::* '''mafuka'''....''cloudless'' ::* '''mafseux'''....''poof'' ::* '''mafuka'''....''cloudless'' ::* '''mafxer'''....''becloud, cloud, obfuscate'' :::* '''mafser'''....''cloud over'' :::* '''mafxwan'''....''obscurity'' ::* '''mameux maf'''....''thunder cloud, thundercloud'' ::* '''mamilmaf'''....''rain cloud'' ::* '''mapilmaf'''....''storm cloud'' ::* '''mayf'''....''puff, nebula'' :::* '''mayfxer'''....''to puff'' :::* '''movmayf'''....''puff of smoke'' :::* '''momaf'''....''nebula'' ::::* '''mayla momayf'''....''gaseous nebula'' :::* '''uvmaf'''....''pall'' ::* '''yagnyan bi mafi'''....''bank of clouds'' ::* '''yoba maf'''....''low cloud'' ::* '''zomaf'''....''contrail'' ==== MAV Words ==== : The root word '''mav''' means ''flame''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mav'''....''flame'' ::* '''dopmavyel'''....''napalm'' ::* '''igmav'''....''flare'' :::* '''igmavser'''....''flare up'' (intr.) :::* '''igmavxer'''....''cause to flare up, inflame'' (tr.) :* '''magalmavxar'''....''carburator'' ::* '''mavar'''....''torch'' :::* '''mavarbelut'''....''torchbearer'' :* '''mavig'''....''spark, flash'' ::* '''mavigar adopar'''....''flintlock, fusee'' ::* '''mavigar'''....''flint'' ::* '''mavigeser'''....''sparkle'' :::* '''mavigesar'''....''sparkler'' ::* '''mavigser'''....''spark'' (intr.) ::* '''mavigxer'''....''spark'' (tr.) ::* '''mavjwatuar'''....''fusee'' :* '''mavpuxar'''....''blowtorch, flame-thrower, flamethrower'' :* '''mavser'''....''become inflamed, flame, flare up, go up in flames'' ::* '''mavsea'''....''aflame, flamboyant, flaming'' ::* '''mavsyafa'''....''flammable'' ::* '''mavsyofwa'''....''nonflammable'' ::* '''mavsyukwa'''....''fiery'' :* '''mavugxul'''....''flame-retardant'' :* '''mavvaka'''....''flameproof'' :* '''mavxer'''....''inflame'' ::* '''mavxwa'''....''inflamed'' ::* '''mavxyea'''....''inflammatory'' :* '''ovmavxenul'''....''cortisone'' :* '''tayibmavxen'''....''neuritis'' :* '''zoymav'''....''flashback'' ==== MOV Words ==== : The root word '''mov''' means ''smoke''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mov'''....''smoke, fume'' ::* '''movier'''....''to smoke'' (a cigar, etc.) :::* '''movien'''....''smoking'' ::::* '''movienobtif'''....''tuxedo'' ::::* '''movientaf'''....''dinner jacket'' ::* '''movuer'''....''to fumigate, to smoke'' ::* '''movim'''....''smoking den'' ::* '''movmaeg'''....''cannel'' ::* '''movmays'''....''smokescreen'' ::* '''movukxar'''....''tail pipe, exhaust pipe'' ::* '''movmufyeg'''....''smokestack, chimney'' :::* '''movmufyeg vyixut'''....''chimney sweep'' ::* '''movyebnexam'''....''columbarium'' ::* '''mov jwadar'''....''smoke alarm'' ::* '''mov teakaxar'''....''smoke detector'' ::* '''mov zomof'''....''smoke plume'' === '''MEF''' ''brick'' '''MEV''' ''porcelain'' === : The root word '''mef''' means ''brick'', while '''mev''' means ''porcelain''. These base words have some sub-elements: :* '''mef'''....''brick, block, bar'' ::* '''meyf'''....''stick'' ::* '''meef'''....''slab'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' ::* '''meav'''....''ceramic'' ::* '''meev'''....''earthen ware, pottery'' ::* '''meiv'''....''faience'' : Here are some words that are derived from these roots: ::* '''mef'''....''brick, block, cube, bar'' :::* '''mefyan'''....''brickwork'' :::* '''mefber'''....''to lay brick'' ::::* '''mefben'''....''bricklaying'' ::::* '''mefbut'''....''bricklayer'' :::* '''aulk mef'''....''gold bar'' :::* '''faomef'''....''nog'' :::* '''feelkmef'''....''anvil, stithy'' :::* '''dresizmef'''....''stele'' :::* '''magmef'''....''firebrick'' ::::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick-red'' :::* '''mugmef'''....''bar, ingot'' :::* '''vabmef'''....''sod'' ::::* '''vabmefber'''....''sod'' :::* '''mepmef'''....''paver, paving block'' :::* '''zunilkmef'''....''spelter'' :::* '''zyimef'''....''flagstone'' ::* '''mefmas'''....''brick wall'' ::* '''mefsan'''....''slab, brick shape'' ::* '''mefsaxam'''....''brick factory'' :::* '''mefag'''....''block'' ::::* '''yommefag'''....''ice block'' :::* '''moges mefag'''....''cinder block'' ::* '''mefyig'''....''clinker'' ::* '''abmef'''....''tile'' :::* '''abmefber'''....''to lay tile'' ::::* '''abmefbut'''....''tile-layer'' :::* '''abmefsin'''....''mosaic'' :::* '''abmefyan'''....''tile work, tile-work'' :::* '''abmefyena'''....''tegular'' ::* '''ebmefxer'''....''to imbricate'' ::* '''meyf'''....''bar, stick, briquet'' :::* '''meyf bi vyixyel'''....''bar of soap'' :::* '''katefyelmeyf'''....''brownie'' :::* '''maegmeyf'''....''briquet, briquette'' :::* '''meyf bi bilyug'''....''stick of butter'' :::* '''meyf bi meyagdrar'''....''stick of chalk'' :::* '''meyf bi vyixyel mef'''....''bar of soap'' ::* '''mefog'''....''cube'' ::::* '''yommefog'''....''ice cube'' :::* '''mefogar'''....''dicer'' ::::* '''mefogxer'''....''cube, dice'' ::::* '''mefogxwa'''....''cubed, diced'' ::::* '''mefogxen'''....''dicing'' ::* '''meef'''....''slab'' :::* '''meef bi taol'''....''slab of meat'' ::* '''mev'''....''chinaware, porcelain'' :::* '''meva'''....''made of porcelain, of porcelain'' :::* '''Delft meevyan'''....''delftware'' :::* '''meav'''....''ceramic'' ::::* '''meava'''....''ceramic, made of ceramic'' ::::* '''meavgon'''....''potsherd'' ::::* '''meavsaxut'''....''ceramicist, ceramist'' ::::* '''meavun'''....''ceramic item'' ::::* '''meavut'''....''ceramicist, ceramist'' ::::* '''meavzyeb'''....''crocker'' :::::* '''meavzyebyan'''....''crockery'' :::* '''meev'''....''earthenware, pottery'' ::::* '''meevun'''....''piece of pottery'' ::::* '''meevut'''....''potter'' ::::* '''meevyan'''....''pottery'' :::* '''meiv'''....''faience'' ::::* '''zyefmeav'''....''glass ceramic'' === '''MAG''' ''fire'', '''MAK''' ''electricity'', '''MOG''' ''ash'' === :* '''mag'''....''fire'' :* '''mak'''....''electricity'' :* '''mog'''....''ash'' ==== MAG Words ==== :* '''mag'''....''fire'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' :::* '''gyomagxer'''....''to braze'' :* '''magyel'''....''oil'' ::* '''magyeler'''....''to fry'' :::* '''igmagyeler'''....''to sautee'' :* '''magler'''....''to roast'' ::* '''abmagler'''....''to grill'' ::* '''balmagler'''....''to pressure cook'' :* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' ::* '''ummageler'''....''to bake'' ::* '''yijmageler'''....''to broil'' ::* '''izmageler'''....''to sear'' :* '''magiler'''....''to boil'' ::* '''eynmagiler'''....''to parboil'' :* '''maeg'''....''coal'' ::* '''maegeler'''....''to charcoal, to barbecue'' ::* '''maegil'''....''gasoline'' ::* '''amaeg'''....''anthracite'' ::* '''emaeg'''....''peat'' ::* '''eymaeg'''....''coke'' ::* '''fumaeg'''....''culm'' ::* '''fyoalmaeg'''....''brimstone'' ::* '''imaeg'''....''lignite'' ::* '''movmaeg'''....''cannel'' :* '''mayg'''....''blaze'' :* '''magsul'''....''fuel'' ==== MAK Words ==== : The word '''mak''' means ''electricity''. The word '''maak''' is used for words having to do with ''electronic''. : Here are some words derived from '''mak''' (''electricity''): :* '''mak'''....''electricity'' ::* '''maka'''....''electric'' :::* '''maka azon'''....''electric power, electrical power'' :::* '''maka yexazon'''....''electric energy, electrical energy'' :::* '''maka ibzyeg'''....''electric outlet, electric socket, outlet'' :::* '''maka kaduzar'''....''electronic drum'' :::* '''maka muf'''....''electric pole'' :::* '''maak num'''....''electric cell'' :::* '''maka yuijbar'''....''electric switch'' :::* '''maka leduar'''....''electric guitar'' :::* '''maka manar'''....''electric lamp'' :::* '''maka manig'''....''electric spark'' :::* '''maka manzyuyn'''....''electric light bulb'' :::* '''maka mas ibzyeg'''....''electric wall socket'' :::* '''maka nyed'''....''electric grid, electrical grid'' :::* '''maka nyexar'''....''electric battery'' :::* '''maka nyif'''....''electric cable, electric cord, electric wire'' ::::* '''maka nyifuj'''....''electric plug'' :::::* '''maka nyifujibar'''....''electric outlet, electric socket'' :::* '''maka sim'''....''electric chair'' :::* '''maka siundrof'''....''electronic signboard'' :::* '''maka sur'''....''electric engine'' :::* '''maaka syagir'''....''electronic computer'' :::* '''maaka tuunexlur'''....''electronic data processor'' :::* '''maka yafon'''....''electric power'' ::::* '''maka yafonuam'''....''electric power plant'' :::* '''maka yextun'''....''electrical engineering'' ::::* '''maka yextut'''....''electrical engineer'' :::* '''maka yijlar'''....''electronic key, fob'' :::* '''maka zyup'''....''electric circuit, electrical circuit'' ::* '''makabraxena'''....''electrostatic'' ::* '''makama'''....''electrothermal'' ::* '''makxea'''....''electrifying'' ::* '''makazon'''....''electric energy, electric power, electrical power'' ::* '''makbixfeelk'''....''electromagnet'' :::* '''makbixfeelka'''....''electro-magnetic, electromagnetic'' ::::* '''makbixfeelka pyaon'''....''electro-magnetic wave'' ::* '''makebdras'''....''email, e-mail, electronic message'' :::* '''makebdrasgran'''....''spam'' ::* '''makebdrer'''....''to email'' ::* '''makgron'''....''brownout'' ::* '''makifekam'''....''arcade'' ::* '''makig'''....''spark'' :::* '''makigar'''....''spark plug, sparkplug'' :::* '''makiges'''....''sparklet'' :::* '''makigpyex'''....''jolt of electricity'' ::* '''makijbar'''....''ignition switch'' ::* '''makijber'''....''switch on'' ::* '''makilp'''....''current, electrical current, flow of electricity'' :::* '''makilpsag'''....''amperage, ampere'' :::* '''makilpnagar'''....''ammeter'' :::* '''makilpok'''....''dropout'' ::* '''makizbul'''....''electrolyte, electrolytic'' ::* '''makmanar'''....''electric lamp, electric light'' :::* '''makmanarbexar'''....''electrolier'' :::* '''makmanaren'''....''electrical lighting'' ::* '''makmis'''....''electrode'' :::* '''makmiseon'''....''diode'' ::* '''makmufzyeg'''....''klystron'' ::* '''makmugmoysber'''....''to galvanize'' ::* '''makmus'''....''escalator'' ::* '''maknagar'''....''electrometer'' ::* '''maknaud'''....''electric beam, electric ray'' ::* '''makned'''....''electrotype'' :::* '''maknedxer'''....''electroplate'' ::* '''maknod'''....''blip'' ::* '''maknyaxyaf'''....''capacitance'' ::* '''maknyexar'''....''battery'' :::* '''maknyexar-exwa'''....''battery-operated'' :::* '''maknyexar-yafonuwa'''....''battery-powered'' :::* '''maknyif'''....''electrical cord'' ::::* '''maknyifbut'''....''lineman'' ::::* '''maknyifibar'''....''electrical socket'' ::* '''makok'''....''blackout'' :::* '''makoker'''....''to dim, to fade'' ::* '''makpana'''....''electromotive'' ::* '''makpyuxrer'''....''to electrocute, shock, zap'' ::* '''maksaxar'''....''electric generator'' ::* '''makseux'''....''zap'' ::* '''maksira'''....''electromechanical'' ::* '''maksom'''....''appliance, electrical appliance'' ::* '''maksur'''....''electric motor'' ::* '''makteaxar'''....''electroscope'' ::* '''maktyebdrar'''....''electroencephalograph'' :::* '''maktyebdras'''....''electroencephalogram'' ::* '''maktiibdrar'''....''electrocardiograph'' :::* '''maktiibdras'''....''electrocardiogram'' ::* '''maktojber'''....''electrocute'' ::* '''makujber'''....''switch off'' ::* '''makut'''....''electrician'' ::* '''makuzyun'''....''solenoid'' ::* '''makvaka'''....''shockproof, grounded'' :::* '''makvakxer'''....''ground'' ::* '''makxer'''....''to electrify'' :::* '''makxwa'''....''electrified'' ::* '''makyafon'''....''electric power'' :::* '''makyafonuam'''....''electric power plant'' :::* '''makyafonuer'''....''power with electricity'' :::* '''makyafonuwa'''....''electric-powered'' ::* '''makyel'''....''amber'' ::* '''makyija'''....''on'' :::* '''makyijber'''....''turn on, turn on the electricity'' :::* '''makyijbwa'''....''switched on'' ::* '''makyijlar'''....''electronic key, fob'' ::* '''makyuijar'''....''electric plug, electric switch, on switch, plug, switch'' :::* '''makyuijar yafonnuus'''....''switcher'' ::::* '''makyuijarmes'''....''switchboard'' ::::* '''makyuijaryafwa'''....''pluggable'' ::* '''makyuja'''....''off'' :::* '''makyujar'''....''off switch'' :::* '''makyujber'''....''turn off, turn off the electricity'' :::* '''makyujbwa'''....''switched off'' ::* '''makyuzpur'''....''streetcar'' ::* '''mamak'''....''lightning'' :::* '''mamak igpyex'''....''lightning bolt'' :::* '''mamak manig'''....''lightning flash'' :::* '''mamak muf'''....''lightning rod'' :::* '''mamak yokpyex'''....''lightning bolt'' ::::* '''mamaka'''....''fulgurant'' ::::* '''mamakdopar'''....''blitzkrieg'' ::::* '''mamaker'''....''fulgurate, strike lightning'' ::::* '''mamakovar'''....''grounding, lightning rod'' ::* '''manmaka'''....''photoelectric'' :::* '''manmakum'''....''photocell, photoelectric cell'' ::* '''milmak'''....''hydro-electricity, hydroelectricity'' :::* '''milmaka'''....''hydro-electric, hydroelectric'' ::::* '''milmaka mipovmas'''....''hydroelectric dam'' ::::* '''milmaka saxam'''....''hydroelectric plant'' ::::* '''milmaka yafon'''....''hydroelectric power'' ::* '''oogmaaka'''....''microelectronic'' ::* '''omaka'''....''nonelectric, nonelectrical'' :::* '''omakxwa'''....''off the grid, unelectrified'' :* '''pyexwer bey mamak'''....''be stricken by lightning'' :* '''ujber ha mak'''....''turn off the electricity'' ::* '''balmak'''....''piezoelectricity'' :::* '''balmaka'''....''piezoelectric'' ::* '''enmaka'''....''dielectric'' ::* '''exea maknyif'''....''live wire, livewire'' ::* '''inmakmis'''....''triode'' ::* '''makilp'''....''electric current'' :::* '''iza makilp'''....''d.c., direct current'' :::* '''zaokyasea makilp'''....''a.c., a.c., alternating current'' ::* '''maaka'''....''electronic'' :::* '''maaktyen'''....''electronics'' ::* '''maalmak'''....''static'' :::* '''ovmaalmak'''....''antistatic'' ::* '''vamakmis'''....''anode'' ::* '''vomakmis'''....''cathode'' ::* '''yijber ha mak'''....''turn on the electricity'' ::* '''yokpyex bi mak'''....''burst of electricity'' ==== MOG Words ==== : Here are some words derived from '''mog''' (''ash''): :* '''mog'''....''ash'' ::* '''faomog'''....''potash'' ::* '''magmemyaza mog'''....''volcanic ash'' ::* '''mog belar'''....''ash tray'' ::* '''moga'''....''cinerary'' ::* '''mogaya'''....''ashy, full of ash'' ::* '''moges'''....''cinder'' :::* '''moges mef'''....''cinder block'' ::* '''mogika'''....''ashy, full of ash'' ::* '''mogil'''....''lye'' ::* '''mog-maolza'''....''ash gray'' ::* '''mogteizber'''....''cense'' ::* '''moguar'''....''thurible'' ::* '''mog-volza'''....''ash-colored, ashen'' ::* '''mogxer'''....''cremate, incinerate, reduce to ashes'' :::* '''mogxam'''....''crematorium'' :::* '''mogxar'''....''cremator, crematory, incinerator'' :::* '''mogxen'''....''cremating, cremation, incineration'' :::* '''mogxim'''....''cremation chamber'' :::* '''mogxwa'''....''cremated, incinerated, reduced to ashes'' ::* '''mogyeb'''....''ashcan'' ::* '''mogzyebag'''....''urn of ashes'' === '''MAJ''' ''daytime'', '''MOJ''' ''nighttime'' === : The root word '''maj''' means ''daytime'', while '''moj''' is the opposite, ''nighttime''. ==== Times of Day ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Times of Day |- ! DAY / NIGHT !! PERIODS |- | rowspan=7 | '''maj'''....''daytime, sunup hours'' || '''majij'''....''dawn'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon'' |- | '''jazemaj (JaZ.)'''....''ante-meridian, AM'' |- | '''jozemaj (JoZ.)'''....''afternoon, postmeridian, PM'' |- | '''jwomaj'''....''late day'' |- | '''majuj'''....''dusk, twilight'' |- | rowspan=4 | '''moj'''....''night, sundown hours'' || '''jwamoj'''....''evening'' |- | '''jwomoj'''....''late night, wee hours'' |- | '''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |} {{small/end}} : Note: '''jub''' ''day'' is a general word referring to the whole 24-hour cycle without reference to morning or night. '''Maj''' refers to the daylight hours and '''moj''' to the sundown hours. : Examples of usage with '''maj''' and '''moj''' ::* '''At teato et <u>zajub jwamaj</u>.'''....''I will see you <u>tomorrow morning</u>.'' ::* '''Yat teapa iyt <u>zojub jozemaj</u>.'''....''We visited her <u>yesterday afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''Ha maar yope <u>be majuj</u>.'''....''The sun sets <u>at dusk</u>.'' ::* '''Mamila <u>zojub jwamoj</u>.'''....''It rained <u>yesterday evening</u>.'' ::* '''At tijpe <u>be majij</u>.'''....''I wake up <u>at dawn</u>.'' : Examples of usage with '''jub''': ::* '''hijub'''....''today'' ::* '''zojub'''....''yesterday'' :::* '''jazojub'''....''the day before yesterday'' ::* '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' :::* '''jozajub'''....''the day after tomorrow'' ::* '''bi jub bu jub'''....''from day to day'' ::* '''hyajub'''....''everyday'' ::* '''ha ayna jub'''....''the whole day, all day'' ::* '''zya ha jub'''....''throughout the day'' ::* '''bi hijub zay'''....''from this day on'' ::* '''ji hujub'''....''since that day'' ::* '''ojo zajub'''....''by tomorrow'' ::* '''hijubi'''....''these days'' ::* '''hujub'''....''that day'' ::* '''hujubi'''....''those days'' ::* '''hejub'''....''some day'' ::* '''hyejub'''....''any day, whatever day'' ::* '''duhojub?'''....''which day?'' ::* '''je jubi'''....''for days'' ::* '''ewa jubi jay'''....''two days ago'' ::* '''iwa jubi joy'''....''two days hence'' ::* '''ji gle jubi'''....''a few days since'' ::* '''ju zajub'''....''until tomorrow'' ::* '''lojo zajub'''....''by tomorrow'' ::* '''loja zajub'''....''no earlier than tomorrow'' ::* '''ja jubuj'''....''before day's end'' ::* '''jubyaga pop'''....''a day-long trip'' ::* '''bi awa jub byu ha zanapas'''....''from one day to the next'' ::* '''jub-bu-jub'''....''day-to-day'' ::* '''be ha aja jubi'''....''in the olden days'' ::* '''be hea oja jub'''....''on some future day'' ::* '''bi majij bu majuj'''....''from dawn to dusk'' ==== MAJ Words ==== :* '''maj'''....''day'' ::* '''Fimaj!'''....''good day!'' :::* '''fimajder'''....''say good day'' ::* '''zajub maj'''....''tomorrow during the day'' ::* '''zojub maj'''....''yesterday during the day'' ::* '''majbik'''....''daycare'' ::* '''majdez'''....''matinee, matinée'' ::* '''majij'''....''cockcrow, dawn, daybreak'' :::* '''majija'''....''auroral'' :::* '''majijdeuz'''....''evensong'' :::* '''majijen'''....''dawning'' ::* '''majman'''....''daylight'' ::* '''majob'''....''daytime'' :::* '''majoba'''....''daylong, daytime, diurnal'' ::::* '''majobay'''....''diurnally'' ::* '''majsum'''....''daybed'' ::* '''majuj'''....''nightfall, twilight'' :::* '''majuja'''....''crepuscular, of twilight'' :::* '''majujyena'''....''twilightish'' :::* '''fimajujder'''....''say good evening'' ::* '''jwamaj'''....''morning'' :::* '''jwamaj mar'''....''morningstar'' :::* '''jwamaj taf'''....''housecoat'' :::* '''Fijwamaj!'''....''Good morning!'' :::* '''zajub jwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning'' :::* '''juab jwamaj'''....''Monday morning'' :::* '''zojub jwamaj'''....''yesterday morning'' :::* '''jwamaja'''....''matinal, matutinal, morning'' ::* '''jwomaj'''....''afternoon, late day'' :::* '''Fijwomaj!'''....''Good afternoon!, Good evening!'' :::* '''jwomaja'''....''afternoon, late day'' :::* '''jwojozemaja'''....''late afternoon'' ::* '''zemaj'''....''midnoon, noon, noonday, noontide, noontime'' :::* '''zemaja'''....''noontime'' :::* '''jazemaj'''....''a.m., ante-meridian, forenoon, matinee'' :::* '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon, p.m., post-meridian'' ::::* '''jozemaja'''....''postmeridian'' ::::* '''juab jozemaj'''....''Monday afternoon'' ::::* '''Fijozemaj!'''....''Good afternoon!'' ==== MOJ Words ==== : Here are words derived from '''moj''': :* '''moj'''....''night'' ::* '''moja'''....''nocturnal'' ::* '''mojfyadili'''....''vespers'' ::* '''mojdeuz'''....''evensong'' ::* '''mojob'''....''soiree'' ::* '''mojij'''....''dusk, nightfall, twilight'' ::* '''jwamoj'''....''evening, early night'' ::* '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' ::* '''je ha moj'''....''during the night'' ::* '''Fimoj!'''....''Good night!'' ::* '''gemoj'''....''equinox'' ::* '''himoj'''....''tonight'' ::* '''mojbeser'''....''to stay the night'' ::* '''mojtayf'''....''nightgown'' ::* '''mojtilam'''....''nightclub'' ::* '''zajub moj'''....''tomorrow night'' ::* '''zemoj'''....''midnight'' :::* '''jozemoj'''....''wee hours of the morning'' ::* '''zojub moj'''....''last night'' :::* '''zojub jwamoj'''....''early last night'' ::* '''zojub jwomoj'''....''late last night'' ::* '''zomoj'''....''eve'' :::* '''Kristajub Zomoj'''....''Christmas Eve'' === '''MAN''' ''light'', '''MON''' ''dark'' === : The root '''man''' means ''light'', while '''mon''' is its opposite, ''dark''. ==== MAN Words ==== : The rootword '''man''' means ''light'' (as opposed to ''dark''). By suffixing '''ar''' (''instrument''), we get '''manar''', meaning ''lamp''. : Types of lamps and lights: :* '''manar'''....''lamp'' ::* '''alzamxea manar'''....''incandescent lamp'' ::* '''aman manar'''....''heat lamp'' ::* '''ansanpiateyob manar'''....''gooseneck lamp'' ::* '''byasea manar'''....''floor lamp'' ::* '''domep manar'''....''street light'' ::* '''dopek manar'''....''battle lantern'' ::* '''drilar manar'''....''penlight'' ::* '''igmanuijar'''....''blinker'' ::* '''izmanar'''....''laser'' ::* '''jwadea manar'''....''warning light'' ::* '''maegil manar'''....''gas lamp'' ::* '''maegil manar'''....''kerosene lamp'' ::* '''magyel manar'''....''oil lamp'' ::* '''makmanar'''....''electric light'' ::* '''makuz manar'''....''arc lamp'' ::* '''mammanar'''....''skylight'' ::* '''manigar'''....''strobe light'' ::* '''mansiunar'''....''traffic light'' ::* '''manuf'''....''candle'' ::* '''manzexar'''....''spotlight'' ::* '''mapmanar'''....''blowlamp'' ::* '''masmanar'''....''sconce'' ::* '''mimanur'''....''lighthouse'' ::* '''mimgrun manar'''....''anchor light'' ::* '''mojmanar'''....''night light'' ::* '''nielk manar'''....''neon light'' ::* '''polkxea manar'''....''phosphorescent light'' ::* '''sumkuma manar'''....''bedside lamp'' ::* '''tuyab manar'''....''flashlight'' ::* '''uznad manar'''....''klieglight'' ::* '''vokmanar'''....''hazard light'' ::* '''zamanar'''....''headlight'' ::* '''zyamanar'''....''floodlight'' :* '''man'''....''light'' ::* '''amarman'''....''sunlight'' ::* '''amurman'''....''moonlight'' ::* '''fyamanzyus'''....''halo'' ::* '''magman'''....''firelight'' ::* '''majman'''....''daylight'' ::* '''marman'''.....''starlight'' ::* '''yuzman'''....''aureola'' ::* '''zoyman'''....''reflection'' : Verbs having to do with light: :* '''ammanuer'''....''to glow'' :* '''azmaniger'''....''to flare'' :* '''izmanuer'''....''to glare'' :* '''kyamanser'''....''to shimmer'' :* '''manaudxer'''....''to radiate'' :* '''manazaxer'''....''to turn up the light'' :* '''maniger'''....''to flash'' :* '''manigeser'''....''to glitter'' :* '''manijber'''....''to turn on the light'' :* '''manoker'''....''to fade'' :* '''manozaxer'''....''to turn down the light'' :* '''manteazuer'''....''to bedazzle'' :* '''manuer'''....''to illuminate'' :* '''manuijer'''....''to flicker'' :* '''manujber'''....''to turn off the light'' :* '''manzexer'''....''to spotlight'' :* '''mazaxer'''....''to brighten'' :* '''mazuer'''....''to shine'' :* '''zoymanxer'''....''to reflect'' ==== MON Words ==== : The root '''mon''' means ''dark'', while the diminutive '''moyn''' means ''shade''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mon'''....''darkness, dark, obscurity'' ::* '''eynmon'''....''half-light, penumbra, shade'' :::* '''eynmona'''....''opaque, partially obscure shadowy'' :::* '''eynmona milvolz'''....''gouache'' :::* '''eynmonxer'''....''adumbrate'' ::::* '''eynmonxwa'''....''adumbrated, partially obscured'' ::* '''mona'''....''dark, obscure'' :::* '''mona mul'''....''dark matter'' :::* '''monan'''....''obscurity'' ::* '''monmaf'''....''dark cloud'' ::* '''monmeg'''....''onyx'' ::* '''monmepkexer'''....''grope, find one's way in the dark'' ::* '''monsan'''....''shadow'' :::* '''monsan ektobet'''....''shadow-puppet'' :::* '''monsanika'''....''shadowy'' :::* '''monsanxer'''....''to shadow'' :::* '''monsanyena'''....''shadow-like'' ::* '''montim'''....''darkroom'' ::* '''moynuyeas'''....''pergola'' ::* '''monxer'''....''darken, obscure'' :::* '''monser'''....''darken, get darker'' :::* '''monxul'''....''darkener'' ::* '''monyuf'''....''fear of the dark'' :* '''moyn'''....''shade'' ::* '''fabmoynarwa'''....''sheltered by trees'' ::* '''fayebmoyn'''....''umbrage'' ::* '''ikmoyn'''....''umbra'' ::* '''moynar'''....''shade (instrument)'' :::* '''amar moynar'''....''sun shade'' :::* '''mis moynar'''....''window shade'' ::* '''moyna'''....''dim, dismal, dusky, somber, swarthy'' ::* '''moynaybtom'''....''bowery'' ::* '''moynarer'''....''to shade'' ::* '''moynika'''....''shady, sombre'' ::* '''moynser'''....''to grow dim'' ::* '''moynxer'''....''to dim'' === '''MAZ''' ''bright'' and '''MOZ''' ''dark'' === :* '''maz'''....''shine, glow, glare, gleam, lustre'' ::* '''maza'''....''glossy, bright, shiny, brilliant'' :::* '''mazan'''....''glossiness, brightness, shinyness, brilliance'' ::::* '''mazaser'''....''to brighten, to shine, to glow, to glisten'' ::::* '''mazaxer'''....''to brighten, to shine'' ::* '''mazaulkvib'''....''tinsel'' ::* '''mayz'''....''glister'' ::* '''mazig'''....''glitter, sparkle, glint'' :::* '''mazigaya'''....''glittery, sparkly, glinty'' ::::* '''mazigayan'''....''glitteriness, sparkliness, glintiness'' ::* '''mazigser'''....''to glitter, to sparkle'' :::* '''mazigsea'''....''glittering, sparkling'' :* '''moz'''....''dark'' ::* '''moza'''....''dark'' :::* '''moza aybpovil'''....''stout ale'' :::* '''moza mul'''....''dark matter'' :::* '''moza taol'''....''dark meat'' :::* '''moza tim'''....''dark room'' :::* '''moztipa'''...''dismal, gloomy'' :::* '''mozaser'''....''to darken'' (intr.) :::* '''mozaxer'''....''to darken'' (tr.) :::* '''mozima'''....''dank'' ::* '''moyza'''....''dim'' :::* '''moyzaser'''....''to dim'' :::* '''moyzaxer'''....''to dim'' :::* '''moyztepa'''....''dimwitted'' === '''MEG''' ''stone'', '''MEZ''' ''gem'', '''MEK''' ''dust'', etc. === :* '''meg'''....''stone'' :* '''mez'''....''gem'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' ::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''myeik'''....''dough, paste, pulp'' ::* '''maek'''....''soot'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''mulk'''....''chemical element'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' ==== MEG Words ==== : The root word '''meg''' means ''stone, rock''. Types of common rocks are formed by prefixing an ordinal to the stem, eg.: ::* '''ameg'''....''marble'' ::* '''emeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''imeg'''....''granite'' ::* '''umeg'''....''clay, dough, daub'' ::* '''yomeg'''....''china'' ::* '''yameg'''....''chalk'' ::* '''yemeg'''....''limestone'' ::* '''yimeg'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''yumeg'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''alomeg'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' : There is also: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder, rock'' ::* '''megog'''....''cobblestone'' ::* '''meges'''....''granule, grit'' ::* '''yanmeg'''....''cement'' ::* '''meggos'''....''gravel'' ::* '''meggyos'''....''ragstone'' ::* '''mimeg'''....''pebble'' :::* '''mimegyos'''....''silt'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''maeg'''....''coal'' :::* '''amaeg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''eynmaeg'''....''coke'' :::* '''emaeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''imaeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''myeik'''....''dough, pulp'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''mug'''....''metal'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' : The suffix '''-meg''' is used for words in English words ending in ''-lith'' :* '''agrameg'''....''megalith'' :* '''aletayubmeg'''....''cholelith, gallstone'' :* '''anmeg'''....''monolith'' :* '''aynmeg'''....''hololith'' :* '''hyumeg'''....''xenolith'' :* '''jwameg'''....''eolith'' :* '''patikebmeg'''....''gastrolith'' :* '''tiyabilmeg'''....''urolith'' :* '''aajmegjouba'''....''paleolithic'' ==== MEZ Words ==== : The root word '''mez''' means ''crystal, gem''. : The common gemstones are: ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''mamiluzmez'''....''prism'' ::* '''amez'''....''diamond'' :::* '''vyoamez'''....''rhinestone, strass'' ::* '''emez'''....''topaz'' ::* '''imez'''....''ruby'' ::* '''umez'''....''emerald'' ::* '''yomez'''....''sapphire'' ::* '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' ::* '''yemez'''....''amethyst'' ::* '''yimez'''....''amber'' ::* '''yumez'''....''obsidian'' ::* '''alomez'''....''opal'' ::* '''alamez'''....''tourmaline'' ::* '''alemez'''....''garnet, carbuncle'' ::* '''alimez'''....''zirconia'' ::* '''alumez'''....''jasper'' ::* '''alyomez'''....''jade'' ::* '''alyamez'''....''morganite'' ::* '''alyemez'''....''quartz'' :::* '''movalyemez'''....''smoky quartz, cairngormstone'' ::* '''alyimez'''....''malachite'' ::* '''elomez'''....''calcite'' ::* '''elamez'''....''mica'' ::* '''elemez'''....''apatite'' ::* '''elimez'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''elumez'''....''halite, rock salt'' ::* '''elyomez'''....''magnetite'' ::* '''elyamez'''....''hematite'' ::* '''elyemez'''....''pyrite, fool's gold'' ::* '''elyimez'''....''beryl'' ::* '''elyumez'''....''talc'' ::* '''ilomez'''....''kaolin'' ::* '''ilamez'''....''garnet'' ::* '''ilemez'''....''corundum'' ::* '''ilimez'''....''pearl'' ::* '''ilumez'''....''onyx, chalcedony'' ::* '''ilyomez'''....''sardonyx'' ::* '''ilyamez'''....''citrine'' ::* '''ilyemez'''....''rose quartz'' ::* '''ilyimez'''....''agate'' ::* '''ilyumez'''....''peridot'' ::* '''ulomez'''....''aquamarine'' ::* '''ulamez'''....''turquoise'' ::* '''ulemez'''....''moonstone'' ::* '''ulimez'''....''sunstone'' ::* '''ulumez'''....''spinel'' ::* '''ulyomez'''....''iolite'' ::* '''ulyamez'''....''morganite'' ::* '''ulyemez'''....''tanzanite'' : Alternates: ::* '''piyez''' for ''pearl'' ::* '''makyel''' for ''amber or electrum'' ==== MEK, MYEK, MIEK Words ==== :* '''mek'''....''dust'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder, grounds, flour'' :::* '''myeik'''....''dough, paste, pasta, pulp'' (a hybrid of water and powder) ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' (a hybrid of sea and dust) : Here are some derivatives of '''mek''': :* '''mek'''...''dust'' ::* '''filmek'''....''leaven, yeast, zyme'' :::* '''filmektun'''....''zymology'' :::* '''filmektyen'''....''zymurgy'' :::* '''filmekxer'''....''to leaven'' :::* '''ofilmekxwa'''....''unleavened'' ::* '''mekil'''....''meal, gruel, mash'' :::* '''mekilxer'''....''to mash'' :::* '''zepovob mekil'''....''cornmeal'' :::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' :::* '''mekilyena'''....''mealy'' ::* '''ilmekuer'''....''to spray'' :::* '''ilmekuar'''....''spray gun'' :::* '''volzilmekuar'''....''spray paint gun'' ::* '''ilpmek'''....''alluvium'' ::* '''mekbaxlar'''....''whisk'' ::* '''mekika'''....''dusty'' ::* '''marmek'''....''stardust'' ::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' ::* '''masmekyel'''....''stucco'' ::* '''mekmapag'''....''dust bowl'' ::* '''mekmapuzlun'''....''dust storm'' ::* '''mekmem'''....''heath'' ::* '''meknov'''....''dustcloth'' ::* '''meknyem'''....''dustbin'' ::* '''mekobar'''....''dust mop'' :::* '''mekobarer'''....''to dust'' ::* '''mekovof'''....''dust ruffler'' ::* '''mekxer'''....''to pulverize'' ::* '''mekzyun'''....''dust ball, dust kitty'' ::* '''tolmek'''....''spice'' :::* '''tolmekber'''....''to season, to spice'' :::* '''tolmekaza'''....''spicy, hot'' :::* '''tolmekeza'''....''medium spicy'' :::* '''tolmekoza'''....''mild spicy'' :::* '''tolmekyom'''....''sherbet'' :::* '''otolmekbwa'''....''unspiced'' :::* '''amtolmekuer'''....''to mull'' ::* '''yaozgoblar mek'''....''sawdust'' : Some derivatives of '''myek''': :* '''dopmyek'''....''gunpowder'' :* '''dopmyeksaxam'''....''gunpowder factory'' :* '''drilmyek'''....''ink toner'' :* '''faomyek'''....''pulp, wood pulp'' ::* '''faomyekxer'''....''to pulp'' ::* '''faomyekika'''....''pulpy'' ::* '''ikmyekxer'''....''to crush, to smash, to obliterate'' :::* '''ikmyekxun'''....''debris, detritus, crush'' :* '''myek'''....''powder, grounds, flour'' ::* '''koffeyl myek'''....''coffee grounds'' ::* '''malzaxea myek'''....''bleaching powder, bleach'' ::* '''manar myek'''....''lampblack'' ::* '''megmyek'''....''rock flour, stonemeal'' :::* '''megmyekxer'''....''to quern'' ::* '''myek bil'''....''powdered milk'' ::* '''myek faosyeb'''....''powder keg'' ::* '''myek koffeyl'''....''instant coffee'' ::* '''myek nyem'''....''powder compact'' ::* '''myek yugzyun'''....''powder puff'' ::* '''myekxer'''....''to crush, to mill, to granulate, to grind'' ::* '''myekar'''....''mill, grater, grinder'' :::* '''bilyig myekar'''....''cheese grater'' :::* '''gosmalvob myekar'''....''cotton gin'' :::* '''koffeyl myekar'''....''coffee grinder, coffee mill'' :::* '''taol myekar'''....''meat grinder'' ::* '''myekir'''....''mill'' :::* '''mapmyekir'''....''windmill'' :::* '''milmyekir'''....''watermill'' :::* '''mimuip myekir'''....''tidal mill'' :::* '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' :::* '''myekirtam'''....''millhouse'' :::* '''myekirtom'''....''mill'' :::* '''myekirut'''....''miller'' ::::* '''gosmalvob myekirtom'''....''cotton mill'' ::* '''myekuer'''...''to powder'' :::* '''milmyekuer'''....''to sprinkle, to spray'' ::::* '''milmyekuar'''....''sprinkler, spray gun'' :::* '''ilmyekuer'''....''to sprinkle, to spray'' ::* '''myekxer'''....''to grind, to crush, to grate, to gnash'' :::* '''myekxea meg'''....''millstone, quern'' :::* '''myekxea zyuk'''....''grindstone'' :::* '''myekxer ota teupibi'''....''to grind one's teeth, to gnash one's teeth'' :::* '''myekxwa'''....''ground, mashed, crushed, grated'' ::::* '''myekxwa arvob'''....''peanut butter'' ::::* '''myekxwa bilyig'''....''grated cheese'' ::::* '''myekxwa bopel'''....''ground beef'' ::::* '''myekxwa veyeb'''....''crushed malt'' ::::* '''myekxwa yeveb'''....''hummus'' ::::* '''myekxwa zyef'''....''ground glass'' ::* '''satalmyek'''....''garlic powder'' ::* '''taibmyek'''....''bonemeal'' ::* '''tebzan myek'''....''face powder'' ::* '''teilyeb ay myekar'''....''mortar and pestle'' ::* '''teupib myek'''....''tooth powder'' ::* '''tyoyabmyekar'''....''treadmill'' ::* '''veeybmyek'''....''grist'' ::* '''vosmyek'''....''pollen'' ::* '''vyilxen myek'''....''washing powder'' ::* '''yaben myek'''....''baking soda'' ::* '''yoma myek'''....''glacial flour'' ::* '''zepovoyb myek'''....''hominy grits'' : Some derivatives of '''myeik''': :* '''myeik'''....''dough, pulp, paste, pasta, putty'' ::* '''abaxler myeik'''....''to knead dough'' ::* '''amlofayeba myeik'''....''phyllo pastry'' ::* '''faomyek'''....''pulp, wood pulp'' :::* '''dref faomyeik'''....''paper pulp'' ::* '''mimol myeik'''....''salt dough'' ::* '''moabujlea myeik'''....''caulking putty'' :::* '''myeikar'''....''putty knife'' ::* '''myeikser'''....''to ferment'' ::* '''myeikxer'''....''to knead, to pulp'' :::* '''myeikxut'''....''pastry-maker'' :::* '''myeikzyun'''....''dumpling'' ::::* '''myeikzyuni'''....''gnocchi, dumplings'' ::* '''povelmyeik'''....''bread dough, pasta'' ::* '''yigzamyeik'''....''sourdough'' : Some derivatives of '''miek''': : '''miek'''....''sand, grit'' ::* '''aummiek'''....''simoom'' ::* '''eynamurmiekyaz'''....''lunette'' ::* '''goyn bi miek'''....''grain of sand'' ::* '''igmiek'''....''quicksand'' ::* '''komieknyan'''....''sandbank'' ::* '''kyapea miek'''....''shifting sand'' ::* '''miek sazun'''....''sand sculpture'' ::* '''miek tamaz'''....''sand scupture'' ::* '''miekanyan'''....''psammosere'' ::* '''miek yanbuxrun'''....''sand drift'' ::* '''miekar'''....''sander'' :::* '''miekarer'''....''to sand'' ::* '''miekika'''....''sandy, gritty, sabulous, arenous'' ::* '''miekdrev'''....''sandpaper'' :::* '''miekdrevaber'''....''to sandpaper'' ::* '''miekem'''....''beach, sandy area, heath, moor'' ::* '''miekiblem'''....''sand quarry'' ::* '''miekjwobar'''....''hourglass'' ::* '''miekmapuzlun'''....''sandstorm'' ::* '''miekmeges'''....''aggregate, sand and gravel'' ::* '''miekmem'''....''heath'' ::* '''mieknyan'''....''sandbar'' ::* '''mieknyem'''....''sandbox'' ::* '''miekpar'''....''beach buggy, dune buggy, sand rail'' ::* '''miekpyexrar'''....''sandblaster'' ::* '''miektwob'''....''sandman'' ::* '''miekyagnyan'''....''shoal'' ::* '''miekyaz'''....''dune, sand dune'' :::* '''miekyaznad'''....''barchan, sandbank, sandbar, sandbridge'' ::* '''miekyeb'''....''sandbox'' ::* '''miekyeg'''....''sandpit'' ::* '''miekyoznad'''....''shoal'' ::* '''oybixmiek'''....''quicksand'' ::* '''ulzmiek'''....''greensand'' === '''MOL''' ''nature'' === : The base word '''mol''', which means ''nature'' is the topmost element of a geo-specific series of words, eg: :* '''mol'''....''nature'' ::* '''mal'''....''air'' ::* '''mel'''....''soil'' ::* '''mil'''....''water'' ::* '''mul'''....''substance, stuff, matter'' ==== MOL Words ==== : Here are some derivatives of '''mol''': :* '''mol'''....''nature'' ::* '''mola'''....''natural'' :::* '''mola doyiv'''....''natural right'' :::* '''mola izbux'''....''natural impulse'' :::* '''molan'''....''naturalness'' :::* '''molay'''....''naturally, of course'' :* '''amola'''....''primitive'' :* '''bey mol'''....''by nature'' :* '''byimol'''....''origin'' ::* '''byimola'''....''original'' :::* '''byimola fyox'''....''original sin'' :* '''gelmola'''....''connate, connatural'' :* '''ijmol'''....''origin, source'' ::* '''ijmola'''....''original, primal'' :::* '''ijmola teud'''....''primal scream'' :* '''jwamola'''....''preternatural'' :* '''molazon'''....''force of nature'' :* '''molifron'''....''physiolatry'' :* '''molin'''....''naturalism'' ::* '''molina'''....''naturalistic'' ::* '''molinut'''....''naturalist'' :* '''molizbux'''....''instinct'' ::* '''molizbuxa'''....''instinctive, instinctual'' :* '''moltun'''....''natural science, physics'' ::* '''moltun surtyen'''....''physical engineering'' ::* '''moltun surtyut'''....''physics engineer'' ::* '''moltuna'''....''physics-related'' ::* '''moltut'''....''natural scientist, physicist'' :* '''molxer'''....''naturalize'' ::* '''molxen'''....''naturalization'' ::* '''molxwa'''....''naturalized'' :* '''molyena'''....''natural, naturalistic'' ::* '''molyenan'''....''naturalness'' ::* '''molyenay'''....''naturally'' :* '''molyuba'''....''earthy, close to nature'' ::* '''molyuban'''....''earthiness'' :* '''mommoltun'''....''astrophysics'' ::* '''mommoltuna'''....''astrophysical'' ::* '''mommoltut'''....''astrophysicist'' :* '''omola'''....''artificial, ersatz, unnatural'' ::* '''omola sakol'''....''artificial sugar'' :::* '''omolan'''....''artificiality, unnaturalness'' :::* '''omolat'''....''fay, ghost, unnatural creature'' ::* '''omolay'''....''artificially, unnaturally'' :::* '''omoltayebun'''....''hairpiece, wig'' ::::* '''omoltayebunog'''....''wiglet'' :* '''oyeybmola'''....''extrinsinc'' :* '''vyamol'''....''essence, true nature'' ::* '''vyamola'''....''essential, real'' :* '''yebmola'''....''instrinsic'' ::* '''yebmolay'''....''intrinsically'' :* '''yizmola'''....''supernatural'' ::* '''yizmolat'''....''supernatural being'' ::* '''yizmolay'''....''supernaturally'' ::* '''yizmolem'''....''supernatural realm'' ==== MAL -AL Words ==== : The root word '''mal''' means ''air''. Some derived words use the stub word '''-al-'''. : The diminuative derivative '''mayl''' means ''gas''. : There is a set of 2nd tier ordinal derivations, which represent the layers of the atmosphere: :* '''maal'''....''atmosphere, aura'' :* '''mael'''....''troposphere, ether'' :* '''mail'''....''stratosphere'' :* '''maul'''....''ionosphere'' :* '''mayol'''....''exosphere'' : The word '''mial''' (''steam, vapor'') is a hybrid of '''mil''' (''water'') and '''mal''' (''air''). : The word '''ail''' (''fluid'') is a hybrid of '''il''' and '''al'''. : Here are the main derivatives of '''mal''' and '''-al-''': :*'''mal''' :*'''buxrer mal'''....''pump air'' :*'''fumaluwa'''....''poorly-ventilated, stuffy'' ::*'''fumaluwan'''....''stuffiness'' ::*'''fumaluway'''....''stuffily'' :*'''fyemalbesut'''....''sylph'' :*'''fyemaltop'''....''sprite'' :*'''gyamalxer'''....''blow up, inflate, swell'' ::*'''gyamalxea'''....''inflationary'' ::*'''gyamalxen ay yugxen'''....''stagflation'' ::*'''gyamalxen'''....''blowing up, inflation, swelling'' ::*'''gyamalxun'''....''clot, swelling'' ::*'''gyamalxwa'''....''blown up, inflated, swollen'' ::*'''gyamalxyofwa'''....''noninflationary'' :::*'''logyamalxer'''....''deflate, let the air out of'' :::*'''logyamalxen'''....''deflating, letting the air out of'' :::*'''logyamalxwa zyug'''....''flat tire'' :::*'''logyamalxwa'''....''deflated, flat'' :*'''igmalpuxer'''....''whang'' :*'''izbyafwa malzyun'''....''dirigible'' :*'''jebmaalyen'''....''climate'' ::*'''jebmaalyena'''....''climatic'' :::*'''jebmaalyenay'''....''climatically'' :::*'''jebmaalyentun'''....''climatology'' ::::*'''jebmaalyentuna'''....''climatological'' :::*'''jebmaalyentut'''....''climatologist'' :*'''jomagmal'''....''afterdamp'' :*'''jomayl mapxar'''....''exhaust fan'' ::*'''jomayl'''....''exhaust, fume'' ::*'''lomaluer'''....''deflate'' :::*'''lomaluen'''....''deflation'' :::*'''lomaluwa'''....''deflated'' ::::*'''lomaluyafwa'''....''deflatable'' :::::*'''lomaluyafwa mipar'''....''collapsible boat, deflatable craft'' ::*'''malmuyfyeg'''....''air tube'' :::* '''malmuyfyeguer'''...''to intubate, to put on a ventilator'' ::*'''mala'''....''aerial'' ::*'''malaypar'''....''air flotation device'' ::*'''malpanazona'''....''aerodynamic'' :::*'''malpanazontun'''....''aerodynamics'' ::*'''malbal'''....''air pressure'' :::*'''malbala'''....''pneumatic'' :::*'''malbalum'''....''air pressure chamber, airlock'' ::*'''malbelwa'''....''airborne'' ::*'''malbuxrar'''....''air pump'' ::*'''maldezut'''....''aerialist'' ::*'''maledopar'''....''air rifle'' ::*'''malfyet'''....''sylph'' :::*'''malfyety'''....''sylphid'' :::*'''malfyeyta'''....''sylphic'' ::*'''malgwamagijbar'''....''carburetor'' ::*'''malgaxer'''....''blow up, inflate'' ::*'''malgoxer'''....''deflate'' ::*'''malika'''....''airy'' ::*'''malikxer'''....''bloat, inflate, pump up with air'' :::*'''malikxyafwa'''....''inflatable'' ::*'''malkyian'''....''languor'' ::*'''malkyuper'''....''float in the air'' :::* '''malkyupea'''....''floating'' ::::* '''malkyupar'''....''float'' ::*'''malmeg'''....''peat'' :::*'''malmegmel'''....''peatbog'' ::*'''malmep'''....''airway'' :::*'''malmufyeg'''....''air vent, windpipe, throttle, throat'' ::*'''malnig'''....''aerospace, airspace'' ::*'''malnyaxbok'''....''emphysema'' ::*'''malnyef'''....''air sack, airbag'' ::*'''malof'''....''cirrocumulus'' ::*'''malomxar'''....''air-conditioner'' ::*'''maloya'''....''airless'' :::*'''maloyxer'''....''to damp'' ::*'''malp'''....''airflow, draft, airstream, airwave'' :::* '''malp xag'''....''radio frequency'' :::* '''malp yibdalen'''....''radiotelephony'' :::* '''malp yibdalir'''....''radiophone, radiotelephone'' :::* '''malp yibdren'''....''radiotelegraphy'' :::* '''malp yibdrer'''....''radioteletype'' :::* '''malp yibdrir'''....''radiotelegraph, radioteletype'' :::* '''malpa'''....''wireless'' ::::* '''malparifut'''....''ham operator'' :::* '''malpibar'''....''radio receiver'' ::::* '''malpibarut'''....''radioman'' :::* '''malpiben'''....''radio reception'' :::* '''malpkaxar'''....''airwave detector, radar'' ::::* '''malpkaxar jwadsiun'''....''radar beacon'' ::::* '''malpkaxar pex'''....''radar trap'' ::::* '''malpkaxar sinuar'''....''radarscope'' :::::* '''malpkaxarut'''....''radarman'' :::* '''malpkaxen'''....''radar detection'' ::::* '''malpkaxen martun'''....''radar astronomy'' ::::* '''malpkaxen teaxar'''....''radar scope'' ::::* '''malpkaxen yibteaxir'''....''radar telescope'' ::* '''malpsiunar'''....''radio signal'' ::* '''malpuber'''....''broadcast by radio, wire, transmit, radio'' :::* '''malpubar'''....''radio transmitter'' :::* '''malpuben'''....''wiring, transmission, broadcasting'' ::::* '''malpubun job'''....''airtime'' :::* '''malpubun'''....''airplay, radio broadcast, radio transmission'' :::* '''malpubwa'''....''wired, transmitted, radioed'' :::* '''malpuiber'''....''radio'' ::::* '''malpuibar'''....''radio set, radio transmitter/receiver, radio'' :::::* '''malpuibar ebtuien'''....''radio communications'' ::::* '''malpuiben'''....''radioing'' ::::* '''malpuibut'''....''radio operator'' ::*'''malpur'''....''airship'' ::*'''malpux'''....''air jet'' ::*'''malpyaon'''....''airwave'' :::*'''seuxa malpyaon'''....''acoustic airwave'' ::*'''malseuxa'''....''aeroacoustic'' ::*'''malsuem'''....''air mattress'' ::*'''malsum'''....''airbed'' ::*'''maltapa'''....''aerobic'' ::*'''maltayefar'''....''airbrush'' ::*'''maluer'''....''aerate, blow up, inflate, vent, ventilate'' :::*'''maluar'''....''aerator, air pump, inflater, ventilating fan, ventilator'' :::*'''maluen'''....''aeration, ventilation'' :::*'''maluwa'''....''aerated, ventilated'' ::::*'''gawmaluer'''....''re-inflate'' :::::*'''gawmaluen'''....''re-inflation'' :::::*'''gawmaluwa'''....''re-inflated'' ::*'''malujbof'''....''weatherstrip'' ::*'''maluk'''....''air vacuum'' :::*'''maluk muyfyeg'''....''vacuum tube'' ::*'''maluka'''....''airless'' ::*'''malukxer'''....''to deflate, drain of air, let out the air, suck all the air out of, vacuum'' ::*'''maluyafwa mipar'''....''dinghy, inflatable craft'' ::*'''maluzun'''....''air funnel'' ::*'''malvaka'''....''air-tight, airproof'' ::*'''malvyuxen'''....''air pollution'' ::*'''malyebiar'''....''air intake, air suction device'' ::*'''malyom'''....''snow'' :::*'''malyomer'''....''snow'' :::*'''malyomfaof'''....''snowboard'' ::::*'''malyomfaofer'''....''snowboard'' :::*'''malyomgos'''....''snow flake, snowflake'' :::*'''malyomkipar'''....''ski, snow-ski, toboggan'' :::*'''malyomkunad'''....''snowbank'' :::*'''malyom-malza'''....''snow-white as snow'' :::*'''malyommapil'''....''snowstorm'' :::*'''malyommapxar'''....''snowblower'' :::*'''malyomnyan'''....''snowdrift'' :::*'''malyompexwa'''....''snowbound'' :::*'''malyompur'''....''snowmobile'' :::*'''malyompyos'''....''snowfall'' :::*'''malyomtaf'''....''snowsuit'' :::*'''malyomtam'''....''igloo'' :::*'''malyomtef'''....''toboggan'' :::*'''malyomtob'''....''snowman'' :::*'''malyomtyoyaf'''....''snowshoe'' :::*'''malyomur'''....''snowplow'' :::*'''malyomzyun'''....''snowball'' :::*'''kyumalyom'''....''flurry'' ::*'''malyujber'''....''throttle'' ::*'''malzyeg'''....''air pocket, blowhole, spiracle, vent'' ::*'''malzyun'''....''balloon'' :::*'''malzyunper'''....''balloon, go ballooning'' :::*'''ama malzyun'''....''hot air ballon'' :::*'''heelk malzyun'''....''helium balloon'' ::*'''malzyuyn'''....''air bubble'' :::*'''malzyuynamxer'''....''to boil'' :::*'''malzyuynar'''....''boiler'' :::*'''malzyuynxer'''....''boil, bubble'' :::*'''malzyuynika'''....''bubbly, effervescent'' :::*'''malzyuynog'''....''fizz, little air bubble, tiny bubble'' ::::*'''malzyuynogser'''....''fizz, fizzle, sparkle'' ::::*'''malzyuynogmil'''....''seltzer'' ::::*'''malzyuynogtil'''....''soda pop, soft drink'' ::::*'''malzyuynogyea'''....''fizzy'' ::::*'''malzyuynogsyea'''....''ebullient, effervescent'' :::*'''malzyuynuka'''....''non-carbonated, still'' ::*'''mumal'''....''firedamp'' ::*'''pobalk malzyun'''....''lead ballon'' ::*'''puxramal'''....''aerosol'' ::*'''tayib mayl'''....''nerve gas'' ::*'''ukmal'''....''ether'' :::*'''ukmala'''....''ethereal'' ::*'''vyumalok'''....''effluvium'' ::*'''yabmalzyun'''....''rainmaker'' ::*'''yebmalpuxer'''....''volley'' ::*'''yiga malpur'''....''zeppelin'' ::*'''yokmalp'''....''flurry'' ::*'''zyoyijmaluar'''....''louver'' :::*'''zyoyijmaluarwa'''....''louvered'' :* '''alier'''....''to take in air'' ::* '''aliar'''....''air intake'' :* '''aluer'''....''aerate, blow'' ::* '''aluar'''....''aerator, blower'' ::* '''aluea'''....''aerating'' ::* '''aluen'''....''aeration, blowing'' :* '''tiebal'''....''breath'' ::* '''tiebala'''....''respiratory'' ::* '''tiebaliar'''....''inhaler'' ::* '''tiebalien'''....''breathing in, inhalation, taking a breath'' ::* '''tiebalier'''....''breathe in, inhale, take a breath'' ::* '''tiebaliwa'''....''inhaled'' ::* '''tiebaliwas'''....''inhalant'' ::* '''tiebalok'''....''belch, burp, eructation'' :::* '''tiebaloken'''....''belching, burping, eructation'' :::* '''tiebaloker'''....''belch, burp, eruct, eructate'' ::* '''tiebaloya'''....''breathless, pursy'' :::* '''tiebaloyan'''....''breathlessness, pursiness'' :::* '''tiebaloyser'''....''suffocate'' :::* '''tiebaloyxer'''....''suffocate'' ::* '''tiebaluer'''....''breathe out, exhale, expire, respirate, suspire'' :::* '''tiebaluar'''....''respirator'' :::* '''tiebaluea'''....''breathing out, exhaling, expiring'' :::* '''tiebaluen'''....''breathing out, exhalation, expiration, respiration'' ::* '''tiebaluf'''....''trachea, windpipe'' :::* '''tiebalufoben'''....''tracheotomy'' ::* '''tiebaluier'''....''respire, breathe, breathe in and out'' :::* '''tiebaluiar'''....''breathing device, respirator'' :::* '''tiebaluien'''....''breathing, respiring, respiration'' :::* '''tiebaluir'''....''breathing machine'' ::* '''tiebaluka'''....''breathless, pursy'' :::* '''tiebalukan'''....''breathlessness, pursiness'' :::* '''tiebalukay'''....''breathlessly'' ::* '''tiebalyujber'''....''cut off one's air supply, suffocate'' :::* '''tiebalyujben'''....''suffocation'' :::* '''tiebalyujbwa'''....''suffocated'' : Words derived from '''mayl''': ::*'''mayl'''....''gas'' :::*'''mayla'''....''gaseous'' :::*'''maylfil'''....''gasohol'' :::*'''maylmanar'''....''gaslight'' :::*'''maylnyev'''....''gasbag'' :::*'''mayltun'''....''pneumatics'' :::*'''maylubea mufzyeg'''....''flue'' :::*'''mayluer'''....''to gas'' ::::*'''mayluen tim'''....''gas chamber'' :::*'''maylxer'''....''to gasify'' : Words derived from '''maal''': :*'''maal'''....''atmosphere, aura'' ::*'''maala'''....''atmospheric, atmospherical'' :::*'''maalay'''....''atmospherically'' ::*'''ammaal'''....''thermosphere'' ::*'''bukxea maal'''....''miasma'' ::*'''maalbal'''....''atomospheric pressure'' :::*'''maalbalnagar'''....''barometer'' ::*'''maalmak'''....''static, static electricity'' :::*'''ovmaalmaka'''....''anti-static'' ::*'''maalman'''....''aurora'' :::*'''maalmana'''....''auroral'' :::*'''zamera maalman'''....''aurora borealis'' :::*'''zomera maalman'''....''aurora australis'' ::*'''maalmil'''....''hydrometeor'' :::*'''maalmiltun'''....''hydrometeorology'' :::*'''maalmiltuna'''....''hydrometeorological'' :::*'''maalmiltut'''....''hydrometeorologist'' :*'''maalyen'''....''weather'' ::*'''maalyen jatuun'''....''weather forecast, weather tip'' ::*'''maalyen jatuut'''....''weather forecaster, weather tipster'' ::*'''maalyen jwad'''....''weather warning'' ::*'''maalyena'''....''weather-related'' ::*'''maalyendar'''....''weathervane'' ::*'''maalyentof'''....''weatherwear'' ::*'''maalyentun'''....''meteorology'' :::*'''maalyentuna'''....''meteorologic, meteorological'' ::::*'''maalyentunay'''....''meteorological'' ::::*'''maalyentut'''....''meteorologist, weatherman, weatherperson'' ::*'''maalyenvaka'''....''weatherproof'' :::*'''maalyenvakxen'''....''weatherizing'' :::*'''maalyenvakxer'''....''weatherize'' :::*'''maalyenvakxwa'''....''weatherized'' ::*'''zemaal'''....''mesosphere'' : Words derived from '''mial''' (''steam, vapor'') :* '''mial'''....''steam, vapor'' ::* '''mialika'''....''steamy'' ::* '''mialier'''....''to steam up'' ::* '''mialuer'''....''to steam'' :::* '''mialuwa'''....''steamed'' :::* '''oyebmialuer'''....''to evaporate'' ::::* '''oyebmialuen'''....''evaporation'' ::::* '''oyebmialuwa'''....''evaporated'' :::* '''mialuyukwa: volatile'' ::* '''mialvyixar'''....''steam-cleaner'' ::* '''mialxer'''....''to vaporize'' :::* '''mialxen'''....''vaporization'' :::* '''mialxwa'''....''vaporized'' ::* '''mialmimpur'''....''steamship'' ::* '''mialsur'''....''steam engine'' ::* '''mialyeg'''....''blowhole'' ::* '''mialyena'''....''vapid'' ::* '''mialyep'''....''steam bath'' :::* '''mialyeper'''....''to steam bathe'' ::* '''mialvyixar'''....''steamroller'' ::* '''mialzyubar'''....''steam turbine'' ::* '''tayebmiluar'''....''hairspray'' ::* '''zomial'''....''contrail, vapor trail'' : Words derived from '''ail''' (''fluid'') :* '''ail'''....''fluid'' ::* '''aila'''....''fluid'' :::* '''ailan'''....''fluidity'' ::* '''ailbal(azon)'''....''fluid pressure'' ::* '''ailpanazon'''....''hydrodynamics'' ::* '''ailxer'''....''to fluidize'' :::* '''ailxen'''....''fluidization'' :::* '''ailxwa'''....''fluidized'' ==== MEL Words ==== : The morpheme '''mel''' means ''soil, ground''. : This root has two primary derivations: ::* '''meel'''....''terrain, grounds'' ::* '''miel'''....''mud'', a hybrid of '''mil''' (''water'') and '''mel''' (''land''). : Among the important derivatives of the '''mel''' root are these: ::* '''yanmel'''....''continent'' :::* '''oybyanmel'''....''subcontinent'' ::* '''yonmel'''....''island'' :::* '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' : The continents are represented by geo-specific ordinal prefixes: :*'''Ayanmel'''....''North America'' :*'''Oyanmel'''....''South America'' :*'''Iyanmel'''....''Asia'' :*'''Eyanmel'''....''Africa'' :*'''Uyanmel'''....''Europe'' :*'''Yoyanmel'''....''Oceania'' : Two hybrid continent names are: :*'''Aoyanmel'''....''Americas'' (i.e. North America and South America combined) :*'''Ebaoyanmel'''....''Central America'' (between N. and S. America) : The color term '''melza''' (''brown'') comes from '''mel'''. : Here are words derived from '''mel''' (''soil, dirt, earth''): :* '''almuka-melza'''....''mocha brown'' :* '''alzmelza'''....''sepia'' :* '''ammelsum'''....''hotbed'' :* '''Anxwa Doebi bi Ayanmel'''....''United States of America'' :* '''aybmela'''....''above-ground, aboveground'' :* '''dopa melmas'''....''earthwork'' :* '''dyafab-melza'''....''cedar brown'' :* '''ebyanmela'''....''intercontinental'' :* '''eynmelza'''....''semi-brown'' :* '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' ::* '''eynyonmela'''....''peninsular'' :* '''faob-melza'''....''wood brown'' :* '''fyameluk'''....''sepulcher, sepulchre'' ::* '''fyameluka'''....''sepulchral'' ::* '''fyamelukben'''....''sepulchure'' ::* '''fyamelukber'''....''sepulcher'' ::* '''gawmelukber'''....''re-inter'' ::* '''gamelzyegxer'''....''dig up again'' ::* '''gayebmelber'''....''re-bury'' :* '''goun bi mel'''....''patch of land'' :* '''gyomel'''....''silt'' :* '''gyomelukar'''....''spade'' :* '''immel'''....''loam'' :* '''izmelkyobwa'''....''quickset'' :* '''koffeyb-melza'''....''coffee brown'' :* '''komeluk'''....''crypt'' :* '''lomelber'''....''unearth'' :* '''lomelukxer'''....''disinter'' :* '''mel mep'''....''dirt road'' :* '''mel'''....''dirt, ground, land, soil'' :* '''melaper'''....''skim across the surface of the land'' :* '''melber'''....''compost, fill in with earth, put down soil'' :* '''melbexut'''....''landholder'' :* '''melbul'''....''compost'' :* '''melbuxar'''....''bulldozer'' :* '''melfyixul'''....''fertilizer'' ::* '''melfyixuluer'''....''fertilize'' ::* '''melfyixuluyofwa'''....''infecund'' ::* '''melfyixuluwa'''....''fertilized'' :::* '''omelfyixuluwa'''....''unfertilized'' :* '''melglal'''....''clod'' :* '''melikun'''....''land-fill, landfill'' :* '''melilp'''....''soil creep'' :* '''melkip'''....''landslide, landslip'' :* '''melmas'''....''balk, baulk, berm, parapet, rampart'' :* '''melmuf'''....''picket, stake'' ::* '''melmufyan'''....''palisade, stockade'' :* '''melmufyeg'''....''soil pipe'' :* '''melnak'''....''acre'' ::* '''melnakyan'''....''acreage'' :* '''melned'''....''flat, meadow, plain'' :* '''melnig'''....''plot'' :* '''melpaslun'''....''seism, temblor'' ::* '''melpaslundraf'''....''seismograph'' ::* '''melpasluntun'''....''seismology'' ::* '''melpasluntut'''....''seismologist'' :* '''meltun'''....''agronomy, soil mechanics, soil science'' :* '''meluk'''....''ditch, dugout, hole in the ground, pit'' :* '''melukar'''....''hoe, spade'' :* '''melukarer'''....''to hoe, spade'' :* '''melukben'''....''burial'' ::* '''melukben dem'''....''burial ground'' ::* '''melukben fyaxel'''....''burial rite'' ::* '''melukben memgon'''....''burial plot'' ::* '''melukben melyaz'''....''burial mound'' :* '''melukber'''....''bury, inhume'' :* '''melukmeg'''....''headstone, tombstone'' :* '''meluknad'''....''ditch, furrow, groove, trench'' :* '''melukober'''....''dig up, exhume'' :* '''melukxar'''....''slade'' :* '''meluz'''....''natural arch'' :* '''melvyun'''....''soilure'' :* '''melyax'''....''agribusiness'' :* '''melyaz'''....''dirt pile, mound of dirt, soil mound, tomb'' ::* '''melyaznad'''....''ridge'' :* '''melyex'''....''agriculture, farming, husbandry, land work, tilling the land'' ::* '''melyexem'''....''farm'' :::* '''melyexem yuxut'''....''farmhand'' ::* '''melyexut'''....''farmer, pawn, peasant'' ::* '''melyexam'''....''farmhouse'' ::* '''melyexem'''....''farm, farmstead'' ::* '''melyexer'''....''to farm'' :::* '''melyexut'''....''farmer'' ::* '''melyexar'''....''hand plow'' ::* '''melyexdoum'''....''hacienda, manor, plantation, ranch'' :::* '''melyexdoumeb'''....''majordomo'' :::* '''melyexdoumxer'''....''to ranch'' :::* '''melyexdoumxut'''....''rancher'' :* '''melyexir'''....''plough, ploughshare, plow, plowshare, tiller'' ::* '''melyexirer'''....''plow, till'' ::* '''melyexirwan'''....''tilth'' ::* '''melyexiryafwa'''....''tillable'' :* '''melyextun'''....''agricultural science'' :* '''melyextut'''....''agricultural scientist'' :* '''melyig'''....''silica'' :* '''melyij'''....''dugout, hole in the ground, pit'' ::* '''melyijbar'''....''shovel'' ::* '''melyijbarer'''....''to shovel'' :* '''melyonbyex'''....''cleft, crevasse, ground fissure'' :* '''melyonxarer'''....''to harrow'' :* '''melyoz'''....''dugout, hole, pit, trench, hollow'' ::* '''melyoznad'''....''trench, furrow, ditch, ravine'' :* '''melyup'''....''landing approach'' :* '''melyuxrin'''....''feudalism'' ::* '''melyuxrina'''....''feudalist, feudalistic'' ::* '''melyuxrueb'''....''feudal lord'' ::* '''melyuxruen'''....''enserfage'' ::* '''melyuxruer'''....''enserf'' ::* '''melyuxrut'''....''helot, peasant, serf, villein'' ::* '''melyuxrutan'''....''helotage, peasantry, serfage, serfdom, villeinage'' :* '''melza'''....''brown, earthen brown, khaki, olive drab, brown, khaki'' ::* '''amarmelzaxer'''....''suntan'' ::* '''melza-eymolza'''....''taupe'' ::* '''melzaxer'''....''to brown, to toast'' :::* '''melzaxar'''....''browner, toaster'' :::* '''melzaxwa'''....''toasted'' ::::* '''melzaxwa povel'''....''toast'' ::* '''melzaxun'''....''blight'' ::* '''melzayna'''....''bright brown'' ::* '''melzayt'''....''brunette'' ::* '''melzsakyel'''....''caramel'' :::* '''melzsakyelxer'''....''to caramelize'' ::* '''melzoyna'''....''dark brown'' ::* '''melzyena'''....''browish, brownish'' ::* '''mifeb-melza'''....''brown, maroon'' :::* '''mifeb-melzyena'''....''maroonish'' ::* '''tayomelza'''....''brown-skinned'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' ::* '''yoyeb-melza'''....''peanut brown'' ::* '''yufeb-melza'''....''hazel'' ::* '''melyaz'''....''mound'' :::* '''puix melyaz'''....''baseball mound'' :::* '''malyaznad'''....''ridge'' :::* '''mimmelyaz'''....''cape'' ::* '''melyez'''....''plain, flat'' :* '''melzyeg'''....''crater, ditch, hole in the ground, hollow, pit'' ::* '''melzyegar'''....''hoe, mattock, pick, shovel, spade'' ::* '''melzyegaren'''....''hoeing, shoveling, spading'' ::* '''melzyegarer'''....''hoe, shovel, spade'' ::* '''melzyegarik'''....''shovelful'' ::* '''melzyegarut'''....''pikeman'' ::* '''melzyegarwa'''....''hoed, shoveled, spaded'' ::* '''melzyegen'''....''ditch-digging, excavation'' ::* '''melzyeger'''....''excavate, shovel'' ::* '''melzyegesar'''....''dibble'' ::* '''melzyegur'''....''earthmover, excavator'' ::* '''melzyeguren'''....''earthmoving, excavation'' ::* '''melzyegurer'''....''excavate'' ::* '''melzyegxut'''....''ditch-digger, excavator'' ::* '''melzyegxwa'''....''excavated'' ::* '''melzyegxen'''....''digging'' ::* '''melzyegxer'''....''dig'' ::* '''melzyegxut'''....''digger'' :* '''melzyun'''....''clod of earth, clump, mud ball'' :* '''mepyonmel'''....''island in the road'' :* '''milbelea mel'''....''aquifer'' :* '''mimol melzyeg'''....''salt mine, salt pit'' :* '''mimzamelyaz'''....''bluff, headland, promontory'' :* '''nyufeb-melza'''....''walnut brown'' :* '''oaxlea magyazmel'''....''inactive volcano'' :* '''odovyaba melzyeg'''....''chuckhole'' :* '''ofobyexwa mel'''....''fallow'' :* '''omelbexut'''....''lackland'' :* '''omelfyixuluwa'''....''unfertilized'' :* '''omelyexwa vob'''....''wilding'' :* '''omelyexwa vos'''....''wildflower'' :* '''omelyexwa'''....''uncultivated, wild, wilding'' :* '''omelzat'''....''non-brown person'' :* '''Omera Uyanmel'''....''Southern Europe'' :* '''opyexyea melmufyan'''....''defensive palisade, defensive stockade'' :* '''Oyanmel'''....''South America'' ::* '''Oyanmela Esod'''....''Latin American Spanish'' ::* '''Oyanmela melyexut'''....''campesino'' ::* '''Oyanmela'''....''South American'' ::* '''Oyanmelat'''....''South American'' :* '''oyb ha mel'''....''below the ground'' :* '''oybmel'''....''subsoil, underground'' ::* '''oybmela'''....''subterranean, underground'' ::* '''oybmelben'''....''putting underground'' ::* '''oybmelber'''....''to put underground'' ::* '''oybmelbwa'''....''placed underground'' :* '''oybmima magyazmel'''....''undersea volcano'' :* '''oybyanmel'''....''subcontinent'' ::* '''oybyanmela'''....''subcontinental'' ::* '''oybyommela magyazmel'''....''subglacial volcano'' :* '''puxrunyan bi mel'''....''flak'' :* '''pyuxmeluk'''....''crater'' :* '''semmel'''....''mesa'' :* '''sexmel'''....''cob'' :* '''tabmeluk'''....''tomb'' ::* '''tabmeluk meg'''....''gravestone, headstone, tomb stone, tombstone'' ::* '''tabmelukem'''....''graveyard, saree'' :* '''tabmelzyeg'''....''tomb'' ::* '''tabmelzyeg meg'''....''gravestone, headstone, tomb stone, tombstone'' ::* '''tabmelzyegem'''....''graveyard'' :* '''toodmeltun'''....''ethnogeography'' ::* '''toodmeltuna'''....''ethnogeographic'' ::* '''toodmeltut'''....''ethnogeographer'' :* '''tujea magyazmel'''....''dormant volcano'' :* '''ukmel'''....''desert'' ::* '''ukmeldim'''....''oasis'' ::* '''ukmelyena'''....''desert-like'' :* '''uktabmelzyeg'''....''cenotaph'' :* '''Umera Uyanmel'''....''Western Europe'' ::* '''Umera Uyanmela'''....''Western European'' :* '''ummel'''....''dry land'' :* '''Uyanmel-'''....''Euro-'' ::* '''Uyanmel'''....''Europe'' ::* '''Uyanmela Anx'''....''European Union, EU'' ::* '''Uyanmela Esod'''....''Castillian Spanish, European Spanish'' ::* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' ::* '''Uyanmelat'''....''European'' ::* '''Uyanmela-Usoma'''....''Euro-American'' ::* '''Uyanmelaxen'''....''Europeanization'' ::* '''Uyanmelaxer'''....''Europeanize'' ::* '''Uyanmelaxwa'''....''Europeanized'' ::* '''UIyanmel'''....''Eurasia'' ::* '''UIyanmela'''....''Eurasian'' ::* '''UIyanmelat'''....''Eurasian'' ::* '''Uyanmelnem'''....''Eurozone'' ::* '''Uyanmelxen'''....''Europeanization'' ::* '''Uyanmelxer'''....''Europeanize'' ::* '''Uyanmelxwa'''....''Europeanized'' :* '''Uyanmelzena'''....''Eurocentric'' :* '''vabmel'''....''sward'' :* '''vobmel'''....''cultivatable soil, glebe'' :* '''vosmelyex'''....''floriculture'' :* '''vusanmel'''....''gulch'' :* '''xahmat melyexut'''....''chess pawn'' :* '''yabmel'''....''highland'' :* '''yaga zyomelnad'''....''hogback'' :* '''yagmeluk'''....''ditch, furrow, trench'' ::* '''yagmeluk dopeken'''....''trench warfare'' ::* '''yagmelukxen'''....''ditch-digging'' ::* '''yagmelukxut'''....''ditch-digger'' :* '''yanmel'''....''continent'' ::* '''yanmela'''....''continental'' ::* '''yanmelay'''....''continentally'' :* '''yebu mel'''....''aground'' :* '''yebmelben'''....''entombment'' ::* '''yebmelber'''....''entomb'' ::* '''yebmelbwa'''....''entombed'' :* '''yommel'''....''glacier'' ::* '''yommela'''....''glacial'' ::* '''yommelaber'''....''glaciate'' ::* '''yommelzyeg'''....''dust well'' :* '''yonmel'''....''island'' ::* '''yonmela'''....''insular, island'' ::* '''yonmelan'''....''insularity'' ::* '''yonmelat'''....''islander'' ::* '''yonmelog'''....''cay, holm, holme, islet'' ::* '''yonmelyan'''....''archipelago'' :* '''yopyosa magmemyazyeg'''....''caldera'' :* '''Yoyanmel'''....''Oceania'' ::* '''Yoyanmela'''....''Oceanian'' ::* '''Yoyanmelat'''....''inhabitant of Oceania, Oceanian'' :* '''yuvrat melyexem'''....''slave plantation'' :* '''zaomelzyeg'''....''soil stack'' :* '''zeyyanmela'''....''transcontinental'' :* '''zobixwa melzyegar'''....''backhoe'' :* '''zyoyobmel'''....''valley, dale'' :* '''zyupgrin melyexur'''....''rototiller'' : Here are some words derived from '''meel''' (''terrain'') :* '''tammeel'''....''grounds, property'' : Here are some words derived from '''meil''' (''mud''): :* '''meilmef'''....''adobe, mudbrick'' :* '''syobmeil'''....''sediment'' ::* '''syobmeila'''....''sedimentary'' ::* '''syobmeilser'''....''to sediment, to settle'' ==== MIL -IL- Words ==== : The morpheme '''mil''' means ''water''. Three subordinal words are: ::* '''mial'''....''steam, vapor, hygro-'' ::* '''miel'''....''mud'' ::* '''miil'''....''dew'' :From this is derived the stub suffix '''-il''', which forms words that are liquids, such as: ::* '''bil'''....''milk'' ::* '''biil'''....''juice'' ::* '''zil'''....''acid'' ::* '''fil'''....''alcohol'' ::* '''ail'''....''fluid, liquid'' ::* '''til'''....''drink'' : Here is a list of words that contain the words '''mil''', '''miel''', or '''miil''': :*'''abmilier'''....''take a shower'' :*'''abmilpuxer'''....''to douse'' :*'''ammilbuker'''....''to scald'' :*'''ammilyeb'''....''hot-water bottle'' :*'''calkxwa mil'''....''carbonated water'' :*'''milnyif'''....''garden hose'' :*'''eynmilper'''....''to wade'' :*'''fyamil'''....''holy water'' :*'''ilbiov'''....''sponge'' :*'''ilpea mil'''....''running water'' :*'''ilyebxwa mil'''....''bottled water'' :*'''imil'''....''liquid, wet stuff'' :*'''imilxer'''....''to liquefy, liquidize'' :*'''jebmamil'''....''monsoon'' :*'''jomilyaoz'''....''wake'' :*'''jwefa mil'''....''freshwater'' :*'''kyumamiler'''....''to drizzle'' :*'''lomiluer'''....''to dehydrate'' :*'''lomilxer'''....''to exsiccate'' :*'''milbuxrar'''....''hydrant'' :*'''milzyabar'''....''fire hose'' :*'''malzyuynogea mil'''....''sparkling water'' :*'''mamil'''....''rain, precipitation'' :*'''mamilaz'''....''hard rain'' :*'''mamilazig'''....''gullywasher'' :*'''mamiler'''....''to rain'' :*'''mamilika jeb'''....''rainy season'' :*'''mamiljeb'''....''monsoon'' :*'''mamilmaf'''....''rain cloud'' :*'''mamilmif'''....''mizzle'' :*'''mamilmufyeg'''....''gutter'' :*'''mamilnagar'''....''pluviometer, rain gauge'' :*'''mamilovar'''....''umbrella'' :*'''mamiloz'''....''light shower, soft rain, sprinkle'' :*'''mamilozer'''....''to sprinkle'' :*'''mamilpyos'''....''precipitation, rainfall'' :*'''mamiltaf'''....''raincoat'' :*'''mamiltav'''....''poncho'' :*'''mamiltef'''....''rain hat'' :*'''mamiltif'''....''rain jacket, raincoat'' :*'''mamiltof'''....''rain gear, rain wear'' :*'''mamiluka'''....''rain-free'' :*'''mamiluz'''....''rainbow'' :*'''mamiluzlun'''....''rainstorm'' :*'''mamilvaka'''....''rainproof, raintight'' :*'''mamilzyun'''....''raindrop'' :*'''memilber'''....''to irrigate'' :*'''mil bi ilyujar'''....''tap water'' :*'''mil buxrar'''....''water pump'' :*'''mil faosyeb'''....''water barrel'' :*'''mil syeb'''....''water bucket, water pail'' :*'''mil mugyebag'''....''water cistern, water tank'' :*'''mil yabtom'''....''water tower'' :*'''mila suzyanam'''....''aquatic museum'' :*'''milama'''....''hydrothermal'' :*'''milamsom'''....''water-heater'' :*'''milamxus'''....''potboiler'' :*'''milapyox'''....''shower'' :*'''milapyoxam'''....''shower house'' :*'''milapyoxar'''....''shower head'' :*'''milapyoxer'''....''to shower'' :*'''milatub'''....''hydrofoil'' :*'''milaypar'''....''flotation device'' :*'''milayper'''....''to float'' :*'''milbal'''....''water pressure'' :*'''milbaluar'''....''snorkel'' :*'''milbektun'''....''hydropathy'' :*'''milbelwa'''....''waterborne'' :*'''milber'''....''to ater'' :*'''milbyek'''....''hydrotherapy'' :*'''milbyekam'''....''wellness spa'' :*'''milbyem'''....''washtub'' :*'''mildrurun'''....''aquatone'' :*'''milfob'''....''aquatic plant, hydrophyte'' :*'''milfobyex'''....''hydroponics'' :*'''milibiar'''....''hopper'' :*'''milibium'''....''sump'' :*'''milifa'''....''hydrophilic'' :*'''milij'''....''well-spring, wellspring'' :*'''milika'''....''aqueous, hydrous, watery'' :*'''milikber'''....''to swamp'' :*'''milikxer'''....''to waterlog'' :*'''milim'''....''water closet'' :*'''miluiar'''....''waterspout'' :*'''milizbar'''....''aqueduct'' :*'''milkexmuf'''....''dowsing rod'' :*'''milkipar'''....''water ski'' :*'''milkiparer'''....''to water ski'' :*'''milkyinxer'''....''to waterlog'' :*'''milkyupar'''....''float, water flotation device'' :*'''milkyuper'''....''to float on water'' :*'''milmak'''....''hydroelectricity'' :*'''milmaka mipovmas'''....''hydroelectric dam'' :*'''milmaka saxam'''....''hydroelectric plant'' :*'''milmaka yafon'''....''hydroelectric power'' :*'''milmas'''....''levee'' :*'''milmays'''....''weir'' :*'''milmemtun'''....''hydrogeology'' :*'''milmep'''....''waterway'' :*'''milmyekiram'''....''watermill'' :*'''milmir'''....''hydrosphere'' :*'''milpyos'''....''cascade, falls, waterfall'' :*'''milmoyeb'''....''water well'' :*'''milmufyeg'''....''hooka, hookah, narghile, water pipe'' :*'''milmufyega yaobar'''....''hydraulic lift'' :*'''milmufyegut'''....''plumber'' :*'''milmugyeb'''....''canteen'' :*'''milmugyebag'''....''water cistern, water tank'' :*'''milmus'''....''sluice'' :*'''milmyekber'''....''to sprinkle'' :*'''milnad'''....''waterline'' :*'''milnagar'''....''hydrometer, hydrostat'' :*'''milnagdref'''....''hydrograph'' :*'''milnedper'''....''to hydroplane'' :*'''milneg'''....''body of water'' :*'''milneyeb'''....''reservoir'' :*'''milnov grun'''....''towel hook'' :*'''milnov sammoys'''....''towel rack'' :*'''milnov'''....''towel'' :*'''milnoves'''....''towelette'' :*'''milnoyv'''....''hand towel'' :*'''milnyeb'''....''bucket, pail, water pail'' :*'''milnyem'''....''aquarium, fish tank'' :*'''milnyif'''....''hose'' :*'''milnyifuwa'''....''hosed'' :*'''milov'''....''tea towel'' :*'''milovmas'''....''causeway, dam, dyke, levee'' :*'''milovmasber'''....''to dam'' :*'''milovog'''....''hand cloth'' :*'''miloybar'''....''sinker'' :*'''miloyber'''....''to dunk, sink, submerge, submerse'' :*'''miloybixwer'''....''to drown, get dragged underwater'' :*'''miloymxer'''....''to slake'' :*'''miloyper'''....''to go underwater, sink'' :*'''milpastun'''....''hydrokinetics'' :*'''milpat'''....''waterfowl'' :*'''milpmem'''....''watershed'' :*'''milpuslen faof'''....''diving board'' :*'''milpusler'''....''to dive'' :*'''milpuslut'''....''diver, frogman'' :*'''milpux'''....''water jet'' :*'''milpyaon'''....''water wave'' :*'''milpyosag'''....''cataract'' :*'''milpyoxler'''....''plunge'' :*'''milseux'''....''swash'' :*'''milsirtyen'''....''hydromechanics'' :*'''milsiyn'''....''watermark'' :*'''milsom'''....''sink'' :*'''milsum'''....''waterbed'' :*'''milsyeb'''....''bucket, cistern, pail'' :*'''milsyebag'''....''reservoir, tank'' :*'''miltim'''....''restroom, washroom'' :*'''miltoyp'''....''nymph'' :*'''miltum'''....''w.c.'' :*'''miltun'''....''hydrology'' :*'''miltyez'''....''hydromancy'' :*'''miluar'''....''irrigator'' :*'''miluen syeb'''....''watering can'' :*'''miluer'''....''to hydrate, irrigate, water'' :*'''milyuf'''....''hydrophobia'' :*'''miltumdref'''....''toilet paper'' :*'''miluka'''....''anhydrous'' :*'''milukxar'''....''drain'' :*'''milukxer'''....''to drain'' :*'''milukxus'''....''culvert'' :*'''milvaka kyuabtaf'''....''cagoule'' :*'''milvaka'''....''waterproof'' :*'''milvolz siz'''....''aquarelle'' :*'''milvolz tayefar'''....''watercolor brush'' :*'''milvolz'''....''watercolor'' :*'''milvyuxen'''....''water pollution'' :*'''milyafon'''....''water power'' :*'''milyafon'''....''waterpower'' :*'''milyaoper'''....''to popple, bob'' :*'''milyaz'''....''surf, surge, swell'' :*'''milyazog'''....''ripple'' :*'''milyazogen'''....''rippling'' :*'''milyazoger'''....''ripple'' :*'''milyeber'''....''to bathe'' :*'''milyebler'''....''to soak'' :*'''milyebuxer'''....''to dunk'' :*'''milyebuxwa'''....''dunked'' :*'''milyem'''....''basin'' :*'''milyep oybmasoyf'''....''bath mat, bathmat'' :*'''milyep taf'''....''bath robe'' :*'''milyep tef'''....''bathing cap'' :*'''milyep tiuf'''....''bathing suit'' :*'''milyep'''....''bath, dip'' :*'''milyepam'''....''bathhouse'' :*'''milyeper'''....''to bathe, take a bath'' :*'''milyepim milsom'''....''bathroom sink'' :*'''milyepim'''....''bathroom'' :*'''milyepsom'''....''bath tub, bathtub, tub'' :*'''milyepuxer'''....''plunge'' :*'''milyepyem'''....''bath tub'' :*'''milyex'''....''aquiculture'' :*'''milsirtyen'''....''water engineering'' :*'''milyobyogem'''....''shoal'' :*'''milyom'''....''slush'' :*'''milyongonsen'''....''hydrolysis'' :*'''milyufbok'''....''rabies, hydrophobia'' :*'''milyufut'''....''hydrophobe'' :*'''milyuijar'''....''faucet, spigot'' :*'''milyuzper'''....''to wallow'' :*'''milzam'''....''waterfront'' :*'''milzyagosber'''....''to sprinkle'' :*'''milzyeg'''....''waterhole, watering hole'' :*'''milzyegem'''....''oasis'' :*'''milzyep teabar'''....''swimming goggles'' :*'''milzyep tiuf'''....''swim trunks, swimsuit'' :*'''milzyep tof'''....''swimwear'' :*'''milzyepam'''....''natatorium'' :*'''milzyeper'''....''swim'' :*'''milzyepyem'''....''swimming pool'' :*'''milzyuk'''....''waterwheel'' :*'''milzyun'''....''drop of water'' :*'''milzyunes'''....''water bead'' :*'''milzyunser'''....''to drip'' :*'''milzyunuer'''....''to instill'' :*'''mimila'''....''muriatic'' :*'''mimkumil'''....''swash'' :*'''mimmil'''....''seawater'' :*'''mimolmil'''....''saltwater'' :*'''mimuipmil'''....''tidewater'' :*'''mipa mil'''....''river water'' :*'''mipij mil'''....''spring water'' :*'''mukmil'''....''mineral water'' :*'''mumil'''....''groundwater'' :*'''mumilzyeg'''....''well'' :*'''niamil'''....''soda water'' :*'''ovyoymil'''....''antifreeze'' :*'''oybmila'''....''underwater'' :*'''oybmilar'''....''scuba'' :*'''oybmilarer'''....''to scuba dive'' :*'''oybmiltieb'''....''aqualung'' :*'''oybzobilmil'''....''undertow'' :*'''pit milsyeb'''....''aquarium, fish tank, fishbowl'' :*'''tyebmilboka'''....''hydrocephalic'' :*'''tiliyafwa mil'''....''drinking water, potable water'' :*'''tolar milnov'''....''dishtowel'' :*'''tuyab milnov'''....''hand towel, napkin'' :*'''tuyamilov'''....''hand cloth'' :*'''tuyub milyeb'''....''finger bowl'' :*'''ukxer ha milsom'''....''flush the toilet'' :*'''vak milkyupar'''....''life buoy, life raft'' :*'''yimmil'''....''floodwater, flood water'' :*'''miil'''....''dew'' :*'''miilnod'''....''dew point'' :* '''mial meup'''....''contrail'' :* '''mial-'''....''hygro-'' :* '''mial'''....''steam, vapor'' :* '''mialama'''....''hygrothermal'' :* '''mialbar'''....''atomizer, vaporizer'' :* '''mialber'''....''to steam'' :* '''mialbim'''....''sauna, steam room'' :* '''mialbok'''....''typhoid fever'' :* '''mialbur'''....''steamer'' :* '''mialdref'''....''hygrograph'' :* '''mialifa'''....''hygrophilous'' :* '''mialika'''....''steamy, vaporous'' :* '''mialmimpar'''....''steamboat'' :* '''mialmimpur'''....''steamer, steamship'' :* '''mialmufyegut'''....''steamfitter'' :* '''mialnagara'''....''hygrometric'' :* '''mialoker'''....''transpire'' :* '''mialser'''....''evaporate'' :* '''mialteaxar'''....''hygroscope'' :* '''mialuar'''....''sprayer'' :* '''mialuer'''....''to spray'' :* '''mialxer'''....''to evaporate, vaporize'' :* '''mialyena'''....''vapid'' :* '''mialyepen'''....''steam bath'' :* '''mialzyixar'''....''steamroller'' :* '''tayeb mialuar'''....''hair spray'' :* '''miil'''....''dew'' :* '''miilber'''....''to bedew'' :* '''miilika'''....''dewy'' :* '''miilzyunog'''....''dew drop'' :* '''yoymiil'''....''hoarfrost'' : Some verbs formed with the stub '''il''': :* '''abiluer'''....''to affuse, to pour onto'' :* '''aybilper'''....''to overflow'' :* '''aybiluer'''....''to suffuse, to drench, to pour over'' :* '''biiluer'''....''to drip with juice'' :* '''biluer'''....''to milk, to nurse'' :* '''filuer'''....''to ply with alcohol'' :* '''grailuer'''....''to lavish, to gush'' :* '''ikiluer'''....''to steep, to pour to the brim'' :* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' :* '''kuiluer'''....''to slop'' :* '''kyuiluer'''....''to drizzle'' :* '''lobiluer'''....''to wean'' :* '''maegiluer'''....''to fuel'' :* '''mamiluer'''....''to rain on'' :* '''oyebiluer'''....''to exude, to excrete'' :* '''talobiluer'''....''to extravasate'' :* '''tayodriluer'''....''to tattoo'' :* '''teabiliuer'''....''to bring to tears'' :* '''teubiluer'''....''to drool'' :* '''tiibiluer'''....''to bleed'' :* '''tilaybiluer'''....''to suckle, breast-feed'' :* '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' :* '''tiyebiluer'''....''to inseminate'' :* '''ugiluer'''....''to drizzle, to pour slowly'' :* '''uigiluer'''....''to trickle, to dribble'' :* '''yebiluer'''....''to instill, to infuse'' :* '''yiviluer'''....''to effuse'' :* '''yoniluer'''....''to distill'' :* '''zyailuer'''....''to splash, to splurge'' :* '''zyeiluer'''....''to perfuse, to soak'' :* '''ailxer'''....''to fluidize'' :* '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, to melt'' :* '''amilxer'''....''to melt, to fuse'' :* '''bilxer'''....''to juice'' :* '''febilxer'''....''to make musty'' :* '''filxer'''....''to ferment'' :* '''fyavyilxer'''....''to ablute'' :* '''ibilxer'''....''to melt away, to deliquese'' :* '''ilvyilxer'''....''to elute, to rinse'' :* '''maegilxer'''....''to gasify'' :* '''makamilxer'''....''to electrofuse'' :* '''mekilxer'''....''to mash'' :* '''mugilxer'''....''to cast, to smelt'' :* '''mugyanilxer'''....''to solder'' :* '''novyilxer'''....''to launder'' :* '''obvyilxer'''....''to wash off, to rinse'' :* '''oyebvyilxer'''....''to wash out, to elutriate'' :* '''povilxer'''....''to brew'' :* '''tiibilxer'''....''to bloody'' :* '''tyebvilxer'''....''to brainwash'' :* '''umfilsilxer'''....''to esterify'' :* '''umvyilxer'''....''to dry-clean'' :* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' :* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' :* '''abilper'''....''to influence'' :* '''abilpuxer'''....''to douse'' :* '''aybilper'''....''to overflow'' :* '''azilzyeper'''....''to swash'' :* '''azilper'''....''to billow'' :* '''ebilxer'''....''to interfuse'' :* '''grailper'''....''to flood'' :* '''gyoilper'''....''to trickle'' :* '''kyeilper'''....''to ramble'' :* '''igilper'''....''to gush'' :* '''igilpseuxer'''....''to sough'' :* '''ikilper'''....''to brim, to profuse'' :* '''ilposer'''....''to stagnate'' :* '''ilpuxer'''....''to spew, to spout'' :* '''ilpuxeger'''....''to sputter, to splutter'' :* '''ilpxer'''....''to shed'' :* '''ilpyaser'''....''to gush, to jet'' :* '''ilpyexer'''....''to spatter, to splotch'' :* '''ilpyoser'''....''to cascade, to drip'' :* '''ilpyoxer'''....''to spill'' :* '''ilpyoyxer'''....''to dip'' :* '''ilpyuxer'''....''to spurt, to squirt'' :* '''obilper'''....''to run off'' :* '''oybilper'''....''to underflow'' :* '''oyebilper'''....''to drain, to exude'' :* '''oyebteubilpuxer'''....''to spit out'' :* '''oyvilper'''....''to contraflow'' :* '''teubilpuxer'''....''to spit, to expectorate'' :* '''tiibilper'''....''to bleed'' :* '''tiibilpxer'''....''to bloodlet'' :* '''ugilper'''....''to trickle'' :* '''uzrilper'''....''to flow torrentially'' :* '''yabilper'''....''to flow up, to stream upward'' :* '''yanilper'''....''to slur, to run together'' :* '''yebilper'''....''to stream in'' :* '''yobgyoilper'''....''to trickle down'' :* '''yobilper'''....''to cascade, to trickle down'' :* '''yogilpuxer'''....''to spurt'' :* '''yuzilper'''....''to circulate'' :* '''zaoilper'''....''to fluctuate'' :* '''zoy-ilper'''....''to ebb, to flow back, to reflux'' :* '''zyeilper'''....''to seep, to soak, to flow through'' :* '''zyoilper'''....''to squirt, to spurt'' :* '''zyuilper'''....''to eddy, to swirl'' ==== MUL, -UL, -LK Words ==== : The base word '''mul''' means ''matter, stuff, material, substance''. The stub suffix '''-ul''' is used to form words which are substances. : The stub suffix '''-lk''' is used to form chemical names. The names of chemical elements are form from the Mirad spellings of the lower-cased letters in the chemical element chart. The chemical element ''bromine'' is represented on chemical element charts as ''Br''. When the lower-case equivalent of this is pronounced '''ba-ro''' in Mirad. The ending '''-lk''' is suffixed to any element, thus producing in this case: '''barolk'''. : Note the following Mirad equivalents for derivative chemical endings in English: :* '''-lkiyd'''....''-ide'' (ex. '''baro<u>lkiyd</u>'''....''brom<u>ide</u>'' :* '''-lkiyt'''....''-ite'' :* '''-lkayd'''....''-ade'' :* '''-lkayt'''....''-ate'' :* '''-lkayn'''....''-ane'' : Here is a list of words containing these roots and endings: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''mul'''....''material, matter, stuff, substance'' :* '''mules'''....''subatomic particle'' :* '''mulesyan'''....''compound'' :* '''mulgaber'''....''spike'' :* '''muliblar'''....''hopper'' :* '''mulikan'''....''mass'' :* '''mulikxer'''....''stuff'' :* '''mulin'''....''materialism'' :* '''mulkyaxen'''....''transubstantiation'' :* '''mulog'''....''particle'' :* '''mulogxer'''....''crumble, crush, pulverize'' :* '''mulon'''....''ion'' :* '''mulonxer'''....''ionize'' :* '''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' :* '''mulsaninut'''....''hylomorphist'' :* '''mulser'''....''materialize'' :* '''multejin'''....''hylozoism'' :* '''multotin'''....''hylotheism'' :* '''muluka'''....''jejune'' :* '''mulun'''....''particle, speck'' :* '''muluna'''....''molar, particulate'' :* '''mulunigxur'''....''cyclotron, particle accelerator'' :* '''mulunkunid'''....''block of matter'' :* '''mulvyixam'''....''refinery'' :* '''mulvyixer'''....''refine'' :* '''mulvyixwa'''....''refined'' :* '''mulvyuxer'''....''pollute'' :* '''mulyan'''....''clod, clot, clump, cluster'' :* '''mulyana'''....''molar'' :* '''mulyanxer'''....''clump together, cluster'' :* '''mulyonxar'''....''colander, filter, filterer, riddle, sieve, sift, strainer'' :* '''mulyonxarer'''....''riddle, filter, sift, strain'' :* '''mulyonxer'''....''filter, filtrate, leach, lixiviate, perk, sift, strain'' :* '''mulyujber'''....''tamp'' :* '''mulzyobar'''....''filter, sieve, sifter, strainer'' :* '''mulzyober'''....''filter, sift, strain'' :* '''mulzyun'''....''lump, mass, wad'' :* '''mulzyunika'''....''lumpy'' :* '''mulzyunxer'''....''wad up'' <hr> :* '''abqomul'''....''top quark'' :* '''abteupimul'''....''enamel'' :* '''aglamakmul'''....''macroion'' :* '''aglazemul'''....''macronucleus'' :* '''alztiibiltummul'''....''hemoglobin'' :* '''ammakmul'''....''thermion'' :* '''amul'''....''element'' :* '''anvamakmul'''....''monocation'' :* '''anvomakmul'''....''monoanion'' :* '''bokmul'''....''bacterium, contaminant, germ, infection, pus'' :* '''bookxea mul'''....''pabulum'' :* '''calkvamakmul'''....''carbocation'' :* '''envamakmul'''....''bication, dication'' :* '''envomakmul'''....''dianion'' :* '''evmul'''....''neutrino'' :* '''eybmul'''....''mix, mixture'' :* '''eynmul'''....''amalgam, blend, melange'' :* '''faomul'''....''xylem'' :* '''febzemul'''....''pap'' :* '''fyeagemul'''....''mithril'' :* '''fyumul'''....''garbage, refuse, rot, rubbish, spoilage, spoils, trash, waste material'' :* '''gabyanmul'''....''admixture'' :* '''glamakmul'''....''polyion, multiion'' :* '''glavamakmul'''....''polycation'' :* '''gwomul'''....''atom'' :* '''invamakmul'''....''trication'' :* '''kaffeymul'''....''caffeine'' :* '''ketonmul'''....''acetone'' :* '''kumul'''....''siding'' :* '''kyeyanmul'''....''farrago'' :* '''lavol volyanmul'''....''potato salad'' :* '''maegilyanmul'''....''petrochemical'' :* '''makmul'''....''ion'' :* '''manmakmul'''....''photoion'' :* '''molza mul'''....''black matter'' :* '''mona mul'''....''dark matter'' :* '''nedmul'''....''surfacing'' :* '''nialkmakmul'''....''sulphion'' :* '''numul'''....''cellulose'' :* '''oglamakmul'''....''microion'' :* '''olkmakmul'''....''oxoion'' :* '''omul'''....''nihil, nil, non-entity, non-matter, nothingness'' :* '''ovmakmul'''....''counterion'' :* '''ovmul'''....''anti-matter, antimatter'' :* '''ovyasmul'''....''abstraction'' :* '''ovyimul'''....''impurity'' :* '''oyvvomul'''....''positron'' :* '''patij zemul'''....''egg yolk'' :* '''peamul'''....''ion'' :* '''pyosmul'''....''fallout'' :* '''qomul'''....''quark'' :* '''sexmul'''....''building material'' :* '''tabummul'''....''cytoplasm'' :* '''tejefmul'''....''protein'' :* '''teupib yigabmul'''....''tooth enamel'' :* '''teupimul'''....''dentin, dentine'' :* '''unvamakmul'''....''tetracation'' :* '''unvomakmul'''....''tetraanion'' :* '''utmakmul'''....''autoion'' :* '''vamakmul'''....''cation'' :* '''vamul'''....''proton'' :* '''vavol yanmul'''....''greens, mixed salad greens'' :* '''vemul'''....''neutron'' :* '''volzyanmul'''....''color blend, color mix'' :* '''vomakmul'''....''anion'' :* '''vomul'''....''electron'' :* '''vyazmul'''....''hornblende'' :* '''vyumul'''....''impurity, contaminant'' :* '''yanbixmul'''....''tannin'' :* '''yanmakmul'''....''coion'' :* '''yanmul'''....''chemical, mix, mixture'' :* '''yigfamul'''....''roughage'' :* '''yigmul'''....''hard substance'' :* '''yobgwomul'''....''nuclide'' :* '''yonmul'''....''solution'' :* '''yonpyexrea mul'''....''explosive material'' :* '''yugmul'''....''mush, pulp, puree, soft matter, soft substance, spongy substance'' :* '''zemul'''....''body matter, core, kernel, nucleus, pit, pith'' :* '''zomul'''....''end matter'' <hr> :* '''abaul'''....''coat, coating'' :* '''abaxrul'''....''swarf'' :* '''abaxul'''....''liniment'' :* '''abmelgorful'''....''mulch'' :* '''abtiyotayubul'''....''adrenalin, epinephrine'' :* '''abyexegwul'''....''batter'' :* '''alza uopetsiynxul'''....''ruddle'' :* '''ambokovul'''....''febrifuge'' :* '''apayetavyul'''....''guano'' :* '''ekpetavyul'''....''road apple'' :* '''atobijtojbul'''....''germicidal, germicide'' :* '''axlul'''....''agent'' :* '''aynmuxul'''....''alembic'' :* '''azul'''....''energy'' :* '''balwul'''....''pesto'' :* '''bekul'''....''drug, medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical, potion'' :* '''bilgyaul'''....''butterfat'' :* '''bilul'''....''casein'' :* '''bokogruntojbul'''....''bactericide, germicide'' :* '''bokul'''....''poison, potion, toxin, venin, venom'' :* '''booxul'''....''tranquilizer'' :* '''byexovxul'''....''antiknock'' :* '''byokobul'''....''paregoric'' :* '''byoktojbul'''....''narcotic, painkiller'' :* '''ebtabifuul'''....''aphrodisiac'' :* '''faobyagbexul'''....''creosote'' :* '''favoful'''....''fluff, foam'' :* '''fayebobul'''....''defoliant'' :* '''fitapxul'''....''conditioner'' :* '''fiteuxul'''....''flavoring'' :* '''ful'''....''chaff'' :* '''futeiskoxul'''....''elixir'' :* '''futeisobul'''....''deodorant, deodorizer'' :* '''fuvabtojbul'''....''weedkiller'' :* '''fyul'''....''slop'' :* '''fyupelttojbul'''....''pesticide'' :* '''fyusul'''....''waste matter'' :* '''fyuul'''....''recrement'' :* '''gapoteupibul'''....''ivory'' :* '''zepovob nofyigxul'''....''cornstarch'' :* '''glatejbekul'''....''multivitamin'' :* '''gratayoxul'''....''allergen'' :* '''gyanoxwul'''....''slurry, spatterdash'' :* '''gyoa tavyul'''....''scutter'' :* '''hyasbyekul'''....''elixir, nostrum'' :* '''ibtelovxul'''....''anticorrosive'' :* '''ifbekul'''....''drug, recreational drug'' :* '''igraxul'''....''accelerant'' :* '''ijbekul'''....''first notion, germ of a notion'' :* '''ilxwul'''....''fondant'' :* '''asompavul'''....''heroin'' :* '''iymxul'''....''moistener'' :* '''jaovbekul'''....''vaccine'' :* '''jwasazul'''....''protoplasm'' :* '''jwoxul'''....''retardant'' :* '''kapot bokul'''....''rat poison'' :* '''kyobexul'''....''adhesive'' :* '''lopaaxul'''....''depressant'' :* '''loyanbalul'''....''decongestant'' :* '''makizbul'''....''electrolyte, electrolytic'' :* '''malzaxul'''....''bleach'' :* '''masazul'''....''daub, gypsum, plaster of Paris, poultice'' :* '''masul'''....''walling'' :* '''mavugxul'''....''flame-retardant'' :* '''megul'''....''scoria'' :* '''melbul'''....''compost'' :* '''melfyixul'''....''fertilizer'' :* '''mimvokojbul'''....''algicide'' :* '''moabikxul'''....''oakum'' :* '''monxul'''....''darkener'' :* '''moyvuul'''....''fumigant'' :* '''mugul'''....''scoria'' :* '''nazmukfyul'''....''gangue'' :* '''nofyigxul'''....''carb'' :* '''okyiabxul'''....''laxative'' :* '''ovbekul'''....''antidote'' :* '''ovbokogrunul'''....''anti-bacterial, antibacterial'' :* '''ovbokul'''....''anti-toxin, antitoxin, galena'' :* '''ovilzaxul'''....''blueing'' :* '''ovmavxenul'''....''cortisone'' :* '''ovolkxul'''....''antioxidant'' :* '''ovolyabul'''....''leaven'' :* '''ovpobokul'''....''antivenin'' :* '''ovtabessaxul'''....''antigen'' :* '''ovuvtipul'''....''antidepressant'' :* '''ovyanglalxul'''....''anticoagulant'' :* '''oybabaul'''....''undercoating'' :* '''oyebalwul'''....''espresso'' :* '''pasyofbokul'''....''paralytic'' :* '''patavyul'''....''birdlime'' :* '''patijmazul'''....''albumen, albumin'' :* '''pelt ovbuxul'''....''insect repellent'' :* '''peltbokul'''....''insecticide'' :* '''piyezul'''....''nacre'' :* '''pobokul'''....''toxin, venom'' :* '''pooxul'''....''sedative'' :* '''puxrawul'''....''shrapnel'' :* '''puysegyul'''....''elastic'' :* '''sazul'''....''plastic'' :* '''sexyanul'''....''construction mortar'' :* '''sul'''....''base, chemical base'' :* '''taibul'''....''marrow'' :* '''tavyul'''....''dung, excrement, excreta, excretion, feces, manure, poop, shit, slop, waste'' :* '''tayebobul'''....''depilatory'' :* '''tayefmanxul'''....''brilliantine'' :* '''tayib bosaxul'''....''sedative'' :* '''tayibbokul'''....''neurotoxin'' :* '''tayobiluul'''....''sudorific'' :* '''teabvixul'''....''eye shadow'' :* '''teabyebgyaxul'''....''mascara'' :* '''tejbekul'''....''vitamin'' :* '''tejogruntojbul'''....''microbicide'' :* '''telefxul'''....''appetizer'' :* '''tepul'''....''fodder'' :* '''teubukxwul'''....''sputum'' :* '''teubvyixul'''....''mouthwash'' :* '''tiebukxen bekul'''....''cough medicine, cough syrup, cough syrup'' :* '''tijbul'''....''sperm'' :* '''tijbultojbus'''....''spermicide'' :* '''tikibul'''....''heparin'' :* '''tikul'''....''sweetbread'' :* '''tikyebul'''....''dung, feces, shit, slop'' :* '''tipuvxul'''....''depressant'' :* '''tofyolzaxul'''....''bluing'' :* '''tojbul'''....''bequest'' :* '''toopaxul'''....''androgen'' :* '''tospanuul'''....''stimulant'' :* '''tosyofxul'''....''anaesthetic, anesthetic, anesthetizing agent, numbing agent'' :* '''tuj bekul'''....''sleep medicine'' :* '''tujbul'''....''anesthetic'' :* '''tujdul'''....''hypnosis'' :* '''tulobul'''....''keratin'' :* '''twiyibul'''....''testosterone'' :* '''ugxul'''....''retardant'' :* '''ukxwul'''....''drainage'' :* '''-ul'''....''stub prefix for substance'' :* '''umvyixul'''....''freebase'' :* '''umxul'''....''desiccant'' :* '''uxul'''....''endocrine, hormone'' :* '''vakyujul'''....''sealant'' :* '''vaybtojbul'''....''herbicide'' :* '''veebuul'''....''fertilizer'' :* '''vixalzul'''....''rouge'' :* '''vixul'''....''cosmetic, make-up, makeup'' :* '''vobvazul'''....''chlorophyll'' :* '''volzyanxuul'''....''tempera'' :* '''voylzul'''....''dyestuff'' :* '''vuteisobul'''....''deodorant'' :* '''vyixul'''....''cleanser, detergent'' :* '''vyizaxul'''....''purger'' :* '''vyobekul'''....''placebo'' :* '''vyosul'''....''crap, tripe'' :* '''vyotepsinxul'''....''hallucinogen'' :* '''vyul'''....''crud, dirt, dreg, dregs, grime, muck, mud, slime, sludge, soil, waste'' :* '''vyunobul'''....''disinfectant, stain-removal'' :* '''xul'''....''stimulus'' :* '''yafonul'''....''fuel'' :* '''yagxul'''....''extender'' :* '''yanul'''....''adhesive, glue, goo, mortar, paste'' :* '''yebtiexul'''....''inhalant'' :* '''yebyafwa bekul'''....''suppository'' :* '''yigfa nedvixul'''....''roughcast'' :* '''yigsaxul'''....''starch'' :* '''yigxul'''....''hardener'' :* '''yigzilovul'''....''antacid'' :* '''yivul'''....''chaff'' :* '''yizkyasul'''....''metabolite'' :* '''yonpyexrul'''....''explosive material'' :* '''yoymovul'''....''antifreeze'' :* '''yuglaxul'''....''tenderizer'' :* '''yugraxul'''....''balm, balsam, demulcent'' :* '''yugtaxul'''....''laxative, relaxant'' :* '''zapuxul'''....''propellant'' :* '''zeysansul'''....''metabolite'' :* '''zoybuxul'''....''repellent'' <hr> :* '''acalk'''....''actinium, Ac'' :* '''agelk'''....''silver, Ag'' :* '''ahelkayn'''....''methane'' :* '''ahelkeyn'''....''acetylene'' :* '''ailkyostix'''....''hydrostatics'' :* '''alahelkayn'''....''undecane'' :* '''alehelkayn'''....''dodecane'' :* '''alilk calkayt'''....''aluminum carbonate'' :* '''alilk'''....''aluminum, Al'' :* '''alilkayeb'''....''aluminum foil'' :* '''aliolkiyd'''....''corundum'' :* '''alkiyn zil'''....''amino acid'' :* '''alkiyn'''....''amino'' :* '''alohelkayn'''....''decane'' :* '''alyuhelkayn'''....''hexadecane'' :* '''amilk'''....''americium, Am'' :* '''anolkiyd'''....''monoxide'' :* '''arolk'''....''argon, Ar'' :* '''asolk'''....''arsenic, As'' :* '''atulk'''....''astatine, At'' :* '''aulk'''....''gold, Au'' :* '''baalk'''....''barium, Ba'' :* '''bael solkayt'''....''beryllium sulfate'' :* '''baelk'''....''beryllium, Be'' :* '''bahelk'''....''bohrium, Bh'' :* '''bailk'''....''bismuth, Bi'' :* '''bainhelkayn'''....''borane'' :* '''bakilk'''....''berkelium, Bk'' :* '''balk infelkiyd'''....''boron trifluoride'' :* '''balk'''....''boron, B'' :* '''barolk'''....''bromine, Br'' :* '''bixfeelk'''....''magnet'' :* '''caalk calkayt'''....''sodium carbonate'' :* '''caalk heolkiyd'''....''calcium hydroxide'' :* '''caalk solkayt'''....''calcium sulfate'' :* '''caalk'''....''calcium, Ca'' :* '''caalkzil'''....''calcimine'' :* '''caanfelipolkis'''....''apatite'' :* '''caanolkiyd'''....''carbon monoxide'' :* '''cacalilkiyd'''....''phosgene'' :* '''cadalk solkiyd'''....''cadmium sulfide'' :* '''cadalk'''....''cadmium, Cd'' :* '''caelk'''....''cerium, Ce'' :* '''caenheolkiyd'''....''formaldehyde'' :* '''caenolkiyd'''....''C2O, carbon dioxide'' :* '''cafelk'''....''californium, Cf'' :* '''caheenolk'''....''carb'' :* '''cahelkayt'''....''carbohydrate, starch'' :* '''cahelkiyd'''....''cyanide'' :* '''cainhelk'''....''methyl'' :* '''cainhelkxwa'''....''methylated'' :* '''cainheohelk'''....''methanol'' :* '''califelicalk'''....''chlorofluorocarbon'' :* '''calilk'''....''chlorine, Cl'' :* '''calilkayt'''....''chlorate'' :* '''calilkis'''....''chlorite'' :* '''calilkiyd'''....''chloride'' :* '''calilksan'''....''chloroform'' :* '''calipolkis'''....''chlorophosphite'' :* '''calk'''....''carbon, C'' :* '''calka zil'''....''carbonic acid'' :* '''calkayt'''....''carbonate'' :* '''calkiyd'''....''carbide'' :* '''calkxwa mil'''....''carbonated water'' :* '''camilk'''....''curium, Cm'' :* '''canilk'''....''copernicium, Cn'' :* '''caolk'''....''cobalt, Co'' :* '''carolk'''....''chrome, chromium, Cr'' :* '''carolkayt'''....''chromate'' :* '''casolk'''....''caesium, cesium, Cs'' :* '''caulk'''....''copper, Cu'' :* '''caulka barolkiyd'''....''cupric bromide'' :* '''caulkis'''....''malachite'' :* '''caunhelk'''....''methane'' :* '''cauzunilk'''....''brass'' :* '''cayinheyunnioelk'''....''acetaminophen'' :* '''cayunheanlinilk'''....''amphetamine'' :* '''dabalk'''....''dubnium, Db'' :* '''dasolk'''....''darmstadtium, Ds'' :* '''dayulk'''....''dysprosium, Dy'' :* '''drarcalk'''....''graphite'' :* '''ehelkayn'''....''ethane'' :* '''ehelkeyn'''....''benzene'' :* '''encarolkayt'''....''dichromate'' :* '''enhelk polkayt'''....''dihydrogan phosphate'' :* '''enheolkayn'''....''oxidane'' :* '''enolkin'''....''dioxin'' :* '''enolkiyd'''....''dioxide, peroxide'' :* '''enpolkis'''....''diphosphite'' :* '''enrotoelkiyd'''....''telluride'' :* '''erolk'''....''erbium, Er'' :* '''esolk'''....''einsteinium, Es'' :* '''eulk'''....''europium, Eu'' :* '''feeensolkis'''....''pyrite'' :* '''feelk'''....''iron, Fe'' :* '''feelkit'''....''ferrite'' :* '''feelkug'''....''wrought iron'' :* '''feelkuyk'''....''hematite'' :* '''feelkyig'''....''steel'' :* '''felilk'''....''flerovium, Fl'' :* '''felilkis'''....''fluorite'' :* '''felilkiyd'''....''fluoride'' :* '''felk'''....''fluorine, F'' :* '''femilk'''....''fermium, Fm'' :* '''ferolk'''....''francium, Fr'' :* '''gacalilka zil'''....''perchloric acid'' :* '''gaolkiyd'''....''dioxide'' :* '''gealk'''....''gallium, Ga'' :* '''gedalk'''....''gadolinium, Gd'' :* '''geelk'''....''germanium, Ge'' :* '''gocalilkiyd'''....''hypochlorite'' :* '''hecalilka zil'''....''hydrochoric acid'' :* '''hecalilka'''....''hydrochloric'' :* '''heelk'''....''helium, He'' :* '''hefelk'''....''hafnium, Hf'' :* '''hegelk'''....''mercury, Hg, quicksilver'' :* '''helk calkayt'''....''hydrogan carbonate'' :* '''helk polkayt'''....''hydrogen phosphate'' :* '''helk solkayt'''....''hydrogen sulfate, bisulfate'' :* '''helk'''....''hydrogen, H'' :* '''helka zil'''....''acetic acid'' :* '''heolk'''....''holmium, Ho'' :* '''heolkiyd'''....''hydroxide'' :* '''hesolk'''....''hassium, Hs'' :* '''hesolka zil'''....''hydrosulfuric acid'' :* '''ihelkayn'''....''butane'' :* '''ilk'''....''iodine, I'' :* '''ilkat'''....''iodate'' :* '''ilkiyn'''....''iodine'' :* '''ilkiyd'''....''iodide'' :* '''incaheyaolk'''....''C3H6O, acetone'' :* '''incayanheolk'''....''acetone'' :* '''inheolk'''....''H2O'' :* '''inilk'''....''indium, In'' :* '''inolk'''....''ozone'' :* '''irolk'''....''iridium, Ir'' :* '''kiilkiyd'''....''potassium iodide'' :* '''kilk barolkiyd'''....''potassium bromide'' :* '''kilk ilkiyd'''....''potassium iodide'' :* '''kilk'''....''potash, potassium, K'' :* '''kirolk'''....''krypton, Kr'' :* '''lialk'''....''lanthanum, La'' :* '''liilk'''....''lithium, Li'' :* '''lirolk'''....''lawrencium, Lr'' :* '''liulk'''....''lutetium, Lu'' :* '''livulk'''....''livermorium, Lv'' :* '''micalk'''....''moscovium, Mc'' :* '''midalk'''....''mendelevium, Md'' :* '''migelk polkayt'''....''magnesium phosphate'' :* '''migelk'''....''magnesium, Mg'' :* '''minilk'''....''manganese, Mn'' :* '''minilkayt'''....''manganate'' :* '''miolk'''....''brine, molybdenum, Mo'' :* '''mitolk'''....''meitnerium, Mt'' :* '''nialk enbalkas alomilkayt'''....''borax'' :* '''nialk calkayt'''....''sodium carbonate'' :* '''nialk encalkayt'''....''sodium bicarbonate'' :* '''nialk felkiyd'''....''sodium fluoride'' :* '''nialk olkiyd'''....''sodium oxide'' :* '''nialk solkayt'''....''sodium sulfate'' :* '''nialk'''....''sodium, Na'' :* '''nialkmakmul'''....''sulphion'' :* '''niamulcalilkiyd'''....''sodium chloride'' :* '''nibalk'''....''niobium, Nb'' :* '''nidalk'''....''neodymium, Nd'' :* '''nielk'''....''neon, Ne'' :* '''nienhelkin'''....''amphetamine'' :* '''nihelk'''....''nihonium, Nh'' :* '''niilk'''....''nickel, Ni'' :* '''niinnhelkiyd'''....''ammonia, ammonium'' :* '''niinnhelkiza'''....''ammoniac, ammoniacal'' :* '''niinolkis'''....''nitrite'' :* '''niinolkiyd'''....''nitride'' :* '''niinolkxen'''....''nitration, nitrification'' :* '''nilk incalilkiyd'''....''nitrogen trichloride'' :* '''nilk inhelkayn'''....''azane'' :* '''nilk'''....''azote, nitrogen, N'' :* '''nilka zil'''....''nitric acid'' :* '''nilkaya zil'''....''nitrous acid'' :* '''niolk'''....''nobelium, No'' :* '''nipolk'''....''neptunium, Np'' :* '''ogemolk'''....''oganesson, Og'' :* '''ohelkayn'''....''alkane'' :* '''olk'''....''oxygen, O'' :* '''olkiyd'''....''oxide'' :* '''osolk'''....''osmium, Os'' :* '''poalk'''....''protactinium, Pa'' :* '''pobalk'''....''lead, Pb'' :* '''podalk'''....''palladium, Pd'' :* '''poinhelkayn'''....''phosphane, phosphine'' :* '''polilk'''....''plutonium, Pl'' :* '''polk'''....''phosphorus, P'' :* '''polka zil'''....''phosphoric acide'' :* '''polkayt'''....''phosphate'' :* '''polkis'''....''phosphite'' :* '''pomilk'''....''promethium, Pm'' :* '''poolk'''....''polonium, Po'' :* '''porolk'''....''praseodymium, Pr'' :* '''potulk'''....''platinum, Pt'' :* '''roalk'''....''radium, Ra'' :* '''robalk'''....''rubidium, Rb'' :* '''roelk'''....''rhenium, Re'' :* '''rofelk'''....''rutherfordium, Rf'' :* '''rogelk'''....''roentgenium, Rg'' :* '''ronilk'''....''radon, Rn'' :* '''roulk'''....''ruthenium, Ru'' :* '''sobalk'''....''antimony, Sb'' :* '''socalk'''....''scandium, Sc'' :* '''soelk'''....''selenium, Sl'' :* '''sogelk'''....''seaborgium, Sg'' :* '''sohelk'''....''thiol'' :* '''soilk'''....''silicon, Si'' :* '''solk calilkiyd'''....''sodium chloride, salt'' :* '''solk'''....''sol, sulfur, S'' :* '''solkayt'''....''sulfate'' :* '''solkil'''....''sulfur water, tonic'' :* '''solkis'''....''sulfite'' :* '''solkiyd'''....''sulfide'' :* '''somilk'''....''samarium, Sm'' :* '''sonilk'''....''tin'' :* '''sonilkayeb'''....''tin foil, tin plate, tin-plate, tinfoil, tin-foil, tinplate'' :* '''sonilkvib'''....''tinsel'' :* '''sorolk'''....''strontium, Sr'' :* '''tualk'''....''tantalum, Ta'' :* '''tubalk'''....''terbium, Tb'' :* '''tucalk'''....''technetium, Tc'' :* '''tuelk'''....''tellurium, Tl'' :* '''tuhelk'''....''thorium, Th'' :* '''tuilk'''....''titanium, Ti'' :* '''tulilk'''....''thallium, Tl'' :* '''tulk'''....''thulium, T'' :* '''tusolk'''....''tennessine, Ts'' :* '''uhelkayn'''....''pentane'' :* '''ulk'''....''uranium, U'' :* '''ulohelkayn'''....''tetracosane'' :* '''uncalilkiyd'''....''tetrachloride'' :* '''vulk'''....''vanadium, V'' :* '''wulk'''....''tungsten, W'' :* '''xuelk'''....''xenon, Xe'' :* '''yahelkayn'''....''hexane'' :* '''yehelkayn'''....''heptane'' :* '''yihelkayn'''....''octane'' :* '''yincaalinhenilk'''....''amphetamine'' :* '''yizyincaalinhenilk'''....''methamphetamine'' :* '''yohelkayn'''....''propane'' :* '''yubalk'''....''ytterbium, Yb'' :* '''yuhelkayn'''....''nonane'' :* '''yulk'''....''yttrium, Y'' :* '''zunilk'''....''zinc, Zn'' :* '''zurolk'''....''zirconium, Zr'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''MOM''' ''Cosmos'' === : The base word '''mom''' (''cosmos'') is the zeroth member of a geo-specific word series: :* '''mom'''....''cosmos, outer space'' :* '''mam'''....''sky'' :* '''mem'''....''land, ground, earth'' :* '''mim'''....''sea'' :* '''mum'''....''underground'' : Principal derivatives of '''mom''': :* '''moma'''....''spatial, cosmic'' :* '''momaf'''....''nebula'' :* '''momeg'''....''meteoroid'' ::* '''momegos'''....''meteorite'' :* '''mompar'''....''spaceship, space vehicle'' :* '''momput'''....''astronaut'' :* '''momtaf'''....''space suit'' :* '''momteaxam'''....''observatory'' :* '''momtun'''....''astronomy'' :* '''momtyop'''....''space walk'' : The vehicles adapted to the above geo-specific spheres are: :* '''mompur'''....''spaceship'' ::* '''momput'''....''astronaut'' :* '''mampur'''....''airplane'' ::* '''mamput'''....''air traveler'' :* '''mempur'''....''automobile, car'' ::* '''memput'''....''motorist'' :* '''mimpur'''....''ship'' ::* '''mimput'''....''mariner'' ::* '''mimpar'''....''boat'' (smaller) :::* '''mimparut'''....''boater, sailor'' :* '''mompur'''....''subway, metro'' ::* '''momput'''....''subway rider'' :* '''pur''' by itself is the usual way to say ''car''. ==== MAM Words ==== : Principal derivatives of '''mam''' (''sky''): :* '''mam'''....''sky, heavens'' ::* '''mama'''....''celestial'' ::* '''mamanig'''....''lightning'' ::* '''mamaybuz'''....''firmament, celestial vault'' ::* '''mamboka'''....''airsick'' ::* '''mamil'''.....''rain'' :::* '''mamiler'''....''to rain'' :::* '''mamilaz'''....''downpour'' :::* '''mamilmaf'''....''raincloud'' :::* '''mamilovar'''....''umbrella'' :::* '''mamiluz'''....''rainbow'' :::* '''mamiluzrun'''....''rainstorm'' :::* '''mamilzyunes'''....''raindrop'' ::* '''mamnaduz'''....''azimuth'' ::* '''mamper'''....''to go by air'' :::* '''mampuiem'''....''airport'' :::* '''mampur'''....''airplane'' ::::* '''mampurexut'''....''aviator, air pilot'' ::::* '''mampurilp'''....''air traffic'' ::::* '''mampurofbirer'''....''to skyjack'' ::::* '''mampurtun'''....''avionics'' ::::* '''mampursurtyen'''....''aeronautical engineering'' ::* '''mampus'''....''skydive'' ::* '''mamteazpasen'''....''aerobatics'' ::* '''mamxeus'''....''thunder'' ::* '''mamyabeler'''....''to airlift'' ::* '''mamyom'''....''hail'' :::* '''mamyomes'''....''sleet'' ::::* '''mamyommeg'''....''hailstone'' ::* '''mamzyuplur'''....''helicopter'' ==== MEM Words ==== : The principal derivatives of '''mem''' (''land, ground, country'') are: : '''mem'''....''land, ground, country'' :: '''meam'''....''region'' :: '''meem'''....''territory'' :: '''meim'''....''countryside, rural area'' :: '''meum'''....''district'' : Other derivatives are: : '''agalmem'''....''mainland'' : '''bey mem'''....''by land'' : '''dobamem'''....''province'' ::* '''dobemem'''....''prefect'' ::* '''dobumem'''....''commune'' ::* '''fabmem'''....''woodland'' ::* '''fobmem'''....''cropland'' ::* '''fyezmem'''....''fairyland'' ::* '''hyumem'''....''foreign country'' :::* '''hyumemat'''....''foreignor'' ::::* '''hyumematyuf'''....''xenophobia'' ::* '''immem'''....''wetland'' ::* '''mempur'''....''automobile, car'' :::* '''mempuram'''....''carport, garage'' ::* '''mempier'''....''to take off'' ::* '''mempuer'''....''to land'' :::* '''mempuiem'''....''runway'' ::* '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' :::* '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' :::* '''memyayz'''....''hill'' :::* '''memyazes'''....''knob'' ::* '''memyoz'''....''valley, dale'' ::* '''memyez'''....''plain'' ::* '''membier'''....''to occupy, to take over'' ::* '''memgon'''....''plot, lot'' ::* '''memiber'''....''to import'' ::* '''memiper'''....''to emigrate'' ::* '''memyebeler'''....''to import'' :::* '''memoyebeler'''....''to export'' ::* '''memoyeber'''....''to deport'' ::* '''mempiler'''....''to flee the country'' :::* '''mempilut'''....''refugee'' ::* '''memsem'''....''plateau'' ::* '''memsin'''....''landscape'' :::* '''memsingondrut'''....''topographer'' :::* '''memsinvixut'''....''landscaper'' ::* '''memsiyn'''....''landmark'' ::* '''memuper'''....''to immigrate'' ::* '''memyuva'''....''feudal'' :::* '''memyuvat'''....''serf'' :::* '''memyuvdab'''....''fiefdom'' :::* '''memyuvin'''....''feudalism'' :::* '''memyuvxwat'''....''vassal'' ::* '''memzayaz'''....''promontory, cliff, headland'' :::* '''memzayazyan'''....''palisade'' ==== MIM Words ==== : The word '''mim''' means ''sea'' and has the following principal derivatives: :* '''mim'''....''sea'' ::* '''miam'''....''lake'' ::* '''miem'''....''marsh'' ::* '''mium'''....''pond'' ::* '''miyom'''....''pool'' ::* '''miyam'''....''puddle'' : Other derivatives are: :* '''mimog'''....''lagoon'' :* '''mimag'''....''ocean, high seas'' (also: '''mirmim''') ::* '''Amimag'''....''Arctic Ocean'' ::* '''Emimag'''....''Indian Ocean'' ::* '''Omimag'''....''Southern Ocean'' ::* '''Umimag'''....''Pacific Ocean'' ::* '''Imimag'''....''Atlantic Ocean'' ::* '''zeymimaga'''....''transoceanic'' ::* '''mimagpur'''....''ocean-liner'' :* '''mimanur'''....''lighthouse'' :* '''mimbelur'''....''cargo ship'' :* '''mimbok'''....''nausea'' :* '''mimdeuz'''....''sea chanty'' :* '''mimdom'''....''sea port'' ::* '''mimdoym'''....''marina'' :* '''mimgrun'''....''anchor'' :* '''mimif'''....''mist'' :* '''mimil'''....''seawater'' :* '''mimkum'''....''seashore, coast'' ::* '''mimkumnad'''....''coastline'' ::* '''mimkumpuer'''....''to dock'' ::* '''mimkumuz'''....''bay, gulf'' :::* '''mimkumuzog'''....''cove, bight'' :::* '''mimkumyij'''....''loch, lough'' :::* '''mimkumyoz'''....''inlet'' :* '''mimkunad'''....''seaboard'' :* '''mimmep'''....''sea lane'' :* '''mimmipyij'''....''estuary'' :* '''mimmis'''....''porthole'' :* '''mimnad beaxutyan'''....''coastguard'' :* '''mimneg'''....''sea level'' :* '''mimobem'''....''seabed'' :* '''mimof'''....''sail'' ::* '''mimofaof'''....''sailboard'' ::* '''mimofkyaxer'''....''to gibe'' ::* '''mimofpar'''....''sailboat'' :::* '''mimofper'''....''to sail'' :* '''mimok'''....''shipwreck'' ::* '''mimokyat'''....''castaway'' :* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mimolbexler'''....''to cure'' ::* '''mimolmiem'''....''salt marsh'' ::* '''mimolober'''....''to desalinate'' ::* '''mimolteisa'''....''brackish'' ::* '''mimoluer'''....''to salt'' ::* '''mimolyez'''....''salt flat'' :* '''mimpar'''....''boat'' ::* '''mimparam'''....''boathouse'' ::* '''mimpareb'''....''boat captain'' ::* '''mimparog'''....''dingy'' ::* '''mimparpuem'''....''dock, pier'' ::* '''mimparnyades'''....''flotilla'' :* '''mimper'''....''to go by sea, to sail'' ::* '''mimpea'''....''sea-faring'' ::* '''mimpen'''....''seafaring, navigation'' ::* '''mimpiem'''....''quay'' :* '''mimpob'''....''seaweed, alga'' :* '''mimpop'''....''sea voyage'' :* '''mimpot'''....''sea creature, marine animal'' :* '''mimpuer'''....''to dock, to embark'' ::* '''mimpuiem'''....''dock, port, haven, harbor'' :* '''mimpur'''....''ship'' ::* '''mimpuraopem'''....''embarcadero, wharf'' ::* '''mimpurayob'''....''hull'' ::* '''mimpurdet'''....''shipmate'' ::* '''mimpureb'''....''skipper, sea captain'' ::* '''mimpurebim'''....''stateroom'' ::* '''mimpurizber'''....''to steer, to navigate'' :::* '''mimpurizbar'''....''helm, steering wheel'' :::* '''mimpurizbim'''....''bridge'' :::* '''mimpurizbut'''....''steersman, pilot'' ::* '''mimpurkyiz'''....''shipload, cargo'' ::* '''mimpurkyoxwa'''....''berthed'' ::* '''mimpurmasyan'''....''bulkhead'' ::* '''mimpurnyad'''....''convoy'' ::* '''mimpuroper'''....''to disembark'' ::* '''mimpursexut'''....''shipbuilder'' ::* '''mimpurtwobet'''....''ship's boy'' ::* '''mimpurvakem'''....''harbor, haven'' :::* '''mimpurvakemeb'''....''harbormaster'' ::* '''mimpurxeb'''....''boatswain'' ::* '''mimpuryan'''....''fleet'' ::* '''mimpuryuxlut'''....''ship steward'' ::* '''mimpurzam'''....''forecastle'' :* '''mimpur'''....''ship'' ::* '''mampurbelea mimpur'''....''aircraft carrier'' ::* '''abmosobwa mimpur'''....''razee'' ::* '''adopiruwa mimpur'''....''gunship'' ::* '''beax mimpur'''....''guard boat'' ::* '''nunkyis mimpur'''....''cargo vessel'' ::* '''bokam mimpur'''....''hospital ship'' ::* '''bol mimpur'''....''support ship'' ::* '''bixneaf mimpur'''....''trawler'' ::* '''cepeitkexea mimpur'''....''whaling vessel'' ::* '''doopbelea mimpur'''....''troopship'' ::* '''dopek mimpur'''....''battleship'' ::* '''felkayob mimpur'''....''windjammer'' ::* '''mugyebag mimpur'''....''tanker'' ::* '''ifpop mimpur'''....''cruise ship'' ::* '''igapyex mimpur'''....''fast attack craft'' ::* '''inmimyufa mimpur'''....''galleon'' ::* '''maeg mimpur'''....''collier'' ::* '''mag mimpur'''....''fire ship'' ::* '''manar mimpur'''....''lightvessel'' ::* '''mial mipur'''....''steamer'' ::* '''mifubwa mimpur'''....''galley'' ::* '''nyux mimpur'''....''supply ship'' ::* '''mugzyinxwa mimpur'''....''ironclad'' ::* '''nyebab mimpur'''....''container ship'' ::* '''nyemimpur'''....''ark'' ::* '''yagpip dopel mimpur'''....''cruiser'' :* '''mimpyafa'''....''seaworthy'' :* '''mimpyaon'''....''surf, seacrest, breaker'' ::* '''mimpyaonper'''...''to surf'' :* '''mimseuxar'''....''foghorn'' :* '''mimsin'''....''seascape'' :* '''mimteas'''....''seaview'' :* '''mimtel'''....''seafood'' :* '''mimtun'''....''oceanography'' :* '''mimtwob'''....''seaman'' :* '''mimuba'''....''seaward'' :* '''mimuip'''....''tide, ebb and flow'' ::* '''mimuipa dim'''....''tidal basin'' ::* '''mimuipa mip'''....''tidal river, estuary'' ::* '''mimuipa pyaon'''....''tidal wave, tsunami'' ::* '''mimip'''....''ebb tide, ebb'' ::* '''mimup'''....''flood tide, flow'' :* '''mim-ulza'''....''sea-green'' :* '''mimvakdib'''....''coastguard'' :* '''mimvakxeyn'''....''salvage'' :* '''mimyaz'''....''surf'' ::* '''mimyaz faof'''....''surf board'' ::* '''mimyazper'''....''to surf'' :* '''mimyij'''....''cove, inlet, firth'' :* '''mimyobler'''....''to sink'' (tr.) :* '''mimyopler'''....''to sink'' (intr.) :* '''mim-yolza'''....''aquamarine, sea blue'' :* '''mimyom'''....''iceberg'' :* '''mimyufpyot'''....''sea-monster'' :* '''mimyuzpuxwer'''....''to be storm-tossed'' :* '''mimzan'''....''seafront'' :* '''yaba mimi'''....''high seas'' :* '''yebmema mim'''....''inland sea'' :* '''yija mim'''....''open sea'' :* '''yoiba mim'''....''deap sea'' :* '''zyoebmim'''....''strait'' : Some important seas around the world: :* '''Zeimera Mir'''....''Mediterranean Sea'' :* '''Zamer Mir'''....''North Sea'' :* '''Kaspima Mir'''....''Caspian Sea'' :* '''Karibima Mir'''....''Caribbean Sea'' :* '''Zomera Kinama Mir'''....''South China Sea'' :* '''Beringa Mir'''....''Bering Sea'' :* '''Meksikama Mir'''....''Gulf of Mexico'' :* '''Alza Mir'''....''Red Sea'' ==== MUM Words ==== : The word '''mum''' means ''underground''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mum'''....''underground'' ::* '''muma'''....''underground'' (adj.) :::* '''muma dodrur'''....''underground press'' ::* '''mumber'''....''to bury'' :::* '''mumbut'''....''undertaker'' ::* '''mumober'''....''to exhume'' ::* '''mumbesun'''....''fossil'' :::* '''mumbesunxer'''....''to fossilize'' ::* '''mumbesut'''....''troglodyte'' ::* '''mumbiler'''....''to mine'' :::* '''mumbilem'''....''mine'' :::* '''mumbilut'''....''miner'' ::* '''mumil'''....''groundwater'' :::* '''mumilyeg'''....''well'' ::::* '''mumilyegxut'''....''well-digger'' ::* '''mumper'''....''to burrow, to tunnel'' ::* '''mumtim'''....''hypogeum, cellar'' :::* '''mumtimber'''....''to sepulcher'' ::* '''mumtom'''....''underground silo'' ::* '''mumtum'''....''crypt, dungeon'' :::* '''mumtumyan'''....''catacomb'' ::* '''mumyeg'''....''cave'' :::* '''mumyeg kexrut'''....''spelunker, cave explorer'' :::* '''mumyegag'''....''cavern'' :::* '''mumyeges'''....''grotto'' :::* '''mumyegbesut'''....''troglodyte, cave-dweller'' :::* '''mumyegir'''....''tunneling machine'' :::* '''mumyegper'''....''to spelunk'' :::* '''mumyegtun'''....''speleology'' :::* '''mumyegyena'''....''cavernous'' ::* '''mumyoz'''....''cave'' :::* '''mumyoza sizun'''....''cave painting'' :::* '''mumyoztwob'''....''caveman'' :::* '''mumyozyij'''....''cave mouth'' === '''MOP''' ''orbit'' === [[File:E16-Eggemoen-Olum-map.jpg|thumb|]] The base word '''mop''' is the top-level word of a series of geo-specific words: :* '''mop'''....''orbit'' :* '''map'''....''wind'' :* '''mep'''....''road'' :* '''mip'''....''river'' :* '''mup'''....''tunnel'' ==== MOP Words ==== : The root word '''mop''' means ''orbit''. The following words are derived from it: :* '''mop'''....''orbit'' ::* '''mopa'''....''orbital'' :::* '''oybmopa'''....''suborbital'' ::* '''moper'''....''orbit'' :::* '''mopur'''....''orbiter'' ==== MAP Words ==== : The root word '''map''' means ''wind''. This words has some sub-elements based on strength: ::* '''maap'''....''puff'' ::* '''maep'''....''breeze'' ::* '''maip'''....''gust'' ::* '''maup'''....''gale'' ::* '''mayop'''....''typhoon'' : Here are words derived from '''map''': :* '''map'''....''wind'' ::* '''mapa'''....''ventral, eolian'' :::* '''mapuer'''...''blow, ventilate'' ::::* '''mapuar'''....''fan, blower, ventilator'' :::::* '''fimapuwa'''....''well-ventilated'' ::::* '''mapuur'''....''wind tunnel'' ::* '''kumap'''....''sidewind'' ::* '''ammap'''....''sirocco'' ::* '''mekmap'''....''dust devil'' ::* '''mapil'''....''windstorm, storm'' :::* '''mapilag'''....''tempest'' :::* '''mapilmaf'''....''storm cloud'' :::* '''mapuzun'''....''funnel'' :::* '''mapuzlun'''....''tornado'' ::::* '''mekpapuzlun'''....''sandstorm'' :::* '''mapuzrun'''....''cyclone'' :::* '''mapiluzrun'''....''hurricane'' :::* '''mapilvaka'''....''storm-proof'' :::* '''magmapil'''....''firestorm'' :::* '''malyommapil'''....''snowstorm'' :::* '''mamyommapil'''....''hailstorm'' :::* '''mameuxmapil'''....''thunderstorm'' :::* '''malyommapuar'''....''snowblower'' :::* '''mapil''' ::::* '''mekmapil'''....''dust storm'' ::::* '''obemernada mapil'''....''tropical storm'' ::::* '''yommapil'''....''ice storm'' ::* '''mapatub'''....''propeller'' ::* '''mapig'''....''gust'' ::* '''mapaz'''....''gale'' ::* '''mapes'''....''whiff'' ::* '''mapog'''....''puff'' ::* '''mapoz'''....''waft, breeze'' ::* '''mapom'''....''windchill'' ::* '''yokmap'''....''blast'' ::* '''mapbyex'''....''bluster'' ::* '''mapeus'''....''howl'' :::* '''mapeuser'''....''howl'' ::* '''mapiar'''....''air intake'' ::* '''balmaipar'''....''bellows'' ::* '''balmanar'''....''blowlamp'' ::* '''balmays'''....''windscreen'' ::* '''mapnagar'''....''anemeter'' ::* '''mapnyef'''....''windbag'' ::* '''mapkiper'''....''windsurf'' ::* '''mapovar'''....''windshield'' ::* '''maptyoyav'''....''windsock'' ::* '''mapyafon'''....''windpower'' ::* '''mapzyubar'''....''windmill'' ::* '''ib map'''....''leeward'' ::* '''ub map'''....''windward'' ::* '''ov map'''....''upwind'' ::* '''bay map'''....''alee'' ::* '''zamermap'''....''norther'' :::* '''zaimermap'''....''northeaster'' :::* '''zaumermap'''....''northwester'' :::* '''iznadmapil'''....''derecho'' :::* '''zuimermap'''....''trade wind'' :::* '''ziomermap'''....''southeaster'' ::* '''yabixmap'''....''updraft'' ::* '''yobixmap'''....''downdraft'' ::* '''izzamap'''....''headwind'' ::* '''izzomap'''....''tailwind'' ==== MEP Words ==== : The root word '''mep''' means ''road, way''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Types of Roads |- | '''mep'''....''way, road, route''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zeymep'''....''bridge, crossing''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''aybmep'''....''overpass, bridge''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oybmep'''....''underpass''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyemep'''....''tunnel, throughway, thoroughfare ''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''kumep'''....''side path''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zomep'''....''back way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ebmep'''....''aisle''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tyoyamep'''....''sidewalk, walkway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''omep'''....''impasse''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gunmep'''....''dogleg''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dinmep'''....''plot''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pomep'''....''itinerary''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''eynmep'''....''half-way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''duhamep?'''....''which way?''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yilpmep'''....''escape route''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yexmep'''....''career''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yuzmep'''....''circuit''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tyenmep'''....''career''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''puxmep'''....''trajectory''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyamep'''....''right way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyomep'''....''wrong way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''musmep'''....''stairway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''izmep'''....''direct route, straight path, vector''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yebmep'''....''entryway, entrance''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oyebmep'''....''exit, way out''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mummep'''....''subway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mammep'''....''air route''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''elyamep'''....''railroad, railway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mimmep'''....''sealane'' |- |'''domep'''....''street''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''agdomep'''....''highway''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''aagdomep'''....''main street''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyadomep'''....''broadway''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''igdomep'''....''expressway''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''uzmep'''....''byway, detour''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yuzdomep'''....''beltway, loop''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyudomep'''....''roundabout, circle, rotary''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ebdomep'''....''alley''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''anizona domep'''....''one-way street'' |- |'''meap'''....''avenue'' |- |'''meep'''....''boulevard'' |- |'''meip'''....''lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zimeip'''....''right lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zumeip'''....''left lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zemeip'''....''median, middle lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''anmeip'''....''single lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''enmeip'''....''double lane'' |- |'''meup'''....''trail''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mebmeup'''....''mountain trail'' |- |'''meyp'''....''path''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tyoyameyp'''....''footpath'' |} {{small/end}} ==== MIP Words ==== : The word '''mip''' means ''river''. This word has sub-elements based on size: ::* '''miap'''....''stream'' ::* '''miep'''....''brook'' ::* '''miip'''....''creek'' ::* '''miup'''....''tributary, channel'' ::* '''miyop'''....''trickle'' : Some other important derived words: ::* '''mipar'''....''riverboat'' :::* '''amipar'''....''canoe'' :::* '''emipar'''....''rowboat'' :::* '''imipar'''....''kayak'' :::* '''umipar'''....''jon boat'' :::* '''yomipar'''....''skiff'' :::* '''yamipar'''....''pontoon boat'' :::* '''yemipar'''....''jet boat'' :::* '''yimipar'''....''cabin cruiser'' :::* '''yumipar'''....''bass boat'' :::* '''zyimipar'''....''flatboat, dory'' :::* '''belmipar'''....''ferryboat'' :::* '''yuxmipar'''....''service boat'' :::* '''bixmipar'''....''tugboat'' :::* '''buxmipar'''....''towboat'' :::* '''kyismipar'''....''barge'' :::* '''enfuba mipar'''....''kayak'' :::* '''miparbol'''....''pontoon'' :::* '''tammipar'''....''houseboat'' :::* '''malikxyafwa mipar'''....''raft, inflatable boat'' ::* '''mipir'''....''motorboat'' ::* '''ebmip'''....''canal'' ::* '''byimip'''....''spring'' ::* '''fyulebmip'''....''sewer'' ::* '''igmip'''....''torrent'' :::* '''igmiper'''....''gush'' ::* '''mipgikin'''....''rampart'' ::* '''mipij'''....''fountainhead'' :::* '''ub mipij'''....''upstream'' ::* '''mipmel'''....''alluvium'' ::* '''mipobem'''....''riverbed'' ::* '''mipog'''....''rivulet'' ::* '''mipovmas'''....''dam'' ::* '''mipuj'''....''delta'' :::* '''ub mipuj'''....''downsteam'' ::* '''mipukxem'''....''river basin'' ::* '''mipkum'''....''riverside'' :::* '''mipkunad'''....''river's edge, riverbank'' ::* '''mipuz'''....''meander'' ::* '''mipyabwas'''....''levee'' ::* '''mipyanup'''....''conflux'' ::* '''mipyepem'''....''slew'' ::* '''mipyij'''....''firth'' ::* '''yebmipyag'''....''fjord'' ==== MUP Words ==== : The word '''mup''' means ''tunnel''. The following words are derived from it: :* '''mup'''....''subway, tunnel'' ::* '''bixpur mup'''....''train tunnel'' ::* '''mapil mup'''....''storm sewer'' ::* '''mukiblem mup'''....''mine tunnel'' ::* '''mumpur mup'''....''subway tunnel'' ::* '''mupar'''....''mine carriage'' ::* '''muper'''....''to tunnel, to burrow'' :::* '''mupen'''....''tunneling'' :* '''mupsaxir'''....''tunneler, tunneling machine'' :* '''mupyubnod'''....''perigee'' :* '''mupzyeg'''....''manhole'' :* '''ovmup'''....''countermine'' :* '''oybmuper'''....''to tunnel underneath'' :* '''tuyoba mup boksiunyan'''....''carpal tunnel syndrome'' : Note that '''mumpur''' is used for ''subway (train)'' === '''MOR''' ''universe'' === : The base word '''mor''', meaning ''universe'' is atop a series of geo-specifically scaled words as shown below: :* '''mor'''....''universe, cosmos'' ::* '''mar'''....''star'' ::* '''mer'''....''planet'' ::* '''mir'''....''world'' ::* '''mur'''....''satellite'' ==== MOR words ==== : The base word '''mor''' means ''cosmos, universe'' and underlies the following derivatives: :*'''mor'''....''universe, cosmos'' ::*'''geizona mor'''....''parallel universe'' ::*'''mora'''....''cosmic'' ::*'''aagmor'''....'' macrocosm'' ::*'''oogmor'''....'' microcosm'' ::*'''aynmor'''....'' universe'' ::*'''morij'''....'' big bang, start of the universe'' :::*'''ji morij'''....'' since the beginning of the universe'' :::*'''morij tuin'''....'' big bang theory'' ::*'''morsaxut'''....'' creator of the universe, god'' ::*'''morted'''....'' god, progenitor of the universe'' ::*'''mortun'''....'' cosmology'' ::*'''moruin'''....'' cosmogony'' ::*'''moruj'''....'' end of the universe'' :::* '''ju moruj'''....''forever'' ::*'''morzyun'''....'' orb'' ==== MAR Words ==== : The word '''mar''' means ''star''. The first or closest star is our ''sun'', which is '''amar'''. Here are some derivatives of those two words: :*'''mar'''....''star'' ::*'''mara'''....''stellar'' ::*'''alpkaxen martun'''....'' radar astronomy'' ::*'''byexesmar'''....'' pulsar'' ::*'''ebmara'''....'' interstellar'' ::*'''ebmarmafa'''....'' intergalactic'' ::*'''feelk marmeyg'''....'' iron meteorite'' ::*'''izbea mar'''....'' cynosure, lodestar'' ::*'''jwamaj mar'''....'' morningstar'' ::*'''mar bi David'''....'' star of David'' ::*'''mardraf'''....'' star chart, star map'' ::*'''mardyezut'''....'' movie star'' ::*'''marmaf'''....'' galaxy, star cloud'' ::*'''marman'''....'' starlight'' ::*'''marmaz'''....'' star glow, star shine'' ::*'''marmeg meup'''....'' comet trail'' ::*'''marmeg tibuj'''....'' comet tail'' ::*'''marmeg'''....'' aerolite, aerolith, comet'' ::*'''marmek'''....'' stardust'' ::*'''marnaap'''....'' star system'' ::*'''marnagar'''....'' astrolabe'' ::*'''marnaud'''....'' star beam, star ray, stellar beam'' ::*'''marog'''....'' dwarf star'' ::*'''marojden'''....'' horoscope'' ::*'''marpaput'''....'' astronaut'' ::*'''marpur'''....'' star ship'' ::*'''marpureb'''....'' star ship captain'' ::*'''marsana'''....'' star-shaped'' ::*'''marsiyn'''....'' asterisk'' ::*'''marteaxam'''....'' observatory'' ::*'''marteaxen'''....'' star-gazing'' ::*'''martuyn'''....'' astrology'' ::*'''maruka'''....'' star-free, starless'' ::*'''marvolzmaal'''....'' chromosphere'' ::*'''maryan'''....'' constellation'' ::*'''maryena'''....'' star-like'' ::*'''mepteaxea mar'''....'' lodestar'' ::*'''mernodmar'''....'' polestar'' ::*'''oyeybmarmafa'''....'' extragalactic'' ::*'''yeybmarmafa'''....'' intragalactic'' ::*'''yizdezmar'''....'' superstar'' ::*'''yogina mar'''....'' five-pointed star'' ::*'''yokmar'''....'' nova'' ::*'''yoongunmarsan'''....'' pentagram'' ::*'''yuybmar'''....'' quasar'' ::*'''yuzmarmafa'''....'' circumgalactic'' :* '''amar'''....''sun'' ::* '''amara'''....''solar'' ::* '''jaamaryopa'''....''pre-dawn'' ::* '''jeeb amaryibnod'''....''summer solstice'' ::* '''jeub amaryibnod'''....''winter solstice'' ::* '''amar abtamas'''....''sun roof'' ::* '''amar fyaifren'''....''sun worship'' ::* '''amar fyaifrut'''....''sun worshiper'' ::* '''amar magxun'''....''sunburn'' ::* '''amar magxwa'''....''sunburned'' ::* '''amar pexyem'''....''suntrap'' ::* '''amar sagzyiun'''....''sundial'' ::* '''amar teabar'''....''sunglasses'' ::* '''amara azon'''....''solar power'' ::* '''amara num'''....''solar cell'' ::* '''amarabtamas'''....''sunroof'' ::* '''amaraya'''....''sunny'' ::* '''amarebul'''....''sunblock'' ::* '''amarfyaifren'''....''heliolatry'' ::* '''amarikbwa'''....''sun-filled'' ::* '''amarilbier'''....''soak up the sun'' ::* '''amarilyepen'''....''sunbathing, sunning'' ::* '''amarizona'''....''sunwise'' ::* '''amarmaf'''....''Milky Way'' ::* '''amarmagxwa'''....''sunburned'' ::* '''amarman'''....''sunlight'' ::* '''amarmanar'''....''sunlamp'' ::* '''amarmanigvibwa'''....''star-spangled'' ::* '''amarmanim'''....''solarium'' ::* '''amarmaz'''....''sunshine'' ::* '''amarmelzaser'''....''suntan'' ::* '''amarmonar'''....''parasol'' ::* '''amarmoynar'''....''sunshade'' ::* '''amarnaap'''....''solar system'' ::* '''amarnagar'''....''heliometer'' ::* '''amarnaud'''....''sun ray, sunbeam'' ::* '''amarovar'''....''parasol, sun shield, sunshade'' ::* '''amarpyex'''....''sunstroke'' ::* '''amartaxdrar'''....''heliograph'' ::* '''amarteabar'''....''sunglasses'' ::* '''amarteaxar'''....''helioscope'' ::* '''amartef'''....''sunhat, sunbonnet'' ::* '''amartot'''....''sun god'' ::* '''amartun'''....''heliology'' ::* '''amarubuzpus'''....''heliotrope'' ::* '''amarumxwa'''....''sun-dried'' ::* '''amarvyun'''....''sunspot'' ::* '''amaryafon zyevmays'''....''solar power panel'' ::* '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup'' ::* '''amaryibnod'''....''solstice'' ::* '''amaryop'''....''sundown, sunset'' ::* '''amaryubnod'''....''perihelion'' ::* '''amaryupen'''....''positive heliotaxis'' ::* '''amaryipen'''....''negative heliotaxis'' ::* '''amaryuzem'''....''heliosphere'' ::* '''amarzena'''....''heliocentric'' ::* '''ovamara abteabar'''....''sun visor'' ::* '''oyebamaryana mer'''....''exoplanet, planet outside our solar system'' ::* '''ub ha amar'''....''sunward'' ::* '''yebamaryana mer'''....''endoplanet, planet in our own solar system'' ::* '''yuzamaryubnod'''....''perihelion'' ==== MER words ==== : The morpheme '''mer''' means ''planet''. The planets are named by prefixing an ordinal vowel equating to the planet's position from the sun, eg: ==== Names of the Planets ==== : Here are the names of the planets in our solar system. Notice that Earth is the "third planet" from the sun. [[File:Hubble takes a grand tour of the Solar System (51688936521).jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Planets |- ! mer....planet |- | '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' |- | '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''Imer'''....''Earth'' ('''i''' = ''three'') |- | '''Umer'''....''Mars'' |- | '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' |- | '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' |- | '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' |- | '''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Compass Directions ==== : The words for compass directions are built off the stem '''mer''' (''planet'') by prefixing: ::* '''za'''....''front'' (north) ::* '''zo'''....''back'' (south) ::* '''zi'''....''right'' (east) ::* '''zu'''....''left'' (west) ::* '''ze'''....''middle'' (equator words) {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Polar Directions |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH |- | '''zamer''' || ''north'' |- | '''zimer''' || ''east'' |- | '''zomer''' || ''south'' |- | '''zumer''' || ''west'' |} {{small/end}} : Compass points can be hybrids of the above: ::* '''<u>zaomera</u> izon'''....''<u>north-south</u> direction'' ::* '''<u>zuimera</u> domep'''....''<u>east-west</u> street'' ::* '''<u>zaumera</u> zyemep'''....''<u>northwest</u> passage'' ::* '''<u>zoimera</u> tez'''....''<u>southeast</u> culture'' : Related terms: ::* '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ('''nod''' = ''point'') ::* '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ('''zao''' = ''north-south'', '''nad''' = ''line'') ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ('''zui''' = ''east-west'') ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' ('''ze''' = ''middle'') ::* '''oybzemernada'''....''tropical, Torrid'' ('''oyb''' = ''below'') ::* '''merzyun'''....''globe, sphere'' (''planet-ball'') ::* '''eynmerzyun'''....''hemisphere'' (''half-planet-ball'') : Vectoral prefixes are used in the following words: ::* '''aonab'''....''column'' (''up-down row'', ''y-axis'') ::* '''uinab'''....''row'' (''left-right row'', ''x-axis'') ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ('''nad''' = ''line'') ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ==== MIR words ==== : The morpheme '''mir''' means '''world'''. It is featured in the word for Mirad, which means ''world speech''. Here are some derivatives: :*'''mir'''....''world'' ::*'''Aa Mira Dropek'''....''WWI, World War I, first world war'' ::*'''dommir'''....''civilization, urbane world'' :::* '''dommirxer'''....''to civilize'' ::*'''Ea Mira Dropek'''....''second world war'' ::*'''ebjomir'''....''limbo'' ::*'''eynjomir'''....''purgatory'' ::*'''eynmir'''....''demimonde'' ::*'''oybmir'''....''hell, inferno, underworld'' ::*'''hyumiryena'''....''other-worldly'' ::*'''jomir'''....''after-world, here-after, meta-world, metasphere, metaworld'' ::*'''komira'''....''esoteric'' ::*'''megmir'''....''lithosphere'' ::*'''mir'''....''globe, realm, sphere, world'' :::*'''mira'''....''global'' :::*'''mira dalzeyn'''....''world language'' :::*'''Mirad'''....''Mirad, world language'' ::*'''miryafon'''....''world power'' ::*'''mirbok'''....''pandemic'' ::*'''mirbyok'''....''malaise'' ::*'''mirdit'''....''cosmopolitan, world citizen, worldling'' ::*'''mirdropek'''....''world war'' ::*'''mirteasyen'''....''Weltanschau, world view'' ::*'''mirtuxwa'''....''sophisticated'' ::*'''mirtyun'''....''paradigm'' ::*'''miruj'''....''end of the world'' ::*'''mirzyun'''....''globe'' ::*'''syaagirmir'''....''cyberspace'' ::*'''tejmir'''....''biosphere'' ::*'''tojmira'''....''macabre'' ::*'''totmir'''....''world of the gods, heaven'' ::*'''tutmir'''....''academia, scholarly world'' :::*'''tutmirat'''....''academe, academian, academician'' ::*'''vyamir'''....''real world'' ::*'''vyomir'''....''fantasy world of pretend'' ::*'''yeybmegmira'''....''intratelluric'' ::*'''yeybmira'''....''intramundane'' ::*'''yizmir'''....''meta-world, metasphere, metaworld, world beyond'' ::*'''zyamira neaf'''....''WWW, worldwide web'' ::*'''zyamirin'''....''globalism'' ::*'''zyamirput'''....''globetrotter'' ==== MUR words ==== : The morpheme '''mur''' means ''satellite, moon''. The first or nearest is our ''moon'', '''amur'''. Here are some derivatives: :*'''amur'''....''moon'' ::*'''amura'''....''lunar'' ::*'''amurtix'''....''selenography'' ::*'''amurtixut'''....''selenographer'' ::*'''amur noog'''....''moon phase'' ::*'''amura pur'''....''lunar vehicle'' ::*'''amura purog'''....''lunar buggy'' ::*'''amurman'''....''moonlight'' :::*'''amurmanx'''....''moonshine'' :::*'''amurmanxwa'''....''moonlit, moony'' ::*'''amurnaud'''....''moonbeam'' ::*'''amuroya'''....''moonless'' ::*'''amurpuer'''....''land on the moon'' :::*'''amurpuen'''....''moon landing, moonfall'' ::*'''amurpyax'''....''moonshot'' ::*'''amurteaba'''....''moon-eyed'' ::*'''amurteasin'''....''moonscape'' ::*'''amurtyop'''....''moonwalk'' :::*'''amurtyoper'''....''to moonwalk'' ::*'''amuruka'''....''moonless'' ::*'''amuryap'''....''moonrise'' ::*'''amuryena'''....''moon-like'' ::*'''amuryop'''....''moonset'' ::*'''eymamursan'''....''meniscum'' ::*'''eynamur'''....''crescent moon, half moon'' ::*'''eynamurmeg'''....''lunate'' ::*'''eynamurmiekyaz'''....''lunette'' ::*'''eynamurpovel'''....''croissant'' ::*'''eynamursan'''....''crescent shape'' ::*'''eynamuryena'''....''lunate'' ::*'''yuzamura'''....''circumlunar'' === '''MOS''' ''floor'' === : The stems in this family begin with '''m''', meaning ''place'' and end in '''s''', meaning ''thing''. The words all have something to do with parts of a building or house, i.e. '''''masonry'''''. [[File:Morse-Libby House architectural plans.png|thumb|]] : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ M-S Core Words |- ! MASONRY-BASED WORD !! DERIVATIVES |- | '''mos'''....''floor''|| '''omos'''....''ground floor''<br>'''amos'''....''first floor''<br>'''abmos'''....''attic''<br>'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br>'''obmos'''....''basement''<br>'''moys'''....''layer, stratum'' |- | '''mas'''....''wall''|| '''abmas'''....''roof''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor''<br>'''masof''' ....''carpet''<br>'''abzamas'''....''balcony''<br>'''obzamas'''....''porch''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition''<br>'''yuzmays'''....''fence'' |- | '''mes'''....''door'' || '''zames'''....''front door''<br>'''zomes'''....''back door''<br>'''mesnufag'''....''door knob''<br>'''mesyuznad'''....''door frame''<br>'''mestuyar'''....''door handle''<br>'''meys'''....''gate'' |- | '''mis'''....''window''|| '''miszyef'''....''window pane''<br>'''eymis'''....''shutter''<br>'''misof'''....''curtain'' |- | '''mus'''....''stairs''|| '''musnog'''....''step, stair rung''<br>'''musim'''....''starwell''<br>'''magmus'''....''fire escape''<br>'''musabnod''' ....''climax''<br>'''muys'''....''ladder''<br>'''panmus'''....''escalator''<br>'''makmus'''....''escalator'' |} {{small/end}} ==== MOS Words ==== : The root word '''mos''' means ''floor'', while '''moys''' means ''layer, stratum, echelon''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mos'''....''floor'' ::* '''aa mos'''....''first floor, main floor'' :::* '''aa mos sim'''....''orchestra seat'' ::* '''abmos'''....''top floor, upper floor'' :::* '''abmoszom'''....''quarterdeck'' ::* '''amos'''....''first floor'' ::* '''anmosa'''....''single-story'' :::* '''anmostam'''....''rambler, ranch home'' ::* '''dezmos'''....''stage floor'' ::* '''ebmos'''....''entresol, mezzanine'' ::* '''emos'''....''second floor'' ::* '''enmos toames'''....''maisonette'' ::* '''eonmosa yuzpur'''....''double-decker bus'' ::* '''glamosa'''....''hi-rise, multi-floor, multi-story, multistory'' :::* '''glamostom''' .... ''hi-rise building'' ::* '''inmosa'''....''triplex'' :::* '''inmostam'''....''triplex'' ::* '''mos bolmuf'''....''girder, joist'' ::* '''mosber'''....''lay down flooring'' ::* '''mosoybem'''....''spandrel'' ::* '''omos'''....''ground floor, rez-de-chaussée'' ::* '''oybmos'''....''basement, sub-floor'' ::* '''oyebzyimos'''....''deck, outdoor deck'' ::* '''umos'''....''orlop'' ::* '''yabmostames'''....''penthouse'' ::* '''yabwa zyimos'''....''estrade'' ::* '''zemos'''....''mezzanine'' ::* '''zyimos'''....''deck, platform'' : Here are some derivations of '''moys''': :* '''moys'''....''layer, echelon, stratum'' ::* '''abmoys'''....''upper echelon, upper layer'' ::* '''anmoysa'''....''single-layer, single-layered'' ::* '''domoys'''....''social stratum'' ::* '''dota moys'''....''social layer, social stratum'' ::* '''ebmoys'''....''in-between layer'' ::* '''glamoysa'''....''multi-layered'' ::* '''gyomoys'''....''patina'' :::* '''gyomoysber'''....''to laminate'' ::* '''inmoysfaob'''....''plywood'' ::* '''makmugmoysber'''....''to galvanize'' ::* '''megmoysa'''....''tectonic'' :::* '''megmoysa zyin'''....''tectonic plate'' :::* '''megmoystun'''....''tectonics'' ::* '''mes zamoys'''....''door sill'' ::* '''moys'''....''layer, stratum'' ::* '''moysber'''....''to layer'' ::* '''moysika'''....''layered'' ::* '''oybmoys'''....''sub-layer, sublayer'' ::* '''sammoys'''....''shelf'' :::* '''magsom absammoys'''....''mantel, mantelpiece'' :::* '''milnov sammoys'''....''towel rack'' :::* '''dyes sammoys'''....''bookshelf'' :::* '''nyexen sammoys'''....''stock shelf, storage shelf'' :::* '''mumaozyeg sammoys'''....''stempel'' :::* '''bi ha sammoys'''....''off-the-shelf'' :::* '''sammoys nyen'''....''shelf stock'' :::* '''sammoysaber'''....''put on the shelf, shelve'' :::* '''sammoystej'''....''shelf life'' :::* '''sammoysyan'''....''etagere, rack, shelves, shelving, stack'' :::* '''tolmek sammoys'''....''spice rack'' :::* '''yijber sammoys'''....''clear a shelf'' ::* '''obsammoys'''....''bottom shelf'' ::* '''tayebmoys'''....''meninx'' :::* '''tayebmoysa'''....''meningeal'' :::* '''tayebmoysi'''....''meninges'' ::* '''tyeba oyebmoys'''....''cerebral cortex'' ::* '''tummoys'''....''plasm'' ::* '''vabmoys'''....''sod, turf'' ::* '''vayob oyebmoys'''....''periderm'' ::* '''yoba moys'''....''lower layer'' ::* '''zyimoys'''....''platform'' ::* '''zyomoys'''....''lamina'' :::* '''zyomoysaxer'''....''laminate'' :::* '''zyomoysaxwa'''....''laminated'' ==== MAS Words ==== : The root word '''mas''' means ''wall''. The diminutive '''mays''' means ''screen''. Here are some derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abkumas'''....''cornice, ledge'' * '''abmas'''....''clearstory, clerestory, clerstory'' * '''abtamas zyiyujem'''....''rooftop terrace'' * '''abtamas'''....''roof'' * '''abtamasben'''....''roofing'' * '''abtamasber'''....''roof'' * '''abtamasbut'''....''roofer'' * '''abtamasbwa yija yabtem'''....''loggia'' * '''abtamasbwa'''....''roofed'' * '''abtamasgin'''....''gable'' * '''abtamasginaya'''....''gabled'' * '''abtamasginika'''....''gabled'' * '''abtamasoya'''....''roofless'' * '''abtamasoybun'''....''eave'' * '''abtamasuka'''....''roofless'' * '''abtomasned'''....''rooftop'' * '''abzamas sim'''....''balcony seat'' * '''abzamas'''....''balcony'' * '''abzamasog'''....''parterre'' * '''aybkumas'''....''cornice, ledge'' * '''aybmas bolmyuf'''....''rafter'' * '''aybmas muf'''....''overhead beam'' * '''aybmas'''....''ceiling, overhead'' * '''aybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''aypuysmas'''....''hurdle'' * '''dezmas'''....''skene'' * '''dezyem uzmas'''....''apron, proscenium'' * '''dezzomassin'''....''backcloth, backdrop, scenery, theatrical scenery'' * '''dom yuzmas'''....''city wall'' * '''dommas'''....''city wall'' * '''dopa mas'''....''bulwark, rampart'' * '''dopa melmas'''....''earthwork'' * '''dopekmasi'''....''battlements, ramparts'' * '''ebmas'''....''partition'' * '''ebmasben'''....''partitioning'' * '''ebmasber'''....''partition'' * '''ebmasbwa'''....''partitioned'' * '''faoba oybmas'''....''wood floor'' * '''fubyuzmas'''....''raddle'' * '''fyadil oybmasoyf'''....''prayer rug'' * '''fyasim masof'''....''chancel'' * '''golmas'''....''partition, room divider'' * '''golmasben'''....''partitioning'' * '''golmasbwa'''....''partitioned'' * '''grailp mas'''....''flood wall, levee'' * '''graovmasber'''....''overprotect'' * '''graovmasbyea'''....''overprotective'' * '''Ha Agta Ovmas Mimegag'''....''The Great Barrier Reef'' * '''ha Uzaybmas bi Ark'''....''the Arch of Triumph'' * '''ilikmas'''....''flood wall'' * '''kumas'''....''embankment, sidewall'' * '''maar abtamas'''....''sun roof'' * '''maarabtamas'''....''sunroof'' * '''magmas'''....''firewall'' * '''maka mas ibzyeg'''....''electric wall socket'' * '''mapmas'''....''windbreak'' * '''mas bi mag'''....''wall of fire'' * '''mas drof'''....''blackboard, wallboard'' * '''mas ibzyeg'''....''wall socket'' * '''mas jwobir'''....''wall clock'' * '''mas'''....''wall'' * '''masa zyub'''....''parietal lobe'' * '''masa'''....''parietal'' * '''masag'''....''high wall'' * '''masaz'''....''breastwork'' * '''masazul'''....''daub, gypsum, plaster of Paris, poultice'' * '''masazulben'''....''daubing, plastering'' * '''masazulber'''....''daub'' * '''masazulbut'''....''dauber, plasterer'' * '''masazulbwa'''....''daubed, plastered'' * '''masazulfaof'''....''plasterboard'' * '''masbolmuf'''....''buttress'' * '''masbolmufwa'''....''buttressed'' * '''mas-bu-mas'''....''wall-to-wall'' * '''masbwa'''....''walled'' * '''masbyexar'''....''knocker'' * '''masdras'''....''placard, poster'' * '''masdref'''....''wallpaper'' * '''masdrefben'''....''paperhanging'' * '''masdrefbut'''....''paperhanger'' * '''masfaof'''....''wainscot'' * '''masfaofxen'''....''wainscoting'' * '''masfaofxer'''....''wainscot'' * '''masgon'''....''panel'' * '''masgrun'''....''wall hook'' * '''masmekyel'''....''stucco'' * '''masmekyelben'''....''stuccoing'' * '''masmekyelber'''....''stucco'' * '''masmekyelbwa'''....''stuccoed'' * '''masnuf'''....''stud'' * '''masof tayeb'''....''carpet pile'' * '''masof'''....''carpet, tapestry'' * '''masofben'''....''carpeting'' * '''masofbwa'''....''carpeted'' * '''masofnam'''....''carpet store'' * '''masofnamut'''....''carpet merchant, carpet salesman, carpet seller'' * '''masofnyef'''....''carpetbag'' * '''masofog'''....''mat'' * '''masofsaxen'''....''carpet-making'' * '''masofsaxer'''....''make carpets'' * '''masofsaxut'''....''carpet-maker'' * '''masofvyixar'''....''shampooer'' * '''maspyoxun'''....''wall hanging'' * '''massin'''....''mural'' * '''massinut'''....''muralist'' * '''massum'''....''banquette'' * '''massuv'''....''stud'' * '''massuvabar'''....''stud gun'' * '''massuvaben'''....''studding'' * '''massuvaber'''....''stud'' * '''massuvabwa'''....''studded'' * '''massyob'''....''plinth'' * '''mastum'''....''cabinet'' * '''mastumxaxut'''....''cabinetmaker'' * '''mastumyan'''....''cabinetwork'' * '''mastuz'''....''wall art'' * '''mastyen'''....''masonry'' * '''mastyena'''....''masonic'' * '''mastyenut'''....''mason'' * '''masul'''....''walling'' * '''masxen'''....''bricklaying, building, masonry'' * '''masxer'''....''build'' * '''masxun'''....''masonry'' * '''masxut'''....''bricklayer, builder, mason'' * '''masxuta'''....''masonic'' * '''masxwa'''....''built'' * '''masyan'''....''masonry, walling'' * '''masyij'''....''hatch, hatchway'' * '''maszyeg'''....''porthole'' * '''mefmas'''....''brick wall'' * '''megmas'''....''parapet, stonewall'' * '''melmas'''....''balk, berm, parapet, rampart'' * '''mepkumas'''....''embankment'' * '''mes oybmasoyf'''....''doormat'' * '''milmaka mipovmas'''....''hydroelectric dam'' * '''milmas'''....''embankment, levee'' * '''milovmas'''....''causeway, dam, dyke, levee'' * '''milovmasben'''....''damming'' * '''milovmasber'''....''dam'' * '''milovmasbwa'''....''dammed'' * '''milyep oybmasoyf'''....''bath mat, bathmat'' * '''mimmas'''....''seawall'' * '''mimovmas'''....''breakwater'' * '''mimpurmasyan'''....''bulkhead'' * '''mipovmas'''....''dam, river dam'' * '''mipovmasben'''....''damming'' * '''mipovmasber'''....''dam'' * '''mipovmasbwa'''....''dammed'' * '''mufmas'''....''palisade, pen, stockade'' * '''mugnef yuzmas'''....''grated fence'' * '''mumujmas'''....''coalface'' * '''obmas'''....''foundation'' * '''obtammas'''....''foundation'' * '''obtommas'''....''foundation'' * '''obyexyea mas'''....''protective wall'' * '''obzamas'''....''porch, portico'' * '''olovmasber'''....''lift the blockade'' * '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' * '''opyexyea mas'''....''defensive wall'' * '''ovbukmas'''....''bulwark, defense, defensive wall, rampart'' * '''ovmas'''....''barricade, barrier, blockade'' * '''ovmasben'''....''barricading, barring, blockading'' * '''ovmasber'''....''bar, barricade, block, blockade'' * '''ovmasbier'''....''protect oneself, shield oneself, take shelter'' * '''ovmasbin'''....''protectionism'' * '''ovmasbina'''....''protectionist'' * '''ovmasbinut'''....''protectionist'' * '''ovmasbut'''....''blocker, defender, protector, shielder'' * '''ovmasbwa'''....''barred, barricaded, blockaded, blocked, dammed, defended, protected, shielded'' * '''ovmasbyafwa'''....''defensible'' * '''ovmasbyafway'''....''defensibly'' * '''ovmasbyea abaun'''....''protective covering'' * '''ovmasbyea bikuen'''....''protective custody'' * '''ovmasbyea nuxyef'''....''protective duty, protective tariff'' * '''ovmasbyea tof'''....''protective clothing'' * '''ovmasbyea vyesag'''....''protective quota'' * '''ovmasbyea'''....''protective'' * '''ovmasbyean'''....''defensiveness'' * '''ovmasbyeay'''....''defensively'' * '''ovmasober'''....''deprive of protection, expose'' * '''ovmasobwa'''....''deprived of protection, exposed'' * '''ovmasog'''....''escutcheon'' * '''ovmasoya'''....''defenseless'' * '''ovmasoyan'''....''defenselessness'' * '''ovmasuka'''....''defenseless'' * '''ovmasukan'''....''defenselessness'' * '''ovmasukay'''....''defenselessly'' * '''oybmas faof'''....''floorboard'' * '''oybmas vyixar'''....''floor sweeper, floor cleaner'' * '''oybmas vyixir'''....''electric floor sweeper'' * '''oybmas'''....''floor'' * '''oybmasaof'''....''parquet'' * '''oybmasaoftyen'''....''parquetry'' * '''oybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''oybmasof'''....''carpet'' * '''oybmasoyf'''....''rug'' * '''oybmasvyixar'''....''broom, sweeper'' * '''oybmasvyixarer'''....''use a broom on'' * '''oybmasvyixirer'''....''use an electric sweeper on'' * '''oybmasyan'''....''flooring'' * '''oyboybmas'''....''underfloor'' * '''oyeba mas'''....''outer wall'' * '''oyebmas'''....''facade'' * '''oyebmasben'''....''walling out'' * '''oyebmasber'''....''wall out'' * '''oyebmasbwa'''....''walled out'' * '''oyeybmasa'''....''extramural'' * '''oyuzmasbwa'''....''undefended, unenclosed, unfenced, unprotected'' * '''syobmas'''....''footing, pedestal, substratum, underpinning'' * '''taamziunmas'''....''backstop'' * '''tabovmas'''....''body armor, body shield'' * '''tammag oybmasoyf'''....''hearthrug'' * '''ummas kipmuv'''....''molly bolt'' * '''ummas'''....''drywall'' * '''ummegmas'''....''dyke'' * '''umvibwa abtamas'''....''thatched roof'' * '''utibmasbwa'''....''autoimmune'' * '''utibmasbwan'''....''autoimmunity'' * '''uzabmas jwameg'''....''quoin'' * '''uzabmasyena'''....''fornicate'' * '''uzaybmas'''....''arch, vault, vaulted ceiling'' * '''uzaybmasika'''....''vaulted'' * '''uzaybmasyan'''....''arcade'' * '''uzyubea masof'''....''treadmill'' * '''vyamas'''....''actuality, fact, real thing, something real, substance'' * '''vyamasyan'''....''actualities, body of facts, news'' * '''yaba mas'''....''high wall'' * '''yagmas'''....''long wall'' * '''yeba mas'''....''inner wall'' * '''yebmasben'''....''walling in'' * '''yebmasber'''....''wall in'' * '''yebmasbwa'''....''walled-in'' * '''yebmasob'''....''dado'' * '''yeybmasa'''....''intramural'' * '''yimmas'''....''flood wall'' * '''yivmastyenut'''....''freemason'' * '''yonmas'''....''partition'' * '''yonmasben'''....''partitioning, walling off'' * '''yonmasber'''....''partition, wall off'' * '''yonmasbwa'''....''partitioned'' * '''yonmasbwe'''....''walled off'' * '''yuzmas'''....''circular wall'' * '''yuzmays'''....''fence'' * '''yuzmasben'''....''walling in'' * '''yuzmasber'''....''wall in'' * '''yuzmasbwa'''....''walled in'' * '''yuzmasbwem'''....''enceinte'' * '''zamas'''....''front wall, protection'' * '''zamasben'''....''protection'' * '''zamasbenina'''....''protectionist'' * '''zamasber'''....''protect, put a wall in front'' * '''zamasbus'''....''prophylactic'' * '''zamasbwa'''....''protected'' * '''zamasbyea'''....''prophylactic, protective'' * '''zamasbyean'''....''protectiveness'' * '''zomas'''....''back wall, backdrop'' * '''zomasbaxwa'''....''immured'' * '''zomasben'''....''immuring'' * '''zomasber'''....''immure'' * '''zomassin'''....''backdrop, scenery'' * '''zyanofirwa oybmasof'''....''broadloom'' * '''zyuabtamas'''....''dome'' * '''zyuabtamassana'''....''domed'' <hr> * '''byoykmays'''....''stocks'' * '''byuxmays'''....''touchscreen'' * '''dopek mays'''....''battlement'' * '''dyez mays'''....''movie screen, silver screen'' * '''faobmays'''....''wood panel'' * '''feelkmays'''....''grill, iron screen'' * '''fubyuzmays'''....''hedge'' * '''fyasem zomays'''....''altarpiece'' * '''golwa mays'''....''split screen'' * '''ika mays'''....''full screen'' * '''jamaysuen'''....''pre-screening'' * '''jamaysuer'''....''pre-screen'' * '''jamaysuwa'''....''pre-screened'' * '''kumays meg'''....''curb stone, curbstone'' * '''kumays zyun'''....''curb ball'' * '''kumays'''....''curb'' * '''maaryafon zyevmays'''....''solar power panel'' * '''magmays'''....''fireguard, firescreen'' * '''man mays'''....''light screen'' * '''man zaypuxen mays'''....''light projection screen'' * '''mapmays'''....''windscreen'' * '''mays sin'''....''screen image'' * '''mays'''....''bulkhead, fence, panel, partition, screen, septum'' * '''maysam'''....''cupboard'' * '''maysben'''....''fencing, paneling, partitioning'' * '''maysber'''....''fence in, panel, partition, put a screen'' * '''maysbwa'''....''fenced in, paneled, partitioned'' * '''maysuen vyayek'''....''screen check'' * '''maysuen'''....''screening'' * '''maysuer'''....''screen'' * '''maysuwa'''....''screened'' * '''maysyan'''....''paneling'' * '''melmuf yuzmays'''....''picket fence'' * '''mepkumays'''....''curb, embankment, road shoulder'' * '''milmays'''....''small dam, weir'' * '''mulyonxea mays'''....''colander, filter, filtering screen, sieve, strainer'' * '''ojamaysuwa'''....''unscreened'' * '''pansin mays'''....''video screen'' * '''pansinmays'''....''motion picture screen'' * '''sizwa mays'''....''taffrail'' * '''ulza mays'''....''green screen'' * '''vigobler fubyuzmays'''....''trim a hedge'' * '''vyabarmays'''....''dashboard'' * '''yebmaysben'''....''fencing in'' * '''yebmaysber'''....''fence in'' * '''yebmaysbwa'''....''fenced-in'' * '''yibsin mays'''....''t.v. screen'' * '''yuzmays'''....''fence, paling'' * '''yuzmaysben'''....''fencing'' * '''yuzmaysber'''....''fence in'' * '''yuzmaysbwa'''....''fenced in'' * '''zamays'''....''revetment'' * '''zaymays'''....''bulkhead'' * '''zomays'''....''backdrop'' * '''zosinmays'''....''backcloth'' * '''zyevmays'''....''glass panel'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== MES Words ==== : The root word '''mes''' means ''door, portal''. The diminutive '''meys''' means ''gate''. Here are some derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''be mesmep bi'''....''on the threshold of'' * '''be zames bi'''....''on the threshold of'' * '''bi mes-bu-mes'''....''door-to-door'' * '''bi mestob'''....''janitorial'' * '''dezmes'''....''trap door, trapdoor'' * '''enmespur'''....''coupe'' * '''eonxwa mes'''....''storm door'' * '''eynmes'''....''half-door'' * '''gumzyegek mes'''....''billiards table, pool table'' * '''kipea mes'''....''sliding door'' * '''kua mesabaun'''....''side porch'' * '''kumes'''....''side door'' * '''lobexer ha mes ija av'''....''leave the door open for'' * '''mes abexar'''....''door handle'' * '''mes beaxut'''....''doorkeeper'' * '''mes bexmuf'''....''door handle'' * '''mes byexar'''....''door knocker, doorknocker'' * '''mes kipmuv'''....''door bolt'' * '''mes kufaof'''....''doorjamb, jamb'' * '''mes muf'''....''doorpost'' * '''mes nufag'''....''door knob, doorknob'' * '''mes oybfaof'''....''doorsill, sill'' * '''mes oybmasoyf'''....''doormat'' * '''mes oybun'''....''sill, threshold'' * '''mes poxar'''....''doorstop'' * '''mes seusar'''....''doorbell'' * '''mes syoib'''....''door hinge'' * '''mes tuyabar'''....''door handle'' * '''mes yijar'''....''door opener'' * '''mes yijbut'''....''doorman'' * '''mes yugar'''....''door check'' * '''mes yujlar'''....''door lock'' * '''mes yuvar'''....''door chain'' * '''mes yuzkunad'''....''door frame, doorframe'' * '''mes zamoys'''....''door sill, doorsill'' * '''mes zyiun'''....''doorplate'' * '''mes'''....''door, hatch, port, portal'' * '''mesabab'''....''porch, portico'' * '''mesabof'''....''awning, canopy'' * '''mesag'''....''porte-cochere'' * '''mesbelar'''....''gurney'' * '''mesbikut'''....''bouncer'' * '''mesbyexar'''....''door knocker'' * '''mesmep'''....''doorway, threshold'' * '''mesnad'''....''enfilade'' * '''mesnog'''....''doorstep'' * '''mesof'''....''portiere'' * '''mestob'''....''janitor'' * '''mesyuxlut'''....''footman'' * '''mesvyixuyt'''....''busgirl'' * '''meszan'''....''threshold, stoop'' * '''nuxer be ha mes'''....''pay at the door'' * '''oyepmes'''....''egress, outlet, exit door'' * '''oyepmes yijmuv'''....''latchkey'' * '''patubasea mes'''....''flapper, shutter, valve'' * '''pexmes'''....''trap door, trapdoor'' * '''purmes'''....''portier'' * '''viyepmes'''....''portal'' * '''yabmostames'''....''penthouse'' * '''yepmes'''....''entry door'' * '''yexmes'''....''worktable'' * '''yija mes'''....''open door'' * '''zaa mesabaun'''....''front porch'' * '''zames'''....''front door'' * '''zamesag'''....''porte cochere'' * '''zaopmes'''....''swinging door'' * '''zoa mesabaun'''....''back porch'' * '''zomes'''....''back door, backdoor'' * '''zomespur'''....''hatchback'' * '''zosyoibmes'''....''tailboard, tailgate'' * '''zyefmes'''....''French door'' * '''zyuber mes nufag'''....''turn a doorknob'' * '''zyupea mes'''....''revolving door'' <hr> * '''bixpur meys'''....''train gate'' * '''dremeys'''....''davenport'' * '''feelk meys'''....''iron gate'' * '''fyameys'''....''lychgate'' * '''glameysa'''....''multiport'' * '''ilpmeys'''....''floodgate'' * '''meys beaxam'''....''gatehouse'' * '''meys muf'''....''gatepost'' * '''meys'''....''gate, gateway'' * '''meysbeaxut'''....''gatekeeper'' * '''meysika yanotnyan'''....''gated community'' * '''meysika'''....''gated'' * '''meysmep'''....''gateway'' * '''meysog'''....''wicket'' * '''meysyan'''....''gating'' * '''meysyanyif'''....''hank'' * '''meysyanyifxer'''....''hank'' * '''mimuip meys'''....''tide gate'' * '''poxmeys'''....''barred gate, barrier, ticket barrier'' * '''sarmeys'''....''dashboard'' * '''totem meysi'''....''gates of heaven, gates of paradise'' * '''yebmeys'''....''gateway'' * '''yimmeys'''....''flood gate'' * '''yixnuxmeys'''....''tollgate'' * '''zeymeys'''....''transept'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== MIS Words ==== : The root word '''mis''' means ''window'' and is featured in the following derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abmis'''....''fanlight'' * '''abtim mis'''....''attic window'' * '''aybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''drurunes mis'''....''ticket window'' * '''eynmis'''....''flap, shutter'' * '''feelk misof'''....''iron curtain'' * '''inmakmis'''....''triode'' * '''kumis'''....''casement'' * '''kyamisof'''....''scrim'' * '''makmis'''....''electrode'' * '''makmiseon'''....''diode'' * '''mamis'''....''skylight'' * '''mimmis'''....''porthole'' * '''mis moynar'''....''window shade'' * '''mis obkunad'''....''window sill, windowsill'' * '''mis yuzkunad'''....''window frame'' * '''mis'''....''window'' * '''misab'''....''pelmet'' * '''misabof'''....''awning'' * '''misag'''....''dormer window'' * '''misben'''....''fenestration'' * '''misebnad'''....''spandrel'' * '''misef'''....''lattice'' * '''mises'''....''scuttle, ticket window'' * '''misesber'''....''scuttle'' * '''misof'''....''curtain'' * '''misog'''....''attic window, dormer window, skylight'' * '''misoya'''....''windowless'' * '''misoyebim'''....''balcony'' * '''mistral map'''....''mistral'' * '''misuka'''....''windowless'' * '''misvib'''....''valance'' * '''misyan'''....''fenestration, windowing'' * '''misyaz'''....''oriel'' * '''misyuijar'''....''flap, shutter, valve'' * '''miszyef'''....''window pane, windowpane, pane of glass'' * '''nam mis'''....''shop window'' * '''nammis'''....''shop window'' * '''nunam mis'''....''shop window'' * '''oybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''oybmisbolar'''....''lintel'' * '''oyebmispuxen'''....''defenestrating, defenestration'' * '''oyebmispuxer'''....''defenestrate'' * '''oyebmispuxwa'''....''defenestrated'' * '''purpuen mis'''....''drive-up window'' * '''sinmis'''....''picture window'' * '''syagnasiut misog'''....''cashier's window'' * '''teatmis'''....''viewport'' * '''tujyemmis'''....''dormer'' * '''volzzyefmis'''....''stained glass window'' * '''yaobwa misabun'''....''venetian blind'' * '''yober ha misof'''....''lower the curtain'' * '''yobuxmis'''....''shutter'' * '''yogmisof'''....''teaser'' * '''yuijbyafwa misof'''....''jalousie'' * '''zamisabun'''....''awning'' * '''zemisaomuf'''....''mullion'' * '''zemisaomufika'''....''mullioned'' * '''zomisof'''....''backcloth, backdrop'' * '''zyozanmis'''....''embrasure'' * '''zyupea misof'''....''window shade'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== MUS Words ==== : The root word '''mus''' means ''stairs, scale''. The diminutive, '''muys''' means ''ladder''. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''agala duzmus'''....''major scale'' * '''dabmus'''....''hierarchy'' * '''dabmusa'''....''hierarchical'' * '''dabmusay'''....''hierarchically'' * '''dabmuseb'''....''hierarch'' * '''dota mus'''....''social ladder'' * '''dota musnog'''....''social rung'' * '''dota musyapren'''....''social climbing'' * '''dota musyaprut'''....''social climber'' * '''duz mus'''....''musical scale'' * '''duzmus'''....''musical scale, scale'' * '''gladabmusa'''....''polyhierarchical'' * '''magmus'''....''fire escape'' * '''makmus'''....''escalator'' * '''milmus'''....''sluice'' * '''mimpar ebmus'''....''companionway'' * '''mus zyutum'''....''stairwell'' * '''mus'''....''stair, staircase, stairs, stairway, scale'' * '''musabnod'''....''climax, peak, top of the ladder, top of the scale'' * '''musabnoda'''....''climactic'' * '''musabnodxen'''....''climaxing'' * '''musabnodxer'''....''climax'' * '''musaomuf'''....''newel'' * '''musaxyafwa'''....''scalable'' * '''muses'''....''gradation, rung'' * '''musmep'''....''stairway'' * '''musnaad'''....''banister'' * '''musnog'''....''grade, rime, rung, stair rung, step'' * '''musnoga'''....''gradual'' * '''musnogar'''....''ladder'' * '''musnogay'''....''gradually'' * '''musnogser'''....''graduate, step along'' * '''musnogxen'''....''stepping'' * '''musnogxer'''....''step'' * '''musnogxwa'''....''staged, stepped'' * '''musobnod'''....''bottom of the scale, nadir'' * '''musobnodxen'''....''bottoming out'' * '''musobnodxer'''....''bottom out'' * '''mussyob'''....''landing, staircase landing'' * '''mustum'''....''stair well, stairwell'' * '''mustuyamuf'''....''banister'' * '''musyap'''....''ascent'' * '''musyapea'''....''escalating'' * '''musyapen'''....''escalation'' * '''musyaper'''....''escalate'' * '''musyaput'''....''climber'' * '''musyena'''....''gradual, step-like'' * '''musyopea'''....''de-escalating'' * '''musyopen'''....''de-escalation'' * '''musyoper'''....''de-escalate'' * '''nagmus'''....''metric scale'' * '''nogmus'''....''degree scale'' * '''ogala duzmus'''....''minor scale'' * '''ovmusabnoda'''....''anticlimactic, anticlimax'' * '''ovmusabnoday'''....''anticlimactically'' * '''ovmusoliniina'''....''antifascist'' * '''pasea mus'''....''escalator'' (or '''panmus''' or '''makmus''') * '''pir mus'''....''fire escape'' (or '''magmus''') * '''sagmus'''....''index, numeric scale'' * '''sagmusben'''....''indexing'' * '''sagmusber'''....''index'' * '''sagmusbwa'''....''indexed'' * '''tabnyaun sagmus'''....''body mass index'' * '''volz sagmus'''....''color map'' * '''yabmusnogxen'''....''stepping up'' * '''yabmusnogxer'''....''step up'' * '''yabmusnogxwa'''....''stepped up'' * '''yaper ha mus'''....''ascend the staircase, go up the stairs'' * '''yobmusesien'''....''downgrading'' * '''yobmusesier'''....''downgrade'' * '''yobmusesuen'''....''downgrading'' * '''yobmusesuer'''....''downgrade'' * '''yobmusesuwa'''....''downgraded'' * '''yobmusnogxen'''....''stepping down'' * '''yobmusnogxer'''....''step down'' * '''yobmusnogxwa'''....''stepped down'' * '''yoper ha mus'''....''descend the staircase, go down the stairs'' * '''zaymusnogxer'''....''step forward'' * '''zemusa'''....''midscale'' * '''zomus'''....''backstair'' * '''zyinmus'''....''shamble'' <hr> * '''dota muys'''....''social ladder'' * '''dotmuys'''....''social ladder'' * '''kipea muys'''....''sliding scale'' * '''muys'''....''ladder, scale, step ladder, stepladder'' * '''muysa'''....''scalar'' * '''muysben'''....''escalation, scaling'' * '''muysber'''....''escalate'' * '''muysbwa'''....''escalated, scaled'' * '''muysbyofwa'''....''unscalable'' * '''muyses'''....''rung'' * '''muyspen'''....''escalating, escalation, going up the latter, scaling'' * '''muysper'''....''escalate, go up the ladder'' * '''obmuys'''....''vernier'' * '''omuysaxer'''....''de-escalate'' * '''yabmuysa'''....''upscale'' * '''yabmuysben'''....''escalation, scaling up'' * '''yabmuysber'''....''escalate, scale up'' * '''yabmuysbwa'''....''escalated, scaled up'' * '''yabmuyspea'''....''graduating, rising, scaling up'' * '''yabmuyspen'''....''climbing up, escalation, graduation'' * '''yabmuysper'''....''climb up, escalate, go up the ladder, graduate'' * '''yobmuysa'''....''downscale'' * '''yobmuysbea'''....''scaling down'' * '''yobmuysben'''....''scale-down, scaling down'' * '''yobmuysber'''....''downscale, scale down'' * '''yobmuysbwa'''....''downscaled, scaled down'' * '''yobmuyspen'''....''getting downscaled, going downhill'' * '''yobmuysper'''....''get downscaled, go downhill'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''MUF''' (rod), '''MUV''' (pin), '''MYUF''' (beam) === : The root '''muf''' means ''rod, stick, baton, bat, cane, stake, post''. The word '''muv''' is a lesser version meaning ''nail''. The word '''myuf''' is a larger version meaning ''beam, rafter''. The word '''mufyeg''' means ''pipe, cylinder'' and ends in the stub word '''-yeg''' from '''zyeg''' (''hollow''). : Here are some words derived from these roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abmimuf'''....''topmast'' * '''alien mufyeg'''....''blowpipe'' * '''anmimufa'''....''single-masted'' * '''anzyemufa'''....''uniaxial'' * '''aomermuf'''....''purlin'' * '''aomuf'''....''column'' * '''aomufsab'''....''fust'' * '''aomufsyob'''....''plinth'' * '''aomuftib'''....''scape'' * '''aomufyan'''....''colonnade'' * '''apaxlarmuf'''....''broomstick'' * '''baluien muyfyeg'''....''breathing tube'' * '''barmuf'''....''pestle'' * '''bolmuf'''....''column, prop, strut, support'' * '''bolmufyag'''....''support beam'' * '''buxmuf'''....''goad'' * '''byefabmuf'''....''rattan'' * '''byosmuf'''....''trapeze, trapezium'' * '''deupmuf dopmuf'''....''mace'' * '''deym mufyeg'''....''hosepipe'' * '''doof muf'''....''flagpole, flagstaff, standard'' * '''dopmuf'''....''lance'' * '''dopuz-izmuf'''....''bow-and-arrow'' * '''duzdeba muf'''....''conductor's baton'' * '''minak siynmuf'''....''milepost'' * '''enmufa mimofpar'''....''brigantine'' * '''faomuf'''....''pikestaff, quarterstaff, wooden pole'' * '''feelkmuf'''....''bar, iron bar, iron rod'' * '''feelkyiga muf'''....''steel beam'' * '''fubmuf'''....''spike'' * '''fubmufnyan'''....''faggot, bundle of branches'' * '''fyamuf'''....''staff'' * '''fyulmufzyeg'''....''cloaca'' * '''Gedada puxmuf'''....''caber'' * '''gezyemufa'''....''co-axial, coaxial'' * '''gimuf'''....''shish, skewer'' * '''gimufyeg tef'''....''cone hat, dunce cap'' * '''gimufyeg'''....''cone'' * '''gimuyf'''....''pick'' * '''givomuf'''....''cigar, stogie, stogy'' * '''givomufyeg'''....''smoking pipe, tobacco pipe'' * '''grailpmufzyeg'''....''standpipe'' * '''grunmuf'''....''crosier'' * '''gumzyegek fuybmuf'''....''pool stick'' * '''gwazomimuf'''....''mizzenmast'' * '''gyamuf'''....''beam, girder'' * '''gyaujmuf'''....''bludgeon'' * '''Iema muf'''....''shillalah, shillelagh'' * '''ilmuyf'''....''siphon'' * '''ilokmufyeg'''....''drainage pipe, gutter'' * '''ilukmufyeg'''....''drainpipe'' * '''inmuf'''....''stilt'' * '''izbexmuf'''....''joystick'' * '''izmuf'''....''arrow'' * '''izmufseb'''....''arrowhead'' * '''kaduzarmuf'''....''drumstick'' * '''kotyezmuf'''....''magic wand'' * '''kyaxen muf'''....''stick shift'' * '''sakolmuf'''....''lollipop'' * '''maegil mufyeg'''....''gas main'' * '''magmuf'''....''firebrand'' * '''magmufaob'''....''matchwood'' * '''magmufog'''....''match, matchstick'' * '''magmufogyeb'''....''matchbook'' * '''magmufogyem'''....''matchbox'' * '''magmufzyeg'''....''tuyere'' * '''magyel mufyeg'''....''oil pipe'' * '''magyel mufyegnad'''....''oil pipeline'' * '''mak muf'''....''electric pole'' * '''makmufzyeg'''....''klystron'' * '''mal muyfyeg'''....''air tube'' * '''malmufyeg'''....''air vent, windpipe, throttle, throat'' * '''maluk muyfeg'''....''vacuum tube'' * '''mamak muf'''....''lightning rod'' * '''mamilmufyeg'''....''gutter, rain spout'' * '''manar muf'''....''light pole'' * '''masbolmuf'''....''buttress'' * '''maylubea mufyeg'''....''flue'' * '''mekobarmuf'''....''mopstick'' * '''melmuf yuzmays'''....''picket fence'' * '''melmuf'''....''picket, stake'' * '''melmufyan'''....''palisade, stockade'' * '''melmufyeg'''....''soil pipe'' * '''mepyuijbea muf'''....''pike'' * '''mes bexmuf'''....''door handle'' * '''mes muf'''....''doorpost'' * '''meys muf'''....''gatepost'' * '''mialmufyegen'''....''steamfitting'' * '''milkexmuf'''....''dowsing rod'' * '''milmufyeg'''....''hooka, hookah, water pipe, nargile'' * '''milmufyega'''....''hydraulic'' * '''milmufyegut'''....''plumber'' * '''milmufzyeg'''....''penstock'' * '''mimobem magyelmufyeg'''....''flowline'' * '''mos bolmuf'''....''girder, joist'' * '''movmufyeg'''....''smokestack'' * '''muf'''....''shaft, spike, staff, stave, rod, stick'' * '''mufag'''....''baton, club, column, pole. cudgel'' * '''mufaguer'''....''beat, club'' * '''mufbelar'''....''handbarrow'' * '''mufbuxer'''....''punt'' * '''mufdazut'''....''pole-dancer'' * '''mufes'''....''peg'' * '''mufesaben'''....''pegging'' * '''mufesaber'''....''peg'' * '''mufgibar'''....''poker'' * '''mufmas'''....''palisade, pen, stockade'' * '''mufog zyulxuyt'''....''majorette'' * '''mufog'''....''dowel, peg'' * '''mufyag'''....''beam, beanpole, boom, long beam, long pole'' * '''mufyeb'''....''conduit'' * '''mufyeg'''....''cylinder, pipe'' * '''mufyegben'''....''laying pipe-laying, piping'' * '''mufyegnad'''....''pipeline'' * '''mufyegnid'''....''cylinder'' * '''mufyegubar'''....''faucet, tap'' * '''mufyegyujar'''....''nozzle'' * '''mufyegvyixar'''....''pipe-cleaner'' * '''mufyeg yankyujar'''....''gasket'' * '''mufyeg yuijar'''....''stopcock'' * '''mufyegbolar'''....''style'' * '''mufyegebnyif'''....''coir'' * '''mufyegnak'''....''caliber, calibre'' * '''mufzyun ifek'''....''lacrosse'' * '''mugabnodmuf'''....''tipstaff'' * '''mugmuf'''....''metal bar, metal rod'' * '''mugmufgrun'''....''crowbar'' * '''mugmuyf'''....''pintle'' * '''musaomuf'''....''newel'' * '''mustuyamuf'''....''banister'' * '''muyf'''....''rod, small stick, pin'' * '''muyfbyaxar'''....''pinsetter'' * '''muyfgin drilar'''....''stylograph'' * '''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'''....''tube of toothpaste'' * '''muyfyeg'''....''small cylinder, small pipe, straw, tube'' * '''muyfyegyan'''....''tubing'' * '''muyfyegyeber'''....''intubate'' * '''muyfyeges'''....''tubule'' * '''nagmuf'''....''dipstick'' * '''neafmuf'''....''racquet'' * '''neafmufzyun ifek'''....''racquetball'' * '''nefmuf'''....''distaff'' * '''noyxmufyeg'''....''nozzle, spigot'' * '''nyifgimuf'''....''marlin spike, marlingspike, marlinspike'' * '''nyifmuf'''....''bollard'' * '''nyifzyumuf'''....''bobbin'' * '''ofmuf'''....''bar, barrier'' * '''povol muyf'''....''bread stick'' * '''pitpix muf'''....''fishing pole'' * '''pobalkmufyeg'''....''lead pipe, plumber's pipe'' * '''pobalkmufegbut'''....''plumber'' * '''puix muf'''....''baseball bat'' * '''puxrer izmuf'''....''shoot an arrow'' * '''pyaxmufyeg'''....''missile, rocket'' * '''pyexmufag'''....''billy club, cudgel, truncheon'' * '''pyexnyifuen muf'''....''whipping post'' * '''pyoxmufzyeg'''....''chute'' * '''siunmuf'''....''signpost'' * '''sizmuf'''....''maulstick'' * '''summuf'''....''bedpost'' * '''tabmuf'''....''gibbet'' * '''tabmufzyeg'''....''catheter'' * '''Tamilgivomuf'''....''cheroot'' * '''taolgimuf'''....''spit, meat skewer, shish'' * '''taxmuf'''....''memory stick'' * '''telmuf'''....''broach'' * '''teupib gimuf'''....''toothpick'' * '''tilmufyeg'''....''drinking straw'' * '''tiyebilmufyegoben'''....''vasectomy'' * '''tuyamuf'''....''handle, handlebar'' * '''tyezmuf'''....''magic wand'' * '''tyomuf'''....''cane, crutch'' * '''uimuf'''....''horizontal beam'' * '''ukxwalmufyeg'''....''exhaust pipe'' * '''umvab gimuf'''....''haycock'' * '''unmuf sum'''....''fourposter'' * '''uzlazon muf'''....''driveshaft'' * '''uztubmuf'''....''crankshaft'' * '''uztubmufyem'''....''crankcase'' * '''uzvusanmuf'''....''camshaft'' * '''uzyumuf'''....''windlass'' * '''vosmuf'''....''maypole'' * '''vyixarmuf'''....''broomstick'' * '''xumuf'''....''rood'' * '''yabmuf'''....''pylon'' * '''yagunmufyeg'''....''kelly'' * '''yagyazmuf'''....''ridgepole'' * '''yanxen muf'''....''hitching post'' * '''yanxmuf'''....''pitman'' * '''supetaol mufyeg'''....''wiener, wienie, wurst, sausage, frankfurter'' * '''yeba muyfyeg'''....''inner tube'' * '''yibsinibar muyfyeg'''....''television tube'' * '''orpovobmuyf'''....''chopstick'' * '''yudanakmuf'''....''yardstick'' * '''yugmufyeg'''....''hosepipe'' * '''brahefyel muyfyeg'''....''rubber tube'' * '''yuijbea muf'''....''turnpike'' * '''yujlarmuf'''....''deadbolt'' * '''zamimuf'''....''foremast'' * '''zamuf'''....''bowsprit, forepole'' * '''zemisaomuf'''....''mullion'' * '''zepaxar mufag'''....''keelson'' * '''zeymuf'''....''balk, crosspiece, transom'' * '''zomufzyeg'''....''tailpipe'' * '''zyebuxmuf'''....''ramrod'' * '''zyegek muf'''....''golf club'' * '''zyemuf'''....''axis, axle, crossbar, pivot, shaft, spindle'' * '''zyemufyeg'''....''burette, smoothbore'' * '''zyifmufyeg'''....''smoothbore'' * '''zyuaomufyan'''....''cyclostyle'' * '''zyukmuf'''....''axletree'' * '''zyumuf'''....''pestle'' * '''zyumufar'''....''roller'' * '''zyumufdresiz'''....''rotogravure'' * '''zyupmuf'''....''capstan, spindle'' * '''atuyumuv'''....''thumbtack'' * '''edebmuv'''....''scepter, staff, royal mace4'' * '''feelkmuyv'''....''tige'' * '''gimuyv'''....''tack'' * '''givomuv'''....''cigarette'' * '''givomuvuj'''....''cigarette butt'' * '''izmuv'''....''needle'' * '''kyupmuv'''....''bolt'' * '''megmuv'''....''rock bolt'' * '''merizondar izmuv'''....''compass needle'' * '''mes kipmuv'''....''door bolt'' * '''muyv'''....''pin'' * '''muyvdrof'''....''pinboard'' * '''muyvzyun ifek'''....''pinball'' * '''nyem bi givomuvi'''....''carton of cigarettes'' * '''nyufes bi givomuvi'''....''pack of cigarettes'' * '''oybtayoba izmuv'''....''hypodermic needle'' * '''oyebmes yijmuv'''....''latchkey'' * '''taxmuv'''....''thumb drive'' * '''tuyub uzyumuv'''....''thumb'' * '''ummas kipmuv'''....''molly bolt'' * '''uzmuv'''....''staple'' * '''uzmuvar'''....''stapler'' * '''uzmuvir'''....''staple gun'' * '''uzyubea muv'''....''rolling pin'' * '''vakmuyv'''....''linchpin'' * '''yaplen muv'''....''piton'' * '''yijmuv'''....''key, latch, latchet'' * '''yujlarmuyv'''....''broach'' * '''yujmuv'''....''bar, padlock, peg, bolt'' * '''yujun uzyumuv'''....''corkscrew'' * '''yumuyv'''....''ninepin'' * '''zyisebmuyv'''....''tack'' * '''zyuabuna uzyumuv'''....''roundhead'' * '''zyusebmuv'''....''rivet'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''MUG''' ''metal'', '''MUK''' ''mineral'' '''MUZ''' ''ore'' === :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' ==== MUG Words ==== : The root '''mug''' means ''metal''. The following words are derived from this root: {{small/top}} * '''mug'''....''metal'' ** '''abmugsiz'''....''toreutic'' ** '''alza mug'''....''white metal'' ** '''balsiyner dresin abu mug'''....''stamp a design onto metal'' ** '''bixmug'''....''magnet'' *** '''bixmugazon'''....''magnetism, magnetic force'' ****'''bixmugazonmilpanazontun'''....''magnetohydrodynamics'' ****'''bixmugazonnagar'''....''magnetometer'' ****'''bixmugazonxer'''....''to magnetize'' *** '''ekpetyoyaf bixmug'''....''horsehoe magnet'' *** '''feelkbixmug'''....''ferromagnet'' *** '''imerbixmuga'''....''geomagnetic'' **** '''imerbixmugazon'''....''geomagnetism'' *** '''makbixmug'''....''electromagnet'' **** '''makbixmugazon'''....''electromagnetism'' ***** '''kyinmakbixmugazon'''....''gravitoelectromagnetism'' **** '''lomakbixmugxer'''....''to degauss'' ** '''dopirmug'''....''gunmetal'' ** '''drayefmug'''....''sheet metal'' ** '''drurmug'''....''printhead'' ** '''ebmuga'''....''intermetallic'' ** '''enmuga'''....''bimetallic'' *** '''enmugin'''....''bimetallism'' ** '''fyizmug'''....''medal'' *** '''fyizmuguer'''....''to bestow a medal'' *** '''agelka fyizmug'''....''silver medal'' *** '''aulka fyizmug'''....''gold medal'' *** '''caulkyiga fyizmug'''....''bronze medal'' *** '''fyizmugag'''....''medallion'' ** '''glamugyebag mimpur'''....''supertanker'' ** '''kyimug'''....''heavy metal'' *** '''kyimugoben'''....''chelation'' ** '''mugyanar'''....''chain, metal chain'' *** '''lomugyanarer'''....''unchain'' **** '''lomugyanaren'''....''unchaining'' **** '''lomugyanarwa'''....''unchained'' ** '''mugyanil'''....''solder'' *** '''mugyanilxer'''....''to solder'' **** '''lomugyanilxer'''....''to unsolder'' ** '''makmugmoys'''....''electroplate'' *** '''makmugmoysber'''....''to galvanize, electroplate'' **** '''makmugmoysbwa'''....''galvanized, electroplated'' ** '''manmug'''....''phosphor'' ** '''mazmug'''....''sequin'' ** '''mug goypar'''....''hacksaw'' ** '''muga'''....''metal, metallic'' *** '''muga milbelar'''....''metal bucket, metal pail'' *** '''muga pexum'''....''metal cage'' ** '''mugabun'''....''metal cover'' *** '''mugabunxer'''....''to plate'' **** '''mugabunxen'''....''plating'' **** '''mugabunxwa'''....''plated'' ** '''mugabsaibyan'''....''gantry'' ** '''mugayef'''....''foil, metal sheet'' ** '''mugdresiz'''....''metallography'' ** '''mugfyus'''....''slag'' *** '''mugfyusuen'''....''slagging'' *** '''mugfyusuer'''....''slag'' ** '''muggin'''....''spike, metal tip'' *** '''mugginxwa'''....''spiked, metal-tipped'' *** '''mugginmuf'''....''tipstaff'' ** '''muggoblar'''....''hacksaw'' ** '''muggyagoflun'''....''ingot'' ** '''mugilxer'''....''to melt metal'' *** '''mugilxam'''....''foundry'' ** '''muginaya'''....''spiky'' *** '''muginayan'''....''spikiness'' *** '''muginika'''....''spiky'' **** '''muginikan'''....''spikiness'' ** '''mugkaxar'''....''metal detector'' ** '''mugmapduzar'''....''brasswind'' ** '''mugmef'''....''bar, ingot'' ** '''mugmek'''....''filings, metal dust'' ** '''mugmesog'''....''plaquette, scutcheon'' ** '''mugmolz'''....''niello'' *** '''mugmolzber'''....''to niello'' ** '''mugmuf'''....''metal bar, metal rod, bar'' *** '''zo mugmufi'''....''behind bars'' *** '''mugmufgrun'''....''crowbar'' *** '''mugmuyf'''....''pintle'' ** '''mugneaf'''....''trellis, wire mesh, wire-mesh'' ** '''mugnef'''....''grate, grid, griddle, grill, grille'' *** '''mugnef yuzmas'''....''grated fence'' ** '''mugneyef'''....''metal strip, ferrule'' *** '''gunmugneyef'''....''spline'' ** '''mugnif'''....''wire, cable'' *** '''enuja mugnif'''....''jumper cable'' *** '''mugnifvixun'''....''filigree'' *** '''novmugnif'''....''gimp'' *** '''gawmugnifber'''....''to rewire'' *** '''grinaya mugnif'''....''razor wire'' *** '''grunaya mugnif'''....''barbed wire'' *** '''ijar mugnif'''....''trip wire'' ** '''mugnyed'''....''grill'' *** '''mugnyedmageler'''....''to grill'' *** '''mugnyedmagelar'''....''grill'' *** '''mugnyedmagelwa'''....''grilled'' *** '''mugnyedyan'''....''grating, grillwork'' ** '''mugnyem'''....''metal case'' *** '''givomuv mugnyem'''....''cigarette case'' ** '''mugnuf'''....''metal button, nailhead, stud'' *** '''mugnufber'''....''to stud'' *** '''mugnufben'''....''studding'' *** '''mugnufbwa'''....''studded'' *** '''tuyov mugnuf'''....''cuff link'' ** '''mugnyaf'''....''buckle, clasp'' *** '''mugnyafber''''....''to buckle'' *** '''mugnyafober'''....''to unbuckle'' ** '''mugnyem'''....''metal box, metal case'' ** '''mugoyebixer'''....''to smelt'' *** '''mugoyebixam'''....''smelter, smeltery'' *** '''mugoyebixir'''....''smelter'' ** '''mugpyeuxer'''....''to clank'' ** '''mugsaib yaozgoblir'''....''bucksaw'' ** '''mugseuxer'''....''to jangle'' ** '''mugsanxar'''....''swage'' ** '''mugsim'''....''metal chair'' ** '''mugsiun'''....''token'' *** '''mugsiunin'''....''tokenism'' ** '''mugtaf'''....''hauberk'' ** '''mugtilyeb'''....''pannikin'' ** '''mugtun'''....''metallography'' ** '''mugul'''....''scoria, slag'' ** '''muguz'''....''grommet'' ** '''mugulz'''....''patina'' ** '''mugvunid'''....''quoin'' ** '''mugxer'''....''to metallize'' *** '''mugxen'''....''metallization'' ** '''mugyanar'''....''chain, metal chain'' *** '''mugyanarer'''....''to catenate, chain'' ** '''mugyanil'''....''solder'' *** '''mugyanilxer'''....''to solder'' ** '''mugyanxer'''....''to weld'' *** '''mugyanxun'''....''weldment'' *** '''mugyanxut'''....''welder'' *** '''mugyanxyafwa'''....''weldable'' ** '''mufnyaf'''....''buckle'' *** '''zetif mugnyaf'''....''belt buckle'' ** '''mugyeb'''....''can, metal container, pail, pot'' *** '''fyumul mugyeb'''....''garbage can, garbage pail, rubbish can'' *** '''fyus mugyeb'''....''litter can, trash can, waste can'' *** '''milmugyeb'''....''canteen'' **** '''milmugyebag'''....''water cistern, water tank'' *** '''tefayelmugyeb'''....''tea kettle, teakettle, teapot'' *** '''miluen mugyeb'''....''watering can'' *** '''ipuxwas mugyeb'''....''trash can'' *** '''kafeyl magilmugyeb'''....''coffee kettle, coffee pot'' *** '''kafeylmugyeb'''....''coffee pot, coffee urn, coffeepot'' *** '''lobexun mugyeb'''....''trash can'' *** '''maegil mugyeb'''....''gas can, gas tank, gasoline can, petrol can'' **** '''maegil mugyebag'''....''gas tank, gasoline tank, petrol tank'' *** '''magilmugyeb'''....''kettle, pot'' **** '''magilmugyebag'''....''boiler, caldron, cauldron'' *** '''magyel mugyebag'''....''oil tank'' *** '''tilmugyeb'''....''beverage can'' *** '''vyilxen mugyebag'''....''washtub'' ** '''mugyex'''....''metallurgy, metalwork'' *** '''mugyexal'''....''acetylene'' *** '''mugyexut'''....''metallurgist, metalworker'' ** '''mugyigaxer'''....''to caseharden'' ** '''mugzyifarer'''....''to planish'' ** '''mugzyin'''....''plaquette, scutcheon'' ** '''mugzyiun'''....''gussy, quoit'' ** '''mugzyuk'''....''nut'' *** '''ebyujlea mugzyuk'''....''snap fastener'' ** '''nasmug'''....''coin'' *** '''aloynasmug'''....''dime'' *** '''asoynasmug'''....''cent'' **** '''Feroma asoynasmug'''....''centime'' *** '''Geniqoma nasmug'''....''guinea'' *** '''nasmug-exwa'''....''coin-operated'' *** '''nasmugier'''....''to get change'' *** '''nasmugtixut'''....''numismatist'' *** '''nasmuguer'''....''make change'' *** '''nasmugxer'''....''to mint'' **** '''nasmugxam'''....''mint'' ***** '''nasmugxam noyx'''....''mintage'' *** '''nasmugyan'''....''change, coinage, mintage'' *** '''nasmugyeb'''....''coin purse'' ** '''nixmugsiun'''....''scrip'' ** '''omuga'''....''nonmetallic'' ** '''syob mug'''....''base metal'' ** '''uzmug'''....''trunnion'' ** '''vimugun'''....''tole'' ** '''yanmug'''....''alloy'' *** '''feelk yanmug'''....''iron alloy'' {{small/end}} ==== MUK Words ==== : The root '''muk''' means ''mineral''. Here some derived terms: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''aagmuk'''....''macromineral'' ::* '''amuk'''....''augite'' ::* '''emuk'''....''vermiculite'' ::* '''mukiblem'''....''mine, quarry'' :::* '''mukiblem mup'''....''mine tunnel'' :::* '''mukiblem par'''....''mine carriage'' :::* '''mukiblem yaobzyeg'''....''mine shaft'' :::* '''mukibler'''....''to mine'' ::::* '''mukiblen'''....''mining'' ::::* '''mukiblut'''....''miner'' :::::* '''mukibluta yigtef'''....''miner's hardhat, mining helmet'' ::* '''mukmil'''....''mineral water'' ::* '''muktun'''....''mineralogy'' ::::* '''muktuna'''....''mineralogical'' ::::* '''muktut'''....''mineralogist'' ::* '''mukxer'''....''to mineralize'' :::* '''mukxen'''....''mineralization'' :::* '''mukxwa'''....''mineralized'' ::* '''mukyabilok'''....''stalagmite'' ::* '''mukyobilok'''....''stalactite'' ::* '''mukyugmek'''....''talcum'' ::* '''mukzoybesun'''....''fossil'' ::* '''mukzyeg'''....''mineral pit'' ::* '''nazmuk yaybar'''....''ore bridge'' ::* '''nazmuk yonxen'''....''ore dressing'' ::* '''nozmuk'''....''garnet'' ::* '''yugmuk'''....''meerschaum'' ==== MUZ Words ==== : The root '''muz''' means ''ore'' and the following words are derived from it: :* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''muzika'''....''sequined, sequin-filled'' ::* '''muzkexer'''....''prospect'' :::* '''muzkexen'''....''prospecting'' :::* '''muzkexut'''....''prospector'' ::* '''muztalob'''....''lode'' ::* '''caulk muz'''....''copper ore'' ::* '''feelk muz'''....''iron ore'' ::* '''muz pures'''....''ore car'' ::* '''muzfyul'''....''gangue'' ::* '''muzyonxen'''....''ore dressing'' === '''NAB''' ''rank'', '''NAP''' ''order'' === ::* '''nab'''....''rank, row'' :::* '''aonab'''....''column, y-axis'' :::* '''nabxer'''....''to arrange, to line up, to adapt'' :::* '''nabyan'''...''range, spectrum'' :::* '''uinab'''....''row, x-axis'' :::* '''yabnaba'''....''high-ranking'' :::* '''yobnaba'''....''low-ranking'' ::* '''naab'''....''file'' :::* '''naaber'''....''to file, to classify'' ::* '''nap'''....''order'' :::* '''lonap'''....''disorder, mess'' ::::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::::* '''dolonap'''....''riot'' ::::* '''teplonap'''....''mental disorder'' :::* '''napder'''....''to order, to ordain'' :::* '''napxer'''....''to array, to put in order'' ::* '''naap'''....''system, regime'' :::* '''amarnaap'''....''solar system'' :::* '''lonaap'''....''chaos'' ::::* '''lonaapa'''....''chaotic'' :::* '''naapa'''....''systematic'' :::* '''naapxer'''....''to systematize'' ::* '''nyap'''....''march'' :::* '''nyaper'''....''to march'' === '''NAS''' ''money'' === : The stems of the words in this family all begin with '''n''' for ''merchandise''. All the words have to do with money, business, trade, and merchandise. [[File:টাকার মাধ্যমে করোনাভাইরাস ছড়ানো.jpg|thumb|]] : Summary: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Money Core Words |- valign=top ! MONEY/WEALTH !! SAVING/ACCUMULATING !! SPENDING/WASTING !! EARNING/ORDERING !! PAYING/SHIPPING |- |valign=top| '''nas'''....''money''<br>'''nax'''....''price''<br>'''nayx'''....''cost''<br>'''naz'''....''value, worth''<br>'''nasyig'''....''cash''<br>'''nasmug'''....''coin''<br>'''nases'''....''change''<br>'''nasgon'''....''stock''<br>'''nastun'''....''finance''<br>'''donastun'''....''economy''<br>'''nasyan'''....''capital''<br>'''nasdrev'''....''paper money''<br>'''nasdref'''....''check''<br>'''nasam'''....''bank''<br>'''nasak'''....''profit''<br>'''nasok'''....''deficit''<br>'''nam'''....''store''<br>'''namyan'''....''shopping center''<br>'''nasdiybut'''....''bursar''<br>'''nasdrev'''....''backnote''<br>'''nasebkyax'''....''money exchange''<br>'''nasefa'''....''poor''<br>'''nasgab'''....''surplus''<br>'''nasok'''....''deficit''<br>'''nasokya'''....''bankrupt''<br>'''nastun'''....''finance''<br>'''naxer'''....''cost''<br>'''nasbuer'''....''allocate''<br>'''nasaker'''....''profit''<br>'''naseker'''....''gamble''<br>'''nasyefer'''....''owe''<br>'''nasyefier'''<br>'''nasboler'''....''underwrite''<br>''''nasyefier''''....''borrow''<br>'''nasyefuer'''....''lend''<br>'''naxter'''....''appreciate''<br>'''nazer'''....''be worth''<br>'''nazder'''....''assess''<br>'''nazbuer'''....''reward''<br>'''nasyiguer'''....''cash''<br>'''nasbyokuer'''....''fine''<br>'''nasdier'''....''panhandle''<br>'''nasgonuer'''....''invest''<br>'''nasvelkier'''....''gamble'' |valign=top|'''nex'''....''savings''<br>'''nexak'''....''interest''<br>'''nextun'''....''economy''<br>'''nexyea'''....''thrifty''<br>'''nexer'''....''save''<br>'''neuner'''....''reserve'' |valign=top| '''nox'''....''expense''<br>'''noxun'''....''expenditure''<br>'''finox'''....''thrift''<br>'''noz'''....''jewelry''<br>'''noxufa'''...,''stingy''<br>'''noxer'''....''spend''<br>'''funoxer'''....''waste''<br>'''noxuer'''....''charge'' |valign=top| '''nix'''....''income, revenue''<br>'''yexnix'''....''salary''<br>'''tutnix'''....''honorarium''<br>'''jonix'''....''debt''<br>'''nixak'''....''profit''<br>'''dobnix'''....''pension''<br>'''dotnix'''....''welfare''<br>'''jabnix'''....''annuity''<br>'''nixgab'''....''dividend''<br>'''nier'''....''consume''<br>'''nixer'''....''earn''<br>'''nizer'''....''deserve''<br>'''nier'''....''consume''<br>'''nixbuer'''....''sell''<br>'''jobnier'''....''rent''<br>'''nixbuer'''...''sell'' |valign=top| '''nux'''....''payment, outlay''<br>'''yovnux'''....''penalty''<br>'''nuxyef'''....''duty''<br>'''jonux'''....''credit''<br>'''yufnux'''....''blackmail''<br>'''dobnux'''....''tax''<br>'''nuz'''....''award''<br>'''nuxgax'''....''pay raise'' <br>'''nuxer'''....''pay''<br>'''nuzuer'''....''award''<br>'''nuer'''....''supply''<br>'''jobnuxer'''....''lease''<br>'''nuxbier'''....''buy''<br>'''nun'''....''product''<br>'''nunyan'''....''merchandise''<br>'''nunsag'''....''inventory''<br>'''nunek'''....''negotiation''<br>'''nundel'''....''ad''<br>'''nundyun'''....''brand''<br>'''nunem'''....''market''<br>'''n(un)am'''....''shop''<br>'''nunut'''....''merchant''<br>'''nunyeb'''....''package''<br>'''nuneker'''....''deal''<br>'''nunier'''....''buy''<br>'''nunuer'''....''sell''<br>'''nunuier'''....''trade''<br>'''namper'''....''shop''<br>'''nundeler'''....''advertise''<br>'''nunsager'''....''inventory''<br>'''nunyember'''....''package'' |- |valign=top| '''nyan'''....''stack''<br>'''nyandras'''....''list''<br>'''nyaz'''....''wealth''<br> '''nyaser'''....''accumulate''<br>'''nyaxer'''....''stack'' |valign=top|'''nyen'''....''stores, stock''<br>'''nyeb'''....''container''<br>'''nyem'''....''box, case''<br>'''nyef'''....''bag, sack''<br>'''nyeyf'''....''purse''<br>'''yignyef'''....''basket'' <br> '''nyexer'''....''stock''<br>'''nyember'''....''box up'' | valign=top|'''nyox'''....''waste''<br>'''nyoz'''....''penury''<br> '''nyoxer'''....''waste'' |valign=top| '''nyix'''....''order, demand''<br>'''nyixdref'''....''order form''<br>'''nyixut'''....''client, customer'' <br>'''nyuix'''....''supply and demand''<br>'''nyixer'''....''demand, order'' |valign=top|'''nyux'''....''delivery''<br>'''nyun'''....''cargo, freight, shipment''<br>'''nyuxdref'''....''receipt''<br>'''nyuxpur'''....''delivery truck'' <br>'''nyuer'''....''pour, produce''<br> '''nyuxer'''....''supply, deliver, ship''<br>'''nyuf'''....''package'' |} {{small/end}} === '''NOD''' ''point'' === : The base word '''nod''' means ''point, dot'', and is the top level of the following subordinal words: :* '''nod'''....''point, dot'' ::* '''nad'''....''line'' ::* '''ned'''....''plane'' ::* '''nid'''....''volume'' {{small/top}} ::* '''nod'''....''point, dot'' :::* '''abnod'''....''peak'' :::* '''byinod'''....''point of origin'' :::* '''byunod'''....''target'' :::* '''dalnod'''....''talking point'' :::* '''drenod'''....''dot, period'' :::* '''duznod'''....''note (music)'' :::* '''eynduznod'''....''minim'' :::* '''gwanod'''....''maximum'' :::* '''gwonod'''....''minimum'' :::* '''ijnod'''....''square one, starting point'' :::* '''jobnod'''....''point in time, moment'' :::* '''magnod'''....''burn point, focus'' :::* '''maknod'''....''blip'' :::* '''makujnod'''....''electrode'' :::* '''mannod'''....''pip'' :::* '''memyepnod'''....''port of entry'' :::* '''mernod'''....''compass point, pole'' ::::* '''ovmernod'''....''antipode'' :::* '''miilnod'''....''dew point'' :::* '''mopnod'''....''apse'' :::* '''nemnod'''....''locus'' :::* '''obpyosnod'''....''precipice'' :::* '''eknod'''....''game point'' :::* '''ovnod'''....''counterpoint'' :::* '''yabnod'''....''climax'' ::::* '''ovyabnod'''....''anticlimax'' :::* '''ujnod'''....''endpoint, node, terminal, extreme'' ::::* '''ovujnod'''....''antipode'' :::* '''oznod'''....''weakpoint, foible'' :::* '''posnod'''....''stopping point, deadlock'' :::* '''teatnod'''....''point of view, aspect, perspective'' :::* '''uknod'''....''hole'' :::* '''volznod'''....''freckle, color spot'' :::* '''yabnod'''....''climax, highpoint'' :::* '''yannod'''....''juncture, joint'' :::* '''yibnod'''....''apogee, extremity'' :::* '''yibamarnod'''....''aphelion'' :::* '''yibmopnod'''....''apoapse'' :::* '''yobnod'''....''lowpoint, nadir'' :::* '''yubmopnod'''....''periapsis'' :::* '''yuzamaryubnod'''....''perihelion'' :::* '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' :::* '''zenod'''....''hub, midpoint'' :::* '''zeypnod'''....''crossover point'' :::* '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' :::* '''zyenod'''....''intersection, through-point'' :::* '''zyubolnod'''....''hinge, pivot'' :::* '''zyupnod'''....''turning point, pivot'' ==== NAD NYAD Words ==== ::* '''nad'''....''line'' :::* '''naad'''....''track, rail'' ::::* '''abexnaad'''....''railing'' ::::* '''beaxnaad'''....''guardrail'' ::::* '''feelknaad'''....''iron rail'' ::::* '''musnaad'''....''banister'' ::::* '''seuxnaad'''....''sound track'' ::::* '''tuyanaad'''....''handrail'' ::::* '''zonaad'''....''trace'' :::* '''naed'''....''lane'' ::::* '''zenaed'''....''median'' :::* '''naid'''....''stripe, streak'' :::* '''naud'''....''ray, beam'' ::::* '''amarnaud'''....''sunray'' ::::* '''amurnaud'''....''moonbeam'' ::::* '''mannaud'''....''lightbeam'' ::::* '''xunaud'''....''x-ray'' ::::* '''zyuknaud'''....''spoke'' :::* '''nayd'''....''dash'' :::* '''nyad'''....''list, chain, queue'' ::::* '''aotnyad'''....''queue, line (of people)'' :::::* '''aotnyadxer'''...''to queue up, to line up'' ::::* '''duntesnyad'''....''glossary'' ::::* '''dyesnyad'''....''bibliography'' ::::* '''dyunnyad'''....''roster'' ::::* '''ekpetnyad'''....''cavalcade'' ::::* '''fyadilnyad'''....''litany'' ::::* '''gonuutnyad'''....''credits'' ::::* '''mapnyad'''....''windrow'' ::::* '''mimpurnyad'''....''convoy (of ships)'' ::::* '''namnyad'''....''stip mall'' ::::* '''naxnyad'''....''price list'' ::::* '''nyadper'''....''to march'' :::::* '''nyadpen'''....''procession, marching'' :::::* '''nyadput'''....''marcher'' ::::* '''nunnyad'''....''bill of goods'' ::::* '''pesnyad'''....''wait list'' ::::* '''purnyad'''....''motorcade'' :::::* '''dopurnyad'''....''convoy (military)'' ::::* '''teaznyad'''....''parade'' :::::* '''teaznyadper'''....''to parade'' ::::* '''texnyad'''....''chain of thought'' ::::* '''tulnyad'''....''bill of fare'' ::::* '''vyoknyad'''....''errata'' ::::* '''xwoasnyad'''....''agenda'' :::* '''abdrenad'''....''headline'' :::* '''aonad'''....''vertical line'' :::* '''pesnad'''....''queue'' :::* '''dinnad'''....''plot, storyline'' :::* '''dobnad'''....''frontier'' :::* '''dreznad'''....''verse'' :::* '''zanad'''....''frontline'' :::* '''dunnad'''....''passage'' :::* '''ijnad'''....''theshold'' :::* '''iznad'''....''vector, bee-line'' :::* '''jobnad'''....''timeline, choronology'' :::* '''judnad'''....''dateline'' :::* '''kinad'''....''slash'' :::* '''kunad'''....''edge, rim'' ::::* '''mimkunad'''....''seacoast, seashore'' :::* '''mamnad'''....''skyline, horizon'' :::* '''zaonad'''....''longitude'' :::* '''zuinad'''....''latitude'' :::* '''melyaznad'''....''ridge'' :::* '''melyoznad'''....''furrow, ditch, trench'' :::* '''mimnad'''....''coast'' :::* '''nofkunad'''....''hem'' :::* '''nunnad'''....''brand, product line'' :::* '''opyexnad'''....''line of defense'' :::* '''oyebnad'''....''outline'' :::* '''puxnad'''....''trajectory'' :::* '''sanyuznad'''....''silhouette'' :::* '''tajnad'''....''breed'' :::* '''teatnad'''....''line of sight'' :::* '''texnad'''....''line of thought'' :::* '''todnad'''....''family line, genetics'' :::* '''ujnad'''....''limit'' :::* '''uzkunad'''....''rim'' :::* '''uznad'''....''curve'' :::* '''yaoznad'''....''tilde'' :::* '''yeznad'''....''parallel'' :::* '''yibkunad'''....''fringe'' :::* '''yuzkunad'''....''frame'' :::* '''zakunad'''....''leading edge'' :::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' :::* '''zenad'''....''median'' :::* '''zonad'''....''rear line, backline'' :::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' :::* '''zyokunad'''....''verge'' :::* '''zyunad'''....''circle'' :::* '''zyupnad'''....''axis'' ==== NED Words ==== ::* '''ned'''....''surface, plane'' :::* '''nead'''....''course'' ::::* '''tixnead'''....''curriculum'' :::::* '''agaltixnead'''....''major'' ::::* '''yexnead'''....''career'' ::::* '''milnead'''....''waterway'' ::::* '''tejnead'''....''curriculum vitae'' ::::* '''byeknead'''....''course of treatment'' ::::* '''popnead'''....''itinerary'' :::* '''nyed'''....''grid'' ::::* '''feelknyed'''....''grate, gridiron'' ::::* '''ebnyed'''....''web'' ::::* '''mepnyed'''....''network'' ::::* '''iznodnyed'''....''crosshair, reticle'' ::::* '''teabnyed'''....''retina'' ::::* '''magelnyed'''....''grill'' ::::* '''sagunnyed'''....''bitmap'' ::::* '''syagnyed'''....''spreadsheet'' :::* '''abned'''....''surface'' :::* '''aomegned'''....''cliff, precipice, bluff'' :::* '''ebned'''....''interface'' :::* '''imerned'''....''terrain'' :::* '''kined'''....''inclined plane, slope, ramp'' :::* '''kuned'''....''flank, side'' :::* '''megned'''....''pavement'' :::* '''melned'''....''plain, flat, meadow'' :::* '''memned'''....''ground, site'' :::* '''merned'''....''planet surface'' :::* '''mimned'''....''sea surface'' :::* '''obned'''....''bottom surface'' :::* '''oybned'''....''base, foundation, bottom'' :::* '''oyebned'''....''outer surface, hull'' :::* '''yabned'''....''platform'' :::* '''yaozned'''....''relief'' :::* '''yomned'''....''glade'' :::* '''yoymned'''....''rime'' :::* '''zaned'''....''front, face, heads (coin)'' :::* '''zyaned'''....''expanse, span, stretch'' :::* '''zyined'''....''flat surface, platform, plane'' :::* '''zoned'''....''back, rear, tails (coin)'' ==== NID Words ==== ::* '''nid'''....''volume, -hedron, solid'' :::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' :::* '''eynzyunid'''....''hemisphere'' :::* '''ginid'''....''cone'' ::::* '''yomginid'''....''icicle'' ::::* '''zaginid'''....''nosecone'' :::* '''gunid'''....''wedge'' :::* '''inguginid'''....''pyramid'' :::* '''inkunid'''....''trihedron'' :::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' :::* '''mufyegnid'''....''cylinder'' :::* '''mufvunid'''....''quoin'' :::* '''pifebnid'''....''cone'' :::* '''yagekunid'''....''cube, block, hexahedron'' :::* '''zyefnid'''....''prism'' :::* '''zyunid'''....''sphere, globe, orb'' {{small/end}} === '''NOF''' ''cloth'' === : The '''nof''' family words begin with '''n''' meaning ''commercial'' and end in '''f/v''' meaning ''textile''. ==== NOF, NOV, -OF, and -OV words ==== : The base word '''nof''' means ''cloth, material, weave'' and '''nov''' means ''linen''. There are truncated stub suffixes, '''-of''' and '''-ov''' that are used to form portmanteau words meaning types of ''cloth'' and ''linens''. : The word '''faof''', meaning ''wooden board'' is part of this family. Think of it as a mixture of '''fab''' (''tree'') and '''nof''' (''matter''). : Here is a list of words formed from the above roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abaunof'''....''cover'' *'''astrakhana nof'''....''astrakhan'' *'''bey nofkunviben'''....''purlwise'' *'''ganofxen'''....''reweaving'' *'''ganofxer'''....''reweave'' *'''ganofxwa'''....''rewoven'' *'''ganofyanxen'''....''re-sewing'' *'''ganofyanxer'''....''re-sew, resew'' *'''ganofyanxwa'''....''re-sewn'' *'''ganovolzilber'''....''redye'' *'''gevob nofyigxul'''....''cornstarch'' *'''gixenof'''....''strop'' *'''gyonaidnof'''....''pinstripe'' *'''gyonof'''....''gauze'' *'''gyonofyena'''....''gauzy'' *'''gyonofyenan'''....''gauziness'' *'''kexunovaren'''....''goalkeeping'' *'''kexunovarut'''....''goalkeeper, goaltender'' *'''kyunov'''....''gossamer'' *'''lonofnyafxer'''....''burl'' *'''lonofnyafxwa'''....''burled'' *'''lonofxer'''....''unweave'' *'''lonofyanxer'''....''unseam'' *'''magyelnov'''....''oilcloth'' *'''meigyena nof'''....''pebbleweave cloth'' *'''meknov'''....''dustcloth'' *'''memnof'''....''groundsheet'' *'''mesnof'''....''serviette'' *'''milnov'''....''towel'' *'''milnoves'''....''towelette'' *'''mimkum milnov'''....''beach towel'' *'''mimofnof'''....''sailcloth'' *'''nof'''....''cloth, textile, tissue, woven material'' *'''noffun'''....''fag'' *'''nofir'''....''weaving loom'' *'''nofkunvib'''....''purl'' *'''nofnyaf'''....''burl'' *'''nofsin'''....''embroidery'' *'''nofsinen'''....''embroidery'' *'''nofsiner'''....''embroider'' *'''nofun'''....''textile'' *'''nofuzyun'''....''bolt of fabric'' *'''nofxer'''....''weave'' *'''nofyanx'''....''hemstitch, seam'' *'''nofyigxul'''....''carb'' *'''nofyonx'''....''rip'' *'''nofyonxar'''....''scissor, scissors'' *'''nofyonxer'''....''rip apart'' *'''nov'''....''cloth, linen, rag'' *'''noves'''....''gussy, rag'' *'''novgorf'''....''tatter'' *'''novib'''....''cloth decoration'' *'''novim'''....''linen room'' *'''novmugnyif'''....''gimp'' *'''novsam'''....''linen chest'' *'''novsiner'''....''embroider'' *'''novum'''....''linen closet'' *'''novumxar'''....''clothes drier'' *'''novxuta goblar'''....''trivet'' *'''novyan'''....''linens, lingerie'' *'''novyanbirer'''....''shirr'' *'''novyilsom'''....''laundry appliance'' *'''novyilxam'''....''laundromat'' *'''novyilxer'''....''do laundry, launder, wash clothes'' *'''novyil'''....''laundry detergent'' *'''novyixzyuk'''....''wince, winch'' *'''novzyiar sem'''....''ironing board'' *'''novzyiar'''....''iron'' *'''novzyiarer'''....''iron, press'' *'''oognof'''....''microfiber'' *'''tayebnof'''....''haircloth'' *'''teb abunof'''....''head covering'' *'''tebzan abunof'''....''facial covering'' *'''tebzanof'''....''facecloth, yashmak'' *'''tiavnof'''....''shirting'' *'''tojnofaber'''....''enshroud'' *'''tolar milnov'''....''dishtowel'' *'''tolarnof'''....''dishcloth'' *'''tub yuznof'''....''armband'' *'''tulnov uzun'''....''napkin ring'' *'''tulnov'''....''napkin'' *'''tuyab milnov'''....''hand towel, napkin'' *'''tyobnof'''....''legging'' *'''ujbwa nofkunad '''....''selvage'' *'''unkunof'''....''lapel'' *'''viyuznof'''....''stole'' *'''yanof'''....''adhesive, tape'' *'''nofun'''....''fiber'' *'''yebnofyanx'''....''inseam'' *'''yelnof'''....''oilskin'' *'''yonof'''....''rip'' *'''yonofar'''....''scissors'' *'''yuznof'''....''bandage, swathe'' *'''yuznofaber'''....''bandage'' *'''yuznofber'''....''swathe'' *'''yuznofes'''....''band-aid'' *'''yuznov'''....''wrap, wrapper, wrapping'' *'''yuznovaben'''....''wrapping'' *'''zyanofir'''....''broadloom'' *'''zyonov'''....''strip'' <hr> *'''aagmimof'''....''mainsail'' *'''aagyuzmepfaof'''....''motherboard'' *'''abaof'''....''blanket, cover'' *'''abdrenabof'''....''marquee'' *'''aber sindrof'''....''put up a poster'' *'''abmimof'''....''topsail'' *'''abof'''....''canopy, tarp, tarpaulin'' *'''absuemof'''....''comforter'' *'''akdoof'''....''pennant'' *'''Amerinda tamof'''....''tepee, wigwag'' *'''angonxwa yuzmep drof'''....''integrated circuit'' *'''aoksagdrof'''....''scoreboard'' *'''aopfaof'''....''gangplank'' *'''apaxlof'''....''swab, swabbing cloth'' *'''apaxof'''....''wipe, wiping cloth'' *'''aybtoof'''....''overgarments, tracksuit'' *'''ayuigof'''....''latex'' *'''bexfaof'''....''batten'' *'''bikof'''....''band aid, bandage, patch'' *'''bilyig faof'''....''cheeseboard'' *'''buixarfaof'''....''springboard'' *'''cekerekdrof'''....''checkerboard'' *'''deldrof'''....''ad, banner, billboard, sign'' *'''dezof'''....''curtain'' *'''dipdoof'''....''pennant'' *'''diztomof'''....''big top'' *'''doof'''....''banner, flag, national colors'' *'''dyeskof'''....''book jacket, dust jacket'' *'''dyezof'''....''movie curtain, movie screen, silver screen'' *'''ejnayuigof'''....''neoprene'' *'''fababof'''....''bowery'' *'''falofaof'''....''thill'' *'''faof'''....''board, plank'' *'''favof'''....''cotton linen'' *'''feelk misof'''....''iron curtain'' *'''fevof'''....''flax, linen'' *'''fivof'''....''hemp'' *'''fuvof'''....''jute'' *'''gyanafxwa suemof'''....''coverlet'' *'''gyofavof'''....''muslin'' *'''gyolof'''....''sheer'' *'''imof'''....''washcloth'' *'''inguna bexmimof'''....''jib'' *'''jatajof'''....''caul'' *'''kipasfaof'''....''skateboard'' *'''kof'''....''shroud'' *'''koxof'''....''cloak'' *'''kuzyifaof'''....''sideboard, sidepiece'' *'''kyamisof'''....''scrim'' *'''lonapfaof'''....''shuffleboard'' *'''siundrof'''....''electronic signboard'' *'''malujbof'''....''weatherstrip'' *'''malyomfaof'''....''snowboard'' *'''yuigof'''....''gum'' *'''masazulfaof'''....''plasterboard'' *'''masfaof'''....''wainscot'' *'''masof'''....''carpet, tapestry'' *'''mekkof'''....''dust cover'' *'''mekovof'''....''dust ruffle'' *'''mesabof'''....''awning, canopy'' *'''mesof'''....''portiere'' *'''mimof'''....''sail, sheet'' *'''mimoffaof'''....''sailboard'' *'''mimyazfaof'''....''surfboard'' *'''misabof'''....''awning'' *'''misof'''....''curtain'' *'''movkof'''....''smokescreen'' *'''moynabof'''....''bowery'' *'''nifaof'''....''fiberboard, fibreboard'' *'''obzatibfaof'''....''laptop'' *'''obzatifaof'''....''lapboard'' *'''oybkof'''....''lining'' *'''oybmasaof'''....''parquet'' *'''oybmasof'''....''carpet'' *'''podiz tomof'''....''circus tent'' *'''pyoslen faof'''....''gang plank'' *'''raduzarfaof'''....''keyboard'' *'''seuxfaof'''....''soundboard'' *'''sizfaof'''....''palette'' *'''soamimof'''....''lateen'' *'''suemof'''....''bedspread, counterpane'' *'''sumabaof'''....''counterpane'' *'''sumtebfaof'''....''headboard'' *'''syobfaof'''....''baseboard'' *'''taibyuzof'''....''cambium'' *'''tamof'''....''tent'' *'''tayebexof'''....''snood'' *'''tayezobkof'''....''fur lining'' *'''teabkof'''....''blindfold'' *'''tebosof'''....''brain tissue'' *'''timof'''....''booth, lean-to, shelter, stall'' *'''tolyebof'''....''grocery bag'' *'''tomof'''....''pavilion'' *'''toybkof'''....''purdah'' *'''tuyufaof'''....''fingerboard'' *'''tyoyabamof'''....''muff'' *'''tyoyafabof'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''tyoyafaof'''....''footboard'' *'''utayefyuzkof'''....''cotta'' *'''vipof'''....''chamoix'' *'''vulobfaof'''....''dartboard'' *'''vyilxof'''....''wash cloth, washcloth, washrag'' *'''xeusfaof'''....''clapperboard'' *'''yebabaof'''....''liner'' *'''yebof'''....''bag, sack'' *'''yigfaof'''....''hardboard'' *'''yobmimof'''....''lowermost sail'' *'''yogmisof'''....''teaser'' *'''yugsrof'''....''elastic'' *'''yuigof'''....''caoutchouc, gum, rubber'' *'''yuijarfaof'''....''clavier'' *'''yujbof'''....''tampon'' *'''yuzkof'''....''blanket, wrap, wrapping'' *'''yuzof'''....''girdle, sash, wrap-around, wraparound'' *'''zamapmimof'''....''spinnaker'' *'''zamimof'''....''foresail'' *'''zatomof'''....''awning, overhang, pavilion'' *'''zofaof'''....''backboard'' *'''zomisof'''....''backcloth, backdrop'' *'''zotyoibof'''....''puttee'' *'''zoyneof'''....''backstitch'' *'''zyifaof'''....''board, plank of wood'' *'''zyofaof'''....''clapboard'' *'''zyoxbikof'''....''tourniquet'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NAF ''fabric'' and its Different Types ==== : The base word '''naf''' means ''fabric''. Here is a list of different types of fabric: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''naaf'''....''drape'' *'''naef'''....''canvas'' *'''naif'''....''velvet'' *'''nauf'''....''veil'' *'''nayof'''....''denim'' *'''nayaf'''....''corduroy'' *'''nayef'''....''nylon'' *'''nayif'''....''rayon'' *'''nayuf'''....''satin'' *'''naalof'''....''baize, organdie, organdy'' *'''naalaf'''....''broadcloth, organza'' *'''naalef'''....''cheviot'' *'''naalif'''....''cretonne'' *'''naaluf'''....''crinoline'' *'''naalyof'''....''damask'' *'''naalyaf'''....''faille, flannel'' *'''naalyef'''....''flannelet'' *'''naalyif'''....''flannelette'' *'''naalyuf'''....''foulard'' *'''naelof'''....''gabardine'' *'''naelaf'''....''delaine, georgette, grosgrain'' *'''naelef'''....''cambric'' *'''naelif'''....''gunny, gunnysack'' *'''naeluf'''....''lisle'' *'''nailof'''....''hessian'' *'''nailaf'''....''sateen'' *'''nailef'''....''serge'' *'''nailif'''....''tweed'' *'''naulof'''....''spandex'' *'''naarof'''....''marseilles'' *'''naaraf'''....''matting'' *'''naaref'''....''melton'' *'''naarif'''....''merino'' *'''naaruf'''....''messaline'' *'''naaryaf'''....''mousseline de laine'' *'''naaryef'''....''mousseline de soie'' *'''naaryof'''....''moquette'' *'''naaryuf'''....''nainsook'' *'''nairaf'''....''sarsenet, sarcenet, sarsnet'' *'''nairef'''....''say'' *'''nairif'''....''scrim'' *'''nairof'''....''samite'' *'''nairuf'''....''seersucker'' *'''nairyaf'''....''shalloon'' *'''nairyef'''....''shantung'' *'''nairyif'''....''shoddy'' *'''nairyof'''....''serge'' *'''nairyuf'''....''shot silk'' *'''naisaf'''....''hopsack'' *'''naisef'''....''huck, huckaback'' *'''naisif'''....''jacquard, gacquard weave'' *'''naisof'''....''honan'' *'''naisyaf'''....''jersey'' *'''naisyef'''....''khaddar'' *'''naisyif'''....''khaki'' *'''naisyof'''....''jean'' *'''naisyuf'''....''lamé'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NEF Words ==== : The base word '''nef''' means ''stitch, hatch, knit'' : The scalar sub-elements of '''nef''' are: ::* '''neaf'''....''net, web, mesh, grid, fretwork, reticulation, grate'' ::* '''neef'''....''lace'' ::* '''neif'''....''braid'' ::* '''neof'''....''cross-stitch'' ::* '''neuf'''....''wicker'' ::* '''neyof'''....''loop'' ::* '''neyaf'''....''wale '' ::* '''neyef'''....''band, stripe, fillet'' : The "World Wide Web" is '''Ha Zyamira Neaf'''. : Here are some words derived from '''nef''' and its sub-elements: {{small/top}} :*'''nef'''....''stitch, knit'' ::*'''nefyan'''....''crosshatch'' :::*'''fubnefyan'''....''wattle'' ::*'''nefxer'''....''to knit, to darn, to weave'' :::*'''tamnefxwa'''....''homespun'' ::*'''ennef'''....''twill'' :::*'''ennefxer'''....''to twill'' ::*'''tianef'''....''sweater'' :::*'''vu-teyob tianef'''....''v-neck sweater'' ::*'''tuyanefar'''....''handloom'' ::*'''nefir'''....''loom, autoloom'' ::*'''nefgrun'''....''crochet needle'' ::*'''nefuz'''....''hook, loop'' ::*'''vinef'''....''embroidery'' ::*'''nefzyiun'''....''filter, screen'' :::*'''drurnefzyiun'''....''silkscreen'' ::*'''neof'''....''cross-stitch'' ::*'''neaf'''....''web, net'' :::*'''apeltneaf'''....''cobweb, spider web, spider's web, spiderweb'' :::*'''ebneaf'''....''lattice, network, web, internet'' :::*'''mugneaf'''....''trellis, wire mesh, grid'' :::*'''neafnem'''....''website'' :::*'''kudipelat neaf'''....''mosquito net'' :::*'''zyamira neaf'''....''world-wide web'' :::*'''neafeb'''....''webmaster'' :::*'''neafek'''....''tennis'' ::::*'''neafekmuf'''....''tennis racket'' :::*'''neafdraves'''....''web blog'' :::*'''pitneaf'''....''fishnet'' :::*'''tayebneaf'''....''hairnet'' :::*'''neaftyoyab'''....''webfoot'' ::*'''neef'''....''lace'' :::*'''neefyexun'''....''dentelle'' :::*'''neefyan'''....''lacework'' :::*'''oybneefun'''....''doily'' ::*'''neif'''....''braid'' :::*'''neifxwa'''....''braided'' :::*'''tayebneif'''....''cornrow'' ::::*'''tayebneifxer'''....''to cornrow'' ::*'''neuf'''....''wicker'' :::*'''neufyeb'''....''wicker basket'' ::*'''neyof'''....''loop'' :::*'''neyofxer'''....''to loop'' ::*'''neyaf'''....''wale'' ::*'''neyef'''....''strip, band'' :::*'''brahefyel neyef'''....''rubber band'' :::*'''gunmugneyef'''....''spline'' :::*'''gyoneyef'''....''thong'' :::*'''kuneyef'''....''sideband, stave'' :::*'''melneyef'''....''riving'' :::*'''pansin neyef'''....''filmstrip'' :::*'''sineyef'''....''frieze'' :::*'''syobneyef'''....''baseband'' :::*'''tayobilneyef'''....''sweatband'' :::*'''tayofneyef'''....''welt, leather strip'' :::*'''teyoneyef'''....''neckband'' :::*'''neyefzyaan'''....''bandwidth'' :::*'''yanbexneyef'''....''ferrule'' :::*'''yuzneyefxer'''....''swaddle'' :::*'''zetibneyef'''....''waistband'' :::*'''yuzneyefxer'''....''to swaddle'' :::*'''zetifneyef'''....''waistband'' {{small/end}} ==== NIF, NIV words ==== : The root word '''nif''' means ''thread, fiber, yarn'' and '''niv''' means ''strand, floss''. Here are some words derived from these roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abdreniv'''....''super-text'' *'''dreniv'''....''copy, text'' *'''enuzpixnif'''....''parbuckle'' *'''fyelnif'''....''wick'' *'''gyinif'''....''catgut'' *'''gyonifxwa'''....''strung up'' *'''gyonivwa'''....''finespun'' *'''memtyoda dauzyaniv'''....''hootenanny'' *'''nif'''....''fibre, thread, yarn'' *'''nifaof'''....''fiberboard, fibreboard'' *'''nifar'''....''needle, spicule'' *'''nifartyen'''....''needlework'' *'''nifarut'''....''seamster'' *'''nifarzyeg'''....''eye of a needle'' *'''nifber'''....''thread'' *'''nifglan'''....''skein'' *'''nifnak'''....''sett'' *'''nifog'''....''fibril'' *'''nifuzpexar'''....''snare'' *'''nifuzrer'''....''slub'' *'''nifxut'''....''sewer'' *'''nifxuyt'''....''seamstress, sempstress'' *'''nifyanx'''....''sleave, suture'' *'''nifyaz'''....''fibroid'' *'''nifyena'''....''fibrous, threadlike, thready, wiry'' *'''nifyenan'''....''fibrosity, wiriness'' *'''nifyija'''....''threadbare'' *'''nifyonxer'''....''sleave'' *'''nifyuzen'''....''tying up'' *'''nifyuzer'''....''tie up'' *'''nifyuzwa'''....''tied up'' *'''nifzyebar'''....''threader'' *'''nifzyeben'''....''threading'' *'''nifzyeber nifar'''....''thread a needle'' *'''nifzyebwa'''....''threaded'' *'''nifzyev'''....''fiberglass, fibreglass'' *'''nifzyun'''....''clew'' *'''niv'''....''floss, strand'' *'''nivar suaym'''....''pin cushion, pincushion'' *'''nivar'''....''pin'' *'''nivarseb'''....''pinhead'' *'''nivarer'''....''pin, poke, prick, prickle, stick'' *'''nivarzyeg'''....''pinhole'' *'''seuxika yaniv'''....''shindig, shindy'' *'''tayibnifyaz'''....''ganglion'' *'''teupibniv'''....''floss'' *'''tiibilnif'''....''fibrin'' *'''tolnif'''....''bulk'' *'''uinivyan'''....''weevil, weft'' *'''vibwa nivar'''....''stickpin'' *'''yagniv'''....''lengthwise thread, warp'' *'''yanif'''....''stitch'' *'''yanifar'''....''knitting needle, stitching needle'' *'''yanifir'''....''sewing machine'' *'''yanifnad'''....''scar, seam'' *'''yaniftyen'''....''couture'' *'''yanifxer'''....''seam, sew, stitch together'' *'''yignifxwa'''....''hard-wired, hardwired'' *'''yizdreniv'''....''hypertext'' *'''yonifwa'''....''unsewn, unstitched'' *'''yonifxer'''....''take the stitches out, unsew'' *'''yoniver'''....''fray'' *'''zyugyanif'''....''lasso'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NUF and -UF Words ==== : The base word '''nuf''' means ''button, knob''. The '''-uf''' stuff suffix is for things that resemble a button or knob, such as the ''head of a nail''. The '''-uf''' can also be a truncation of '''muf''', meaning something like a rod. Here are some words derived from this root: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''apenuf'''....''rein'' *'''apenufobwa'''....''unreined'' *'''apenufoya'''....''reinless'' *'''apenufuj'''....''bit'' *'''apenufuka'''....''reinless'' *'''apenufwa'''....''reined'' *'''apenufyan'''....''bridle'' *'''apenufyanober'''....''unbridle'' *'''apenufyanobwa'''....''unbridled'' *'''apenufyanxer'''....''bridle'' *'''apenufyanxwa'''....''bridled'' *'''apenufyenxen'''....''bridling'' *'''apetebnuf'''....''headstall'' *'''buxnuf'''....''pushbutton, key'' *'''buxnufsemes'''....''keyboard'' *'''enuv'''....''ogee'' *'''fyelmanufog'''....''taper'' *'''ginuv'''....''ogive'' *'''ignuf'''....''snap'' *'''ignufujber'''....''unsnap'' *'''ignufxen'''....''snapping'' *'''ignufxer'''....''snap'' *'''ignufxwa'''....''snapped'' *'''ignufyijben'''....''snapping open'' *'''ignufyijber'''....''snap open'' *'''ignufyijbwa'''....''snapped open'' *'''ignufyujben'''....''snapping shut'' *'''ignufyujber'''....''snap shut'' *'''ignufyujbwa'''....''snapped shut'' *'''lonufxen'''....''unbuttoning'' *'''lonufxer'''....''unbutton'' *'''lonufxwa'''....''unbuttoned'' *'''manuf'''....''candle'' *'''manufar'''....''candelabra, candle holder, candlestick, chandelier'' *'''manufbelar'''....''candelabrum'' *'''manufbelaryan'''....''candelabra'' *'''manufman'''....''candlelight'' *'''manufnyiyf'''....''candlewick'' *'''manufsaxut'''....''candler'' *'''manufsaxuyt'''....''candlewoman'' *'''manufut'''....''chandler'' *'''manufyafon'''....''candlepower'' *'''manufyan'''....''candelabra'' *'''manufyujar'''....''snuffer'' *'''masnuf'''....''stud'' *'''mes nufag'''....''door knob, doorknob'' *'''mimpar nyanufbem'''....''moorage'' *'''mimpar nyanufben'''....''moorage, mooring'' *'''mimpar nyanufnoyx'''....''moorage'' *'''mugnuf'''....''metal button, nailhead, stud'' *'''mugnufben'''....''studding'' *'''mugnufber'''....''stud'' *'''mugnufbwa'''....''studded'' *'''mugnufika'''....''studded'' *'''nuf'''....''button'' *'''nufag'''....''knob'' *'''nufagaya'''....''knobby, nubby'' *'''nufagayan'''....''knobbiness'' *'''nufagika'''....''knobby, nubby'' *'''nufagikan'''....''knobbiness'' *'''nufagyena'''....''knob-like'' *'''nufxen'''....''buttoning'' *'''nufxer'''....''button'' *'''nufxwa'''....''buttoned'' *'''nufzyeg'''....''button hole, buttonhole'' *'''nufzyegvos'''....''buttonniere'' *'''nyanufar'''....''holdfast'' *'''nyanufber'''....''moor, strap on'' *'''nyanufbwa'''....''moored'' *'''nyanufen'''....''tying'' *'''oapenufyanxwa'''....''unbitted'' *'''poyxnuf'''....''pause button'' *'''suv nuf'''....''nail head'' *'''tebnuf'''....''headstall'' *'''teubnuf'''....''bit'' *'''teudnuf'''....''call button'' *'''tiubnuf'''....''bellybutton, navel'' *'''tuyov mugnufi'''....''cuff links'' *'''uzyusuv nuf'''....''screw head'' *'''zyuber mes nufag'''....''turn a doorknob'' *'''zyuber nufag'''....''turn a knob'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYOF, NYOV Words ==== : The base word '''nyof''' means ''film'' and '''nvov''' means ''tape, ribbon''. Here are some derived expressions: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''anyof'''....''cellophane'' *'''doyov yuznyov'''....''tapeline'' *'''dyez nyof'''....''celluloid, movie film'' *'''ilokebea nyov'''....''friction tape'' *'''kaxonyofwa'''....''insolvable, irresolvable, unsolvable'' *'''kaxonyofwan'''....''irresolvability, unsolvability'' *'''nofyonyofwa'''....''unrippable, untearable'' *'''nyof'''....''film, pellicle'' *'''nyofam'''....''film studio'' *'''nyofar'''....''film camera'' *'''nyofaren'''....''filming'' *'''nyofarer'''....''film'' *'''nyofarut'''....''film technician'' *'''nyofarwa'''....''filmed'' *'''nyofyan'''....''footage'' *'''nyov leovol'''....''flat noodle, ribbon noodle'' *'''nyov taxdrar'''....''tape recorder'' *'''nyov'''....''ribbon, tape, viscose'' *'''nyovben'''....''tying up with a ribbon'' *'''nyovbwa'''....''beribboned'' *'''nyovvos'''....''bow, ribbon bow'' *'''nyovxer'''....''tie up with a ribbon'' *'''nyovxwa'''....''tied up with a ribbon'' *'''oglanyof'''....''microfilm'' *'''oglanyofuen'''....''microfilming'' *'''oglanyofuut'''....''microfilmer'' *'''pansin nyof'''....''celluloid, film, motion picture film, motion picture film, movie film'' *'''pansinnyov'''....''videotape'' *'''taxdrawa be nyof'''....''recorded on film'' *'''teesnyov'''....''audiotape'' *'''tefnyov'''....''cockade'' *'''vinyov'''....''cordon'' *'''zyuyk bi nyof'''....''reel of film, spool of film'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYAF Words ==== : The base word '''nyaf''' means ''knot, tangle''. Here are some words using this root: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''drefnyafar'''....''brad'' *'''ebnyafa'''....''internodal'' *'''ebnyafxea'''....''interconnecting'' *'''ebnyafxen'''....''interconnecting, interconnection'' *'''ebnyafxer'''....''interconnect'' *'''ebnyafxus'''....''interconnector'' *'''ebnyafxwa'''....''interconnected'' *'''ebtaibnyaf'''....''ligament'' *'''ensaunyafwa'''....''duplicable'' *'''fabnyaf'''....''burl, gnarl, knag, knar'' *'''fabnyafaya'''....''gnarly'' *'''fabnyafika'''....''gnarly'' *'''fabnyafxwa'''....''gnarled'' *'''fabnyafyena'''....''gnarly'' *'''fanyafa'''....''stubborn'' *'''fonyafon'''....''will-power, willpower'' *'''gaanyafer'''....''re-connect'' *'''gaanyafser'''....''re-connect, reconnect'' *'''gaanyafxen'''....''reconnecting, reconnection'' *'''gaanyafxer'''....''reconnect'' *'''gaanyafxun'''....''reconnection'' *'''gaanyafxwa'''....''reconnected'' *'''ganyafxer'''....''refasten'' *'''gelsaunyafwa'''....''duplicable'' *'''glasanyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''glasaunyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''izbyenyafwa'''....''maneuverable'' *'''izbyenyafwan'''....''maneuverability'' *'''kaxonyafwa'''....''resoluble, resolvable, solvable'' *'''kaxonyafwan'''....''resolvability, solvability'' *'''kyasaunyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''kyupnyaf'''....''slip knot, slipknot'' *'''lonofnyafxer'''....''burl'' *'''lonofnyafxwa'''....''burled'' *'''lonyafen'''....''unbinding, unlacing, untying'' *'''lonyafxen'''....''denouement, disconnection, disentanglement, disentangling, loosening, loosing, resolution, resolving, straightening out, unfastening, unknotting, untangling, untying'' *'''lonyafxer'''....''disconnect, disentangle, loosen, ravel, resolve, straighten out, unfasten, unknot, unsnarl, untangle, untie, unbind, unlace'' *'''lonyafxwa'''....''disconnected, disentangled, loosened up, resolved, straightened out, unfastened, unknotted, untangled, untied, unbound, unlaced, untied'' *'''lonyafxwan'''....''disconnectedness'' *'''lonyafxway'''....''staccato'' *'''lonyafyafwa'''....''resolvable'' *'''lonyafyafwan'''....''resolvability'' *'''mugnyaf'''....''buckle, clasp'' *'''mugnyafaben'''....''buckling'' *'''mugnyafaber'''....''buckle'' *'''mugnyafabwa'''....''buckled'' *'''mugnyafober'''....''unbuckle'' *'''mugnyafobwa'''....''unbuckled'' *'''mugnyafxen'''....''buckling'' *'''mugnyafxer'''....''buckle up'' *'''mugnyafxwa'''....''buckled up'' *'''nofnyaf'''....''burl'' *'''nyaf'''....''binding, bond, connection, gnarl, knot, liaison, ligature, nodule, tangle, tie'' *'''nyafa'''....''nodular'' *'''nyafab'''....''pili tree'' *'''nyafar'''....''clasp, fastener'' *'''nyafaren'''....''fastening'' *'''nyafarer'''....''fasten'' *'''nyafarwa'''....''fastened'' *'''nyafat'''....''liaison officer'' *'''nyafaya'''....''gnarly, natty'' *'''nyafayan'''....''nattiness'' *'''nyafeb'''....''pili nut'' *'''nyafgyox'''....''slub'' *'''nyafika'''....''gnarly, natty'' *'''nyafikan'''....''nattiness'' *'''nyafovol'''....''pretzel'' *'''nyafser'''....''bind, bond with, connect, fasten, get entangled, get knotted, get tangled up, knot up, liaise with, tangle'' *'''nyafson'''....''entanglement, knotty problem, tangled mess'' *'''nyafsonika'''....''knotty, messy, tangled'' *'''nyafxen'''....''binding, connection, entanglement, fastening, imbroglio, knotting, liaison, ligation, ravel, snarling, tangling, tying'' *'''nyafxer'''....''bind, clasp, connect, entangle, fasten, knot, ligate, ravel, snarl, tangle, tie'' *'''nyafxun'''....''allegiance, league, maze'' *'''nyafxunyena'''....''mazy'' *'''nyafxwa'''....''afoul, clasped, connected, entangled, fastened, gnarled, knotted, snarled, tangled, tied'' *'''okasonyafwa'''....''unsolvable'' *'''onyafxwa'''....''unconnected'' *'''otepsinyafwa'''....''unimaginable'' *'''oyanyafxen'''....''untangling'' *'''oyanyafxer'''....''untangle'' *'''oyanyafxwa'''....''untagled'' *'''tayeb nyafar'''....''barrette'' *'''tedrunyafwa'''....''impressionable'' *'''umvab yannyaf'''....''stook'' *'''untyoyabnyafxer'''....''hog-tie, hogtie'' *'''uzunnyaf'''....''bowline'' *'''xer anyafxeni'''....''make connections'' *'''yanyaf'''....''bundle, knot, tangle'' *'''yanyafxen'''....''bundling, knotting, tangling'' *'''yanyafxer'''....''knot, tangle'' *'''yanyafxwa'''....''bundled, knotted'' *'''yevdenyaf'''....''prerogative'' *'''yonsanyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''yonyafen'''....''resolving, unknotting, unleashing, untying'' *'''yonyafer'''....''unknot, unleash'' *'''yonyafwa'''....''unleashed, untied'' *'''yonyafyofwa'''....''impossible to get unknotted, irresolvable'' *'''yoonnyaf'''....''cinquefoil'' *'''yuznyaf'''....''binding'' *'''yuznyafxen'''....''binding'' *'''yuznyafxer'''....''bind'' *'''yuznyafxwa'''....''bound'' *'''zetif mugnyaf'''....''belt buckle'' *'''zonyafxwas'''....''tieback'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYEF, NYEV Words ==== : The base word '''nyef''' means ''basket''. The variant '''nyev''' means ''sack, bag''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aayuxnyef'''....''first aid kit'' *'''apetolnyef'''....''feedbag'' *'''apetsimnyef'''....''saddlebag'' *'''donasnyef'''....''fisc'' *'''donasnyefa'''....''fiscal'' *'''donasnyefay'''....''fiscally'' *'''doparnyef'''....''holster'' *'''drefnyef'''....''paper bag, paper sack'' *'''dyes nyef'''....''book bag'' *'''ennyef'''....''pannier'' *'''fyumul nyef'''....''garbage bag, garbage sack'' *'''fyus nyef'''....''trash bag'' *'''fyus yignyef'''....''waste basket'' *'''grafinyevdea'''....''hypercritical'' *'''grafinyevdean'''....''hypercritically'' *'''grana ponyefyan'''....''excess baggage'' *'''hyasnyef'''....''ragbag'' *'''ilnyef'''....''bursa'' *'''ilnyefi'''....''bursae'' *'''ilzilnyef'''....''cholecyst'' *'''lobelunyef'''....''trash bag'' *'''lobexun nyef'''....''trash bag'' *'''malnyef'''....''air sack, airbag'' *'''mapnyef'''....''windbag'' *'''masofnyef'''....''carpetbag'' *'''maylnyev'''....''gasbag, gasholder'' *'''megnyef'''....''gabion'' *'''mieknyef'''....''sandbag'' *'''milnyef'''....''bucket'' *'''namnyef'''....''shopping bag'' *'''nasnyef'''....''scrip'' *'''nofxenyef'''....''workbasket'' *'''nyef'''....''bag, basket, bossa, mesh, sac, sack, skep'' *'''nyefab'''....''kola'' *'''nyefag'''....''holdall'' *'''nyefben'''....''bagging'' *'''nyefbut'''....''bagger'' *'''nyefeb'''....''kola nut'' *'''nyefel'''....''cola'' *'''nyefes'''....''utricle, utricular'' *'''nyefik'''....''sackful'' *'''nyefikon'''....''bagful'' *'''nyefog'''....''small bag'' *'''nyefovol amxar'''....''waffle iron'' *'''nyefovol'''....''waffle'' *'''nyefpyexar'''....''racket'' *'''nyefpyexarek'''....''battledore'' *'''nyeftyen'''....''basketry, basketwork'' *'''nyefyan'''....''baggage'' *'''nyefyena'''....''baggy'' *'''nyefyenan'''....''bagginess'' *'''nyevber'''....''bag up'' *'''nyevbwa'''....''bagged'' *'''nyevyan'''....''baggage'' *'''nyusber ha ponyefi'''....''pack the bags'' *'''ofinyevdea'''....''noncritical'' *'''ofinyevdyea'''....''uncritical'' *'''ofinyevdyeay'''....''uncritically'' *'''ovol yignyef'''....''breadbasket'' *'''oyepuxun yignyef'''....''trash basket'' *'''pitpexnyef'''....''coop'' *'''pityignyef'''....''creel'' *'''ponyef belar'''....''baggage rack, luggage barrow, luggage cart, luggage rack'' *'''ponyef belut'''....''porter, redcap'' *'''ponyef kaxim'''....''baggage claim room'' *'''ponyef'''....''travel bag'' *'''ponyefyan'''....''baggage, luggage'' *'''poteub yignyef'''....''muzzle'' *'''puxrun nyef'''....''cartridge pouch'' *'''safeylnyef'''....''teabag'' *'''sanyeven'''....''criticism, critiquing'' *'''sanyever'''....''criticize, critique'' *'''sanyevwa'''....''critiqued'' *'''sazulnyef'''....''plastic bag'' *'''sonyev'''....''critique'' *'''sonyever'''....''critique'' *'''sonyevut'''....''critique'' *'''tabnyef'''....''body bag, cyst'' *'''tabnyefa'''....''cystic'' *'''tafnyef'''....''portmanteau'' *'''tebnyef'''....''skullcap'' *'''teibnyef'''....''nosebag'' *'''tilutnyef'''....''satchel'' *'''tistam nyef'''....''schoolbag'' *'''tof yignyef'''....''hamper, laundry basket'' *'''tolnyef'''....''grocery bag, grocery sack'' *'''tuabnyef'''....''satchel, shoulder bag'' *'''tuj nyef'''....''sleeping bag'' *'''tujnyef'''....''sleeping bag'' *'''tuyanyef'''....''handbag, pocketbook'' *'''tuyepyex nyef'''....''punching bag'' *'''twiyibnyef'''....''scrotum'' *'''twiyibnyefa'''....''scrotal'' *'''twiyibnyefi'''....''scrota'' *'''uveb nyef sim'''....''beanbag chair'' *'''uveb nyef'''....''beanbag'' *'''veebnyef'''....''seedlep, seedlip'' *'''veeybnyef'''....''grain sack'' *'''yagnyef'''....''flasket'' *'''yangonnyefxen'''....''contexture'' *'''yebtabnyefben'''....''encystment'' *'''yebtabnyefber'''....''encyst'' *'''yejub ponyef'''....''weekender'' *'''yibnyuxnyef'''....''mail pouch, mailbag'' *'''yignyef'''....''basket'' *'''yignyefik'''....''basketful'' *'''yignyefzyun ekut'''....''cager'' *'''yignyefzyun'''....''basketball'' *'''yonyevdea'''....''discriminating'' *'''yonyevden'''....''discrimination'' *'''yonyevder'''....''discriminate'' *'''yonyevdus'''....''discriminant'' *'''yonyevdut'''....''discriminator'' *'''yonyevdwa'''....''discriminated'' *'''yonyevdyea'''....''discriminatory'' *'''zotib nyef'''....''backpack, rucksack'' *'''zotib ponyef'''....''travel backpack'' *'''zotibnyef'''....''backpack, knapsack, rucksack'' *'''zotibnyefen'''....''backpacking'' *'''zotibnyefut'''....''backpacker'' *'''zyigiar abnyef'''....''scabbard'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYIF, NYIV Words ==== : The base word '''nyif''' means ''cord, cable, wire''. The variant '''nyiv''' means ''string, lace''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aybnyif dompur'''....''tram'' *'''aybnyifpur'''....''cable car'' *'''belnyif'''....''lanyard'' *'''biyxnyif'''....''towline, towrope'' *'''buixnyif pusen'''....''bungee jumping'' *'''buixnyif puser'''....''bungee jump'' *'''buixnyif pusut'''....''bungee jumper'' *'''buixnyif'''....''bungee cord'' *'''byoxnyif'''....''hangman's rope, noose'' *'''caulknyif'''....''copper wire'' *'''dinyiflat'''....''hero of the story, protagonist'' *'''dinyiflayt'''....''female protagonist'' *'''dinyifrayt'''....''heroine of the story'' *'''ebnyifxen'''....''intercabling'' *'''eonyif'''....''twine'' *'''eonyifxea vob'''....''twiner'' *'''eonyifxen'''....''intertwining'' *'''eonyifxer'''....''intertwine, twine'' *'''eonyifxwa'''....''intertwined, twined'' *'''eonyifzyun'''....''ball of twine'' *'''exea maknyif'''....''live wire, livewire'' *'''eynonyifwa'''....''semidetached'' *'''feelknyif'''....''iron filament'' *'''fyadilnyif zyunog'''....''rosary bead'' *'''fyadilnyif'''....''rosary'' *'''ganyifber'''....''rewire'' *'''grunxwa nyif'''....''barbed wire, barbwire'' *'''gyanyif uiben'''....''cablecasting'' *'''gyanyif uibun'''....''cablecast'' *'''gyanyif yibsiniar'''....''cable t.v.'' *'''gyanyif'''....''cable'' *'''gyonyif'''....''cablet, thin wire'' *'''loeonyifxen'''....''untwining'' *'''loeonyifxer'''....''untwine'' *'''loeonyifxwa'''....''untwined'' *'''lonyanyifxer'''....''unleash'' *'''lonyanyifxwa'''....''unattached'' *'''lonyifxen'''....''detachment'' *'''lonyifxer'''....''detach'' *'''lonyifxun'''....''detachment'' *'''lonyifxwa'''....''detached'' *'''lonyifxyafwa'''....''detachable'' *'''maka nyif'''....''electric cable, electric cord, electric wire'' *'''maka nyifuj'''....''electric plug'' *'''maka nyifujibar'''....''electric outlet, electric socket'' *'''maka nyifyuj'''....''electric plug'' *'''maknyif'''....''electrical cord'' *'''maknyifbut'''....''lineman'' *'''maknyifibar'''....''electrical socket'' *'''maknyifut'''....''linesman'' *'''meysyanyif'''....''hank'' *'''meysyanyifxer'''....''hank'' *'''milnyif'''....''hose'' *'''milnyifuen'''....''hosing'' *'''milnyifuwa'''....''hosed'' *'''mimpur nyifyantut'''....''boatswain'' *'''mimpurnyif'''....''hawser'' *'''mufzyegebnyif'''....''coir'' *'''mugnyif'''....''metal wire'' *'''mugnyifvixun'''....''filigree'' *'''mugnyifvixwa'''....''filigreed'' *'''novmugnyif'''....''gimp'' *'''nyif'''....''cable, cord, rope'' *'''nyifab'''....''hickory'' *'''nyifanyut'''....''rigger'' *'''nyifbexar'''....''cleat'' *'''nyifbixer'''....''trice'' *'''nyifbixwa ifektob'''....''marionette'' *'''nyifdazut'''....''rope dancer'' *'''nyifdras'''....''cable, cablegram'' *'''nyifdrawa'''....''cabled, telegraphed'' *'''nyifdren'''....''cabling, telegraphing'' *'''nyifdrer'''....''cable, telegram, telegraph'' *'''nyifdrut'''....''telegrapher, telegraphist'' *'''nyifes'''....''filament, thin wire'' *'''nyifesaya'''....''filamentous'' *'''nyifesika'''....''filamentous'' *'''nyifgimuf'''....''marlin spike, marlingspike, marlinspike'' *'''nyifmuf'''....''bollard'' *'''nyifobema tyoyaf'''....''espadrille'' *'''nyifoya'''....''cordless, wireless'' *'''nyifpixar'''....''slingshot'' *'''nyifpixer'''....''lasso, rope'' *'''nyifpixuz'''....''lasso'' *'''nyifpur'''....''funicular'' *'''nyifsaxam'''....''ropery'' *'''nyifsaxem'''....''ropewalk'' *'''nyifsaxen'''....''ropemaking'' *'''nyifsaxut'''....''ropemaker'' *'''nyiftibuf'''....''shoelace tag'' *'''nyiftyoput'''....''funambulist'' *'''nyifuben'''....''cabling, wiring'' *'''nyifuber'''....''cable, wire'' *'''nyifubwa'''....''cabled, wired'' *'''nyifuj'''....''plug'' *'''nyifujdrof'''....''plugboard'' *'''nyifujibar'''....''outlet, plug, socket'' *'''nyifujoyeben'''....''unplugging'' *'''nyifujoyeber'''....''unplug'' *'''nyifujoyebwa'''....''unplugged'' *'''nyifujyeben'''....''plugging in'' *'''nyifujyeber'''....''plug in'' *'''nyifujyebwa'''....''plugged in'' *'''nyifujyem'''....''socket'' *'''nyifuka'''....''cordless, wireless'' *'''nyifukay'''....''wirelessly'' *'''nyifun'''....''rigging'' *'''nyifuwa'''....''wired'' *'''nyifwa'''....''leashed'' *'''nyifxea'''....''attaching'' *'''nyifxen'''....''attaching, roping'' *'''nyifxer'''....''attach, corder, rope'' *'''nyifxun'''....''attachment'' *'''nyifxut'''....''roper'' *'''nyifxwa'''....''attached, roped, tied'' *'''nyifxyafwa'''....''attachable'' *'''nyifyan'''....''cordage, rigging, roping'' *'''nyifyena'''....''ropey, ropy'' *'''nyifzeyn'''....''ropeway'' *'''nyifzyumuf'''....''bobbin'' *'''onyifsar'''....''wireless device'' *'''onyifujyeber'''....''unplug'' *'''onyifujyebwa'''....''unplugged'' *'''oybnyifpur'''....''cable car'' *'''oynyifa'''....''wireless'' *'''pettebnyif'''....''halter'' *'''pixnyif'''....''lariat, lasso'' *'''pixnyifen'''....''lassoing'' *'''pixnyifxer'''....''lasso'' *'''pixnyifxut'''....''lasso wrangler'' *'''pixnyifxwa'''....''lassoed'' *'''pusnyif'''....''jump rope'' *'''pyexnyif'''....''whip'' *'''pyexnyifuen muf'''....''whipping post'' *'''pyexnyifuen'''....''whipping'' *'''pyexnyifuer'''....''whip'' *'''pyexnyifut'''....''whipper'' *'''pyexnyifuwa'''....''whipped'' *'''tayofa pyexnyif'''....''quirt'' *'''teyof yanyifar'''....''tie clip, tiepin'' *'''tofnyif'''....''clothesline'' *'''tojbyox yuznyif'''....''noose'' *'''uzra nyifyig'''....''whipcord'' *'''vak nyif'''....''lifeline'' *'''vaknyif'''....''tether'' *'''yafon nyif'''....''power cable'' *'''yanyif'''....''clasp, clip, lease, leash, liaison'' *'''yanyifben'''....''clipping'' *'''yanyifber'''....''clip'' *'''yanyifbwa'''....''clipped'' *'''yanyifxen'''....''binding, leashing, tying'' *'''yanyifxer'''....''bind, clasp, connect, leash'' *'''yanyifxwa'''....''bound, clasped, leashed'' *'''yaobnyif'''....''halliard, halyard'' *'''yuigof nyif'''....''rubber hose'' *'''yuznyif'''....''lariat, lasso'' *'''yuznyifxen'''....''lassoing'' *'''yuznyifxer'''....''lariat, lasso'' *'''yuznyifxwa'''....''lassoed'' *'''zebnyif'''....''tightrope'' *'''zebnyiftyopen'''....''tightrope-walking'' *'''zebnyiftyoput'''....''tightrope walker'' *'''zetiuba nyif'''....''umbilical cord'' *'''zeynyifyan'''....''ratlin, ratline'' *'''zyaneyef nyif'''....''broadband cable'' *'''abtyoyaf nyives'''....''bootlace'' *'''bixnyiv'''....''drawstring'' *'''doegonyiva'''....''licentious'' *'''doegonyivan'''....''licentiousness'' *'''doegonyivay'''....''licentiously'' *'''dofinyiva'''....''unscrupulous'' *'''dofinyivay'''....''unscrupulously'' *'''ebnyiven'''....''interlacing'' *'''ebnyiver'''....''interlace'' *'''ebnyivwa'''....''interlaced'' *'''ebnyivyan'''....''fretwork'' *'''ennyivduzar'''....''monochord'' *'''enyiv'''....''quint'' *'''ganyivxer'''....''restring'' *'''membexenyiv'''....''tenure'' *'''nunyiv'''....''franchise'' *'''nunyivxut'''....''franchiser'' *'''nunyivxwam'''....''franchise'' *'''nunyivxwat'''....''franchisee'' *'''nyiv'''....''string'' *'''nyiven'''....''lacing'' *'''nyiver'''....''lace up'' *'''nyives'''....''lace'' *'''nyivober'''....''unstring'' *'''nyivtuin'''....''string theory'' *'''nyivtulobeay'''....''pizzicato'' *'''nyivwa'''....''laced'' *'''nyivxer'''....''string up'' *'''nyivxut'''....''stringer'' *'''nyivxwa duzar'''....''string instrument'' *'''nyivxwa'''....''stringed'' *'''nyivyena'''....''stringy'' *'''nyivyenan'''....''stringiness'' *'''olebnyivxwa'''....''noninterlaced'' *'''onyiver'''....''unlace'' *'''onyivwa'''....''unlaced, unstrung'' *'''tyoyaf nyives'''....''shoe lace'' *'''tyoyafnyiv'''....''shoe lace, shoelace, shoestring'' *'''uzdopar nyiv'''....''bowstring'' *'''yanyiven'''....''stringing together'' *'''yanyivwa'''....''strung together'' *'''yanyivxer'''....''string together'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYUF words ==== : The base word '''nyuf''' means ''package, parcel''. Some derived words follow: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''gawnyufxen'''....''repackaging'' *'''gwanyufxer'''....''repack, repackage'' *'''gawnyufxwa'''....''repackaged'' *'''janyufber'''....''prepackage'' *'''janyufbwa'''....''prepackaged'' *'''nyuf'''....''bale, bundle, pack, parcel, package'' *'''nyufag'''....''bin, crate'' *'''nyufagben'''....''crating'' *'''nyufagber'''....''crate'' *'''nyufagbwa'''....''crated'' *'''nyufapetsim'''....''packsaddle'' *'''nyufbam'''....''packing house'' *'''nyufben'''....''packing, parceling up'' *'''nyufber'''....''packed, parcel up'' *'''nyufbut'''....''packer'' *'''nyufbwa'''....''parceled'' *'''nyufes bi nivomuvi'''....''pack of cigarettes'' *'''nyufes'''....''packet, pack'' *'''nyufuben'''....''parcel post'' *'''nyufxen'''....''bundling, packaging, packing'' *'''nyufxer'''....''bundle, package, pack'' *'''nyufxut'''....''baler, packager, packer'' *'''nyufxwa'''....''bundled, packaged, packed'' *'''nyuxer nyuf'''....''deliver a package'' *'''onyufxen'''....''unpacking'' *'''onyufxer'''....''unpack'' *'''onyufxwa'''....''unpacked'' *'''taolnyufbam'''....''packinghouse'' *'''umvab nyuf'''....''bale of hay'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''NOG''' ''degree'' === : The morpheme '''nog''' is a baseword meaning ''degree, grade'' and is at the top of a series of subordinal words: :* '''nog'''....''degree, grade, step, rung'' ::* '''noog'''....''phase, stage'' :* '''nag'''....''dimension, measure'' ::* '''nak'''....''metric unit'' :* '''neg'''....''level, tier, echelon'' :* '''nig'''....''space'' : The word '''nog''' is used in a series of adverbs of degree that are answers to the question '''duhonog?'''....''to what degree?, how (very)?'': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs of Degree ! High Degree !! Mid-degree !! Low Degree |- | '''ganog'''....''more'' || '''genog'''....''as'' || '''gonog'''....''less'' |- | '''glanog'''....''very'' || '''glenog'''....''quite, rather'' || '''glonog'''....''slightly, not very'' |- | '''granog'''....''too'' || '''grenog'''....''enough, sufficiently'' || '''gronog'''....''insufficiently'' |- | '''gwanog'''....''most, maximally'' || '''gwenog'''....''to just the right extent'' || '''gwonog'''....''least, minimally'' |} {{small/end}} : In all the Mirad adverbs in the above table, the '''nog''' ending can be optionally dropped. So, for example, ''very rich'' can be expressed by '''gla nyaza''' or the lengthier '''glanog nyaza'''. : There is also a set of deictic adverbs of degree: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Deictic Adverbs of Degree ! Type !! Mirad !! English |- | interrogative || '''duhonog fia?''' || ''how good?'' |- | relative || '''honog fia''' || ''as good'' |- | expressive || '''hoonog fia''' || ''so-o good'' |- | definite || '''hanog fia''' || ''the degree good'' |- | indefinite || '''henog fia''' || ''somewhat good'' |- | proximate || '''hinog fia''' || ''this good'' |- | distal || '''hunog fia''' || ''that good'' |- | negative || '''hyonog fia''' || ''not at all good'' |- | totalitive || '''hyanog fia''' || ''totally good'' |- | indeterminate || '''hyenog fia''' || ''however good'' |- | equalitative || '''hyinog fia''' or<br>'''genog fia''' || ''just as good'' |- | differential || '''hyunog fia''' or<br>'''logenog fia''' || ''not as good'' |} {{small/end}} : '''nog''' in the above table can be replaced with '''gla''', such that '''hegla aga''', for example, would mean ''somewhat big'', synonymous with '''henog aga'''. : The above '''nog''' words can also modify adverbs, eg. '''hunog fiay'''....''that well''. : Here are a few derivatives of '''nog''': :* '''nog'''....''degree, grade, step, rung'' ::* '''nogdrer'''....''to grade (school marking)'' :::* '''nogdreyn'''....''grade'' ::* '''nogper'''....''to step'' :::* '''yabnogper'''....''to step up'' :::* '''yobnogper'''....''to step down'' :::* '''zaynogper'''....''to step forward, to advance'' ::::* '''zaynogpen'''....''progress(ion)'' :::* '''zoynogper'''....''to step back, to regress'' ::::* '''zoynogpen'''....''regression'' :::* '''abnogper'''....''to step on'' :::* '''obnogper'''....''to step off'' ::* '''nogyan'''....''scale'' ::* '''tixnog'''....''grade (of school)'' :::* '''atixnog'''....''first grade'' :::* '''etixnog'''....''second grade'' ::* '''amnog'''....''degree (of temperature)'' ::* '''aopnog'''....''pitch'' ::* '''aybnog'''....''supergrade'' ::* '''donog'''....''social rung, class'' :::* '''yabdonog'''....''high class'' :::* '''yobdonog'''....''low class'' ::* '''gabnog'''....''uptick'' ::* '''galnog'''....''factorial'' ::* '''gobnog'''....''downtick'' ::* '''granog'''....''excess, extreme degree'' ::* '''gunnog'''....''angularity'' ::* '''gwanog'''....''superlative degree'' ::* '''ixnog'''....''coefficient'' ::* '''logelasnog'''....''contrast'' ::* '''musnog'''....''rung, step, stair step'' ::* '''noga'''....''gradiant'' ::* '''nogyena'''....''gradual'' ::* '''ganogxer'''....''to increment'' ::* '''gonogxer'''....''to decrement'' ::* '''tesnog'''....''nuance, shade of meaning'' ::* '''tyoyanog'''....''footstep'' ::* '''yabnog'''....''upper rung'' :::* '''yabnoga'''....''upscale'' :::* '''yabnogxer'''....''to upgrade, to scale up'' :::* '''yabnogper'''....''to step up, to graduate'' ::* '''yobnog'''....''step down, low degree, lower rung'' :::* '''yobnogper'''....''to step down, to degrade'' :::* '''yobnogxer'''....''to downgrade, to scale down'' ::* '''zoynoga'''....''retrograde'' ==== NAG and NAK Words ==== :* '''nag'''....''dimension, measure, calibre'' ::* '''amnag'''....''temperature'' ::* '''zenag'''....''average, mean'' ::* '''duznag'''....''measure (music)'' ::* '''egasnag'''....''benchmark'' ::* '''genag'''....''parity'' ::* '''minag'''....''em'' ::* '''naga'''....''metric'' ::* '''nagder'''....''to measure, to gauge'' :::* '''nagdar'''....''meter'' :::* '''nagdea muf'''....''measuring stick'' :::* '''nagdyofwa'''....''immeasurable'' ::* '''nagegon'''....''yardstick, standard of measurement'' ::* '''naguer'''....''to mete out'' ::* '''nagmus'''....''scale'' :::* '''nagmusvyaa'''....''true to scale'' ::* '''nidnag'''....''dosage'' ::* '''ninag'''....''en'' ::* '''uknag'''....''ullage'' ::* '''yabnag'''....''altitude'' ::* '''yuznag'''....''circumference, girth, perimeter'' ::* '''zeynadnag'''...''diamter'' ::* '''zyanag'''....''breadth, width'' ::* '''balnag'''....''pressure'' :* '''nak'''....''metric unit'' {{small/top}} ::* '''aagmigenak'''....''Mg, macrogram'' ::* '''aganak'''....''A, amp, amperage, ampere'' ::* '''aganak-gol-minak'''....''ampere per meter'' ::* '''agbadenak'''....''baud, Bd'' ::* '''agbakonak'''....''Bq, becquerel'' ::* '''agbanak'''....''byte, B'' ::* '''agcainak'''....''curie'' ::* '''agcanak'''....''C, coulomb, electric charge symbol'' ::* '''ageagbanak'''....''EB, exabyte'' ::* '''agebanak'''....''Eb, exabit'' ::* '''agfenak'''....''F, farad, unit of electrical capacitance'' ::* '''agfenak'''....''Fahrenheit'' ::* '''agfenak'''....''force vector'' ::* '''aggebanak'''....''gB, gigabyte'' ::* '''aggegenak'''....''Gg, gigagram'' ::* '''aggenak'''....''gauss, G'' ::* '''aggesonak'''....''gauss, magnetic flux density, Gs'' ::* '''aggeyunak'''....''Gy, gray'' ::* '''aghenak'''....''H, henry, inductance symbol'' ::* '''aghezunak'''....''Hz, hertz'' ::* '''aginak'''....''I, current'' ::* '''agjinak'''....''J, joule'' ::* '''agkinak'''....''K, Kelvin, thermodynamic temperature'' ::* '''agkogenak'''....''quettagram, Qg'' ::* '''aglinak'''....''angular momentum'' ::* '''aglinak'''....''lambert'' ::* '''aglonak'''....''liter, litre'' ::* '''agmibanak'''....''Mb'' ::* '''agminak'''....''M, mach'' ::* '''agminak'''....''moment of force, torque, M'' ::* '''agmivunak'''....''Mv.'' ::* '''agni-gol-minak'''....''N/m, surface tension'' ::* '''agniminak'''....''N-m, moment of force'' ::* '''agninak'''....''N, newton, unit of force'' ::* '''agomeganak'''....''ohm, Ω'' ::* '''agpo-agsonak'''....''horsepower, PS, hp'' ::* '''agpoanak'''....''Pa, pascal, pressure metric'' ::* '''agpoasonak'''....''Pa-s, dynamic viscosity'' ::* '''agponak'''....''P, poise, power'' ::* '''agposonak'''....''SP, mechanical horsepower'' ::* '''agqonak'''....''charge, Q'' ::* '''agrodanak'''....''rutherford, Rd'' ::* '''agronak'''....''roentgen, R'' ::* '''agsonak'''....''Siemens, S'' ::* '''agsovunak'''....''sievert'' ::* '''agsovunak'''....''Sv, sievert'' ::* '''agtoagbanak'''....''TB, terabyte'' ::* '''agtobanak'''....''Tb, terabit'' ::* '''agtogenak'''....''Tg, teragram'' ::* '''agtonak'''....''tesla, T, magnetic flux density'' ::* '''agvunak'''....''volt, V'' ::* '''agwubanak'''....''Wb, weber'' ::* '''agwu-gol-migarenak'''....''W/m2 heat flux density, irradiance'' ::* '''agwunak'''....''W, watt'' ::* '''agwunak'''....''watt, W'' ::* '''agyuagbanak'''....''YB, yottabyte'' ::* '''agyubanak'''....''Yb, yottabit'' ::* '''agyugenak'''....''Yg, yottagram'' ::* '''agyunak'''....''yank'' ::* '''agzegenak'''....''Zg, zettagram'' ::* '''agzuagbanak'''....''ZB, zettabyte'' ::* '''agzubanak'''....''Zb, zettabit'' ::* '''akrenak'''....''acre'' ::* '''alogenak'''....''decagram'' ::* '''alolinak'''....''deciliter'' ::* '''alominak'''....''decameter'' ::* '''amlo agbakonak'''....''rutherford, Rd, MBq'' ::* '''amloagbadenak'''....''megabaud'' ::* '''amloagbanak'''....''meg, megabyte'' ::* '''amloaghezunak'''....''megahertz'' ::* '''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt'' ::* '''amloagwunak'''....''megawatt'' ::* '''amlobanak'''....''megabit'' ::* '''amlocanak'''....''megacycle'' ::* '''amloomeganak'''....''megohm'' ::* '''amloronak'''....''milliradian'' ::* '''amlotonak'''....''megaton'' ::* '''amloyexnak'''....''megalerg, megerg'' ::* '''amloynsonak'''....''microsecond'' ::* '''amloynyexnak'''....''microerg'' ::* '''ammannak'''....''degree of temperature'' ::* '''amroagbanak'''....''gigabyte'' ::* '''amroaghezunak'''....''gH, gigahertz'' ::* '''amroagvunak'''....''gV, gigavolt'' ::* '''amroagwunak'''....''gW, gigawatt'' ::* '''amrobanak'''....''gB, gigabyte'' ::* '''amrobanak'''....''gigabit'' ::* '''amrogebanak'''....''gigagram, Gg'' ::* '''amrohezunak'''....''gH, gigahertz'' ::* '''amroynsonak'''....''nanosecond'' ::* '''anak'''....''are'' ::* '''aroagbanak'''....''kilobyte'' ::* '''aroaghelonak'''....''kilohm'' ::* '''aroaghezunak'''....''kilohertz'' ::* '''aroagjinak'''....''kilojoule'' ::* '''aroagomeganak'''....''kilohm'' ::* '''aroagwunak'''....''kilowatt'' ::* '''arobanak'''....''kb, kilobit'' ::* '''arocanak'''....''kilocycle'' ::* '''arogenak'''....''kg, kilo, kilogram'' ::* '''arolinak'''....''kiloliter'' ::* '''arominak'''....''kilometer, kilometre, km'' ::* '''arotonak'''....''kiloton'' ::* '''aroynaganak'''....''milliampere'' ::* '''aroynagbanak'''....''millibyte'' ::* '''aroynbalnak'''....''millibar'' ::* '''aroyngenak'''....''milligram'' ::* '''aroynjinak'''....''millijoule'' ::* '''aroynlinak'''....''milliliter, millilitre'' ::* '''aroynminak'''....''millimeter, millimetre'' ::* '''aroynronak'''....''milliradian'' ::* '''aroynsonak'''....''millisecond, ms'' ::* '''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt'' ::* '''aroynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' ::* '''asogenak'''....''hectogram'' ::* '''asolinak'''....''hectolitre'' ::* '''asominak'''....''hectometer'' ::* '''asonak'''....''attosecond'' ::* '''asoycanak'''....''centigrade'' ::* '''asoygenak'''....''centigram'' ::* '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' ::* '''asoyminak'''....''centimeter'' ::* '''asoyn-anak'''....''centigrade'' ::* '''aunak'''....''angstrom'' ::* '''ayoynminak'''....''millimeter'' ::* '''banak'''....''byte'' ::* '''baposonak'''....''bawd'' ::* '''cadanak'''....''candela, cd'' ::* '''cagenak'''....''centigram, cg'' ::* '''caminak'''....''cm'' ::* '''canak'''....''calorie, centiare'' ::* '''catonak'''....''carat, ct'' ::* '''cawutonak'''....''cwt, hundredweight'' ::* '''daagbanak'''....''dB, decibel, loudness symbol'' ::* '''daagenak'''....''decagram'' ::* '''daanak'''....''decare'' ::* '''dagenak'''....''decigram, dg'' ::* '''daminak'''....''decimeter, dm'' ::* '''danak'''....''deciare'' ::* '''dayuninak'''....''dyne'' ::* '''ekpetyafonnak'''....''horsepower'' ::* '''elnak'''....''ell'' ::* '''Enigeda minak'''....''mile'' ::* '''faobnak'''....''rick'' ::* '''faofnak'''....''cord of wood'' ::* '''feaglinak'''....''foot-lambert'' ::* '''fecanak'''....''foot-candle, fc'' ::* '''feposonak'''....''foot-pound-second, f.p.s.'' ::* '''ferminak'''....''fermi'' ::* '''fesonak'''....''femtosecond'' ::* '''fetolibanak'''....''foot-pound-force, ft-lb'' ::* '''fetominak'''....''fathom, ftm, depth of water symbol'' ::* '''fetonak'''....''foot-ton, ft'' ::* '''finak'''....''head start, advantage, forestart'' ::* '''futnak'''....''foot'' ::* '''fyinak'''....''gain in value'' ::* '''galonnak'''....''galon'' ::* '''garale aghezunak'''....''terahertz, fresnel'' ::* '''garaleagbanak'''....''Tb, terabyte'' ::* '''garalyiagbanak'''....''exabyte'' ::* '''garalyigenak'''....''Eg, exagram'' ::* '''garalyoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' ::* '''garalyobanak'''....''petabit'' ::* '''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' ::* '''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' ::* '''garyuagbanak'''....''gigabyte'' ::* '''garyubanak'''....''gb, gigabit'' ::* '''garyugenak'''....''Gg, gigagram'' ::* '''gehezunak'''....''gigahertz, gH'' ::* '''genak'''....''gram'' ::* '''glabanak'''....''multibit'' ::* '''gol sonak'''....''per second'' ::* '''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' ::* '''goralesonak'''....''picosecond'' ::* '''goralyigenak'''....''ag, attogram'' ::* '''goralyusonak'''....''attosecond'' ::* '''gorelasonak'''....''zeptosecond'' ::* '''gorelugenak'''....''yg, yoctogram'' ::* '''gorelusonak'''....''yoctosecond'' ::* '''goryiyexnak'''....''microerg'' ::* '''goryuminak'''....''nanometer'' ::* '''goryusonak'''....''nanosecond'' ::* '''gwon agbanak'''....''quantum byte'' ::* '''gwon banak'''....''quantum bit, qubit'' ::* '''gyanifyagnak'''....''spindle'' ::* '''hanak'''....''hectare'' ::* '''hartleynak'''....''hartley'' ::* '''heanak'''....''ha, hectare, area symbol'' ::* '''hegenak'''....''hg, nectogram'' ::* '''hepinak'''....''horsepower, hp'' ::* '''iber finak'''....''to receive an award'' ::* '''ibixazonak'''....''magneton'' ::* '''incnak'''....''inch'' ::* '''ingarwa minak'''....''cubic meter'' ::* '''inonak'''....''inch'' ::* '''jobnak'''....''chronon'' ::* '''kiatonak'''....''katal, kat'' ::* '''kigenak'''....''kilogram'' ::* '''kogenak'''....''kg, kilogram'' ::* '''kwartnak'''....''quart'' ::* '''kyinak'''....''weight gain'' ::* '''kyinnak'''....''carat'' ::* '''libanak'''....''pound'' ::* '''lignak'''....''league'' ::* '''liminak'''....''lm, lumen'' ::* '''lixunak'''....''lux, lx'' ::* '''manazannak'''....''foot-candle, fc'' ::* '''manjoobnak'''....''light eon'' ::* '''mannak'''....''photon'' ::* '''maylnak'''....''mile'' ::* '''melnak'''....''acre'' ::* '''mianak'''....''m.a.'' ::* '''migenak'''....''mg, milligram'' ::* '''milnak'''....''mile'' ::* '''miminak'''....''mm'' ::* '''mimmilnak'''....''knot'' ::* '''minak'''....''meter'' ::* '''minak-gol-sonak'''....''meter per second'' ::* '''miolinak'''....''mole, mol, Mole'' ::* '''molnak'''....''gram molecule, mole'' ::* '''mufyegnak'''....''caliber'' ::* '''mugammanak'''....''microgram'' ::* '''naudnak'''....''rad'' ::* '''nifnak'''....''sett'' ::* '''nigenak'''....''nanogram, ng'' ::* '''nignak'''....''stere'' ::* '''niminak'''....''nm'' ::* '''nogagcanak'''....''degree Celsius'' ::* '''nogagfenak'''....''degree Fahrenheit'' ::* '''nogagkinak'''....''degree Kelvin'' ::* '''nunak'''....''nu, rotational speed'' ::* '''onak'''....''octet, eight-bit byte'' ::* '''oogminak'''....''micrometer, micron'' ::* '''ounsnak'''....''ounce'' ::* '''ozunak'''....''ounce'' ::* '''pintnak'''....''pint'' ::* '''poagfenak'''....''picofarad, pF'' ::* '''poagjinak'''....''picojoule, pJ'' ::* '''pogenak'''....''pg, picagram'' ::* '''posonak'''....''parsec, picosecond, ps'' ::* '''poundnak'''....''pound'' ::* '''powunak'''....''pennyweight'' ::* '''qosonak'''....''quectosecond'' ::* '''roadanak'''....''plane angle unit, rad, radian'' ::* '''rogenak'''....''rontogram, rg'' ::* '''ro-gol-sogarenak'''....''angular acceleration, rad/s2'' ::* '''ro-gol-sonak'''....''angular frequency, angular velocity, rad/s'' ::* '''ropetnak'''....''mickey'' ::* '''sonak'''....''quintal, second, s'' ::* '''soronak'''....''solid angle unit, sr, steradian'' ::* '''soronak'''....''steradian'' ::* '''taunak'''....''torque, tau'' ::* '''tonak'''....''t, ton'' ::* '''troynak'''....''troy, troy weight'' ::* '''tuubnak'''....''cubit, ell'' ::* '''unak'''....''quarto'' ::* '''vunak'''....''unit of voltage'' ::* '''yafonak'''....''power gain'' ::* '''yaonnak'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yardnak'''....''yard'' ::* '''yegoragjinak'''....''erg'' ::* '''yexazonak'''....''energy gain'' ::* '''yexnak'''....''erg'' ::* '''yiynbanak'''....''bit'' ::* '''yudanak'''....''yard, yd'' ::* '''yusonak'''....''ys, yoctosecond'' ::* '''zegenak'''....''zeptogram, zg'' ::* '''zeynadnak'''....''calibre'' ::* '''zu-ge-jinak'''....''RPM, revolutions per minute'' ::* '''zusonak'''....''zs'' ::* '''zyefnak'''....''diopter'' {{small/end}} ==== NEG Words ==== :* '''neg'''....''level, stratum, echelon, tier'' ::* '''abdoneg'''....'' top social class, top social stratum, upper class'' ::* '''abneg'''....'' top level, upper level'' ::* '''aagneg'''....'' macrolevel'' ::* '''aneg'''....'' first level'' ::* '''annega'''....'' single-level'' ::* '''aybneg'''....'' superstratum'' ::* '''doneg'''....'' class, social class, social level, social stratum'' ::* '''duzneg'''....'' pitch, tune'' :::* '''duznegsiyn'''....'' clef'' :::* '''duznegxar'''....'' tuner'' ::* '''ebneg'''....'' in-between level, inter-level'' ::* '''ebtajnega'''....'' intergenerational'' ::* '''ennega'''....'' bi-level, double-layered, split-level, two-level'' :::* '''ennegmimofag'''....'' galleon'' ::* '''eynegon'''....'' gauge'' ::* '''fiduznega'''....'' in key, on pitch'' :::* '''gwafiduznega'''....'' pitch-perfect'' ::* '''fuduznega'''....'' off-key, off-pitch, off-tune, pitchy'' ::* '''gawtajnegxer'''....'' regenerate'' ::* '''genega'''....'' coplanar, levigate, level, smooth, even'' :::* '''genegxer'''....'' levigate'' ::* '''getajnega'''....'' co-generational, of the same generation'' ::* '''glanega'''....'' multi-level, multilevel'' ::* '''glasuexnega'''....'' multivolume'' ::* '''greneg'''....'' break-even, breakeven'' ::* '''ijduzneg'''....'' key'' ::* '''ilneg'''....'' pond, stretch of water'' ::* '''kyodoneg'''....'' caste'' ::* '''milneg'''....'' body of water'' ::* '''naxneggox'''....'' deflation'' ::* '''neg'''....'' echelon, layer, level, stratum, tier'' ::* '''nega'''....'' even, level'' ::* '''negar'''....'' level'' ::* '''negika'''....'' tiered'' ::* '''negser'''....'' level out'' ::* '''negxar'''....'' leveler'' ::* '''negxer'''....'' level, smooth out, stratify'' ::* '''negxwa'''....'' even, leveled out, smoothed, stratified'' ::* '''obneg'''....'' inferior echelon, sublevel'' ::* '''ogenega'''....'' not level, uneven'' ::* '''ogetajnega'''....'' allo-generational, of a different generation'' ::* '''oogneg'''....'' microlevel'' ::* '''oktajnegser'''....'' degenerate'' ::* '''oneg'''....'' ground level'' ::* '''oybneg'''....'' substratum'' ::* '''seuxneg'''....'' sound level'' ::* '''tajneg'''....'' generation'' ::* '''tisneg'''....'' grade, grade level'' ::* '''vyaduznega'''....'' in tune, on-pitch'' ::* '''vyanegdwas'''....'' aphorism, catchword, dictum, maxim, saw, saying'' ::* '''vyoduznega'''....'' off-pitch, out of tune, pitchy'' ::* '''yabdoneg'''....'' higher social class, upper class'' ::* '''yabduzneg'''....'' high pitch, treble'' ::* '''yabnega'''....'' high-echelon, high-level, top echelon'' :::* '''yabnegxer'''....'' raise the level, ratchet up, uplift, upshift'' ::* '''yabzedoneg'''....'' upper middle class'' ::* '''yeduznega'''....'' diatonic'' ::* '''yeybtajnega'''....'' intragenerational'' ::* '''yobdoneg'''....'' lower class'' ::* '''yobduznega'''....'' low-pitched'' ::* '''yobnega'''....'' bottom echelon, bottom-level, low-echelon, low-level, lower-level'' ::* '''yobzedoneg'''....'' lower middle class'' ::* '''yomneg'''....'' ice floe, ice sheet'' ::* '''zedoneg'''....'' middle class'' ::* '''zenega'''....'' mid-level'' ==== NIG Words ==== : The morpheme '''nig''' means ''space''. Here are some derived words: ::* '''ebnig'''....''interstice, leeway'' :::* '''ebnigxer'''....''to make leeway'' :::* '''ebnignabxer'''....''to stagger'' ::* '''kunig'''....''margin'' :::* '''kunigxer'''....''to marginalize'' ::* '''exnig'''....''field'' ::* '''keaxnig'''....''scope'' ::* '''malnig'''....''airspace'' ::* '''memnig'''....''tract of land'' ::* '''nigier'''....''to take up space'' ::* '''niguer'''....''to allot space, to make room for'' ::* '''tebnig'''....''headroom'' ::* '''tejnig'''....''Lebensraum, living space'' ::* '''tyobnig'''....''legroom'' ::* '''uknig'''....''vacuum'' ::* '''yannigxer'''....''to space together'' ::* '''yebnig'''....''courtyard'' ::* '''yexnig'''....''workspace'' ::* '''yonnigxer'''....''to space apart'' ::* '''yuznig'''....''environment'' ::* '''zanig'''....''foreground'' :::* '''zanigber'''....''to foreground'' ::* '''zonig'''....''background'' :::* '''zonigber'''....''to background'' ::* '''zyanig'''....''expanse'' ::* '''zyonig'''....''confines'' === '''NOM''' ''situation'' === [[File:Union Street Gowanus New York October 2021 HDR panorama.jpg|thumb|]] : The stems in this family end in '''-m''', with the general meaning of ''place'', or '''-yeb''' meaning ''container''. The family includes areas, places, locations, buildings, houses, rooms, spaces, and containers. : The base word '''nom''', which means ''situation'', is also the base for several stub suffixes as seen in the chart below: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ NOM |- ! BASE WORD !! STUB !! EXAMPLES |- | '''nom'''....''situation'' || '''-om'''....''situation''||'''yikom'''....''difficult spot''<br>'''yukom'''....''comfort, ease, convenience'' |- | '''nam'''....''store'' || '''-am'''....''indoor place, building, house''||'''dezam'''....''theater''<br>'''posam'''....''station'' |- | '''nem'''....''place'' || '''-(e)m'''....''open space, place''||'''nunem'''....''market''<br>'''zem'''....''middle'' |- | '''num'''....''cell'' || '''-um'''....''cell, booth, stall, compartment''||'''pexum'''....''cage''<br>'''yibdalirum'''....''telephone booth'' |- | '''nyem'''....''box'' || '''-yem'''....''enclosed space'' || '''syem'''....''establishment''<br>'''vaknyem'''....''safe''<br>'''byem'''....''position'' |} {{small/end}} ==== NYEB, NYEF, ZYEB, NYEV, SYEB Words ==== : There is a set of words referring to different types of containers. Some have stub suffixes. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ NYEB etc. |- ! CONTAINER WORD !! STUB !! EXAMPLE |- | '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''-yeb'''....''container''|| '''bixnyeb'''....''drawer''<br>'''vosyeb'''....''flower pot''<br>'''nasyeb'''....''billfold'' |- | '''nyef'''....''basket'' ||'''-yef''' ||'''feb nyef'''....''fruit basket''<br>'''fyumulyef'''....''wastebasket'' |- | '''nyev'''....''bag, sack'' || ||'''malnyev'''....''airbag''<br>'''tolnyev'''....''grocery bag/sack'' |- | '''zyeb'''....''glass container'' || '''-yeb'''||'''tilzyeb'''....''drinking glass''<br>'''ammilzyeb'''....''hot-water bottle''<br>'''ilyeb'''....''bottle'' |- | '''syeb'''....''container'' || '''-yeb'''....''container''||'''absyeb'''....''cap''<br>'''ponyeb'''....''suitcase''<br>'''ilsyeb'''....''flask'' |} {{small/end}} : Other container words: ::* '''syebag'''....''bin'' ::* '''nyemag'''....''caisson, chest, coffer'' ::* '''nyeyv'''....''sachet, ditty bag'' ::* '''faosyeb'''....''barrel'' ::* '''faosyeyb'''....''keg, vat'' ::* '''faosyebog'''....''firkin, drum'' ::* '''faosyebag'''....''cask, vat, tank, tun'' ::* '''zotibyeb'''....''backpack, rucksack'' === '''POT''' ''animal'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with the letter '''p''', denoting ''movement'', and end in the letter '''t''', denoting a ''living creature''. Thus, the words have to do with animals. The ordinal vowel indicates the terrain: land, air, water, or a combination of these. If the vowel is pre-y-glided, then the animal is wild or predatory. [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] ==== Core Words ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Core Words |- ! AIR | '''pat'''....''bird''<br>'''pyat'''....''predatory bird''<br>'''piat'''....''aquatic bird'' |- ! LAND (WILD) | '''pot'''....''animal''<br>'''pyot'''....''predatory animal''<br>'''piot'''....''semi-aquatic'' |- ! LAND (DOMESTIC) | '''pet'''....''land animal''<br>'''pyet'''....''reptile''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''piyet'''....''batrachian''<br>'''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm'' |- ! WATER | '''pit'''....''fish''<br>'''pyit'''....''predatory fish''<br>'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''<br>'''peit'''....''marine mammal'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Chart of Principal Animals ==== : As this chart shows, the base morpheme for animal is '''p...t''' (think of: a moving creature). The vowels within the base morpheme are generally geo-specific, indicating land, sea, water, or combinations thereof. The prefixes are characteristic syllables from the international Linnaean Taxonomy. : See [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation#Animal_Nomenclature|Animal Nomenclature]] for rules in forming animal names. {{small/top}} '''pet''': ''domestic land mammal '' :*'''kapet''': ''dog, hound, domestic dog'', spec=''<u>Ca</u>nidae Canis familiaris'' :*'''lapet''': ''rabbit, bunny, spec=<u>La</u>gomorpha Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'' :*'''fepet''': ''cat, domestic cat, house cat, feline, felid'', spec=''<u>Fe</u>lidae Felis catus'' :*'''ekpet''': ''horse'', spec=''<u>Eq</u>uidae Equus caballus'' ::*'''afekpet''': ''ass, donkey, jackass'', spec=''<u>Eq</u>uidae Equus <u>af</u>ricanus asinus'' ::*'''afkabekpet''': ''mule'', spec=''<u>Eq</u>uidae Equus <u>cab</u>allus x <u>af</u>ricanus'' :*'''kampet''': ''camel'', spec=''<u>Cam</u>elus dromedarius'' :*'''bopet''': ''bovine, bull, cattle, taurine cattle, ox'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae Bos taurus'' ::*'''kabopet''': ''goat, domestic goat'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae <u>Ca</u>pra hircus'' ::*'''ovbopet''': ''sheep'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae <u>Ov</u>is aries'' ::*'''intawbopet''': ''zebu'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae Bos <u>tau</u>rus <u>in</u>dicus'' :*'''ropet''': ''mouse'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia Mus musculus'' ::*'''porkaropet''': ''cavy, guinea pig'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia <u>Ca</u>via <u>por</u>cellus'' ::*'''kriropet''': ''hamster'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia <u>Cri</u>cetus cricetus'' ::*'''gerropet''': ''gerbil'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia <u>Ger</u>billinae'' :*'''supet''': ''pig, swine, hog'', spec=''<u>Su</u>idae Sus domesticus'' '''pelt''': ''bug, insect'', spec=''Insecta'' :*'''saklepelt''': ''silverfish'', spec=''Lepismatidae Lepisma saccharinum'' :*'''pepelt''': ''louse'', spec=''Pediculidae'' ::*'''hupepelt''': ''body louse, body lice'', spec=''Pediculidae Pediculus humanus'' :::*'''kahupepelt''': ''head louse, head lice'', spec=''Pediculidae Pediculus humanus capitis'' :*'''lekcipelt''': ''bed bug'', spec=''Cimicidae Cimex lectularius'' :*'''ftipelt''': ''parasite, louse'', spec=''Phthiraptera'' :*'''hempelt''': ''true bug, bug'', spec=''Hemiptera'' ::*'''cihempelt''': ''cicada'', spec=''Hemiptera Cicadidae'' ::*'''lihempelt''': ''chinch bug'', spec=''Hemiptera Lygaeidae'' ::*'''penhempelt''': ''stink bug, stinkbug'', spec=''Hemiptera Pentamidae Halyomorpha halys'' :*'''kopelt''': ''beetle'', spec=''Coleoptera'' ::*'''skakopelt''': ''scarab, dung beetle'', spec=''Coleoptera Scarabaeidae '' :::*'''meskakopelt''': ''cockchafer, may bug'', spec=''Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Melolontha melolontha'' :::*'''koskakopelt''': ''june bug, june beetle'', spec=''Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Cotinis nitida'' ::*'''kurkopelt''': ''weevil'', spec=''Coleoptera Curculionidae'' ::*'''kokkopelt''': ''ladybug'', spec=''Coleoptera Coccinellidae'' :*'''tripelt''': ''caddisfly'', spec=''Trichoptera'' :*'''fyupelt''': ''vermin, new=fupelt (fyu- = harmful)'' :*'''arpelt''': ''spider, arachnid'', spec=''Arachnida'' ::*'''foycarpelt''': ''common house spider, cellar spider, daddy-long-legs'', spec=''Arachnida Phoicidae'' ::*'''eragarpelt''': ''hobo spider, funnel web spider'', spec=''Arachnida Agelnidae Eratigena'' ::*'''diarpelt''': ''garden spider'', spec=''Arachnida Araneus diadematus'' ::*'''akarpelt''': ''mite'', spec=''Arachnida Acariformes'' ::*'''likarpelt''': ''wolf spider'', spec=''Arachnida Licosidae'' ::*'''losikarpelt''': ''brown recluse'', spec=''Arachnia Sicaridae Loxosceles reclusa'' ::*'''salarpelt''': ''jumping spider'', spec=''Arachnida Salticidae'' ::*'''tromarpelt''': ''chigger'', spec=''Arachnida Trombiculidae'' ::*'''tomarpelt''': ''crab spider'', spec=''Arachnida Thomsidae'' ::*'''ewparpelt''': ''daddy long-legs spider'', spec=''Arachnida Eupnoi'' ::*'''pararpelt''': ''tick, mite, nit'', spec=''Arachnida Parasitiformes'' ::*'''terarpelt''': ''tarantula'', spec=''Arachnida Theraphosidae'' ::*'''skorarpelt''': ''scorpion'', spec=''Arachnida Scorpiones'' ::*'''laterarpelt''': ''black widow'', spec=''Arachnida Therididae Latrodectus'' :*'''forpelt''': ''ant, pismere'', spec=''Formicidae'' ::*'''solforpelt''': ''fire ant'', spec=''Formicidae Solenopsis'' ::*'''kamforpelt''': ''carpenter ant'', spec=''Formicidae Camponotus'' :*'''orpelt''': ''othoptera'', spec=''Orthoptera'' ::*'''griorpelt''': ''cricket'', spec=''Orthoptera Gryillidae'' ::*'''akorpelt''': ''grasshopper'', spec=''Orthoptera Acrididae '' ::*'''tetorpelt''': ''katydid'', spec=''Orthoptera Tettigonioidea'' ::*'''akrorpelt''': ''locust'', spec=''Orthoptera Acrididae'' :*'''blatpelt''': ''cockroach, roach'', spec=''Blattodea Blattidae'' :*'''manpelt''': ''mantis, praying mantis'', spec=''Mantodea'' '''peyet''': ''worm, annelid'', spec=''Annelida'' :*'''anpeyet''': ''hookworm'', spec=''Ancylostoma'' :*'''aspeyet''': ''roundworm'', spec=''Ascaridae Ascaris lumbricoides'' :*'''bompeyet''': ''silkmoth'', spec=''Bombycidae Bombyx mori'' :*'''dipeyet''': ''millipede'', spec=''Diplopoda'' :*'''hirpeyet''': ''leech'', spec=''Hirudinea'' :*'''kipeyet''': ''centipede'', spec=''Chilopoda'' :*'''lumpeyet''': ''earthworm'', spec=''Lumbricina'' :*'''nepeyet''': ''nematode, roundworm, eelworm'', spec=''Nematoda'' :*'''plapeyet''': ''flatworm, fluke'', spec=''Platyhelminthes Trematoda'' :*'''popeyet''': ''bristle worm, annelid worm, polychaeta'', spec=''Polychaeta'' :*'''taypeyet''': ''tapeworm'', spec=''Taenia'' '''piyet''': ''amphibian, batrachian'', spec=''Amphibia'' :*'''serkepiyet''': ''snapping turtle'', spec=''Chelydra serpentina'' :*'''anpiyet''': ''frog'', spec=''Anura'' ::*'''hilanpiyet''': ''tree frog'', spec=''Anura Hylidae'' ::*'''bufanpiyet''': ''toad'', spec=''Anura Bufonidae'' :*'''urpiyet''': ''salamander'', spec=''Urodela'' :*'''arkripiyet''': ''water rat, water vole'', spec=''Cricetidae Arvicola amphibius'' '''pyet''': ''reptile'', spec=''Reptilia'' :*'''skwapyet''': ''lizard'', spec=''Squamata'' ::*'''kovaskwapyet''': ''Komodo dragon'', spec=''Squamata Varanus komodoensis'' ::*'''susheskwapyet''': ''gila monster'', spec=''Squamata Heloderma suspectum'' ::*'''igskwapyet''': ''iguana'', spec=''Squamata Iguana'' ::*'''gekskwapyet''': ''gecko, tokay gecko'', spec=''Squamata Gekkota Gekko gekko'' :*'''dipyet''': ''dinosaur'', spec=''Dinosauria'' ::*'''bradipyet''': ''brachiosaurus'', spec=''Dinosauria Brachiosaurus'' ::*'''vedipyet''': ''velociraptor'', spec=''Dinosauria Velocirator'' ::*'''tidipyet''': ''tyrannosaurus rex T. rex'', spec=''Dinosauria Tyrannosaurus rex'' ::*'''brondipyet''': ''brontosaurus'', spec=''Dinosauria Brontosaurus'' :*'''kropyet''': ''crocodile'', spec=''Crocodilia Crocodylidae'' ::*'''alkropyet''': ''alligator'', spec=''Crocodilia Alligatoridae Alligator'' ::*'''kaykropyet''': ''caiman'', spec=''Crocodilia Caimaninae'' :*'''rinpyet''': ''tuatara'', spec=''Rhynchocephalia Sphenodon punctatus'' :*'''serpyet''': ''snake spec=Serpentes'' ::*'''neserkopyet''': ''water snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Nerodia sipedon'' ::*'''ofserkopyet''': ''green snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Opheodrys'' ::*'''piserpyet''': ''python'', spec=''Serpentes Pythonidae Python regius'' ::*'''viserpyet''': ''viper, spect=Serpentes Viperidae'' :::*'''beviserpyet''': ''adder'', spec=''Serpentes Viperidae Vipera berus'' :::*'''agviserpyet''': ''copperhead'', spec=''Serpentes Viperidae Agkistrodon contortrix'' :::*'''piskagviserpyet''': ''water moccasin'', spec=''Serpentes Viperidae Agkistrodon piscivorus'' :::*'''kroviserpyet''': ''rattlesnake spec=Serpentes Viperidae Crotalus'' ::*'''elserpyet''': ''elapid'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae'' :::*'''ofelserpyet''': ''king cobra'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Ophiophagus'' :::*'''najelserpyet''': ''cobra, naja'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Naja'' :::*'''denelserpyet''': ''black mamba'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Dendroaspis polylepis'' :::*'''psewselerpyet''': ''redbelly'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Pseudechis porphyriacus'' ::*'''koserpyet''': ''colubrid'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae'' :::*'''nakoserpyet''': ''grass snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Natrix natrix'' :::*'''lamkoserpyet''': ''kingsnake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Lampropeltis'' :::*'''tamkoserpyet''': ''garter snake spec=Serpentes Colubridae Thamnopis'' :::*'''pankoserpyet''': ''corn snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Pantherophis guttatus'' :::*'''boykoserpyet''': ''mangrove snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Boiga dendrophila'' ::*'''boyserpyet''': ''boa, boa constrictor'', spec=''Septentes Boidae Boa constrictor'' :::*'''ewboyserpyet''': ''anaconda, water boa'', spec=''Serpentes Boidae Eunectes'' :*'''tespyet''': ''tortoise, turtle'', spec=''Testudinae'' '''pot''': ''wild mammal'' :*'''kapot''': ''wild dog, feral dog, free-ranging dog'', spec=''Canidae Canis'' :*'''lapot''': ''hare'', spec=''Lagomorpha Lepus timidus'' ::*'''lelapot''': ''jackrabbit'', spec=''Lagomorpha Lepus californicus'' ::*'''oklapot''': ''pika'', spec=''Lagomorpha Ochotona daurica'' ::*'''tallapot''': ''mole'', spec=''Lagomorpha Talpidae Talpa'' :*'''fepot''': ''feral cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis catus'' ::*'''bifepot''': ''Chinese mountain cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis bieti'' ::*'''lifepot''': ''African wildcat'', spec=''Felidae Felis lybica'' ::*'''silfepot''': ''European wildcat'', spec=''Felidae Felis silvestris'' ::*'''marfepot''': ''sand cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis margarita'' ::*'''kawsfepot''': ''jungle cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis chaus'' :*'''mepot''': ''skunk, striped skunk, mephitid'', spec=''Mephitidae Mephitis mephitis'' ::*'''mimepot''': ''stink badger'', spec=''Mephitidae Mydaus'' ::*'''komepot''': ''hog-nosed skunk'', spec=''Mephitidae Conepatus humboldtii'' :*'''ksepot''': ''placental mammal'', spec=''Xenarthra'' ::*'''sinksepot''': ''armadillo'', spec=''Xenarthra Cingulata old=napot'' ::*'''foksepot''': ''sloth, tree sloth'', spec=''Xenarthra Folivora'' ::*'''verksepot''': ''anteater'', spec=''Xenarthra Vermilingua'' :*'''gipot''': ''giraffe'', spec=''Giraffa camelopardalis'' :*'''ripot''': ''rhinoceros, rhino'', spec=''Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros'' :*'''ekpot''': ''wild horse, tarpan'', spec=''Equidae Equus ferus'' ::*'''zebekpot''': ''zebra, mountain zebra'', spec=''Equidae Equus zebra'' :*'''elpot''': ''elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae'' ::*'''makselpot''': ''Asian elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae Elephas maximus'' ::*'''aflokselpot''': ''African bush elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae Loxodonta africanus'' ::*'''cilokselpot''': ''African forest elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae Loxodonta cyciotis'' :*'''kampot''': ''camel'', spec=''Camelidae'' ::*'''lakampot''': ''llama'', spec=''Camelidae Lama glama'' ::*'''palakampot''': ''alpaca'', spec=''Camelidae Lama pacos'' ::*'''vilakampot''': ''vicuna'', spec=''Camelidae Lama vicugna'' ::*'''bakkampot''': ''bachtrian camel'', spec=''Camelidae Camelus bactrianus'' ::*'''drokampot''': ''dromedary'', spec=''Camelidae Camelus dromedarius'' :*'''bopot''': ''wild bovine, bovid, ruminant mammal'', spec=''Bovidae'' ::*'''bibopot''': ''bison'', spec=''Bovidae Bison bison'' ::*'''anbopot''': ''antelope'', spec=''Bovidae Antilope cervicapra'' ::*'''gnukonbopot''': ''gnu, wildebeest'', spec=''Bovidae Connochaetes gnou'' ::*'''grunbopot''': ''yak'', spec=''Bovidae Bos grunniens'' ::*'''kabopot''': ''mountain goat'', spec=''Bovidae Capra aegagrus hircus'' :::*'''dorkabopot''': ''gazelle'', spec=''Bovidae Capra dorcas'' :::*'''sukabopot''': ''serow'', spec=''Bovidae Capricornis sumatraensis'' ::*'''aypbopot''': ''impala, rooibok'', spec=''Bovidae Aepyceros melampus'' ::*'''bubopot''': ''buffalo'', spec=''Bovidae Bubalus bubalis'' ::*'''rubopot''': ''chamois'', spec=''Bovidae Rupicapra rupicapra'' ::*'''ovbopot''': ''bighorn sheep'', spec=''Bovidae Ovis canadensis'' ::*'''tawbopot''': ''eland, eland antelope'', spec=''Bovidae Taurotragus oryx'' :*'''ropot''': ''rat, rodent'', spec=''Rodentia'' ::*'''baropot''': ''mole rat'', spec=''Rodentia Bathyergus'' ::*'''furaropot''': ''bush rat, woodrat'', spec=''Rodentia Rattus fuscipes'' ::*'''geropot''': ''gopher, pocket gopher'', spec=''Rodentia Geomys'' ::*'''lemropot''': ''lemming'', spec=''Rodentia Lemimini'' ::*'''diropot''': ''kangaroo rat'', spec=''Rodentia Dipodomys'' ::*'''skiropot''': ''squirrel'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus'' :::*'''neskiropot''': ''chipmunk'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Neotamias'' :::*'''ciskiropot''': ''prairie dog'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Cynomys'' :::*'''marskiropot''': ''marmot'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Marmota marmota, old=kalyipot'' :::*'''pteskiropot''': ''flying squirrel'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Pteromyni'' ::*'''gliropot''': ''dormice'', spec=''Rodentia Gliridae'' ::*'''arkripot''': ''vole'', spec=''Rodentia Cricetidae Arvicolini'' ::*'''nekriropot''': ''pack rat'', spec=''Rodentia Critecidae Neotoma'' ::*'''cinropot''': ''chinchilla spec=Rodentia Chinchilla chinchilla'' ::*'''proropot''': ''raccoon'', spec=''Procyonidae Procyon lotor'' ::*'''hisropot''': ''porcupine'', spec=''Rodentia Hystricognathi'' ::*'''lemkriropot''': ''lemming'', spec=''Rodentia Cricetidae Lemmini'' :*'''marpot''': ''marsupial'', spec=''Marsupalia'' ::*'''famarpot''': ''koala, koala bear'', spec=''Marsupialia Phascolarctos cinereus'' ::*'''makmarpot''': ''kangaroo'', spec=''Marsupialia Macropus'' :::*'''amakmarpot''': ''wallaby'', spec=''Marsupialia Macropus'' :::*'''emakmarpot''': ''wallaroo'', spec=''Marsupialia Macropus'' ::*'''vommarpot''': ''wombat'', spec=''Marsupialia Vombatus ursinus'' ::*'''sarmarpot''': ''Tasmanian devil'', spec=''Marsupialia Sarcophilus harrisii'' ::*'''mirmarpot''': ''numbat'', spec=''Marsupialia Myrmecobius fasciatus'' :*'''erpot''': ''hedgehog'', spec=''Erinaceidae'' :*'''cerpot''': ''deer, cervid'', spec=''Cervidae Cervus'' ::*'''dacerpot''': ''fallow deer'', spec=''Cervidae Dama dama'' ::*'''odcerpot''': ''white-tailed deer'', spec=''Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus'' ::*'''hicerpot''': ''water deer'', spec=''Cervidae Hydropotes'' ::*'''alcerpot''': ''moose, elk'', spec=''Cervidae Alces alces'' ::*'''rancerpot''': ''reindeer, caribou'', spec=''Cervidae Rangifer tarandus'' ::*'''kapcerpot''': ''roe deer'', spec=''Cervidae Capreolus capreolus'' :*'''orpot''': ''aardvark'', spec=''Orycteropodidae Orykteropus afer'' :*'''sorpot''': ''shrew'', spec=''Soricidae Sorex araneus'' :*'''muspot''': ''mustelid'', spec=''Mustelidae'' ::*'''gamuspot''': ''grison'', spec=''Mustelidae Galictis'' ::*'''memuspot''': ''badger'', spec=''Mustelidae Meles meles'' ::*'''nimuspot''': ''black-footed ferret, prairie dog hunter'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela nigripes'' ::*'''rimuspot''': ''ermine'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela richardsonii'' ::*'''ikmuspot''': ''polecat'', spec=''Mustelidae Ictonychinae'' ::*'''marmuspot''': ''marten'', spec=''Mustelidae Martes'' ::*'''ermuspot''': ''weasel, stoat'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela erminea'' ::*'''fumuspot''': ''ferret'', spec=''Mutelidae Mustela furo'' ::*'''gumuspot''': ''wolverine'', spec=''Mustelidae Gulo gulo'' ::*'''pumuspot''': ''polecat'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela putorius'' ::*'''lumuspot''': ''mink'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela lutreola'' :*'''tapot''': ''tapir'', spec=''Tapiridae'' '''pyot''': ''predatory or carniverous animal'', spec=''Carnivora'' :*'''kapyot''': ''predatory canine,gray wolf, spec=Canidae Canis lupus'' ::*'''lakapyot''': ''coyote'', spec=''Canidae Canis latrans'' ::*'''vulkapyot''': ''fox, red fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpus vulpus'' :::*'''avulkapyot''': ''arctic fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes lagopus'' :::*'''vevulkapyot''': ''swift fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes velox'' :::*'''zervulkapyot''': ''fennec fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes zerda'' :::*'''korvulkapyot''': ''corsac fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes corsac'' ::*'''urkapyot''': ''gray fox'', spec=''Canidae Urocyon cinereoargenteus'' ::*'''lukapyot''': ''wolf, gray wolf'', spec=''Canidae Canis lupus'' ::*'''awkapyot''': ''jackal, golden jackal'', spec=''Canidae Canis aureus'' :*'''fepyot''': ''tiger'', spec=''Felidae Panthera tigris'' ::*'''acfepyot''': ''cheetah'', spec=''Felidae Acinonyx jubatus'' ::*'''lefepyot''': ''ocelot'', spec=''Felidae Leopardus pardalis'' ::*'''lifepyot''': ''lynx'', spec=''Felidae Lynx lynx'' :::*'''rulifepyot''': ''bobcat'', spec=''Felidae Lynx rufus'' ::*'''panfepyot''': ''panther'', spec=''Felidae Panthera'' :::*'''lepanfepyot''': ''lion'', spec=''Felidae Panthera leo'' :::*'''tipanfepyot''': ''tiger'', spec=''Felidae Panthera tigris'' :::*'''onpanfepyot''': ''jaguar'', spec=''Felidae Panthera onca'' :::*'''unpanfepyot''': ''snow leopard, ounce'', spec=''Felidae Panthera uncia'' :::*'''parpanfepyot''': ''leopard'', spec=''Felidae Panthera pardus'' ::*'''pufepyot''': ''puma, cougar, mountain lion'', spec=''Felidae Puma concolor, cougar'' :*'''hyaypyot''': ''hyena'', spec=''Hyena'' :*'''herpyot''': ''mongoose'', spec=''Herpestidae'' :*'''supyot''': ''boar,wild boar, wild pig'', spec=''Suidae Sus scrofa'' ::*'''ermuspyot''': ''stoat'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela erminea'' :*'''vipyot''': ''civet'', spec=''Viverridae '' :*'''pripyot''': ''primate'', spec=''Primates'' ::*'''lepripyot''': ''lemur'', spec=''Primates Lemuridae'' ::*'''tarpripyot''': ''tarsier'', spec=''Primates Tarsiidae Tarsius'' :*'''simpyot''': ''ape, simian, monkey'', spec=''Simiformes'' ::*'''kalsimpyot''': ''marmoset, new world monkey, tamarin'', spec=''Simiformes Callitrichidae'' ::*'''cesimpyot''': ''capuchin monkey, squirrel monkey'', spec=''Simiformes Cebidae '' ::*'''hilsimpyot''': ''gibbon, lesser ape'', spec=''Simiformes Hylobatidae'' ::*'''masimpyot''': ''macaque'', spec=''Simiformes Macaca mulatta'' ::*'''homsimpyot''': ''great ape, ape, hominid'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae'' :::*'''panhomsimpyot''': ''bonobo'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Pan'' ::::*'''tropanhomsimpyot''': ''chimpanzee, chimp'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Pan troglodytes'' :::*'''ponhomsimpyot''': ''orangutan'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Pongo'' :::*'''gohomsimpyot''': ''gorilla'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Gorilla'' :::*'''sahomsimpyot''': ''human, Homo sapiens'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Homo sapiens'' ::*'''cersimpyot''': ''old world monkey'', spec=''Simiformes Cercopithecidae'' :::*'''pacersimpyot''': ''baboon'', spec=''Simiformes Cercopithecidae Papio'' :::*'''mancersimpyot''': ''mandrill'', spec=''Simiformes Certopithecidae Mandrillus'' :*'''urpyot''': ''bear, ursid'', spec=''Ursidae'' ::*'''marurpot''': ''polar bear, white bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus maritimus'' ::*'''arkurpyot''': ''brown bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus arktos'' :::*'''midarkurpyot''': ''kodiak bear'', spec=''Urdidae Ursus arctos middendorffi'' :::*'''horarkurpyot''': ''grizzly bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus arctos horribilis'' :::*'''krowarkurpyot''': ''atlas bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus arctos crowtheri'' ::*'''helurpyot''': ''sun bear'', spec=''Ursidae Helarctos malayanus'' ::*'''melurpyot''': ''sloth bear'', spec=''Ursinae Melursus ursinus'' ::*'''spelurpyot''': ''cave bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus spelaeus'' ::*'''tiburpyot''': ''Asian black bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus thibetanus'' ::*'''aylurpyot''': ''panda bear, giant panda'', spec=''Ursidae Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' ::*'''amurpyot''': ''American black bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus americanus'' ::*'''tremurpyot''': ''spectacled bear'', spec=''Ursidae Tremarctos ornatus'' '''piot''': ''aquatic mammal'' :*'''dipiot''': ''opossum'', spec=''Didelphidae'' :*'''tripiot''': ''manatee, seacow'', spec=''Trichechidae Trichechus manatus'' :*'''onropiot''': ''muskrat'', spec=''Rodentia Cricedidae Ondatra zibethicus'' :*'''kasropiot''': ''beaver'', spec=''Rodentia Castor canadensis'' :*'''hippiot''': ''hippopotamus'', spec=''Hippopotamus amphibius'' :*'''anorpiot''': ''platypus'', spec=''Ornithorhynchidae Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' :*'''kisorpiot''': ''water shrew'', spec=''Soricidae Chimarrogale'' :*'''nemuspiot''': ''mink, American mink'', spec=''Mustelidae Neogale vison'' :*'''lumuspiot''': ''otter'', spec=''Mustelidae Lutra lutra'' :*'''dupiot''': ''dugong'', spec=''Dugongidae Dugong dugon'' '''pelat''': ''flying insect'' :*'''lepelat''': ''moth'', spec=''Lepidoptera'' ::*'''palepelat''': ''butterfly'', spec=''Lepidoptera Papilionoidea'' :*'''nepelat''': ''gnat'', spec=''Nematocera'' :*'''dipelat''': ''fly'', spec=''Diptera'' ::*'''erdipelat''': ''drone fly'', spec=''Diptera Eristalis tenax'' ::*'''musdipelat''': ''house fly'', spec=''Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica'' ::*'''kudipelat''': ''mosquito'', spec=''Diptera Culicidae Culex Linnaeus'' :*'''kipelat''': ''snowfly'', spec=''Chionea'' :*'''sipelat''': ''flea'', spec=''Syphonoptera'' :*'''kokpelat''': ''ladybug'', spec=''Coccinelidae'' :*'''halpelat''': ''sweat bee'', spec=''Anthophila Halictidae'' :*'''simpelat''': ''sawfly'', spec=''Symphyta'' :*'''anpelat''': ''dragonfly'', spec=''Anisoptera'' :*'''zipelat''': ''damselfy'', spec=''Zigoptera'' :*'''appelat''': ''bee'', spec=''Apidae'' ::*'''melappelat''': ''honey bee'', spec=''Apidae Apis mellifera'' ::*'''ksilappelat''': ''carpenter bee'', spec=''Apidae Xylocopa'' ::*'''bomappelat''': ''bumblebee'', spec=''Apidae Bombus'' :*'''vespelat''': ''wasp'', spec=''Vespidae'' ::*'''kravespelat''': ''hornet'', spec=''Vespidae Vespa crabro'' ::*'''penvespelat''': ''yellow jacket'', spec=''Vespidae Vespula pensylvanica'' :*'''terpelat''': ''termite'', spec=''Termitidae'' :*'''newpelat''': ''net-winged insect, neuropteran'', spec=''Neuroptera'' ::*'''hemnewpelat''': ''lacewing'', spec=''Neuroptera Hemerobiiformia'' ::*'''mannewpelat''': ''mantisfly'', spec=''Neuroptera Mantispidae'' ::*'''mirnewpelat''': ''antlion, doodlebug'', spec=''Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae'' '''piat''': ''waterfowl'' :*'''gapiat''': ''loon'', spec=''Gaviidae Gavia Immer'' :*'''lapiat''': ''gull, seagull'', spec=''Laridae Larus'' ::*'''rilapiat''': ''kittiwake'', spec=''Laridae Rissa'' ::*'''rinlapiat''': ''skimmer'', spec=''Laridae Rynchops'' :*'''sfepiat''': ''penguin'', spec=''Spheniscidae Spheniscus'' :*'''fapepiat''': ''cormorant, shag'', spec=''Phalacrocoracidae, Phalacrocorax'' :*'''pepiat''': ''pelican'', spec=''Pelicaniformes Pelicanidae Pelecanus onocrotalus'' ::*'''arpepiat''': ''egret, heron'', spec=''Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Ardea'' ::*'''trespepiat''': ''ibis'', spec=''Pelecaniformes Treskiornithinae Treskiornis'' :*'''cipiat''': ''stork'', spec=''Ciconiidae Ciconia'' :*'''anpiat''': ''duck spec=Anatidae'' ::*'''tadanpiat''': ''shelduck'', spec=''Anatidae Tadorna'' ::*'''siganpiat''': ''swan'', spec=''Anatidae Cygnus'' ::*'''ansanpiat''': ''goose, grey goose, greylag goose, white goose'', spec=''Anatidae Anser anser'' ::*'''brantanpiat''': ''black goose, snow goose'', spec=''Anatidae Branta old=gapiat'' ::*'''platanpiat''': ''mallard, wild drake'', spec=''Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos'' :*'''skopiat''': ''sandpiper'', spec=''Scolopacidae'' :*'''popiat''': ''grebe'', spec=''Podicipedidae Podiceps'' :*'''propiat''': ''petrel, procellarid, tubenose'', spec=''Procellariformes'' ::*'''dipropiat''': ''albatross'', spec=''Procellariformes Diomedeidae Diomedea old=nyepiat'' :*'''sterpiat''': ''tern'', spec=''Sternidae Sterna'' :*'''tespiat''': ''terrapin'', spec=''Testundines'' :*'''grupiat''': ''crane'', spec=''Gruidae'' :*'''ansupiat''': ''darter, water turkey, snakebird'', spec=''Suliformes Anhingidae Anhinga'' ::*'''mosupiat''': ''gannet'', spec=''Suliformes Sulidae Morus'' :*'''foypiat''': ''flamingo'', spec=''Phoenicopteridae'' :*'''alpiat''': ''auk'', spec=''Alcidae Alca'' '''paet''': ''flightless bird'' :*'''kapaet''': ''cassowary'', spec=''Paleognathae Casuaridae Casuarius'' :*'''dropaet''': ''emu'', spec=''Paleognathae Casuaridae Dromaius novaehollandiae'' :*'''repaet''': ''rhea'', spec=''Paleognathae Rheidae Rhea'' :*'''appaet''': ''kiwi'', spec=''Apterydidae Apteryx'' :*'''strupaet''': ''ostrich'', spec=''Struthionidae Struthio camelus'' :*'''otpaet''': ''bustard'', spec=''Otididae'' '''payet''': ''flying reptile'' :*'''ptepayet''': ''pterodactyl'', spec=''Pterodactylus'' :*'''kipayet''': ''bat'', spec=''Chiroptera'' :*'''deskipayet''': ''vampire bat'', spec=''Chiroptera Desmodontinae'' '''pat''': ''bird, flying creature'', spec=''Aves'' :*'''fapat''': ''gamebird, Phasianid'', spec=''Phasianidae'' ::*'''fafapat''': ''pheasant'', spec=''Phasianidae Fasianus'' ::*'''gafapat''': ''chicken, cock, domestic fowl, yardbird'', spec=''Phasianidae Gallus gallus'' ::*'''pafapat''': ''peacock'', spec=''Phasianidae Pavo'' ::*'''mefapat''': ''turkey'', spec=''Phasianidae Meleagris'' ::*'''tefapat''': ''grouse'', spec=''Phasianidae Tetraonidae'' ::*'''kofapat''': ''quail'', spec=''Phasianidae Corturnix'' ::*'''perfapat''': ''partridge'', spec=''Phasianidae Perdix'' :*'''pipat''': ''piciform, arboreal bird'', spec=''Piciformes'' ::*'''sfipipat''': ''sapsucker'', spec=''Piciformes Sphyrapicus'' ::*'''pipipat''': ''woodpecker'', spec=''Piciformes Picidae Picus'' ::*'''rampipat''': ''toucan'', spec=''Piciformes Ramphastidae'' :*'''psipat''': ''parrot'', spec=''Psittacoidea'' ::*'''kapsipat''': ''cockatiel, weero, quarrion'', spec=''Psittaciformes Cacatuidae'' ::*'''mepsipat''': ''parakeet, budgerigar, budgie spec=Psittaciformes Melopsittacus'' ::*'''arpsipat''': ''macaw'', spec=''Psittacidae Arini'' :*'''numpat''': ''guinea fowl'', spec=''Numididae Numida'' :*'''kopat''': ''dove, columbid'', spec=''Columbidae Columbia'' ::*'''likopat''': ''pigeon'', spec=''Columbidae Columba livia domestica'' ::*'''strepkopat''': ''turtledove, turtle-dove'', spec=''Columbidae Streptopelida'' :*'''appat''': ''swift'', spec=''Apodiformes Apodidae'' ::*'''trokappat''': ''hummingbird'', spec=''Apodiformes Trochilidae'' ::*'''hemappat''': ''treeswift'', spec=''Apodiformes Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne'' :*'''paspat''': ''passerine, perching bird, sparrow'', spec=''Passeriformes'' ::*'''mepaspat''': ''lyrebird'', spec=''Passeriformes Menuridae'' ::*'''rihipaspat''': ''martin'', spec=''Passeriformes Hirundidae Riparia'' ::*'''pipaspat''': ''towhee'', spec=''Passeriformes Pipilo'' ::*'''paripaspat''': ''titmouse'', spec=''Passeriformes Paridae Baeolophus'' ::*'''fripaspat''': ''canary'', spec=''Passeriformes Frigillidae Serinus'' ::*'''ikpaspat''': ''icterid, blackbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Icteridae Molothrus'' :::*'''molikpaspat''': ''cowbird, snowbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Icteridae Molothrus'' ::*'''alpaspat''': ''lark, skylark'', spec=''Passeriformes Alaudidae'' ::*'''silpaspat''': ''warbler'', spec=''Passeriformes Sylvidae'' ::*'''frinpaspat''': ''finch'', spec=''Passeriformes Fringillidae'' ::*'''junpaspat''': ''snowbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Junco hyemalis'' ::*'''dopaspat''': ''sparrow'', spec=''Passeridae Passer, domesticus old=bipat'' ::*'''tropaspat''': ''wren'', spec=''Passeriformes Troglodytidae'' ::*'''karpaspat''': ''cardinal'', spec=''Passeriformes Cardinalis'' ::*'''hirpaspat''': ''swallow'', spec=''Passeriformes Hirundidae Hirundo'' ::*'''orpaspat''': ''oriole'', spec=''Passeriformes Oriolidae'' ::*'''korpaspat''': ''raven, crow'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus corax'' :::*'''cikorpaspat''': ''blue jay'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata'' :::*'''pikorpaspat''': ''magpie'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Pica'' :::*'''taskorpaspat''': ''forest raven'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus tasmanicus'' ::*'''turpaspat''': ''thrush'', spec=''Passeriform Turdidae'' :::*'''miturpaspat''': ''robin'', spec=''Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus migratorius'' :::*'''siturpaspat''': ''bluebird'', spec=''Passeriformes Turdidae Sialia'' ::*'''sturpaspat''': ''starling'', spec=''Passeriformes Sturnidae'' :::*'''misturpaspat''': ''myna bird'', spec=''Passeriformes Sturnidae Mino'' ::*'''paspaspat''': ''sparrow'', spec=''Passeriformes Passer'' ::*'''muspaspat''': ''old world flycatcher'', spec=''Passeriformes Muscicapidae'' :::*'''lumuspaspat''': ''nightingale'', spec=''Passeriformes Muscicapidae Luscinia'' ::*'''parpaspat''': ''warbler'', spec=''Passeriformes Parulidae'' :::*'''separpaspat''': ''ovenbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Parulidae seiurus'' :*'''kupat''': ''cuckoo'', spec=''Cuculidae'' ::*'''gekupat''': ''roadrunner'', spec=''Cuculidae Geococcyx'' ::*'''cenkupat''': ''coucal'', spec=''Cuculidae Centropus'' ::*'''ewkupat''': ''koel'', spec=''Cuculidae Eudynamys'' ::*'''ankupat''': ''anis'', spec=''Cuculidae Crotofaga'' ::*'''kukupat''': ''true cuckoo'', spec=''Cuculidae Cuculus'' '''pyat''': ''hawk, bird of prey, raptor'', spec=''Accipitridae'' :*'''kapyat''': ''vulture'', spec=''Accipitriformes Cathartidae'' :*'''stripyat''': ''strigid, owl'', spec=''Strigidae'' ::*'''mestripyat''': ''screech owl'', spec=''Strigidae Megascops'' ::*'''tistripyat''': ''barn owl'', spec=''Tytonidae Tyto'' :*'''akpyat''': ''eagle'', spec=''Accipitridae Aquilinae'' ::*'''halakpyat''': ''bald eagle'', spec=''Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' :*'''cirpyat''': ''harrier'', spec=''Accipitridae Circus'' :*'''falpyat''': ''falcon'', spec=''Falconidae'' ::*'''sparfalpyat''': ''kestrel'', spec=''Falconidae sparverius'' :*'''panpyat''': ''osprey'', spec=''Accipitriformes Pandionidae Pandion haliaetus'' :*'''gimpyat''': ''condor'', spec=''Accipitridae Gymnogyps'' :*'''konpyat''': ''kite'', spec=''Accipitridae Chondrohierax'' :*'''bupyat''': ''buzzard, hawk-buzzard'', spec=''Accipitridae Accipiter Buteo'' '''peit''': ''marine mammal'' :*'''cepeit''': ''whale'', spec=''Cetacea'' ::*'''mecepeit''': ''humpback whale'', spec=''Cetacea Megaptera novaeangliae'' ::*'''ficepeit''': ''sperm whale'', spec=''Cetacea Physeteridae'' ::*'''delcepeit''': ''dolphin'', spec=''Cetacea delphinidae'' :::*'''lewdelcepeit''': ''beluga whale'', spec=''Cetacea Delphinapterus leucas'' ::*'''focepeit''': ''porpoise'', spec=''Cetacea Phocoena'' :::*'''sifocepeit''': ''vaquita'', spec=''Cetacea Phocoena sinus'' ::*'''mocepeit''': ''narwhal'', spec=''Cetacea Monodon monoceros'' ::*'''orcepeit''': ''orca'', spec=''Cetacea Orcinus orca'' ::*'''miscepeit''': ''baleen whale'', spec=''Cetacea Mysticeti'' :*'''pinpeit''': ''pinniped, marine mammal, seal, pec=Pinnipedia'' ::*'''odopinpeit''': ''walrus'', spec=''Pinnipedia Odobenidae Odobenus rosmarus'' ::*'''fopinpeit''': ''seal, earless seal, crawling seal'', spec=''Pinnipedia Phocidae Pusa'' ::*'''muspinpeit''': ''marine otter'', spec=''Pinnipedia Mustelidae Lutra'' ::*'''otpinpeit''': ''otary, sea lion, fur seal, pec=Pinnipedia Otaridae Otaria'' '''pyeit''': ''mollusk'', spec=''Mollusca'' :*'''cepyeit''': ''cephalopod'', spec=''Cephalopoda'' ::*'''decepyeit''': ''squid'', spec=''Cephalopoda Decapodiformes'' :::*'''sedecepyeit''': ''cuttlefish, cuttles'', spec=''Cephalopoda Decapodiformes Sepiida'' :::*'''midecepyeit''': ''squid'', spec=''Cephalopoda Decapodiformes Myopsida'' :::*'''nawdecepyeit''': ''nautilis'', spec=''Cephalopoda Nautilidae'' :*'''okcepyeit''': ''octopus'', spec=''Cephalopoda Octopoda'' ::*'''nawcepyeit''': ''nautilus'', spec=''Cephalopoda Nautilidae'' :*'''bipyeit''': ''oyster, bivalve'', spec=''Bivalvia'' ::*'''osbipyeit''': ''oyster'', spec=''Bivalvia Ostreidae'' ::*'''panbipyeit''': ''geoduck'', spec=''Bivalvia Panopea generosa'' ::*'''pekbipeyit''': ''scallop'', spec=''Bivalvia Pectinidae'' ::*'''mibipyeit''': ''mussel'', spec=''Bivalvia Mytilidae'' ::*'''spibipyeit''': ''clam'', spec=''Bivalvia Spisula solidissima'' ::*'''karbipyeit''': ''cockle'', spec=''Bivalvia Cardiidae'' :*'''gaspyeit''': ''snail, escargot, slug, gastropod'', spec=''Gastropoda'' ::*'''halgaspyeit''': ''abalone'', spec=''Gastropoda Haliotidae'' ::*'''stromgaspyeit''': ''conch, sea snail'', spec=''Gastropoda Strombidae'' ::*'''angaspyeit''': ''sea hare'', spec=''Gastropoda Anaspidea'' ::*'''ongaspyeit''': ''slug'', spec=''Gastropoda Onchidiacea'' ::*'''cigaspyeit''': ''cowrie'', spec=''Gastropoda Cypraedidae'' '''piit''': ''crustacean, shellfish, arthropod'', spec=''Crustaceae'' :*'''depiit''': ''decapod'', spec=''Decapoda'' ::*'''padepiit''': ''hermit crab'', spec=''Decapoda Paguroidea'' ::*'''bradepiit''': ''crab'', spec=''Decapodia Brachyura'' ::*'''nedepiit''': ''lobster'', spec=''Decapoda Nephropididae'' :::*'''amhonedepiit''': ''Maine lobster, American lobster'', spec=''Nephropidae Homarus americanus'' :::*'''nornedepiit''': ''langostino, red lobster, scampi spec=Nephropidae Nephrops norvegicus'' ::*'''krandepiit''': ''shrimp'', spec=''Decapoda Crangonidae old=yapiit'' ::*'''dendepiit''': ''prawn'', spec=''Decapoda Dendrobranchiata'' ::*'''asdepiit''': ''crawdad, crayfish, crawfish, mudbug, yabbies spec=Decapoda Astacidea'' :*'''cirpiit''': ''barnacle'', spec=''Cirripedia'' '''pit''': ''fish'', spec=''Pisces'' :*'''bapit''': ''ray'', spec=''Batoidea'' :*'''gapit''': ''codfish, cod'', spec=''Gadidae'' :*'''awkapit''': ''goldfish'', spec=''Carassius auratus'' :*'''sprapit''': ''sprat'', spec=''Sprattus'' :*'''abpit''': ''seabream, sea bream, bream'', spec=''Abramis'' :*'''aymepit''': ''haddock'', spec=''Melanogrammus aeglefinus'' :*'''skofpit''': ''turbot'', spec=''Scophthalmus maximus'' :*'''cipit''': ''minnow, pinkeen'', spec=''Cyprinoidea'' ::*'''karcipit''': ''carp'', spec=''Cyprinus carpio'' :*'''sipit''': ''catfish'', spec=''Siluriformes'' :*'''trutsalpit''': ''trout'', spec=''Salmo trutta'' :*'''anpit''': ''eel'', spec=''Anguiliformes'' :*'''merpit''': ''whiting'', spec=''Merlangius merlangus'' :*'''enpit''': ''anchovy'', spec=''Engraulidae'' :*'''tinpit''': ''tench'', spec=''Tincidae Tinca tinca'' :*'''sopit''': ''sole'', spec=''Soleidae'' :*'''hippit''': ''seahorse'', spec=''Hippocampus'' :*'''barpit''': ''barbel'', spec=''Barbus'' :*'''sarpit''': ''sardine'', spec=''Sardina'' :*'''merlucpit''': ''hake'', spec=''Merlucciidae'' :*'''perpit''': ''bass'', spec=''Percomorpha'' :*'''gaspit''': ''stickleback'', spec=''Gasterosteidae'' :*'''ispit''': ''marlin'', spec=''Istiophoridae'' :*'''lutpit''': ''red snapper'', spec=''Lutjanus'' :*'''klupit''': ''herring, clupeid'', spec=''Clupeidae'' '''pyit''': ''predatory fish'' :*'''plewpyit''': ''flounder'', spec=''Pleuronectoidea'' :*'''poypyit''': ''guppy, molly'', spec=''Poecilidae'' :*'''gapyit''': ''cod'', spec=''Gadidae Gadus'' :*'''acpyit''': ''sturgeon'', spec=''Acipenseridae'' :*'''sepyit''': ''shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha'' ::*'''gasepyit''': ''tiger shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Galeocerdonidae Galeocerdo cuvier'' ::*'''skwasepyit''': ''angel shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Squatinidae Squatina'' ::*'''karlamsepyit''': ''great white shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Lamnidae Carcharodon carcharias'' ::*'''karkarsepyit''': ''bull shark, Zambezi shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas'' ::*'''sfirsepyit''': ''hammerhead shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Sphyrnidae'' :*'''sfipyit''': ''barracuda'', spec=''Sphyraenidae'' :*'''mipyit''': ''stingray'', spec=''Myliobatoidei'' :*'''epipyit''': ''grouper'', spec=''Epinephelinae'' :*'''ksipyit''': ''swordfish'', spec=''Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius'' :*'''salpyit''': ''salmon'', spec=''Salmonidae'' :*'''skompyit''': ''mackerel'', spec=''Scombridae'' :*'''tunpyit''': ''tuna'', spec=''Thunnus'' ::*'''altunpyit''': ''yellowfin tuna'', spec=''Thunnus albacares'' ::*'''tintunpyit''': ''bluefin tuna'', spec=''Thunnus Thynnus'' ::*'''attunpyit''': ''blackfin tuna'', spec=''Tunnus atlanticus'' :*'''kopyit''': ''mahi-mahi, dolphin fish'', spec=''Coryphainidae Coryphaena hippurus'' :*'''perpyit''': ''perch'', spec=''Percidae'' ::*'''sanperpyit''': ''walleye'', spec=''Percidae Sander vitreus'' :*'''serpyit''': ''piranha'', spec=''Serrasalmidae'' :*'''espyit''': ''pike'', spec=''Esocidae Esox lucius'' '''pilt''': ''marine invertebrate'', spec=''Cnidaria'' :*'''mepilt''': ''jellyfish, sea jelly, sea nettle'', spec=''Medusazoa'' :*'''lipilt''': ''horseshoe crab'', spec=''Limulidae'' :*'''ekpilt''': ''sea urchin'', spec=''Echinoidea'' :*'''anpilt''': ''coral'', spec=''Anthozoa'' :*'''porpilt''': ''sponge'', spec=''Portifera'' :*'''aspilt''': ''starfish'', spec=''Asteroidea'' {{small/end}} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The animal noise verbs are formed by replacing the final '''t''' of the animal's name to '''der''' (''communicate, utter''), as in the chart below. If the noise is particularly "noisy", the verb '''teuder''' (''scream'') can be used instead of '''der'''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Sounds |- ! ANIMAL !! SOUND VERB |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ||'''ekpeder'''....''neigh, whinny '' |- | '''bopet'''....''bull'' ||'''bopeder'''....''bellow '' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox''||'''bopeoder'''....''low, moo, bellow '' |- | '''bopeyt'''....''cow''||'''bopeyder'''....''moo '' |- | '''afekpet'''....''ass'' ||'''afekpeder'''....''bray, hehaw '' |- | '''lakampot'''....''llama'' ||'''lakampoder'''....''growl '' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ||'''ovbopeder'''....''bleat '' |- | '''kabopet'''....''goat''||'''kabopeder'''....''bray '' |- | '''supet'''....''hog''||'''supepeder'''....''grunt, snort, oink '' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' ||'''kapeder'''....''bark '' ('''kapeteuder'''....''yelp'') |- | '''kapyot'''....''wolf'' ||'''kapyoder'''....''howl '' |- | '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ||'''vulkapyoder'''....''yelp '' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' ||'''fepeder'''....''mew, purr, meow '' |- | '''tipanfepyot'''....''tiger'' ||'''tipanfepyoder'''....''growl '' |- | '''yupet'''....''rabbit'' ||'''yupeder'''....''drum '' |- | '''skiropot'''....''squirrel'' ||'''skiropoder'''....''squeak '' |- | '''proropot'''....''raccoon'' ||'''proropoder'''....''chitter '' |- | '''ropet'''....''mouse'' ||'''ropeder'''....''squeak '' |- | '''famarpot'''....''koala'' ||'''famarpoder'''....''wail '' |- | '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion''||'''lepanfepyoder'''....''roar '' |- | '''hyaypyot'''....''hyena''||'''hyaypyoder'''....''laugh '' |- | '''awkapyot'''....''jackal'' ||'''awkapyoder'''....''howl '' |- | '''simpyot'''....''ape'' ||'''simpyoder'''....''gibber '' |- | '''urpyot'''....''bear''||'''urpyoder'''....''growl '' |- | '''elpot'''....''elephant''||'''elpoder'''....''trumpet '' |- | '''rancerpot'''....''reindeer''||'''rancerpoder'''....''bellow '' |- | '''alcerpot'''....''moose'' ||'''alcerpoder'''....''bellow '' |- | '''kampet'''....''camel'' ||'''kampeder'''....''grunt '' |- | '''gipot'''....''giraffe''||'''gipoder'''....''bleat '' |- | '''gekskwapyet'''....''gecko'' ||'''gekskwapyeder'''....''go to-key, make a gecko noise '' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ||'''serpyeder'''....''hiss '' |- | '''kipayet'''....''bat''||'''kipayeder'''....''screech '' |- | '''anpiyet'''....''frog''||'''ampiyeder'''....''rivet, croak '' |- | '''appelat'''....''bee'' ||'''appelader'''....''buzz '' |- | '''kopelt'''....''beetle''||'''kopelder'''....''drone '' |- | '''grilorpelt'''....''cricket'' ||'''grilorpelder'''....''chirp '' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' ||'''pader'''....''chirp, tweet, coo, sing '' |- | '''gafapat'''....''rooster'' ||'''gafapader'''....''crow, cockadoodledoo '' |- | '''apayt'''....''hen'' ||'''apayder'''....''cluck '' |- | '''apatog'''....''chicken'' ||'''apatoder'''....''cheep '' |- | '''anpiat'''....''duck''||'''anpiader'''....''quack '' |- | '''ipat'''....''turkey''||'''ipader'''....''gobble '' |- | '''likopat'''....''pigeon'' ||'''likopader'''....''coo '' |- | '''akpyat'''....''eagle'' ||'''akpyader'''....''squawk '' |- | '''kapyat'''....''vulture''||'''kapyader'''....''scream '' |- | '''korpaspat'''....''raven, crow''||'''korpasder'''....''croak '' |- | '''stripyat'''....''owl''||'''stripyader'''....''hoot '' |- | '''cikorpaspat'''....''jay''||'''cikorpaspader'''....''chatter '' |- | '''strutopat'''....''ostrich'' ||'''strutopader'''....''bleep '' |- | '''siganpiat'''....''swan''||'''siganpiader'''....''cry '' |- | '''hirpaspat'''....''swallow'' ||'''dirpaspader'''....''squeal '' |- | '''psipat'''....''parrot''||'''psipader'''....''parrot '' |- | '''lumuspat'''....''nightingale'' ||'''lumuspader'''....''pipe '' |- | '''silpaspat'''....''warbler'' ||'''silpaspader'''....''warble '' |- | '''sfepiat'''....''penguin''||'''sfepiader'''....''honk '' |- | '''mapiot'''....''platypus''||'''mapioder'''....''chitter '' |- | '''anorpiot'''....''walrus'' ||'''anorpioder'''....''groan '' |- | '''focepeit'''....''porpoise''||'''focepeider'''....''whistle '' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal Habitats ==== : By suffixing the final '''t''' of the animal name with '''tam'''....''house'', you get corresponding animal's living quarters: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Habitats |- ! ANIMAL !! LIVING SPACE |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetam'''....''stable'' |- | '''bopet'''....''ox'' || '''bopetam'''....''cowshed'' |- | '''supet'''....''pig'' || '''supetam'''....''pigpen, pigsty'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' |- | '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' || '''lepanfepyotam'''....''den, lion&apos;s den'' |- | '''forpelt'''....''ant'' || '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' |- | '''appelat'''....''bee'' || '''appelatam'''....''beehive'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patam'''....''nest, bird&apos;s nest'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''chicken'' || '''gafapatam'''....''henhouse, chicken coop'' |- | '''urpyot'''....''bear'' || '''urpyotam'''....''lair'' |- | '''pyot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyotam'''....''cage'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal Meats ==== : By changing the final letter of the animal&apos;s name to an '''l''', you get the meat eaten from that animal: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Meats ! ANIMAL !! MEAT |- | '''bopet'''....''ox'' || '''bopel'''....''beef'' |- | '''cerpot'''....''deer'' || '''cerpol'''....''venison'' |- | '''supet'''....''hog'' || '''supel'''....''pork'' |- | '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' || '''supetyol'''....''ham'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' |- | '''kapbopetud'''....''calf'' || '''kapbopetul'''....''veal'' |- | '''gaspyeit'''....''snail''|| '''gaspyel'''....''escargot'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal Groupings ==== : By adding '''yan'''....''aggregate'' or '''nyan'''....''crowd'' to the name of an animal, you get the animal grouping: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Groupings ! ANIMAL !! GROUPING |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patyan'''....''flock'' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox'' || '''bopeotyan'''....''cattle'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pityan'''....''school'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''peltyan'''....''swarm'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapatyan'''....''poultry'' |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''potnyan'''....''herd'' |- | '''kapbopet'''....''goat'' || '''kapbopetyan'''....''goatherd'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animals' Babies ==== : The baby of an animal ends in '''ud''', which is a stub suffix for '''tud'''....''offspring, child'': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animals&apos; Babies ! ANIMAL !! BABY |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetud'''....''foal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patud'''....''chick'' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox'' || '''bopeotud'''....''calf'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetud'''....''pup'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepetud'''....''kitten'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapatud'''....''chick'' |- | '''apyat'''....''eagle'' || '''apyatud'''....''eaglet'' |- | '''ansanpiat'''....''goose'' || '''ansanpiatud'''....''gosling'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''ram'' || '''ovbopetud'''....''lamb'' |- | '''kabopet'''....''goat'' || '''kabopetud'''....''kid'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal's Pet Names ==== : To create an animal pet name, add the suffix '''if''' {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Pet Names ! ANIMAL !! PET |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetif'''....''puppy'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepetif'''....''kitten'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapatif'''....''chickadee'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animals' Diminutives and Augmentatives ==== : Other size suffixes can be appended as well: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Diminutives and Augmentatives ! ANIMAL !! SIZE-VARIANT |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetog'''....''doggy'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetayg'''....''cur'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetag'''....''hound'' |- | '''ovbopetud'''....''lamb'' || '''ovbopetudog'''....''lambkin'' |- | '''supet'''....''hog'' || '''supetog'''....''piggy'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal-derived Adjectives ==== : Here is a chart showing the adjectives used to refer to animals: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Adjectives |- ! ANIMAL NOUN !! ADJECTIVE |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpeta'''....''equine'' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox'' || '''bopeota'''....''bovine'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''ram'' || '''ovbopeta'''....''ovine'' |- | '''supet'''....''hog'' || '''supeta'''....''porcine'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapeta'''....''canine'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepeta'''....''feline'' |- | '''kapyot'''....''wolf'' || '''kapyota'''....''lupine'' |- | '''pyet'''....''reptile'' || '''pyeta'''....''reptilian'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pata'''....''avian'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Other Words Derived from Animal Names ==== {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Various Animal Derviations |- ! ANIMAL NAME !! DERIVED WORD |- | '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetsim'''....''saddle''<br>'''ekpetyoyafut'''....''blacksmith''<br>'''ekpetyoyaper'''....''trot''<br>'''ekpetpar'''....''carriage''<br>'''ekpetapekam'''....''hippodrome''<br>'''fizekpetaput'''....''knight''<br>'''dopekpetaput'''....''mounted trooper'' |- | '''appelat'''....''bee'' || '''appelatyel'''....''wax''<br>'''appelatil'''....''honey''<br>'''appelatam'''....''hive''<br>'''appelatyan'''....''swarm'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patij'''....''egg''<br>'''patam'''....''nest''<br>'''patijber'''....''hatch''<br>'''patijsana'''....''oval'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pitpexar'''....''lure''<br>'''pitgrunen'''....''angling''<br>'''pitpixut'''....''fisherman''<br>'''pittun'''....''ichthyology''<br>'''pitsana'''....''pisciform''<br>'''pituil'''....''fish sauce''<br>'''pitub'''....''fin''<br>'''pitaib'''....''fishbone''<br>'''piteab'''....''fisheye''<br>'''piteob'''....''jowl''<br>'''pitieb'''....''gill''<br>'''pitoyb'''....''mermaid'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animals' Hair ==== : The hair of an animal ends in '''tayeb'''....''hair'': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Hair ! ANIMAL !! HAIR |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patayeb'''....''feather'' |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetayeb'''....''horsehair, mane'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepetayeb'''....''cat fur'' |- | '''kampet'''....''camel'' || '''kampetayeb'''....''camelhair'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pitayeb'''....''scale'' |- | '''ansanpiat'''....''goose'' || '''ansanpiatayeb'''....''down, goose down'' |- | '''urpyot'''....''bear'' || '''urpyotayeb'''....''fuzz'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopetayeb'''....''wool, fleece'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Motion Verbs Based on Animals ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Hair ! ANIMAL !! MOTION VERBS |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpeper'''....''gallop''<br>'''ekpetyoper'''....''trot''<br>'''ivekpetyoper'''....''cavort''<br>'''ekpepuyser'''....''prance'' |- | '''pafapat'''....''peacock'' || '''pafapaper'''....''strut'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''serpyeper'''....''slither'' |- | '''peyet'''....''worm'' || '''peyeper'''....''squirm, wriggle'' |- | '''ropet'''....''mouse'' || '''ropetaper'''....''scurry''<br>'''ropetyoper'''....''patter'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''pelper'''....''crawl'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''paper'''....''fly'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''piper'''....''swim'' |- | '''palepelat'''....''butterfly'' || '''palepelaper'''....''flutter'' |- | '''skiropot'''....''squirrel'' || '''skiropoper'''....''squirrel'' |- | '''pitiyub'''....''fishtail'' || '''pitiyuper'''....''fishtail'' |- | '''kabopot'''....''mountain goat'' || '''kabopoper'''....''skulk'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Gendered Counterparts of Animals ==== ::* The word for the <u>female</u> counterpart of an animal is created by inserting a '''y''' before the final '''t''' of the animal's adult name. ::* The word for the specifically <u>male</u> counterpart of an animal is created by placing a '''w''' after the '''p''' of the animal's adult name, unless the '''p''' is followed by a '''y''' such as in '''pyot''', in which case the '''w''' goes before the final '''t''', eg. '''gapyo<u>w</u>t'''....''papa bear''. ::* The word for the <u>gelded</u> male counterpart of an animal is created by placing an '''o''' vowel before the final '''t''' of the animal's adult male name. ::* To form a mixed breed, put the appropriate vowels that precede the '''p''' of the two animal's adult names in a combination. For example, '''kabekpeyt'''....''mare'' + '''afekpet'''....''ass'' = '''afkabekpet'''....''mule''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Gendered Counterparts ! ANIMAL !! MALE !! FEMALE !!NEUTERED OR MIXED |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpwet'''....''stallion'' || '''ekpeyt'''....''mare''|| '''ekpweot'''....''gelding'' |- | '''bopet'''....''bovine, cattle'' || '''bopwet'''....''bull, ox'' ||'''bopeyt'''....''cow''||'''bopweot'''....''steer'' |- | '''afekpet'''....''ass'' || '''afekpwet'''....''donkey'' || '''afekpeyt'''....''she-ass, jenny''|| '''afkabekpet'''....''mule'' |- | '''kabopet'''....''goat'' || '''kabopwet'''....''buck'' || '''kabopeyt'''....''nanny, doe''||'''kabopweot'''....''wether'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopwet'''....''ram'' || '''ovbopeyt'''....''ewe'' ||'''ovbopweot'''....''wether'' |- | '''supet'''....''pig, swine'' || '''supwet'''....''hog'' || '''supeyt'''....''sow''||'''supweot'''....''barrow'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapwet'''....''hound'' || '''kapeyt'''....''bitch''|| |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepwet'''....''tom'' || '''fepeyt'''....''tabby'' || |- | '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' || '''lapwet'''....''buck''||'''lapeyt'''....''doe rabbit''|| |- | '''lepanpyot'''....''lion'' || ||'''lepanpyoyt'''....''lioness''|| |- | '''kapyot'''....''wolf'' || '''kapyowt'''....''he-wolf''||'''kapyoyt'''....''wolverine, she-wolf''|| |- | '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' || '''vulkapyowt'''....''tod''||'''vulkapyoyt'''....''vixen''|| |- | '''elpot'''....''elephant'' || ||'''elpoyt'''....''cow elephant''|| |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapwat'''....''rooster'' || '''gafapayt'''....''hen''||'''gafapweot'''....''capon'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Interesting Analogies from Animal/Human Body Parts ==== :* '''teub'''....''mouth'' ::* '''pateub'''....''beak, bill'' ::* '''poteub'''....''mug'' ::* '''dizeub'''....''grin'' ::* '''mimeub'''....''bay'' ::* '''mipeub'''....''estuary'' ::* '''zyomileub'''....''debouch'' :* '''teib'''....''nose'' ::* '''poteib'''....''snout'' ::* '''elpoteib'''....''elephant trunk'' ::* '''meib'''....''promontory'' ::* '''tilabeib'''....''nipple'' ::* '''kampeteib'''....''camel hump'' ::* '''tomazeib'''....''bastion'' ::* '''tomeib'''....''marquee, ledge, balcony'' ::* '''tyebeib'''....''brain lobe'' ::* '''teebeib'''....''ear lobe'' ::* '''mufyegeib'''....''nozzle'' :* '''tayeb'''....''hair'' ::* '''patayeb'''....''feather, plume'' ::* '''pitayeb'''....''scale'' ::* '''piatayeb'''....''down'' ::* '''petayeb'''....''fur'' ::* '''nemuspotayeb'''....''sable, mink'' ::* '''drayeb'''....''folio'' ::* '''fayeb'''....''leaf, foil'' ::* '''infayeb'''....''clover, club'' ::* '''fimofayeb'''...''fig leaf'' ::* '''mesayeb'''....''table leaf'' ::* '''mugayeb'''....''foil'' ::* '''masofayeb'''....''carpet pile'' ::* '''ovbopetayeb'''....''fleece'' ::* '''sonilkayeb'''....''tin foil'' ::* '''tabijayeb'''....''cotyledon'' ::* '''polvayeb'''....''frond'' ::* '''arfayeb'''....''palm leaf'' ::* '''vabayeb'''....''blade of grass'' ::* '''vifayeb'''....''grape leaf'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''uopetayeb'''....''wool, fleece'' :* '''tulob'''....''nail'' ::* '''patulob'''....''claw'' ::* '''appelatulob'''....''stinger'' ::* '''pifulob'''....''pine needle'' ::* '''fulob'''....''prick'' ::* '''vulob'''....''thorn'' ::* '''yomulob'''....''icicle'' :* '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' ::* '''ekpetyoyab'''....''hoof'' ::* '''insyoyab'''....''tripod'' ::* '''supetyoyab'''....''totter'' ::* '''potyoyab'''....''paw'' ::* '''fyoyab'''....''stump'' ::* '''syoyab'''....''pod'' ::* '''vyoyab'''....''stub'' :* '''tayob'''....''skin'' ::* '''potayob'''....''hide'' ::* '''piitayob'''....''shell'' ::* '''pyetayob'''....''slough'' ::* '''povayob'''....''bran'' ::* '''mimpurayob'''....''ship hull'' ::* '''abayob'''....''crust'' ::* '''fayob'''....''bark'' ::* '''vayob'''....''peel, husk, rind'' ::* '''veeybayob'''....''shuck'' ::* '''veebayob'''....''bur'' ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''anbopoytayob'''....''suede'' ::* '''patijayob'''....''eggshell'' ::* '''dopayob'''....''armor'' :* '''tub'''....''arm'' ::* '''patub'''....''wing'' ::* '''pitub'''....''fin'' ::* '''potub'''....''paw'' ::* '''peitub'''....''flipper'' ::* '''mapatub'''....''fan blade'' ::* '''milpatub'''....''hydrofoil'' ::* '''mimtub'''....''estuary'' ::* '''boltub'''....''boom'' ::* '''byoxtub'''....''gibbet'' ::* '''enbirtub'''....''forceps, tongs'' ::* '''tomub'''....''wing (of a building)'' ::* '''zyupatub'''....''propeller'' ::* '''zyuptub'''....''turnstile'' :* '''teeb'''....''ear'' ::* '''draveeb'''....''tab'' ::* '''seeb'''....''flap'' === '''SAR''' ''tool'', '''PAR''' ''vehicle'' === : The base words having to do with tools, devices, and machines all begin in '''s''' for ''thing'' and end in '''r''' for ''tool''. Vehicles are mobile machines, and therefore their stems begin with '''p''' for ''mobile''. Specific tools and machines are created by appending one of the stub suffixes to the stem of the word that describes what the tool or machine does. For example, '''makijar''', meaning ''electrical switch, starter'' is composed of '''mak''' (''electricity'') and '''ij-''' (''start''). : Summary: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Stub Suffixes for Tools and Machines |- ! STANDALONE WORD !! STUB SUFFIX !! MEANING |- | '''sar''' || '''-ar''' || ''instrument, tool, device (default)'' |- | '''sir'''|| '''-ir''' || ''apparatus, hand-driven machine'' |- | '''sor''' || '''-or''' || ''machine, powered machine'' |- | '''sur''' || '''-ur''' || ''motor, engine'' |} {{small/end}} : Note: the stub suffixes other than '''-ar''' (the default) are used only to distinguish words like ''bicycle'' and ''motorcycle'' or ''needle'' and ''loom'', etc. ==== Vehicles ==== [[File:Finnish bike symbol.svg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} : Vehicle words end in '''par''', where the initial '''p''' signifies ''going'' and the final '''ar''' indicates ''instrument'', unless there is a need for further distinction, in which case, the ending may be '''-ir''', '''-or''', or '''-ur'''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Vehicles |- ! VEHICLES |- | '''par'''....''cart''<br>'''pir'''....''carriage''<br>'''pur'''....''car'' |- | '''mampur'''....''airplane'' |- | '''mempur'''....''automobile, car'' |- | '''mimpar'''....''boat''<br>'''mimpir'''....''motorboat''<br>'''mimpur'''....''ship'' |- | '''mumpur'''....''subway'' |- | '''mompur'''....''spaceship'' |- | '''kyinpar'''....''dolly''<br>'''kyinpir'''....''cart, wagon''<br>'''anzyukyinpir'''....''wheelbarrow''<br>'''kyinpur'''....''truck'' |- | '''bixpur'''....''train'' |- | '''yuzpur'''....''bus'' |- | '''enzyukpar'''....''bicycle''<br>'''enzyukpir'''....''scooter''<br>'''enzyukpor'''....''motorcycle'' |- | '''inzyukpar'''....''tricycle'' |- | '''kipar'''....''skate''<br>'''kipir'''....''sled''<br>'''kipur'''....''sleigh'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Tools and Machines ==== [[File:20060513 toolbox.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Tools and Machines |- ! TOOLS AND MACHINES |- | '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''drir'''....''typewriter''<br>'''drur'''....''printer''<br>'''dodrur'''....''press'' |- | '''syaagar'''....''calculator''<br>'''syaagir'''....''computer'' |- | '''vyixar'''....''brush''<br>'''vyixir'''....''sweeper''<br>'''vyixur'''....''vacuum cleaner'' |- | '''yibdalir'''....''telephone'' |- | '''yibsinibar'''....''television (set)'' |- | '''yaoblir'''....''elevator'' |- | '''jwatuar'''....''alarm'' |- | '''belir'''....''carriage, wagon''<br>'''apetbixwa belir'''....''buggy, horse-drawn carriage''<br>'''belur'''....''truck'' |} {{small/end}} : To create the verb that means to use any of these instruments, simply suffix the word with '''-er''', eg. ::* '''yibdalir'''....''telephone'' ---> '''yibdalirer'''....''to phone'' ::* '''drir'''....''typewriter'' ---> '''drirer'''....''to type'' === '''SOM''' ''furniture'' === : The stems in this family begin with '''s''', meaning ''thing'', and end in '''m''', meaning ''place''. The words all have to do with furniture. : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ S-M Core Words |- valign=top ! FURNITURE BASE WORD || DERIVATIVES |- | '''som'''....''furniture''|| '''somber'''....''furnish''<br>'''somxut'''....''carpenter''<br>'''vyilxensom'''....''sink''<br>'''miltumsom''' ....''toilet''<br>'''maksom'''....''appliance''<br>'''mansom'''....''light fixture''<br>'''somyan'''....''furnishings''<br>'''milamsom'''....''water heater''<br>'''malomsom'''....''air-conditioner'' |- | '''sam'''....''armoire, chest''|| '''telarsam'''....''china cabinet''<br>'''telsam'''....''cupboard''<br>'''tovsam'''....''chest of drawers''<br>'''samnyem'''....''drawer''<br>'''povelsom'''....''pantry'' |- | '''sem'''....''table''|| '''semof'''....''table cloth''<br>'''tilsem'''....''bar''<br>'''yagsem'''....''countertop''<br>'''yuzsem'''....''round table''<br>'''dresem'''....''desk''<br>'''dalsem'''....''pulpit''<br>'''tabsem'''....''bier''<br>'''fyasem'''....''altar''<br>'''tularsem'''....''buffet''<br>'''dyedsem'''....''lectern''<br>'''syagsem'''....''counter (cashier stand)'' |- | '''sim'''....''chair'' || '''zaopsim'''....''rocking chair''<br>'''yagyugsim'''....''couch''<br>'''zyupsim'''....''swivel chair''<br>'''eynsim'''....''stool''<br>'''edebsim'''....''throne''<br>'''yagyigsim'''....''bench''<br>'''tobotsim'''....''high chair''<br>'''apetsim'''....''saddle''<br>'''fyadilsim'''....''pew''<br>'''maksim'''.....''electric chair''<br>'''teadutsim'''....''witness box''<br>'''tujyagsim'''....''sleep sofa''<br>'''zopsim'''....''recliner''<br>'''yigsim'''....''hard chair''<br>'''agsim'''....''arm chair''<br>'''simber'''....''to seat''<br>'''simper'''....''to sit'' |- | '''sum'''....''bed''|| '''suam'''....''cushion''<br>'''suaym'''....''pillow''<br>'''suav'''....''pillow case''<br>'''suem'''....''mattress''<br>'''suev'''....''sheet''<br>'''suef'''....''blanket''<br>'''absuef'''....''bedspread''<br>'''obsuev'''....''liner''<br>'''suim'''....''box spring''<br>'''summuf'''....''bedpost''<br>'''eonsum'''....''twin bed''<br>'''eynsum'''....''day bed''<br>'''igsum'''....''cot''<br>'''suym''' ....''couch''<br>'''nyanxwa sum'''....''bunk bed''<br>'''milsum'''....''waterbed''<br>'''tabsum'''....''sleeping bag''<br>'''pyoxwa sum'''....''hammock''<br>'''malsum'''....''airbed''<br>'''summanar'''....''bed lamp''<br>'''sumber'''....''put to bed''<br>'''sumper'''....''go to bed'' |} {{small/end}} ==== SOM Words ==== : The base word '''som''' means ''furniture, appliance''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abtafsom'''....''coat hanger, coat rack, portmanteau'' * '''dezsom'''....''prop'' * '''dezsomyan'''....''props, stage props, theater props'' * '''dresom'''....''desk, secretary'' * '''dyezsomyan'''....''movie props, movie set'' * '''dyezsom'''....''movie prop'' * '''fyusulsom'''....''potty, toilet'' * '''gasomxen'''....''revamping'' * '''gasomxer'''....''revamp'' * '''gasomxwa'''....''revamped'' * '''grasomber''''....''overfurnish'' * '''grosomber'''....''underfurnish'' * '''iksombwa'''....''fully-furnished'' * '''jasombwa'''....''pre-furnished'' * '''maksom'''....''appliance, electrical appliance'' * '''mansom'''....''lamp, light fixture'' * '''milamsom'''....''water-heater'' * '''milsom'''....''sink'' * '''milufsom'''....''commode, crapper, toilet'' * '''milyepim milsom'''....''bathroom sink'' * '''milyepsom'''....''bath tub, bathtub, tub'' * '''nyebsom'''....''chest, trunk'' * '''osombwa'''....''unfurnished'' * '''oyeba fyusulsom'''....''outhouse, port-a-potty'' * '''som'''....''furnishing, furniture, item of furniture'' * '''sombeler'''....''move'' * '''sombelen nox'''....''moving expense'' * '''sombelpur'''....''moving truck, moving van'' * '''sombelut'''....''mover'' * '''sombelutyan'''....''moving firm'' * '''somben'''....''furnishing'' * '''somber'''....''furnish'' * '''sombut'''....''furnisher'' * '''sombwa'''....''furnished'' * '''sompiya'''....''moved out'' * '''sompuya'''....''moved in'' * '''sompuer'''....''move in'' * '''somsaxam'''....''carpenter's shop'' * '''somsaxen tuzutyan'''....''carpenters’ guild'' * '''somsaxen'''....''carpentry'' * '''somsaxer'''....''do carpentry, make furniture'' * '''somsaxut'''....''carpenter, furniture maker'' * '''somsaxuta ingunar'''....''gnomon'' * '''somuper'''....''move in'' * '''somyan'''....''furnishings, furniture, real estate'' * '''tamsomyan'''....''house furnishings'' * '''teubilsom'''....''spittoon'' * '''tilsom'''....''refreshment stand'' * '''tiyabilsom'''....''pisser, urinal, pissoir'' * '''tyoibsom'''....''kneeler'' * '''ukxer ha milufsom'''....''flush the toilet'' * '''vyilsom'''....''wash basin, washbasin'' * '''yansom'''....''furnishings'' * '''yixer ha milufsom'''....''use the toilet'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== SAM Words ==== : The root word '''sam''' means ''cabinet, armoire, chest'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aber sammoys'''....''put on a shelf'' * '''aybmagsammoys'''....''mantel, mantelpiece'' * '''bekulsam'''....''medicine cabinet'' * '''dreunyebsam'''....''filing cabinet'' * '''dyes sammoys'''....''bookshelf'' * '''dyes sammoysyan'''....''book shelving, bookcase, bookstack'' * '''dyessam'''....''bookcase, bookstall'' * '''faosam'''....''cabinet'' * '''faosamsaxen'''....''cabinetmaking'' * '''faosamsaxut'''....''cabinetmaker'' * '''faosamtyen'''....''cabinetmaking, cabinetry'' * '''faosamtyenut'''....''cabinetmaker'' * '''milnov sammoys'''....''towel rack'' * '''mumaozyeg sammoys'''....''stempel'' * '''naabdrafsam'''....''file cabinet, filing cabinet'' * '''naabsam'''....''filing cabinet'' * '''nexun ay ojbuen nasam'''....''savings and loan bank'' * '''neyxen sammoysyan'''....''stock shelving'' * '''novsam'''....''linen chest'' * '''nyemsam'''....''chest of drawers, coffer'' * '''nyexen sammoys'''....''stock shelf, storage shelf'' * '''nyexen sammoysyan'''....''storage shelving'' * '''ober sammoys'''....''take off a shelf'' * '''obsammoysa'''....''off-the-shelf'' * '''ovol sam'''....''pantry'' * '''oybposam'''....''substation'' * '''sam'''....''armoire, chest of drawers'' * '''samag'''....''tallboy'' * '''sammanar'''....''lamp'' * '''sammoys nyen'''....''shelf stock'' * '''sammoys'''....''shelf'' * '''sammoysaba'''....''on-the-shelf'' * '''sammoysaber'''....''put on the shelf, shelve'' * '''sammoysabut'''....''shelf clerk, shelver'' * '''sammoysben'''....''shelving, stocking'' * '''sammoysber'''....''shelve, stock'' * '''sammoysbwa'''....''shelved'' * '''sammoystej'''....''shelf life'' * '''sammoysyan'''....''etagere, rack, shelves, shelving, stack'' * '''samnyeb'''....''drawer'' * '''samnyebyan'''....''set of drawers'' * '''syagnas samnyeb'''....''cash drawer'' * '''telsam'''....''cupboard'' * '''tofsam'''....''chest of drawers, dresser, wardrobe'' * '''tolarsam'''....''china cabinet'' * '''tolmek sammoys'''....''spice rack'' * '''tolsam'''....''food buffet'' * '''toofsam'''....''clothes dresser'' * '''tovsam'''....''chest'' * '''tyoyab sam'''....''footlocker'' * '''vifaosamyan'''....''cabinetry, cabinetwork'' * '''yaba tofsam'''....''highboy'' * '''yazzansam'''....''breakfront'' * '''yijber sammoys'''....''clear a shelf'' * '''yobsam'''....''lowboy'' * '''yomsam'''....''freezer, fridge, ice chest, refrigerator'' * '''zyefsam'''....''vitrine'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== SEM Words ==== : The core concepts are: :* '''sem'''....''table'' ::* '''seem'''....''counter, panel, bar'' ::* '''semes'''....''board'' ::* '''semog'''....''tablet, shelf'' ::* '''seym'''....''tablet, pad, slate'' ::* '''seymog'''....''bar'' : Here are some important deratives: :* '''sem'''....''table'' ::* '''abu ha sem'''....''onto the table'' ::* '''ab ha sem'''....''on the table, on top of the table'' ::* '''abaxlen sem'''....''massage table'' ::* '''abektuna sem'''....''surgical table'' ::* '''ebpovelsem'''....''smorgasbord'' ::* '''buien sem'''....''trading table'' ::* '''dalsem'''....''tribune'' ::* '''dresem'''....''desk, writing desk'' ::* '''fyasem'''....''altar'' :::* '''fyasem abof'''....''baldacchin, baldachin'' :::* '''fyasem abtom'''....''baldacchin, baldachin'' :::* '''fyasem yuxlut'''....''altar server'' :::* '''fyasem zomays'''....''altarpiece, reredos'' :::* '''belyafwa fyasem'''....''viaticum'' ::* '''fyozsem'''....''pillory'' ::* '''gumyegek sem'''....''billiards table, pool table'' ::* '''ifek sem'''....''game table'' ::* '''jabexer sem'''....''reserve a table'' ::* '''jwaber ha sem'''....''set the table'' ::* '''nasvek sem'''....''betting table, gambling table'' ::* '''nunuien sem'''....''trading table'' ::* '''pyexler ha sem'''....''pound the table'' ::* '''sem vafil'''....''table wine, vin de table'' ::* '''sember'''....''seat at the table'' :::* '''sembun'''....''table setting'' ::* '''semmem'''....''mesa'' ::* '''semnof'''....''serviette'' ::* '''semov'''....''table cloth, table linen, tablecloth'' ::* '''semper'''....''sit down at the table'' :::* '''sempya'''....''seated at the table'' ::* '''sempier'''....''get up from the table'' ::* '''semsan'''....''trapezoid'' ::* '''semub'''....''flap, table flap'' ::* '''semvyifxut'''....''busboy'' :::* '''semvyifxuyt'''....''busgirl'' ::* '''tulsem'''....''buffet, dinner table'' ::* '''tyalagsem'''....''banquet table'' ::* '''tyalsem'''....''dining table'' ::* '''ujponyem sem'''....''bier'' ::* '''vyifxer ha sem'''....''clear the table'' ::* '''vyilxen sem'''....''washstand'' ::* '''xemsem'''....''office desk'' ::* '''yaba fyasem'''....''high altar'' ::* '''yagsemabun'''....''benchtop, countertop'' ::* '''yanotpur posem'''....''bus stop'' ::* '''yansemtob'''....''tableman'' ::* '''yexsem'''....''desk, work desk'' ::* '''yibdal kyaxarsem'''....''telephone switchboard'' ::* '''zyua sem ebdal'''....''round table discussion'' ::* '''zyupea sem'''....''dumbwaiter'' ::* '''zyupsem'''....''carousel'' :* '''seem'''....''counter, panel, bench'' ::* '''byemser be seem'''....''sit at the bar, sit at the counter'' ::* '''tilseem'''....''bar, drink counter'' ::* '''faob seem'''....''wood panel'' ::* '''izbex seem'''....''control panel'' ::* '''nixbuen seem'''....''sales counter'' ::* '''syagseem'''....''counter'' :::* '''syagseemut'''....''counter clerk, counterman, teller'' ::* '''tilseem'''....''counter, drink counter, bar'' :::* '''tilseemtim'''....''barroom'' :::* '''tilseemut'''....''barista, barkeep, barkeeper, bartender'' ::::* '''tilseemuyt'''....''barmaid'' ::* '''yanupseem'''....''panel'' :::* '''yanupseem ebdal'''....''panel discussion'' :::* '''yanupseemut'''....''panelist'' ::* '''yevdibutseem'''....''bench'' :* '''semes'''....''board, tablet'' ::* '''buxnufsemes'''....''keyboard'' :::* '''buxnufsemesut'''....''keyboarder, keyboardist'' ::* '''ifek semes'''....''game board'' ::* '''kusemes'''....''credenza, sideboard'' :::* '''kusemes tulyan'''....''buffet'' ::* '''makyuijarsemes'''....''switchboard'' ::* '''novzyiar semes'''....''ironing board'' ::* '''raduzar semes'''....''keyboard, piano keyboard'' :* '''semog'''....''shelf, slate'' ::* '''ensemog'''....''diptych'' :* '''seym'''....''desk, small table, stand'' ::* '''abseym'''....''desktop'' ::* '''buxnufseym'''....''keypad'' ::* '''dalseym'''....''dais, podium, pulpit'' :::* '''dodalseym'''....''dais, rostrum, speaker's platform'' ::* '''dyeutseym'''....''lectern'' ::* '''fyadalseym'''....''pulpit'' ::* '''ilukseym'''....''drainboard'' ::* '''manar seym'''....''lamp stand'' ::* '''uka seym'''....''tabula rasa'' ::* '''mojseym'''....''nightstand'' ::* '''syagnasiut seym'''....''cashier desk'' ::* '''dyeutseym'''....''lectern'' ::* '''zyadalseym'''....''pulpit'' ::* '''zyiseym'''....''platter'' :* '''seymog'''....''bar'' ::* '''seymog bi katefyel'''....''bar of chocolate'' ::* '''seymog bi vyixyel'''....''bar of soap'' ==== SIM Words ==== : The root word '''sim''' means ''chair''. The word '''siim''' means ''bench''. Here are some derivatives: :* '''agsim'''....''armchair'' :* '''ekpetsim'''....''saddle'' ::* '''nyufekpetsim'''....''packsaddle'' ::* '''ekpetsimaper'''....''to saddle up'' :* '''aybsimper'''....''preside over'' :* '''bokatsim'''....''sickbed'' :* '''buxsim'''....''push chair, pushchair'' :* '''doyevsim'''....''bench'' :* '''eatsim'''....''pillion'' :* '''ebmep sim'''....''aisle seat'' :* '''edebsim'''....''throne'' :** '''edebsimber'''....''enthrone, install on the throne'' :** '''edebsimober'''....''dethrone'' :* '''entoba sim'''....''love seat, loveseat'' :* '''eynsim'''....''bar stool, footstool, stool'' ::* '''tilam eysim'''....''bar stool'' ::* '''tyoyab eysim'''....''footstool'' :* '''faobsim'''....''wooden chair'' :* '''fyadilsim'''....''pew'' :* '''izzonsim'''....''straight-back chair'' :* '''kua gon sim'''....''side section seat'' :* '''kuapetsim'''....''sidesaddle'' :* '''amar sim'''....''deck chair'' :* '''maka sim'''....''electric chair'' :* '''mimkum sim'''....''beach chair'' :* '''mugsim'''....''metal chair'' :* '''nyemsim'''....''box seat'' :* '''ofyujea sim'''....''camp chair, folding chair'' :* '''oyebema yagsim'''....''chaise lounge, deck chair'' :* '''oyebsim'''....''deck chair'' :* '''parsim'''....''shay'' :* '''ponsim'''....''chaise lounge'' :* '''purexuta sim'''....''driver's seat'' :* '''pursim'''....''car seat, coach seat'' :* '''sim'''....''chair, seat'' :* '''sim zetif'''....''seat belt'' :* '''simaper'''....''to sit down'' :* '''simbelar'''....''chairlift'' :* '''simber'''....''assign a seat'' :* '''simbeser'''....''remain seated, sit'' :* '''simbexer'''....''reserve a seat'' :* '''simbiya'''....''seated, sitting'' :* '''simbier'''....''have a seat, occupy a seat oneself, sit down, take a seat'' :* '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat, usher'' :** '''simbuut'''....''usher'' :* '''simim'''....''sitting room'' :* '''simober'''....''de-seat, take away one's seat'' :* '''simoker'''....''lose a seat, lose one's seat'' :* '''simoper'''....''abdicate, get up from a chair'' :* '''simper'''....''have a seat, sit down'' :* '''simpier'''....''get up from one's seat'' :* '''simpya'''....''seated'' :* '''simyag'''....''daybed'' :* '''teadutsim'''....''witness box, witness chair'' :* '''toj sim'''....''death chair'' :* '''tubsim'''....''armchair'' :* '''tudetsim'''....''highchair'' :* '''tuj yagsim'''....''sleep sofa'' :* '''tumsimyan'''....''loge'' :* '''tyal yigsim'''....''dining room chair'' :* '''uka sim'''....''vacant seat'' :* '''utsimber'''....''seat oneself'' :* '''faveel nyev sim'''....''beanbag chair'' :* '''uzzonsim'''....''bucket seat'' :* '''yabzona sim'''....''high-back chair'' :* '''yagpen sim'''....''lounge chair'' :* '''yagsim'''....''bench, settee'' :* '''yagyigsim'''....''bench, divan'' :* '''yagyugsim'''....''couch, divan, sofa'' :* '''yansimbien'''....''synod'' :* '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw'' :* '''yexsimyag'''....''workbench'' :* '''yigzonsim'''....''hard back chair'' :* '''yobeysim'''....''taboret, tabouret, tabret'' :* '''yobzonsim'''....''low-back chair'' :* '''yugsim'''....''easy chair'' :* '''zana sim'''....''front seat'' :* '''zaobasea sim'''....''rocker, rocking chair'' :* '''zaopsim'''....''swing'' :* '''zea gon sim'''....''center section seat'' :* '''zona sim'''....''back seat'' :* '''zoykixea sim'''....''recliner, reclining chair'' :* '''zyasim'''....''armchair'' :* '''zyuksim'''....''wheel chair, wheelchair'' :* '''zyupsim'''....''swivel chair'' :* '''siim'''....''bench'' :* '''yevdibutsiim'''....''bench in a court of law'' ==== SUM Words ==== :* '''sum'''....''bed'' ::* '''suam'''....''pillow, cushion'' :::* '''suaf'''....''slipcover'' :::* '''suav'''....''pillowcase'' ::* '''suem'''....''mattress, pad'' :::* '''absuemof'''....''comforter'' :::* '''absuef'''....''bedspread'' :::* '''suemof'''....''blanket'' :::* '''gyosuef'''....''duvet'' :::* '''suemov'''....''sheet'' :::* '''suim'''....''bed springs'' : Here are some different types of beds: :* '''abof sum'''....''canopy bed'' :* '''antoba sum'''....''single bed'' :* '''zaobassum'''....''cradle'' :* '''belsum'''....''litter, stretcher'' :* '''tudetsum'''....''crib'' :* '''bokam sum'''....''hospital bed'' :* '''byoxwa sum'''....''hammock'' :* '''entoba sum'''....''twin bed'' :* '''eynsum'''....''day bed'' :* '''faosum'''....''coffin, casket'' :* '''gaba sum'''....''extra bed'' :* '''gyoumvibsum'''....''palliasse'' :* '''igsum'''....''cot'' :* '''intoba sum'''....''queen-size bed'' :* '''kapetsum'''....''dogbed'' :* '''koxwa sum'''....''hide-a-bed'' :* '''kusum'''....''bun, cot, side bed'' :* '''malsum'''....''airbed'' :* '''massum'''....''murphy bed, wall bed, banquette'' :* '''milsum'''....''water bed'' :* '''mimparsum'''...''bunk'' :* '''nyaxwa sum'''....''bunk bed'' :* '''oyebixwa sum'''....''murphy bed, truckle bed'' :* '''pata vubsum'''....''bird's nest'' :* '''patayeybsum'''....''featherbed'' :* '''pop sum'''....''berth'' :* '''potsum'''....''lair'' :* '''simsum'''....''sofabed'' :* '''tadsum'''....''nuptial bed, bridal bed'' :* '''tamofsum'''....''cot bed, sleeping bag'' :* '''teluarsum'''....''crib, creche'' :* '''tojsum'''....''deathbed'' :* '''tyoyasum'''....''ottoman'' :* '''ujpon belsum'''....''bier'' :* '''umvib tudetsum'''....''bassinet'' :* '''umvibsum'''....''paillasse, pallet'' :* '''unaomuf sum'''....''fourposter'' :* '''untoba sum'''....''king-size bed'' :* '''vubsum'''....''nest'' :* '''yabwa sum'''....''loft bed'' :* '''yantada sum'''....''conjugal bed'' :* '''yaobsum'''....''bunk bed'' :* '''yobsum'''....''divan'' :* '''yomkipur sum'''....''sleigh bed'' :* '''zaobassum'''....''cradle'' :* '''zyinedsum'''....''platform bed'' :* '''zyua sum'''....''round bed'' :* '''zyuksum'''....''trundle bed, truckle bed, rollaway bed'' :* '''zyukbelsum'''....''gurney'' === '''SON''' ''matter, issue'' === : The base word '''son''' means ''(abstract) thing, matter, issue''. ::* '''son'''....''matter, issue'' ::* '''san'''....''shape, form'' :::* '''saun'''....''kind, type'' ::* '''sen'''....''essence'' ::* '''sin'''....''image, picture'' :::* '''siyn'''....''mark'' :::* '''siun'''....''sign'' ::* '''sun'''....''thing'' ::* '''suan'''....''element'' ::* '''syan'''....''class'' ::* '''syen'''....''style'' ::* '''syin'''....''subject'' ::* '''syun'''....''object'' : Here are some derivatives of '''son''': :* '''son'''....''matter, issue, affair'' ::* '''avson'''....''sake'' :::* '''av ha avson bi'''....''for the sake of'' ::* '''dalson'''....''topic, issue, subject'' ::* '''dolson'''....''hush-hush affair, mystery'' ::* '''doyevson'''....''court case'' ::* '''efkason'''....''plight'' ::* '''efson'''....''matter of necessity'' ::* '''eson'''....''state'' ::* '''ifonson'''....''love affair'' ::* '''igefson'''....''crisis, emergency'' ::* '''ivson'''....''good time, happy affair'' ::* '''jeson'''....''conjuncture'' ::* '''kason'''....''situation'' :::* '''vaka kason'''....''dangerous situation'' :::* '''pesen kason'''....''limbo'' :::* '''gyua kason'''....''declicate situation'' :::* '''efla kason'''....''dire straits'' ::* '''keson'''....''experience'' ::* '''koson'''....''secret'' ::* '''kuson'''....''side issue'' ::* '''kyenson'''....''matter of luck'' ::* '''kyeson'''....''case, circumstance'' :::* '''kyuxea kyeson'''....''attenuating circumstance'' :::* '''be kyeson bi'''....''in case of'' ::* '''kyison'''....''grave matter, problem'' ::* '''kyoson'''....''status quo'' ::* '''kyuson'''....''trivial matter'' ::* '''nyafson'''....''intrigue'' ::* '''ogson'''....''minor issue, trivium'' ::* '''oson'''....''non-issue'' ::* '''ovson'''....''the contrary'' ::* '''teojson'''....''matter of life and death'' ::* '''venson'''....''condition'' :::* '''tepvenson'''....''mental condition, psychosis'' ::* '''tyenara son'''....''technical issue'' ::* '''vonson'''....''no-no'' ::* '''vyanson'''....''matter of fact'' ::* '''vyaoson'''....''mystery'' ::* '''vyeson'''....''circumstance'' ::* '''yevson'''....''case'' ::* '''yikkyeson'''....''predicament'' ::* '''yikson'''....''problem, difficult matter'' ::* '''yokson'''....''sensation'' ::* '''yontexson'''....''controversy'' ::* '''yukson'''....''levity'' ::* '''yuzkason'''....''context'' ::* '''zeson'''....''central theme, keynote, crux'' :::* '''oybzeson'''....''subtopic'' ==== SAN, SAUN, SYAN, SUAN words ==== :* '''san'''....''shape, form, figure'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' ::* '''sanser'''....''to form, to develop'' ::* '''dosana'''....''formal'' :::* '''odosana'''....''informal'' ::* '''sandras'''....''formula'' ::* '''sandrer'''....''to formulate'' ::* '''saun'''....''type, kind, taxon'' :::* '''asaun'''....''model, paragon, example'' ::::* '''asauna'''....''exemplary'' ::::* '''asauntob'''....''mannekin'' ::::* '''asaunder'''....''to specify'' ::::* '''asaunxer'''....''to exemplify'' :::* '''aasaun'''....''archetype'' :::* '''aynsaun'''....''holotype'' :::* '''dunsaun'''....''part of speech'' :::* '''ejnasaun'''....''neotype'' :::* '''gelsaun'''....''copy'' :::* '''ijsaun'''....''pattern'' :::* '''jwasaun'''....''prototype'' :::* '''kyasaun'''....''version'' :::* '''kyesaun'''....''sample'' :::* '''kyosaun'''....''formula, template, matrix, boilerplate, convention, mold, pattern, stereotype'' :::* '''potsaun'''....''animalia, fauna'' :::* '''tabsaun'''....''body type'' :::* '''tobsaun'''....''humankind, mankind'' :::* '''todaunsaun'''....''genotype'' :::* '''yansauna'''....''common'' :::* '''yonsauna'''....''peculiar, particular, special'' :::* '''visauna'''....''classic'' :::* '''vyasauna'''....''original'' :::* '''zyasauna'''....''general, generic'' :::* '''zyosauna'''....''specific'' ::* '''syan'''....''class (of objects)'' :::* '''syanxer'''....''to classify'' ::* '''suan'''....''element'' :::* '''suana'''....''elementary'' :::* '''suankyaser'''....''to mutate'' :::* '''asuana'''....''unary'' :::* '''esuana'''....''binary'' :::* '''isuana'''....''trinary'' :::* '''suanmultun'''....''chemistry'' ::::* '''suanmultut'''....''chemist'' :::* '''suanmul'''....''chemical (substance)'' ::::* '''suanmula'''....''chemical'' ::::* '''suanmulbek'''....''chemotherapy'' ::::* '''suanmulk'''....''chemical element'' :::* '''suanyanxer'''....''to synthesize'' ::::* '''suanyanxen'''....''synthesis'' :::* '''suanyonxer'''....''to analyze'' ::::* '''suanyonxen'''....''analysis'' ::* '''asuan'''....''urelement'' ::* '''hyimsuan'''....''isotope'' ::* '''filsuan'''....''enzyme'' ::* '''sinsuan'''....''chemical'' :::* '''sinsuanxer'''....''to pixelate'' ::* '''yansuan'''....''constituent'' :::* '''yansuanser'''....''to constitute'' ::* '''yonsuana'''....''disparate'' : In botanical and zoological taxonomies or nomenclatures, the following taxons are used: :* '''asaun'''....''domain'' :* '''esaun'''....''kingdom'' :* '''isaun'''....''phylum, division'' :* '''usaun'''....''class'' :* '''yosaun'''....''order'' :* '''yasaun'''....''family'' :* '''yesaun'''....''genus'' :* '''yisaun'''....''species'' : The prefixes '''ab-''' (''super-'') and '''ob-''' (''sub'') are used with the above taxons, eg.: '''abyasaun''' equates to '''superfamily''' and '''obyesaun''' refers to ''subgenus''. : The word '''division''' is used rather than '''phylum''' in botanical nomenclature. : The word '''saun''' is used in the following deictic adjectives: ::* '''duhosauna?'''....''what kind of?'' ::* '''hasauna'''....''the kind of'' ::* '''hesauna'''....''some kind of'' ::* '''hisauna'''....''this kind of'' ::* '''husauna'''....''that kind of'' ::* '''hyosauna'''....''no kind of'' ::* '''hyasauna'''....''every kind of'' ::* '''hyesauna'''....''any kind of, whatever kind of'' ::* '''hyisauna'''....''the same kind of'' ::* '''hyusauna'''....''another kind of'' ==== SIN, SIYN, SIUN, and SYIN words ==== :* '''sin'''....''image, picture'' ::* '''domsin'''....''cityscape'' ::* '''drasin'''....''drawing'' :::* '''exdrasin'''....''diagram'' ::* '''dresin'''....''design'' ::* '''dyunsin'''....''logo'' ::* '''fyasin'''....''icon'' ::* '''fyesin'''....''specter'' ::* '''gelsin'''....''likeness'' ::* '''hihisin'''....''cartoon'' ::* '''innagsin'''....''hologram'' ::* '''izonsin'''....''arrow'' ::* '''josin'''....''afterimage'' ::* '''mansin'''....''photograph'' :::* '''yibmansin'''....''telephoto'' ::* '''massin'''....''mural'' ::* '''memsin'''....''landscape'' ::* '''mimsin'''....''seascape'' ::* '''pansin'''....''movie'' ::* '''tabsin'''....''figure'' ::* '''tebsin'''....''face'' ::* '''teubsin'''....''expression'' ::* '''teasin'''....''view'' ::* '''tepsin'''....''mental image'' :::* '''tepsinier'''....''to imagine'' :::* '''tepsinuer'''....''to pretend'' :::* '''vyotepsin'''....''illusion, hallucination'' :::* '''fyetepsin'''....''fantasy'' ::* '''topsin'''....''phantom'' ::* '''totsin'''....''idol'' ::* '''vyusin'''....''dirty picture'' :::* '''vyusinyan'''....''pornography'' ::* '''vyomsin'''....''illusion'' ::* '''yibsin'''....''television'' :::* '''yibsinibar'''....''television set'' ::* '''zasin'''....''foreground'' ::* '''zesin'''....''vignette'' ::* '''zosin'''....''backdrop, background'' ::* '''zoysin'''....''reflection'' :* '''siyn'''....''mark'' ::* '''aysiyn'''....''ampersand'' ::* '''aybsiyn'''....''superscript'' ::* '''balsiyn'''....''stamp'' ::* '''buksiyn'''....''brand, stigma'' ::* '''dresiyn'''....''letter'' :::* '''dresiynay'''....''literally'' :::* '''dresiynyan'''....''alphabet'' ::::* '''tuyub dresiynyan'''....''finger alphabet'' :::* '''andresiyn'''....''monograph'' :::* '''endresiyn'''....''digraph'' :::* '''aybdresiyn'''.....''superscript'' :::* '''agdresiyn'''....''uppercase letter, majuscule'' ::::* '''agdresiyndyun'''....''acronym'' ::::* '''agdresiynxer'''....''to capitalize'' :::* '''ogdresiyn'''....''lowercase letter, miniscule'' ::::* '''ogdresiynxer'''....''to lowercase'' :::* '''sagdresiyn'''....''cipher'' :::* '''sindresiyn'''....''ideogram'' :::* '''ijdresiyn'''....''initial'' ::::* '''ijdresiynxer'''....''to initialize'' ::::* '''zea ijdresiyn'''....''middle initial'' ::::* '''zeydresiynxer'''....''to transliterate'' ::::* '''kodresiynyan'''....''code'' :::::* '''kodresiynxer'''....''to encode'' ::::* '''kindresiyni'''....''italics'' :::::* '''kindresiynxer'''....''to italicize'' ::* '''drursiyn'''....''character'' ::* '''ebnaydsiyn'''....''hyphen'' ::* '''finsiyn'''....''grade, mark'' ::* '''fyasiyn'''....''emblem'' ::* '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' ::* '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' ::* '''gedsiyn'''....''quotation mark'' ::* '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' ::* '''grunsiyn'''....''comma'' ::* '''jobsiyn'''....''time mark'' ::* '''josiyn'''....''trace'' ::* '''kodresiyn'''....''cipher'' ::* '''kyidsiyn'''....''stress mark, accent'' ::* '''magsiyn'''....''brand'' ::* '''memsiyn'''....''landmark'' ::* '''milsiyn'''....''watermark'' ::* '''oybsiyn'''....''subscript'' ::* '''nodsiyn'''....''punctuation mark'' ::* '''tajsiyn'''....''birthmark'' ::* '''todsiyn'''....''herald'' ::* '''yonsiyn'''....''diacritic'' ::* '''vasiyn'''....''checkmark'' ::* '''yovsiyn'''....''mark of shame'' :* '''siun'''....''sign'' ::* '''boksiun''''....''symptom'' ::* '''drursiun'''....''dingbat'' ::* '''jwadsiun'''....''warning sign'' ::* '''mugsiun'''....''token'' ::* '''ojsiun'''....''harbinger'' :::* '''fiojsiun'''....''good omen'' :::* '''fuojsiun'''....''bad omen'' ::* '''siunar'''....''signal'' ::* '''tesiun'''....''symbol, tag'' :::* '''tesiuna'''....''symbolic'' :::* '''tesiunin'''....''symbolism'' :::* '''tosiun'''....''cross'' ::* '''ujaksiun'''....''trophy'' :* '''syin'''....''subject'' ::* '''syina'''....''subjective'' ==== SUN, SUAN, SYUN, -UN words ==== :* '''sun'''....''thing'' ::* '''ansun'''....''singleton'' ::* '''sunxer'''....''to reify'' :* '''suan'''....''element'' ::* '''sinsuan'''....''pixel'' :::* '''sinsuanxer'''....''to pixelate'' ::* '''filsuan'''....''enzyme'' ::* '''hyimsuan'''....''isotope'' ::* '''suana'''....''elementary'' ::* '''asuan'''....''urelement, domain'' :::* '''asuana'''....''unary'' :::* '''esuana'''....''binary'' :::* '''isauna'''....''trinary'' ::* '''suanmul'''....''chemical (substance)'' :::* '''suanmultun'''....''chemisty'' :::* '''suanmultut'''....''chemist'' ::* '''suankyaxer'''....''to mutate'' ::* '''suanyanxer'''....''to synthesize'' ::* '''suanyonxer'''....''to analyze'' :* '''syun'''....''object'' ::* '''syuna'''....''objective'' :* '''-un'''....''thing (stub suffix for many "thing" words)'' ::* '''zyiun'''....''disk'' (flat thing) ::* '''abun'''....''cover'' (on-top-of thing) : The stub suffix '''-un''' is also used for the result of actions, eg.: :* '''drer'''....''to write'' ::* '''drun'''....''writ, graph'' :* '''beler'''....''to carry'' ::* '''belun'''....''cargo, freight'' :* '''ayser'''....''to have'' ::* '''aysun'''....''possession'' :* '''dodrurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''dodrurun'''....''publication, edition'' ==== SYEN, -YEN words ==== :* '''syen'''....''style, mode'' ::* '''visyen'''....''fashion'' ::* '''dalsyen'''....''language, speaking style'' :* '''-yen''' (stub suffix) ::* '''byen'''....''manner'' :::* '''tejbyen'''....''way of life'' :::* '''vibyen'''....''decor'' :::* '''yukbyen'''....''comfort, convenience'' ::* '''dalyen'''....''idiom'' ::* '''dreyen'''....''writing style'' ::* '''dyen'''....''expression'' :::* '''vidyen'''....''euphemism'' ::* '''exyen'''....''procedure'' ::* '''kyayen'''....''version'' ::* '''napyen'''....''discipline'' ::* '''pyen'''....''gait, allure, pace, stride'' ::* '''sexyen'''....''structure'' ::* '''tabyen'''....''posture, poise, attitude'' ::* '''teasyen'''....''aspect'' ::* '''tejyen'''....''lifestyle'' ::* '''texyen'''....''opinion'' ::* '''teyen'''....''idea'' ::* '''tipyen'''....''mood'' ::* '''tosyen'''....''mood'' ::* '''tyen'''....''skill, know-how, craft'' ::* '''yabdoutbyen'''....''courtliness'' ::* '''yanbyen'''....''harmony'' ::* '''yixyen'''....''usage'' ::* '''yugfyen'''....''tact, smooth style, finesse'' ::* '''xyen'''....''profession'' ::* '''zeyen'''....''means, wherewithal'' === '''TOB''' ''human'' === : The stem of words in this family begin with the consonant '''t''', designating ''human'', and end in '''b''', meaning ''organism, body, or organ'' or '''p''', having to do with the non-corporeal aspects of man, such as ''mind'' and ''emotion''. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ TOB, TOP principal derivatives |- ! -B !! -P |- | '''tob'''....''human, man'' || '''top'''....''soul, psyche'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tep'''....''mind'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''tip'''....''sentiment, emotion'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tup'''....''limb'' |- | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || |} {{small/end}} ::[[File:Regions of Human Body.jpg|thumb|Regions_of_Human_Body]] : All the names of the parts of the body are derived from these core words in a hierarchical fashion using stem vowel scalarization, as can be seen from the sample chart below of the body parts relating to ''arm'' and ''leg'' (note the parallelism): {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Parts of the Body |- valign=top | '''tub'''<br>arm || '''tuab'''<br> shoulder || '''tueb'''<br> upper arm || '''tuib'''<br> elbow || '''tuub'''<br> forearm || '''tuyob'''<br> ''wrist'' || '''tuyab'''<br> hand || '''tuyeb'''<br> fist || '''tuyib'''<br> palm || '''tuyub'''<br> finger || '''tulob'''<br> fingernail |- | '''tyob'''<br> leg || '''tyoab'''<br> hip || '''tyoeb'''<br> thigh || '''tyoib'''<br> knee || '''tyoub'''<br> tibia || '''tyoyob'''<br> ankle || '''tyoyab'''<br> foot || '''tyoyeb'''<br> heel || '''tyoyib'''<br> sole || '''tyoyub'''<br> toe || '''tyolob'''<br> toenail |} {{small/end}} ==== TOB and TOOB Words ==== ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' :::* '''twob'''....''man''♂ ::::* '''twobet'''....''boy'' :::* '''toyb'''....''woman''♀ ::::* '''toybet'''....''girl'' ::* '''toob'''....''gender'' :::* '''twoob'''....''male'' :::* '''tooyb'''....''female'' :::* '''geltoobifat'''....''homosexual'' (short: '''gelt''') :::* '''logeltoobifat'''....''heterosexual'' (short: '''logelt''') :::* '''hyaewatoobifat'''....''bisexual'' (short: '''hyaewat''') : Here are words derived from '''tob''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aajtobtun'''....''paleo-anthropology'' *'''abtob'''....''kingpin, super human, superman'' *'''afyapattob'''....''seraph'' *'''agtobtojber'''....''assassin, assassinate'' *'''antoba mimpur'''....''skiff'' *'''antoba sum'''....''single bed'' *'''antobnad'''....''single file'' *'''arpeltob'''....''spiderman'' *'''kipayetob'''....''batman'' *'''asauntob'''....''mannequin'' *'''atobij'''....''germ, seed'' *'''domep tobyog'''....''street urchin'' *'''ega tob'''....''average joe'' *'''ektobet'''....''doll, puppet'' *'''entoba sim'''....''love seat, loveseat'' *'''eyntoba'''....''half-human'' *'''eyntobekpet'''....''centaur'' *'''fitob'''....''fine fellow, fine gentleman, good guy'' *'''futob'''....''bad guy, ruffler, villain'' *'''fyatob'''....''holy person, saint'' *'''fyefutob'''....''gremlin, puck, leprechaun, ouphe'' *'''fyefutobag'''....''orc, ogre'' *'''fyegyutob'''....''elf'' *'''fyeiftob'''....''pixie'' *'''fyetob'''....''elf'' *'''fyetobag'''....''giant'' *'''fyetobapyot'''....''sphinx'' *'''fyetobekpet'''....''minotaur'' *'''fyetobet'''....''elfin, pixie'' *'''fyetobog'''....''dwarf, sprite'' *'''fyetobtelut'''....''ogre, orc'' *'''fyetobteluyt'''....''ogress'' *'''fyetobyog'''....''goblin'' *'''fyoektob'''....''poppet'' *'''fyutob'''....''pest, annoying person'' *'''iftob'''....''playboy'' *'''intob'''....''triumvir'' *'''intoba sum'''....''queen-size bed'' *'''intobyan'''....''triumvirate'' *'''jogtob'''....''young man'' *'''jogtobet'''....''younker'' *'''jwatob'''....''protohuman'' *'''lotobxer'''....''dehumanize, unperson'' *'''malyomtob'''....''snowman'' *'''malztob'''....''honky, whitey'' *'''meimtob'''....''yokel'' *'''mestob'''....''janitor'' *'''miektob'''....''sandman'' *'''moibtob'''....''caveman'' *'''momtob'''....''spaceman'' *'''nyaztob'''....''nabob'' *'''nyifbixwa ektobet'''....''marionette'' *'''ogtob'''....''minim'' *'''otoba'''....''inhuman, nonhuman, unhuman'' *'''oybtoba'''....''subhuman'' *'''pattob'''....''angel, birdman'' *'''sirtob'''....''automaton, robot'' *'''suztob'''....''mannequin'' *'''syaagirtob'''....''cyborg'' *'''teaztob'''....''prodigy'' *'''tob'''....''human being, man, person'' *'''tobava'''....''humane, humanitarian'' *'''tobavin'''....''humanism, humanitarianism'' *'''tobbixwa belir'''....''tuk-tuk'' *'''tobbixwa par'''....''ricksha'' *'''tobet'''....''chap, chit, juvenile, youth'' *'''tobetdal'''....''prattle'' *'''tobetekem'''....''sandlot'' *'''tobetel'''....''pap'' *'''tobetifek zyunog'''....''pewee'' *'''tobetog'''....''tot'' *'''tobeytyena'''....''maidenly, girlish'' *'''tobfyabuun'''....''human sacrifice'' *'''tobif'''....''buster, chap, dude'' *'''tobifin'''....''philanthropy'' *'''tobij'''....''fetus'' *'''tobijabnyeb'''....''amnion'' *'''tobijber'''....''impregnate, ovulate'' *'''tobijbler'''....''gestate'' *'''tobijbwa'''....''impregnated, ovulated, pregnant'' *'''tobijer'''....''ovulate'' *'''tobijien'''....''conception'' *'''tobijnyem'''....''womb'' *'''tobijnyemoben'''....''hysterectomy'' *'''tobijoga'''....''ovular'' *'''tobijovar'''....''contraceptive'' *'''tobijovben'''....''contraception'' *'''tobijuer'''....''impregnate'' *'''tobijuf'''....''oviduct'' *'''tobijum'''....''ovum'' *'''tobijumog'''....''ovule'' *'''tobijyem'''....''ovary'' *'''tobin'''....''humanism'' *'''tobion'''....''triumvirate'' *'''tobkex'''....''bounty-hunt, manhunt'' *'''tobnyan'''....''crowd, group'' *'''tobog'''....''grig, little person, midget, pewee'' *'''toboyt'''....''female child, female infant'' *'''tobpixler'''....''kidnap'' *'''tobsan'''....''manikin, mannikin'' *'''tobsana'''....''anthropomorphic'' *'''tobsaun'''....''humankind, mankind'' *'''tobsaxwa'''....''man-made, manmade'' *'''tobsayna'''....''android, anthropoid'' *'''tobsaynat'''....''android, anthropoid'' *'''tobtelut'''....''cannibal'' *'''tobtod'''....''mankind, family of man'' *'''tobtojber'''....''kill, murder, slay'' *'''tobtun'''....''anthropology'' *'''tobuer'''....''man'' *'''tobkapyot'''....''werewolf'' *'''tobwot'''....''male infant'' *'''tobxer'''....''humanize'' *'''tobyafon'''....''human power, manpower'' *'''tobyan'''....''humanity, humankind, mankind'' *'''tobyen'''....''manliness, virility'' *'''tobyenat'''....''humanoid'' *'''tobyenay'''....''manfully'' *'''tobyentaf'''....''costume'' *'''tobyog'''....''kid, pigmy, pygmy, urchin'' *'''tobyogif'''....''kiddie'' *'''tobzena'''....''anthropocentric'' *'''umvib tob'''....''scare crow, straw man'' *'''untoba sum'''....''king-size bed'' *'''vatob'''....''yes-man'' *'''vutob'''....''troll'' *'''vutobag'''....''ogre'' *'''vyotob'''....''dummy'' *'''vyutobet'''....''ragamuffin'' *'''yextob'''....''workingman'' *'''yivtob'''....''freeman'' *'''yiztob'''....''superman'' *'''yomtob'''....''iceman'' *'''yuftob'''....''boogeyman, boogie man'' *'''yugtob'''....''softling'' *'''zatob'''....''foreperson'' *'''zetob'''....''arbiter, arbitrager, arbitrageur, arbitrator, medium, middleman, middle man, intermediary'' *'''zyuktob'''....''wheelman'' </div> {{small/end}} : Words derived from '''twob''' (''man''): {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''asauntwob'''....''male mannequin'' *'''deuzutyan twobet'''....''choirboy'' *'''diztwob'''....''jackass'' *'''ektwobet'''....''boy doll'' *'''fyatwob'''....''male saint'' *'''fyepitwob'''....''merman'' *'''fyevutwobog'''....''troll'' *'''jaga twob'''....''old man'' *'''mimpurtwobet'''....''ship's boy'' *'''momtwob'''....''spaceman'' *'''tamtwobet'''....''houseboy'' *'''tamyuxtwobet'''....''knave'' *'''tistam twobet'''....''schoolboy'' *'''twob'''....''bloke, fellow, guy, man'' *'''twoba eftim'''....''men's room, men’s lavatory'' *'''twoba tof'''....''menswear'' *'''twoban'''....''manhood'' *'''twobet'''....''boy, lad'' *'''twobetog'''....''laddie'' *'''twobetyena'''....''boyish, puerile'' *'''twobgon'''....''male member, penis, dick'' *'''twobog'''....''little fellow, young man'' *'''twobyen'''....''machismo, mannishness'' *'''vutwobog'''....''gnome'' *'''vyutwob'''....''sloven'' *'''yuxtwobet'''....''knave, boy servant, jack, swain'' </div> {{small/end}} : Words derived from '''toyb''' (''woman''): {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''asauntoyb'''....''female mannequin'' *'''aztoybet'''....''chit'' *'''beaxtoyb'''....''duenna'' *'''dalovekyea jagtoyb'''....''termagant'' *'''deuztoyb'''....''songstress'' *'''ebtoyba'''....''woman-to-woman'' *'''ektoybet'''....''girl doll'' *'''futoyb'''....''jade, tramp'' *'''futoybyena'''....''jadish'' *'''fyatoyb'''....''female saint'' *'''fyepitoyb'''....''mermaid'' *'''fyetoybag'''....''giantess'' *'''ifwa toyb'''....''ladylove'' *'''jaga toyb'''....''matron, old lady, old woman'' *'''joga toyb'''....''young woman'' *'''jogtoyb'''....''young lady, young woman'' *'''momtoyb'''....''spacewoman'' *'''nuxiftoyb'''....''hooker'' *'''ofwimtoyb'''....''odalisk, odalisque'' *'''otoybyena'''....''unladylike'' *'''pitoyb'''....''siren'' *'''tamtoyb'''....''woman of the house'' *'''tezika fitixwa toyb'''....''bluestocking'' *'''tistam toyb'''....''schoolgirl'' *'''toyb tofabim'''....''boudoir'' *'''toyb vyoekdezen'''....''female impersonation, playing a drag queen'' *'''toyb vyoekdezun'''....''drag queen show'' *'''toyb vyoekdezut'''....''drag queen, female impersonator'' *'''toyb'''....''woman'' *'''toyba'''....''womanhood'' *'''toybbaktun'''....''gynecology'' *'''toybbaktuna'''....''gynecologic, gynecological'' *'''toybbaktunay'''....''gynecologically'' *'''toybbaktut'''....''gynecologist'' *'''toybbik'''....''obstetrics'' *'''toybbika'''....''obstetric, obstetrical'' *'''toybbikut'''....''obstetrician'' *'''toybboktun'''....''gynecopathy'' *'''toybboktuna'''....''gynecopathic'' *'''toybboktut'''....''gynecopath'' *'''toybdab'''....''gynecocracy gynarchy'' *'''toybdaba'''....''gynarchic, gynecocratic'' *'''toybdeb'''....''gynarch, gynecocrat'' *'''toybet'''....''gal, girl, lass, lassie, maiden'' *'''toybetan'''....''girlhood, maidenhood'' *'''toybetyena'''....''girlish, girly'' *'''toybetyenan'''....''girlishness'' *'''toybetyenay'''....''girlishly, maidenly'' *'''toybeymir'''....''demimonde'' *'''toybeymirayt'''....''demimondaine'' *'''toybi'''....''womenfolk'' *'''toybifa'''....''feminist, pro-woman'' *'''toybifin'''....''feminism'' *'''toybifina'''....''feminist, pro-woman'' *'''toybifinut'''....''feminist'' *'''toybifoneken'''....''philandering'' *'''toybifoneker'''....''philander'' *'''toybifonekut'''....''philanderer'' *'''toybifut'''....''womanizer'' *'''toybil'''....''human milk, mothers milk'' *'''toybin'''....''feminism'' *'''toybina'''....''feminist'' *'''toybinut'''....''feminist'' *'''toybkexea'''....''woman-seeking'' *'''toybkexen'''....''seeking out women'' *'''toybkexut'''....''woman-seeker'' *'''toybkof'''....''purdah'' *'''toybnoyv'''....''sanitary napkin'' *'''toybob'''....''infant girl'' *'''toybot'''....''infant daughter'' *'''toybtwobsana'''....''gynandromorphous'' *'''toybtwobyena'''....''gynandrous'' *'''toybuf'''....''futz, misogyny'' *'''toybufa'''....''misogynous, woman-hating'' *'''toybufen'''....''woman-hating'' *'''toybufin'''....''misogyny'' *'''toybufina'''....''misogynistic'' *'''toybufinut'''....''misogynist'' *'''toybufut'''....''misogynist'' *'''toybyan'''....''womankind'' *'''toybyekuen'''....''womanizing'' *'''toybyekuer'''....''womanize'' *'''toybyekuut'''....''womanizer'' *'''toybyena'''....''feminine, ladylike, queeny, sissified, womanish, womanlike'' *'''toybyenan'''....''femininity, womanliness'' *'''toybyenay'''....''womanly'' *'''toybyig'''....''virago'' *'''toybyog'''....''molly'' *'''toybzoigpen'''....''woman-chasing, womanizing'' *'''toybzoigput'''....''woman-chaser'' *'''tuuxen bi twobi ay toybi'''....''coeducation'' *'''tuxtoyb'''....''schoolmarm'' *'''tuxtoybyena'''....''schoolmarmish'' *'''utoybdaber'''....''kowtow, submit'' *'''utoybdabyean'''....''submissiveness'' *'''vuftoyb'''....''fishwife'' *'''vujagtoyb'''....''hag'' *'''vujagtoybyena'''....''haggish'' *'''vutoybag'''....''ogress'' *'''yextoyb'''....''workingwoman'' *'''yiztoyb'''....''superwoman'' *'''yuktoyb'''....''strumpet'' *'''zuza toybwet'''....''hobbledehoy'' </div> {{small/end}} : Here are words derived from '''toob''' (''gender'' ), '''twoob''' (''male'') or '''tooyb''' (''female''): {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''antooba'''....''unisex, unisexual'' *'''avhyitoobifa'''....''pro-gay'' *'''avhyitoobifan'''....''pro-gayness'' *'''bay twoobi ay tooybi'''....''co-ed, coed'' *'''duhotooba?'''....''of what gender?'' *'''ebtooba'''....''cross-gendered, intersex'' *'''ebtooban'''....''androgyny'' *'''ebtoobat'''....''intersex person'' *'''egtooba'''....''cisgender'' *'''entooba'''....''bi-gendered, hermaphroditic'' *'''entoobat'''....''bi-gendered person, hermaphrodite'' *'''entoobifa'''....''bisexual'' *'''entoobifan'''....''bisexuality'' *'''entoobinfay'''....''bisexually'' *'''evtooba'''....''epicene, gender-neutral, neuter'' *'''geltoobifa'''....''homophile, homosexual'' *'''geltoobifan'''....''homophily, homosexuality'' *'''geltoobifanufa'''....''homophobic'' *'''geltoobifanufan'''....''homophobia'' *'''geltoobifanufut'''....''homophobe'' *'''geltoobifin'''....''homophilism'' *'''geltoobifina'''....''homophilic'' *'''geltoobifinut'''....''homophile'' *'''geltoobifut'''....''homosexual'' *'''getoobifa'''....''gay, homosexual'' *'''getoobifan'''....''gayness, homosexuality'' *'''getoobifut'''....''gay person, homosexual'' *'''getoobifuyt'''....''lesbian, female homosexual'' *'''getoobifwut'''....''gay male homosexual'' *'''getoobiyfa'''....''lesbian, female homosexual'' *'''getoobwifa'''....''gay male homosexual'' *'''glatooba'''....''multi-gendered'' *'''hitooba'''....''this gender'' *'''hutooba'''....''that gender'' *'''hyaewatooba'''....''ambigendered'' *'''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' *'''hyatooba'''....''omni-sexual, pan-sexual'' *'''hyatoobifa'''....''pan-sexual'' *'''hyatoobifan'''....''pan-sexuality'' *'''hyatoobifut'''....''pan-sexual'' *'''hyetooba'''....''any gender-fluid, of any gender, of whatever gender, whatever gender'' *'''hyetoobat'''....''person of whatever gender'' *'''hyitooba tadan'''....''same-sex marrage'' *'''hyitooba'''....''same gender'' *'''hyitoobifa'''....''homophile, homosexual, same-sex'' *'''hyitoobifan'''....''homosexuality'' *'''hyitoobifayt'''....''lesbian'' *'''hyitoobifaytan'''....''lesbianism'' *'''hyitoobifaytin'''....''lesbianism'' *'''hyitoobifinut'''....''homophile'' *'''hyitoobifut'''....''fag, faggot, homosexual'' *'''hyotooba'''....''genderless, of no gender, ungendered'' *'''hyotoobat'''....''person of no gender'' *'''hyotoobifa'''....''asexual'' *'''hyotoobifan'''....''asexuality'' *'''hyotoobifay'''....''asexually'' *'''hyutoob'''....''alternative gender'' *'''hyutooba'''....''alternatively gendered, different-gendered'' *'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual, straight'' *'''hyutoobifan'''....''heterosexuality, straightness'' *'''hyutoobifut'''....''heterosexual, straight person'' *'''kwatooyb'''....''trans female, trans woman'' *'''kyatooba'''....''of variable gender, transgender, transgendered'' *'''kyatoobasea'''....''transitioning'' *'''kyatoobasen'''....''transitioning gender'' *'''kyatoobaser'''....''transition gender'' *'''kyatoobat'''....''transgender person'' *'''kyatoobaxwa'''....''transitioned'' *'''kyatooyb'''....''trans female, trans woman'' *'''kyatooyba'''....''trans female'' *'''kyatooybser'''....''transition to a female'' *'''kyatwoob'''....''trans male, trans man'' *'''kyatwooba'''....''trans male'' *'''kyatwoobsen'''....''transitioning to a male'' *'''kyatwoobser'''....''transition to a male'' *'''kyetooba'''....''of any gender, of whatever gender, random-gender'' *'''kyetooban'''....''gender fluidity'' *'''kyotooba'''....''cisgendered, fixed-gender, of fixed gender'' *'''kyotoobat'''....''cisgendered person'' *'''logeltooba'''....''different-gendered'' *'''lotoobaxen'''....''gender-nullification'' *'''lotoobaxer'''....''gender-nullify'' *'''lotoobaxwa'''....''gender-nullified'' *'''lotoobxer'''....''unman'' *'''otooba'''....''gender-neutral, neuter, sexless, ungendered, unsexed'' *'''otoobaxen'''....''neutering'' *'''otoobaxer'''....''neuter'' *'''otoobaxwa'''....''neutered'' *'''otoobifa'''....''non-sexual, nonsexual'' *'''otoobina'''....''nonsexist'' *'''otooybyena'''....''unfeminine'' *'''otooybyenan'''....''unfemininity'' *'''ovhyitoobifa'''....''anti-gay'' *'''ovhyitoobifan'''....''anti-gayness'' *'''oytooba'''....''genderless'' *'''oytoobat'''....''genderless person'' *'''toob'''....''gender, sex'' *'''tooba tiibilnad tyed'''....''agnate'' *'''tooba'''....''gender-related, sexual'' *'''toobika'''....''sexed'' *'''toobin'''....''sexism'' *'''toobina'''....''sexist'' *'''toobinut'''....''sexist'' *'''toobvia'''....''hunky'' *'''toobyena'''....''butch'' *'''tooyb'''....''female'' *'''tooyba teuzuen'''....''female suffrage'' *'''tooyba'''....''female, feminine'' *'''tooyban'''....''femaleness'' *'''tooybay'''....''femininely'' *'''tooybyena twob'''....''cockney'' *'''tooybyena'''....''effeminate, female-ish, feminine'' *'''tooybyenan'''....''effeminacy, femininity'' *'''tooybyenay'''....''effeminately'' *'''tooybyenwat'''....''sissy'' *'''twoob'''....''male'' *'''twooba'''....''male'' *'''twooban'''....''maleness'' *'''twoobin'''....''male chauvinism'' *'''twoobina'''....''male chauvinistic'' *'''twoobinut'''....''male chauvinist'' *'''twoobyena'''....''male-ish, masculine'' *'''twoobyenan'''....''masculinity'' *'''twoobyenay'''....''masculinely'' *'''twoobyenoben'''....''emasculation'' *'''twoobyenober'''....''emasculate'' *'''twoobyenobwa'''....''emasculated'' *'''twooyba'''....''hermaphroditic'' *'''twooybat'''....''hermaphrodite'' *'''twooybsana'''....''gynandromorph'' *'''twooybsanat'''....''gynandromorph'' *'''yiija hyitoobifut'''....''flamer'' *'''zetooba'''....''middle-gender'' *'''zeytooba'''....''trans, transsexual'' *'''zeytoobat'''....''trans, transsexual'' *'''zeytoobin'''....''transsexualism'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TAB Words ==== ::* '''tab'''....''body'' : Words derived from '''tab''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''ebtabif'''....''coitus, intercourse, sex'' '''ebtabifer'''....''have intercourse, have sex, make love, shag'' *'''ebtabifon'''....''eros'' *'''etabij'''....''larva'' *'''gyotaba'''....''lank, scrawny'' *'''itabij'''....''pupa'' *'''kyitaba'''....''heavyset'' *'''loyebtabxer'''....''disembody'' *'''ogratab'''....''corpuscle'' *'''ovtabes'''....''antibody'' *'''tab'''....''body, corpus'' *'''tabaga'''....''burly, corpulent, stout'' *'''tabaka'''....''healthy, physically sound'' *'''tabaza'''....''strong-bodied'' *'''tabes'''....''corpuscle'' *'''tabgon'''....''body part'' *'''tabgoni'''....''viscera'' *'''tabgontix'''....''autopsy'' *'''tabgontun'''....''anatomy'' *'''tabij'''....''embryo'' *'''tabil'''....''body fluid, humor'' *'''tabkum'''....''flank'' *'''tabkyin'''....''bodyweight'' *'''tabmegnyeb'''....''sarcophagus'' *'''tabmeluk'''....''tomb'' *'''tabmelukem'''....''graveyard, saree'' *'''tabmelzyeg'''....''tomb'' *'''tabnuniam'''....''bordello'' *'''tabnyaun'''....''body mass'' *'''tabnyef'''....''body bag, cyst'' *'''tabnyem'''....''casket'' *'''tabobelun'''....''corpse'' *'''taboka'''....''ill, physically unwell, sick'' *'''tabos'''....''organ'' *'''tabosober'''....''eviscerate'' *'''tabosok'''....''atrophy'' *'''tabosyan'''....''organism'' *'''taboza'''....''tired, weak-bodied'' *'''tabsan'''....''body shape'' *'''tabsaun'''....''body type'' *'''tabsin'''....''figure'' *'''tabteax'''....''autopsy'' *'''tabum'''....''cell'' *'''tabummul'''....''cytoplasm'' *'''tabumtun'''....''cytology'' *'''tabuzler'''....''squirm, writhe'' *'''tabvyavyek'''....''bodycheck'' *'''tabyekler'''....''wrestle'' *'''tabyen'''....''poise, posture, attitude'' *'''tabyigsa'''....''catatonic'' *'''tabyuz'''....''tegument'' *'''tabzyoa'''....''skintight'' *'''teptaba'''....''psychosomatic'' *'''tojtab'''....''cadaver, corpse'' *'''tojpotab'''....''carcass'' *'''tojtabteliut'''....''ghoul'' *'''tumtabes'''....''organelle'' *'''uktabmelzyeg'''....''cenotaph'' *'''utabij'''....''imago'' *'''vitaba'''....''buff'' *'''volztabog'''....''chromosome'' *'''yantabxer'''....''incorporate'' *'''yebtabosyan'''....''offal, viscera'' </div> {{small/end}} : From this root word are formed all the parts of the body that relate to the body as a whole: ::* '''taob'''....''flesh, tissue'' :::* '''taol'''....''meat'' ::* '''taab'''....''lymph node'' ::* '''taeb'''....''muscle'' ::* '''taib'''....''bone'' :::* '''takib'''....''vertebra'' ::* '''taub'''....''cartilage'' ::* '''tayob'''....''skin, hide'' ::* '''tayab'''....''fat'' :::* '''tayal'''....''lard, grease, fat (edible)'' ::* '''tayeb'''....''hair'' ::* '''tayib'''....''nerve'' ::* '''tayub'''....''gland'' : The word '''tayob''' (''skin'') or its stub suffix '''ayob''' have the following derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtayob'''....''epidermis'' *'''apetayob'''....''horsehide'' *'''apyitayob'''....''sharkskin'' *'''bifayob'''....''banana peel'' *'''epeytayob'''....''cowhide'' *'''fatayob'''....''hull'' *'''fayob'''....''bark, rind, tree bark'' *'''fevol fayob'''....''onion peel'' *'''gapyotayob'''....''bearskin'' *'''gyotayob'''....''pellicle'' *'''kaduzarayob'''....''drumhead, tympan, tympanum'' *'''kyipotayob'''....''coonskin'' *'''lavol fayob'''....''potato peel'' *'''magelwa yeb piitayob'''....''scalloped'' *'''mapiyetayob'''....''carapace, shell, tortoise shell, turtle shell'' *'''mapyetayob'''....''tortoiseshell'' *'''meir abayob'''....''earth's crust'' *'''meir ebayob'''....''earth's mantle'' *'''meylzaxfayob'''....''tanbark'' *'''mofayob'''....''nutshell'' *'''nofebayob'''....''nutshell'' *'''oabunwa tayob'''....''buff'' *'''omeylzaxwa petayob'''....''kip'' *'''omeylzaxwa tayob'''....''rawhide'' *'''oyebtayob'''....''cuticle'' *'''patijayob'''....''egg shell, eggshell'' *'''piitayob'''....''conk, scallop, sea scallop, seashell, shell'' *'''potayob'''....''animal hide, animal skin'' *'''sipotayob'''....''moleskin'' *'''tayob'''....''hide, pellicle, rind, skin'' *'''upetayob'''....''sheepskin'' *'''upetubayob'''....''lambskin'' *'''vafayob'''....''grape skin'' *'''vapyetayob'''....''cochlea'' *'''vayob'''....''hull, husk'' *'''veebayob'''....''bur'' *'''veeybayob'''....''shuck'' *'''vipotayob'''....''deerskin'' *'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' *'''vyupotayob'''....''buckskin, suede, doeskin'' *'''yapetayob'''....''pigskin'' *'''yebikxer potayob'''....''stuff an animal hide'' *'''yebtayob'''....''endoderm'' *'''yobtayob'''....''cortex'' *'''yoepetayob'''....''Angora goat, angora'' *'''yopetayob'''....''goatskin'' *'''yopetud tayob'''....''kidskin'' *'''yuztayob'''....''periderm'' *'''zatayob'''....''carapace, foreskin, prepuce, shell'' *'''zetayob'''....''epithelium'' </div> {{small/end}} : Similarly, the word '''tayeb''' (''hair''), along with its stub suffix '''ayeb''' have many derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''absayeb'''....''upper layer'' *'''alilkayeb'''....''aluminum foil'' *'''apetayeb'''....''horsehair'' *'''apwatayeb'''....''cockscomb'' *'''bafayeb'''....''palm leaf'' *'''caulkayeb'''....''copper foil'' *'''ebsayeb'''....''layer in-between, mantle'' *'''enymolza tayeb'''....''grizzle'' *'''epatayeb'''....''eiderdown'' *'''fayeb'''....''blade, foil, leaf'' *'''gapyotayeb'''....''fuzz'' *'''gepiatayeb'''....''swansdown'' *'''gipotayeb'''....''camel hair, camelhair'' *'''givofayeb'''....''tobacco leaf'' *'''goblaruxer ota tayeb'''....''get one's hair cut'' *'''iklaxwa vafayeb'''....''stuffed grape leaves'' *'''infayeb'''....''clover, club, shamrock'' *'''kelupotayeb'''....''sable'' *'''masof tayeb'''....''carpet pile'' *'''patayeb'''....''feather, plume'' *'''petayeb'''....''fur, animal hair'' *'''pitayeb'''....''fish scale'' *'''potayeb'''....''animal hair'' *'''safayeb'''....''tea leaf'' *'''savayeb'''....''frond'' *'''sayeb'''....''foil, layer, sheet, spathe'' *'''sevobayeb'''....''thistledown'' *'''sonilkayeb'''....''tin foil, tin plate, tin-plate, tinfoil, tin-foil, tinplate'' *'''tab tayeb'''....''body hair'' *'''tabijayeb'''....''cotyledon'' *'''tayeb'''....''hair, pile'' *'''teb tayeb'''....''hair on the head'' *'''tebzan tayeb'''....''scruff'' *'''teubayeb'''....''mustache'' *'''tiab tayeb'''....''chest hair'' *'''upatayeb'''....''down, goose down'' *'''upetayeb'''....''fleece'' *'''utayefa vyotayeb'''....''jasey'' *'''uvosayeb'''....''rose petal'' *'''vafayeb'''....''blade of grass'' *'''vipatayeb'''....''panache'' *'''vobilzayeb'''....''xanthophyll'' *'''vosayeb'''....''petal'' *'''vyotayeb'''....''peruke, wig'' *'''yagzotayeb'''....''mullet'' *'''yipetayeb'''....''cat fur, cat hair'' *'''zatayeb'''....''forelock'' </div> {{small/end}} : The '''tayib''' (''nerve'') family is quite rich: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abektun bi tayib'''....''neurosurgery'' *'''ejna tayib tum'''....''neuroblast'' *'''tayib bosaxul'''....''sedative'' *'''tayib boxen'''....''nerve block'' *'''tayib buk'''....''nerve damage'' *'''tayib fab'''....''dendrite'' *'''tayib fib'''....''nerve trunk'' *'''tayib fub'''....''axon'' *'''tayib fyob'''....''nerve root'' *'''tayib igbux'''....''nerve impulse'' *'''tayib mayl'''....''nerve gas'' *'''tayib nif'''....''nerve fiber'' *'''tayib tum'''....''nerve cell'' *'''tayib ujun'''....''nerve ending'' *'''tayib zen'''....''nerve center'' *'''tayib'''....''nerve'' *'''tayib-'''....''neuro-'' *'''tayiba naap'''....''nervous system'' *'''tayiba'''....''nerve-related, nervous, neural'' *'''tayibabaxreay'''....''irritatingly, exasperatingly'' *'''tayibabaxren'''....''irritation, exasperation'' *'''tayibabaxrer'''....''irritate, exasperate'' *'''tayibabaxrus'''....''irritant'' *'''tayibabaxryafway'''....''irritably'' *'''tayibabaxyafwa'''....''irritable'' *'''tayibabaxyyafwan'''....''irritability'' *'''tayib-abektut'''....''neurosurgeon'' *'''tayibabxrawa'''....''irritated'' *'''tayibabxrea'''....''irritating'' *'''tayibaun'''....''neuron'' *'''tayibauna'''....''neuronal'' *'''tayibay'''....''neurally'' *'''tayibaya'''....''nervous'' *'''tayibayan'''....''nervosity, nervousness'' *'''tayibbekkultunay'''....''neuropharmacological'' *'''tayibbekultun'''....''neuropharmacology'' *'''tayibbekultuna'''....''neuropharmacological'' *'''tayibbekultut'''....''neuropharmacologist'' *'''tayibbok'''....''neurosis'' *'''tayibboka'''....''neurotic'' *'''tayibbokan'''....''neuroticism'' *'''tayibbokat'''....''neurotic person'' *'''tayibbokay'''....''neurotically'' *'''tayibboktun'''....''neuropathology'' *'''tayibboktuna'''....''neuropathological'' *'''tayibboktunay'''....''neuropathologically'' *'''tayibboktut'''....''neuropathologist'' *'''tayibbokul'''....''neurotoxin'' *'''tayibbokuluyea'''....''neurotoxic'' *'''tayibbokuluyean'''....''neurotoxicity'' *'''tayibbook'''....''neurasthenia'' *'''tayibbooka'''....''neurasthenic'' *'''tayibbyisea'''....''neurogenic'' *'''tayibbyuk'''....''neuralgia'' *'''tayibbyuka'''....''neuralgic'' *'''tayibdalzeyntun'''....''neurolinguistics'' *'''tayibdalzeyntuna'''....''neurolinguistic'' *'''tayibdalzeyntunay'''....''neurolinguistically'' *'''tayibdalzeyntut'''....''neurolinguist'' *'''tayibgyas'''....''neuroma'' *'''tayibika'''....''nervous'' *'''tayibikan'''....''nervosity, nervousness'' *'''tayibmavxen'''....''neuritic'' *'''tayibnifyaz'''....''ganglion'' *'''tayibnifyaza'''....''ganglionic'' *'''tayibnyan'''....''peduncle'' *'''tayiboex'''....''neurolysis'' *'''tayiboexa'''....''neurolytic'' *'''tayiboya'''....''nerveless'' *'''tayiboyan'''....''nervelessness'' *'''tayiboyegoblen'''....''neurotomy'' *'''tayibtaeba'''....''neuromuscular'' *'''tayibtejtun'''....''neurobiology'' *'''tayibtejtuna'''....''neurobiological'' *'''tayibtejtunay'''....''neurobiologically'' *'''tayibtejtut'''....''neurobiologist'' *'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology'' *'''tayibteptuna'''....''neuropsychological'' *'''tayibteptunay'''....''neuro-psychological'' *'''tayibteptut'''....''neuro-psychologist, neuropsychologist'' *'''tayibtiibilufa'''....''neurovascular'' *'''tayibtun'''....''neurology'' *'''tayibtuna'''....''neurological'' *'''tayibtunay'''....''neurologically'' *'''tayibtut'''....''neurologist'' *'''tayibubar'''....''neurotransmitter'' *'''tayibuea'''....''innervating'' *'''tayibuen'''....''innervation'' *'''tayibuer'''....''innervate'' *'''tayibujnod'''....''synapse'' *'''tayibujnoda'''....''synaptic'' *'''tayibuka'''....''nerveless'' *'''tayibukan'''....''nervelessness'' *'''tayibukay'''....''nervelessly'' *'''tayibyan'''....''nervous system'' *'''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' *'''tayibyoka'''....''neuralgic'' *'''teatayibbok'''....''glaucoma'' *'''tyoaba tayib'''....''sciatic nerve'' *'''tyoaba tayibbyok'''....''sciatica'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEB Words ==== : The parts of the head are: :* '''teb'''....''head'' ::* '''teab'''....''eye'' ::* '''teeb'''....''ear'' ::* '''teib'''....''nose'' ::* '''teub'''....''mouth'' ::* '''teob'''....''cheek'' ::* '''teyob'''....''neck'' :::* '''zateyob'''....''throat'' :::* '''zoteyob'''....''nape'' ::* '''teyub'''....''horn'' ::* '''abteb'''....''scalp'' ::* '''yobteb'''....''chin'' ::* '''zateb'''....''forehead'' ::* '''tebzan'''....''face'' : But also some mnemonically derived words: ::* '''tyeb'''....''brain'' ::* '''tyep'''....''intellect'' ::* '''tep'''....''mind'' :::* '''tepier'''....''to take note of'' :::* '''tepuer'''....''to mention, to point out'' ::* '''tes'''....''meaning'' :::* '''teser'''....''to mean'' :::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' ::::* '''testier'''....''to realize'' ::::* '''testuer'''....''to explain'' ::* '''tex'''....''thought'' :::* '''texier'''....''to conceive'' :::* '''texuer'''....''to persuade'' ::::* '''vyatexuer'''....''to convince'' ::::* '''vyotexuer'''....''to deceive'' : Here are words built from the root '''teb''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''teb'''....''head'' :*'''abteb'''....''scalp'' :*'''yobteb'''....''chin'' :*'''zateb'''....''forehead'' :*'''zoteb'''....''occiput, back of the head'' ::*'''zoteba zyub'''....''occipital lobe'' :*'''tebkun'''....''side of the head'' :*'''tebnyem'''....''cranium, skull'' ::* '''tebnyema'''....''cranial'' ::* '''tebnyemsantun'''....''phrenology'' :*'''tebsin'''....''countenance'' :*'''tebzan'''....''face'' :*'''tebuz'''....''crown'' ::*'''eyntebuz'''....''diadem'' ::*'''eyntebuyz'''....''tiara'' :*'''yabteb'''....''brow, forehead'' ::*'''tebzanuer'''....''to face, to confront'' :*'''tyeb'''....''brain'' ::*'''tyeb num'''....''brain cell'' ::*'''tyeb pyaon'''....''brain wave'' ::*'''tyeb zyub'''....''brain lobe'' ::*'''tyeba'''....''cerebral'' :::*'''tyeba oyebmoys'''....''cerebral cortex'' ::*'''tyebib'''....''brain stem'' ::*'''zatyeb'''....''cerebrum'' ::*'''zotyeb'''....''cerebellum'' :*'''tebabun'''....''pate'' :*'''tep'''....''mind'' ::* '''tepa'''....''mental'' :::* '''tepan'''....''mentality'' ::* '''tepier'''....''to take note of'' ::* '''tepuer'''....''to mention, to point out'' ::* '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :::* '''tepuzraser'''....''to go crazy'' ::* '''boktepa'''....''mentally ill'' ::* '''teptun'''....''psychology'' ::*'''tyep'''....''intellect'' :::* '''tyepa'''....''intellectual'' ::::* '''gityepa'''....''shrewd, witty, keen'' ::::* '''kotyepa'''....''sly'' ::::* '''kyutyepa'''....''harebrained'' ::::* '''tyepagra'''....''genius'' ::::* '''teypograt'''....''nitwit'' :*'''tex'''....''thought'' ::*'''texer'''....''to think'' :::* '''texier'''....''to conceive'' :::* '''texuer'''....''to persuade'' ::::* '''vyatexuer'''....''to convince'' ::::* '''vyotexuer'''....''to deceive'' :*'''tes'''....''meaning'' ::*'''teser'''....''to mean'' :::*'''tester'''....''to understand'' ::::* '''testier'''....''to realize'' ::::* '''testuer'''....''to explain'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEAB, TEA- , and -EA- Words ==== : The word '''teab''' means ''eye''. Many words are built on this prolific root along with its truncated stub roots '''tea-''' and '''-ea-''': : First off, physical words pertaining to the ''eye'': : The main parts of the eye are: ::* '''teabzyun'''....''eyeball'' ::* '''teabyeg'''....''eye socket'' ::* '''teabab'''....''eyelid'' :::* '''ateabab'''....''upper eyelid'' :::* '''oteabab'''....''lower eyelid'' ::* '''teabyeb'''....''eyelash'' :::* '''ateabyeb'''....''upper eyelash'' :::* '''oteabyeb'''....''lower eyelash'' ::* '''abteabyeb'''....''eyebrow'' ::* '''zateab'''....''cornea'' ::* '''zeteab'''....''pupil'' ::* '''teabnyed'''....''retina'' ::* '''teabil'''....''tear'' : The main things eyes do are: ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' :::* '''teatier'''....''to catch sight of, to perceive'' ::::* '''vyoteatier'''....''to misperceive'' :::* '''teatuer'''....''to show'' :::* '''yonteater'''....''to discern'' :::* '''jateater'''....''to foresee'' :::* '''kyeteater'''....''to happen to see'' :::* '''ojteater'''....''to envisage'' :::* '''oteater'''....''to miss, to fail to see'' :::* '''zyeteater'''....''to see through'' :::* '''eynteater'''....''to barely make out'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' :::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to retrospect'' :::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' :::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to overlook, to supervise'' :::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' :::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' :::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' :::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review'' :::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek'' :::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle'' :::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance'' :::* '''izteaxer'''....''to confront'' :::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' :::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' :::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' :::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance at'' :::* '''koaybteaxer'''....''to surveil'' :::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' :::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' :::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' :::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare'' :::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to auspicate'' :::* '''ubteaxer'''....''to consider'' :::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' :::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glower'' :::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to inspect, to check'' :::* '''vyuzteaxer'''....''to leer'' :::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, to ogle'' :::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar, to telescope'' :::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, to pretermit, to overlook'' :::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glimpse'' :::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to gawp, to do a double-take'' :::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' :::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to look closely at, to examine'' :::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, to circumspect'' :::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, to confront, to look head on at'' :::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back, to reflect'' :::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all about, to survey'' :::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, to peruse'' :::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint, to peer'' : Also: ::* '''teabyuijer'''....''to blink'' ::* '''teabaxer'''....''to wink, to bat an eye'' ::* '''teabiler'''....''to weep, to lachrimate'' :::* '''teabilier'''....''to tear up'' :::* '''teabiluer'''....''to bring to tears'' ::* '''teabuzyuber'''....''to roll one's eyes'' ::* '''teabeynyujber'''....''to squint'' ::* '''teabixer'''....''to attract'' :::* '''teabixwer'''....''to be attracted'' ::* '''teabsiuner'''....''to wink'' ::* '''teabyexer'''....''to bat an eye, to flirt'' ::* '''teabbexler'''....''to keep an eye on'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abteabyeb'''....''eyebrow'' *'''abteabyexer'''....''frown, furl one's eyebrows'' *'''anteaba'''....''monocular, one-eyed'' *'''anteabar'''....''monocle'' *'''ateabvolzvyon'''....''protanopia'' *'''ateabyeb'''....''upper eyelash'' *'''azteabiler'''....''bawl, sob, wail'' *'''be teabneg'''....''at eye level'' *'''enteabar'''....''binoculars'' *'''giteaba'''....''eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed, keen-eyed, sharp-eyed'' *'''igteabyujer'''....''blink'' *'''ivteabil'''....''tear of joy'' *'''jagteabbok'''....''presbyopia'' *'''kiteaba'''....''epicanthic, slant-eyed'' *'''kyopotteaba'''....''beady-eyed'' *'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' *'''molzteab'''....''shiner'' *'''molzteaba'''....''black-eyed'' *'''mozteaba'''....''sloe-eyed'' *'''oteabyeb'''....''lower eyelash'' *'''oteabzen'''....''astigmatism'' *'''oteabzena'''....''astigmatic, non-focal'' *'''pitteaba'''....''fish-eyed, walleyed'' *'''teab byus'''....''eye contact'' *'''teab draf'''....''eye chart'' *'''teab malz'''....''white of the eye, whites of the eyes'' *'''teab'''....''eye, oculus'' *'''teaba'''....''eye-related, ocular, ophthalmic, optic'' *'''teabab ambok'''....''sty'' *'''teabab'''....''eyelid'' *'''teababer'''....''blink'' *'''teabar'''....''eyeglass, eyeglasses, glasses, spectacles'' *'''teabarut'''....''optician'' *'''teabaxer'''....''bat an eye, wink'' *'''teabbektyen'''....''optometry'' *'''teabbektyena'''....''optometric'' *'''teabbektyenut'''....''optometrist'' *'''teabbok'''....''ophthalmia'' *'''teabgos'''....''floater'' *'''teabil'''....''tear'' *'''teabiler'''....''cry, shed tears, weep'' *'''teabiles'''....''tear drop'' *'''teabilier'''....''tear up'' *'''teabiluer'''....''bring to tears'' *'''teabiluus'''....''tear-jerker'' *'''teabilzyun'''....''tear drop, teardrop'' *'''teabilzyunuar'''....''eye dropper'' *'''teabix'''....''attraction, visual attraction'' *'''teabixer'''....''visually attract'' *'''teabixyea'''....''conspicuous, egregious'' *'''teabizer'''....''aim'' *'''teabkof'''....''blindfold'' *'''teabkunadbok'''....''conjunctivitis'' *'''teabnyed'''....''retina'' *'''teabnyedbok'''....''retinopathy'' *'''teabober'''....''gouge out one's eyes'' *'''teabofyuja'''....''epicanthic'' *'''teabog'''....''eyelet'' *'''teabovar'''....''eye protector, visor'' *'''teabpixea'''....''eye-catching'' *'''teabtun'''....''ophthalmology'' *'''teabtyen'''....''optics'' *'''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' *'''teabuzyuber'''....''roll one's eyes'' *'''teabvixul'''....''eye shadow'' *'''teabvos'''....''iris'' *'''teabvyixil'''....''eyewash'' *'''teabyeb'''....''cilia, eyelash'' *'''teabyelzbok'''....''pinkeye'' *'''teabyija'''....''eyes wide open, fully aware, wide-eyed'' *'''teabyuijber'''....''wink'' *'''teabyunxar'''....''sight'' *'''teazexer''''....''to focus'' *'''teabzyaa'''....''wide-eyed'' *'''teabzyeg'''....''eye orbit, eye socket'' *'''teabzyun'''....''eyeball, orb'' *'''tujteaba'''....''sleepy-eyed'' *'''uvteabiler'''....''cry, sob, weep'' *'''vakteabar'''....''goggles'' *'''vyuyteaba'''....''bleary-eyed'' *'''yazteaba'''....''bug-eyed'' *'''yokteabilier'''....''burst into tears'' *'''yolzteaba'''....''blue-eyed'' *'''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals'' *'''zateab'''....''cornea'' *'''zateabmafnod'''....''leucoma'' *'''zeteab'''....''pupil'' *'''zeysteaba'''....''crosseyed'' *'''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed'' *'''zyeva teab'''....''glass eye'' *'''zyoteaba'''....''squint-eyed, strabismic'' *'''zyuteaba'''....''round-eyed'' </div> {{small/end}} : Now, words related to ''seeing'' with the eye, the principal ones being: ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' :::* '''fyeteater'''....''to fantasize'' :::* '''ojteater'''....''to envisage'' :::* '''teatier'''....''to perceive'' :::* '''teatuer'''....''to show, to demonstrate'' :::* '''teatyaf'''....''eyesight, vision'' :::* '''teatyofa'''....''blind'' ::::* '''teatyofxer'''....''to blind'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem, to appear'' ::* '''teasier'''....''to come into view, to show up'' :::* '''gelteaser'''....''to ressemble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' :::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' ::* '''teader'''....''to witness, to testify'' ::* '''teazexer'''....''to focus'' ::* '''teazuer'''....''to amaze'' ::* '''tepeazer'''....''to imagine'' ::* '''tujeazer'''....''to dream'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aateatwa'''....''first-seen'' *'''abteaxer'''....''overlook'' *'''aglateatbok'''....''macropsia'' *'''aglateaxara'''....''macroscopic'' *'''aglateaxen'''....''macroscopy'' *'''Ajna Fyatead'''....''Old Testament'' *'''ajteax'''....''retrospect, retrospective'' *'''ajteaxea'''....''retrospective'' *'''ajteaxeay'''....''retrospectively'' *'''ajteaxen'''....''retrospection'' *'''ajteaxer'''....''retrospect'' *'''alpkaxen teaxar'''....''radar scope'' *'''alpkaxen yibteaxir'''....''radar telescope'' *'''apeteaxuen'''....''dressage'' *'''aybteas'''....''overview, survey, synopsis'' *'''aybteasa'''....''synoptic, synoptical'' *'''aybteasdid'''....''survey'' *'''aybteasdiden'''....''surveying'' *'''aybteasdider'''....''conduct a survey, do a survey'' *'''aybteasdidier'''....''take a survey'' *'''aybteasdidiut'''....''survey-taker'' *'''aybteasdiduen'''....''giving a survey'' *'''aybteasdiduer'''....''give a survey'' *'''aybteasdiduut'''....''survey-giver, surveyor'' *'''aybteasdidwa'''....''surveyed'' *'''aybteax'''....''oversight, overview, survey'' *'''aybteaxea'''....''overlooking, overseeing, supervising'' *'''aybteaxen'''....''invigilation, overseeing, superintendence, supervising, supervision, watching over'' *'''aybteaxena'''....''supervisory'' *'''aybteaxer'''....''invigilate, oversee, superintend, supervise'' *'''aybteaxut'''....''intendant, invigilator, overseer, superintendent, supervisor'' *'''aybteaxutan'''....''superintendency'' *'''aybteaxwa'''....''overseen, supervised'' *'''baktean'''....''health awareness, health consciousness'' *'''be ijna igteat'''....''at first blush, at first glance'' *'''be ijna teat'''....''at first sight'' *'''be teaxuyea if'''....''in flagrante delicto'' *'''be yogteasi'''....''snatchy'' *'''bekteap'''....''checkup'' *'''bi hyua teasgun'''....''from another perspective, on the other hand'' *'''bi oujyena teatyen'''....''imperfective'' *'''bixpurteaxut'''....''anorak'' *'''bookteasa'''....''haggard'' *'''bookteasan'''....''haggardness'' *'''bookteasay'''....''haggardly'' *'''dezekut teas'''....''curtain-call'' *'''dezteaxun'''....''show, spectacle, theatrical show'' *'''dezteaxut'''....''spectator, theater spectator'' *'''dodutteaxut'''....''flasher'' *'''dota abteaxut'''....''chaperon'' *'''dota abteaxutyan'''....''chaperonage'' *'''dota abteaxuyt'''....''chaperone'' *'''dotay abteaxwa'''....''chaperoned'' *'''doteada'''....''notarial'' *'''doteaden'''....''notarization, notarizing'' *'''doteader'''....''notarize'' *'''doteadut'''....''notary'' *'''doteadwa'''....''notarized'' *'''dresiynteatuar'''....''charactron'' *'''ebteaxer'''....''look between'' *'''Ejna Fyatead'''....''New Testament'' *'''ennagteaxa'''....''stereoscopic'' *'''ennagteaxar'''....''stereoscope'' *'''enteazexa'''....''bifocal'' *'''enteazexar'''....''bifocals'' *'''enyibteaxar'''....''binoculars'' *'''Et tease trawa bu at.'''....''You look familiar to me.'' *'''eynteaten'''....''glimpsing, making out'' *'''eynteater'''....''glimpse, make out'' *'''eynteatwa'''....''glimpsed, made out'' *'''eynteatyofa'''....''purblind'' *'''eynteaxen'''....''squinting'' *'''eynteaxer'''....''squint'' *'''eynzyeteasa'''....''semitransparent'' *'''eynzyeteatuwa'''....''semi-opaque'' *'''finteatuyea duz'''....''toccata'' *'''fitean'''....''expertise, expertness'' *'''fiteapya'''....''well-attended'' *'''fiteas nod'''....''vantage point'' *'''fiteas'''....''nice appearance, vantage'' *'''fiteasa'''....''good-looking, handsome, nice-looking'' *'''fiteasea'''....''good-looking, handsome, nice-looking'' *'''fiteaser'''....''look good'' *'''fiteat'''....''keen sight'' *'''fiteater'''....''see keenly, see well'' *'''fiteay'''....''expertly'' *'''fiteazexwa'''....''well-focused'' *'''fiyuzteaxpurwa'''....''well-patrolled'' *'''fizteaxer'''....''look up to'' *'''fluzteax'''....''disrespect'' *'''fluzteaxen'''....''disrespecting'' *'''fluzteaxer'''....''disrespect'' *'''fluzteaxwa'''....''disrespected'' *'''frutipteax'''....''tantrum'' *'''futeapibyuj'''....''overbite'' *'''futeasa'''....''hard-to-see, obscure'' *'''futeasan'''....''obscurity'' *'''futeasaxer'''....''obscure'' *'''futeasaxwa'''....''obscured'' *'''futeasea'''....''bad-looking'' *'''futeat'''....''bad vision, poor sight'' *'''futeata'''....''poor-sighted'' *'''futeater'''....''see poorly'' *'''futeax'''....''contempt'' *'''futeaxea'''....''contemptuous'' *'''futeaxean'''....''contemptuousness'' *'''futeaxeay'''....''contemptuously'' *'''futeaxen'''....''expostulation'' *'''futeaxer'''....''expostulate'' *'''futeaxyefwa'''....''contemptible'' *'''futeaxyefway'''....''contemptibly'' *'''futeazexwa'''....''ill-focused'' *'''fuzteaxer'''....''look down at'' *'''fyatead'''....''gospel, holy witnessing, testament'' *'''fyateada'''....''testamentary'' *'''fyateader'''....''give holy testimony, preach, spread the gospel'' *'''fyateadut'''....''holy witness, preacher, spreader of the gospel'' *'''fyateadyan'''....''gospels, hadith'' *'''fyateaz'''....''miracle, thaumaturgy'' *'''fyateaza'''....''miraculous, thaumaturgical'' *'''fyateazay'''....''miraculously'' *'''fyateazen'''....''thaumaturgy'' *'''fyateazena'''....''thaumaturgical'' *'''fyateazer'''....''perform a miracle'' *'''fyateazun'''....''miracle'' *'''fyateazuna'''....''miraculous'' *'''fyateazunxer'''....''work a miracle'' *'''fyateazunxut'''....''miracle-worker'' *'''fyateazut'''....''thaumaturge, thaumaturgist'' *'''fyavyadwa tead'''....''sworn testimony'' *'''fyoteasa'''....''sinister'' *'''fyoteasay'''....''sinisterly'' *'''fyteaza'''....''thaumaturgic'' *'''gaaybteaxer'''....''resurvey'' *'''gateasa'''....''reappeared'' *'''gateasea'''....''reappearing'' *'''gateasen'''....''reappearance, reappearing'' *'''gateaser'''....''reappear'' *'''gateatuer'''....''reshow'' *'''gateax'''....''review'' *'''gateaxuer'''....''reshow'' *'''gateaxut'''....''reviewer'' *'''gateaxwa'''....''reflected, reviewed'' *'''gateazexen'''....''re-focusing'' *'''gateazexer'''....''re-focus, refocus'' *'''gateazexwa'''....''refocused'' *'''gayubteaxea'''....''reexamining'' *'''gayubteaxen'''....''reexamination, reexamining'' *'''gayubteaxer'''....''reexamine'' *'''gayubteaxwa'''....''reexamined'' *'''gelteas'''....''resemblance'' *'''gelteasat'''....''lookalike'' *'''gelteasea'''....''resembling, resembling'' *'''gelteasen'''....''resembling'' *'''gelteaser'''....''look alike, look like, look similar, resemble, resemble'' *'''geylteasea'''....''similar in appearance'' *'''giteasa'''....''sharp-sighted'' *'''giteat'''....''keen sight'' *'''giteata'''....''keen-sighted'' *'''giteatan'''....''keenness'' *'''giteatiyea'''....''perspicacious'' *'''giteatiyean'''....''perspicacity'' *'''giteatiyeay'''....''perspicaciously'' *'''glasteat'''....''cognoscente'' *'''glatean'''....''knowledgeableness'' *'''glateapen'''....''frequenting'' *'''glateaper'''....''frequent'' *'''glateaput'''....''frequenter'' *'''glateapya'''....''frequented'' *'''glateasgona'''....''multi-aspect'' *'''gloteatwa'''....''little-seen, not-often-seen'' *'''gra teatyikwa'''....''oversubtle'' *'''granoxteazun'''....''extravaganza'' *'''grateatwas'''....''eyeful'' *'''gratijtean'''....''hyper-consciousness'' *'''hyastean'''....''omniscience'' *'''hyasteat'''....''omniscient person'' *'''hyasteaxuea'''....''hardcore'' *'''hyasteay'''....''omnisciently'' *'''hyostean'''....''ignorance'' *'''hyosteat'''....''nitwit'' *'''hyuitteaxer'''....''look at one another'' *'''hyuityegteater'''....''see one another again'' *'''hyuteasea'''....''different-looking'' *'''hyuteaser'''....''look different'' *'''ibteaxea'''....''nonchalant'' *'''ibteaxeay'''....''nonchalantly'' *'''ibteaxen'''....''ignoring, looking away, nonchalance'' *'''ibteaxer'''....''ignore, look away'' *'''ifteaxen'''....''ogling'' *'''ifteaxer'''....''ogle'' *'''ifteaxin'''....''voyeurism'' *'''ifteaxina'''....''voyeuristic'' *'''ifteaxut'''....''ogler, voyeur'' *'''igteas'''....''cameo'' *'''igteax'''....''eyebeam, glance, glimpse, quick look'' *'''igteaxen'''....''glancing, glimpsing'' *'''igteaxer'''....''glance, glimpse'' *'''igteaxwa'''....''glimpsed'' *'''ijteasen'''....''sprouting'' *'''ijteaser'''....''sprout'' *'''ijteasya'''....''sprouted'' *'''ijteatien'''....''distinguishing, recognition'' *'''ijteatier'''....''begin to make out, discern, distinguish, recognize'' *'''ijteatiwa'''....''discerned'' *'''ijteatiyaf'''....''discernment'' *'''ijteatiyafwa'''....''discernible'' *'''ijteatiyafwan'''....''discernibility'' *'''ijteatiyafway'''....''discernibly'' *'''ijteatiyea'''....''discerning'' *'''ijteatiyeay'''....''discerningly'' *'''ikteas'''....''panorama'' *'''ikteasa sin'''....''panoramic view'' *'''ikteasa'''....''panoramic'' *'''ikteaxea'''....''contemplative'' *'''ikteaxen'''....''contemplation'' *'''ikteaxer'''....''contemplate'' *'''ikteaxwa'''....''contemplated'' *'''ikxer aybteasdid'''....''complete a survey, fill out a survey'' *'''iteat'''....''major archbishop'' *'''izteas'''....''line of sight, straight-shot view'' *'''izteatuen'''....''indication, pointing out'' *'''izteatuer'''....''indicate, point out'' *'''izteatuwa'''....''indicated, pointed out'' *'''izteatuyea'''....''indicative'' *'''izteaxen'''....''aiming, looking at direction'' *'''izteaxer'''....''aim, look at directly'' *'''izteaxun'''....''aim'' *'''izteaxwa'''....''aimed'' *'''jaghyasteat'''....''whippersnapper'' *'''jaigteax'''....''foreglimpse'' *'''jatean'''....''prescience'' *'''jateas'''....''prevision'' *'''jateat'''....''foresight, providence'' *'''jateata'''....''providential'' *'''jateatay'''....''providentially'' *'''jateatea'''....''clairvoyant, provident'' *'''jateatean'''....''clairvoyance'' *'''jateateat'''....''clairvoyant'' *'''jateateay'''....''clairvoyantly'' *'''jateater'''....''foresee'' *'''jateatut'''....''foreseer'' *'''jateatwa'''....''foreseen'' *'''jateatyafwa'''....''foreseeable'' *'''jateax'''....''preview'' *'''jateaxen'''....''previewing'' *'''jateaxer'''....''preview'' *'''jateaxut'''....''previewer'' *'''jateaxwa'''....''previewed'' *'''jateay'''....''presciently, providently'' *'''jeeba teaput'''....''summer visitor'' *'''jeteax'''....''observance, vigil, wake, watch'' *'''jeteaxen'''....''observation, observing, watching'' *'''jeteaxena'''....''observational'' *'''jeteaxenay'''....''observationally'' *'''jeteaxer'''....''observe, watch'' *'''jeteaxut'''....''bystander, observer, watcher'' *'''jeteaxwa'''....''watched over'' *'''jeteaxyafwa'''....''observable'' *'''jeteaxyafway'''....''observably'' *'''jeteaxyea'''....''observant, vigilant, watchful'' *'''jeteaxyean'''....''vigilance, watchfulness'' *'''jeteaxyeay'''....''observantly, watchfully'' *'''joteat'''....''hindsight'' *'''joteax'''....''post-review'' *'''joteaxen'''....''reviewing'' *'''joteaxer'''....''review'' *'''joteaxut'''....''reviewer'' *'''joteaxwa'''....''reviewed'' *'''Ju van yat hyuityegteatwo!'''....''Until we see one another again!'' *'''Ju yata yegteat'''....''Until we see one another again'' *'''Ju yegteat!'''....''Au revoir!'' *'''ju yegteat'''....''au revoir'' *'''jwobir kyoteaxut'''....''clock watcher'' *'''jwobirteaxut'''....''clock-watcher, clockwatcher'' *'''kateaxer'''....''find, locate'' *'''keteax'''....''scan'' *'''keteaxar'''....''scanner'' *'''keteaxer'''....''scan for'' *'''keteaxun'''....''scan'' *'''kexunteaxar'''....''scope'' *'''kexunteaxen'''....''scoping'' *'''kexunteaxwa'''....''scoped'' *'''kiteatay'''....''keenly'' *'''kiteaxen'''....''looking askance at'' *'''kiteaxer'''....''look askance at'' *'''koteasyen'''....''guise'' *'''koteatyofwasen'''....''decampment'' *'''koteatyofwaser'''....''decamp'' *'''koteatzyeg'''....''peephole'' *'''koteaxen'''....''espionage, peeking, sneaking, spying'' *'''koteaxer'''....''peek, sneak a look, spy'' *'''koteaxlen'''....''peeping'' *'''koteaxler'''....''peep'' *'''koteaxlut'''....''peeper, peeping tom'' *'''koteaxut'''....''peeker, sneaker, spy'' *'''kozyeteaxen'''....''peeping'' *'''kozyeteaxer'''....''peep'' *'''kozyeteaxut'''....''peeper'' *'''kozyoteaxer'''....''peer'' *'''kuteas'''....''profile, sideview'' *'''kuteatyofxar'''....''winker'' *'''kuteax bem'''....''observation post'' *'''kuteax yabtom'''....''observation tower'' *'''kuteax'''....''observance'' *'''kuteaxen'''....''observation, observing'' *'''kuteaxena'''....''observational'' *'''kuteaxenay'''....''observationally'' *'''kuteaxer'''....''observe'' *'''kuteaxut'''....''bystander, observer'' *'''kuteaxwa'''....''observed'' *'''kuteaxyafwa'''....''observable'' *'''kuteaxyafway'''....''observably'' *'''kuteaxyea'''....''observant'' *'''kuteaxyeay'''....''observantly'' *'''kuteaxyofwa'''....''unobservable'' *'''kyavolzteatar'''....''kaleidoscope'' *'''kyavolzteatara'''....''kaleidoscopic'' *'''kyavolzteataray'''....''kaleidoscopically'' *'''kyeojteay'''....''presciently'' *'''kyeteaten'''....''noticing'' *'''kyeteater'''....''happen to see, notice'' *'''kyeteatwa'''....''noticed'' *'''kyeteaxar'''....''browser'' *'''kyeteaxen'''....''browsing'' *'''kyeteaxer'''....''browse'' *'''kyoteaxen'''....''fixing one's eyes on, glaring, staring'' *'''kyoteaxer'''....''glare, glom, keep one's eyes fixed on, stare at, train one's eye on'' *'''kyoteaxun'''....''aim, object of attention'' *'''kyoteaxut'''....''rubbernecker'' *'''logelteasea'''....''different-looking'' *'''maarteaxar'''....''helioscope'' *'''magteaz'''....''pyrotechny'' *'''magteazun'''....''firework'' *'''magteazuna'''....''pyrotechnic, pyrotechnical'' *'''magteazuni'''....''fireworks, pyrotechnics'' *'''makteaxar'''....''electroscope'' *'''makteaxara'''....''electroscopic'' *'''mamteas'''....''bird's-eye view'' *'''mansin gwogteaxaren'''....''photomicrography'' *'''manteazun'''....''glitz'' *'''manteazunaya'''....''glitzy'' *'''manteazunika'''....''glitzy'' *'''marteaxam'''....''observatory'' *'''marteaxen'''....''star-gazing'' *'''marteaxer'''....''gaze at the stars, stargaze'' *'''marteaxut'''....''stargazer'' *'''mepteaxea mar'''....''lodestar'' *'''mepteaxuer'''....''guide'' *'''mepteaxuus'''....''guide, guidebook'' *'''mepteaxuwa'''....''guided'' *'''merteaxam'''....''planetarium'' *'''mialteaxar'''....''hygroscope'' *'''mialteaxara'''....''hygroscopic'' *'''mirteasyen'''....''Weltanschau, world view'' *'''moteata'''....''dim-sighted'' *'''muarteas'''....''moonscape'' *'''nabyanteaxar'''....''spectroscope'' *'''nabyanteaxara'''....''spectroscopic'' *'''nabyanteaxaren'''....''spectroscopy'' *'''nunteatuem'''....''merchandise display'' *'''oabteaxwa dotay'''....''unchaperoned'' *'''oaybteaxwa'''....''unsupervised'' *'''ofavyatean'''....''unfaithfulness'' *'''ofiteay'''....''inexpertly'' *'''oglateapya'''....''unfrequented'' *'''oglateaxar'''....''microscope'' *'''oglateaxara'''....''microscopical'' *'''oglateaxaray'''....''microscopically'' *'''oglateaxaren'''....''microscopy'' *'''oglateaxarer'''....''examine by microscope, train a microscope on'' *'''oglateaxarwa mansin'''....''photomicrograph'' *'''ogteasaxea'''....''overshadowing'' *'''ogteasaxer'''....''overshadow'' *'''ogteasaxwa'''....''overshadowed'' *'''ojaateatwa'''....''never-before-seen'' *'''ojateatwa'''....''groundbreaking, unforeseen'' *'''ojateatwas'''....''something unforeseen'' *'''ojateatyafwa'''....''unforeseeable'' *'''ojteadena'''....''pythonic'' *'''ojtean'''....''foresightedness'' *'''ojteas'''....''prospect, prospects'' *'''ojteasa'''....''prospective'' *'''ojteasay'''....''prospectively'' *'''ojteater'''....''envision, see into the future'' *'''ojteatut'''....''seer, visionary'' *'''ojteatuta zyun'''....''crystal ball'' *'''ojteatwas'''....''future vision'' *'''ojteaxea'''....''expectant'' *'''ojteaxeay'''....''expectantly'' *'''ojteaxen'''....''expectation, future gazing, peering into the future'' *'''ojteaxer'''....''expect, peer into the future'' *'''ojteaxwa'''....''expected'' *'''ojteaxway'''....''expectedly'' *'''okuteaxwa'''....''unobserved'' *'''okuteaxyea'''....''unobservant'' *'''okyeteatwa'''....''unnoticed'' *'''onaxtean'''....''ingratitude'' *'''otayotean'''....''numbness'' *'''oteagixwa'''....''unfocused'' *'''oteabexlawa'''....''unguarded, unmonitored'' *'''oteabiwa'''....''unconsidered'' *'''oteabixea tob'''....''unattractive person'' *'''oteabixea'''....''unappealing, unattractive'' *'''oteabixean'''....''unattractiveness'' *'''oteabixeay'''....''unappealingly'' *'''oteabixyea'''....''inconspicuous'' *'''oteabixyean'''....''inconspicuousness'' *'''oteabixyeay'''....''inconspicuously'' *'''oteabiyea'''....''inconsiderate'' *'''oteabiyean'''....''inconsiderateness'' *'''oteabiyeay'''....''inconsiderately'' *'''oteabizwa'''....''unfocused'' *'''otean'''....''ignorance, unawareness'' *'''oteasea'''....''unapparent'' *'''oteasen'''....''nonappearance'' *'''oteat'''....''ignorant person'' *'''oteatea'''....''unseeing'' *'''oteateay'''....''unseeingly'' *'''oteater'''....''overslip'' *'''oteatiwa'''....''unnoticed, unperceived'' *'''oteatiyea'''....''unperceptive'' *'''oteatwa'''....''unseen'' *'''oteatwas'''....''something unseen'' *'''oteatzenbwa'''....''unfocused'' *'''oteaxer'''....''pretermit'' *'''oteaxiyea'''....''unobservant'' *'''oteaxuwa'''....''unshown'' *'''oteaxuyea'''....''unspectacular'' *'''oteaxwa'''....''unregarded'' *'''oteay'''....''ignorantly, unknowingly, unwittingly'' *'''oteaza'''....''unremarkable'' *'''oteazexwa'''....''out of focus, unfocused'' *'''oteazika'''....''unspectacular'' *'''otesteay'''....''uncomprehendingly'' *'''otijtean'''....''unawareness'' *'''ovyamteasea'''....''fake-looking, illusory'' *'''ovyamteater'''....''have illusions'' *'''ovyatean'''....''imprudence, lack of wisdom'' *'''ovyateay'''....''uninsightfully, unwisely'' *'''oybgwogteaxara'''....''submicroscopic'' *'''oyebteas'''....''outward appearance'' *'''oyebteaxer'''....''look out'' *'''oyebteaxuea'''....''manifesting'' *'''oyebteaxuen'''....''manifestation, manifesting'' *'''oyebteaxuer'''....''manifest'' *'''oyebteaxuwa'''....''manifested'' *'''oyebteaxuwer'''....''manifest itself'' *'''oyuxwa teat'''....''naked eye, unaided vision'' *'''pansin jateax'''....''trailer'' *'''pat teatwas'''....''bird's eye view'' *'''pat teaxen'''....''bird watching'' *'''pat teaxut'''....''bird watcher'' *'''patteaxut'''....''birder, birdwatcher'' *'''per teasteaten'''....''go sightseeing'' *'''pyaonteaxar'''....''oscilloscope'' *'''seuxteaxar'''....''sonogram'' *'''tabteax'''....''autopsy'' *'''tabteaxer'''....''autopsy, do an autopsy'' *'''tabteaxwa'''....''autopsied'' *'''talabteaxa'''....''arthroscopic'' *'''talabteaxar'''....''arthroscope'' *'''tamsonabteaxut'''....''chamberlain'' *'''tea pitpixut'''....''sharpie, sharpy'' *'''teabexlar'''....''monitor'' *'''teabexlawa'''....''guarded, monitored, watched'' *'''teabexlen'''....''guarding, keeping an eye on, monitoring, watching'' *'''teabexler'''....''guard, keep an eye on, monitor, watch'' *'''teabexlun job'''....''vigil, watch'' *'''teabexlun yabtom'''....''guard tower, watch tower'' *'''teabexlun'''....''guard, wake'' *'''teabexlut'''....''guard, guardian, monitor'' *'''teabexlutan'''....''guardianship'' *'''teabexlutum'''....''guard booth, guard post, guard booth'' *'''teaden'''....''testification, testifying, testimony, witnessing'' *'''teader'''....''testify, witness'' *'''teadeyn'''....''testimonial, eyewitness account'' *'''teadun'''....''testimony'' *'''teadut'''....''eyewitness, testifier, witness'' *'''teadutduden'''....''recross'' *'''teadutsim'''....''witness box, witness chair'' *'''teadwa'''....''testified, witnessed'' *'''teadwas'''....''eyewitness account, testimony'' *'''teadyafwa'''....''testifiable'' *'''teadyafway'''....''testifiably'' *'''teadyof'''....''misprision'' *'''teaf'''....''blinder'' *'''teagia'''....''sharp'' *'''teagian'''....''visual sharpness'' *'''teagixer'''....''sharpen'' *'''teagixwa'''....''in focus'' *'''teagua'''....''fuzzy, out of focus'' *'''teaguan'''....''dullness, fuzziness, lack of focus'' *'''teaguxwa'''....''fuzzied'' *'''teakaxen'''....''spotting'' *'''teakaxer'''....''spot'' *'''teakaxut'''....''spotter'' *'''teakaxwa'''....''spotted'' *'''teakyax'''....''parallax'' *'''teakyes'''....''phenomenon'' *'''teakyesa'''....''phenomenal'' *'''teakyesay'''....''phenomenally'' *'''teakyestun'''....''phenomenology'' *'''teakyestuna'''....''phenomenological'' *'''teakyestunay'''....''phenomenologically'' *'''teamalz'''....''white of the eye'' *'''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' *'''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' *'''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' *'''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' *'''teamolz'''....''black eye'' *'''teamolz'''....''black-eye'' *'''teamolza'''....''black-eyed'' *'''teamolzier'''....''get a black eye'' *'''teamolzuer'''....''give a black eye to'' *'''tean'''....''awareness'' *'''teap'''....''visit'' *'''teapem'''....''stopover'' *'''teapen'''....''visitation, visiting'' *'''teaper baktut'''....''consult a doctor'' *'''teaper'''....''drop by, drop in, drop over, go see, visit'' *'''teapim'''....''visiting room'' *'''teapixea'''....''eye-catching'' *'''teapixer'''....''be noticed, catch the eye'' *'''teapopen'''....''sight-seeing, sightseeing'' *'''teapoper'''....''sight-see'' *'''teapoput'''....''sight-seer, sightseer'' *'''teaput'''....''visitant, visitor'' *'''teapwem'''....''port of call'' *'''teapya midom'''....''port of call'' *'''teapya'''....''visited'' *'''teapyefwa'''....''worth visiting'' *'''teas yegvixen'''....''facelift'' *'''teas'''....''appearance, aspect, sight, view'' *'''teasa'''....''aspectual, visual'' *'''teasdyeer'''....''sightread'' *'''teasea'''....''apparent, appearing, seeming'' *'''teaseay'''....''apparently, seemingly'' *'''teaser'''....''appear, look like, seem'' *'''teasgon'''....''feature'' *'''teasgonoya'''....''featureless'' *'''teasgonuka'''....''featureless'' *'''teasgun'''....''aspect, perspective, standpoint'' *'''teasguna'''....''aspectual'' *'''teasien'''....''appearance'' *'''teasier be dezyem'''....''appear on the stage'' *'''teasier'''....''come into view, appear'' *'''teasifwa'''....''fetching'' *'''teasin'''....''scene, sight, view, vista'' *'''teasina'''....''scenic'' *'''teasinay'''....''scenically'' *'''teasinyan'''....''scenery'' *'''teaskovyoxen'''....''camouflage, camouflaging'' *'''teaskovyoxer'''....''camouflage'' *'''teaskovyoxun'''....''camouflage'' *'''teaskovyoxwa'''....''camouflaged'' *'''teasnabyan'''....''visual spectrum'' *'''teasnod'''....''standpoint'' *'''teasoya'''....''viewless'' *'''teasuer'''....''afford a view, present'' *'''teasuka'''....''viewless'' *'''teasvyoxen'''....''dissimulation'' *'''teasvyoxer'''....''dissimulate'' *'''teasvyoxut'''....''dissimulator'' *'''teasvyoxwa'''....''dissimulated'' *'''teasyen'''....''aspect, guise, semblance'' *'''teasyena'''....''aspectual'' *'''teasyuibar'''....''zoom'' *'''teasyuiben'''....''zoom, zooming'' *'''teasyuiber'''....''zoom'' *'''teat'''....''sight, vision, vista'' *'''teata'''....''optical, visional, visual'' *'''teatar'''....''eyepiece'' *'''teatay'''....''visually'' *'''teatayibbok'''....''glaucoma'' *'''teatea'''....''seeing, viewing'' *'''teaten'''....''seeing, sighting, viewing'' *'''teater'''....''descry, see, view'' *'''teatgun'''....''opinion, perspective, viewpoint'' *'''teatiea'''....''perceiving'' *'''teatien'''....''apparition, appearance, appearing, noticing, noting, perceiving, perception'' *'''teatiena'''....''perceptional'' *'''teatier'''....''catch sight of, espy, notice, perceive'' *'''teatiut'''....''perceiver'' *'''teatiwa'''....''noticed, perceived'' *'''teatiyafwa'''....''noticeable, perceivable, perceptible'' *'''teatiyafwan'''....''perceptibly'' *'''teatiyafway'''....''noticeably, perceivably'' *'''teatiyea'''....''perceptive, percipient'' *'''teatiyean'''....''perceptiveness, percipience'' *'''teatiyikwa'''....''faint'' *'''teatiyofa'''....''imperceptive'' *'''teatiyofwa'''....''imperceivable, imperceptible, unnoticeable'' *'''teatiyofwan'''....''imperceptibility'' *'''teatiyofway'''....''imperceptibly'' *'''teatizon'''....''perspective, viewing direction'' *'''teatkin'''....''opinion, viewpoint'' *'''teatmis'''....''viewport'' *'''teatnad'''....''line of sight, vista'' *'''teatnazea'''....''worth seeing'' *'''teatnig'''....''eyeshot, field of view, viewing range'' *'''teatnod'''....''perspective'' *'''teatos'''....''sense of sight'' *'''teatpuxar'''....''diascope'' *'''teatu'''....''qv'' *'''teatuar'''....''index'' *'''teatuem'''....''exhibition site'' *'''teatuen'''....''demo, demonstration, display, displaying, exhibit, exhibiting, exhibition, show, showing'' *'''teatuena'''....''indexical'' *'''teatuer'''....''demonstrate, display, evince, exhibit, let see, run by, show'' *'''teatunyem'''....''diorama'' *'''teatut'''....''eyer'' *'''teatuun'''....''muster'' *'''teatuut'''....''demonstrator, exhibitioner, exhibitor'' *'''teatuwa'''....''demonstrated, displayed, exhibited, shown'' *'''teatuxyea nyaz'''....''bling'' *'''teatuyafwa'''....''demonstrable'' *'''teatuyafwan'''....''demonstrability'' *'''teatuyafway'''....''demonstrably'' *'''teatuyea'''....''demonstrative'' *'''teatuyean'''....''demonstrativeness'' *'''teatuyeay'''....''demonstratively'' *'''teatuyefas'''....''showpiece'' *'''teatuyofwa'''....''indemonstrable'' *'''teatwa'''....''seen, viewed'' *'''teatwas'''....''sight, something seen'' *'''teatwer'''....''be seen, be viewed'' *'''teatyaf'''....''ability to see, eyesight, sight, vision'' *'''teatyafa'''....''able to see, sighted'' *'''teatyafan'''....''sightfulness'' *'''teatyafat'''....''seeing person, sighted person'' *'''teatyafwa ayb ha memnad je yuzpen'''....''circumpolar'' *'''teatyafwa'''....''evident, manifest, visible'' *'''teatyafwan'''....''evidence, visibility'' *'''teatyafwaxen'''....''exposing, exposure, making visible'' *'''teatyafwaxer'''....''expose, make visible'' *'''teatyafwaxwa'''....''exposed, made visible'' *'''teatyafway'''....''manifestly, visibly'' *'''teatyen'''....''outlook'' *'''teatyiban'''....''range of vision, visual distance'' *'''teatyika'''....''nearly blind, sight-impaired'' *'''teatyikwa'''....''hard to see, obscure'' *'''teatyikwan'''....''difficulty to see'' *'''teatyikwaxen'''....''obscuring'' *'''teatyikwaxer'''....''obscure'' *'''teatyikwaxwa'''....''obscured'' *'''teatyof'''....''blindness, inability to see'' *'''teatyofa'''....''blind, sightless, unsighted'' *'''teatyofan'''....''blindness'' *'''teatyofat'''....''blind person'' *'''teatyofay'''....''blindly'' *'''teatyofer'''....''be blind'' *'''teatyofsea'''....''disappearing, going blind'' *'''teatyofsen'''....''disappearance'' *'''teatyofser'''....''become unable to see, go blind'' *'''teatyofvabien'''....''superstition'' *'''teatyofvabiyea'''....''superstitious'' *'''teatyofwa kum'''....''blindside'' *'''teatyofwa'''....''invisible'' *'''teatyofwan'''....''invisibility'' *'''teatyofwaser'''....''disappear'' *'''teatyofway'''....''invisibly'' *'''teatyofxar'''....''blinder'' *'''teatyofxea mapil'''....''whiteout'' *'''teatyofxea'''....''blinding'' *'''teatyofxeay'''....''blindingly'' *'''teatyofxer'''....''blind'' *'''teatyofxwa'''....''blinded, disappeared'' *'''teatyofxwat'''....''disappeared person'' *'''teatyofxwaxer'''....''make disappear'' *'''teatyofxwaxwat'''....''desaparecido'' *'''teatyuka'''....''obvious'' *'''teatyukan'''....''obviousness'' *'''teatyukay'''....''obviously'' *'''teatyukwa'''....''clear, glaring, sightly, evident'' *'''teatyukwan'''....''clearness'' *'''teatyukwas'''....''evidence'' *'''teatyukwaser'''....''become evident'' *'''teatyukway'''....''evidently, glaringly'' *'''teatzyeg'''....''peephole'' *'''teatzyegdez'''....''peepshow'' *'''teav'''....''blindfold'' *'''teaves'''....''eye patch'' *'''teavolz'''....''eye color'' *'''teavolzil'''....''eyeliner'' *'''teavuer'''....''blindfold'' *'''teax'''....''look, regard'' *'''teaxam'''....''theater'' *'''teaxar'''....''viewing device'' *'''teaxem'''....''arena'' *'''teaxen'''....''beholding, looking, observation, viewing'' *'''teaxer yibsin'''....''watch t.v.'' *'''teaxer'''....''behold, eye, look at, regard, view'' *'''teaxgun'''....''viewing angle'' *'''teaxien'''....''observance, observation, observing, watching'' *'''teaxier'''....''look at, observe, take in, watch'' *'''teaxim'''....''theater, viewing room'' *'''teaxiut'''....''observer, watcher'' *'''teaxiwa'''....''observed'' *'''teaxiyea'''....''observant'' *'''teaxiyeay'''....''observantly'' *'''teaxlawa'''....''watched'' *'''teaxlea'''....''watching'' *'''teaxlen'''....''watching'' *'''teaxler'''....''watch'' *'''teaxlut'''....''watcher'' *'''teaxnod'''....''outlook'' *'''teaxtyoper'''....''sashay'' *'''teaxu'''....''lo'' *'''teaxuar'''....''pointer'' *'''teaxuen'''....''spectacle'' *'''teaxuena'''....''spectacular'' *'''teaxuer'''....''show'' *'''teaxut'''....''beholder, looker, observer, viewer, watcher'' *'''teaxutyan'''....''viewing audience'' *'''teaxuun'''....''show, spectacle'' *'''teaxuunpoxus'''....''show-stopper'' *'''teaxuutyen'''....''showmanship'' *'''teaxuwa'''....''shown'' *'''teaxuyea'''....''flagrant, flashy, ostentatious, showy, specatacular'' *'''teaxuyean'''....''flagrance, flagrancy, ostentation, showiness'' *'''teaxuyeay'''....''flagrantly, ostentatiously, showily'' *'''teaxwa'''....''regarded, viewed'' *'''teaxyafwa'''....''viewable'' *'''teaxyeyfwa'''....''outstanding'' *'''teaxyikwa'''....''unsightly'' *'''teaxyikwan'''....''unsightliness'' *'''teaxzyefyem'''....''showcase'' *'''teay'''....''knowingly, wittingly'' *'''teayofwaxer'''....''make invisible'' *'''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' *'''teayolzat'''....''blue-eyed person'' *'''teaz'''....''awe, dazzle, marvel, spectacle, wonder'' *'''teaza'''....''geegaw'' *'''teazaya'''....''marvelous, remarkable, showy, spectacular, wondrous'' *'''teazayan'''....''showiness, wondrousness'' *'''teazdalea'''....''grandiloquent'' *'''teazdalean'''....''grandiloquence'' *'''teazdat'''....''backslapper'' *'''teazdatsen'''....''backslapping'' *'''teazek'''....''geegaw'' *'''teazen'''....''aim, bullseye, focus'' *'''teazena nod'''....''focal point'' *'''teazena'''....''focal'' *'''teazev'''....''lens'' *'''teazexar'''....''focus mechanism'' *'''teazexen'''....''aiming, focusing, paying attention'' *'''teazexer be'''....''focus on'' *'''teazexer'''....''aim at, focus'' *'''teazexoker'''....''go out of focus'' *'''teazexwa'''....''aimed, focused, in focus'' *'''teazfyus'''....''gimcrack'' *'''teazien'''....''being amazed, being awed, being awestruck, being dazzled, being stunned, marveling'' *'''teazier'''....''be amazed, be awed, be awestruck, be dazzled, be stunned, marvel'' *'''teazika'''....''marvelous, remarkable, showy, spectacular, wondrous'' *'''teazikan'''....''showiness, wondrousness'' *'''teazikay'''....''marvelously, remarkably, showily, spectacularly, wondrously'' *'''teaziper'''....''flounce'' *'''teaziwa'''....''amazed, astonished, awed, dazzled, stunned'' *'''teazmem'''....''wonderland'' *'''teaznixbuut'''....''huckster'' *'''teazpas'''....''stunt'' *'''teazpaser'''....''flounce'' *'''teazpasut'''....''stunt man, stuntman'' *'''teazpasuyt'''....''stuntwoman'' *'''teaztob'''....''prodigy'' *'''teaztof'''....''get-up, getup'' *'''teazuen'''....''amazement, astonishment, dazzling'' *'''teazuer teeputyan'''....''grandstand'' *'''teazuer'''....''amaze, awe, dazzle, stun'' *'''teazun'''....''show, spectacle'' *'''teazunaya'''....''amazing, awesome, dazzling, show, spectacular, stunning, wondrous'' *'''teazunika'''....''amazing, awesome, dazzling, show, spectacular, stunning, wondrous'' *'''teazunikan'''....''razzle-dazzle, wondrousness'' *'''teazunikay'''....''amazingly, astonishingly, awesomely, awesomeness, spectacularly, stunningly'' *'''teazuus'''....''stunner, showstopper'' *'''teazuut'''....''dazzler, show artist, showman'' *'''teazuwa'''....''amazed, astonished, awed, awestricken, awestruck, dazzled, stunned'' *'''teazuwan'''....''wonderment'' *'''teazuyea'''....''amazing, astonishing, awesome, dazzling, redoubtable, remarkable, stunning, wonderful'' *'''teazuyean'''....''remarkableness, wonderfulness'' *'''teazuyeay'''....''amazingly, astonishingly, awesomely, dazzlingly, redoubtably, stunningly, wonderfully'' *'''teazyef'''....''eyeglass'' *'''teazyen'''....''showmanship'' *'''teazzyigiaren'''....''swashbuckling'' *'''teazzyigiarut'''....''swashbuckler'' *'''tebos zyateax'''....''brain scan'' *'''teeteata'''....''audio-visual, audiovisual'' *'''tepteas'''....''phantasy'' *'''testeay'''....''understandingly'' *'''teypteas'''....''phantom'' *'''tojat jeteax'''....''vigil'' *'''topteas'''....''specter, spectre'' *'''topteasa'''....''spectral'' *'''tostea saxwat'''....''sentient creature'' *'''tostea sut'''....''sentient being'' *'''tostean'''....''sentience'' *'''totteas'''....''epiphany'' *'''ufranteas'''....''look of scorn'' *'''ufteaxer'''....''glare, leer, look meanly at'' *'''ugteax'''....''gaze'' *'''ugteaxen'''....''gazing'' *'''ugteaxer'''....''gaze'' *'''utteatut'''....''showoff'' *'''utteatuut'''....''exhibitionist'' *'''utteatuyea'''....''exhibitionist'' *'''utteatuyean'''....''exhibitionism'' *'''utteaxuut'''....''showoff'' *'''uyfteaxea'''....''glowering'' *'''uyfteaxen'''....''glowering'' *'''uyfteaxer'''....''glower'' *'''uzper ay kyoteaxer'''....''rubberneck'' *'''Van Tot su ata teadut.'''....''Let God be my witness.'' *'''viteasa'''....''picturesque, sightly'' *'''viteasan'''....''picturesqueness'' *'''viteasay'''....''picturesquely'' *'''viteaza'''....''snazzy'' *'''viteazay'''....''snazzily'' *'''vlatean'''....''certainty'' *'''volzteatyofa'''....''colorblind'' *'''volzteatyofan'''....''colorblindness'' *'''vomul gwogteaxar'''....''electron microscope'' *'''vomula gwogteaxar'''....''electron microscope'' *'''voyteater'''....''see again'' *'''voyteaxen'''....''looking back, reflected, reviewing'' *'''voyteaxer'''....''look back, reflect, review'' *'''vuteas'''....''eye-sore, eyesore, ugly sight'' *'''vuyateaten'''....''repulsion'' *'''vuyateater'''....''be repulsed, consider vile'' *'''vuyateatut'''....''reviler'' *'''vuyteasea'''....''frowsy, frowzy'' *'''vuyteasean'''....''frowziness'' *'''vuyteaseay'''....''frowzily'' *'''vyaduwa teadut'''....''deponent'' *'''vyamteasea'''....''real-looking, seemingly real, verisimilar'' *'''vyamteaser'''....''ring true, seem real, seem true'' *'''vyamteatyofa'''....''blind to reality, superstitious'' *'''vyamteatyofan'''....''blindness to reality, superstition'' *'''vyaotean'''....''acumen, discernment, insight'' *'''vyaoteat'''....''insightful person'' *'''vyaoteay'''....''discerningly'' *'''vyatea jdin'''....''true life story'' *'''vyatean'''....''sagacity, sapience'' *'''vyateay'''....''sagaciously, sagely'' *'''vyidteata'''....''clear-sighted'' *'''vyidteatan'''....''clear-sightedness'' *'''vyiteasaxen'''....''clearing'' *'''vyiteasaxwa'''....''cleared'' *'''vyiteaten'''....''clarity'' *'''vyomteas'''....''phantasm'' *'''vyomteasa'''....''phantasmal'' *'''vyomteasyan'''....''phantasmagoria'' *'''vyomteasyana'''....''phantasmagorical'' *'''vyomteatea'''....''having illusions, illusional, seeing things'' *'''vyomteaten'''....''be illusional, having illuions, seeing things'' *'''vyomteater'''....''be illusional, have illusion, see things'' *'''vyotean'''....''illusion'' *'''vyoteas'''....''affectation, illusion, mirage, trompe-l'oeil'' *'''vyoteasa'''....''illusory, make-believe'' *'''vyoteatien'''....''delusion, misperception'' *'''vyoteatier'''....''be deluded, misperceive'' *'''vyoteatiwa'''....''misperceived'' *'''vyoteatuea'''....''misleading'' *'''vyoteatuen'''....''delusion, feigning, misdirection'' *'''vyoteatuer'''....''delude, feign, mislead'' *'''vyoteatuwa'''....''deluded, feigned, misled'' *'''vyoteatuyea'''....''delusive'' *'''vyoteatuyeay'''....''delusively'' *'''vyoteaxyea'''....''geegaw'' *'''vyoteaz'''....''fake miracle, razzmatazz'' *'''vyoteazexwa'''....''misfocused'' *'''vyoteazut'''....''charlatan'' *'''vyuteasa'''....''slovenly'' *'''vyuteasan'''....''slovenliness'' *'''xaer teazpas'''....''perform a stunt'' *'''xunaudteaxen'''....''radioscopy'' *'''yabteasem'''....''lookout'' *'''yabteaxer'''....''look up'' *'''yagteata'''....''longsighted'' *'''yagteax'''....''stare, watch, glare'' *'''yagteaxen'''....''staring, watching, glaring, gawking'' *'''yagteaxer'''....''gape, gawk, glare, stare, watch, stare'' *'''yantada teap'''....''conjugal visit'' *'''yanteatien'''....''confusion, mixup'' *'''yanteatier'''....''confuse'' *'''yanteatiwa'''....''confused'' *'''yanteatuer'''....''confound'' *'''yanteatuyea'''....''confusing'' *'''yateat'''....''metropolitan bishop'' *'''yebteas'''....''cutaway'' *'''yebteaxar'''....''endoscope'' *'''yebteaxea'''....''introspective, inward-looking'' *'''yebteaxeay'''....''introspectively'' *'''yebteaxen'''....''endoscopy, inspection, introspection'' *'''yebteaxena'''....''endoscopic'' *'''yebteaxer'''....''inspect, introspect, look in'' *'''yebteaxut'''....''inspector'' *'''yibsin teaxutyan'''....''t.v. audience'' *'''yibsin teaz'''....''t.v. show, television show'' *'''yibsinteaxer'''....''teleview'' *'''yibsinteaxut'''....''televiewer'' *'''yibteasintyenut'''....''veejay'' *'''yibteat'''....''remote vision'' *'''yibteata'''....''far-sighted, farsighted'' *'''yibteatan'''....''far-sightedness, farsightedness'' *'''yibteatay'''....''sagely'' *'''yibteatea'''....''farseeing, sagacious'' *'''yibteatean'''....''sagacity'' *'''yibteateay'''....''sagaciously'' *'''yibteatut'''....''sage'' *'''yibteatyaf'''....''far-sightedness, farsightedness'' *'''yibteatyafa'''....''far-sighted, farsighted'' *'''yibteaxar'''....''spyglass, telescope'' *'''yibteaxara'''....''telescopic'' *'''yibteaxaray'''....''telescopically'' *'''yibteaxarer'''....''view through a telescope'' *'''yibteaxarwa'''....''telescoped, viewed through a telescope'' *'''yibteaxen'''....''distant viewing, telescoping'' *'''yibteaxer'''....''view from afar'' *'''yibteaxwa'''....''viewed from afar'' *'''yigteat'''....''acumen'' *'''yizgwogteaxar'''....''ultramicroscope'' *'''yobkyoteaxer'''....''glop'' *'''yobteaxen'''....''looking down'' *'''yobteaxer'''....''look down'' *'''yogjateas'''....''teaser'' *'''yogteata'''....''myopic'' *'''yogteatan'''....''myopia'' *'''yogteatay'''....''myopically'' *'''yogteatea'''....''shortsighted'' *'''yogteatean'''....''shortsightedness'' *'''yogteateay'''....''shortsightedly'' *'''yogteatut'''....''myope'' *'''yogteax'''....''glance'' *'''yogteaxen'''....''glancing'' *'''yogteaxer'''....''glance at'' *'''yogxwa teas'''....''cropped view'' *'''yokteas'''....''sudden appearance'' *'''yokteaser'''....''suddenly appear'' *'''yokteatier'''....''appear out of nowhere'' *'''yokteaxen'''....''peeking'' *'''yokteaxer'''....''peek'' *'''yokteaxut'''....''peeker'' *'''yoneateay'''....''discerningly'' *'''yonteatwa'''....''outstanding'' *'''yonteatwan'''....''outness'' *'''yonteatway'''....''outstandingly'' *'''yoteat'''....''primate'' *'''yubketeaxen'''....''prying'' *'''yubketeaxer'''....''pry'' *'''yubketeaxut'''....''pryer'' *'''yubteas'''....''close-up view, closeup'' *'''yubteata'''....''near-sighted, nearsighted'' *'''yubteatan'''....''nearsightedness'' *'''yubteaxea'''....''scrutinizing'' *'''yubteaxen'''....''examination, inspection, scrutinizing, scrutiny'' *'''yubteaxer'''....''examine, inspect, look closely at, parse, scrutinize'' *'''yubteaxut'''....''examiner, inspector'' *'''yubteaxwa'''....''parsed'' *'''yuibteaxen'''....''looking near and far'' *'''yuibteaxer'''....''look near and far'' *'''yuznada teat'''....''peripheral vision'' *'''yuzteax'''....''look-around'' *'''yuzteaxar'''....''periscope'' *'''yuzteaxeay'''....''circumspectly'' *'''yuzteaxen'''....''circumspection, looking around, patrolling, reconnaissance'' *'''yuzteaxer'''....''circumspect, look around, patrol, reconnoiter'' *'''yuzteaxpur'''....''patrol car, reconnaissance vehicle'' *'''yuzteaxpuren'''....''patrolling, reconnaissance'' *'''yuzteaxpurer'''....''patrol, reconnoiter'' *'''yuzteaxwa'''....''circumspected, patrolled, reconnoitered'' *'''zateaxer'''....''face, look at head-on'' *'''zayteax'''....''lookahead'' *'''zayteaxea'''....''expectant, forward-looking'' *'''zayteaxen'''....''expectation, looking ahead'' *'''zayteaxer'''....''expect, look ahead, look forward to'' *'''zayteaxwa'''....''expected'' *'''zeyteaxer'''....''look across, survey'' *'''ziteaxea'''....''facing right'' *'''ziteaxer'''....''face right, look right'' *'''zoteas'''....''rearview'' *'''zoteatar'''....''hindsight'' *'''zoyteas sinzyef'''....''rear-view mirror'' *'''zuteaxea'''....''facing left'' *'''zuteaxer'''....''face left, look left'' *'''zyateas'''....''wide-angle view'' *'''zyateasin'''....''panorama'' *'''zyateasina'''....''panoramic'' *'''zyateatuen'''....''exhibiting, exhibition'' *'''zyateatuer'''....''exhibit, show widely'' *'''zyateatuwa'''....''exhibited'' *'''zyateax'''....''scan'' *'''zyateaxar'''....''monitor, scanner'' *'''zyateaxem'''....''range, scan zone, scanning area'' *'''zyateaxen'''....''scanning'' *'''zyateaxer'''....''look all about, monitor, scan, survey'' *'''zyateaxuea'''....''flaunting'' *'''zyateaxueay'''....''flauntingly'' *'''zyateaxuen'''....''flaunting'' *'''zyateaxuer'''....''flaunt'' *'''zyateaxuwa'''....''flaunted'' *'''zyeteasa'''....''limpid, lucent, transparent'' *'''zyeteasan'''....''limpidity, limpidness, transparence, transparency'' *'''zyeteasay'''....''limpidly, transparently'' *'''zyeteata'''....''sheer'' *'''zyeteater'''....''see through'' *'''zyeteatyafwa'''....''hyaline, transparent'' *'''zyeteatyafwan'''....''transparence, transparency'' *'''zyeteatyikwa'''....''opaque'' *'''zyeteatyikwan'''....''opacity, opaqueness'' *'''zyeteatyikway'''....''opaquely'' *'''zyeteatyofwa'''....''non-see-through, nontransparent, opaque'' *'''zyeteatyofwan'''....''opacity'' *'''zyeteatyofway'''....''opaquely'' *'''zyeteatyukwa'''....''transparent'' *'''zyeteatyukwan'''....''transparency'' *'''zyeteatyukway'''....''transparently'' *'''zyeteaxea'''....''perusing'' *'''zyeteaxen'''....''peeping, perusal, perusing'' *'''zyeteaxer'''....''look through, peep, peruse'' *'''zyeteaxut'''....''peeper, peruser'' *'''zyeteaxwa'''....''perused'' *'''zyoteas'''....''cropped view, narrow view'' *'''zyoteaxen'''....''peering, prying, squinting'' *'''zyoteaxer'''....''peer, pry, squint'' *'''zyoteaxut'''....''pryer'' </div> {{small/end}} : Here are words that use the mnemonic stub '''ea''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abeater'''....''survey, oversee'' *'''abeaxer'''....''survey'' *'''beaxer'''....''guard, keep watch, monitor, protect, ward off, watch over'' *'''ejeater'''....''envisage'' *'''fuzeater'''....''disdain'' *'''ganeaxer'''....''re-aim'' *'''gavyabeaxer'''....''reinspect'' *'''gineaxer'''....''hone in on'' *'''ijeater'''....''catch sight of, glimpse'' *'''izeaxer'''....''demonstrate, designate, point out, point to, show'' *'''keaxer'''....''scan, scope out'' *'''neaxer'''....''aim'' *'''nodeaxer'''....''aim, demonstrate, show'' *'''ojeater'''....''envisage'' *'''oseaser'''....''disappear'' *'''oseaxer'''....''make disappear'' *'''ovbeaxer'''....''guard against'' *'''ovyoneaxer'''....''contradistinguish'' *'''oyebeaser'''....''become exposed'' *'''oyebeaxer'''....''expose, express'' *'''seater'''....''note, state, take note of'' *'''tojbeaxer'''....''do a wake'' *'''tuyubizeaxer'''....''indicate'' *'''utejeaser'''....''represent'' *'''vakbeaxer'''....''safeguard'' *'''veaxer'''....''make possible'' *'''vyabeaxer'''....''examine, inspect'' *'''vyaleaxer'''....''check, inspect, examine'' *'''yaneater'''....''confuse'' *'''yaneaxer'''....''confuse, flummox'' *'''yoneater'''....''discern, discriminate, distinguish, make out'' *'''yoneaxer'''....''distinguish'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEEB and TEE- Words ==== : The root word '''teeb''' (''ear'') and its stub word form '''tee-''' produce many terms relating to the ear, hearing, and acoustics: : The principal verbs are: ::* '''teeter'''....''to hear'' ::* '''teeser'''....''to sound like'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' ::* '''teeper'''....''to attend'' ::* '''teeder'''....''to quote'' ::* '''yuvteeter'''....''to obey'' : Here are many words built on '''teeb''' or '''tee-''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aateetwa'''....''first-heard'' *'''amez teebuz'''....''diamond earring'' *'''anteeba'''....''monaural'' *'''Ata teeb tuloxefwe.'''....''My ear itches.'' *'''byoyk bi teeb byoyk'''....''earache'' *'''dita oyuvteexen'''....''civil disobedience'' *'''ennagteexa'''....''stereophonic'' *'''ennagteexar'''....''stereophones'' *'''fitees'''....''melody, nice sound, sweet sound'' *'''fiteesa'''....''melodious, nice-sounding, sweet-sounding'' *'''fiteesea'''....''nice-sounding'' *'''fiteeser'''....''sound nice, sound sweet'' *'''fiteexegwa'''....''well-rehearsed'' *'''frunteexen'''....''hearing confession'' *'''frunteexer'''....''hear confession'' *'''futees'''....''cacophony'' *'''futeesea'''....''bad-sounding, cacophonous, ugly-sounding'' *'''futeet'''....''bad hearing'' *'''futeeta'''....''hard of hearing'' *'''fyoxunteexer'''....''hear confession'' *'''gelteesa'''....''homophonous, sound-alike'' *'''gelteeser'''....''sound alike'' *'''gelteesun'''....''homophone'' *'''giteeba'''....''sharp-eared'' *'''glateetwa'''....''much-heard, oft-heard, often-heard'' *'''gloteetwa'''....''rarely-heard, seldom-heard'' *'''grateetwa'''....''shopworn'' *'''gyateebbok'''....''mumps'' *'''ikay teetyofa'''....''stone-deaf'' *'''ikteepya'''....''plenary'' *'''kodteexut'''....''confessor'' *'''koteeten'''....''overhearing'' *'''koteeter'''....''overhear'' *'''koteetwa'''....''overheard'' *'''koteexar'''....''bug, listening device, wiretap'' *'''koteexen'''....''eavesdropping, listening in on, snooping, wiretapping'' *'''koteexer'''....''eavesdrop, listen in on, snoop'' *'''koteexut'''....''eavesdropper, snooper, wiretapper'' *'''koteexyea'''....''snoopy'' *'''mansinteesdrar'''....''camcorder'' *'''mansinteesdrarer'''....''camcorder'' *'''oglateexar'''....''mic, microphone, mike'' *'''oteedrawa'''....''unreported'' *'''oteepea'''....''not attending'' *'''oteepen tistam'''....''hookey, hooky'' *'''oteepen'''....''absence, failure to attend, nonattendance'' *'''oteeper tisun'''....''miss a class'' *'''oteeper'''....''absent, be absent, fail to attend'' *'''oteeput'''....''absentee'' *'''oteeputyen'''....''absenteeism'' *'''oteetwa'''....''unheard of, unheard-of'' *'''oteetwas'''....''something unheard of, unheard-of'' *'''oteexean'''....''inattentiveness'' *'''oteexegwa'''....''unrehearsed'' *'''oteexwa'''....''unaudited'' *'''oteexyea'''....''inattentive'' *'''oyebteeb'''....''ear pavillon'' *'''oyuvteexea'''....''disobedient, disobeying'' *'''oyuvteexean'''....''disobedience'' *'''oyuvteexeay'''....''disobediently'' *'''oyuvteexen'''....''disobedience'' *'''oyuvteexer'''....''disobey'' *'''oyuvteexwa'''....''disobeyed'' *'''oyuvteexyean'''....''contumacy'' *'''oyuvteexyeay'''....''contumaciously'' *'''poteexen'''....''sniffing'' *'''seuzteefyofa'''....''tone deaf, tone-deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofan'''....''tone deafness'' *'''seuzteefyofser'''....''become tone deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofxen'''....''rendering tone deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofxer'''....''render tone deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofxwa'''....''rendered tone deaf'' *'''teazuer teeputyan'''....''grandstand'' *'''teeb byoyk'''....''ear ache'' *'''teeb kaduzar'''....''ear drum, eardrum'' *'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-'' *'''teeb'''....''auricle, ear'' *'''teeba'''....''aural, auricular, otic'' *'''teebar'''....''audio device, earphone, earpiece'' *'''teebay'''....''aurally'' *'''teebbekut'''....''aurist'' *'''teebden'''....''whisper, whispering'' *'''teebder'''....''whisper'' *'''teebdut'''....''whisperer'' *'''teebdwa'''....''whispered'' *'''teebeib'''....''earlobe'' *'''teebik'''....''earful'' *'''teebil'''....''cerumen, earwax'' *'''teebiyub'''....''ear lobe'' *'''teebsiynxen'''....''earmarking'' *'''teebsiynxer'''....''earmark'' *'''teebsiynxwa'''....''earmarked'' *'''teebuz'''....''earing, earring'' *'''teebuzun'''....''stapes, stapedes'' *'''teebyel'''....''ear wax'' *'''teebyuba'''....''parotid'' *'''teebyujar'''....''earplug'' *'''teed'''....''hear-say, hearsay, quotation'' *'''teeden'''....''quoting, rumoring'' *'''teeder'''....''quote'' *'''teedras'''....''report'' *'''teedrawa'''....''reported'' *'''teedren'''....''reporting'' *'''teedrenyan'''....''reportage'' *'''teedrer'''....''report'' *'''teedrun'''....''report'' *'''teedrut'''....''reporter'' *'''teedrutyan'''....''press pool'' *'''teedwa'''....''hear-say, hearsay, quoted, rumored'' *'''teedwe van'''....''hearsay has it that'' *'''teef'''....''earmuff, headgear'' *'''teeiyob-bektut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist'' *'''teepea'''....''attending, in attendance'' *'''teepen'''....''attendance'' *'''teeper dyez'''....''attend a film'' *'''teeper fyaxam'''....''attend mass, attend services'' *'''teeper totifram'''....''attend church'' *'''teeper yaniv'''....''attend a party'' *'''teeper'''....''attend'' *'''teeput'''....''attendee, member of the audience'' *'''teeputsag'''....''turnout'' *'''teeputyan'''....''attendance, audience'' *'''tees-'''....''audio-'' *'''tees'''....''audio, sound'' *'''teesa'''....''sonic'' *'''teesag'''....''noise'' *'''teesaza'''....''loud, noisy'' *'''teesazan'''....''loudness, noisiness'' *'''teesazay'''....''loudly, noisily'' *'''teesdras'''....''sonogram'' *'''teeser'''....''sound like'' *'''teesnabyan'''....''sound spectrum'' *'''teesnaga'''....''audiometric'' *'''teesnagar'''....''audiometer'' *'''teesnagen'''....''audiometry'' *'''teesnyov'''....''audiotape'' *'''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram'' *'''teestaxdren'''....''audiorecording'' *'''teestun'''....''audiology'' *'''teestuna'''....''audiological'' *'''teestut'''....''audiologist'' *'''teet-'''....''audio-'' *'''teet'''....''audio, hearing'' *'''teeta'''....''auditive, auditory, aural'' *'''teetay'''....''aurally'' *'''teeteata'''....''audio-visual, audiovisual'' *'''tee-tei-teyob-bektut'''....''ear-nose-throat doctor'' *'''teetem'''....''auditorium'' *'''teeten'''....''audition, hearing'' *'''teeter'''....''hear'' *'''teetien'''....''get word, getting wind of, hearing'' *'''teetier'''....''get wind of, get word, hear'' *'''teetifwa'''....''mellifluent, mellifluous'' *'''teetifwan'''....''mellifluousness'' *'''teetifway'''....''mellifluously'' *'''teetim'''....''sound studio'' *'''teetnazea'''....''worth hearing'' *'''teetos'''....''sense of hearing'' *'''teetuen'''....''informing, letting it be heard, notification, notifying'' *'''teetuer'''....''inform, let it be heard, notify'' *'''teetum'''....''sound booth'' *'''teetut'''....''hearer'' *'''teetuut'''....''notifier'' *'''teetuwa'''....''notified'' *'''teetyaf'''....''ability to hear'' *'''teetyafa'''....''able to hear, hearing'' *'''teetyafnogar'''....''sonometer'' *'''teetyafok'''....''hearing loss'' *'''teetyafokea'''....''suffering from hearing loss'' *'''teetyafwa yiban'''....''earshot'' *'''teetyafwa'''....''audible'' *'''teetyafwan'''....''audibility'' *'''teetyafway'''....''audibly'' *'''teetyekea'''....''clued in'' *'''teetyeker'''....''attempt to hear, try to hear'' *'''teetyika'''....''hard of hearing'' *'''teetyikat'''....''hearing-challenged person'' *'''teetyiken'''....''having a hard time hearing, straining to hear'' *'''teetyiker'''....''have a hard time hearing, strain to hear'' *'''teetyikwa vyod'''....''howler'' *'''teetyikwa vyos'''....''howler'' *'''teetyikwa xeus'''....''faint noise'' *'''teetyikwa'''....''hard to hear, hard-to-hear'' *'''teetyof'''....''deafness, inability to hear'' *'''teetyofa'''....''deaf'' *'''teetyofan'''....''deafness'' *'''teetyofat'''....''deaf person'' *'''teetyofsea'''....''going deaf'' *'''teetyofser'''....''go deaf'' *'''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible, unaudible'' *'''teetyofwan'''....''inaudibility'' *'''teetyofwaser'''....''become inaudible'' *'''teetyofwaxer'''....''make inaudible'' *'''teetyofway'''....''inaudibly'' *'''teetyofxer'''....''deafen'' *'''teetyofxyea'''....''deafening, ear-splitting, earsplitting'' *'''teetyofxyeay'''....''deafeningly'' *'''teetyukwa'''....''easy to hear'' *'''teetyuxar'''....''hearing aid'' *'''teex-'''....''audio-'' *'''teex'''....''audition, hearing'' *'''teexar'''....''headphone, listening device, microphone'' *'''teexdras'''....''audiogram'' *'''teexdren'''....''audiography'' *'''teexdyes'''....''audiobook'' *'''teexea'''....''hearkening, listening'' *'''teexegen'''....''rehearsing'' *'''teexeger '''....''rehearse'' *'''teexegut'''....''rehearser'' *'''teexegwa'''....''rehearsed'' *'''teexen'''....''hearkening, listening'' *'''teexer doyevson'''....''hear a case, try a case'' *'''teexer yevson'''....''hear a case'' *'''teexer'''....''audit, audition, harken, hearken, listen'' *'''teexien'''....''auditing, auditioning'' *'''teexier'''....''audit, audition'' *'''teexifut'''....''audiophile'' *'''teexir'''....''headset'' *'''teexiut'''....''auditor'' *'''teexiwat'''....''person being auditioned'' *'''teexu'''....''hark'' *'''teexuen'''....''audition, letting it be heard, pointing out'' *'''teexuer'''....''audition, let it be heard, point out, try out'' *'''teexut'''....''auditor, listener'' *'''teexutyan'''....''audience'' *'''teexuut'''....''auditioner'' *'''teexuwa'''....''auditioned, pointed out'' *'''teexwa'''....''hearkened'' *'''tiba gwogteexar'''....''lavalier'' *'''voyteexer'''....''listen to again, run over'' *'''vyoteeten'''....''mishearing'' *'''vyoteeter'''....''mishear'' *'''vyoteetwa'''....''misheard'' *'''yapeteeb'''....''pig's ear, pigs ear'' *'''yeb teetyafwa yiban'''....''within earshot'' *'''yekteex'''....''hearing'' *'''yekteexen'''....''audit, audition, auditioning, trying'' *'''yekteexer'''....''audit, audition, hear'' *'''yekteexim'''....''hearing chamber'' *'''yekteexut'''....''auditor'' *'''yekteexwa'''....''audited, tried'' *'''yevsonteex'''....''hearing'' *'''yevsonteexer'''....''hear a case'' *'''yevsonteexwa'''....''on trial, tried'' *'''yevsonteexwat'''....''person on trial'' *'''yobteeb'''....''ear lobe'' *'''yubteexar'''....''stethoscope'' *'''yubteexen'''....''auscultation'' *'''yubteexer'''....''auscultate, examine aurally, listen closely'' *'''yubteexwa'''....''auscultated'' *'''yuvteexea'''....''docile, obedient, obeying'' *'''yuvteexean'''....''docility, obedience'' *'''yuvteexeay'''....''docilely, obediently'' *'''yuvteexen'''....''obedience'' *'''yuvteexer'''....''obey'' *'''yuvteexwa'''....''obeyed'' *'''zoteebaiba'''....''mastoid'' *'''zyateetuen'''....''rumor-mongering, rumoring'' *'''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' *'''zyateetuun'''....''rumor'' *'''zyateetuut'''....''rumormonger'' *'''zyateetuwa'''....''rumored'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEIB and TEI- Words ==== : The root word '''teib''' (''nose'') and its stub word form '''tei-''' are incorporated in many words having to do with the nose and smelling. : The main verbs are: ::* '''teiter'''....''to smell'' ::* '''teixer'''....''to sniff'' ::* '''teiser'''....''to smell like'' ::* '''futeiser'''....''to stink, reek'' : Here is a fuller list of derivations: {{small/top}} <hr color=blue> <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abektun bi teib'''....''rhinoplasty'' *'''azfuteisa'''....''rancid'' *'''azfuteisan'''....''rancidity, rancidness'' *'''azteisyel'''....''musk'' *'''azteisyelyena'''....''musky'' *'''azteisyelyenan'''....''muskiness'' *'''azteixer'''....''snuffle'' *'''beer mulikxwa teib'''....''have a stuffed-up nose'' *'''ebteibea'''....''interfering'' *'''ebteiben'''....''interference, interfering, meddling'' *'''ebteiber'''....''interfere, meddle, nose in'' *'''ebteibut'''....''busybody, meddler'' *'''ebteibwa'''....''interfered'' *'''ebteibyea'''....''meddlesome, nosey, nosy'' *'''ebteibyean'''....''nosiness'' *'''ebteibyeay'''....''nosily'' *'''faosyebteisa'''....''fusty'' *'''faosyebteisan'''....''fustiness'' *'''fiteis'''....''aroma, fragrance, nice aroma, nice smell, scent'' *'''fiteisa'''....''aromatic, fragrant, good-smelling, palatable, redolent, sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisan'''....''redolence'' *'''fiteisaser'''....''become sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisaxea'''....''aromatizing, making sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisaxen'''....''aromatization, making sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisaxer'''....''aromatize, make sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisay'''....''fragrantly'' *'''fiteisea'''....''aromatic, nice-smelling, sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisen'''....''smelling good'' *'''fiteiser'''....''smell good'' *'''fiteisika'''....''scented'' *'''fiteisoya'''....''scentless'' *'''fiteisuka'''....''scentless'' *'''futeis'''....''bad smell, foul odor, foul smell, odor, reek, stench, stink'' *'''futeisa'''....''bad-smelling, bad-tasting, fetid, malodorous, niffy, rank, stinky'' *'''futeisan'''....''fetidness, rankness'' *'''futeisaser'''....''become stinky'' *'''futeisaxea'''....''stinking up, yucky'' *'''futeisaxen'''....''stinking up'' *'''futeisaxer'''....''stink up'' *'''futeisaxwa'''....''stunk up'' *'''futeisayan'''....''smelliness'' *'''futeisea'''....''bad-smelling, foul, odorous, stinking, stinky'' *'''futeisean'''....''odorousness'' *'''futeiseay'''....''odorously'' *'''futeiser'''....''niff, reek, smell bad, stink'' *'''futeisikan'''....''smelliness'' *'''futeiskoxul'''....''elixir'' *'''futeismov'''....''funk'' *'''futeisobar'''....''deodorizer'' *'''futeisobea'''....''deodorizing'' *'''futeisoben'''....''deodorization'' *'''futeisober'''....''deodorize'' *'''futeisobul'''....''deodorant, deodorizer'' *'''gapoteib'''....''elephant trunk'' *'''giteiba'''....''sharp-nosed'' *'''givobteixut'''....''snuffer'' *'''ilokyea teib'''....''runny nose'' *'''jwofteisa'''....''fusty, musty'' *'''jwofteisan'''....''fustiness, mustiness'' *'''koyebteiben'''....''snooping'' *'''koyebteiber'''....''snoop'' *'''mogteizber'''....''cense'' *'''mogteizbut'''....''censer'' *'''myekber ota teib'''....''powder one’s nose'' *'''ofiteisa'''....''unpalatable'' *'''otein'''....''agnosticism'' *'''oteizuwa'''....''unscented'' *'''ovteibukxil'''....''cough medicine, cough syrup'' *'''pateib'''....''beak, bill, neb'' *'''poteib'''....''snout'' *'''poteif'''....''muzzle'' *'''poteifben'''....''muzzling'' *'''poteifber'''....''muzzle'' *'''poteifbwa'''....''muzzled'' *'''poteixen'''....''sniffing'' *'''poteixer'''....''sniff'' *'''poteixus'''....''sniffer'' *'''poteixut'''....''sniffer'' *'''poteixwa'''....''sniffed'' *'''tee-tei-teyob-bektut'''....''ear-nose-throat doctor'' *'''tei-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-'' *'''teib'''....''nose, proboscis, schnoz, schnozz, smeller, snoot, snout'' *'''teiba yujteuzun'''....''nasal consonant'' *'''teiba'''....''nasal, rhinal'' *'''teibag'''....''schnozzle'' *'''teibalegien'''....''sniffling'' *'''teibalegier'''....''sniffle'' *'''teibalien'''....''sniffing'' *'''teibalier'''....''sniff'' *'''teibalufa'''....''tracheal'' *'''teibaluier'''....''breathe'' *'''teiban'''....''nasality'' *'''teibaxen'''....''nasalization, nuzzling'' *'''teibaxer'''....''nasalize, nuzzle'' *'''teibaxut'''....''nuzzler'' *'''teibay'''....''nasally'' *'''teibaysea'''....''proboscidate'' *'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' *'''teibdaler'''....''snuffle'' *'''teibginid'''....''nose cone, nosecone'' *'''teibil'''....''mucus, snot'' *'''teibila'''....''mucal'' *'''teibilay'''....''snottily'' *'''teibilaya'''....''mucus-filled, snot-nosed, snotty'' *'''teibilayan'''....''snottiness'' *'''teibilea'''....''running at the nose'' *'''teibilen'''....''rhinorrhea, running at the nose'' *'''teibiler'''....''run at the nose'' *'''teibilika'''....''mucus-filled, snot-nosed, snotty'' *'''teibilikan'''....''snottiness'' *'''teibilikay'''....''snottily'' *'''teibiloker'''....''run at the nose'' *'''teibilun'''....''boogie'' *'''teibixun'''....''something chewable'' *'''teibnyef'''....''nosebag'' *'''teibok'''....''cold, rhume'' *'''teiboksen'''....''catching a cold'' *'''teibokser'''....''catch a cold'' *'''teibtiibiluen'''....''nosebleed'' *'''teibtun'''....''rhinology'' *'''teibtuna'''....''rhinological'' *'''teibtut'''....''rhinologist'' *'''teibukxen'''....''blowing one's nose'' *'''teibukxer'''....''blow one's nose'' *'''teibuz'''....''nose ring'' *'''teibuzuk'''....''sinus'' *'''teibuzukbok'''....''sinusitis'' *'''teibyeg'''....''nostril'' *'''teibyeger'''....''flare at the nostrils'' *'''teibyena'''....''nose-like, rhinoid'' *'''teibzoteyob'''....''nasopharynx'' *'''teibzoteyoba'''....''nasopharyngeal'' *'''teif'''....''muffler'' *'''teifober'''....''unmuffle, unmuzzle'' *'''teikyebzyobus'''....''sphincter'' *'''teipyeux'''....''achoo, sneeze'' *'''teipyos'''....''nose-dive, nosedive'' *'''teipyosea'''....''nose-diving'' *'''teipyosen'''....''nose-diving'' *'''teipyoser'''....''nose-dive, nosedive'' *'''teipyuxlen'''....''sneezing, sternutation'' *'''teipyuxlena'''....''sternutative, sternutatory'' *'''teipyuxler'''....''sneeze'' *'''teipyuxloa'''....''about to sneeze'' *'''teis gel teliwa pot'''....''gaminess'' *'''teis'''....''aroma, odor, scent, smell, whiff'' *'''teisaya'''....''aromatic, odorous, smelly'' *'''teisea gel teiliwa pot'''....''gamey'' *'''teisea'''....''ostensible'' *'''teiseay'''....''ostensibly'' *'''teiser'''....''smell like'' *'''teisika'''....''aromatic, odorous, smelly'' *'''teisoya'''....''odorless'' *'''teisuka'''....''odorless'' *'''teisukan'''....''gimcrackery'' *'''teit'''....''sense of smell'' *'''teita'''....''olfactory'' *'''teitayub'''....''adenoid'' *'''teitayuba'''....''adenoidal'' *'''teiter'''....''smell'' *'''teitier'''....''get a whiff of, savor'' *'''teitiwa'''....''savored'' *'''teitos'''....''sense of smell'' *'''teituen'''....''giving off a smell'' *'''teituer'''....''give off a smell'' *'''teityaf'''....''ability to smell, olfactory sense of smell'' *'''teityafa'''....''able to smell'' *'''teityafwa'''....''able to be smelled'' *'''teityafwan'''....''ability to be smelled'' *'''teityof'''....''anosmia, inability to smell'' *'''teityofa'''....''suffering from anosmia, unable to smell'' *'''teityofser'''....''lose the ability to smell'' *'''teityofwa'''....''impossible to smell, odorless'' *'''teityofwan'''....''inability to be smelled, odorlessness'' *'''teiv'''....''handkerchief, hankie, hanky, snot rag'' *'''teixar'''....''smeller'' *'''teixen'''....''olfaction, smelling'' *'''teixena'''....''olfactory'' *'''teixer'''....''smell, sniff, whiff'' *'''teixeusen'''....''snoring'' *'''teixeuser'''....''snore'' *'''teixeusut'''....''snorer'' *'''teixgivob'''....''snuff'' *'''teixgivoben'''....''snuffing'' *'''teixgivober'''....''snuff'' *'''teixgivobnyem'''....''snuffbox'' *'''teixun'''....''whiff'' *'''teixut'''....''smeller'' *'''teixwa'''....''smelled'' *'''teixyofxen'''....''smothering'' *'''teixyofxer'''....''smother'' *'''teixyofxwa'''....''smothered'' *'''teiz'''....''aroma, perfume'' *'''teizaya'''....''aromatic, perfumy'' *'''teizayan'''....''perfuminess'' *'''teizbar'''....''aromatizer, perfumer'' *'''teizbek'''....''aromatherapy'' *'''teizbekut'''....''aromatherapist'' *'''teizben'''....''aromatization, perfuming'' *'''teizber'''....''aromatize, perfume'' *'''teizbwa'''....''aromatized, perfumed'' *'''teizika'''....''aromatic, perfumy'' *'''teizikan'''....''perfuminess'' *'''teiznam'''....''perfumery'' *'''teiznamut'''....''perfumer'' *'''teizuka'''....''aroma-free, perfume-free'' *'''teizxam'''....''perfume factory'' *'''teizyeb'''....''vial of perfume'' *'''teizyun'''....''pomander'' *'''viteis'''....''fragrance, nice aroma, perfume, scent'' *'''viteisa'''....''fragrant'' *'''viteisea'''....''aromatic'' *'''viteiser'''....''smell fragrant'' *'''viteisuer'''....''perfume'' *'''viteizuwa'''....''perfumed'' *'''vobier gel futeisa'''....''disrelish'' *'''vuteisa'''....''mephitic'' *'''vuteisea'''....''putrid, stinky'' *'''vuteiser'''....''smell foul, stink'' *'''vuteisobul'''....''deodorant'' *'''vuteixen'''....''putrefaction, stinking up'' *'''vuteixer'''....''stink up'' *'''vuteixwa'''....''putrefied, stunk up'' *'''vyuteis'''....''nasty smell'' *'''yavilteisea'''....''beery'' *'''yeybteiba'''....''intranasal'' *'''yeybteibay'''....''intranasally'' *'''zoteiba'''....''postnasal'' *'''zoteis'''....''spoor'' </div> <hr style="color: blue"> {{small/end}} ==== TEUB and TEU- Words ==== : The root word '''teub''' and the related stub form '''teu-''' are used in numerous derived words having to do with ''mouth, tasting, shouting, vocalizing''. : The main words to know are: ::* '''teub'''....''mouth'' ::* '''teuter'''....''to taste'' ::* '''teuser'''....''to taste like'' ::* '''teuxer'''....''to take a taste'' ::* '''teubiluer'''....''to spit'' ::* '''ivteuber'''....''to smile'' ::* '''uvteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teubab'''....''tongue'' :::* '''teubaxer'''....''to lick'' ::* '''teubob'''....''lip'' :::* '''teuboxer'''....''to kiss'' ::* '''teupib'''....''tooth'' :::* '''teupixer'''....''to bite'' ::* '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' ::* '''teuz'''....''voice'' : The mneumonic stub '''eu''' forms words having to do with the vocalization or sounds in general, eg.: ::* '''deuz'''....''song'' ::* '''seux'''....''sound'' ::* '''xeus'''....''noise'' : Here is a more complete list: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abaxrea yujteuzun'''....''fricative consonant'' *'''abteuba yujteuzun'''....''alveolar consonant'' *'''abteuba'''....''alveolar'' *'''abteubbok'''....''alveolitis'' *'''abteubob'''....''upper lip'' *'''abteupimul'''....''enamel'' *'''abteupimulxen'''....''enameling'' *'''abteupimulxut'''....''enameler'' *'''abteupimulxwa'''....''enameled'' *'''abteupimulxwasyan'''....''enamelware'' *'''abteuz'''....''voice-over'' *'''agivteub'''....''big smile, wide grin'' *'''agivteuben'''....''grinning widely, smiling bigly'' *'''agivteuber'''....''grin widely, smile bigly'' *'''agivteud'''....''cackle, guffaw'' *'''agivteudea'''....''cackling, guffawing'' *'''agivteuden'''....''cackling, guffawing'' *'''agivteuder'''....''cackle, guffaw'' *'''aglateuzubar'''....''megaphone'' *'''agteuboba'''....''lippy'' *'''anteuza'''....''unanimous'' *'''anteuzan'''....''unanimity'' *'''anteuzay'''....''unanimously'' *'''anteuzuna'''....''monophonic'' *'''apateusoz'''....''cackle'' *'''apateusozen'''....''cackling'' *'''apateusozer'''....''cackle'' *'''ateubob'''....''upper lip'' *'''ateupib'''....''central incisor'' *'''aynteubien'''....''swallowing whole'' *'''aynteubier'''....''swallow whole'' *'''aynteubiwa'''....''swallowed whole'' *'''azivteud'''....''belly laugh, cheer, gleeful yelp, guffaw, loud laughter'' *'''azivteuden'''....''cheering, guffawing, laughing out loud, shouting out with glee, yelping gleefully'' *'''azivteuder'''....''cheer, guffaw, laugh out loud, laugh raucously, laugh riotously, laugh uproariously, shout out with glee, yelp gleefully'' *'''azteud'''....''clamor, exclamation, holler, scream, shout'' *'''azteuden'''....''clamoring, exclaiming, exclamation, screaming, shouting, vociferation, yelling'' *'''azteudena'''....''exclamatory'' *'''azteuder'''....''clamor, exclaim, holler, scream, shout, vociferate'' *'''azteudut'''....''screamer, shouter'' *'''azteudwa'''....''clamored, exclaimed, screamed, shouted'' *'''azteudyea'''....''vociferously'' *'''azteudyeay'''....''vociferousness'' *'''azteuzar'''....''loudhailer'' *'''azufteuden'''....''carping, loud complaining'' *'''azufteudut'''....''carper'' *'''azuvteud'''....''cry out loud, groan, moan, sob, wail'' *'''azuvteuden'''....''bawling, crying out loud, groaning, lamentation, moaning, railing, sobbing, wailing'' *'''azuvteuder'''....''bawl, complain loudly, cry out loud, groan, lament loudly, moan, rail, sob, wail, waul'' *'''azuvteudut'''....''railer, wailer'' *'''baosteuz'''....''twang'' *'''baosteuzyena'''....''twangy'' *'''be aza teuz'''....''aloud'' *'''bokuluyea teupixun'''....''poisonous bite'' *'''dizteudyefwa'''....''ludicrous'' *'''dizteudyefwan'''....''ludicrousness'' *'''dizteudyefway'''....''ludicrously'' *'''dopteud'''....''battle cry'' *'''doteudafxer'''....''enfanchise'' *'''doteudafxwa'''....''enfranchised'' *'''doteudofxer'''....''disenfranchise'' *'''doteudofxwa'''....''disenfranchised'' *'''doteudut'''....''crier'' *'''doteudyiva'''....''free to vote'' *'''doteuzdref nyem'''....''ballot box'' *'''doteuzdref'''....''ballot'' *'''doteuziem'''....''poll, polling site'' *'''doteuzien'''....''polling'' *'''doteuzier'''....''poll'' *'''doteuziut'''....''poll-taker, pollster'' *'''doteuziwa'''....''polled'' *'''doteuzkyaxut'''....''swinger'' *'''doteuzsager'''....''canvass'' *'''doteuzsagut'''....''canvasser'' *'''doteuzsagwa'''....''canvassed'' *'''doteuzuaf'''....''permission to vote'' *'''doteuzuar'''....''voting machine'' *'''doteuzuem'''....''poll, voting place'' *'''doteuzuen tum'''....''voting booth'' *'''doteuzuen'''....''voting'' *'''doteuzuer'''....''cast a vote'' *'''doteuzuun'''....''vote'' *'''doteuzuut'''....''voter'' *'''doteuzuwa'''....''voted'' *'''doteuzuyofxen'''....''disenfranchisement'' *'''doteuzuyofxer'''....''disenfranchise'' *'''doteuzuyofxwa'''....''disenfranchised'' *'''doteuzyiv'''....''franchise, right to vote'' *'''doteuzyivan'''....''freedom to vote'' *'''douvteud'''....''gravamen'' *'''doyiv bi teuzer'''....''right to vote, suffrage, voting right'' *'''doymteudut'''....''town crier'' *'''dropek teud'''....''war cry'' *'''dyafel-teuxuwa'''....''vanilla-flavored'' *'''ebyijteuzuna'''....''intervocalic'' *'''enteuboba'''....''bilabial'' *'''enyijteuzun'''....''diphthong'' *'''eteupib'''....''lateral incisor'' *'''evyijteuz'''....''schwa'' *'''eynabaxrea yujteuzun'''....''affricative consonant'' *'''eynteubier'''....''half-swallow'' *'''eynteusoz'''....''snicker, titter'' *'''eynteusozen'''....''snickering, tittering'' *'''eynteusozer'''....''snicker, titter'' *'''eynyijteuzun'''....''semivowel'' *'''eynyujteuzun'''....''semi-consonant'' *'''fiteud'''....''acclamation, cheer, howl of approval, praise'' *'''fiteudea'''....''acclaiming'' *'''fiteuden'''....''acclamation, cheering, howling, laudation, lauding, ovation, praising'' *'''fiteuder'''....''acclaim, cheer, howl, laud, praise'' *'''fiteuduer'''....''arouse applause'' *'''fiteudut'''....''praiser'' *'''fiteuduyea'''....''cheer-inducing, cheerful'' *'''fiteudwa'''....''acclaimed, cheered, howled, lauded, praised'' *'''fiteudyea'''....''laudatory, praiseful'' *'''fiteudyeay'''....''laudatorily, praisingly'' *'''fiteudyefwa'''....''worthy of applause'' *'''Fiteus!'''....''Yum!'' *'''fiteus'''....''flavor, good taste'' *'''fiteusa'''....''delicious, lush, mouthwatering, nice-tasting, sapid, tasty, toothsome, yum, yummy'' *'''fiteusan'''....''deliciousness, lushness, sapidity'' *'''fiteusay'''....''deliciously, lushly'' *'''fiteusaya'''....''delicious, flavored, flavorful, flavorsome, luscious'' *'''fiteusayan'''....''deliciousness, lusciousness, savoriness, tastiness'' *'''fiteusea'''....''flavorful, good-tasting, savory'' *'''fiteuser'''....''taste good'' *'''fiteusika'''....''delicious, flavored, flavorful, flavorsome, luscious'' *'''fiteusikan'''....''deliciousness, lusciousness, savoriness'' *'''fiteusikay'''....''deliciously, lusciously'' *'''fiteusoya'''....''flavorless'' *'''fiteusuka'''....''flavorless'' *'''fiteuxer'''....''flavor'' *'''fiteuxul'''....''flavoring'' *'''fiteuxwa'''....''flavored'' *'''fuivteub'''....''smirk, sneer'' *'''fuivteubea'''....''smirking, sneering'' *'''fuivteuben'''....''smirking, sneering'' *'''fuivteuber'''....''smirk, sneer'' *'''fuivteud'''....''ridicule, satire, snide laugh, twit'' *'''fuivteudea'''....''satiric, satirical'' *'''fuivteuden'''....''ridicule, ridiculing, satirization, snidely laughing'' *'''fuivteuder'''....''laugh snidely, make fun of, ridicule, satirize, twit'' *'''fuivteudut'''....''satirist'' *'''fuivteudwa'''....''ridiculed, satirized, sneered'' *'''fuivteudyafwa'''....''ridiculous'' *'''fuivteudyafwan'''....''ridiculousness'' *'''fuivteudyafway'''....''ridiculously'' *'''fuivteudyea'''....''satirical, sneering'' *'''fuivteudyeay'''....''satirically, sneeringly'' *'''futeud'''....''denunciation'' *'''futeuden'''....''decrying, denouncement, denouncing, denunciation, philippic, shouting down'' *'''futeuder'''....''decry, denounce, denunciate, shout down'' *'''futeudwa'''....''decried, denounced, denunciated, shouted down'' *'''futeus'''....''bad taste'' *'''futeusa'''....''bad-tasting, brackish, flyblown, foul-tasting, unsavory'' *'''futeusan'''....''brackishness, foul taste, unsavoriness'' *'''futeusaya'''....''nasty, unsavory'' *'''futeusayan'''....''nastiness, unsavoriness'' *'''futeusea'''....''bad-tasting, nasty, unsavory'' *'''futeuser'''....''taste bad'' *'''futeusika'''....''nasty, unsavory'' *'''futeusikan'''....''nastiness, unsavoriness'' *'''gapoteupib'''....''elephant tusk'' *'''gapoteupibul'''....''ivory'' *'''gateubier'''....''regorge'' *'''gateupib'''....''tusk'' *'''gateupibika'''....''tusked'' *'''gateupibog'''....''tush'' *'''gateuzer'''....''reecho'' *'''giteubaba'''....''sharp-tongued'' *'''giteud'''....''screak, scream, screech'' *'''giteudea'''....''screaming, screeching, shrieking, squealing'' *'''giteuden'''....''screaming, screeching, shrieking, squealing'' *'''giteuder'''....''screak, scream, screech, shriek, squeal'' *'''giteudut'''....''screamer, squealer'' *'''giteudwa'''....''screamed'' *'''giteudyea'''....''screechy'' *'''giteus'''....''tang, zest'' *'''giteusa'''....''tangy, zestful'' *'''giteusan'''....''zestfulness'' *'''giteusay'''....''zestfully'' *'''giteusaya'''....''zesty'' *'''giteusika'''....''zesty'' *'''giyufteud'''....''screak'' *'''giyufteuder'''....''screak'' *'''glagla ivteuduyea'''....''sidesplitting'' *'''groteusa'''....''insipid'' *'''groteusan'''....''insipidity, insipidness'' *'''groteusay'''....''insipidly'' *'''ibteubixer'''....''gnaw away'' *'''ifteuduer'''....''razz'' *'''igteubien'''....''gulping down'' *'''igteubier'''....''gulp down, quickly swallow'' *'''igteubiwa'''....''gulped down'' *'''igteupixyafa'''....''snappish'' *'''igteupixyafan'''....''snappishness'' *'''igteupixyafay'''....''snappishly'' *'''ijmola teud'''....''primal scream'' *'''ikay teutyofa'''....''stone-blind'' *'''ikteubien'''....''swallowing up'' *'''ikteubier'''....''ingurgitate, swallow up, swallow whole'' *'''ikteubiwa'''....''swallowed up'' *'''ikteubixegwa'''....''gnawed away, gnawed off'' *'''ikteubixer'''....''chew up'' *'''ikteubixwa'''....''chewed up'' *'''ila yuzteuzun'''....''liquid consonant'' *'''inyijteuzun'''....''triphthong'' *'''inyujteuzuna'''....''tri-consonantal'' *'''iteupib'''....''canine tooth'' *'''ivteub'''....''grin, smile'' *'''ivteubea'''....''grinning, smiley, smiling'' *'''ivteuben'''....''grinning, smiling'' *'''ivteuber'''....''grin, smile'' *'''ivteubsin'''....''smiley'' *'''ivteubuer'''....''cause to grin, make grin'' *'''ivteubuyea'''....''grin-inducing'' *'''ivteubxen'''....''amusement'' *'''ivteubxer'''....''amuse, make smile'' *'''ivteubxwa'''....''amused'' *'''ivteubyeay'''....''smilingly'' *'''ivteud'''....''laugh'' *'''ivteudea'''....''laughing'' *'''ivteuden'''....''laughing, laughter'' *'''ivteuder'''....''laugh'' *'''ivteudog'''....''giggle'' *'''ivteudogen'''....''giggling'' *'''ivteudoger'''....''giggle'' *'''ivteudogyea'''....''giggly'' *'''ivteuduen'''....''amusing, entertainment, tickling'' *'''ivteuduer'''....''amuse, entertain, tickle'' *'''ivteuduwa'''....''amused, entertained, tickled'' *'''ivteuduyea'''....''funny'' *'''ivteudxea'''....''amusing, funny'' *'''ivteudxeay'''....''amusingly'' *'''ivteudxer'''....''amuse, make laugh'' *'''ivteudyafwa'''....''laughable, ridiculous'' *'''ivteudyafwan'''....''ridiculousness'' *'''ivteudyafway'''....''laughably, ridiculously'' *'''ivteudyeay'''....''laughingly'' *'''ivteusoz'''....''chortle'' *'''ivteusozen'''....''chortling'' *'''ivteusozer'''....''chortle'' *'''ivteusozut'''....''chortler'' *'''izteupibtyen'''....''orthodontia, orthodontics'' *'''izteupibtyena'''....''orthodontic'' *'''izteupibtyenut'''....''orthodontist'' *'''jateux'''....''foretaste'' *'''jateuxen'''....''pre-taste'' *'''jateuxer'''....''pre-taste'' *'''jateuxut'''....''pre-taster'' *'''joteus'''....''after-taste, aftertaste'' *'''joteuzben'''....''dubbing'' *'''joteuzber'''....''dub'' *'''joteuzbut'''....''dubber'' *'''joteuzbwa'''....''dubbed'' *'''joyujteuzuna'''....''postconsonantal'' *'''koda doteuzdref'''....''secret ballot'' *'''loteuboxer'''....''unmuffle'' *'''loteuzuwa'''....''unvoiced'' *'''malpoxea yujteuzun'''....''stop consonant'' *'''Mas bi Yaguvteuden'''....''Wailing Wall'' *'''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'''....''tube of toothpaste'' *'''teuzdyeer'''....''read aloud'' *'''bay teuz'''....''out loud, aloud'' *'''obteubixer'''....''gnaw off'' *'''obteuzwas'''....''something whispered'' *'''odoteuzea'''....''nonvoting'' *'''odoteuzut'''....''nonvoter'' *'''ofiteusayxwa'''....''unflavored'' *'''ofteudyut'''....''grump'' *'''oglateuzibar'''....''microphone'' *'''ogovteud'''....''quibble'' *'''ogovteuden'''....''quibbling'' *'''ogovteuder'''....''quibble'' *'''ogovteudut'''....''quibbler'' *'''ogteupixen'''....''nibbling'' *'''ogteupixer'''....''nibble'' *'''ogteupixut'''....''nibbler'' *'''ogteupixwa'''....''nibbled'' *'''oivteubea'''....''unsmiling'' *'''oluvteudea'''....''uncomplaining'' *'''oluvteudeay'''....''uncomplainingly'' *'''olyebteupibwa'''....''unindented'' *'''opasteurxwa'''....''unpasteurized'' *'''oteubaxwa'''....''unlicked'' *'''oteubob'''....''lower lip, underlip'' *'''oteuda'''....''mute'' *'''oteudan'''....''muteness'' *'''oteudser'''....''go mute'' *'''oteudxen'''....''muting'' *'''oteudxer'''....''mute'' *'''oteudxwa'''....''muted'' *'''oteuxwa'''....''untasted'' *'''oteuza'''....''nonvocal'' *'''oteuzan'''....''voicelessness'' *'''oteuzsagen'''....''canvassing'' *'''oteuzwa'''....''voiceless'' *'''oteuzwy'''....''voicelessly'' *'''ovteuz'''....''antiphony'' *'''oybteuzen'''....''sub-vocalization'' *'''oybteuzer'''....''sub-vocalize'' *'''oybteuzwa'''....''sub-vocalized'' *'''oyebier teupib'''....''extract a tooth'' *'''oyebixer teupib'''....''extract a tooth'' *'''oyebteubilpuxen'''....''spitting out'' *'''oyebteubilpuxer'''....''spit out'' *'''oyebteubwa'''....''spat out'' *'''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' *'''ozivteuden'''....''chuckling'' *'''ozivteuder'''....''chuckle'' *'''ozteuder'''....''whimper'' *'''ozuvteud'''....''mewl, moan, sigh, whimper'' *'''ozuvteudea'''....''moaning, sighing, whimpering'' *'''ozuvteuden'''....''moaning, sighing, whimpering'' *'''ozuvteuder'''....''mewl, moan, sigh, weep, whimper'' *'''ozuvteudut'''....''moaner, weeper, whimperer'' *'''pasteurxar'''....''pasteurizer'' *'''pasteurxen'''....''pasteurization'' *'''pasteurxer'''....''pasteurize'' *'''pasteurxwa'''....''pasteurized'' *'''pateub'''....''beak, bill'' *'''pateuxen'''....''pecking'' *'''pateuxer'''....''peck'' *'''pateuxut'''....''pecker'' *'''pateuxwa'''....''pecked'' *'''pelt teupixun'''....''bug bite, insect bite'' *'''pelteux'''....''buzz'' *'''pelteuxea'''....''buzzing'' *'''pelteuxen'''....''buzzing'' *'''pelteuxer'''....''buzz'' *'''pelteuxyea'''....''buzzy'' *'''pelteuxyean'''....''buzziness'' *'''pobalkber teupib'''....''fill a tooth'' *'''pobokul teupixun'''....''venom bite'' *'''poteub yignyef'''....''muzzle'' *'''poteub'''....''mug'' *'''seuxaza ovteud'''....''uproar'' *'''seuz bi teuz'''....''tone of voice'' *'''sopyedea yujteuzun'''....''sibilant consonant'' *'''sopyet teupixun'''....''snakebite'' *'''teiba yujteuzun'''....''nasal consonant'' *'''teub vyixil'''....''mouthwash'' *'''teub'''....''bazoo, gab, mouth, orifice'' *'''teuba byak'''....''oral hygiene'' *'''teuba byaktun'''....''oral hygienics'' *'''teuba byaktuna'''....''oral hygienic'' *'''teuba byaktut'''....''oral hygienist'' *'''teuba'''....''buccal, oral, parol'' *'''teubab yobalar'''....''tongue depressor'' *'''teubab'''....''tongue'' *'''teubaba'''....''lingual'' *'''teubaber'''....''tongue'' *'''teubaboya'''....''tongueless'' *'''teubabuka'''....''tongueless'' *'''teubabwa'''....''tongued'' *'''teubabyoxer'''....''loll'' *'''teubaoxer'''....''wag the tongue'' *'''teubap'''....''tang'' *'''teubaxen'''....''embouchure, licking'' *'''teubaxer'''....''lick'' *'''teubaxut'''....''licker'' *'''teubaxwa'''....''licked'' *'''teubay'''....''orally'' *'''teubayeb'''....''mustache'' *'''teubayebag'''....''mustachio'' *'''teubayebagika'''....''mustachioed'' *'''teubayebika'''....''mustached'' *'''teubeb'''....''gum'' *'''teubeba'''....''gingival'' *'''teubebbok'''....''gingivitis, gum disease'' *'''teubebyaz'''....''gumboil'' *'''teubexar'''....''snaffle'' *'''teubexarer'''....''snaffle'' *'''teubib'''....''jaw, mandible'' *'''teubiba funadxen'''....''malocclusion'' *'''teubiba'''....''mandibular'' *'''teubibaib'''....''jawbone, maxilla'' *'''teubibaiba'''....''maxillary'' *'''teubibaibi'''....''maxillae'' *'''teubien'''....''swallowing'' *'''teubier bekzyunog'''....''swallow a pill'' *'''teubier'''....''swallow'' *'''teubik'''....''gag, mouthful'' *'''teubikber'''....''cram into the mouth'' *'''teubil'''....''saliva, slobber, spit'' *'''teubila tayub'''....''salivary gland'' *'''teubila'''....''salivary'' *'''teubilen'''....''salivation'' *'''teubiler'''....''salivate'' *'''teubilien'''....''sucking'' *'''teubilier'''....''suck'' *'''teubilokegea'''....''dribbling, driveling'' *'''teubilokegen'''....''dribbling, driveling'' *'''teubilokeger'''....''dribble, drivel'' *'''teubilokegyea'''....''dribbly, drively'' *'''teubiloken'''....''drooling, slavering, slobbering'' *'''teubiloker'''....''drool, slabber, slaver'' *'''teubilokyea'''....''slobbery'' *'''teubiloyeben'''....''expectoration'' *'''teubiloyeber'''....''expectorate'' *'''teubiloyebun'''....''expectorant'' *'''teubiloyebwa'''....''expectorated'' *'''teubilpuxegen'''....''sputtering'' *'''teubilpuxeger'''....''sputter'' *'''teubilpuxen'''....''expectoration, spewing, spitting'' *'''teubilpuxer'''....''expectorate, spew, spit'' *'''teubilpuxun'''....''expectorant, spit'' *'''teubilpuxwa'''....''expectorated, spewed, spitted'' *'''teubilsom'''....''spittoon'' *'''teubiluen'''....''expectoration'' *'''teubiluer'''....''expectorate'' *'''teubilun'''....''spittle'' *'''teubiluxen'''....''tantalization'' *'''teubiluxer'''....''tantalize'' *'''teubiluxut'''....''tantalizer'' *'''teubiluxyea'''....''tantalizing'' *'''teubiluxyeay'''....''tantalizingly'' *'''teubiwa'''....''swallowed'' *'''teubix zyunog'''....''cud'' *'''teubixazer'''....''chomp'' *'''teubixegea'''....''ruminant'' *'''teubixegen'''....''gnawing, grazing, rumination'' *'''teubixeger'''....''graze, ruminate'' *'''teubixegut'''....''ruminant'' *'''teubixegwa'''....''gnawed'' *'''teubixen'''....''chewing, mastication'' *'''teubixer givob'''....''chew tobacco'' *'''teubixer yuigofel'''....''chew gum'' *'''teubixer'''....''champ, champing, chew, manducate, masticate'' *'''teubixut'''....''masticator'' *'''teubixwa dref'''....''papier mache, papier mâché'' *'''teubixwa'''....''chewed, masticated'' *'''teubixyafwa'''....''chewable'' *'''teubixyea'''....''chewy, mouthy'' *'''teubixyean'''....''chewiness, mouthiness'' *'''teubiyik'''....''difficulty swallowing'' *'''teubiyika'''....''hard of swallowing'' *'''teubiyikwa'''....''hard to swallow'' *'''teubiyl'''....''spittle'' *'''teubiyxen'''....''munching'' *'''teubiyxer'''....''munch'' *'''teubiyxun'''....''munchable, snack'' *'''teubiyxut'''....''muncher'' *'''teubiyxwa'''....''munched'' *'''teubnuf'''....''bit'' *'''teubob volz'''....''lip color, lip gloss, lipstick'' *'''teubob'''....''labium, lip, valve'' *'''teuboba yujteuzun'''....''labial consonant'' *'''teuboba'''....''labial'' *'''teubobdyeen'''....''lipreading'' *'''teubobdyeer'''....''lipread'' *'''teubobdyeut'''....''lipreader'' *'''teubobsan'''....''labrum'' *'''teubobyeben'''....''sucking'' *'''teubobyeber'''....''suck'' *'''teubobyebwa'''....''sucked'' *'''teubov'''....''facial covering, mask, mouth cover'' *'''teubox'''....''buss, kiss'' *'''teuboxegen'''....''smooching'' *'''teuboxeger'''....''smooch'' *'''teuboxen'''....''bussing, kissing, osculation'' *'''teuboxer'''....''buss, kiss, osculate'' *'''teuboxwa'''....''bussed'' *'''teuboxyafwa'''....''kissable'' *'''teuboyxer'''....''give a peck on the cheek'' *'''teubsar'''....''mouthpiece'' *'''teubsin'''....''expression'' *'''teubsinen'''....''making an expression'' *'''teubsiner'''....''make an expression'' *'''teubsinoya'''....''deadpan, expressionless, glassy'' *'''teubsinuka'''....''deadpan, expressionless, glassy'' *'''teubsun'''....''mouthpiece'' *'''teubukxwul'''....''sputum'' *'''teubvyixul'''....''mouthwash'' *'''teubyijea'''....''yawning'' *'''teubyijen'''....''yawning'' *'''teubyijer'''....''yawn'' *'''teubyijuyeas'''....''yawner'' *'''teubyijyea'''....''yawny'' *'''teubyujar'''....''gag'' *'''teubyujben'''....''gagging'' *'''teubyujber'''....''gag, gagged'' *'''teubzoteyob'''....''oropharynx'' *'''teubzoteyoba'''....''oropharyngeal'' *'''teubzyayijben'''....''gaping'' *'''teubzyayijber'''....''gape'' *'''teud'''....''call, cry, exclamation'' *'''teudaz'''....''yell'' *'''teudazer'''....''yell'' *'''teudazut'''....''yeller'' *'''teudazwa'''....''yelled'' *'''teuden'''....''calling, crying out, exclaiming'' *'''teudena'''....''exclamatory'' *'''teuder'''....''call, cry out, exclaim'' *'''teudnuf'''....''call button'' *'''teudut'''....''crier'' *'''teudwa'''....''called, cried out, exclaimed'' *'''teuf'''....''muzzle'' *'''teufuen'''....''muzzling'' *'''teufuer'''....''muzzle'' *'''teufuwa'''....''muzzled'' *'''teumib'''....''palate'' *'''teumiba'''....''palatal'' *'''teumibxen'''....''palatalization'' *'''teumibxer'''....''palatalize'' *'''teumibxwa'''....''palatalized'' *'''teupib ebzyan'''....''bridgework'' *'''teupib gimuf'''....''toothpick'' *'''teupib megyel'''....''cementum'' *'''teupib oyebixen'''....''tooth extraction'' *'''teupib vyixar'''....''toothbrush'' *'''teupib vyixyel'''....''toothpaste'' *'''teupib yigabmul'''....''tooth enamel'' *'''teupib yilemikun'''....''tooth filling'' *'''teupib yonmulsen'''....''tooth decay'' *'''teupib yugzen'''....''pulp'' *'''teupib zyeg'''....''tooth cavity'' *'''teupib'''....''tooth'' *'''teupiba yujteuzun'''....''dental consonant'' *'''teupiba'''....''dental'' *'''teupibaga'''....''toothy'' *'''teupibagay'''....''toothily'' *'''teupibaosen'''....''teeth chattering'' *'''teupibaoser'''....''teeth chatter'' *'''teupibbek'''....''dental care, dental hygiene, dentistry'' *'''teupibbekam'''....''dental clinic, dentist office'' *'''teupibbekut'''....''dental hygienist'' *'''teupibbyok'''....''dental pain, odontalgia'' *'''teupibbyoyk'''....''toothache'' *'''teupiben'''....''toothing'' *'''teupibgoblar'''....''hob'' *'''teupibien'''....''teething'' *'''teupibier'''....''teethe'' *'''teupibika'''....''dentate, indented, serrated, toothed'' *'''teupibilz'''....''tartar'' *'''teupibniv'''....''floss'' *'''teupibniven'''....''flossing'' *'''teupibniver'''....''floss'' *'''teupibok'''....''tooth loss'' *'''teupiboya'''....''toothless'' *'''teupiboyan'''....''toothlessness'' *'''teupibsen'''....''dentition, odontiasis'' *'''teupibsiynxen'''....''denting'' *'''teupibsiynxwa'''....''dented'' *'''teupibtun'''....''dentistry, odontology'' *'''teupibtuna'''....''dental, odontological'' *'''teupibtut'''....''dentist, odontologist'' *'''teupibuka'''....''toothless'' *'''teupibukan'''....''toothlessness'' *'''teupibut'''....''dentist'' *'''teupibutam'''....''dentists office'' *'''teupibvyixyel'''....''dentifrice'' *'''teupibwa'''....''indented, notched, serrated'' *'''teupibxen'''....''dentition, teething'' *'''teupibxer'''....''teethe'' *'''teupibyan'''....''denture'' *'''teupibyena'''....''odontoid, tooth-like'' *'''teupimul'''....''dentin, dentine'' *'''teupip'''....''fang'' *'''teupipika'''....''fanged'' *'''teupipoben'''....''defanging'' *'''teupipober'''....''defang'' *'''teupipobwa'''....''defanged'' *'''teupixegen'''....''gnashing'' *'''teupixeger'''....''gnash'' *'''teupixen'''....''biting'' *'''teupixer'''....''bite'' *'''teupixun'''....''bite, morsel'' *'''teupixwa'''....''bitten'' *'''teupixyea'''....''biting, mordant'' *'''teupixyean'''....''mordancy'' *'''teupixyeay'''....''bitingly, mordantly'' *'''teus'''....''taste'' *'''teusa'''....''gustatory'' *'''teusaya'''....''full of taste, savory, tasty'' *'''teusayan'''....''savoriness, tastiness'' *'''teusayxer'''....''make tasty'' *'''teusea'''....''tasting like'' *'''teusen'''....''tasting like'' *'''teuser'''....''taste like'' *'''teusgab'''....''seasoning, spice, taste supplement'' *'''teusgaben'''....''seasoning, spicing'' *'''teusgaber'''....''season, spice up, supplement with taste'' *'''teusgabwa'''....''spiced'' *'''teusibar'''....''taste bud, taste receptor'' *'''teusifien'''....''degustation'' *'''teusifier'''....''degust'' *'''teusika'''....''full of taste, savory, tasty'' *'''teusikan'''....''savoriness, tastiness'' *'''teusikxer'''....''fill up with taste, imbue with taste'' *'''teusoya'''....''insipid, tasteless'' *'''teusoyan'''....''insipidness, tastelessness'' *'''teusoyxen'''....''depriving of taste'' *'''teusoyxer'''....''deprive of taste'' *'''teusoyxwa'''....''deprived of taste'' *'''teusufer'''....''be disgusted'' *'''teusufxyika'''....''easily disgusted'' *'''teusufxyikwa'''....''squeamish'' *'''teusufxyikwan'''....''squeamishness'' *'''teusufxyikway'''....''squeamishly'' *'''teusuka'''....''insipid, tasteless'' *'''teusukan'''....''insipidness, tastelessness'' *'''teusukxer'''....''remove the taste'' *'''teusyiga'''....''acerbic, astringent, bitter'' *'''teusyigan'''....''acerbity, astringency, bitterness'' *'''teusyigay'''....''astringently'' *'''teusyigser'''....''become astringent, become bitter'' *'''teusyigxer'''....''embitter, make astringent'' *'''teusyigxwa'''....''embittered'' *'''teut'''....''sense of taste'' *'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' *'''teuter'''....''taste'' *'''teutien tul'''....''sample dish'' *'''teutien'''....''sampling, savoring, tasting'' *'''teutier'''....''sample, take a taste'' *'''teutiun'''....''sample, sampler, taste'' *'''teutiut'''....''sampler, taster'' *'''teutiwa'''....''sampled'' *'''teutos'''....''sense of taste'' *'''teutuer'''....''give a taste to, offer a sample, offer to taste'' *'''teutuwa'''....''offered a taste'' *'''teutyaf'''....''ability to taste, sense of taste'' *'''teutyafwa'''....''tastable'' *'''teutyof'''....''inability to taste'' *'''teutyofa'''....''unable to taste'' *'''teutyofwa'''....''unable to be tasted'' *'''teutyofwan'''....''inability to be tasted, vapidity'' *'''teuv'''....''mask'' *'''teuvdazag'''....''masked ball'' *'''teuvien'''....''mummery, putting on a mask'' *'''teuvier'''....''put on a mask'' *'''teuviut'''....''mummer'' *'''teuvuen'''....''masquerade'' *'''teuvuer'''....''mask'' *'''teuvuutyan'''....''masquerade'' *'''teuvuwa'''....''masked'' *'''teuvuwat'''....''masker'' *'''teuxen'''....''tasting'' *'''teuxer'''....''taste'' *'''teuxuen'''....''flavoring'' *'''teuxuer'''....''flavor'' *'''teuxuwa'''....''flavored'' *'''teuxwa'''....''tasted'' *'''teuz'''....''voice'' *'''teuza'''....''vocal'' *'''teuzagxar'''....''megaphone, microphone, mike'' *'''teuzaun'''....''phoneme'' *'''teuzauna'''....''phonemic'' *'''teuzaunay'''....''phonemically'' *'''teuzauntun'''....''phonemics'' *'''teuzauntut'''....''phonemicist'' *'''teuzaxen'''....''vocalization'' *'''teuzaxer'''....''vocalize'' *'''teuzaxut'''....''vocalizer'' *'''teuzaxwa'''....''vocalized'' *'''teuzay'''....''vocally'' *'''teuzaza'''....''loud, loudmouthed'' *'''teuzazar'''....''loudspeaker, mic'' *'''teuzazat'''....''loudmouth'' *'''teuzazay'''....''in a loud voice, loudly'' *'''teuzdriren'''....''phonotypy'' *'''teuzdrirena'''....''phonotypical'' *'''teuzdrirsiyn'''....''phonotype'' *'''teuzea'''....''uttering'' *'''teuzebden'''....''voicemail'' *'''teuzen'''....''uttering, vocalization, voicing, phonation'' *'''teuzer'''....''phonate, vocalize'' *'''teuzijuna'''....''glottal'' *'''teuzneyef'''....''voiceband'' *'''teuznyem'''....''larynx, voice box'' *'''teuznyema'''....''laryngeal'' *'''teuzoza'''....''soft-spoken'' *'''teuzozay'''....''in a low voice, in a soft voice'' *'''teuztisyen'''....''phonics'' *'''teuztun'''....''phonology'' *'''teuztuna'''....''phonological'' *'''teuztunay'''....''phonologically'' *'''teuztut'''....''phonologist'' *'''teuzun'''....''phone, sound, utterance'' *'''teuzuna saen'''....''phoneticism'' *'''teuzuna'''....''phonetic, phonic'' *'''teuzunay'''....''phonetically, phonically'' *'''teuzuntun'''....''phonetics'' *'''teuzuntuna'''....''phonetic'' *'''teuzuntut'''....''phoneticist'' *'''teuzuntyenut'''....''phonetician'' *'''teuzut'''....''voicer'' *'''teuzwa'''....''sonant, uttered, voiced'' *'''teuzyan'''....''chorus'' *'''teuzyana'''....''choral'' *'''teuzyantixar'''....''vocoder'' *'''teuzyanut'''....''choral singer'' *'''teuzyigfa'''....''hoarse'' *'''teuzyigfan'''....''hoarseness'' *'''teuzyigfaser'''....''hoarsen'' *'''teuzyigfaxer'''....''hoarsen'' *'''teuzyigfay'''....''hoarsely'' *'''teyobufa yujteuzun'''....''guttural consonant'' *'''tikyebteubaxen'''....''analingus'' *'''tojteuv'''....''death mask'' *'''tooyba teuzuen'''....''female suffrage'' *'''tudet teupib'''....''baby tooth'' *'''tyoyafteubaxut'''....''brown noser'' *'''uateupib'''....''molar'' *'''ufteub'''....''frown, grimace, sneer'' *'''ufteubea'''....''frowning, grimacing, sneering'' *'''ufteuben'''....''frowning, grimacing, sneering scowling'' *'''ufteuber'''....''frown, grimace, lour, mug, sneer'' *'''ufteubsin'''....''glower, hateful expression'' *'''ufteubuer'''....''make frown'' *'''ufteud'''....''gripe, grouch, grouse, grumble, scorn, scowl'' *'''ufteudea'''....''griping, grouching, grousing, grumbling, scowling'' *'''ufteuden'''....''griping, grouching, grousing, grumbling, scorning, scowling, snarling'' *'''ufteuder'''....''gripe, grouch, grouse, grumble, grump, scorn, scowl, snarl, whine'' *'''ufteuduer'''....''make groan'' *'''ufteudut'''....''griper, grouser, scorner, whiner'' *'''ufteuduyea'''....''groan-inducing'' *'''ufteudwa'''....''scorned'' *'''ufteudyea jagat'''....''codger'' *'''ufteudyea'''....''grouchy, grumpy, scornful, snarly'' *'''ufteudyean'''....''grouchiness, grumpiness'' *'''ufteudyeay'''....''grouchily, grumpily, scornfully'' *'''uteupib'''....''premolar, wisdom tooth'' *'''utivteubeay'''....''simperingly'' *'''utivteuber'''....''simper'' *'''uvteub'''....''frown, grimace, long face, pouty face'' *'''uvteubea'''....''frowning, grimacing, pouting'' *'''uvteuben'''....''frowning, grimacing, making a long face, moping, pouting, sulking'' *'''uvteuber'''....''be sad-faced, frown, grimace, lour, make a long face, mope, pout, sulk'' *'''uvteubsin'''....''sad expression, sad face'' *'''uvteubsinea'''....''making a sad face, pouting'' *'''uvteubsinen'''....''making a sad face, pouting'' *'''uvteubsiner'''....''make a sad face, pout'' *'''uvteubut'''....''moper'' *'''uvteud'''....''complaint, moan, outcry, plaint, wail'' *'''uvteuden'''....''beefing, complaining, crying out, groaning, moaning, wailing'' *'''uvteuder'''....''complain, cry out, groan, moan, wail'' *'''uvteuduer'''....''make cry, make groan, make moan'' *'''uvteudut'''....''complainant, complainer'' *'''uvteuduyea'''....''groan-inducing, moan-inducing'' *'''uvteudyea'''....''grumbling, mournful, peevish, plaintive, querulous'' *'''uvteudyean'''....''peevishness, querulousness'' *'''uvteudyeay'''....''peevishly, plaintively, querulously'' *'''uvteudyefwa'''....''groan-worthy'' *'''uvteudyen'''....''plangency'' *'''uvteudyena'''....''plangent'' *'''vadoteuz'''....''yes vote'' *'''vadoteuzea'''....''voting yes'' *'''vadoteuzer'''....''vote yes'' *'''vadoteuzut'''....''yes voter'' *'''vadoteuzwa'''....''voted in'' *'''vafil teuxen'''....''wine tasting'' *'''vateuyea'''....''telling'' *'''vateuyeay'''....''tellingly'' *'''vateuz'''....''aye, yes vote'' *'''vateuzer'''....''say aye, vote affirmatively, vote yes'' *'''vateuzut'''....''yes voter'' *'''viteus'''....''good taste'' *'''viteusa'''....''scrumptious'' *'''viteusay'''....''scrumptiously'' *'''viteusea'''....''savory, tasty'' *'''vodoteuzuea'''....''voting no'' *'''vodoteuzuer'''....''vote no'' *'''vodoteuzuut'''....''no voter'' *'''vodoteuzuwa'''....''voted down'' *'''voteud'''....''disclaimer'' *'''voteuder'''....''disclaim'' *'''voteudwa'''....''disclaimed'' *'''voteuz'''....''nay, no vote'' *'''voteuzer'''....''vote down, vote no'' *'''voteuzut'''....''no voter'' *'''voteuzwa'''....''voted down'' *'''vyosaxwa teupibi'''....''false teeth'' *'''vyuteuba'''....''foul-mouthed, foulmouthed, ribald'' *'''vyuteuban'''....''ribaldry'' *'''vyuteubat'''....''foul-mouthed person, foulmouth, ribald'' *'''yaba yijteuzun'''....''high vowel'' *'''yagteubixea'''....''gnawing'' *'''yagteubixen'''....''gnawing'' *'''yagteubixer'''....''gnaw'' *'''yagteubixwa'''....''gnawed'' *'''yaguvteud'''....''lament, wail, whine'' *'''yaguvteudea'''....''lamenting, moaning, wailing, whining'' *'''yaguvteuden'''....''lamentation, lamenting, moaning, wailing, whining'' *'''yaguvteuder'''....''kvetch, lament, moan, wail, whine, whinge'' *'''yaguvteudut'''....''whiner, whinger'' *'''yaguvteudyea'''....''whiny'' *'''yaguvteudyefwa'''....''lamentable'' *'''yaguvteudyefway'''....''lamentably'' *'''yanyujber teubobi'''....''pucker, purse the lips'' *'''yazabteupib'''....''bucktooth'' *'''yazabteupibika'''....''bucktoothed'' *'''yeba teuz'''....''conscience, inner voice'' *'''yeber doteuzdref'''....''cast a ballot, cast a vote'' *'''yebteuboben'''....''sucking'' *'''yebteubober'''....''suck'' *'''yebteubobun'''....''suction'' *'''yebteubobwa'''....''sucked'' *'''yebteupiben'''....''indentation, indenting'' *'''yebteupiber'''....''indent'' *'''yebteupibun'''....''dent, indentation'' *'''yebteupibwa'''....''indented'' *'''yembiara teupibbek'''....''prosthodontics'' *'''yembiara teupibbeka'''....''prosthodontic'' *'''yembiara teupibbekut'''....''prosthodontist'' *'''yepeteupib'''....''cuspid'' *'''yigteupix seux'''....''graunch'' *'''yigteupixen'''....''crunching'' *'''yigteupixer'''....''crunch'' *'''yigteupixwa'''....''crunched'' *'''yigteupixyea'''....''crunchy'' *'''yigteupixyean'''....''crunchiness'' *'''yijteuza'''....''vocalic'' *'''yijteuzun yanseuz'''....''vowel harmony'' *'''yijteuzun'''....''vowel'' *'''yijteuzyan'''....''vocalism'' *'''yiteupib'''....''wisdom tooth'' *'''yizdoteuzuer'''....''outvote'' *'''yizdoteuzuwa'''....''outvoted'' *'''yizteuder'''....''outshout'' *'''yoba yijteuzun'''....''low vowel'' *'''yokteud'''....''exclamation, outburst'' *'''yokteuda siyn'''....''exclamation mark, exclamation point'' *'''yokteuda'''....''exclamatory'' *'''yokteuden'''....''exclamation'' *'''yokteudena'''....''exclamatory'' *'''yokteuder'''....''exclaim'' *'''yokteudwa'''....''exclaimed'' *'''yokteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' *'''yolzteuboba'''....''blue-lipped'' *'''yonteuzika'''....''dissonant'' *'''yonteuzikan'''....''dissonance'' *'''yopelat teupixun'''....''mosquito bite'' *'''yoteupib'''....''molar'' *'''yufteud'''....''growl, roar'' *'''yufteudea'''....''growling, roaring'' *'''yufteuden'''....''growling, roaring'' *'''yufteuder'''....''growl, roar'' *'''yugteumib'''....''soft palate, velum'' *'''yugteumiba yujteuzun'''....''velar consonant'' *'''yugteumiba'''....''velar'' *'''yugteumibxer'''....''velarize'' *'''yujteuzun glal'''....''consonant cluster'' *'''yujteuzun'''....''consonant'' *'''yujteuzuna'''....''consonantal'' *'''yupleteubob'''....''harelip'' *'''yupleteuboba'''....''harelipped'' *'''yuzteupiba'''....''periodontal'' *'''yuzteupibut'''....''periodontist'' *'''zaa yijteuzun'''....''front vowel'' *'''zateupib'''....''foretooth'' *'''zateyoba yuzteuzun'''....''laryngeal consonant'' *'''zea yijteuzun'''....''mid vowel'' *'''zoa yijteuzun'''....''back vowel'' *'''zoyteuz'''....''echo'' *'''zoyteuza emkaxen'''....''echolocation'' *'''zoyteuza'''....''echoic'' *'''zoyteuzen'''....''echoing'' *'''zoyteuzer'''....''echo'' *'''zoyteuzim'''....''echo chamber'' *'''zoyteuzuka'''....''anechoic'' *'''zoyteuzwa'''....''echoed'' *'''zyaa yijteuzun'''....''open vowel'' *'''zyaivteub'''....''beaming grin, wide grin'' *'''zyaivteubea'''....''beaming, grinning widely'' *'''zyaivteuben'''....''grinning widely'' *'''zyaivteuber'''....''be all grins, beam, grin widely'' *'''zyateuba ilyebag'''....''ewer'' *'''zyateuba'''....''widemouthed'' *'''zyoa yijteuzun'''....''close vowel'' *'''zyoyujben teubobi'''....''puckering, pursing the lips'' *'''zyoyujber teubobi'''....''pucker, purse the lips'' *'''zyuteuba'''....''orthant'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TIB (''trunk'') Words ==== : The root word '''tib''' means ''trunk (of the body)'' The meronymic elements are: ::* '''zotib'''....''back'' ::* '''zetib'''....''waist'' ::* '''zatib'''....''lap'' ::* '''tibuj'''....''tail'' :::* '''tibujaib'''....''tailbone, coccyx'' ::* '''tibaib'''....''rib'' :::* '''tibaibyan'''....''ribcage'' ::* '''tibyob'''....''groin'' ::* '''tiab'''....''bosom'' :::* '''tilab'''....''chest'' ::::* '''twilab'''....''pectoral'' ::::* '''tilayb'''....''breast'' :::* '''tilabeib'''....''teat, nipple'' ::* '''tieb'''....''lung'' ::* '''tiib'''....''heart'' ::* '''tiub'''....''belly'' :::* '''tiuyb'''....''abdomen'' :::* '''zotiub'''....''buttock'' :::* '''zetiub'''....''belly button'' ::* '''tiyob'''....''kidney'' ::* '''tiyab'''....''bladder'' ::* '''tiyeb'''....''prostate'' ::* '''twiyib'''....''testical'' ::* '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' ::* '''tiyub'''....''genitals'' :::* '''twiyub'''....''penis'' :::* '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' ::* '''tikab'''....''esophagus'' ::* '''tikeb'''....''stomach'' ::* '''tikib'''....''liver'' ::* '''tikub'''....''pancreas'' ::* '''tikyob'''....''small intestine'' ::* '''tikyab'''....''large intestine'' ::* '''tikyeb'''....''anus'' : Here is a set of words derived from '''tib''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtaf tibuj'''....''coattail'' *'''aomuftib'''....''scape'' *'''apetibuj tayebsyen'''....''ponytail'' *'''apetibuj'''....''horsetail, ponytail'' *'''byoyk bi zotib'''....''backache'' *'''ebtibaiba'''....''intercostal'' *'''entibuj yagtif'''....''swallowtail'' *'''entibuj'''....''swallowtail'' *'''eopetibiil-volz'''....''oxblood'' *'''eopetibiil-volza'''....''oxblood'' *'''eopetibuj'''....''oxtail'' *'''epeytibuj'''....''cow tail'' *'''gibarer be ha zotib'''....''backstab'' *'''hyutibuja'''....''heterocercal'' *'''iztibsea'''....''erect, standing up, standing up straight, upright'' *'''iztibsen'''....''erection, standing up, standing up straight'' *'''iztibser'''....''stand erect, stand up, stand up straight'' *'''iztibsya'''....''erect, standing straight, upright'' *'''jogat datibam'''....''youth hostel'' *'''kapeltiblen'''....''nitpicking'' *'''kapeltibler'''....''nitpick'' *'''marmeg tibuj'''....''comet tail'' *'''nyiftibuf'''....''shoelace tag'' *'''obtibgun'''....''crotch'' *'''obzatib syaagir'''....''laptop computer'' *'''obzatib'''....''lap'' *'''obzatibfaof'''....''laptop'' *'''obzatibik'''....''lapful'' *'''odatibyena'''....''inhospitable'' *'''odatibyenay'''....''inhospitably'' *'''pitibuj'''....''fishtail'' *'''tib'''....''torso, trunk'' *'''tiba gwogteexar'''....''lavalier'' *'''tiba pyosuz'''....''lavaliere'' *'''tibaib'''....''rib'' *'''tibaiba'''....''costal'' *'''tibaibika'''....''ribbed'' *'''tibaibuer'''....''rib'' *'''tibaibyan'''....''rib cage'' *'''tibal'''....''distress'' *'''tibalea'''....''distressing'' *'''tibalwa'''....''distressed'' *'''tibalyea'''....''distressful'' *'''tibalyeay'''....''distressingly'' *'''tibiilgran'''....''plethora'' *'''tibuf'''....''dragnet, tassel, train'' *'''tibufika'''....''tasseled'' *'''tibuj oybsiyn'''....''cedilla'' *'''tibuj'''....''tail'' *'''tibuja'''....''caudal'' *'''tibujika'''....''tailed'' *'''tibujoya'''....''tailless'' *'''tibujuka'''....''tailless'' *'''tibujyog'''....''bobtail'' *'''tibupea'''....''dragging behind, lagging'' *'''tibupen'''....''dragging behind, lagging'' *'''tibuper'''....''drag behind, lag'' *'''tibuxegen'''....''tail wagging'' *'''tibuxeger'''....''wag the tail'' *'''tibuzasen'''....''bending over, bowing'' *'''tibuzaser'''....''bend over, bow'' *'''tibuzogxen'''....''curtsy'' *'''tibyeym'''....''poke, pouch'' *'''atikeb'''....''rumen'' *'''byoyk bi tikeb'''....''bellyache, stomachache'' *'''eopetuda tikib'''....''calf's liver'' *'''jatikabier'''....''predigest'' *'''jatikabiwa'''....''predigested'' *'''meylztikibbok'''....''cirrhosis'' *'''meylztikibboka'''....''cirrhotic'' *'''otikabiwa'''....''indigested'' *'''otikabyebniwa'''....''undigested'' *'''patikeb'''....''gizzard'' *'''peltiktojbut'''....''exterminator, bug exterminator'' *'''potikexb'''....''craw'' *'''pottikyebil'''....''scat'' *'''pyuer ha nod bi tikebiloken'''....''gag'' *'''tikab'''....''esophagus'' *'''tikaba'''....''esophageal'' *'''tikabien'''....''digesting, digestion'' *'''tikabiena'''....''digestive, peptic'' *'''tikabier'''....''digest'' *'''tikabiwa'''....''digested'' *'''tikabiyafwa'''....''digestible'' *'''tikabiyik'''....''dyspepsia, indigestion, liverish'' *'''tikabiyika'''....''dyspepsic, dyspeptic'' *'''tikabiyikwa'''....''hard to digest'' *'''tikabiyofwa'''....''indigestible'' *'''tikeb'''....''gut, maw, stomach'' *'''tikeba'''....''gastric, stomach-related, stomachic'' *'''tikeba-tikyaba'''....''gastrointestinal'' *'''tikebbok'''....''gastritis'' *'''tikebbyoyk'''....''stomach ache'' *'''tikebien'''....''ingestion'' *'''tikebier'''....''ingest'' *'''tikebiil'''....''gastric juice'' *'''tikebikxen'''....''stuffing'' *'''tikebikxer'''....''fill the stomach, stuff'' *'''tikebikxwa'''....''stuffed'' *'''tikebikxwas'''....''stuffing'' *'''tikebil'''....''chyme'' *'''tikebiloken'''....''puking, regurgitation, throwing up, vomiting'' *'''tikebiloker'''....''barf, disgorge, keck, puke, regorge, regurgitate, throw up, upchuck, vomit'' *'''tikebilokuer'''....''gag'' *'''tikebilokun'''....''puke, vomit'' *'''tikebilokwa'''....''vomited'' *'''tikebilokxea'''....''vomitive'' *'''tikebilokyeker'''....''retch'' *'''tikebiokxus'''....''vomitory'' *'''tikebiwa'''....''ingested'' *'''tikebukxar'''....''stomach pump'' *'''tikebukxen'''....''stomach pumping'' *'''tikebukxer'''....''pump the stomach'' *'''tikebukxil'''....''emetic'' *'''tikebyijben'''....''gutting'' *'''tikebyijber'''....''gut'' *'''tikebyijbwa'''....''gutted'' *'''tikebyik'''....''indigestion'' *'''tikebzyaoxen'''....''peristalsis'' *'''tikebzyaoxena'''....''peristaltic'' *'''tikebzyubaoxea'''....''stomach-churning'' *'''tikib'''....''liver'' *'''tikiba'''....''hepatic, liver-'' *'''tikibbok'''....''hepatitis, liver disease'' *'''tikibil'''....''bile'' *'''tikibila'''....''biliary, bilious'' *'''tikibilan'''....''biliousness'' *'''tikibtaolfuyf'''....''liverwurst'' *'''tikibtun'''....''hepatology'' *'''tikibtuna'''....''hepatological'' *'''tikibtunay'''....''hepatologically'' *'''tikibtut'''....''hepatologist'' *'''tikibul'''....''heparin'' *'''tikub'''....''pancreas'' *'''tikuba'''....''pancreatic'' *'''tikubbok'''....''pancreatitis'' *'''tikyab'''....''large intestine'' *'''tikyaba'''....''enteric'' *'''tikyabbok'''....''colic'' *'''tikyabboka'''....''colicky'' *'''tikyabbokmula'''....''coliform'' *'''tikyabujgoblen'''....''colostomy'' *'''tikyeb'''....''anus, bung, pooper'' *'''tikyeba'''....''anal'' *'''tikyebal'''....''fart, flatulence, wind'' *'''tikyebaluen'''....''breaking wind, farting, flatulence'' *'''tikyebaluer'''....''break wind, fart'' *'''tikyebaluyea'''....''flatulent'' *'''tikyebay'''....''anally'' *'''tikyebteubaxen'''....''analingus'' *'''tikyebuj'''....''rectum'' *'''tikyebuja tayoxen'''....''rectal palpation'' *'''tikyebuja'''....''rectal'' *'''tikyebujay'''....''rectally'' *'''tikyebul'''....''dung, feces, shit, slop'' *'''tikyebula'''....''fecal'' *'''tikyebulif'''....''scat'' *'''tikyebultuna'''....''scatological, scatology'' *'''tikyebuluen'''....''defecation, shitting'' *'''tikyebuluena'''....''defecatory'' *'''tikyebuluer'''....''defecate, shit'' *'''tikyebzoytalobbok'''....''hemorrhoids, piles'' *'''tikyob'''....''bowel, intestine, small intestine'' *'''tikyoba'''....''intestinal'' *'''tikyobbok'''....''dysentery, enteritis'' *'''tikyobi'''....''bowels'' *'''tikyobien'''....''ingesting, ingestion'' *'''tikyobier'''....''ingest'' *'''tikyobij'''....''duodenum'' *'''tikyobija'''....''duodenal'' *'''tikyobil'''....''chyle'' *'''tikyobilp'''....''diarrhea'' *'''tikyobiwa'''....''ingested'' *'''tikyobobeer'''....''unbowel'' *'''tikyoboben'''....''disemboweling, disembowelment'' *'''tikyobober'''....''disembowel, embowel'' *'''tikyobobwa'''....''disemboweled'' *'''tikyobuien'''....''digestion'' *'''tikyobuier'''....''digest'' *'''tikyobuiwa'''....''digested'' *'''ujtikyob'''....''ileum'' *'''zetikyob'''....''jejunum'' *'''tibyobyoz'''....''groin'' *'''yanzotibaxen'''....''spooning'' *'''yanzotibaxer'''....''spoon'' *'''yapetibuj'''....''pigtail'' *'''yapetzotib'''....''pig's back'' *'''yapiitibuj'''....''shrimp tail'' *'''yetetib'''....''lay ministry'' *'''yipetibuj'''....''cattail'' *'''yobtibsea'''....''crouched, crouching'' *'''yobtibsen'''....''crouching'' *'''yobtibser'''....''crouch, hunker, scrooch, scrootch, scrouge'' *'''yobzotib'''....''lumbago, sirloin'' *'''yobzotiba'''....''lumbar'' *'''yupetibuj'''....''scut'' *'''zaobasea tibuj'''....''wagging tail'' *'''zetib'''....''midriff, waist'' *'''zetibnad'''....''waistline'' *'''zetibneyef'''....''waistband'' *'''zotib nyef'''....''backpack, rucksack'' *'''zotib ponyef'''....''travel backpack'' *'''zotib'''....''back'' *'''zotiba'''....''dorsal'' *'''zotibabaxlun'''....''back massage'' *'''zotibabwa'''....''supine'' *'''zotibabway'''....''supinely'' *'''zotibar'''....''back'' *'''zotibay'''....''dorsally'' *'''zotibbelwa'''....''pickaback'' *'''zotibnyef'''....''backpack, knapsack, rucksack'' *'''zotibnyefen'''....''backpacking'' *'''zotibnyefut'''....''backpacker'' *'''zotibpyex'''....''backstroke'' *'''zotibyaza'''....''hunchbacked, humpbacked'' *'''zotibyazat'''....''hunchback'' *'''zotibyokbas'''....''wrick'' *'''zotib-yonpyexea'''....''backbreaking'' *'''zyatibsen'''....''stretching'' *'''zyatibser'''....''stretch'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TUB and TUP Words ==== : The root word '''tub''' means ''arm''. The word '''tup''' means ''limb'' in general. : The meronyms of '''tub''' are: ::* '''tuab'''....''shoulder'' ::* '''tueb'''....''upper arm'' ::* '''tuib'''....''elbow'' ::* '''tuub'''....''forearm'' :::* '''tuubaib'''....''ulna'' ::* '''tuyob'''....''wrist'' :::* '''tuyobaib'''....''carpal, wrist bone'' ::::* '''atuyobaib'''....''scaphoid'' ::::* '''etuyobaib'''....''lunate'' ::::* '''ituyobaib'''....''triquetrum'' ::::* '''utuyobaib'''....''pisiform'' ::::* '''yotuyobaib'''....''trapezium'' ::::* '''yatuyobaib'''....''trapezoid'' ::::* '''yetuyobaib'''....''capitate'' ::::* '''yituyobabi'''....''hamate'' ::* '''tuyab'''....''hand'' ::* '''tuyeb'''....''fist'' ::* '''tuyib'''....''palm'' ::* '''tuyub'''....''finger'' ::* '''tulob'''....''fingernail'' : Words containing '''tub''' and '''tup''' are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''anpatuba'''....''single-wing, single-winged'' *'''anpatubeon'''....''monoplane'' *'''antuba'''....''one-armed'' *'''antubat'''....''one-armed person'' *'''apatub'''....''chicken wing'' *'''bay oyebzyabwa tupi'''....''spreadeagled, akimbo, sprawled out'' *'''byoxtub'''....''gibbet'' *'''byuxtub'''....''tentacle'' *'''byuxtubika'''....''tentacled'' *'''enbirtub'''....''tongs'' *'''enpatuba mampur'''....''biplane'' *'''enpatuba'''....''bi-wing'' *'''fyepatubatem'''....''fairyland'' *'''glapituba'''....''finny'' *'''inpatuba mampur'''....''triplane'' *'''kyoaxea patubes'''....''canard'' *'''lotupxen'''....''ouster'' *'''lotupxer'''....''oust from the membership'' *'''mapatub mampur'''....''prop plane, propeller aircraft, propeller plane'' *'''mapatub'''....''fan, propeller'' *'''mapitub'''....''weather vane'' *'''milatub'''....''hydrofoil'' *'''otupdyundrawa'''....''unregistered'' *'''oybtuba'''....''underarm'' *'''patub'''....''aileron, airfoil, fan, flapper, pinion, wing'' *'''patubas'''....''flap, flutter'' *'''patubasar'''....''flapper, valve'' *'''patubasea mes'''....''flapper, shutter, valve'' *'''patubasea'''....''aflutter, flapping, fluttering'' *'''patubasen'''....''flapping, fluttering'' *'''patubaser'''....''flap, flutter'' *'''patubes'''....''winglet'' *'''patubgin'''....''wingtip'' *'''patubier'''....''fledge'' *'''patubika'''....''winged'' *'''patuboya'''....''wingless'' *'''patubuer'''....''fledge'' *'''patubuj'''....''flexure'' *'''patubuka'''....''wingless'' *'''patubuwa'''....''fledged'' *'''patubuzan'''....''camber'' *'''patubyena'''....''winglike'' *'''patubyuj'''....''flap, volet'' *'''patubzen'''....''hub'' *'''patubzyab'''....''wingspread'' *'''patubzyag'''....''wingspan'' *'''patupea'''....''flitting'' *'''patupen'''....''flitting'' *'''patuper'''....''flit'' *'''peitub'''....''flipper'' *'''pitub'''....''fin'' *'''potub'''....''paw'' *'''potuben'''....''pawing'' *'''potuber'''....''paw'' *'''potubwa'''....''pawed'' *'''pyatub'''....''poult'' *'''seuztub'''....''tonearm'' *'''suza tup'''....''prosthesis, prosthetic'' *'''talabtupet'''....''arthropod'' *'''tostub'''....''antenna'' *'''tostubi'''....''antennae'' *'''tostubsyob'''....''scape'' *'''tub yuznof'''....''armband'' *'''tub'''....''arm, brace'' *'''tuba'''....''brachial'' *'''tubalk'''....''terbium, Tb'' *'''tubaxen'''....''flailing, swinging'' *'''tubaxer'''....''flail'' *'''tubazyuj'''....''hammerlock'' *'''tubbol'''....''armrest'' *'''tubglan'''....''armful'' *'''tubkyiun'''....''armload'' *'''tubsim'''....''armchair'' *'''tubuken'''....''winging'' *'''tubuker'''....''wing'' *'''tubyog'''....''stub, stump'' *'''tubyujlen'''....''keylock'' *'''tubyuxok'''....''paraplegia'' *'''tubyuxokya'''....''paraplegic'' *'''tubyuxokyat'''....''paraplegic'' *'''tubyuzen'''....''cuddling, embracing, hugging'' *'''tubyuzer'''....''cuddle, embrace, hug'' *'''tubyuzwa'''....''cuddled'' *'''tubyuzyea'''....''cuddly'' *'''tubyuzyuben'''....''folding one's arms'' *'''tubyuzyuber'''....''fold one's arms'' *'''tubzyeg'''....''armhole, armpit'' *'''tubzyus'''....''armlet'' *'''tup'''....''limb, member, outgrowth, appendage'' *'''tupoben'''....''amputation, dismemberment'' *'''tupober'''....''amputate, dismember, remove a limb'' *'''tupobwa'''....''amputated, dismembered'' *'''tupot'''....''tarsier'' *'''tupoya'''....''limbless'' *'''tupoza'''....''rickety'' *'''tupuka'''....''limbless'' *'''tupuzren'''....''wrench'' *'''tupyaga'''....''rangy'' *'''tupyagan'''....''ranginess'' *'''tupyugxer'''....''unlimber'' *'''ummagelwa patub'''....''baked chicken'' *'''untuppasyof'''....''quadriplegia'' *'''untuppasyofa'''....''quadriplegic'' *'''untuppasyofat'''....''quadriplegic'' *'''upetubayob'''....''lambskin'' *'''upetubayof'''....''lambskin'' *'''uztub'''....''crank'' *'''uztuben'''....''crank, cranking'' *'''uztubmuf'''....''crankshaft'' *'''uztubmufyem'''....''crankcase'' *'''uzyupatub mampur'''....''helicopter'' *'''uzyupatub'''....''chopper, copter, helical wing, helicopter wing, screw wing'' *'''uzyupatupur'''....''helicopter'' *'''uzyupatupurem'''....''heliport'' *'''yantubyuzen'''....''snuggling'' *'''yantubyuzer'''....''snuggle'' *'''yijtup'''....''raglan'' *'''yuztuben'''....''embrace, embracing'' *'''yuztuber'''....''embrace'' *'''zatup'''....''forelimb'' *'''zotup'''....''backlimb'' *'''zyubmapatub'''....''turboprop'' *'''zyuptub'''....''turnstile'' </div> {{small/end}} : Words containing sub-elements of '''tub''' are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''amez tuyobuz'''....''diamond bracelet'' *'''antuyaba'''....''single-handed'' *'''antuyabay'''....''single-handedly, singlehanded'' *'''atulob'''....''thumbnail'' *'''atuyub abaxlun'''....''shiatsu'' *'''atuyub'''....''thumb'' *'''atuyubek zyun'''....''marble'' *'''atuyuben'''....''thumbing'' *'''atuyuber'''....''thumb'' *'''aybtuyaba'''....''overhanded'' *'''baoxer tuyabi'''....''shake hands'' *'''beker kyituyabay'''....''treat heavy-handedly'' *'''bekwa kyituyabay'''....''treated heavy-handedly'' *'''bey tuyab'''....''by hand'' *'''buktulob'''....''hangnail'' *'''daztuyabnaad'''....''barre'' *'''ebtuabuz'''....''epaulet'' *'''etuyub'''....''index finger'' *'''fituyabwa'''....''well-handled'' *'''futuyaben'''....''mishandling'' *'''futuyaber'''....''mishandle'' *'''futuyabwa'''....''mishandled'' *'''iatuyub'''....''right hand thumb'' *'''ietuyub'''....''right hand index finger'' *'''igtuyubtyen'''....''legerdemain'' *'''ituyub'''....''middle finger'' *'''iyotuyub'''....''right hand pinkie'' *'''iza tuyabel'''....''express delivery'' *'''kyituyaba'''....''heavy-handed'' *'''kyituyaban'''....''heavy-handedness'' *'''kyituyabay'''....''heavy-handedly'' *'''kyituyaben'''....''mauling, treat heavy-handedly'' *'''kyituyaber'''....''maul, treat heavy-handedly'' *'''kyituyabwa'''....''mauled, treated heavy-handedly'' *'''lotuyaber'''....''unhand'' *'''mes tuyabar'''....''door handle'' *'''nyivtulobeay'''....''pizzicato'' *'''patulob'''....''claw, gripper'' *'''patulobar'''....''grip, gripper'' *'''patuloben'''....''gripping'' *'''patulober'''....''grip'' *'''patulobwa'''....''gripped'' *'''potulob'''....''claw'' *'''pyex bay zoa tuyab'''....''backhander'' *'''pyotuyaben'''....''pawing'' *'''pyotuyaber'''....''paw'' *'''pyotuyabwa'''....''pawed'' *'''sartuyabar'''....''haft, helve'' *'''sepetulob'''....''spine'' *'''tuab dopar'''....''shoulder gun, shoulder weapon'' *'''tuab'''....''humerus, shoulder'' *'''tuaba'''....''humeral'' *'''tuababeler dudyef'''....''shoulder responsibility'' *'''tuababeler'''....''carry on one’s shoulders, shoulder'' *'''tuababwa'''....''piggyback, piggybacked'' *'''tuabaoxen'''....''shimmying'' *'''tuabaoxer'''....''shimmy'' *'''tuabapen'''....''piggybacking'' *'''tuabexen'''....''shouldering'' *'''tuabexer'''....''hold on one's shoulders, shoulder'' *'''tuabexwa'''....''shouldered'' *'''tuabnyef'''....''satchel, shoulder bag'' *'''tuabof'''....''tippet'' *'''tuabtaol'''....''chuck'' *'''tuabzogon'''....''scapula'' *'''tuabzogona'''....''scapular'' *'''tueb'''....''upper arm, biceps'' *'''tuebaeb'''....''bicep, biceps'' *'''tuib yanar'''....''elbow joint'' *'''tuib'''....''elbow'' *'''tuibaxen'''....''elbowing, nudging'' *'''tuibaxer'''....''elbow, nudge'' *'''tuibaxwa'''....''elbowed, nudged'' *'''tulob goyblar'''....''nail clipper'' *'''tulob goyblun'''....''nail clipping'' *'''tulob yivtayobes'''....''agnail'' *'''tulob yugfar'''....''nail file'' *'''tulob yugfaxil'''....''nail polish'' *'''tulob'''....''fingernail, nail'' *'''tulobar'''....''file, manicure device, nail cutter, nail scissor, plectrum'' *'''tulobaryan'''....''manicure set'' *'''tulobbek'''....''manicure'' *'''tulobbekam'''....''manicure salon, nail salon'' *'''tulobbeken'''....''manicuring'' *'''tulobbekut'''....''manicurist'' *'''tulobbekwa'''....''manicured'' *'''tulobseuxen'''....''scrooping'' *'''tulobseuxer'''....''scroop'' *'''tulobtayebar'''....''nailbrush'' *'''tulobul'''....''keratin'' *'''tulobula'''....''keratinous'' *'''tulobulxer'''....''keratinize'' *'''tulobyog'''....''dewclaw'' *'''tuub'''....''forearm, tendril'' *'''tuubaib'''....''ulna'' *'''tuubaiba'''....''ulnar'' *'''tuubnak'''....''cubit'' *'''tuyab adopar'''....''hand gun, handgun, pistol'' *'''tuyab belar'''....''hand truck, handbarrow, handcart'' *'''tuyab dopar'''....''hand weapon'' *'''tuyab ektobet'''....''hand puppet'' *'''tuyab kotyen'''....''sleight of hand'' *'''tuyab manar'''....''flashlight'' *'''tuyab milnov'''....''hand towel, napkin'' *'''tuyab ponyeb'''....''valise'' *'''tuyab umxar'''....''hand dryer'' *'''tuyab yaozgoblar'''....''handsaw'' *'''tuyab yibdalir'''....''hand phone, handset'' *'''tuyab'''....''hand'' *'''tuyaba yex'''....''manual labor'' *'''tuyaba yexut'''....''manual laborer'' *'''tuyaba yibdalir'''....''cell phone, hand phone'' *'''tuyaba'''....''manual'' *'''tuyabaox'''....''handshake'' *'''tuyabaoxen'''....''handshaking'' *'''tuyabaoxer'''....''shake hands'' *'''tuyabar'''....''handle'' *'''tuyabay'''....''manually'' *'''tuyabaypux'''....''handspring'' *'''tuyabbek'''....''manicure'' *'''tuyabbeken'''....''manicuring'' *'''tuyabbektuna'''....''chiropractic'' *'''tuyabbektut'''....''chiropractor'' *'''tuyabbekut'''....''manicurist'' *'''tuyabbekwa'''....''manicured'' *'''tuyabel'''....''delivery'' *'''tuyabelar'''....''briefcase, hand cart, satchel'' *'''tuyabelawa'''....''delivered'' *'''tuyabelen'''....''delivery, hand-carrying'' *'''tuyabeler'''....''deliver, hand-carry'' *'''tuyabelut'''....''deliverer'' *'''tuyabelwa'''....''delivered, hand-carried'' *'''tuyaben'''....''handling'' *'''tuyaber'''....''handle'' *'''tuyabexar'''....''handle, pommel'' *'''tuyabexen'''....''hand-holding, handling, holding hands, manipulating, manipulation'' *'''tuyabexer'''....''clasp, grab onto, handhold, handle, hold hands, manipulate'' *'''tuyabexler'''....''grip hands'' *'''tuyabexlun'''....''handgrip'' *'''tuyabexun'''....''handhold'' *'''tuyabexut'''....''handler, manipulator'' *'''tuyabexwa teabaar'''....''lorgnette'' *'''tuyabexwa'''....''handheld, handled, manipulated'' *'''tuyabexyafwa'''....''manipulable, manipulatable'' *'''tuyabexyafwan'''....''manipulability'' *'''tuyabexyea'''....''manipulative'' *'''tuyabibler'''....''handpick'' *'''tuyabibllawa'''....''hand-picked, handpicked'' *'''tuyabien'''....''grabbing, taking by the hand, taking hold of'' *'''tuyabier'''....''grab, take by the hand, take hold of'' *'''tuyabik'''....''fistful, handful'' *'''tuyabilyeb'''....''flask'' *'''tuyabirar'''....''clamp'' *'''tuyabirea'''....''grasping'' *'''tuyabireay'''....''graspingly'' *'''tuyabiren'''....''clamping, grabbing, grasping, wrestling'' *'''tuyabirer'''....''clamp, grab, grasp'' *'''tuyabirut'''....''grabber, grasper'' *'''tuyabirwa'''....''clamped, grabbed, grasped'' *'''tuyabiryafwa'''....''graspable'' *'''tuyabiwa'''....''grabbed, taken by the hand, taken hold'' *'''tuyabuen'''....''delivery, presentation, handing'' *'''tuyabuer'''....''deliver, hand out, present, hand over'' *'''tuyabugar'''....''handbrake'' *'''tuyabuun'''....''delivery, handout, presentation'' *'''tuyabuut'''....''presenter'' *'''tuyabuwa'''....''delivered, handed out, presented, handed over'' *'''tuyabwa'''....''handled'' *'''tuyabyanx'''....''handclasp, handshake, joining of hands'' *'''tuyabyanxen'''....''handshaking, joining of hands'' *'''tuyabyanxer'''....''join hands, shake hands'' *'''tuyabyaoxen'''....''waving'' *'''tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'''....''hail a taxi, wave down a taxi'' *'''tuyabyaoxer'''....''wave'' *'''tuyabyas'''....''handstand'' *'''tuyabyexen'''....''ovation, clapping'' *'''tuyabyexer'''....''clap hands, clap'' *'''tuyabyexut'''....''clapper'' *'''tuyabyexwa'''....''clapped'' *'''tuyabyuxen'''....''groping'' *'''tuyabyuxer'''....''grope'' *'''tuyabyuxwa'''....''groped'' *'''tuyabzyun ekem'''....''handball court'' *'''tuyabzyun ifek'''....''game of handball'' *'''tuyabzyun'''....''hand ball, handball'' *'''tuyeb'''....''fist'' *'''tuyebaoxen'''....''shaking one's fist'' *'''tuyebaoxer'''....''shake one's fist'' *'''tuyebepyex'''....''fistfight'' *'''tuyebepyexen'''....''fistfighting, pugilism'' *'''tuyebepyexer'''....''fistfight'' *'''tuyebepyexut'''....''fistfighter, pugilist'' *'''tuyebepyexyea'''....''pugilistic'' *'''tuyebexyea'''....''manipulatory'' *'''tuyebovek'''....''fist fight, fist-fight, fistfight'' *'''tuyeboveken'''....''fist-fighting'' *'''tuyeboveker'''....''box, fist-fight'' *'''tuyebovekut'''....''boxer, fist-fighter, pug'' *'''tuyeboveyk'''....''fisticuff'' *'''tuyeboveyker'''....''fisticuff'' *'''tuyebyujen'''....''clenching one's fist'' *'''tuyebyujer'''....''clench one's fist'' *'''tuyib'''....''palm'' *'''tuyibabax'''....''pat, caress'' *'''tuyibabaxen'''....''patting, caressing'' *'''tuyibabaxer'''....''pat, caress'' *'''tuyibabaxwa'''....''patted, caressed'' *'''tuyibaben'''....''laying palms on, palming'' *'''tuyibaber'''....''lay palms on, palm'' *'''tuyibaiba'''....''metacarpal'' *'''tuyibaibi'''....''metacarpi'' *'''tuyibbyokuar'''....''palmer'' *'''tuyibdyeen'''....''palm reading'' *'''tuyibdyeer'''....''read palms'' *'''tuyibdyeut'''....''palmist, palm reader'' *'''tuyibelwas'''....''palmtop'' *'''tuyibier'''....''palm'' *'''tuyibiwa'''....''palmed'' *'''tuyiblen'''....''palming'' *'''tuyibuen'''....''palming off'' *'''tuyibuer'''....''palm off'' *'''tuyibuwa'''....''palmed off'' *'''tuyob jwobar'''....''wrist watch, wristwatch'' *'''tuyob neyef'''....''wrist band, wristband, wristlet'' *'''tuyob yuvar'''....''manacle'' *'''tuyob'''....''wrist'' *'''tuyoba mup boksiunyan'''....''carpal tunnel syndrome'' *'''tuyoba'''....''carpal'' *'''tuyobbok'''....''psora'' *'''tuyobuz'''....''bracelet'' *'''tuyub milyeb'''....''finger bowl'' *'''tuyub tel'''....''finger food'' *'''tuyub uzyumuv'''....''thumb'' *'''tuyub vyun'''....''fingermark'' *'''tuyub'''....''finger'' *'''tuyuba'''....''digital'' *'''tuyubab'''....''palp'' *'''tuyubaben'''....''palpating, palpation'' *'''tuyubaber'''....''palpate'' *'''tuyubabwa'''....''palpated'' *'''tuyubaib'''....''phalange'' *'''tuyubaosen'''....''finger wagging'' *'''tuyubaoxer'''....''wag one's finger'' *'''tuyubarar'''....''thumbscrew'' *'''tuyubaxen'''....''fiddling, fingering'' *'''tuyubaxer'''....''fiddle, finger'' *'''tuyubaxwa'''....''fiddled, fingered'' *'''tuyubbal'''....''fingerprint'' *'''tuyubbalen'''....''fingerprinting'' *'''tuyubbaler'''....''fingerprint'' *'''tuyubbalun'''....''fingerprint'' *'''tuyubgin'''....''fingertip'' *'''tuyubifxar'''....''tickler'' *'''tuyubifxen'''....''tickling'' *'''tuyubifxer'''....''tickle'' *'''tuyubifxwa'''....''tickled'' *'''tuyubiga'''....''nimble-fingered'' *'''tuyubigek'''....''prestidigitation, magic'' *'''tuyubigeker'''....''prestidigitate'' *'''tuyubigekut'''....''prestidigitator, magician'' *'''tuyubizden'''....''indication'' *'''tuyubizder'''....''indicate'' *'''tuyubizdyea'''....''indicative'' *'''tuyubizeaxen'''....''indicating'' *'''tuyubizeaxer'''....''indicate'' *'''tuyubizeaxwa'''....''indicated'' *'''tuyubuz'''....''ring'' *'''tuyubyex'''....''fillip, rap, strum, tap'' *'''tuyubyexen'''....''rapping, strumming, tapping'' *'''tuyubyexer'''....''rap, strum, tap'' *'''tuyubyexun'''....''rap, tap'' *'''tuyubyexut'''....''rapper, strummer, tapper'' *'''tuyubyexwa'''....''rapped, tapped, strummed'' *'''tuyubyig'''....''corn'' *'''uatuyub'''....''left hand thumb'' *'''uetuyub'''....''left hand index finger'' *'''uituyub'''....''left hand middle finger'' *'''utuyub'''....''ring finger'' *'''uutuyub'''....''left hand ring finger'' *'''uyotuyub'''....''left hand pinkie'' *'''uztuyubeken'''....''twiddling'' *'''uztuyubeker'''....''twiddle'' *'''uztuyubekyafwa'''....''twiddly'' *'''vyotuyabyuxen'''....''groping'' *'''vyotuyabyuxer'''....''grope'' *'''vyotuyabyuxut'''....''groper'' *'''yantuyabexen'''....''clasping hands'' *'''yantuyabexer'''....''clasp hands'' *'''yiba tuyubaib'''....''distal phalange'' *'''yigtuyobuz'''....''bangle'' *'''yijtuyaba'''....''openhanded'' *'''yijtuyaban'''....''openhandedness'' *'''yivtuyaba'''....''freehand'' *'''yivtuyaber'''....''freehand'' *'''yotuyub'''....''pinkie, pinky'' *'''yuba tuyubaib'''....''proximal phalange'' *'''zatuyub'''....''forefinger'' *'''zea tuyub'''....''middle finger'' *'''zea tuyubaib'''....''intermediate phalange'' *'''zituyaba'''....''right-handed'' *'''zituyaban'''....''right-handedness'' *'''zotuyab'''....''backhand'' *'''zotuyaba'''....''backhanded'' *'''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous'' *'''zuituyub'''....''right hand ring finger'' *'''zutuyaba'''....''left-handed'' *'''zutuyaban'''....''left-handed'' *'''zutuyabat'''....''southpaw'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TYOB (''leg'') Meronyms ==== : The root word '''tyob''' means leg. Some meronyms are as follows: ::* '''tyob'''....''leg'' :::* '''tyoab'''....''hip, haunch'' ::::* '''tyoabaib'''....''hip bone'' :::::* '''atyoabaib'''....''ilium'' :::::* '''etyoabaib'''....''ischium'' :::::* '''ityoabaib'''....''pubic'' ::::* '''tyoabalab'''....''hip joint, coxa, coxofemoral joint'' ::::* '''tyoabaeb'''....''hip muscle'' :::* '''tyoeb'''....''thigh'' ::::* '''tyoebaib'''....''femur, thigh bone'' ::::* '''tyoebaeb'''....''thigh muscle'' :::::* '''atyoebaeb'''....''adductor'' :::::* '''etyoebaeb'''....''hamstring'' :::::* '''ityoebaeb'''....''extension'' :::* '''tyoib'''....''knee'' ::::* '''tyoibab'''....''kneecap, patella'' ::::* '''tyoibalab'''....''knee joint'' ::::* '''tyoibnyef'''....''bursa'' :::* '''tyoub'''....''shin'' ::::* '''tyoubaib'''....''tibia, shin bone'' :::* '''tyoyob'''....''ankle'' ::::* '''tyoyobaib'''....''talus, ankle bone'' :::* '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' :::* '''tyoyeb'''....''heel'' ::::* '''tyoyebaib'''....''heel bone, calcaneus, metatarsus'' :::::* '''tyoyebaiba'''....''metatarsal'' :::* '''tyoyib'''....''sole, plantar aspect'' ::::* '''tyoyiba'''....''plantar'' :::* '''tyoyub'''....''toe'' ::::* '''atyoyub'''....''big toe, hallux'' ::::* '''etyoyub'''....''index toe, pointer toe'' ::::* '''ityoyub'''....''middle toe'' ::::* '''utyoyub'''....''fore toe, ring toe'' ::::* '''yotyoyub'''....''baby toe, little toe, pinky toe'' :::* '''tyolob'''....''toenail'' : Some common verbs built on these words: ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' ::* '''tyoaper'''....''to sit'' ::* '''tyoibuzer'''....''to kneel'' ::* '''tyoipaser'''....''to crawl on one's knees'' ::* '''tyoyeber'''....''to supplant'' ::* '''tyoyabarer'''....''to trample'' ::* '''tyoyaper'''....''to walk'' ::* '''tyoyuper'''....''to tiptoe'' : Here are words derived from '''tyob''' and its sub-elements: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abektun bi tyoyab'''....''foot surgery'' *'''apetyoub'''....''fetlock'' *'''apetyoyab'''....''hoof'' *'''apetyoyaba'''....''ungulate'' *'''atyoyub'''....''big toe'' *'''bay awa yoba tyoab'''....''hipshot'' *'''be tyoyab'''....''on foot, standing'' *'''bey tyoyab'''....''on foot'' *'''buktyolob'''....''hangnail'' *'''entyoyaba'''....''biped, bipedal'' *'''entyoyabat'''....''biped'' *'''epetyoyabwa'''....''hoofed'' *'''euntyoyuba'''....''artiodaktylos, even-toed'' *'''feelktyoyab'''....''cobbler's last'' *'''gipotyoyub'''....''camel toe'' *'''glatyoyaba'''....''multipede'' *'''ibtyoyabaren'''....''stamping out'' *'''ibtyoyabarer'''....''stamp out'' *'''ibtyoyabarwa'''....''stamped out'' *'''iztyoyaba zetif'''....''orthopedic corset'' *'''iztyoyaba'''....''orthopaedic, orthopedic'' *'''iztyoyabtyen'''....''orthopedics'' *'''iztyoyabtyena'''....''orthopaedic, orthopedic'' *'''iztyoyabtyenut'''....''orthopaedist, orthopedist'' *'''kyityoyabaler'''....''tromp'' *'''kyityoyabwa'''....''trodden'' *'''kyotyoyabyex'''....''placekick'' *'''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'''....''scull'' *'''neaftyoyab'''....''webfoot'' *'''neattyoyaba'''....''webfooted'' *'''olesuntyoyuba'''....''odd-toed, perrisodaktylos'' *'''oyb ota tyoyabi'''....''underfoot'' *'''oybtyolobbak'''....''whitlow'' *'''oybtyoyaba'''....''underfoot'' *'''oyebzyityoyab'''....''splayfoot'' *'''oyebzyityoyaba'''....''splayfooted'' *'''repatyoyab'''....''crowfoot, crowsfoot'' *'''tyoab yanar'''....''hip joint'' *'''tyoab'''....''haunch, hip, huckle'' *'''tyoaba tayib'''....''sciatic nerve'' *'''tyoaba tayibbyok'''....''sciatica'' *'''tyoaba'''....''sciatic'' *'''tyoabaib'''....''hipbone, ilium'' *'''tyoabaibyan'''....''sacroiliac'' *'''tyoaper'''....''move on the hips'' *'''tyoeb'''....''thigh'' *'''tyoebaib'''....''thighbone'' *'''tyoib yanar'''....''knee joint'' *'''tyoib'''....''knee'' *'''tyoibab'''....''kneecap, patella'' *'''tyoibaxen'''....''kneeing'' *'''tyoiben'''....''genuflection'' *'''tyoiber'''....''genuflect'' *'''tyoibsom'''....''kneeler'' *'''tyoibuza'''....''kneeling'' *'''tyoibuzben'''....''squat, squatting'' *'''tyoibuzber'''....''squat'' *'''tyoibuzer'''....''kneel'' *'''tyoibyank'''....''hock'' *'''tyoipasea'''....''crawling on one's knees'' *'''tyoipasen tyoipasea'''....''crawling'' *'''tyoipasen'''....''crawling on one's knees'' *'''tyoipaser'''....''crawl on one's knees'' *'''tyolob goyblar'''....''toenail clipper'' *'''tyolob'''....''toenail'' *'''tyoub'''....''leg, lower leg, tibia'' *'''tyouba'''....''tibial'' *'''tyoubog'''....''fibula'' *'''tyouboga'''....''fibular'' *'''tyoyab abaxlun'''....''foot massage'' *'''tyoyab bolar'''....''foot rest, footrest'' *'''tyoyab buyk'''....''footsore'' *'''tyoyab depat'''....''foot soldier'' *'''tyoyab depatyan'''....''infantry'' *'''tyoyab eysim'''....''footstool'' *'''tyoyab ifonek'''....''footsie'' *'''tyoyab josiyn'''....''footprint, footrace'' *'''tyoyab nog'''....''footstep'' *'''tyoyab poyxar'''....''foot rest'' *'''tyoyab sam'''....''footlocker'' *'''tyoyab sansiyn'''....''footprint'' *'''tyoyab tyod'''....''rank and file'' *'''tyoyab zyin'''....''footplate'' *'''tyoyab'''....''foot, pod'' *'''tyoyaba'''....''foot-related'' *'''tyoyababuz'''....''instep'' *'''tyoyabalen'''....''treading'' *'''tyoyabaler'''....''tread, treadle'' *'''tyoyabamof'''....''muff'' *'''tyoyabar mimpar'''....''pedalo'' *'''tyoyabar'''....''pedal'' *'''tyoyabaren'''....''trampling'' *'''tyoyabarer'''....''stomp, trample, trampled'' *'''tyoyabarut'''....''trampler'' *'''tyoyabbek'''....''pedicure'' *'''tyoyabbektun'''....''chiropody, podiatry'' *'''tyoyabbektuna'''....''podiatric'' *'''tyoyabbektut'''....''chiropodist, foot specialist, podiatrist'' *'''tyoyabbekut'''....''pedicurist'' *'''tyoyabdeput'''....''footman'' *'''tyoyabex'''....''foothold'' *'''tyoyaboya'''....''footless'' *'''tyoyabuka'''....''footless'' *'''tyoyabuzun'''....''foot loop, stirrup'' *'''tyoyabzyun ekun'''....''football match, soccer match'' *'''tyoyabzyun ekut'''....''football player, footballer, soccer player'' *'''tyoyabzyun ifek'''....''game of football, soccer'' *'''tyoyabzyun ifekam'''....''football arena, soccer arena'' *'''tyoyabzyun ifekem'''....''football field, soccer field'' *'''tyoyabzyun'''....''football, soccer ball'' *'''tyoyeb'''....''heel'' *'''tyoyebaeba'''....''sartorial'' *'''tyoyebaib'''....''femur'' *'''tyoyebaiba'''....''femoral, metatarsal'' *'''tyoyebaibi'''....''metatarsi'' *'''tyoyeben'''....''spurn, spurning'' *'''tyoyeber'''....''spurn'' *'''tyoyebwa'''....''spurned'' *'''tyoyib taib'''....''anklebone'' *'''tyoyib yuvar'''....''ankle bracelet, ankle chain'' *'''tyoyib'''....''ankle'' *'''tyoyibaib'''....''talus'' *'''tyoyibaibi'''....''tali'' *'''tyoyob'''....''sole'' *'''tyoyoba'''....''plantar'' *'''tyoyobaren'''....''squashing, stomping'' *'''tyoyobarer'''....''squash, stomp'' *'''tyoyobarwa'''....''squashed, stomped'' *'''tyoyoben'''....''supplanting'' *'''tyoyober'''....''supplant'' *'''tyoyobwa'''....''supplanted'' *'''tyoyub'''....''toe'' *'''tyoyubaib'''....''phalange'' *'''tyoyubaoxen'''....''wiggling one's toe'' *'''tyoyubaoxer'''....''wiggle one's toe'' *'''tyoyubexar'''....''toehold'' *'''tyoyubuken'''....''stubbing one's toe'' *'''tyoyubuker'''....''stub one's toe'' *'''tyoyubyaz'''....''bunion'' *'''tyoyubyex dazen'''....''tap dancing'' *'''tyoyubyex'''....''tap, toe tap'' *'''tyoyubyexen'''....''toe tapping'' *'''tyoyubyexer'''....''tap, toe tap'' *'''tyoyubyexut'''....''toe tapper'' *'''tyoyubyigun'''....''toecap'' *'''tyoyupen'''....''tiptoeing'' *'''tyoyuper'''....''tiptoe'' *'''ugar tyoyabar'''....''brake pedal'' *'''ugtyoyapen'''....''ambling'' *'''ugtyoyaper'''....''amble'' *'''untyoyaba'''....''quadruped, quadrupedal'' *'''untyoyabat'''....''quadruped'' *'''untyoyabnyafxer'''....''hog-tie, hogtie'' *'''uzratyoyabbok'''....''clubfoot'' *'''uzratyoyabboka'''....''clubfooted'' *'''yapetyoyab'''....''pig's foot'' *'''yobkixwa tyoyub'''....''hammertoe'' *'''yobtyoyabwa'''....''downtrodden'' *'''zatyoub beaxar'''....''shinguard'' *'''zatyoub'''....''shin'' *'''zatyoubaib'''....''shinbone'' *'''zatyoyab'''....''forefoot, forehoof'' *'''zatyoyaba pyex'''....''forehand'' *'''zotyoib'''....''calf, hock'' *'''zotyoibof'''....''puttee'' *'''zyatyoyabea'''....''bestridden'' *'''zyatyoyaber'''....''bestride'' *'''zyityoyaba'''....''flatfooted'' *'''zyityoyabat'''....''flatfoot'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TOP TAP TEP TYEP TIP TUP ==== : These roots are the non-physical counterparts of '''tob''' (''human being''), '''tab''' (''body''), '''teb''' (''head''), '''tyeb''' (''brain''), and '''tib''' (''trunk of the body''), plus a generalized word for the arm or leg. ::* '''top'''....''soul, animus, spirit'' ::* '''tap'''....''physique'' ::* '''tep'''....''mind'' :::* '''tyep'''....''intellect'' ::* '''tip'''....''emotion, mood, sentiment'' ::* '''tup'''....''limb'' : Some words built on '''top''' (''soul'') are the following: :*'''top'''....''spirit, animus, soul, ghost, geist'' ::*'''topa'''....''spiritual'' ::*'''agala top'''....''great soul, great spirit'' ::*'''dotop'''....''ethos'' :::*'''dotopa'''....''ethical'' :::*'''dotoptun'''....''ethics'' ::*'''fitopa'''....''good-hearted, magnanimous'' ::*'''fufyetop'''....''puck'' ::*'''futop'''....''dybbuk'' ::*'''futopoben'''....''exorcism'' :::*'''futopobut'''....''exorcist'' ::*'''futopot'''....''hobgoblin'' :::*'''futopyena'''....''puckish'' ::*'''fyatop'''....''holy spirit, holy ghost'' ::*'''fyefutopog'''....''goblin'' ::*'''fyemaltop'''....''sprite'' ::*'''fyetop'''....''phantom, ghost, specter'' ::*'''fyotop'''....''daemon, ghoul'' ::*'''ipya top'''....''departed soul'' ::*'''jobtop'''....''zeitgeist'' ::*'''otopa'''....''nonspiritual'' ::*'''tamfutop'''....''poltergeist'' ::*'''tojfyetop'''....''wraith'' ::*'''topa'''....''spiritual, unworldly'' ::*'''topagala'''....''magnanimous'' ::*'''topika'''....''soulful, animated'' ::*'''topin'''....''animism, spiritism, spiritualism'' ::*'''topotyena'''....''ghostly, spooky'' ::*'''topteas'''....''specter'' ::*'''topuka'''....''soulless'' ::*'''xeusfyetop'''....''poltergeist'' ::*'''yivtopat'''....''free-spirit'' ::*'''yuftopot'''....''spook'' : Some words built on '''tap''' (''physique'') are the following: :* '''tap'''....''phsique'' ::*'''fitapa'''....''fit'' :::*'''fitapxem'''....''fitness center, gym'' :::*'''fitapxer'''....''to work out'' ::*'''maltapa'''....''aerobic'' ::*'''mertaptun'''....''geophysics'' ::*'''tapaza'''....''brawny, hardy, physically strong, sturdy'' ::*'''tapef'''....''libido'' ::*'''tapflan'''....''lustfulness, lust'' :::*'''tapfler'''....''lust after'' :::*'''uttapifla'''....''auto-erotic'' ::*'''tapifek'''....''sport, sports'' :::*'''intapifek'''....''triathlon'' :::*'''yoontapifek'''....''pentathon'' :::*'''tapifekam'''....''sports arena, stadium'' :::*'''tapifekem'''....''sports field'' :::*'''tapifekim'''....''locker room'' :::*'''tapifektof'''....''sportswear'' :::*'''tapifektyoper'''....''to jog'' :::*'''tapifekun'''....''match, sports game'' :::*'''tapifekut'''....''sports player, athlete'' :::*'''tapifekutyan'''....''sports team'' :::*'''tapifekutyen'''....''sportsmanship'' ::*'''tapiga'''....''vivacious'' ::*'''tapnag'''....''analog'' ::*'''tapoza'''....''feeble, frail, physically weak'' ::*'''tapsexut'''....''body-builder'' ::*'''taptun'''....''physiology'' ::*'''taptyenier'''....''work out, to train physically'' ::*'''tapuer'''....''to embody'' ::*'''tapuga'''....''lethargic, shiftless, slothful, sluggish'' ::*'''tapyaf'''....''physical ability, physical strength'' ::*'''tapyen'''....''attitude, bearing, constitution, physical stance, posture, stance'' ::*'''tapyexer'''....''to work out, to exercise'' ::*'''tapyiga'''....''physically tough'' ::*'''tapyof'''....''handicap, physical disability, weakness of body'' ::*'''tapyuga'''....''delicate, soft-bodied'' ::*'''tejtapa'''....''biophysical'' :::*'''tejtaptut'''....''biophysicist'' ::*'''vitapat'''....''hunk'' ::*'''yiztapa'''....''metaphysical'' : Some words built on '''tep''' (''mind, psyche'') are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> ::*'''antepkyoxwan'''....''monomania'' ::*'''antepyena'''....''obstinate, single-minded'' ::*'''anyentepat'''....''idiot'' ::*'''attep'''....''ego'' ::*'''attepzena'''....''egocentric'' ::*'''aybattep'''....''superego'' ::*'''eotepyex'''....''duel'' ::*'''esyen bi tep'''....''state of mind'' ::*'''eyntepat'''....''halfwit'' ::*'''eynteptija'''....''semi-alert, semi-conscious'' ::*'''fiojtepa'''....''bullish'' ::*'''fitepa'''....''intelligent, mentally sound, of sound mind, psychologically o.k., sane'' ::*'''fitepbak'''....''good mental health, sanity'' ::*'''fitepkisea'''....''propitious'' ::*'''fitepyen'''....''alacrity, cheer, good disposition, good humor, good mood, good temperament'' ::*'''fitepyena'''....''cheerful, in a good humor, in a good mood, upbeat, well-disposed'' ::*'''futepyena'''....''foul-tempered, ill-disposed, in a bad mood, in a lousy mood'' ::*'''futepyenser'''....''grow angry'' ::*'''fyotepa'''....''evilminded'' ::*'''geltepa'''....''like-minded'' ::*'''gitepa'''....''astute, keen, mentally sharp-witted, shrewd, witty'' ::*'''gyatepa'''....''thickheaded'' ::*'''gyitepa'''....''tough-minded, tough-spirited'' ::*'''ittep'''....''id'' ::*'''ivtepyen'''....''cheerful mood'' ::*'''jateptijan'''....''foreconscious, preconsciousness'' ::*'''javyatepa'''....''prudent'' ::*'''jwogtepa'''....''senile'' ::*'''kas bi tep'''....''state of mind'' ::*'''kotep'''....''subconscious mind'' ::*'''kyatepa'''....''flexible-minded, flexible'' ::*'''kyatepan'''....''flexibility'' ::*'''kyaxer ota tepyen'''....''change one's mind, have change of heart'' ::*'''kyetepyena'''....''given to swing moods, volatile'' ::*'''kyitepa'''....''earnest, serious-minded, uptight, heavy-hearted'' '''kyos bi tep'''....''state of mind'' ::*'''kyotepa'''....''boneheaded, bullheaded, diligent, dogged, lock-headed, mulish, painstaking, stalwart, steadfast, stubborn, tenacious'' ::*'''kyutepa'''....''dizzy, dopey, frivolous, lighthearted'' ::*'''logitepat'''....''airhead, dullard'' ::*'''lojavyatepa'''....''imprudent, unwise'' ::*'''maztepa'''....''bright'' ::*'''moztepa'''....''dimwitted'' ::*'''miap bi tijtep'''....''stream of consciousness'' ::*'''oyban tepyen'''....''inferiority complex'' ::*'''obostepxea'''....''disquieting, worrisomed, bothersome'' ::*'''oker teptijan'''....''lose consciousness'' ::*'''okitepa'''....''unbiased'' ::*'''otepava'''....''unfavorable'' ::*'''otepooxea'''....''troublesome'' ::*'''otepooxeay'''....''troublesomely'' ::*'''otepooxer'''....''aguish, cause concern'' ::*'''otepooxwa'''....''troubled'' ::*'''oteppaxwa'''....''shiftless, unmotivated'' ::*'''oteppaxwan'''....''shiftlessness'' ::*'''oteppaxway'''....''shiftily, shiftlessly'' ::*'''otepsinyafwa'''....''unimaginable'' ::*'''oteptija'''....''insentient, unalert, unattentive, unconscious'' ::*'''otepzexyea'''....''inattentive, unattentive'' ::*'''oujteptija'''....''unselfconscious'' ::*'''ovyatepa'''....''irrational, unreasonable, unreasoned'' ::*'''oybtijtep'''....''subconscious'' ::*'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology'' ::*'''tep'''....''mind, psyche'' ::*'''tepa'''....''mental, psychical'' ::*'''tepaga'''....''broad-minded, broadminded'' ::*'''tepaxlea'''....''psychoactive'' ::*'''tepaza'''....''clever, intelligent, keen, mentally strong, smart'' ::*'''tepbaka'''....''mentally sound, of sound mind, psychologically fit, sane'' ::*'''tepbek'''....''psychiatric care, psychiatric treatment, psychiatry, psychotherapy'' ::*'''tepbekdez'''....''psychodrama'' ::*'''tepbektultun'''....''psychopharmacology'' ::*'''tepbektun'''....''psychiatry'' ::*'''tepbik'''....''heed'' ::*'''tepbikea'''....''caring, mindful, paying attention'' ::*'''tepbiken'''....''being mindful, heeding, paying attention'' ::*'''tepbiker'''....''be concerned, be mindful, care, heed'' ::*'''tepbikier'''....''become concerned, become mindful of, become worried, heed'' ::*'''tepbikiwa'''....''heeded'' ::*'''tepbikuea'''....''concerning'' ::*'''tepbikuen'''....''bring attention to'' ::*'''tepbikuer'''....''bring attention to, give cause for concern'' ::*'''tepbikuka'''....''blithesome, carefree, not worried, unconcerned'' ::*'''tepbikukan'''....''carefreeness'' ::*'''tepbikuyea'''....''considerate'' ::*'''tepbikuyean'''....''considerateness'' ::*'''tepbikuyeay'''....''considerately'' ::*'''tepbiwa'''....''borne in mind'' ::*'''tepbix'''....''mental engagement'' ::*'''tepbixea'''....''mentally captivating'' ::*'''tepbixen'''....''drawing attention'' ::*'''tepbixer'''....''draw attention to, grab attention, mentally attract'' ::*'''tepbixwa'''....''mentally captivated'' ::*'''tepbixwer'''....''be mentally engaged'' ::*'''tepbok'''....''mental illness, psychopathy, psychosis'' ::*'''tepboka'''....''crazy, insane, mentally ill, psychopathic, sicko'' ::*'''tepbokam'''....''asylum, insane asylum, madhouse, mental hospital, mental institution'' ::*'''tepbokan'''....''craziness, insanity, madness, mental illness'' ::*'''tepbokay'''....''crazily, insanely, madly'' ::*'''tepboksea'''....''becoming mentally ill, going insane'' ::*'''tepbokser'''....''become mentally ill, go crazy, go insane, go mad'' ::*'''tepboktun'''....''psychopathology'' ::*'''tepboktuna'''....''psychopathological'' ::*'''tepbokxer'''....''cause to be mentally ill, make crazy'' ::*'''tepbokxwa'''....''crazed'' ::*'''tepbos'''....''composure'' ::*'''tepbosea'''....''seething'' ::*'''tepboser'''....''be unconcerned, seethe'' ::*'''tepboxer'''....''put at ease, calm'' ::*'''tepboxwa'''....''calmed'' ::*'''tepbukuen'''....''traumatization'' ::*'''tepbukuer'''....''traumatize'' ::*'''tepbukuwa'''....''traumatized'' ::*'''tepbukuyea'''....''traumatic'' ::*'''tepbukuyeay'''....''traumatically'' ::*'''tepbyisea'''....''psychogenic'' ::*'''tepdinen'''....''dreaming'' ::*'''tepdota'''....''psychosocial'' ::*'''tepdottun'''....''psychosociology'' ::*'''tepdottuna'''....''psychosociological'' ::*'''tepdun'''....''mantra'' ::*'''tepdyeen'''....''divination, divining, mentalism, mind-reading'' ::*'''tepdyeer'''....''divine, read minds'' ::*'''tepdyewa'''....''divined'' ::*'''tepeaz'''....''vision'' ::*'''tepeazen'''....''envisioning'' ::*'''tepeazer'''....''envision'' ::*'''tepeazwa'''....''envisioned'' ::*'''tepebtiyaba'''....''psychosexual'' ::*'''tepega'''....''mentally normal, sane'' ::*'''tepegan'''....''mental normality, saneness'' ::*'''tepegay'''....''sanely'' ::*'''tepeja'''....''aware, mentally present'' ::*'''tepejan'''....''awareness, presence of mind'' ::*'''tepek'''....''gimmick, mind game, mind-game, puzzle'' ::*'''tepekaya'''....''wily'' ::*'''tepekika'''....''wily'' ::*'''tepekyan'''....''gimmickry'' ::*'''tepekyena'''....''gimmicky'' ::*'''tepelad'''....''chirrup'' ::*'''tepeladen'''....''chirping'' ::*'''tepelader'''....''chirp, chirrup'' ::*'''tepengonxwa'''....''schizoid'' ::*'''tepengonxwanbok'''....''schizophrenia'' ::*'''tepengonxwanboka'''....''schizophrenic'' ::*'''tepex'''....''cognition, functioning of the mind, mental operation'' ::*'''tepexa'''....''cognitive'' ::*'''tepexen'''....''cognition'' ::*'''tepfean'''....''pretending'' ::*'''tepfen'''....''pretending, pretense, pretension'' ::*'''tepfer'''....''pretend'' ::*'''tepfwa'''....''pretended'' ::*'''tepfyea'''....''pretentious'' ::*'''tepfyean'''....''pretentiousness'' ::*'''tepfyeay'''....''pretentiously'' ::*'''tepibay'''....''dentally'' ::*'''tepibixen'''....''distraction'' ::*'''tepibkuway'''....''worriedly'' ::*'''tepiboya'''....''toothless'' ::*'''tepiboyan'''....''toothlessness'' ::*'''tepibuka'''....''toothless'' ::*'''tepibukan'''....''toothlessness'' ::*'''tepiea van...'''....''considering that...'' ::*'''tepiea'''....''considering, bearing in mind, mindful, considerate'' ::*'''tepien'''....''consideration, considering, recalling, consideration, bearing in mind'' ::*'''tepier'''....''bear in mind, consider, keep in mind, take into account, recall, consider, bear in mind'' ::*'''tepiga dun'''....''bon mot'' ::*'''tepiga ebdal'''....''repartee'' ::*'''tepiga'''....''alert, clever, pert, quick-minded, quick-on-the-draw, quick-witted, sharp-witted, smart, witty'' ::*'''tepigan'''....''alertness, cleverness, pertness, quick-wittedness, sharp-wittedness, smartness, wit, wittiness'' ::*'''tepigay'''....''cleverly, pertly, quick-mindedly, quick-wittedly, smartly, wittily'' ::*'''tepigfud'''....''zing'' ::*'''tepika'''....''mindful'' ::*'''tepikan'''....''mindfulness'' ::*'''tepikay'''....''mindfully'' ::*'''tepivxer'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''tepiwa van...'''....''considering that...'' ::*'''tepiwa'''....''considered, borne in mind, taken into account'' ::*'''tepiwa'''....''considered, kept in mind, taken into account, borne in mind'' ::*'''tepiyea'''....''considerate, mindful'' ::*'''tepiyefwa'''....''worthy of consideration, considerable'' ::*'''tepiza'''....''sharp, straight-minded'' ::*'''tepizan'''....''straight-mindedness'' ::*'''tepizber'''....''steer the mind'' ::*'''tepizbyea'''....''mentally focused'' ::*'''tepizra'''....''sane'' ::*'''tepizran'''....''saneness, sanity'' ::*'''tepizraser'''....''regain one's sanity'' ::*'''tepizraxer'''....''bring sanity to'' ::*'''tepizray'''....''sanely'' ::*'''tepizuen'''....''drawing attention'' ::*'''tepkis'''....''tendency'' ::*'''tepkixea'''....''psychedelic, psychotropic'' ::*'''tepkixeay'''....''psychedelically'' ::*'''tepkixena'''....''psychedelic'' ::*'''tepkixenay'''....''psychedelically'' ::*'''tepkixwa'''....''tendentious'' ::*'''tepkixwan'''....''tendentiousness'' ::*'''tepkixway'''....''tendentiously'' ::*'''tepkyaa'''....''distracted'' ::*'''tepkyaay'''....''distractedly'' ::*'''tepkyax'''....''flip-flop, flipflop, turnabout'' ::*'''tepkyaxea'''....''entrancing, mind-altering'' ::*'''tepkyaxean'''....''persuasiveness'' ::*'''tepkyaxen'''....''blandishment, conversion, distraction, entrancement, entrancing, flip-flopping, persuading, proselytization, proselytizing'' ::*'''tepkyaxer'''....''blandish, change minds, convert, distract, flip-flop, flipflop, persuade, proselytize'' ::*'''tepkyaxwa'''....''converted, entranced, persuaded, proselytized'' ::*'''tepkyaxyea'''....''persuasive'' ::*'''tepkyaxyeay'''....''persuasively'' ::*'''tepkyaxyen'''....''proselytism'' ::*'''tepkyaxyuka'''....''easily proselytizable, easily-convertible'' ::*'''tepkyexen'''....''persuasion'' ::*'''tepkyinxea. tepkyinxen'''....''considering'' ::*'''tepkyinxen'''....''consideration'' ::*'''tepkyinxer'''....''consider'' ::*'''tepkyinxwa'''....''considered'' ::*'''tepkyiun'''....''weight on one's mind'' ::*'''tepkyoa'''....''mentally fixed, attentive, focused'' ::*'''tepkyox'''....''attention, fixation, mental focus, obsession'' ::*'''tepkyoxea'''....''obsessive'' ::*'''tepkyoxean'''....''obsessiveness'' ::*'''tepkyoxeay'''....''obsessively'' ::*'''tepkyoxen'''....''attention, determination, fixation, obsession, paying attention to'' ::*'''tepkyoxena'''....''obsessional'' ::*'''tepkyoxenay'''....''obsessionally'' ::*'''tepkyoxer bu'''....''pay attention to'' ::*'''tepkyoxer'''....''fixate, obsess, pay attention'' ::*'''tepkyoxwa'''....''attentive, determined, fixated, obsessed, rapt'' ::*'''tepkyoxwan'''....''attentiveness, obsession, raptness'' ::*'''tepkyoxway'''....''attentively, determinedly, raptly'' ::*'''tepkyoxwer'''....''be obsessed'' ::*'''tepkyoxyea'''....''attentive'' ::*'''tepkyoxyean'''....''attentiveness, obsessiveness'' ::*'''tepkyoxyeay'''....''attentively'' ::*'''tepmanxen'''....''clearing up'' ::*'''tepmanxer'''....''clear up'' ::*'''tepnaga'''....''psychometric'' ::*'''tepnagdren'''....''psychometrics'' ::*'''tepobos'''....''angst, concern'' ::*'''tepoboser'''....''be concerned, be ill at ease, become concerned, care, grow anxious, worry'' ::*'''tepobosuka'''....''serene'' ::*'''tepobosukan'''....''sereneness'' ::*'''tepobosukay'''....''serenely'' ::*'''tepoboxea'''....''bothersome, concerning'' ::*'''tepoboxen'''....''preoccupation, worriment'' ::*'''tepoboxer'''....''bother, concern, preoccupy'' ::*'''tepoboxwa'''....''bothered, concerned, worried'' ::*'''tepoboxway'''....''worriedly'' ::*'''tepoboxyea'''....''bothersome, worrisome, worrying'' ::*'''tepoegsea'''....''becoming weird'' ::*'''tepoga'''....''narrow-minded, petty, silly, small-minded'' ::*'''tepogan'''....''cretinism, narrow-mindedness, pettiness, silliness, small-mindedness'' ::*'''tepogay'''....''pettily, small-mindedly'' ::*'''tepogia'''....''doltish, dull-minded, dull-witted, sottish'' ::*'''tepogian'''....''doltishness, dull-wittedness, dullness'' ::*'''tepogiat'''....''dullard, dull-witted person'' ::*'''tepogiay'''....''doltishly'' ::*'''tepoiza'''....''mentally off, not right in the mind'' ::*'''tepoizan'''....''mental aberration'' ::*'''tepokay'''....''crazily'' ::*'''tepokea'''....''losing one’s mind'' ::*'''tepoker av'''....''go ape over'' ::*'''tepoker'''....''lose one’s mind'' ::*'''tepokya'''....''crazy, out of one's mind'' ::*'''tepokyan'''....''craziness'' ::*'''tepolega'''....''mentally aberrant, mentally abnormal'' ::*'''tepolegan'''....''mental aberration, mental abnormality'' ::*'''tepolegsea'''....''going insane'' ::*'''tepolegser'''....''become weird, go insane'' ::*'''tepolegxen'''....''making insane'' ::*'''tepolegxer'''....''make insane'' ::*'''tepolegxwa'''....''make insane'' ::*'''teponap'''....''mania, mental disorder'' ::*'''teponapa'''....''crazy, deranged, maniacal, manic, mentally deranged, mentally disordered, psychotic'' ::*'''teponapan'''....''craziness, mental disturbance'' ::*'''teponapay'''....''crazily, maniacally, psychotically'' ::*'''teponapsea'''....''become mentally disturbed, going crazy'' ::*'''teponapser'''....''become mentally disturbed, go crazy'' ::*'''teponapxen'''....''making crazy, mental disturbance'' ::*'''teponapxer'''....''make crazy'' ::*'''teponapxwa'''....''crazed, deranged, mentally disturbed'' ::*'''tepot'''....''marmoset'' ::*'''tepotyan'''....''sloth of bears'' ::*'''tepova'''....''con, contrarian, unfavorable'' ::*'''tepovan'''....''contrarianism'' ::*'''tepovay'''....''unfavorably'' ::*'''tepovyida'''....''addled, confused'' ::*'''tepovyidxea'''....''befuddling, confusing'' ::*'''tepovyidxen'''....''befogging, befuddlement'' ::*'''tepovyidxer'''....''addle, befog, befuddle, confuse'' ::*'''tepovyidxwa'''....''addled, befogged, befuddled, confused'' ::*'''tepoya'''....''air-headed, anserine, empty-headed, fatuous, feather-brained, featherbrained, mindless, moony, rattlebrained, spacy, vapid'' ::*'''tepoyan'''....''empty-headedness, fatuity, fatuousness, mindlessness, spaciness, vapidity, vapidness'' ::*'''tepoyeba'''....''out of one’s mind, luny'' ::*'''tepoyeban'''....''lunacy'' ::*'''tepoyza'''....''daft, foolish, silly'' ::*'''tepoyzan'''....''daftness, foolishness, silliness'' ::*'''tepoyzay'''....''daftly, foolishly'' ::*'''tepoza'''....''birdbrained, dull-witted, dumb, feeble-minded, idiotic, klutzy, mentally weak, moronic, muddleheaded, of weak intelligence, stupid'' ::*'''tepozan'''....''dull-wittedness, dumbness, feeble-mindedness, klutziness, weak intelligence'' ::*'''tepozay'''....''dumbly, idiotically, moronically, stupidly'' ::*'''tepozea'''....''wacko, wacky'' ::*'''tepozebwa'''....''mentally unbalanced, unhinged'' ::*'''tepozebwaser'''....''become mentally unbalanced, become unhinged'' ::*'''tepozepa'''....''crazy, mad'' ::*'''tepozepan'''....''craziness'' ::*'''tepozepay'''....''crazily'' ::*'''tepozeta'''....''mentally abnormal, mentally unbalanced, weird'' ::*'''tepozetan'''....''mental abnormality, mentally unbalanced state, weirdness'' ::*'''tepozetay'''....''weirdly'' ::*'''tepozta'''....''bored'' ::*'''tepoztan'''....''boredom'' ::*'''tepoztaxea'''....''boring'' ::*'''tepoztaxer'''....''bore'' ::*'''tepoztaxyea'''....''yawny'' ::*'''teppaxea'''....''motivating'' ::*'''teppaxen'''....''motivation'' ::*'''teppaxena'''....''motivational'' ::*'''teppaxenay'''....''motivationally'' ::*'''teppaxer'''....''motivate'' ::*'''teppaxus'''....''motive'' ::*'''teppaxusoya'''....''motiveless'' ::*'''teppaxusuka'''....''motiveless'' ::*'''teppaxwa'''....''motivated'' ::*'''teppoos'''....''peace of mind, serenity'' ::*'''teppooxer'''....''give peace of mind, quell'' ::*'''teppooxwa'''....''relieved, serene'' ::*'''teppoys'''....''relief'' ::*'''teppoyxen'''....''relieving'' ::*'''teppoyxer'''....''relieve'' ::*'''teppoyxwa'''....''relieved'' ::*'''tepsan'''....''schema, scheme'' ::*'''tepsana'''....''schematic'' ::*'''tepsanay'''....''schematically'' ::*'''tepsani'''....''schemata'' ::*'''tepsaxen'''....''devising'' ::*'''tepsaxer'''....''devise'' ::*'''tepsaxwa'''....''devised'' ::*'''tepsin'''....''imagination, mental image'' ::*'''tepsina'''....''imaginary'' ::*'''tepsinien'''....''imagination, imagining'' ::*'''tepsinier'''....''imagine'' ::*'''tepsiniwa yuf'''....''bug-a-boo, bugaboo'' ::*'''tepsiniwa'''....''imaginary, imagined'' ::*'''tepsiniyafwa'''....''imaginable'' ::*'''tepsiniyafway'''....''imaginably'' ::*'''tepsiniyea'''....''imaginative'' ::*'''tepsiniyean'''....''imaginativeness'' ::*'''tepsiniyeay'''....''imaginatively'' ::*'''tepsiniyofwa'''....''ludicrous, unimaginable'' ::*'''tepsiniyofwan'''....''ludicrousness'' ::*'''tepsiniyofway'''....''ludicrously, unimaginably'' ::*'''tepsinuer'''....''make see in the mind'' ::*'''tepsinuka'''....''unimaginative'' ::*'''tepsinuyea'''....''lysergic'' ::*'''teptaba'''....''psychosomatic'' ::*'''teptapa'''....''psycho-physical'' ::*'''teptaptun'''....''psychophysics, psychophysiology'' ::*'''teptaptuna'''....''psychophysiological'' ::*'''teptayosobxea'''....''mind-numbing'' ::*'''tepteas'''....''phantasy'' ::*'''teptejtun'''....''psychobiology'' ::*'''teptija'''....''alert, aware, conscious, mentally alert, wakeful'' ::*'''teptijan'''....''alertness, awareness, consciousness, sentience, wakefulness'' ::*'''teptijaxen'''....''consciousness-raising'' ::*'''teptijay tayotier'''....''sentient'' ::*'''teptijay'''....''consciously, wakefully'' ::*'''teptijber'''....''bring around to consciousness'' ::*'''teptijier'''....''become alerted, become conscious'' ::*'''teptijper'''....''come to, regain consciousness'' ::*'''teptijuer'''....''alert, call attention to'' ::*'''teptoluus'''....''pabulum'' ::*'''teptuj'''....''blackout'' ::*'''teptuja'''....''insensate, insentient, unconscious'' ::*'''teptujan'''....''insentience, unconsciousness'' ::*'''teptujay'''....''unconsciously'' ::*'''teptujben'''....''k.o., knock-out, knockout'' ::*'''teptujber'''....''knock out, render unconscious'' ::*'''teptujbwa'''....''knocked out, rendered unconscious'' ::*'''teptujpen'''....''fainting'' ::*'''teptujper'''....''black out, faint, go unconscious, pass out'' ::*'''teptujpoa'''....''faint, about to pass out'' ::*'''teptun'''....''psychology'' ::*'''teptuna yikon'''....''hang-up, hangup'' ::*'''teptuna'''....''psychological'' ::*'''teptunay'''....''psychologically'' ::*'''teptundal'''....''psychobabble'' ::*'''teptut'''....''psychologist, shrink'' ::*'''teptuyj'''....''stupor'' ::*'''teptuyjea'''....''stuporous'' ::*'''tepuen'''....''mentioning'' ::*'''tepuer'''....''mention, bring to mind, recall, point out'' ::*'''tepuga'''....''dull-minded, dumb, lumpish, mentally slow, moronic, slow of mind, slow-witted, stupid, witless'' ::*'''tepugan'''....''dullness, dumbness, mental dullness, slow-wittedness, witlessness'' ::*'''tepugay'''....''dumbly, moronically, slow-wittedly, stupidly, witlessly'' ::*'''tepuka dal'''....''blarney'' ::*'''tepuka'''....''air-headed, anserine, empty-headed, fatuous, feather-brained, featherbrained, mindless, moony, rattlebrained, spacy, vapid'' ::*'''tepukan'''....''empty-headedness, fatuity, fatuousness, mindlessness, spaciness, vapidity, vapidness'' ::*'''tepukay'''....''fatuously, mindlessly, vapidly'' ::*'''tepul'''....''fodder'' ::*'''tepuwa'''....''mentioned'' ::*'''tepuxen'''....''suasion'' ::*'''tepuxlan'''....''impression'' ::*'''tepuxlawa'''....''impressed'' ::*'''tepuxlen'''....''having an impression, impressing'' ::*'''tepuxler'''....''have an impression of, impress, influence intellectually'' ::*'''tepuxlyaf'''....''ability to impress, impressiveness'' ::*'''tepuxlyafwa'''....''impressible, impressionable, possible to impress'' ::*'''tepuxlyafwan'''....''impressibility, impressionableness, impressiveness'' ::*'''tepuxlyea'''....''impressive'' ::*'''tepuxlyean'''....''impressiveness'' ::*'''tepuxlyeay'''....''impressively'' ::*'''tepuyefwa'''....''notable, worth mentioning, worth mentioning'' ::*'''tepuyefwan'''....''notability'' ::*'''tepuyefway'''....''notably'' ::*'''tepuz'''....''crank'' ::*'''tepuza'''....''cooky, deluded, irrational'' ::*'''tepuzan'''....''cookiness, irrationality'' ::*'''tepuzasea'''....''going crazy'' ::*'''tepuzaser'''....''go crazy'' ::*'''tepuzaxer'''....''make crazy'' ::*'''tepuzbea'''....''attention-diverting, mind-bending'' ::*'''tepuzben'''....''distraction, diversion of attention'' ::*'''tepuzber'''....''distract, divert attention'' ::*'''tepuzbwa'''....''distracted, distrait'' ::*'''tepuzbway'''....''distractedly'' ::*'''tepuzbyea'''....''attention-diverting, diversionary'' ::*'''tepuzra'''....''barmy, batty, certifiable, crazy, daffy, delirious, demented, gaga, gonzo, kooky, loco, loony, loopy, lunatic, mentally twisted, meshuga, meshugga, nutty, screwball, screwy, wack'' ::*'''tepuzram'''....''bedlam'' ::*'''tepuzran'''....''craziness, daffiness, deliriousness, delirium, lunacy, madness, mental twistedness, nuttiness, screwiness, wackiness'' ::*'''tepuzraser'''....''go bezerk, go crazy, go daffy, go insane, go made, go nuts'' ::*'''tepuzratam'''....''mental institution, nuthouse'' ::*'''tepuzraxer'''....''drive crazy, make crazy'' ::*'''tepuzraxwa'''....''crazed, distraught'' ::*'''tepuzray'''....''crazily, deliriously, dementedly, madly, nuttily'' ::*'''tepuzrea'''....''woozy'' ::*'''tepuzrean'''....''wooziness'' ::*'''tepuzreay'''....''woozily'' ::*'''tepvyox'''....''con, mind trick, ruse, trick'' ::*'''tepvyoxen'''....''conning, fooling, trickery, tricking'' ::*'''tepvyoxer'''....''con, fool, play a ruse on, trick'' ::*'''tepvyoxwa'''....''conned, fooled, tricked'' ::*'''tepvyoxyea'''....''crafty, tricky'' ::*'''tepvyoxyean'''....''craftiness, trickiness'' ::*'''tepyaf'''....''brainpower, cunning, intelligence, mental ability'' ::*'''tepyafa'''....''cunning, intelligence, intelligent, mentally capable, mentally-gifted, smart, witty'' ::*'''tepyafan'''....''wittiness'' ::*'''tepyafay'''....''cunningly, intelligently, smartly, wittily'' ::*'''tepyaga'''....''gaga'' ::*'''tepyanpyex'''....''clash of wits'' ::*'''tepyansen'''....''communion'' ::*'''tepyaza'''....''cavalier, cocksy, cocky, fustian, haughty, huffish, huffy, insolent, pompous, supercilious, swellheaded'' ::*'''tepyazan'''....''cavalierness, cockiness, haughtiness, huffiness, insolence, pomposity, pompousness, superciliousness'' ::*'''tepyazay'''....''cavalierly, cockily, pompously, superciliously'' ::*'''tepyegan'''....''sanity'' ::*'''tepyek'''....''enigma, mind-test'' ::*'''tepyekier'''....''puzzle over'' ::*'''tepyekuer'''....''challenge the mind'' ::*'''tepyekuus'''....''puzzle, puzzler'' ::*'''tepyekuwa'''....''puzzled'' ::*'''tepyekuwan'''....''puzzlement'' ::*'''tepyekuyea'''....''enigmatic, puzzling'' ::*'''tepyekuyeay'''....''enigmatically'' ::*'''tepyen'''....''attitude, frame of mind, mental framework, mentality, mindset, mood, morale, state of mind'' ::*'''tepyena'''....''attitudinal'' ::*'''tepyenyiga'''....''acerbic'' ::*'''tepyenyigan'''....''acerbity'' ::*'''tepyenyigay'''....''acerbically'' ::*'''tepyeva'''....''even-tempered, fair-minded, judicious, level-headed, levelheaded'' ::*'''tepyevan'''....''even temper, fair-mindedness, judiciousness, level-headedness, levelheadedness'' ::*'''tepyexer'''....''mull'' ::*'''tepyexwa'''....''mulled'' ::*'''tepyibixer'''....''draw away attention'' ::*'''tepyiga'''....''hard-minded, intolerant, obdurate, severe, stern, strict, stringent, stubborn, tough-minded'' ::*'''tepyigan'''....''obduracy, obdurateness, severeness, severity, sternness, strictness, stringency, stubbornness, tough-mindedness'' ::*'''tepyigay'''....''obdurately, severely, sternly, stringently'' ::*'''tepyigraxlea'''....''raving'' ::*'''tepyigraxler'''....''rave'' ::*'''tepyija'''....''open-minded, tolerant'' ::*'''tepyijan'''....''open-mindedness, tolerance'' ::*'''tepyikon'''....''brainteaser, headache, problem'' ::*'''tepyikxea'''....''bewildering'' ::*'''tepyikxeay'''....''bewilderingly'' ::*'''tepyikxen'''....''bewilderment'' ::*'''tepyikxer'''....''bewilder'' ::*'''tepyikxwa'''....''bewildered'' ::*'''tepyiva'''....''free-spirited, liberal-minded, progressive'' ::*'''tepyivan'''....''free-spiritedness, liberal-mindedness, liberality, liberalness, progressiveness'' ::*'''tepyivay'''....''liberally'' ::*'''tepyoban'''....''malaise'' ::*'''tepyoden'''....''growling'' ::*'''tepyoder'''....''growl'' ::*'''tepyof'''....''mental disability, mental incapacity'' ::*'''tepyofa'''....''dumb, mentally disabled, stupid'' ::*'''tepyofay'''....''stupidly'' ::*'''tepyofxen'''....''besotting, stupefaction'' ::*'''tepyofxer'''....''besot, gowk, stupefy'' ::*'''tepyofxwa'''....''besotted, stupefied'' ::*'''tepyokla'''....''dazed, dizzy, scatter-brained, scatterbrained'' ::*'''tepyoklan'''....''dizziness'' ::*'''tepyoklaxen'''....''confusion'' ::*'''tepyoklaxer'''....''confuse, make dizzy'' ::*'''tepyoklaxwa'''....''confused, dizzy, rattled'' ::*'''tepyoklay'''....''dizzily'' ::*'''tepyoklea'''....''dizzying'' ::*'''tepyokleay'''....''dizzyingly'' ::*'''tepyonpyos'''....''breakdown'' ::*'''tepyontixa'''....''psychoanalytic'' ::*'''tepyontixen'''....''psychoanalysis'' ::*'''tepyontixena'''....''psychoanalytical'' ::*'''tepyontixer'''....''psychoanalyze'' ::*'''tepyonzyabwa'''....''ditsy'' ::*'''tepyopoos'''....''anguish'' ::*'''tepyopoosen'''....''anguishing'' ::*'''tepyopooxea'''....''anguishing'' ::*'''tepyopooxwa'''....''anguished, mentally anguished'' ::*'''tepyot'''....''orangutan'' ::*'''tepyufonap'''....''paranoia'' ::*'''tepyufonapa'''....''paranoid'' ::*'''tepyufonapat'''....''paranoiac'' ::*'''tepyuga'''....''indulgent, kind, lax, lenient, merciful, soft-hearted, softhearted, tolerant'' ::*'''tepyugan'''....''kindness, laxity, laxness, lenience, leniency, lenity, lexness, mercifulness, mercy, soft-heartedness, softheartedness, tolerance'' ::*'''tepyugay'''....''kindly, laxly, leniently, mercifully, softheartedly'' ::*'''tepyugra'''....''lenient'' ::*'''tepyugran'''....''leniency'' ::*'''tepyugray'''....''leniently'' ::*'''tepyugsea'''....''indulging'' ::*'''tepyugser'''....''be lenient, go easy, indulge'' ::*'''tepyuja'''....''close-minded, closed-minded, conservative, intolerant'' ::*'''tepyujan'''....''close-mindedness, closed-mindedness'' ::*'''tepyujatyena'''....''fogyish'' ::*'''tepyukla'''....''naive, naïve, simple-minded, simpleminded'' ::*'''tepyuklan'''....''naiveness, naivety, naiveté, naïvete, simple-mindedness'' ::*'''tepyuklay'''....''naively, naïvely, simple-mindedly'' ::*'''tepyuva'''....''close-minded, conservative'' ::*'''tepyuvaxea'''....''captivating'' ::*'''tepyuvraxea'''....''captivating'' ::*'''tepyuvraxwa'''....''captivated'' ::*'''tepyuvxer'''....''captivate'' ::*'''tepzeta'''....''sane'' ::*'''tepzetan'''....''saneness, sanity'' ::*'''tepzetay'''....''sanely'' ::*'''tepzex'''....''attention, concentration, mental focus'' ::*'''tepzexea'''....''attention-focusing, attention-getting, attention-grabbing, concentrating'' ::*'''tepzexen'''....''attention, concentrating, concentration, focusing attention'' ::*'''tepzexer be'''....''concentrate on, focus attention on, focus on, focus one's mind on, pay attention to'' ::*'''tepzexer'''....''be attentive, concentrate, focus attention, focus the mind, pay attention'' ::*'''tepzexuen'''....''drawing attention, drawing attention to'' ::*'''tepzexuer'''....''draw attention, draw attention to'' ::*'''tepzexuyea'''....''flashy'' ::*'''tepzexwa'''....''attentive, earnest, mentally focused'' ::*'''tepzexwan'''....''attentiveness, earnestness'' ::*'''tepzexway'''....''attentively, earnestly'' ::*'''tepzexyea'''....''attentive'' ::*'''tepzexyean'''....''attentiveness'' ::*'''tepzexyeay'''....''attentively'' ::*'''tepzyapuxwa'''....''ditsy, ditzy'' ::*'''tepzyonzyabwa'''....''ditzy'' ::*'''tijtep'''....''conscious mind'' ::*'''toftepkyoxwat'''....''clotheshorse'' ::*'''tojbea tepruzan'''....''amok'' ::*'''tojbea tepuzran'''....''amuck'' ::*'''tojtepat'''....''numbskull, numskull'' ::*'''tujtep'''....''subconscious mind'' ::*'''tujtepa'''....''subconscious'' ::*'''tujtepan'''....''oblivion'' ::*'''tujtepay'''....''subconsciously'' ::*'''uizgoblar tepyek'''....''jigsaw puzzle'' ::*'''ujteptija'''....''self-conscious, selfconscious'' ::*'''ujteptijan'''....''self-consciousness, selfconsciousness'' ::*'''uka tep'''....''blank mind'' ::*'''uttepaza'''....''self-willed'' ::*'''utvlatep'''....''poise'' ::*'''utvlatepa'''....''poised'' ::*'''uztepyaf'''....''guile'' ::*'''uztepyafa'''....''guileful'' ::*'''uztepyafoya'''....''guileless'' ::*'''uztepyafoyan'''....''guilelessness'' ::*'''uztepyafuka'''....''guileless'' ::*'''uztepyafukan'''....''guilelessness'' ::*'''uztepyafukay'''....''guilelessly'' ::*'''vaktepan'''....''confidence'' ::*'''vaktepay'''....''confidently'' ::*'''vatepa'''....''positive, upbeat'' ::*'''vatepan'''....''positiveness'' ::*'''vatepat'''....''positive person'' ::*'''vatepin'''....''positivism'' ::*'''vatepina'''....''positivist'' ::*'''vatepinut'''....''positivist'' ::*'''vitep'''....''beautiful mind'' ::*'''vitepa dizapyex'''....''lampoon'' ::*'''vitepa'''....''witty'' ::*'''vitepan'''....''wittiness'' ::*'''vitepay'''....''wittily'' ::*'''vitepdrez'''....''epigram'' ::*'''vitepdreza'''....''epigrammatic'' ::*'''vlatepa'''....''certain, sure, surefooted'' ::*'''vlatepan'''....''certainty, conviction, sureness'' ::*'''votepa'''....''negative-minded'' ::*'''votepin'''....''negativism'' ::*'''votepina'''....''negativistic'' ::*'''votepinut'''....''negativist'' ::*'''votepyena'''....''negatively-disposed'' ::*'''Voy tepoboxe at.'''....''I don't care., It doesn't bother me.'' ::*'''vutepa'''....''wretched'' ::*'''vutepan'''....''wretchedness'' ::*'''vutepat'''....''wretch'' ::*'''vyatep'''....''seat of reason'' ::*'''vyatepa'''....''rational'' ::*'''vyatepan'''....''rationality, wisdom, wise man'' ::*'''vyatepat'''....''rational person, wise person'' ::*'''vyatepay'''....''rationally, wisely'' ::*'''vyatepser'''....''be reasonable, wise up'' ::*'''vyatepxen'''....''rationalization, streamlining, tempering'' ::*'''vyatepxer'''....''rationalize, streamline, temper, wizen'' ::*'''vyatepxwa'''....''streamlined, tempered, wizened'' ::*'''vyatepyena'''....''rational'' ::*'''vyatepyenay'''....''rationally'' ::*'''vyatepzem'''....''seat of reason'' ::*'''vyetepa'''....''subjective'' ::*'''vyetepan'''....''subjectivity'' ::*'''vyetepay'''....''subjectively'' ::*'''vyetepin'''....''subjectivism'' ::*'''vyetepina'''....''subjectivistic'' ::*'''vyetepinut'''....''subjectivist'' ::*'''vyetepxen'''....''subjectification'' ::*'''vyetepxer'''....''subjectify'' ::*'''vyetepxwa'''....''subjectified'' ::*'''vyidtepa'''....''clear-headed, clear-minded, clearheaded, lucid'' ::*'''vyidtepan'''....''clarity of mind, clear-mindedness, lucidity, lucidness'' ::*'''vyidtepay'''....''lucidly'' ::*'''vyifxer ha tep'''....''clear the mind'' ::*'''vyitepan'''....''clear-headedness'' ::*'''vyoktepa'''....''mistaken, wrong-headed, wrongheaded'' ::*'''vyoktepan'''....''wrongheadedness'' ::*'''vyoktepay'''....''mistakenly, wrongheadedness, wrongheadedly'' ::*'''vyotepa'''....''fallacious, fool-hardy, foolhardy, foolish, hare-brained, harebrained, unwise'' ::*'''vyotepan'''....''fallaciousness, folly, foolishness'' ::*'''vyotepat'''....''cockamamie, fool'' ::*'''vyotepay'''....''foolishly'' ::*'''vyotepsin'''....''hallucination, illusion'' ::*'''vyotepsina'''....''hallucinatory, illusory'' ::*'''vyotepsinen'''....''hallucination'' ::*'''vyotepsiner'''....''hallucinate'' ::*'''vyotepsinier'''....''imagine wrongly'' ::*'''vyotepsinuer'''....''give the illusion'' ::*'''vyotepsinwa'''....''hallucinatory, illusory'' ::*'''vyotepsinxea'''....''hallucinogenic'' ::*'''vyotepsinxul'''....''hallucinogen'' ::*'''vyutepa'''....''dirty-minded, foul-minded, smutty'' ::*'''vyutepan'''....''dirty-minded, foul-minded, smuttiness'' ::*'''vyutepat'''....''foul-minded person'' ::*'''yeper tojbea tepruzan'''....''go amok'' ::*'''yexer tepzexway'''....''work earnestly'' ::*'''yiztepekwa'''....''foxed'' ::*'''yoktepkyax'''....''freak'' ::*'''yuktepa'''....''easy-minded, forgiving, lenient'' ::*'''yuktepan'''....''easy-mindedness, leniency'' ::*'''zen bi tepkyox'''....''center of attention'' ::*'''zyatepa'''....''broad-minded, broadminded, expansive, mentally expansive, open-minded'' ::*'''zyatepan'''....''broad-mindedness, expansiveness'' ::*'''zyatepat'''....''broad-minded person'' ::*'''zyatepay'''....''broad-mindedly, expansively'' ::*'''zyeper tep'''....''run through one's head'' ::*'''zyotepa'''....''bigoted, hidebound, narrow-minded, petty'' ::*'''zyotepan'''....''bigotry, narrow-mindedness, pettiness'' ::*'''zyotepat'''....''bigot, narrow-minded person, petty person'' ::*'''zyotepay'''....''narrow-mindedly'' </div> {{small/end}} : Some words built on '''tip''' (''emotion, mood'') are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> ::*'''agratipa'''....''megamaniacal'' ::*'''avtip'''....''goodwill'' ::*'''booktipiva'''....''slaphappy'' ::*'''boy yantipuv'''....''without pity'' ::*'''dofinay tipyuga'''....''latitudinarian'' ::*'''ekutyan tip'''....''team spirit'' ::*'''epyextip'''....''anger, rage, wrath'' ::*'''epyextipa'''....''angry, mad, rageful, wrathful'' ::*'''epyextipan'''....''angriness'' ::*'''epyextipay'''....''angrily, wrathfully'' ::*'''epyextipuea'''....''enraging'' ::*'''epyextipuen'''....''angering, enragement'' ::*'''epyextipuer'''....''anger, enrage, madden'' ::*'''epyextipuwa'''....''angered, enraged'' ::*'''epyextipuyea'''....''maddening'' ::*'''epyextipuyeay'''....''maddeningly'' ::*'''eyntipa'''....''half-hearted, halfhearted'' ::*'''eyntipay'''....''halfheartedly'' ::*'''eyntipin'''....''halfheartedness'' ::*'''fitip'''....''gentleness, good humor, good mood, kindness, mettle'' ::*'''fitipa'''....''cheerful, genial, gentle, good-hearted, good-humored, good-natured, goodhearted, in a good mood, kind, kindhearted, nice, well-tempered'' ::*'''fitipan'''....''geniality, gentleness, good-heartedness, kindheartedness, kindness, niceness'' ::*'''fitipat'''....''generous person, good soul, good-hearted person, good-natured person, kind person, sweetheart'' ::*'''fitipay'''....''genially, kindheartedly'' ::*'''fitipsen'''....''showing kindness'' ::*'''fitipser'''....''show kindness'' ::*'''fitipyena'''....''upbeat'' ::*'''flutip'''....''choler, ire'' ::*'''flutipa'''....''cross, irate, livid'' ::*'''flutipan'''....''crossness, irateness, madness'' ::*'''flutipat'''....''crosspatch'' ::*'''flutipay'''....''crossly, irately, lividly'' ::*'''flutipaya'''....''ireful'' ::*'''flutipika'''....''ireful'' ::*'''flutipser'''....''grow irate'' ::*'''fritipa'''....''blithe, cheery, gay, gleeful, merry'' ::*'''fritipan'''....''cheeriness, gayness, gleefulness, merriment, merriness'' ::*'''fritipay'''....''merrily'' ::*'''fritipier'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''fritipser'''....''be delighted, become amused, cheer up'' ::*'''fritipuer'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''fritipxea'''....''cheer'' ::*'''fritipxer'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''fritipxwa'''....''cheered'' ::*'''fruitipa'''....''wroth'' ::*'''fruitipaya'''....''rageful, raging'' ::*'''fruitipika'''....''rageful, raging'' ::*'''fruitipikay'''....''furiously, ragingly'' ::*'''frutip'''....''furor, fury, outrage, rage, wrath'' ::*'''frutipa'''....''rageful, wrathful'' ::*'''frutipay'''....''wrathfully'' ::*'''frutipaya'''....''furious, wrathful'' ::*'''frutipika'''....''furious, wrathful'' ::*'''frutipikay'''....''wrathfully'' ::*'''frutipsea'''....''raging'' ::*'''frutipser'''....''be enraged, be incensed, be outraged, become enraged, become infuriated, become outraged, get enraged, get infuriated'' ::*'''frutipteax'''....''tantrum'' ::*'''frutipuea'''....''enraging'' ::*'''frutipuen'''....''enragement'' ::*'''frutipuer'''....''enrage'' ::*'''frutipuwa'''....''enraged'' ::*'''frutipxea'''....''infuriating, outrageous'' ::*'''frutipxeay'''....''infuriatingly, outrageously'' ::*'''frutipxen'''....''infuriation'' ::*'''frutipxer'''....''incense, infuriate, outrage'' ::*'''frutipxwa'''....''furious, incensed, infuriated, outraged, unraged'' ::*'''frutipxway'''....''furiously'' ::*'''frutipxyikwa'''....''irascible'' ::*'''frutipxyikwan'''....''irascibility'' ::*'''frutipxyikway'''....''irascibly'' ::*'''fuitipay'''....''moodily'' ::*'''futip'''....''bad mood, dudgeon, foul temper, indisposition, lousy mood, snit'' ::*'''futipa'''....''cantankerous, crabby, curmudgeonly, foul-tempered, fussy, grumpy, hotheaded, ill-disposed, ill-humored, ill-tempered, in a bad mood, jag, lousy, mad, peevish, pettish, petulant, snotty, splenetic, sullen, surly'' ::*'''futipan'''....''bad mood, cantankerousness, crabbiness, foul temper, hotheadedness, ill disposition, lousiness, peevishness, pettishness, petulance, snottiness, sullenness, surliness'' ::*'''futipat'''....''curmudgeon, foul-tempered person, grump, hothead, surly person'' ::*'''futipay'''....''cantankerously, crabbily, lousily, peevishly, pettishly, petulantly, snottily, sullenly'' ::*'''futipayt'''....''shrew'' ::*'''futipaytyena'''....''shrewish'' ::*'''futipika'''....''grouty, hot-blooded, mad'' ::*'''futipixwa'''....''disgruntled, maddened'' ::*'''futipsea'''....''becoming angry, getting angry, getting mad'' ::*'''futipsen'''....''getting angry, getting mad'' ::*'''futipser'''....''be mad, become angry, become ill-tempered, chafe, get angry, get mad, grow angry'' ::*'''futipsut'''....''sorehead'' ::*'''futipuer'''....''madden'' ::*'''futipxea'''....''dispiriting, maddening'' ::*'''futipxeay'''....''maddeningly'' ::*'''futipxen'''....''disgruntlement'' ::*'''futipxer'''....''disgruntle, empurple, exasperate, indispose, make angry, make mad, put in a foul mood'' ::*'''futipxwa'''....''dispirited, exasperated, hotblooded, indisposed, pissed'' ::*'''futipxwan'''....''dispiritedness'' ::*'''futipxway'''....''dispiritedly'' ::*'''gayoban tipyen'''....''inferiority complex'' ::*'''glatip'''....''exeunt'' ::*'''glatipika'''....''exuberant'' ::*'''glatipikan'''....''exuberance'' ::*'''glatipikay'''....''exuberantly'' ::*'''gratip'''....''hokum, hysteria, schmaltz, schmalz'' ::*'''gratipa duz'''....''schmaltz'' ::*'''gratipa eyntuj'''....''hysterical trance'' ::*'''gratipa'''....''bathetic, hysterical, schmaltzy, sentimental'' ::*'''gratipan'''....''mawkishness'' ::*'''gratipat'''....''mawkish, sentimentalist'' ::*'''gratipay'''....''hysterically, mawkishly, sentimentally'' ::*'''gratipaya'''....''hokey, overemotional, soppy'' ::*'''gratipazta'''....''overenthusiastic'' ::*'''gratipdal'''....''treacle'' ::*'''gratipdalaya'''....''treacly'' ::*'''gratipdalika'''....''treacly'' ::*'''gratipika'''....''hokey, overemotional, soppy'' ::*'''gratippaax'''....''hysterics'' ::*'''gratipyen'''....''sentimentalism, sentimentality'' ::*'''iftip'''....''pleasant mood'' ::*'''iftipa'''....''in a pleasant mood'' ::*'''kyatipa'''....''fickle, moody, volatile'' ::*'''kyatipan'''....''fickleness, moodiness, volatility'' ::*'''kyatipaxer'''....''volatilize'' ::*'''kyatipay'''....''moodily'' ::*'''kyetipa'''....''arbitrary, capricious, whimsical'' ::*'''kyetipan'''....''arbitrariness, capriciousness, whimsicality, whimsy'' ::*'''kyetipas'''....''whim'' ::*'''kyetipay'''....''arbitrarily, on a whim, whimsically'' ::*'''kyitip'''....''gloom'' ::*'''kyitipa'''....''crestfallen, downcast, downhearted, gloomy, heavy-hearted, heavyhearted'' ::*'''kyitipan'''....''downheartedness, gloominess, gravity'' ::*'''kyitipay'''....''downheartedly, with a heavy heart'' ::*'''kyitipxer'''....''dispirit'' ::*'''kyiuvtipa'''....''melancholic, melancholy'' ::*'''kyiuvtipan'''....''melancholia'' ::*'''kyotipa'''....''steadfast, stubborn'' ::*'''kyotipan'''....''steadfastness, stubbornness'' ::*'''kyotipay'''....''steadfastly'' ::*'''kytipser'''....''be dispirited'' ::*'''kyutipa'''....''blithe, giddy, goofy, goosy, light-hearted, lighthearted, silly, winsome, frivolous'' ::*'''kyutipan'''....''blitheness, giddiness, goofiness, light-heartedness, lightheartedness, silliness, winsomeness'' ::*'''kyutipat'''....''flibbertigibbet, goosy'' ::*'''kyutipay'''....''blithely, giddily, in a silly fashion, light-heartedly, lightheartedly, winsomely'' ::*'''kyutipkyes'''....''idyll'' ::*'''kyutipkyesa'''....''idyllic'' ::*'''kyutipkyesay'''....''idyllically'' ::*'''mep frutip'''....''road rage'' ::*'''ofitipa'''....''ungentle'' ::*'''okyatipa'''....''nonvolatile'' ::*'''otipika'''....''unsentimental'' ::*'''otipikan'''....''unsentimentality'' ::*'''otipiva'''....''cheerless'' ::*'''otipivan'''....''cheerlessness'' ::*'''otipivay'''....''cheerlessly'' ::*'''otipuva'''....''pitiless'' ::*'''otipuvan'''....''pitilessness'' ::*'''otipuvay'''....''pitilessly'' ::*'''otipyabea'''....''unedifying'' ::*'''otipyija'''....''disingenuous'' ::*'''ovtipayt'''....''battleax, battleaxe'' ::*'''ovuvtipul'''....''antidepressant'' ::*'''ovyatipa'''....''backhanded, insincere, unfaithful'' ::*'''ovyatipan'''....''insincerity, unfaithfulness'' ::*'''ovyatipay'''....''backhandedly, insincerely, unfaithfully'' ::*'''ovyatipuwa'''....''untrusted'' ::*'''oyantipuviyea'''....''unmerciful'' ::*'''oyantipuviyeay'''....''unmercifully'' ::*'''ser frutipa'''....''be mad'' ::*'''ser frutipxwa'''....''be enraged, be incensed'' ::*'''teaxer frutip'''....''have a tantrum'' ::*'''tip'''....''fettle, heart, humor, mood, pathos, sentiment, spirit, temper'' ::*'''-tip'''....''-pathy'' ::*'''tipa byoyk'''....''heartache'' ::*'''-tipa'''....''-humored'' ::*'''tipa'''....''sentimental, temperamental'' ::*'''tipaasaya'''....''delirious'' ::*'''tipaasayan'''....''deliriousness, delirium'' ::*'''tipaasika'''....''delirious'' ::*'''tipaasikan'''....''deliriousness, delirium'' ::*'''tipaasikay'''....''deliriously'' ::*'''tipaga'''....''big-hearted, bighearted, cordial, generous, genial, greathearted, largehearted, magnanimous'' ::*'''tipagan'''....''big-heartedness, bigheartedness, cordiality, generosity, generousness, geniality, magnanimity'' ::*'''tipagay'''....''big-heartedly, cordially, generously, magnanimously'' ::*'''tipama'''....''hot-blooded, hotblooded'' ::*'''tipan'''....''sentimentality'' ::*'''tipaser'''....''become sentimental'' ::*'''tipava'''....''agreeable, favorable, favorably disposed, favorably-disposed'' ::*'''tipavan'''....''agreeableness'' ::*'''tipavay'''....''favorably'' ::*'''tipaxen'''....''sentimentalization'' ::*'''tipaxlawa'''....''thrilled'' ::*'''tipaxlea dyes'''....''thriller'' ::*'''tipaxlea dyezun'''....''thriller'' ::*'''tipaxlea'''....''thrilling, vibrant'' ::*'''tipaxlean'''....''vibrancy'' ::*'''tipaxleay'''....''thrillingly, vibrantly'' ::*'''tipaxlen'''....''thrilling'' ::*'''tipaxler'''....''sentimentalize, thrill'' ::*'''tipaxlus'''....''thriller'' ::*'''tipay'''....''sentimentally, temperamentally'' ::*'''tipayan'''....''fieriness'' ::*'''tipayma'''....''hearty, warmhearted'' ::*'''tipayman'''....''heartiness, warmheartedness'' ::*'''tipaymxea'''....''heartwarming'' ::*'''tipaz'''....''oomph, zeal'' ::*'''tipazan'''....''zealotry, zealousness'' ::*'''tipazaxea'''....''heartening'' ::*'''tipazaxer'''....''hearten'' ::*'''tipazay'''....''zealously'' ::*'''tipazaya'''....''fired up, frantic, on edge, wired, zesty'' ::*'''tipazdez'''....''melodrama'' ::*'''tipazdeza'''....''melodramatic'' ::*'''tipazdezaxer'''....''melodramatize'' ::*'''tipazdezay'''....''melodramatically'' ::*'''tipazier'''....''be moved grow frantic, get excited, get impassioned, run high'' ::*'''tipazika'''....''fired up, frantic, on edge, wired, zesty'' ::*'''tipazikay'''....''frantically'' ::*'''tipazpyex'''....''meltdown'' ::*'''tipazraser'''....''grow furious'' ::*'''tipazta'''....''enthusiastic, vehement, zestful'' ::*'''tipaztan ifgian'''....''zestfulness'' ::*'''tipaztan'''....''enthusiasm, vehemence, vehemency, verve, vim, zest'' ::*'''tipaztaser'''....''become passionate, get excited'' ::*'''tipaztaxer'''....''enthuse'' ::*'''tipaztaxwa'''....''enthused'' ::*'''tipaztay'''....''enthusiastically, vehemently, zestfully'' ::*'''tipazuer'''....''fire up'' ::*'''tipazuka'''....''dispassionate, unemotional, unexcited, unpassionate'' ::*'''tipazukan'''....''dispassion'' ::*'''tipazukay'''....''dispassionately, unemotionally, unexcitedly'' ::*'''tipazuwa'''....''atwitter, fired up'' ::*'''tipbyok'''....''heartache'' ::*'''tipbyokea'''....''heart-broken'' ::*'''tipbyoken'''....''feeling heartache'' ::*'''tipbyoker'''....''feel heartache'' ::*'''tipden'''....''expression of emotion, sentimentalization'' ::*'''tipder'''....''express emotion, sentimentalize'' ::*'''tipelad'''....''chirr'' ::*'''tipelader'''....''chirr'' ::*'''tipi'''....''teepee'' ::*'''tipif'''....''amiability, kindness'' ::*'''tipifa'''....''amiable, frivolous, fun-spirited, gay, jocular, kind'' ::*'''tipifan'''....''amiability, frivolity, frivolousness, fun-spiritedness, gayness, kindness'' ::*'''tipifay'''....''amiably, frivolously'' ::*'''tipiga'''....''snippy'' ::*'''tipigan'''....''snippiness'' ::*'''tipigay'''....''snippily'' ::*'''tipika'''....''fiery, spirited, temperamental'' ::*'''tipikan'''....''fieriness'' ::*'''tipikay'''....''moodily, spiritedly'' ::*'''tipin'''....''sentimentalism'' ::*'''tipina'''....''sentimentalist'' ::*'''tipiva deup'''....''lilt'' ::*'''tipiva'''....''cheerful, cheery, gay, jocund, light-hearted, lighthearted, merry, sprightly'' ::*'''tipivan'''....''cheerfulness, cheeriness, gayness, jocundity, light-heartedness, lightheartedness, merriment, merriness, sprightliness'' ::*'''tipivay'''....''cheerily, gayly, jocundly, light-heartedly, lightheartedly, merrily'' ::*'''tipivxul'''....''depressant'' ::*'''tipkyaa'''....''flexible'' ::*'''tipkyaan'''....''flexibility'' ::*'''tipkyin'''....''albatross'' ::*'''tipkyoa'''....''stubborn'' ::*'''tipkyoan'''....''stubbornness'' ::*'''tipoboxwa'''....''unstrung'' ::*'''tipoga'''....''small-minded, stingy'' ::*'''tipogan'''....''small-mindedness, stinginess'' ::*'''tipot'''....''tamarin'' ::*'''tipova'''....''antipathetic, antipathy, contrary, hostile'' ::*'''tipovan'''....''animosity, contrariety, contrariness, hostility'' ::*'''tipoyxer'''....''moped user'' ::*'''tipoza'''....''lackadaisical, weak-hearted'' ::*'''tipozan'''....''weak-heartedness'' ::*'''tipozay'''....''lackadaisically'' ::*'''tipozta'''....''bored, low-key, unenthusiastic, weak-hearted'' ::*'''tipoztan'''....''boredom, ennui, lack of enthusiasm, weak-heartedness'' ::*'''tipoztaser'''....''grow bored'' ::*'''tipoztaxea'''....''boring'' ::*'''tipoztaxer'''....''bore'' ::*'''tipoztaxwa'''....''bored'' ::*'''tippaax'''....''excitement, passion'' ::*'''tippaaxien'''....''getting excited, getting riled up, being moved'' ::*'''tippaaxier'''....''get excited, get riled up, be moved, get impassioned'' ::*'''tippaaxuen'''....''piquing, exciting, impassioning'' ::*'''tippaaxuer'''....''pique, excite, impassion'' ::*'''tippaaxuwa'''....''piqued, excited, impassioned'' ::*'''tippanaya'''....''incendiary'' ::*'''tippanika'''....''incendiary'' ::*'''tiptyentexen'''....''sentimentalization'' ::*'''tiptyentexer'''....''sentimentalize'' ::*'''tiptyentexwa'''....''sentimentalized'' ::*'''tipuea'''....''inspiriting'' ::*'''tipuer'''....''inspirit'' ::*'''tipufxer'''....''roil'' ::*'''tipuka'''....''empty-hearted, unspirited'' ::*'''tipukan'''....''empty-heartedness, unspiritiedness'' ::*'''tipukay'''....''empty-heartedly, unspiritedly'' ::*'''tipukxer'''....''frazzle'' ::*'''tipukxwa'''....''frazzled'' ::*'''tipuv'''....''heartbreak, pall, sorrow'' ::*'''tipuva'''....''depressed, dour, down, downcast, morose, overcast, pitiful, sad-spirited, solemn, sorrowful, spleeny, somber'' ::*'''tipuvan'''....''depression, dourness, heartsickness, languor, mercy, misery, pity, solemnity, sorrow, sorrowfulness, somberness'' ::*'''tipuvay'''....''dourly, languorously, pitifully, somberly'' ::*'''tipuviea'''....''pitying'' ::*'''tipuvieay'''....''pityingly'' ::*'''tipuvien'''....''having mercy on, having pity on, taking pity on'' ::*'''tipuvier'''....''have mercy on, have pity on, pity, take pity on'' ::*'''tipuviyea'''....''merciful'' ::*'''tipuvra'''....''miserable'' ::*'''tipuvran'''....''miserableness, moroseness'' ::*'''tipuvrary'''....''miserably'' ::*'''tipuvray'''....''morosely'' ::*'''tipuvser'''....''being sorry for, pity, taking mercy on, taking pity on'' ::*'''tipuvsyika'''....''depressive'' ::*'''tipuvuyea'''....''piteously'' ::*'''tipuvuyean'''....''piteousness'' ::*'''tipuvxea'''....''arousing pity, depressing, heartbreaking, pitiful'' ::*'''tipuvxeay'''....''depressingly'' ::*'''tipuvxen'''....''depressing'' ::*'''tipuvxer'''....''arouse pity, depress'' ::*'''tipuvxwa'''....''heartbroken, woebegone'' ::*'''tipuvxyea'''....''depressive'' ::*'''tipuwa'''....''inspirited'' ::*'''tipuyfa'''....''miffed'' ::*'''tipyaba'''....''ebullient, upbeat'' ::*'''tipyaban'''....''ebullience'' ::*'''tipyabay'''....''ebulliently'' ::*'''tipyen'''....''attitude, disposition, temperament, mood, complex'' ::*'''tipyena'''....''attitudinal, temperamental'' ::*'''tipyenay'''....''sentimentally, temperamentally'' ::*'''tipyenxen'''....''sentimenalization'' ::*'''tipyenxer'''....''sentimentalize'' ::*'''tipyenxwa'''....''sentimentalized'' ::*'''tipyifa'''....''brave-hearted, impudent, spunky'' ::*'''tipyifan'''....''impudence, spunk, brave-heartedness'' ::*'''tipyifay'''....''impudently, brave-heartedly, spunkily'' ::*'''tipyiga'''....''callous, flinty, hard-nosed, hardhearted, rigid, severe, stern-hearted, stouthearted, visceral'' ::*'''tipyigan'''....''callosity, callousness, flintiness, hardheartedness, stern-heartedness, sternness'' ::*'''tipyigay'''....''callously, hardheartedly, stoutly, viscerally'' ::*'''tipyigazaxea'''....''galling'' ::*'''tipyigla'''....''rude'' ::*'''tipyiglan'''....''rudeness'' ::*'''tipyiglay'''....''rudely'' ::*'''tipyigra'''....''violent-tempered'' ::*'''tipyigraser'''....''grow angry, grow enraged, become infuriated'' ::*'''tipyigraxen'''....''riling up, enraging, infuriation'' ::*'''tipyigraxer'''....''rile up, enrage, infuriate, outrage'' ::*'''tipyigraxwa'''....''riled up, enraged, infuriated, outraged'' ::*'''tipyigray'''....''in a rough manner, furiently, outrageously'' ::*'''tipyigza'''....''acrimonious'' ::*'''tipyigzan'''....''acrimoniousness, acrimony'' ::*'''tipyigzay'''....''acrimoniously'' ::*'''tipyija'''....''liberal, open-minded, openhearted, tolerant'' ::*'''tipyijan'''....''liberality, open-mindedness, tolerance'' ::*'''tipyiva'''....''liberal-minded, open-minded'' ::*'''tipyivan'''....''liberal-mindedness, liberality, liberalness, open-mindedness'' ::*'''tipyoba'''....''downbeat'' ::*'''tipyos'''....''tailspin'' ::*'''tipyot'''....''gorilla'' ::*'''tipyotyan'''....''flange'' ::*'''tipyuba'''....''intimate'' ::*'''tipyuban'''....''intimacy'' ::*'''tipyubay'''....''intimately'' ::*'''tipyuga'''....''easy-going, easygoing, flexible, gentle, lenient'' ::*'''tipyugan'''....''flexibility, gentleness of spirit, lenience'' ::*'''tipyugra'''....''gentle, kind, kindhearted, mild-mannered'' ::*'''tipyugran'''....''gentleness, kindheartedness, kindliness, kindness'' ::*'''tipyugray'''....''gently, kindheartedly, kindly'' ::*'''tipyuja'''....''close-minded, intolerant'' ::*'''tipyujan'''....''close-mindedness, intolerance'' ::*'''tipyuva'''....''conservative'' ::*'''tipyuvan'''....''conservativeness'' ::*'''tipzen'''....''emotional center, heart and soul'' ::*'''tipzyabixobea'''....''cathartic'' ::*'''totipyijay'''....''disingenuously'' ::*'''uftipyen'''....''complex'' ::*'''uttipuvxea'''....''maudlin'' ::*'''uvtipa'''....''downbeat'' ::*'''vatipa'''....''positive-minded'' ::*'''vatipan'''....''positive-minded, positive-mindedness, positivity'' ::*'''vatipat'''....''positive person'' ::*'''vitipa'''....''blithe, cheery, chipper, in a lovely mood, jaunty, winsome'' ::*'''votipa'''....''cynical, negative-minded'' ::*'''votipan'''....''negative-mindedness, negativism'' ::*'''votipat'''....''cynic, naysayer'' ::*'''votipay'''....''cynically'' ::*'''votipin'''....''cynicism'' ::*'''vutipa'''....''crotchety, frumpy, grouchy, grouty, in a foul mood, mean-spirited, surly'' ::*'''vutipan'''....''mean-spiritedness, meanness'' ::*'''vutipat'''....''frump, mean person'' ::*'''vutipatyena'''....''frumpish'' ::*'''vutipay'''....''mean-spiritedly, meanly'' ::*'''vyatip'''....''faith, fealty, loyalty, trust'' ::*'''vyatipa'''....''faithful, loyal, sincere, true-minded, trusty, underhanded'' ::*'''vyatipan'''....''faithfulness, loyalty, sincerity, true-mindedness, trustiness, underhandedness'' ::*'''vyatipay'''....''faithfully, sincerely, underhandedly'' ::*'''vyatipier'''....''gain the trust of'' ::*'''vyatipin'''....''loyalism'' ::*'''vyatipinut'''....''loyalist'' ::*'''vyatipuer'''....''be loyal to, be true in spirit to, have faith in, trust'' ::*'''vyatipuwa'''....''trusted'' ::*'''vyotipa'''....''unfaithful'' ::*'''vyotipan'''....''unfaithfulness'' ::*'''vyoytipika'''....''maudlin'' ::*'''xeyn bi fitip'''....''act of kindness'' ::*'''yantip'''....''sympathy'' ::*'''yantipa'''....''sympathetic'' ::*'''yantipan'''....''sympathy'' ::*'''yantipat'''....''sympathizer'' ::*'''yantipay'''....''sympathetically'' ::*'''yantipika'''....''sympathetic'' ::*'''yantipikay'''....''sympathetically'' ::*'''yantipoya'''....''heartless'' ::*'''yantipoyan'''....''heartlessness'' ::*'''yantipsea'''....''commiserate, sympathetic'' ::*'''yantipsen'''....''commiseration, sympathizing'' ::*'''yantipser'''....''commiserate, sympathize'' ::*'''yantipsyea'''....''agreeable, commiserative, sympathetical'' ::*'''yantipsyeay'''....''agreeably, sympathetically'' ::*'''yantiptoj'''....''euthanasia'' ::*'''yantiptojben'''....''euthanasia, euthanize'' ::*'''yantiptojbwa'''....''euthanized'' ::*'''yantipueay'''....''heartrendingly'' ::*'''yantipuka'''....''heartless'' ::*'''yantipukan'''....''heartlessness'' ::*'''yantipukay'''....''heartlessly'' ::*'''yantipuv'''....''clemency, mercy, misery, pity, sorrow'' ::*'''yantipuvan'''....''sorriness'' ::*'''yantipuvien'''....''commiseration, feeling sorry for, having mercy on, having pity on'' ::*'''yantipuvier'''....''commiserate, feel sorry for, have mercy on, pity'' ::*'''yantipuviwa'''....''pitied'' ::*'''yantipuviyea'''....''clement, commiserative, merciful, pitiful'' ::*'''yantipuviyeay'''....''clemently'' ::*'''yantipuviyefwa'''....''pitiable'' ::*'''yantipuviyefway'''....''pitiably'' ::*'''yantipuvuer'''....''arouse compassion, arouse mercy, arouse pity'' ::*'''yantipuvuyea'''....''miserable, pitiful'' ::*'''yantipuvuyean'''....''miserableness'' ::*'''yantipuvuyeay'''....''pitifully'' ::*'''yantipxyofwa'''....''irreconcilable'' ::*'''yantipxyofwan'''....''irreconcilability'' ::*'''yantipxyofway'''....''irreconcilably'' ::*'''yiztipaz'''....''super excitement'' ::*'''yiztipaza'''....''frantic, super-excited'' ::*'''yiztipazay'''....''frantically'' ::*'''yoka tipa yonpyex'''....''ebullition'' ::*'''yokfutipxen'''....''conniption'' ::*'''yontipsen'''....''being at odds'' ::*'''yontipser'''....''be at odds'' ::*'''yontipxea'''....''antagonizing'' ::*'''yontipxen'''....''antagonism'' ::*'''yontipxer'''....''antagonize'' ::*'''yontipxwa'''....''antagonized'' ::*'''yontipxyea'''....''antagonistic'' ::*'''yonxer vyatip bay'''....''be disloyal to, break faith with'' ::*'''yuzemtip'''....''ambiance'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TOS, TOOS ==== ::* '''tos'''....''feeling, sensation'' ::* '''toos'''....''instinct'' : Some words built on '''tos''' are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''toser'''....''to feel'' *'''fitoser'''....''to feel good'' *'''futoser'''....''to feel bad'' *'''yantoser'''....''to assent'' *'''yontoser'''....''to dissent'' *'''vitos'''....''aesthetics'' *'''vaotosa'''....''ambivalent'' *'''uvtos'''....''grief, sorrow'' *'''uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' *'''vyotos'''....''bathos'' *'''yanivtosder'''....''to congratulate'' *'''yanuvtos'''....''compassion'' *'''yibtosa'''....''aloof'' *'''yizivtos'''....''ecstasy'' *'''yovtos'''....''embarrassment'' *'''zoyuvtoser'''....''to express remorse'' *----------------- *'''toosa'''....''instinctual'' *'''toosyea'''....''instinctive'' *'''toosa zoyaxlen'''....''gut reaction'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== Bodily Functions and Gestures ==== : The following chart shows how gestural and bodily movements and functions are derived from body parts: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Body Gestures |- ! BODY PART !! GESTURES, MOVEMENTS, FUNCTIONS |- | '''tob'''....''human''<br>'''tobij'''....''embryo''||'''tobser'''....''become human'', '''tobxer'''....''humanize'', '''tobtojber'''....''murder'', '''tobij'''....''embryo '', '''tobijier'''....''conceive'', '''tobijuer'''....''impregnate'', '''tobijer'''....''ovulate'', '''tobijbeler'''....''gestate'' |- | '''tab'''....''body ''|| '''tabazaxer'''....''work out'', '''tabmelukxer'''....''entomb'', '''tabteaxer'''....''autopsy'', '''dazer'''....''dance'', '''yebtabxer'''...''embody'' |- | '''tayeb'''....''hair ''|| '''tayebarer'''....''comb'', '''tayeboker'''....''go bald'', '''tayefarer'''....''brush'', '''tayegobler'''....''shave'', '''tayelber'''....''shampoo'', '''tayevarer'''....''mop'' |- | '''tayib'''....''nerve'' || '''tayixuer'''....''to get on one's nerves'' |- | '''tayob'''....''skin ''|| '''tayobiler'''....''sweat'', '''tayobober'''....''flay'', '''tayoboser'''....''itch'', '''tayoser'''....''feel like'', '''tayoter'''....''feel'', '''tayoxer'''....''palpate'', '''tayobdriler'''....''tattoo'', '''tayotyofxer'''....''numb'' |- | '''teb'''....''head''<br>'''tebabun'''....''scalp''<br>'''tebzan'''....''face ''|| '''tebabunober'''....''scalp'', '''tebbaxer'''....''nod'', '''tebober'''....''decapitate'', '''tebzaner'''....''face'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teababun'''....''eyelid''<br>'''teabyeb'''....''eyelash''<br>'''abteabyeb'''....''eyebrow''<br>'''teabil'''....''tear''||'''teabyuijer'''....''wink'', '''teabyebaxer'''....''blink'', '''teabiler'''....''tear up'', '''teaser'''....''seem'', '''teater'''....''see'', '''teatyofxer'''....''blind'', '''teaxer'''....''look'', '''jeteaxer'''....''watch'', '''teabexler'''....''guard'', '''teaxuer'''....''show'', '''teazuer'''....''amaze'', '''teabizer'''....''aim'', '''teaper'''....''visit'', '''teazexer'''....''to focus'' |- | '''teeb'''....''ear ''|| '''teeter'''....''hear'', '''teeser'''....''sound like'', '''teeper'''....''attend'', '''teeder'''....''rumor'', '''teeyofxer'''....''deafen'', '''teexer'''....''listen'', '''teeder'''....''quote'', '''teedrer'''....''report'', '''teebder'''....''whisper'', '''teeper'''....''attend'', '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' |- | '''teib'''....''nose ''<br>'''teibyeg'''....''nostril''|| '''teiter'''....''smell'', '''teiser'''....''smell like'', '''teitier'''....''take a whiff of'', '''teituer'''....''reek'', '''teixer'''....''smell'', '''teiseuxer'''....''snore'', '''teizber'''....''perfume'', '''teipyuxler'''....''sneeze'', '''teibalier'''....''sniff'', '''teibalegier'''....''sniffle'', '''teibiler'''....''run at the nose'', '''teibukxer'''....''blow the nose'', '''teibyeger'''....''flare'' |- | '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teubil'''....''saliva''<br>'''teubsin'''....''expression''<br>'''deuz'''....''song''<br>'''seux'''....''sound''<br>'''seuz'''....''tone''<br>'''teuz'''....''voice''<br>'''toleuz'''....''taste ''<br>'''teuv'''....''mask''<br>'''teuf'''....''muzzle''|| '''teubier'''....''swallow'', '''yijteuber'''....''yawn'', '''teuser'''....''taste like'', '''teuter'''....''taste'', '''teutier'''....''sample'', '''teutuer'''....''offer a taste'', '''teuxer'''....''taste'', '''teuder'''....''shout'', '''ivteuder'''....''laugh'', '''uvteuder'''....''groan'', '''ivteuber'''....''smile'', '''uvteuber'''....''frown'','''vyoivteuder'''....''mock'', '''ufteuber'''....''scowl'', '''uvseuxer'''....''grumble'''''teubiler'''....''salivate'', '''teubilier'''....''suck'', '''teubiloker'''....''drool'', '''teubilokeger'''....''dribble'', '''teubiloyeber'''....''expectorate'', '''teubilpuxer'''....''spew'', '''teubiluer'''....''spit'', '''xeustilier'''....''slurp'''''teubsiner'''....''grimace'''''deuzer'''....''sing'', '''yandeuzer'''....''harmonize'', '''yagdeuzer'''....''chant'''''seuxer'''....''ring'', '''seuxder'''.... ''pronounce'', '''voyseuxder'''....''mispronounce'','''zoyteuzer'''....''echo'', '''uvseuxer'''....''sigh'', '''teuzuer'''....''vote'', '''teuzier'''....''poll'', '''teuzibarer'''....''telephone'', '''toleuser'''....''taste like'', '''toleuter'''....''taste'', '''toleuxer'''....''savor'', '''fitoleuser'''....''taste good'', '''futoleuser'''....''taste bad'' '''teuvuer'''....''mask'', '''teufuer'''....''muzzle'', '''bilier'''....''milk'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue ''|| '''teubabyexer'''....''give a tongue lashing'', '''teubaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teubib'''....''gum ''|| '''teubixer'''....''chew'', '''teubixeger'''....''ruminate'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth ''|| '''teupixer'''....''bite'', '''teupixeger'''....''nibble'', '''yebteupixer'''....''crunch'' |- | '''teubob'''....''lip ''|| '''teuboxer'''....''kiss'', '''teuboxeger'''....''smooch'', '''teubobaxer'''....''smack the lips'' |- | '''teyob'''....''neck ''|| '''teyobabaxer'''....''neck'', '''teyopixer'''....''collar'', '''teyozyoxrer'''....''choke'' , '''teyopyoxer'''....''hang'', '''teyozyagber'''....''crane one's neck'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk''<br>'''zotib'''....''back''<br>'''tibuj'''....''tail''|| '''tibuzer'''....''bow'', '''zotib'''....''back'', '''zotibuzber'''....''turn one's back'', '''tibuj'''....''tail''<br>'''tibuf'''....''train '', '''tibujbaxrer'''....''wag'', '''tibujper'''....''lag'' |- | '''tieb'''....''lung''<br>'''tiebal'''....''breath''<br>'''tiebbok'''....''cold ''|| '''tiexer'''....''breath'', '''tieyujber'''....''suffocate'', '''tiebukxer'''....''cough''<br>'''tiebalier'''....''inhale'', '''tiebaluer'''....''exhale'', '''tiebaloker'''....''belch, burp''<br>'''tiebbokier'''....''catch a cold '' |- | '''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''tiibil'''....''blood ''||'''tiibiler'''....''bleed'', '''tiibiloker'''....''bleed out'', '''tiibilglalser'''....''clot'', '''tiibilier'''....''suck blood'', '''tiibiluer'''....''let blood'' |- | '''tikeb'''....''stomach''<br>'''tikebil'''....''chyme ''|| '''tikebier'''....''digest'', '''tikebukxer'''....''vomit'' |- | '''tikyeb'''....''anus''<br>'''tikyebal'''....''flatulence''<br>'''tikyebil'''....''feces ''||'''tikyebaler'''....''fart'', '''tikyebiler'''....''defecate'' |- | '''tikyob'''....''bowels ''|| '''tikyobier'''....''ingest'', '''tikyobober'''....''disembowel'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm ''|| '''yuztubier'''....''embrace'', '''tubaxer'''....''wave'', '''tubyuzyuber'''....''fold one's arms'', '''tubuzraxer'''....''supinate'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand ''|| '''tuyaxer'''....''handle'', '''tuyaber'''....''handle'', '''tuyabaxler'''....''shake hand'', '''tuyabexer'''....''manipulate'', '''tuyabier'''....''grab'', '''tuyabirer'''....''wrestle'', '''tuyasiuner'''....''wave'', '''tuyabuer'''....''hand out'', '''tuyadrer'''....''write out longhand'', '''tuyapixer'''....''clasp'', '''tuyapyexer'''....''clap'' |- | '''tuyeb'''....''fist ''|| '''tuyepeker'''....''fistfight'', '''tuyebalxer'''....''shake one''''''s'''....''fist'', '''tuyepyexluer'''....''pound'', '''tuyepyexer'''....''box'' |- | '''tuyib'''....''palm ''|| '''tuyibabaxer'''....''pat'', '''tuyibaber'''....''palm'', '''tuyibuer'''....''palm off'', '''tuyipyexer'''....''slap'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''wrist ''<br>'''tuyoyuvar'''....''handcuff''|| '''tuyoxer'''....''wave'', '''tuyoyuvarer'''....''handcuff'', '''tuyobier'''....''take by the wrist'' |- | '''tuyub'''....''finger ''|| '''tuyubaxler'''....''wag one's finger'', '''tuyubifeker'''....''fiddle'', '''tuyubizder'''....''point out'', '''tuyubeaxer'''....''indicate'', '''tuyugiber'''....''poke'', '''tuyupyexer'''....''tap'', '''tuyuxer'''....''palpate'' |- | '''tulob'''....''fingernail''<br>'''patulob'''....''claw ''|| '''tuloxer'''....''scratch'', '''tuloxefer'''....''itch'''''patuloxer'''....''claw'', '''patulober'''....''grip'' |- | '''tyoab'''....''hip''|| '''tyoaper'''....''to sit'', '''tyoaber'''....''to seat'' |- | '''tyoib'''....''knee ''|| '''tyoixer'''....''kneel'', '''tyoiper'''....''crawl'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot ''|| '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'', '''igtyoyaper'''....''run'', '''tyoyabarer'''....''stomp'', '''tyoyakyeper'''....''hobble'', '''tyoyapyexer'''....''kick'', '''tyoyabaper'''....''stand on one's feet'' |- | '''tyoyeb'''....''heel ''|| '''tyoyeber'''....''spurn'' |- | '''tyoyib'''....''sole ''|| '''tyoyiber'''....''supplant'' |- | '''tyoyub'''....''toe ''|| '''tyoyubaoxer'''....''wiggle one&apos;s toe'', '''tyoyuzyuper'''....''pirouette'', '''tyoyuper'''....''tiptoe'' |} {{small/end}} === '''TOD''' ''family'' === [[File:Family Concept - Paper Cut Out Against Blue Sky - 48412252331.jpg|thumb|]] :Stems in this family begin with '''t''' for ''human'' and end in '''d''' for ''society'' and have to do with families and family relationships. ==== Core Words ==== :: Notice that kinship terms are gender-neutral unless there is a '''w''' before the root syllable vowel (indicating male-specific) or a '''y''' following the root syllable vowel (indicating female-specific). {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ T-D Words |- ! '''tod'''....''family'' !! MALE !! FEMALE |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''tid'''....''sibling'' || '''twid'''....''brother'' || '''tiyd'''....''sister'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |- | '''tyod'''....''people'' || || |- | '''tood'''....''race'' || || |} {{small/end}} ==== Genealogical Prefixes ==== : Prefixes or word elements used to modify the above core words: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Genealogical Prefixes |- | '''to-'''....''god-'' (as in ''godson'') |- | '''ta-'''....''-in-law, through marriage'' |- | '''te-'''....''father's'' |- | '''ti-'''....''sibling's'' |- | '''tu-'''....''child's'' |- | '''taj-'''....''birth-, real'' |- | '''otaj-, ifbi-'''....''foster, adopted'' |- | '''ij-'''....''first, original'' |- | '''aj-'''....''ex-, former'' |- | '''ej-'''....''current, step-, half-'' |- | '''oj-'''....''future, -to-be'' |- | '''aa'''....''first'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' |- | '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''aa yiba'''....''first-removed'' |- | '''ea yiba'''....''second-removed'' |- | '''ota-'''....''out-of-wedlock, bastard'' |- | '''oyted-'''....''orphan(ed), without parents'' |- | '''oytad-'''....''unmarried, without spouse'' |- | '''oytud-'''....''childless, without child, barren'' |- | '''tiibil-'''....''blood-'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Kinship Terms ==== : Kinship Terms Formed from the Above Core Words and Prefixed Elements {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Kinship Terms |- valign=top ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! MALE !! FEMALE |- | '''tad'''....''spouse''<br>'''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse''<br>'''ijtad'''....''first spouse''<br>'''ejtad'''....''current spouse, step spouse''<br>'''ojtad'''....''spouse-to-be, fiance''<br>'''oytadat'''....''bachelor'' ||'''twad'''....''husband''<br>'''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband''<br>'''ijtwad'''....''first husband''<br>'''ejtwad'''....''current husband, step husband''<br>'''ojtwad'''....''husband-to-be, fiance''<br>'''oytwadat'''....''bachelor'' || '''tayd'''....''wife''<br>'''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ijtayd'''....''first wife''<br>'''ejtayd'''....''current wife, step-wife''<br>'''ojtayd'''....''wife-to-be, fiancee''<br>'''oytadayt'''....''spinster'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent''<br>'''tajted'''....''birth parent''<br>'''ejted'''....''step parent, foster parent''<br>'''ojted'''....''parent-to-be''<br>'''teted'''....''grand-parent''<br>'''teteted'''....''great-grandparent''<br>'''tated'''....''parent-in-law''<br>'''toted'''....''godparent''<br>'''oytedat'''....''orphan''<br>'''ifbited'''....''foster parent''|| '''twed'''....''father''<br>'''tajtwed'''....''birth father''<br>'''ejtwed'''....''step-father, foster father''<br>'''ojtwed'''....''father-to-be''<br>'''tetwed'''....''grand-father''<br>'''tetetwed'''....''great-grandfather''<br>'''tatwed'''....''father-in-law''<br>'''totwed'''....''godfather''<br>'''oytwedat'''....''male orphan''<br>'''ifbitwed'''....''foster father''||'''teyd'''....''mother''<br>'''tajteyd'''....''birth mother''<br>'''ejteyd'''....''stepmother, foster mother''<br>'''ojted'''....''mother-to-be''<br>'''teteyd'''....''grandmother''<br>'''teteteyd'''....''great-grandmother''<br>'''tateyd'''....''mother-in-law''<br>'''toteyd'''....''godmother''<br>'''oytedayt'''....''female orphan''<br>'''ifbiteyd'''....''foster mother'' |- | '''tid'''....''sibling''<br>'''ejtid'''....''step-sibling''<br>'''tatid'''....''sibling-in-law''<br>'''tetid'''....''parent's sibling''<br>'''tetetid'''....''great parent's sibling''<br>'''eontid'''....''twin''||'''twid'''....''brother''<br>'''ejtwid'''....''step-brother''<br>'''tatwid'''....''brother-in-law''<br>'''tetwid'''....''uncle''<br>'''tetetwid'''....''great uncle''<br>'''eontwid'''....''twin brother''|| '''tiyd'''....''sister''<br>'''ejtiyd'''....''stepsister''<br>'''tatiyd'''....''sister-in-law''<br>'''tetiyd'''....''aunt''<br>'''tetetiyd'''....''great aunt''<br>'''eontiyd'''....''twin sister'' |- | '''tud'''....''child''<br>'''tatud'''....''child-in-law''<br>'''ijtud'''....''first-born child''<br> '''ejtud'''....''stepchild''<br>'''otada tud'''....''bastard child''<br>'''titud'''....''sibling's child''<br>'''totud'''....''godchild''<br>'''tutud'''....''grandchild''<br>'''titutud'''....''sibling's grandchild''<br>'''tetitud'''....''cousin''<br>'''aa tetitud'''....''first cousin''<br>'''ea tetitud'''....''second cousin''<br>'''aa yiba tetitud'''....''cousin first removed''||'''twud'''....''son''<br>'''tatwud'''....''son-in-law''<br>'''ijtwud'''....''first-born son''<br> '''ejtwud'''....''stepson''<br>'''otada twud'''....''bastard son''<br>'''titud'''....''nephew''<br>'''totwud'''....''godson''<br>'''tutwud'''....''grandson''<br>'''titutwud'''....''grandnewphew''<br>'''tetitwud'''....''cousin''<br>'''aa tetitwud'''....''first male cousin''<br>'''ea tetitwud'''....''second male cousin''<br>'''aa yiba tetitwud'''....''male cousin first removed''||'''tuyd'''....''daughter''<br>'''tatuyd'''....''daughter-in-law''<br>'''ijtuyd'''....''first-born-daughter''<br>'''ejtuyd'''....''stepdaughter''<br>'''otada tuyd'''....''bastard daughter''<br>'''tituyd'''....''niece''<br>'''totuyd'''....''goddaughter''<br>'''tutuyd'''....''granddaughter''<br>'''titutuyd'''....''grandniece''<br>'''tetituyd'''....''(female) cousin''<br>'''aa tetituyd'''....''first female cousin''<br>'''ea tetituyd'''....''second female cousin''<br>'''aa yiba tetituyd'''....''female cousin first removed'' |} {{small/end}} : Suffixed '''-if''' gives you affectionate equivalents: ::* '''twadif'''....''hubby'' ::* '''taydif'''....''darling wife, wifey-poo'' ::* '''twedif'''....''daddy, papa'' ::* '''teydif'''....''mommy, mama'' ::* '''twidif'''....''bro'' ::* '''tiydif'''....''sis'' ::* '''twudif'''....''sonny, kid'' ::* '''tuydif'''....''darling daughter'' ==== TOD, TOOD, TYOD, TYOOD Words ==== ::* '''tod'''....''family'' :::* '''tood'''....''race'' :::* '''tyod'''....''people'' ::::* '''tyoyd'''....''folk'' ::::* '''tyood'''....''population'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''azontod'''....''dynasty'' * '''bapeittoda'''....''cetacean'' * '''doyovtod'''....''crime family, mafia, mob'' * '''doyovtodat'''....''mobster'' * '''doyovtoddat'''....''crony'' * '''doyovtodeb'''....''godfather, mafia boss'' * '''doyovtodin'''....''gangsterism'' * '''doyovtodutyan'''....''gang, mafia gang'' * '''ebtodepyex'''....''vendetta'' * '''getoda'''....''cognate'' * '''glatoda melukbam'''....''mausoleum'' * '''glatoda'''....''multifamily'' * '''iztodnad'''....''lineage'' * '''oybtod'''....''subfamily'' * '''tobtod'''....''mankind'' * '''tod'''....''family'' * '''toda poptam'''....''pension'' * '''todam'''....''household'' * '''todameb'''....''head of the household, master'' * '''todameyb'''....''mistress'' * '''todamut'''....''housekeeper'' * '''todan'''....''kinship'' * '''todana dyun'''....''familiar name, nickname, sobriquet'' * '''todana'''....''familiar'' * '''todat'''....''relative, sib'' * '''todatyan'''....''clan, kindred, kinfolk'' * '''todbyim'''....''homestead'' * '''toddyun'''....''family name, last name, surname'' * '''todepyex'''....''family fued'' * '''todeyb'''....''mater familias'' * '''todgonut'''....''family member'' * '''todim'''....''living room, living-room, parlor, salon, sitting room'' * '''todmempur'''....''station wagon'' * '''todnad'''....''family line'' * '''todnada'''....''genetic'' * '''todnadanyan'''....''genome'' * '''todnadaun'''....''gene'' * '''todnadkyaxus'''....''mutagen'' * '''todnadtun'''....''genetics'' * '''todnam'''....''mom-and-pop store'' * '''todtamyan'''....''homestead'' * '''todtaxyandyes'''....''scrapbook'' * '''todtun'''....''genealogy'' * '''todweb'''....''pater familias'' * '''yebtoda tadxen'''....''incest'' <hr> * '''antooda'''....''ethnically pure, racially pure'' * '''duhotooda?'''....''of what race?'' * '''ebtooda tadxen'''....''interracial marriage'' * '''ebtooda tadyan'''....''interracial couple'' * '''ebtooda'''....''interracial'' * '''entooda'''....''biracial'' * '''eybtooda'''....''intra-racial'' * '''getooda'''....''ethnically similar, of like race, of the same race'' * '''glatooda'''....''multiracial, of mixed ethnicity, racially mixed'' * '''hyetooda'''....''of any race, of either race, of mixed race, of mixed-race, racially mixed, racially-mixed'' * '''hyitooda'''....''co-racial, of the same race'' * '''hyutooda'''....''of a different race, racially different'' * '''logeltooda'''....''ethnically different, of a different race'' * '''otooda'''....''nonracial'' * '''otoodina'''....''non-racist'' * '''ovtoodina'''....''anti-racist'' * '''tood'''....''ethnic group, race'' * '''tooda'''....''ethnic, racial'' * '''toodaajuntun'''....''ethnoarchaeology'' * '''toodan'''....''ethnicity'' * '''toodat'''....''member of a race'' * '''toodfobtun'''....''ethnobotany'' * '''toodin'''....''racialism, racism'' * '''toodindren'''....''ethnography'' * '''toodinut'''....''racialist, racist'' * '''toodmeltun'''....''ethnogeography'' * '''toodtejtun'''....''ethnobiography'' * '''toodtun'''....''ethnology'' * '''toodzena'''....''ethnocentric'' <hr> * '''ajtyodyen'''....''tradition'' * '''domtyod'''....''city folk'' * '''doymtyod'''....''townsfolk, townspeople'' * '''ebtyoda'''....''internecine'' * '''eyntyodaba'''....''semi-democratic'' * '''gawtyodxer'''....''repopulate'' * '''gratyodikxer'''....''overpopulate'' * '''grotyodikxer'''....''underpopulate'' * '''ha tyod...'''....''the people...'' * '''igtyodifwas'''....''fad'' * '''kebiwa tyod'''....''chosen people'' * '''lotyodikxer'''....''depopulate'' * '''meimtyod'''....''country folk'' * '''obtyodeb'''....''veep, vice-president, vice president'' * '''onaptyod'''....''mob'' * '''otyodifwa'''....''unpopular'' * '''otyodxwa'''....''unpopulated'' * '''ovtyodaba'''....''anti-democratic, antidemocratic'' * '''tyod'''....''people, population'' * '''tyoda'''....''demotic, gentile, people's'' * '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' * '''tyodabava'''....''pro-democratic'' * '''tyodabova'''....''anti-democratic'' * '''tyodabxer'''....''democratize'' * '''tyodalzyen'''....''vernacular'' * '''tyodaya'''....''populous'' * '''tyodbyen'''....''custom'' * '''tyodbyena'''....''customary'' * '''tyodbyenier'''....''get used to, grow accustomed'' * '''tyodbyenuer'''....''accustomize'' * '''tyoddin'''....''saga'' * '''tyodeb'''....''president of the republic, president'' * '''tyodeber'''....''preside, serve as president'' * '''tyodel'''....''ad, advertisement, publication, publicity'' * '''tyodifwa'''....''popular'' * '''tyodik'''....''population'' * '''tyodika'''....''populous'' * '''tyodikxer'''....''populate'' * '''tyodikxwa'''....''populated'' * '''tyodin'''....''populism'' * '''tyodkebien'''....''plebiscite'' * '''tyodnad'''....''lineage'' * '''tyodob'''....''republic'' * '''tyodobin'''....''republicanism'' * '''tyodpaaxut'''....''demagog, demagogue'' * '''tyodsagdren'''....''demographics, demography'' * '''tyodtojben'''....''genocide, progrom'' * '''tyodufalx'''....''pogrom'' * '''tyoduka'''....''deserted'' * '''tyoduz'''....''pop music'' * '''tyodyen'''....''custom, more'' * '''tyodyeni'''....''mores'' * '''tyodyenxer'''....''customize'' * '''vityod'''....''beautiful people, gentry'' * '''vityodxer'''....''gentrify'' * '''vutyod'''....''commoners, rabble, unwashed masses, scum, vulgus'' * '''vutyodat'''....''commoner, scumbag'' * '''yabtyod'''....''gentry, nobility'' * '''yabtyodat'''....''noble, nobleman'' * '''yobtyod'''....''hoi polloi, plebs'' * '''yobtyodat'''....''commoner, pleb, plebeian'' <hr> * '''tyood'''....''populace, vulgate, population, populace'' * '''tyooda'''....''common, vulgar'' * '''tyoodat'''....''commoner'' * '''tyoodtun'''....''demographics'' * '''tyoodtuna'''....''demographic'' * '''tyoodtut'''....''demographer'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TAD and TAAD Words ==== ::* '''tad'''....''spouse'' :::* '''tayd'''....''wife'' :::* '''twad'''....''husband'' :::* '''taad'''....''mate'' (used in many sexual terms) : Here are some derivations of the above roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aa tad'''....''first husband, first spouse'' * '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' * '''antada'''....''monogamous'' * '''antadan'''....''monogamy'' * '''antaday'''....''monogamously'' * '''antadin'''....''monogamy'' * '''antadina'''....''monogamist'' * '''antadinut'''....''monogamist'' * '''bey tadien'''....''by marriage'' * '''dita tadien'''....''civil marriage'' * '''ebtada'''....''between spouses, marital'' * '''ebtadien'''....''intermarriage'' * '''ebtadier'''....''intermarry'' * '''ebtaduwa'''....''intermarried'' * '''ebtooda tadien'''....''miscegenation'' * '''ebtooda tadxen'''....''interracial marriage'' * '''ebtooda tadyan'''....''interracial couple'' * '''edebtad'''....''consort'' * '''ejnatadpop'''....''honeymoon'' * '''ejnatadpopea'''....''on a honeymoon'' * '''ejnatadpopen'''....''honeymooning'' * '''ejnatadpoper'''....''go on a honeymoon'' * '''ejnatadpoput'''....''honeymooner'' * '''ejtad'''....''current spouse, step-spouse'' * '''entada'''....''bigamous'' * '''entadan'''....''bigamy'' * '''entadin'''....''bigamy'' * '''entadina'''....''bigamist'' * '''entadinut'''....''bigamist'' * '''entadumyank'''....''zygote'' * '''entadumyanka'''....''zygotic'' * '''gatadien'''....''remarriage'' * '''gatadier'''....''get remarried, marry again, re-wed, remarry, rewed'' * '''gatadsen'''....''remarriage'' * '''gatadser'''....''remarry'' * '''gataduwa'''....''re-married, re-wedded, remarried'' * '''gatadxwa'''....''remarried'' * '''genegtadiwayt'''....''peeress'' * '''glatada'''....''polygamous'' * '''glatadan'''....''polygamy'' * '''glatadin'''....''polygamy'' * '''glatadina'''....''polygamist'' * '''glatadinut'''....''polygamist'' * '''gwe taduwa'''....''just married'' * '''gwej taduwa'''....''just married'' * '''hyijatada'''....''consanguine, consanguineous'' * '''hyijatadan'''....''consanguinity'' * '''hyitooba tadan'''....''same-sex marrage'' * '''ijtad'''....''first husband, first spouse, original spouse'' * '''jaga otaduwayt'''....''old maid'' * '''jatad'''....''fiance'' * '''jatadek'''....''courtship'' * '''jatadiena'''....''premarital'' * '''jatadienxela'''....''prenuptial'' * '''jatadsen'''....''engagement'' * '''jatadser'''....''affiance, become betrothed, become engaged'' * '''jatadxen'''....''betrothal'' * '''jatadxer'''....''affiance, betroth'' * '''jatadxwa'''....''affianced, betrothed, engaged'' * '''jay taduwa'''....''already married'' * '''jogtad'''....''newly-wed, newlywed'' * '''jogtaduwa'''....''newly-married, newly-wed'' * '''jogtaduwat'''....''newly-wed groom'' * '''jogtaduwayt'''....''newly-wed bride'' * '''jotadiena'''....''postmarital, postnuptial'' * '''jwaa tadien'''....''shotgun wedding'' * '''jwatadier'''....''marry early'' * '''jwotadier'''....''marry late'' * '''ojtad'''....''fiance, future husband, future spouse'' * '''otad'''....''bachelor, celibate person'' * '''otada'''....''celibate'' * '''otadan'''....''celibacy'' * '''otadier'''....''get divorced'' * '''otadiwa'''....''unmarried'' * '''otadiwat'''....''bachelor, unmarried person'' * '''otadiwayt'''....''spinster, unmarried woman'' * '''otadsat'''....''bachelor, unmarried person'' * '''otadsayt'''....''spinster'' * '''otadsya'''....''unmarried'' * '''otaduwa'''....''unwed'' * '''otadxwa jogayt'''....''colleen'' * '''otadxwayt'''....''unmarried female'' * '''ovyatadwa'''....''unjustified'' * '''oyebebtada'''....''extramarital'' * '''oyeybtadiena'''....''extramarital'' * '''tad'''....''spouse'' * '''tada'''....''spousal'' * '''tadan'''....''marital state, marriage'' * '''tadana'''....''marital'' * '''tadanay'''....''maritally'' * '''tadansum'''....''nuptial bed'' * '''tadat'''....''in-law'' * '''tadayt'''....''female in-law'' * '''tadbuer'''....''endow'' * '''tadbun'''....''dowry, endowment'' * '''tadbuwa'''....''endowed'' * '''taddxut'''....''fornicator'' * '''taddyun'''....''married name'' * '''tadiea'''....''marrying'' * '''tadien tayf'''....''wedding dress'' * '''tadien'''....''espousal, marriage, marrying, matrimony, wedding'' * '''tadiena'''....''matrimonial'' * '''tadienuf'''....''misogamy'' * '''tadienufut'''....''misogamist'' * '''tadienxel'''....''nuptials, wedding'' * '''tadienxela'''....''nuptial'' * '''tadier'''....''espouse, get married, marry, wed'' * '''tadifbuen'''....''dotation'' * '''tadiwa'''....''married, wedded'' * '''tadiwat'''....''married person'' * '''tadkexen'''....''matchmaking'' * '''tadkexut'''....''courter, matchmaker'' * '''tadnadxem'''....''breeding ground'' * '''tadnaxut'''....''breeder'' * '''tadnux'''....''alimony'' * '''tadoken'''....''being widowed, losing a spouse'' * '''tadoker'''....''be widowed, lose a spouse'' * '''tadokya'''....''widowed'' * '''tadokyayt'''....''widow'' * '''tadokyaytan'''....''widowhood'' * '''tadon'''....''marriage'' * '''tadsen'''....''marriage, wedding'' * '''tadsenxel'''....''wedding'' * '''tadser'''....''get married, wed'' * '''tadsya'''....''married, wedded'' * '''tadtayuba'''....''gonadal'' * '''taduen'''....''marriage, marrying'' * '''taduer'''....''give away in marriage, marry off, officiate at a marriage'' * '''taduka'''....''unmarried'' * '''taduut'''....''justice of the peace, marriage official'' * '''taduwa'''....''married'' * '''taduyafa'''....''nubile'' * '''taduyafwa'''....''marriageable'' * '''taduyafwan'''....''marriageability'' * '''tadwat'''....''male in-law'' * '''tadxen'''....''marriage, marrying'' * '''tadxer'''....''marry'' * '''tadxut'''....''marriage officiator'' * '''tadxwa'''....''married'' * '''tadxwan'''....''wedlock'' * '''tadxwena'''....''connubial'' * '''tadyan'''....''couple, husband and wife, married couple'' * '''tadyiv'''....''consortium'' * '''tadyovxea'''....''adulterous'' * '''tadyovxeay'''....''adulterously'' * '''tadyovxen'''....''adultery'' * '''tadyovxut'''....''adulterer'' * '''tadyovxuyt'''....''adulteress'' * '''tadyoxwa'''....''adulterated'' * '''tadyuv'''....''marital bond, wedlock'' * '''tadyuvlaxen'''....''engagement'' * '''tadyuvlaxwa'''....''engaged'' * '''Vyetad'''....''Vietnamese'' * '''xaber be taduen'''....''officiate at a marriage'' * '''xaler tadyovxen'''....''commit adultery'' * '''yagja tad'''....''long-time spouse'' * '''yagtaduwa'''....''long-time married'' * '''yantada teap'''....''conjugal visit'' * '''yantada'''....''conjugal'' * '''yantadan'''....''conjugality'' * '''yantaday'''....''conjugally'' * '''yantadsen'''....''mating'' * '''yantadser'''....''mate'' * '''yantadxen'''....''conjugation, mating'' * '''yantadxer'''....''conjugate, mate'' * '''yantadxwa'''....''conjugated, mated'' * '''yebtoda tadxen'''....''incest'' * '''yontad'''....''divorced person'' * '''yontadsen'''....''divorce, divorcing'' * '''yontadser'''....''break up, break up, break up a marriage, divorce, get divorced'' * '''yontadxen'''....''breaking up, breaking up a marriage, breakup, divorce'' * '''yontadxer'''....''break up, break up a marriage, divorce'' * '''yontadxut'''....''homebreaker'' * '''yontadxwa'''....''divorced'' <hr> * '''aa tayd'''....''first wife'' * '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' * '''dropek tayd'''....''war bride'' * '''ejtayd'''....''current wife, step-wife'' * '''ijtayd'''....''first wife, original wife'' * '''jatayd'''....''fiancee, foremother'' * '''jogtayd bunyan'''....''trousseau'' * '''jogtayd'''....''bride, newly-wed wife, young wife'' * '''jogtayda'''....''bridal'' * '''kutayd'''....''concubine'' * '''kutaydan'''....''concubinage'' * '''ojtayd'''....''bridesgroom, bridesmaid, fiancee, future wife'' * '''ojtayddwat'''....''bridesman'' * '''ojtayddwet'''....''groomsman'' * '''otayd'''....''unmarried female'' * '''rajahtayd'''....''ranee, rani'' * '''tamtayd'''....''housewife'' * '''tamtayda'''....''housewifely'' * '''tayd'''....''female spouse, wife'' * '''tayda'''....''wifely'' * '''taydan'''....''wifehood'' * '''taydibwasyan'''....''jointure'' * '''taydier'''....''wive'' * '''taydif'''....''darling wife, wifey-poo'' * '''taydoken'''....''becoming a widower, being widowed, losing one's wife'' * '''taydoker'''....''be widowed, become a widower, lose a wife, lose one's wife'' * '''taydokyat'''....''widower'' * '''taydovyayuvan'''....''cuckoldry'' * '''taydoya'''....''wifeless'' * '''taydoyat'''....''bachelor'' * '''taydoyatan'''....''bachelorhood'' * '''taydtojben'''....''uxoricide'' * '''tayduka'''....''wifeless'' * '''taydurer'''....''henpeck'' * '''taydurwa'''....''henpecked'' * '''vitayd'''....''nymph'' * '''vitaydet'''....''nymphet'' * '''yontayd'''....''divorcée'' <hr> * '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' * '''ejtwad'''....''current husband, step-husband'' * '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous'' * '''glatwadan'''....''polyandry'' * '''jogtwad'''....''newly-wed husband'' * '''ojtwad'''....''bridegroom, groom'' * '''otwad'''....''bachelor'' * '''otwadan'''....''bachelorhood'' * '''oytwadan'''....''spinsterhood'' * '''oytwadayt'''....''spinster'' * '''oytwadaytan'''....''spinsterhood'' * '''oytwadaytyena'''....''spinsterish'' * '''oytwadsen'''....''becoming widowed'' * '''oytwadser'''....''become widowed'' * '''tamtwad'''....''househusband'' * '''twad'''....''husband'' * '''twadif'''....''hubby'' * '''twadokayta joibwas'''....''dower'' * '''twadoken'''....''being widowed'' * '''twadoker'''....''be widowed, lose a husband, lose one's husband'' * '''twadokya'''....''widowed'' * '''vatwaden'''....''saying for sure'' * '''vatwader'''....''say for sure'' * '''vyotexuwa twad'''....''cuckold'' * '''yontwad'''....''divorced man, divorcé, male divorcé'' <hr> * '''byarer taadxenay'''....''sexually arouse'' * '''ebtaadfa'''....''ruttish, rutty'' * '''ebtaadxen'''....''rutting'' * '''ebtaadxer'''....''rut'' * '''ebtaadxut'''....''fornicator, copulator'' * '''grataadxyea'''....''promiscious'' * '''grataadxyean'''....''promiscuity'' * '''grataadxyeay'''....''promiscuously'' * '''iftaad'''....''playmate'' * '''iftaad'''....''sex mate'' * '''potaadxen'''....''bestiality'' * '''taad'''....''mate, sex partner'' * '''taadebkyaxut'''....''swinger'' * '''taadif'''....''sex, sexual pleasure, eros'' * '''taadifa'''....''sexual, erotic'' * '''taadifan'''....''sexuality, eroticism'' * '''taadifaxen'''....''sexualization, eroticization'' * '''taadifaxer'''....''sexualize, eroticize'' * '''taadifaxwa'''....''sexualized, eroticized'' * '''taadifaya'''....''sexed, sexy'' * '''taadifika'''....''sexed, sexy'' * '''taadifla'''....''horny'' * '''taadiflan'''....''horniness'' * '''taadifler'''....''be horny'' * '''taadifluen'''....''arousal'' * '''taadifluer'''....''arouse'' * '''taadifluwa'''....''aroused'' * '''taadifra'''....''lustful, voluptuous'' * '''taadifran'''....''lustfulness, voluptuousness'' * '''taadifren'''....''lechery, lusting'' * '''taadifrer'''....''lust after'' * '''taadifrut'''....''sexpot, lecher'' * '''taadifxea'''....''sexy'' * '''taadifxen'''....''having sex, copulation, intercourse'' * '''taadifxer'''....''have sex, copulate, have intercourse'' * '''taadkex'''....''courtship'' * '''taadkexen'''....''courting'' * '''taadkexer'''....''court'' * '''taadser'''....''couple, mate'' * '''taadtayub'''....''gonad'' * '''taadxen ekar'''....''sex toy'' * '''taadxen ifek'''....''sex game, sex game, sex play, mating game'' * '''taadxen jeb'''....''mating season'' * '''taadxen mansin'''....''sex photo'' * '''taadxen yebux'''....''sex drive'' * '''taadxen yexut'''....''sex worker'' * '''taadxen'''....''copulation, fornication, love-making, lovemaking, mating, sex, sexuality'' * '''taadxena byaren'''....''sexual arousal'' * '''taadxena if'''....''sexual pleasure'' * '''taadxena'''....''copulative, copulatory, erotic, sexual'' * '''taadxenay byarea'''....''sexually arousing'' * '''taadxenay byarwa'''....''sexually aroused'' * '''taadxenay'''....''sexually'' * '''taadxentun'''....''sexology'' * '''taadxentut'''....''sexologist'' * '''taadxer'''....''copulate, fornicate, have sex, mate'' * '''taadxif'''....''sex, eros'' * '''taadxifa'''....''sexual, erotic'' * '''taadxwa'''....''coupled, mated'' * '''xer taadxif'''....''to have sex'' * '''yabtaadxer'''....''overmatch'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TED, TYED Words ==== ::* '''ted'''....''parent'' :::* '''teyd'''....''mother'' :::* '''twed'''....''father'' ::* '''tyed'''....''relative, kin'' : The above roots are used to form the following words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ajted'''....''ancestor, ascendant, ascendent'' * '''ajtedyan'''....''ancestors, ancestry'' * '''ajtedyana'''....''ancestral'' * '''anteda'''....''uniparental'' * '''ejted'''....''step-parent, stepparent'' * '''gaifbiteder'''....''readopt'' * '''ifbited'''....''foster father'' * '''ifbiteden'''....''adoption'' * '''ifbiteder'''....''adopt'' * '''ifbitedut'''....''adopter'' * '''ifbitedwa'''....''adopted'' * '''ifbitedwat'''....''adopted child, foster child'' * '''ifbitedyafwa'''....''adoptable'' * '''ijjated'''....''primogenitor'' * '''ijjatedan'''....''primogeniture'' * '''jated'''....''forebear, forefather, forerunner, progenitor'' * '''jatedyan'''....''forefathers, ancestry'' * '''jatedyana'''....''ancestral'' * '''Morted'''....''God'' * '''morted'''....''god, progenitor of the universe'' * '''morteda'''....''divine'' * '''mortedan'''....''divinity'' * '''morteday'''....''divinely'' * '''ojted'''....''future parent'' * '''ojtedyan'''....''progeny'' * '''otajted'''....''adopting parent'' * '''otajteder'''....''adopt'' * '''otajtedwa'''....''adopted'' * '''syembea ted'''....''founding father'' * '''tajted'''....''birth father, birth parent'' * '''tamted'''....''houseparent'' * '''tated'''....''parent-in-law'' * '''ted'''....''parent, progenitor'' * '''teda'''....''parental'' * '''tedan'''....''parentage, parenthood, progeniture'' * '''tedbikuea'''....''fostering'' * '''tedbikuen'''....''fostering'' * '''tedbikuer'''....''foster'' * '''tedbikuut'''....''foster parent'' * '''tedbikuwa'''....''fostered'' * '''tedeba'''....''patriarchal'' * '''tedeban'''....''patriarchy'' * '''tedebyena'''....''patriarchal'' * '''teden'''....''raising'' * '''teder'''....''raise'' * '''tedi'''....''parents'' * '''tedif'''....''pa'' * '''tedokan'''....''orphanhood'' * '''tedokat'''....''orphan'' * '''tedokatam'''....''orphanage'' * '''tedokayt'''....''female orphan'' * '''tedoken'''....''being orphaned, losing one's parents'' * '''tedoker'''....''be orphaned, lose a parent, lose one's parents'' * '''tedokxen'''....''orphaning'' * '''tedokxer'''....''orphan'' * '''tedokxwa'''....''orphaned'' * '''tedokya'''....''orphan, orphaned'' * '''tedotyeut'''....''founder'' * '''tedoyat'''....''orphan'' * '''tedoyatam'''....''orphanage'' * '''tedoyatan'''....''orphanage'' * '''tedoyayt'''....''female orphan'' * '''tedoywat'''....''male orphan'' * '''tedpet dyes'''....''stud book, studbook'' * '''tedpet'''....''stud'' * '''tedsen'''....''parenting'' * '''tedser'''....''parent'' * '''tedtojben'''....''patricide'' * '''tedtojbena'''....''patricidal'' * '''tedtojbut'''....''patricide'' * '''teduer'''....''sire'' * '''teduwa'''....''sired'' * '''tedwa'''....''parented, raised'' * '''tedyan'''....''mother and father, parents'' * '''tedyanoker'''....''be orphaned'' * '''teted'''....''grandparent'' * '''tetedyan'''....''grandparents'' * '''teteted'''....''great grandparent'' * '''toted'''....''godparent'' * '''yantoted'''....''cosponsor'' <hr> * '''ajteyd'''....''ancestress, female ancestor'' * '''dibteyd'''....''matron'' * '''dibteydyena'''....''matronly'' * '''ejteyd'''....''step-mother, stepmother'' * '''Fizuu eta twed gel eta teyd.'''....''Honor thy father as they mother.'' * '''ojteyd'''....''expectant mother, future mother'' * '''tajna teyd'''....''natural mother'' * '''tajteyd'''....''birth mother'' * '''tamteyd'''....''housemother'' * '''tateyd'''....''mother-in-law'' * '''teteteyd'''....''great grandmother'' * '''teteyd'''....''grandmother'' * '''teteydif'''....''grandma, grannie, granny'' * '''teteydyena'''....''grandmotherly'' * '''teyd'''....''mother'' * '''teyda'''....''maternal'' * '''teydab'''....''matriarchy'' * '''teydan'''....''maternity, motherhood'' * '''teyday'''....''maternally'' * '''teydeb'''....''matriarch'' * '''teydeba'''....''matriarchal'' * '''teydgibut'''....''motherfucker'' * '''teydif'''....''ma, mama, mom, momma, mommy, mum, old lady'' * '''teydom'''....''metropolis'' * '''teydoma'''....''metropolitan'' * '''teydoya'''....''motherless'' * '''teydoyan'''....''motherlessness'' * '''teydsen'''....''becoming a mother'' * '''teydser'''....''become a mother'' * '''teydsoa'''....''pregnant'' * '''teydsoan'''....''pregnancy'' * '''teydtojben'''....''matricide'' * '''teydtojbena'''....''matricidal'' * '''teydtojbut'''....''matricide, mother-killer'' * '''teyduka'''....''motherless'' * '''teydukan'''....''motherlessness'' * '''teydxen'''....''mothering'' * '''teydxer'''....''mother'' * '''teydxwa'''....''mothered'' * '''teydyena'''....''motherly'' * '''teydyenan'''....''motherliness'' * '''toteyd'''....''godmother'' * '''yakea teyd'''....''expectant mother'' * '''yiga teyd'''....''dura'' * '''yizteydif'''....''supermom'' <hr> * '''ajtwed'''....''male ancestor'' * '''doyovtwed'''....''godfather, mafia boss'' * '''ejtwed'''....''step-father, stepfather'' * '''Fizuu eta twed gel eta teyd.'''....''Honor thy father as they mother.'' * '''fyaa twed'''....''holy father'' * '''fyatwed'''....''priest'' * '''jatwed'''....''forefather'' * '''jatwedyan'''....''forefathers'' * '''oytweda'''....''fatherless'' * '''oytwedan'''....''fatherlessness'' * '''tajna twed'''....''natural father'' * '''tatwed'''....''father-in-law'' * '''tetetwed'''....''great grandfather'' * '''tetwed'''....''granddad, grandfather'' * '''tetwedif'''....''granddaddy, grandpa'' * '''tetwedyena'''....''grandfatherly'' * '''totwed'''....''godfather'' * '''twed'''....''father, pater'' * '''tweda'''....''paternal'' * '''twedan'''....''fatherhood, paternity'' * '''tweday'''....''paternally'' * '''twedbyixwa'''....''patronymic'' * '''twedbyixway'''....''patronymically'' * '''twedeb'''....''patriarch'' * '''twedeb'''....''patriarch'' * '''twedeba'''....''patriarchal'' * '''twedeban'''....''patriarchy'' * '''twedif'''....''dad, daddy, old man, papa, poppa'' * '''twedin'''....''paternalism'' * '''twedina'''....''paternalistic'' * '''twedinut'''....''paternalistic'' * '''twedoum'''....''patrimony'' * '''twedouma'''....''patrimonial'' * '''twedsen'''....''become a father'' * '''twedser'''....''become a father'' * '''twedtojben'''....''parricide, patricide'' * '''twedtojbena'''....''parricidal, patricidal'' * '''twedtojber'''....''kill one's father'' * '''twedtojbut'''....''parricide, patricide'' * '''twedxen'''....''fathering'' * '''twedxer'''....''father'' * '''twedxwa'''....''fathered'' * '''twedyena'''....''fatherly'' * '''twedyenan'''....''fatherliness'' <hr> * '''tiibil tyed'''....''blood relation'' * '''tooba tiibilnad tyed'''....''agnate'' * '''tyed'''....''kin, kinsman, related person, relative'' * '''tyeda'''....''kin, kindred, related'' * '''tyedan'''....''affinity, kinship, relatedness, relationship'' * '''tyedser'''....''become related'' * '''tyedxer'''....''bring together as related'' * '''tyedxwa'''....''akin, related'' * '''tyedyan'''....''ethnicity, kin, kindred, kinfolk, kinsfolk, kith, relations'' * '''tyedyana ibvyixen'''....''ethnic cleansing'' * '''yubtyed'''....''next of kin'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TID Words ==== ::* '''tid'''....''sibling'' :::* '''tiyd'''....''sister'' ♀ :::* '''twid'''....''brother'' ♂ : These roots are used to form the following words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ejtid'''....''half sibling'' * '''eontid'''....''twin'' * '''eontwid'''....''twin brother'' * '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister'' * '''fyatid'''....''friar'' * '''fyatidam'''....''friary'' * '''fyatidyan'''....''friary'' * '''glatidat'''....''person with many siblings'' * '''histidiyn'''....''histidine'' * '''kariatid'''....''caryatid'' * '''otidipat'''....''bustard'' * '''tatid'''....''sibling-in-law'' * '''tetetid'''....''great uncle or aunt'' * '''tetid'''....''uncle or aunt'' * '''tid'''....''brother or sister, sibling'' * '''tida dropek'''....''internecine war'' * '''tida'''....''brotherly, fraternal'' * '''tiday'''....''fraternally'' * '''tidif'''....''fraternal love'' * '''tidoyat'''....''person with no siblings'' * '''tidtojben'''....''fratricide'' * '''tidtojbena'''....''fratricidal'' * '''tidtojber'''....''commit fratricide, kill one's sibling'' * '''tidtojbut'''....''fratricide'' * '''tidxer'''....''fraternize'' * '''tidxut'''....''fraternizer'' * '''tidyan'''....''fraternity'' * '''tidzen'''....''fraternization'' * '''xaler tidtojben'''....''commit fratricide'' <hr> * '''ejtiyd'''....''half sister, stepsister'' * '''fyatiydam'''....''priory'' * '''fyatiydameyb'''....''prioress'' * '''tatiyd'''....''sister-in-law'' * '''tetetiyd'''....''great aunt, great-aunt, great-great-aunt'' * '''tetiyd'''....''aunt, grandaunt, great-aunt'' * '''tetiydif'''....''auntie'' * '''tiyd'''....''sister'' * '''tiyda'''....''sisterly, sororal'' * '''tiydan'''....''sisterliness'' * '''tiydif'''....''sis'' * '''tiydoyat'''....''person with no sisters'' * '''tiydyan'''....''sisterhood, sorority'' * '''tiydyen'''....''sisterliness'' * '''tiydyena'''....''sisterly'' * '''tututiyd'''....''grandniece'' <hr> * '''ejtwid'''....''half brother, stepbrother'' * '''oytwidat'''....''person with no brothers'' * '''tatwid'''....''brother-in-law'' * '''tetetwid'''....''granduncle, great uncle, great-great-uncle'' * '''tetwid'''....''great-uncle'' * '''tetwida'''....''avuncular'' * '''tetwidyena'''....''avuncular'' * '''tututwid'''....''grandnephew'' * '''twid'''....''brother'' * '''twida'''....''brotherly, fraternal'' * '''twiday'''....''fraternally'' * '''twidi'''....''brethren, brothers'' * '''twidif'''....''bro'' * '''twidyan'''....''brotherhood, fraternity'' * '''twidyena'''....''brotherly'' * '''twidyenan'''....''brotherliness'' * '''yantwid'''....''confrère'' * '''yantwidan'''....''confraternity'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TUD Words ==== :* '''tud'''....''child'' :* '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' :* '''twud'''....''son'' : An important diminutive is '''tudet'''....''baby, infant''. : The above roots are used to generate the following words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aa tetitud'''....''first cousin'' * '''aa yiba tetitud'''....''cousin first removed'' * '''Amerinda apetud'''....''cayuse'' * '''apatud'''....''chick, chickadee'' * '''apatuden'''....''cheeping'' * '''apatuder'''....''cheep'' * '''apaytud'''....''chick'' * '''apetud'''....''colt, foal'' * '''apetudog'''....''foal'' * '''apyatud'''....''eaglet'' * '''apyotud'''....''lion cub'' * '''balokxer tudet'''....''burp a baby'' * '''belyafwa tudetsum'''....''carrycot'' * '''ea tetitud'''....''second cousin'' * '''ejtud'''....''stepchild'' * '''ejtudi'''....''stepchildren'' * '''ejtudyan'''....''stepchildren'' * '''eopetud tayof'''....''calfskin'' * '''eopetud'''....''calf, cowling, yeanling'' * '''eopetuda tikib'''....''calf's liver'' * '''eopetudxen'''....''calving'' * '''eopetudxer'''....''calve, yean'' * '''epatud'''....''duckling, baby duck'' * '''epetud'''....''bullock, calf, bullock, veal'' * '''epeytud'''....''heifer'' * '''epyotud'''....''tiger cub, whelp'' * '''epyoytud'''....''tiger cub'' * '''fitajtud'''....''childe'' * '''gapiatud'''....''gosling'' * '''gapotud'''....''baby elephant'' * '''gapyotud'''....''bear cub, bear cub, baby bear'' * '''gepiatud'''....''cygnet'' * '''ijtud'''....''first-born child'' * '''ipatud'''....''chick, poult'' * '''ipetud'''....''ass's foal, donkey, foal, little ass, chick, poult, foal'' * '''ipetudog'''....''burro'' * '''ipyotud'''....''fox cub, fox cub, kit, pup'' * '''jogtudet'''....''new-born baby, newborn baby'' * '''jwatud'''....''love child, lovechild'' * '''kapetud'''....''young mouse'' * '''kapotud'''....''young rat, pup, kitten'' * '''lipitud'''....''fingerling'' * '''magyelwa epetud gyogol'''....''schnitzel'' * '''mamzertud'''....''mamzer'' * '''maolztud'''....''mulatto'' * '''nepiatud'''....''chick, crane chick'' * '''otajtud'''....''adopted child, adopted son'' * '''otatud'''....''bastard, out-of-wedlock child'' * '''otatudan'''....''bastardy'' * '''otatudxen'''....''bastardization'' * '''otatudxer'''....''bastardize'' * '''ovyaba tud'''....''mamzer'' * '''oytuda'''....''childless'' * '''oytudan'''....''childlessness'' * '''patud'''....''chick, poult, squab'' * '''patudel'''....''squab'' * '''petud'''....''chit'' * '''potud'''....''cub, yearling'' * '''potudyan'''....''animal offspring, brood'' * '''tajber yapetudyan'''....''farrow'' * '''tetitud'''....''cousin'' * '''tijber eopetud'''....''calve'' * '''tistam tud'''....''schoolchild'' * '''titud'''....''nephew or niece'' * '''titudi'''....''nephews and nieces'' * '''titudin'''....''nepotism'' * '''titudina'''....''nepotistic'' * '''titudinut'''....''nepotist'' * '''totud'''....''godchild'' * '''tud'''....''child, offspring, scion'' * '''tuda'''....''filial'' * '''tudagxen'''....''raising children'' * '''tudagxer'''....''raise children'' * '''tudal'''....''exposé'' * '''tudalen'''....''expounding'' * '''tudaler'''....''expound'' * '''tudalut'''....''expounder'' * '''tudalwa'''....''expounded'' * '''tudbeka'''....''pediatric'' * '''tudbekut'''....''pediatrician'' * '''tudbikuuyt'''....''nanny'' * '''tudet apaxov'''....''baby wipe'' * '''tudet belar'''....''baby buggy, pram'' * '''tudet dal'''....''baby talk'' * '''tudet dyes'''....''baby book'' * '''tudet dyun'''....''baby name, pet name'' * '''tudet igzyax'''....''baby boom'' * '''tudet igzyaxat'''....''baby-boomer'' * '''tudet ilbiov'''....''baby diaper'' * '''tudet ilyeb'''....''nursing bottle'' * '''tudet sim'''....''high chair'' * '''tudet tel'''....''baby food'' * '''tudet teupib'''....''baby tooth'' * '''tudet tof'''....''baby clothes, baby wear'' * '''tudet tojnag'''....''infant mortality'' * '''tudet tyopas'''....''baby step'' * '''tudet zateb'''....''baby face'' * '''tudet'''....''baby, infant, toddler, tyke'' * '''tudeta bok'''....''infant disease'' * '''tudeta'''....''infantile'' * '''tudetan'''....''infancy, babyhood'' * '''tudetbelea'''....''childbearing'' * '''tudetbik'''....''infant care'' * '''tudetbikam'''....''infant care facility, nursery'' * '''tudetbiken'''....''babysitting'' * '''tudetbiker'''....''babysit'' * '''tudetbikut'''....''baby-sitter, babysitter'' * '''tudetbikuuyt'''....''nursemaid'' * '''tudeten'''....''babying'' * '''tudeter'''....''baby'' * '''tudeteyof'''....''bib'' * '''tudetog'''....''bambino, little baby'' * '''tudetpar'''....''baby buggy, pram'' * '''tudetpixlawa'''....''kidnapped'' * '''tudetpixlen'''....''baby snatching, kidnapping'' * '''tudetpixler'''....''kidnap'' * '''tudetpixlut'''....''baby snatcher, kidnapper'' * '''tudetsim'''....''highchair'' * '''tudetsum'''....''baby bed'' * '''tudettajben'''....''childbirth'' * '''tudettojben'''....''infanticide'' * '''tudettojbena'''....''infanticidal'' * '''tudettojbut'''....''baby-killer, infanticide'' * '''tudetvaka'''....''baby-proof, baby-safe'' * '''tudetwa'''....''babied'' * '''tudetyena'''....''baby-like, babyish, infantile'' * '''tudetyenan'''....''infantility'' * '''tudetyenay'''....''like a baby'' * '''tudi'''....''children'' * '''tudifekem'''....''children’s playground'' * '''tudifon'''....''pederasty'' * '''tudifut'''....''pederast'' * '''tudika'''....''prolific'' * '''tudikay'''....''prolifically'' * '''tudoya'''....''childless'' * '''tudoyan'''....''childlessness'' * '''tudufxut'''....''bogeyman'' * '''tuduka'''....''childless'' * '''tudukan'''....''childlessness'' * '''tudvaka'''....''child-proof, child-safe, childproof'' * '''tudxen'''....''procreation'' * '''tudxena'''....''procreational'' * '''tudxenay'''....''procreationally'' * '''tudxer'''....''procreate'' * '''tudxut'''....''procreator'' * '''tudxwa'''....''procreated'' * '''tudxyea'''....''procreative'' * '''tudyanxyofwa'''....''irreproducible'' * '''tudyanxyofwan'''....''irreproducibility'' * '''tudyena'''....''childish, childlike'' * '''tudyenan'''....''childishness'' * '''tutud'''....''grandchild'' * '''tututud'''....''great grandchild'' * '''tyopyotud'''....''chimp'' * '''umvib tudetsum'''....''bassinet'' * '''upatud'''....''gosling'' * '''upetud'''....''lamb, lambkin'' * '''upetudyena'''....''lamblike'' * '''upyotud'''....''cub, wolf cub, wolf cub, pup'' * '''vapitud'''....''elver'' * '''vapotud'''....''fawn'' * '''vepotud'''....''reindeer calf'' * '''vipotud'''....''fawn'' * '''yapetud'''....''piggy, piglet'' * '''yapetudyan'''....''farrow'' * '''yepetud'''....''pup'' * '''yepetudan'''....''puppydom, puppyhood'' * '''yepetudif'''....''puppy'' * '''yepetudyan'''....''litter of pups'' * '''yipetud'''....''kitten, kitty, pussy cat'' * '''yipetudif'''....''kitty'' * '''yipetudyan'''....''litter of cats'' * '''yipetudyena'''....''kittenish'' * '''yonxwa eopetud'''....''dogie'' * '''yopetud tayob'''....''kidskin'' * '''yopetud'''....''kid'' * '''yuapotud'''....''leveret'' * '''yupetud'''....''bunny, kit'' <hr> * '''aa tetituyd'''....''first female cousin'' * '''aa yiba tetituyd'''....''cousin first removed'' * '''apetuyd'''....''filly'' * '''ea tetituyd'''....''second cousin'' * '''ejtuyd'''....''stepdaughter'' * '''gapyotuyd'''....''female bear cub'' * '''ijtuyd'''....''first-born daughter'' * '''ipetuyd'''....''jennet'' * '''otajtuyd'''....''adopted daughter'' * '''otatuyd'''....''out-of-wedlock daughter'' * '''tatuyd'''....''daughter-in-law'' * '''tetituyd'''....''cousin, female cousin'' * '''titutuyd'''....''grand niece'' * '''tituyd'''....''niece'' * '''totuyd'''....''goddaughter'' * '''tututuyd'''....''great granddaughter'' * '''tutuyd'''....''granddaughter'' * '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' * '''tuydet'''....''baby girl'' * '''tuydyena'''....''daughterly'' <hr> * '''aa tetitwud'''....''first male cousin'' * '''aa yiba tetitwud'''....''cousin first removed, male cousin first removed'' * '''edeb atwud'''....''dauphin'' * '''ejtwud'''....''stepson'' * '''gapyotwud'''....''male bear cub'' * '''ijtwud'''....''first-born son'' * '''ipetwud'''....''jackass'' * '''slavedebtwud'''....''czarevitch'' * '''tatwud'''....''son-in-law'' * '''tetitwud'''....''cousin, male cousin'' * '''titutwud'''....''grand nephew'' * '''titwud'''....''nephew'' * '''Tottwud'''....''Son of God'' * '''totwud'''....''godson'' * '''tututwud'''....''great grandson'' * '''tutwud'''....''grandson'' * '''twud'''....''son'' * '''twuda'''....''filial'' * '''twudan'''....''sonhood'' * '''twudet'''....''baby boy'' * '''twudif'''....''sonny'' * '''twudog'''....''little son'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''TOF''' ''clothing'' === : The stems in this family of words begin with '''t''' for ''human'' and end in '''f''' or '''v''', which are reminiscent of '''nof'''....''cloth'' and '''nov'''....''lingerie''. The words have to do with clothing. Post-y-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates to women. Pre-w-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates specifically to men. [[File:Clothing store downtown Boston.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Forming Words for Clothes |- ! BODY PART !! CLOTHING ITEM !! FOR WOMEN |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''tof'''....''outfit'' || '''toyf'''....''female outfit'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''taf'''....''suit''<br>'''tav'''....''overalls''<br>'''abtaf'''....''coat'' || '''tayf'''....''dress, robe, gown''<br>'''abtayf'''....''pinafore''<br>'''abtayv'''....''work blouse'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tef'''....''hat''<br>'''tev'''....''headscarf''|| '''teyf'''....''woman's hat'' |- | '''teyob'''....''neck'' || '''teyof'''....''necktie''|| '''teyoyf'''....''cravate'' |- | '''tuab'''....''shoulder'' || '''tuaf'''....''shoulder pad''<br>'''tuav'''....''shawl''|| '''tuayv'''....''scarf'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''tif'''....''vest''|| |- | '''zetib'''....''waist'' || '''zetif'''....''belt''|| |- | '''tiab'''....''chest'' || '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || || '''tilayv'''....''bra'' |- | '''tiub'''....''belly'' || '''tiuv'''....''undershorts'' || '''tiuyf'''....''corset''<br>'''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove''|| |- | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''tyof'''....''pants'' || '''tyoyf'''....''skirt'' |- |- '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe''<br>'''tyoyav'''....''sock''|| '''tyoyayf'''....''slipper, high heel''<br>'''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TOF, TOOF Words ==== : The base word '''tof''' is the top element of a whole hierarchy of clothing terms based on the body part it pertains to. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtof'''....''coverall, outerwear'' *'''ansantof'''....''uniform'' *'''diptof'''....''crackerjack'' *'''dopektof'''....''battledress'' *'''ektobetof'''....''moppet'' *'''eynoytofa'''....''halfnaked, semi-nude'' *'''feelktofwa'''....''ironclad'' *'''fitofsyena'''....''fashionable, nicely-dressed, stylishly-dressed'' *'''fitofwa'''....''well-dressed'' *'''fumaalyentof'''....''weatherwear'' *'''futofer'''....''slatter'' *'''futofsyena'''....''poorly-dressed, unfashionable, unstylishly-dressed'' *'''fyatofober'''....''unfrock'' *'''gawtofuer'''....''reclothe'' *'''gedatof'''....''plaid'' *'''jatofuwa'''....''pre-worn, previously-worn'' *'''kotof'''....''disguise'' *'''lotofier'''....''disrobe'' *'''lotofuer'''....''disrobe'' *'''mamiltof'''....''rain gear, rain wear'' *'''obyextof'''....''armature, body armor, protective gear'' *'''otofier'''....''go nude'' *'''otofuer'''....''strip'' *'''oybtof'''....''underclothing'' *'''oytofa'''....''bare, going naked, going nude, in the buff, naked, nude, unclad, unclothed'' *'''oytofdazam'''....''strip club'' *'''oytofdazut'''....''stripper'' *'''oytofin'''....''naturism, nudism'' *'''oytofinut'''....''naturist, nudist'' *'''oytofmilyeper'''....''skinny-dip'' *'''oytofser'''....''get naked, strip naked'' *'''sumtof'''....''bedclothes, pajamas'' *'''tapifektof'''....''sportswear'' *'''teaztof'''....''get-up, getup'' *'''tof'''....''apparel, clothes, clothing, garment, item of clothing'' *'''tofaber'''....''be dressed in, wear, clothe, don, dress, endue, get dressed, put on'' *'''tofabim'''....''dressing room'' *'''tofabyoxar'''....''clothes hanger'' *'''tofbexlim'''....''coat check'' *'''tofbyoxgrun'''....''hanger'' *'''tofgrun'''....''clothing hook, tag'' *'''tofier'''....''dress, get dressed, put on clothes'' *'''tofum'''....''closet, clothes closet'' *'''tofkexer'''....''frisk'' *'''tofkyaxam'''....''clothes alternation shop, tailor shop'' *'''tofkyaxer'''....''alter clothes, tailor'' *'''tofmazaxul'''....''bluing'' *'''tofnam'''....''clothes store'' *'''tofnamut'''....''clothes salesperson'' *'''tofnav'''....''furbelow'' *'''tofnixbuut'''....''clothier'' *'''tofnyeb'''....''clothes hamper, laundry basket'' *'''tofnyif'''....''clothesline'' *'''tofober'''....''denude, disrobe, strip, take off, uncase, unclothe, undress'' *'''tofoper'''....''get undressed, undress'' *'''tofsam'''....''chest of drawers, dresser, wardrobe'' *'''tofsaxam'''....''tailor shop'' *'''tofsaxer'''....''make clothes, tailor'' *'''tofsyen'''....''fashion, style of dress'' *'''toftepkyoxwat'''....''clotheshorse'' *'''toftim'''....''vestry'' *'''tofuer'''....''clothe, dress, put clothes on'' *'''tofyan'''....''clothes, clothing, gear, raiment, set of clothes, wardrobe'' *'''tofyen'''....''garb'' *'''toyb tofabim'''....''boudoir'' *'''uttofaber'''....''dress oneself'' *'''utvitofaber'''....''prink'' *'''vitof'''....''caparison'' *'''vitofaber'''....''dress up'' *'''zoytofaber'''....''put clothes back on, re-dress, reclothe, redress'' *'''zoytofier'''....''get dressed again, put clothes on again, reclothe oneself'' *'''vutofa'''....''frumpish, frumpy'' *'''yextof'''....''work attire, work dress'' *'''yivjobtof'''....''leisurewear'' <hr> * '''aybtoof'''....''overgarments, tracksuit'' * '''oybtoof'''....''knickers, under gear, underwear'' * '''toof'''....''attire, vestment, vesture, clothes'' * '''toofsam'''....''clothes dresser'' * '''toofum'''....''clothes closet'' * '''toofyan'''....''clothing'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TAF, TAV Words ==== : These clothing items refer to the body as a whole. Words where the ordinal vowel is post-y-glided, refer to women. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtaf pyoxar'''....''coat hanger'' *'''abtaf tibuj'''....''coattail'' *'''abtaf'''....''coat, overcoat, topcoat'' *'''abtafsom'''....''coat hanger, coat rack, portmanteau'' *'''abtaves'''....''apron, overalls, smock'' *'''angostaf'''....''bodysuit'' *'''antaf'''....''singlet'' *'''bokamtaf'''....''hospital gown'' *'''deztaf'''....''costume'' *'''deztafen'''....''costuming'' *'''deztafut'''....''costumer, costumier'' *'''deztafwa'''....''costumed'' *'''doptaf'''....''armor'' *'''fyuztav'''....''sackcloth'' *'''fyuztava'''....''sackcloth'' *'''gedattaf'''....''kilt'' *'''gratafer'''....''overdress'' *'''gratafwa'''....''overdressed'' *'''gwayagtaf'''....''maxi'' *'''gyoa tavyul'''....''scutter'' *'''gyonaidtaf'''....''pinstripe'' *'''hyutafinoxbier'''....''freeload'' *'''hyutafinoxbiut'''....''freeloader'' *'''Imera yagtaf'''....''caftan'' *'''imtaf'''....''wetsuit'' *'''jipotaf'''....''kimono'' *'''jwamaj taf'''....''housecoat'' *'''kyaabtaf'''....''parka'' *'''kyitaf'''....''cloak, tog'' *'''kyitafim'''....''cloakroom, coat check'' *'''leotard taf'''....''leotard'' *'''malyomtaf'''....''snowsuit'' *'''mamiltaf'''....''mackintosh, raincoat'' *'''mamiltav'''....''poncho'' *'''mapovarea kyuabtaf'''....''parka'' *'''mazutetaf'''....''rochet'' *'''milvaka kyuabtaf'''....''cagoule'' *'''milyep taf'''....''bath robe'' *'''mojtaf'''....''nightwear'' *'''momtaf'''....''space suit, spacesuit'' *'''movientaf'''....''dinner jacket'' *'''mugtaf'''....''hauberk'' *'''oybabtaf'''....''undercoat'' *'''oybtaf'''....''undergarment'' *'''oyebfyaxeltaf'''....''chasuble'' *'''oyepustaf'''....''jumpsuit'' *'''patavyul'''....''birdlime'' *'''pontav'''....''nightshirt'' *'''romataf'''....''toga'' *'''romatafwa'''....''togaed'' *'''sentavo'''....''centavo'' *'''sumtaf'''....''bedgown'' *'''taf bi mojob'''....''dress suit'' *'''taf'''....''outfit, suit'' *'''tafaben'''....''enrobing, suiting up, putting a suit on'' *'''tafaber'''....''enrobe, get suited up'' *'''tafabwa'''....''enrobed, suited up'' *'''tafbexlum'''....''hatcheck'' *'''tafbexlumut'''....''hatcheck employee'' *'''tafen'''....''cladding'' *'''taffi'''....''taffy'' *'''tafien'''....''dressing, suiting up, putting on clothes'' *'''tafier'''....''dress, suit up, put on clothes'' *'''tafiwa'''....''clad, clothed, dressed, suited up'' *'''tafnof'''....''suiting'' *'''tafnyef'''....''portmanteau'' *'''tafoben'''....''unsuiting, taking off a suit, disrobing'' *'''tafober'''....''unsuit, take of a suit, disrobe'' *'''tafobwa'''....''unsuited, disrobed'' *'''tafoybnadar'''....''hemmer'' *'''taftyoyf'''....''pantsuit'' *'''tafuer'''....''enrobe, dress, suit up, clothe, outfit'' *'''tafut'''....''couturier'' *'''tafuwa'''....''outfitted, clothed, enrobed, dressed, suited up, clad'' *'''tafyijun'''....''placket'' *'''tamtaf'''....''housecoat'' *'''tapifek engontaf'''....''sweatsuit'' *'''tav'''....''overalls, smock'' *'''taves'''....''apron'' *'''tayeza abtaf'''....''fur coat'' *'''tettaf'''....''cassock, frock'' *'''tobyentaf'''....''costume'' *'''tobyentafwa'''....''costumed'' *'''totava'''....''pro-god'' *'''tuj taf'''....''dressing-gown'' *'''tujtaf'''....''pajamas, pyjama, sleepwear'' *'''tujtav'''....''nightshirt, undershirt'' *'''tultav'''....''apron'' *'''ulster abtaf'''....''ulster'' *'''utafxen'''....''affording'' *'''utafxer'''....''afford'' *'''utafxyafwa'''....''affordable'' *'''utafxyofwa'''....''unaffordable'' *'''utxw tafnam'''....''outfitter'' *'''utxwa tafut'''....''outfitter'' *'''vitaf'''....''dress suit'' *'''yagtaf'''....''kaftan'' *'''yanotay oytafa igput'''....''streaker'' *'''yiztafaben'''....''outwearing'' *'''yiztafaber'''....''outwear'' *'''yiztafabwa'''....''outworn'' *'''yuxlentaf'''....''uniform'' *'''zeytafin'''....''transvestism'' *'''zeytafut'''....''transvestite'' *'''zuittaf'''....''zoot suit'' <hr> * '''abtayf'''....''pinafore'' * '''abtayv'''....''work blouse'' * '''alptayf'''....''dirndl'' * '''eynyaga tayf'''....''midi'' * '''kyutayf'''....''mantilla'' * '''milyep tayf'''....''bathrobe'' * '''mojtayf'''....''nightdress, nightgown, nightie'' * '''otufa tayv'''....''halter top'' * '''tadien tayf'''....''wedding dress'' * '''tayf'''....''dress, gown, outfit, robe'' * '''vidaztayf'''....''ballgown'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEF, TEV Words ==== : These clothing items are worn on the head ('''teb'''). The y-glided words '''teyf''' and '''teyv''' refer to women's apparel. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aber tef'''....''put on a hat'' *'''atef'''....''baseball cap'' *'''aybtev'''....''headdress, scarf, veil'' *'''balaklava tef'''....''balaclava'' *'''beler tef'''....''wear a hat'' *'''boy tef'''....''bareheaded'' *'''diztef'''....''foolscap'' *'''dotef'''....''coif'' *'''enzyukpor yigtef'''....''motorcycle helmet'' *'''etef'''....''beret'' *'''etefog'''....''biretta'' *'''Feroma dopa tef'''....''kepi'' *'''Feroma tef'''....''chapeau'' *'''feztef'''....''fez'' *'''fyatef'''....''mitre'' *'''fyatefwa'''....''mitred'' *'''gatefuxea'''....''intriguing'' *'''gatefuxeay'''....''intriguingly'' *'''gatefuxwa'''....''intrigued'' *'''gimufyeg tef'''....''cone hat, dunce cap'' *'''gyitef'''....''cassette'' *'''itef'''....''bonnet'' *'''itefbwa'''....''bonneted'' *'''Juda tef'''....''yarmulke'' *'''kotefober'''....''unhood'' *'''koxtef'''....''cowl'' *'''kyapotef'''....''castor'' *'''maartef'''....''sunhat, sunbonnet'' *'''malyomtef'''....''toboggan'' *'''mamiltef'''....''rain hat'' *'''milyep tef'''....''bathing cap'' *'''mukibluta yigtef'''....''miner's hardhat, mining helmet'' *'''noygentef'''....''mortarboard'' *'''ober tef'''....''take off a hat'' *'''otefa'''....''bareheaded'' *'''oteflawa'''....''inadvertent'' *'''oteflawan'''....''inadvertence'' *'''oteflaway'''....''inadvertently'' *'''poteotef jib'''....''rutting season'' *'''puix tef'''....''baseball cap, baseball hat'' *'''purexuta tef'''....''driver's cap'' *'''stetsontef'''....''stetson'' *'''tamtef'''....''tam'' *'''tef byoxar'''....''hat rack, hat stand, hat tree'' *'''tef nivar'''....''hatpin'' *'''tef nyoov'''....''hat band'' *'''tef vyoek'''....''hat trick'' *'''tef yazkunad'''....''hat brim'' *'''tef'''....''hatband'' *'''tefbexar'''....''hat rack'' *'''tefnam'''....''haberdashery, hat shop, hat store'' *'''tefnamut'''....''haberdasher, hat seller, hatter'' *'''tefnyem'''....''hatbox'' *'''tefnyoov'''....''hat'' *'''tefnyov'''....''cockade'' *'''tefober'''....''unhat'' *'''tefobwa'''....''bareheaded'' *'''tefoya'''....''bareheaded, hatless'' *'''tefuka'''....''bareheaded, hatless'' *'''tefyig'''....''casque, hardhat'' *'''tev'''....''headscarf, scarf'' *'''tulxebtef'''....''toque, chef’s hat'' *'''umvib tef'''....''straw hat'' *'''utayeftef'''....''karakul'' *'''utef'''....''top hat, topper'' *'''xakotef'''....''shako'' *'''yabtev'''....''headband'' *'''yabyaga tef'''....''top hat'' *'''yatef'''....''shapka, turban, wimple'' *'''yatefabwa'''....''turbaned'' *'''yetef'''....''kepi, sombrero, toque'' *'''yexutefa'''....''shorthanded'' *'''yeztef'''....''cap'' *'''yigtef'''....''helmet'' *'''yigtefxwa'''....''helmeted'' *'''yitef'''....''trilby'' *'''yobtef'''....''chin bandage, chin brace, shin strap'' *'''yobtev'''....''chinstrap'' *'''yotef'''....''beanie, derby hat'' *'''zapatayebtef'''....''busby'' *'''zotef'''....''hood'' *'''zotefwa'''....''hooded'' *'''zyakuntef'''....''wide-brimmed hat'' <hr> * '''ateyf'''....''caul'' * '''aybteyv'''....''fichu'' * '''teyf'''....''headpiece, woman's hat'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TIF, TIV Words ==== : These clothing items are worn on the trunk of the body ('''tib'''). The words '''tiyf''' and '''tiyv''' refer to women's apparel. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''adopar zetif'''....''gun belt'' *'''aybzetif'''....''surcingle'' *'''bak zetif'''....''medical belt'' *'''bol zetif'''....''truss'' *'''doparzyunvaka oybtif'''....''bullet-proof vest'' *'''dopek tif'''....''battle jacket'' *'''dopzyunyan zetif'''....''bandileer'' *'''eyntif'''....''plastron'' *'''fyatif'''....''alb'' *'''fyuzetif'''....''shingle'' *'''Gelima tif'''....''anorak'' *'''iztyoyaba zetif'''....''orthopedic corset'' *'''malzfyatif'''....''surplice'' *'''mamiltif'''....''rain jacket, raincoat'' *'''mapebea gyatif'''....''windcheater'' *'''mapebea gyotif'''....''windbreaker'' *'''movienobtif'''....''tux, tuxedo'' *'''nas zetif'''....''money belt'' *'''obtif'''....''cardigan, jacket, vest, waistcoat'' *'''obzatifaof'''....''lapboard'' *'''opyexar zetif'''....''buckler'' *'''puxrun zetif'''....''cartridge belt'' *'''puxrunogvaka oybtif'''....''bullet-proof vest'' *'''puxrunova obtif'''....''flak jacket'' *'''romtif'''....''tunic'' *'''sim zetif'''....''seat belt'' *'''simzetif'''....''seatbelt'' *'''tif'''....''blazer, jacket, suit coat, waist coat'' *'''tifes'''....''jacket, vest'' *'''tifwa'''....''jacketed'' *'''tufuka tif'''....''jerkin'' *'''ulza zetif'''....''green belt'' *'''vak tif'''....''life vest'' *'''vak zetif'''....''life vest, lifebelt, safety belt'' *'''vakan zetif'''....''safety belt'' *'''vyitan zetif'''....''chastity belt'' *'''yagzom mojtif'''....''tailcoat'' *'''yzetif mugnyaf'''....''belt buckle'' *'''zetif'''....''band, belt, corset, girdle, hoop, sash'' *'''zetifben'''....''belting'' *'''zetifber'''....''belt'' *'''zetifbut'''....''hooper'' *'''zetifbwa'''....''belted'' *'''zetifen'''....''banding, girdling, sashing'' *'''zetifer'''....''band, girdle, sash'' *'''zetifober'''....''unbelt, ungird'' *'''zetifwa'''....''banded, girdled, sashed'' *'''zetiv'''....''cummerbund, sash'' *'''zynogyan zetif'''....''bandoleer'' *'''zyoxtif'''....''straitjacket'' *'''zyoxtifaber'''....''straitjacket'' *'''zyunogyan zetif'''....''bandolier'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TUF, TUV, TUAF, TUAV, TUYAF, TUYAV, TUYOF, TUYOV Words ==== : These clothing items are word on the arms ('''tub''') and other parts of the arm. If the ordinal vowel ends in a '''y''', then the clothing item refers to a woman. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aybtuaf'''....''epaulette, shoulder pad, shoulder strap'' * '''eyntuaf'''....''sash, sling'' * '''eyntuyaf'''....''mit, mitt, mitten'' * '''fyotuyaf'''....''gauntlet'' * '''mamil yagtuaf'''....''raincape'' * '''pixtuyaf'''....''catcher's mitt, pitcher's mitt'' * '''puix tuyaf'''....''baseball glove, baseball mitt'' * '''puxuta tuyaf'''....''pitcher's '' * '''tuaf'''....''shoulder pad'' * '''tuav'''....''shawl'' * '''tuayv'''....''shawl'' * '''tuf'''....''shirtsleeve, sleeve'' * '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' * '''tuyav'''....''mitten'' * '''tuyepyex tuyaf'''....''boxing glove'' * '''tuyof'''....''cuff'' * '''tuyov'''....''cuff'' * '''tuyuf'''....''fingerstall, thimble'' * '''yagtuayf'''....''cape'' * '''zatuf'''....''foresleeve'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TYOF, TYOV, TYOYAF, TYOYAV Words ==== : These clothing items are worn on the legs ('''tyob''') and feet ('''tyoyab'''). Those words ending in '''-v''' refer to softer clothes items (such as ''socks'' instead of ''shoes''). {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtyof'''....''overalls, trousers'' *'''abtyoyaf nyives'''....''bootlace'' *'''abtyoyaf zyunyiov'''....''bootstrap'' *'''abtyoyaf'''....''boot, rubber'' *'''apetyoyaf'''....''horse shoe, horseshoe'' *'''apetyoyafeus'''....''clop'' *'''atyoyaf'''....''patent leather shoe'' *'''aybtyoyaf'''....''overshoe'' *'''aza oxford tyoyaf'''....''brogue'' *'''bapeitayob abtyoyaf'''....''mukluk'' *'''depabtyoyaf'''....''jackboot'' *'''eopetaput tyoyaf'''....''buckaroo'' *'''Eskimo abtyoyaf'''....''mukluk'' *'''etyoyaf'''....''tennis shoe'' *'''eyabtyoyaf'''....''buskin'' *'''eynteatyofa'''....''purblind'' *'''eyntyoyav'''....''no show sock, slip on padding, slip sock'' *'''faotyoyaf'''....''clog, sabot, wooden shoe'' *'''feelktyoyaf'''....''skidpan'' *'''gwotyoyf'''....''miniskirt'' *'''gyatyoyav'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''gyotyoyof'''....''patten'' *'''ityoyaf'''....''sandal'' *'''iztyoyaba zetif'''....''orthopedic corset'' *'''kyia yex tyoyaf'''....''brogan'' *'''kyiabtyoyaf'''....''clodhopper'' *'''kyinayofa tyof'''....''dungaree'' *'''malyomtyoyaf'''....''snowshoe'' *'''mapil abtyoyaf'''....''galosh'' *'''mapil abtyoyafi'''....''galoshes'' *'''maptyoyav'''....''windsock'' *'''nayoftyofi'''....''bluejeans, jeans'' *'''nyifobema tyoyaf'''....''espadrille'' *'''otyoyafa'''....''barefoot, barefooted, shoeless'' *'''oybtyoyf'''....''pantyliner, slip'' *'''tabetyoyaf'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''taftyoyf'''....''pantsuit'' *'''tamtyoyaf'''....''house slipper'' *'''tayoftyof'''....''leggin'' *'''tufuka tyoyf'''....''gymslip'' *'''tyobnof'''....''legging'' *'''tyoev'''....''hose, thigh-length sock'' *'''tyoevut'''....''hosier'' *'''tyoevyan'''....''hosiery'' *'''tyof'''....''culotte, pants, trouser, trousers'' *'''tyofabyoxar'''....''suspender'' *'''tyofyag'''....''long pants'' *'''tyofyog'''....''bermudas, cutoff, cutoffs, shorts'' *'''tyoif'''....''kneepad'' *'''tyoiv'''....''knee sock'' *'''tyouf'''....''puttee'' *'''tyouv'''....''stocking'' *'''tyouvbexar'''....''garter'' *'''tyouyv nef'''....''stockinet, stockinette'' *'''tyouyv'''....''hose'' *'''tyouyvyan'''....''hosiery'' *'''tyoyabamof'''....''muff'' *'''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' *'''tyoyafabof'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''tyoyafaof'''....''footboard'' *'''tyoyafber'''....''shoe'' *'''tyoyafbwa'''....''shod, shodden, shoed'' *'''tyoyafes'''....''flat shoe, walking shoe'' *'''tyoyafeus'''....''clomp'' *'''tyoyafeyub'''....''shoe horn'' *'''tyoyafibaxrawa'''....''scuffed'' *'''tyoyafibaxren'''....''scuffing'' *'''tyoyafibaxrer'''....''scuff'' *'''tyoyafibaxrun'''....''scuff'' *'''tyoyafobwa'''....''barefoot, barefooted, unshod, unshodden'' *'''tyoyafoya'''....''barefoot, barefooted, shoeless'' *'''tyoyafsaxam'''....''shoemaker'' *'''tyoyafsaxem'''....''shoemaking factory'' *'''tyoyafsaxer'''....''cobble'' *'''tyoyafsaxut'''....''cobbler, shoemaker'' *'''tyoyaftilar'''....''shoehorn'' *'''tyoyafub'''....''flipper'' *'''tyoyafuka'''....''barefoot, barefooted, shoeless'' *'''tyoyafut'''....''cobbler, shoemaker'' *'''tyoyafyan'''....''footwear'' *'''tyoyav ektobet'''....''sock puppet'' *'''tyoyav zyeg'''....''spud'' *'''tyoyav'''....''sock'' *'''tyoyayf'''....''slipper'' *'''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' *'''tyoyayvbexar'''....''garter'' *'''tyoyef'''....''heel, shoe heel, spur, talon'' *'''tyoyefoya'''....''heelless'' *'''tyoyefuka'''....''heelless'' *'''tyoyeyf'''....''high heel'' *'''tyoyf'''....''pantyhose, skirt'' *'''tyoyfes'''....''petticoat, waist petticoat'' *'''tyoyib yuvar'''....''ankle bracelet, ankle chain'' *'''tyoyiv'''....''ankle sock'' *'''tyoyof'''....''platform, shoe sole'' *'''tyoyuvar'''....''gyve'' *'''tyoyv'''....''pantywaist, slip, underskirt, waist petticoat'' *'''ugar tyoyaf'''....''brake shoe'' *'''utyoyaf'''....''brogan, flip-flop, flipflop'' *'''uynyaga tyoyav'''....''quarter length sock'' *'''vidaz tyoyaf'''....''ballet slipper'' *'''vidaz tyoyf'''....''tutu'' *'''vityof'''....''dress slacks'' *'''Wellington yuigof abtyoyaf'''....''gumboot'' *'''yagtyop tyoyafi'''....''hiking boots'' *'''yagtyoyav'''....''knee sock'' *'''yeba tyoyof'''....''innersole'' *'''yebtyoyof'''....''insole'' *'''yugfabwa tyoyaf'''....''slipper'' *'''yuigof abtyoyaf'''....''gumshoe, rubber boot, galoshes'' *'''yuigof tyoyaf'''....''thong'' *'''zatyoyaf'''....''vamp'' *'''zotyoibof'''....''puttee'' *'''zotyoiv'''....''calf length sock'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''TOL''' ''nutrition'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''t''' for ''human'' and '''l''' for ''liquid'' or in this case, drinkable or edible substances. The words have to do with food, food preparation, eating and drinking. [[File:Foods (cropped).jpg|thumb|]] ==== TOL and -OL Words ==== : The base word '''tol''' means ''nutrition''. Many derived words end in a stub form of this word, '''-ol'''. :* '''tol'''....''nutrition'' ::* '''tolnam'''....''grocery store'' ::* '''toltun'''....''dietetics'' ::* '''tolvyaab'''....''diet'' ::* '''toluer'''....''feed'' ::* '''tolsam'''....''food buffet'' ::* '''toleus'''....''taste'' :::* '''toleusgab'''....''relish'' ::* '''tolmek'''....''spice'' ::* '''tolsyeb'''....''casserole'' ::* '''gafapatol'''....''chicken feed'' ::* '''toyl'''....''nutrient'' :::* '''toyluer'''....''nourish'' ==== TAOL and -AOL Words ==== : From '''taob''' (''flesh''), we get: ::* '''taol'''....''meat'' :::* '''abtyoyaol'''....''tenderloin'' :::* '''supetaol'''....''pork'' ::::* '''supetyol'''....''ham'' :::* '''tiabaol'''....''brisket'' :::* '''tuabaol'''....''chuck'' :::* '''tyoibyozaol'''....''hock'' :::* '''zuikuntaol'''....''flank'' :::* '''bopetaol'''....''beef'' ==== TEL, -EL, -YEL, and -EIL Words ==== : The root word '''tel''' means ''food'' and has at least three stub suffixes, '''-el''' for foods/fruit juices, '''-yel''' for viscous edible substances like oils, creams, and syrups, and '''-eil''' for soups. :* '''tel'''....''food'' ::* '''telier'''....''eat'' ::* '''teluer'''....''feed'' ::* '''telam'''....''restaurant'' ::* '''telar'''....''fork'' ::* '''telyeb'''....''plate'' ::* '''telefa'''....''hungry'' ::* '''telifut'''....''gourmet'' ::* '''gratelut'''....''glutton'' ::* '''teltun'''....''gastronomy'' ::* '''oteliwas'''....''leftover'' ::* '''igtel'''....''fast food, snack'' :::* '''igtelum'''....''fast food stand'' ::* '''kapetel'''....''dogfood'' ::* '''pextel'''....''bait'' : The stub '''-el''' is used mostly to form the juices from fruit words, eg: ::* '''sicirufeb'''....''orange'' :::* '''sicirufel'''....''orange juice'' : The stub '''-yel''' is used primarily to form oily, creamy, or syrupy substances, eg: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Some -YEL Words |- ! SUBSTANCE !! ROOT |- |'''abyel'''....''dressing''||'''ab'''....''over'' |- |'''rewmpolivyel'''....''sorghum''||'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb '' |- |'''amaegyel'''....''paraffin''||'''amaeg'''....''anthracite'' |- |'''appelatyel'''....''beeswax''||'''appelat'''....''bee'' |- |'''cepeityel'''....''spermaceti''||'''cepeit'''....''whale'' |- |'''lisovyel'''....''ketchup''||'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' |- |'''bekyel'''....''ointment''||'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- |'''kokarfyel'''....''coconut oil''||'''kokarfeb'''....''coconut'' |- |'''kukuvyel'''....''tzatziki''||'''kukuvol'''....''cucumber'' |- |'''olfyel'''....''olive oil''||'''olfeb'''....''olive'' |- |'''dopmavyel'''....''napalm''||'''dop'''....''military'' + '''mav'''...''flame'' |- |'''jukufyel'''....''turpentine''||'''jukufeb'''....''juniper berry'' |- |'''katefyel'''....''chocolate''||'''katefeb'''....''cocoa bean'' |- |'''fabyel'''....''sap''||'''fab'''....''tree'' |- |'''febyel'''....''jam''||'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- |'''zepovyel'''....''corn oil''||'''zepovob'''....''corn'' |- |'''sicirufyel'''....''molasses''||'''sicirufeb'''....''orange'' |- |'''sakvyel'''....''jelly''||'''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' |- |'''acfyel'''....''maple syrup''||'''maple tree'''....''acfab'' |- |'''maegyel'''....''tar''||'''maeg'''....''coal'' |- |'''magyel'''....''oil''||'''mag'''....''fire'' |- |'''megyel'''....''cement''||'''meg'''....''stone'' |- |'''alcurofyel'''....''blackberry jam''||'''alcurofeyb'''....''blackberry'' |- |'''satalvyel'''....''aioli''||'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' |- |'''taibyel'''....''ossein, marrow''||'''taib'''....''bone'' |- |'''tayefyel'''....''pomade''||'''tayef'''....''bristle'' |- |'''tayel'''....''shampoo''||'''taye(b)'''....''hair'' |- |'''tayoyugfyel'''....''dubbin''||'''tayo(f)'''....''leather'' + '''yugf(a)'''...''smooth'' |- |'''teebyel'''....''ear wax''||'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- |'''tiebyel'''....''phlegm''||'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- |'''veebyel'''....''semen''||'''veeb'''....''seed'' |- |'''vyixyel'''....''soap''||'''vyix(er)'''....''to clean'' |- |'''glifavyel'''....''soy paste''||'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' |- |'''yomyel'''....''glaze''<sup>*</sup>||'''yom'''....''ice'' |- |'''cifavyel'''....''humus''||'''cifaveel'''....''chickpea'' |- |'''arvyel'''....''peanut oil''||'''arveel'''....''peanut'' |- |'''yugfyel'''....''polish''||'''yugf(a)'''....''smooth'' |- |'''yugyel'''....''lotion''||'''yug(a)'''....''soft'' |- |'''arpovyel'''....''oatmeal''||'''yuvob'''....''oat'' |} :<sup>*</sup> ''Ice cream'' is ''yombiel''. : The hybrid word '''teil''' means ''soup'' and the stub '''-eil''' suffix is used for soups: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Some -EIL Words |- ! SUBSTANCE !! ROOT |- |'''kapsoveil'''....''chili stew''||'''kapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' |- |'''pifaveil'''....''pea soup''||'''pifaveel'''....''pea'' |- |'''gyateil'''....''chowder, bisque'' || '''gyaa'''....''thick'' |- |'''gyoteil'''....''broth'' || '''gyoa'''....''thin'' |- |'''piteil'''....''fish soup'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' |- |'''lisoveil'''....''tomato'' || '''lisovol'''....''tomato'' |- |'''abmalveil'''....''gumbo'' || '''abmalvol'''....''okra, gumbo'' |- |'''vyifeil'''....''consommé'' || '''vyifa'''....''clear'' |- |'''arpoveil'''....''porridge'' || '''arpovob'''....''oats'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TIL, -IL, and -UIL Words ==== : The root word '''til''' means ''drink, beverage''. The stub suffix '''-il''' is an abbreviation of either '''mil'''....''water'' or '''til'''....''drink''. There are hundreds of words ending in this suffix. :* '''til-'''....''drink'' || '''tilsem'''....''bar'' ::* '''tilier'''....''drink'' ::* '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' ::* '''tilef'''....''thirst'' ::* '''tilgronag'''....''drought'' ::* '''gratilut'''....''drunk'' ::* '''tilyeb'''....''glass'' ::* '''tilar'''....''spoon'' ::* '''tilarog'''....''teaspoon'' ::* '''tilarag'''....''ladle'' ::* '''tilsyeb'''....''c''? ::* '''teilsyeb'''....''soup bowl'' ::* '''kyitilsyeb'''....''mug, stein'' : Here are a few words formed by suffixing '''-il''': ::* '''bil'''....''milk'' ::* '''fil'''....''alcohol'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''vifil'''....''wine'' ::* '''teabil'''....''tear'' ::* '''tiibil'''....''blood'' : The hybrid suffix '''-uil''' is used to form sauces: ::* '''tuil'''....''sauce'' ::* '''pituil'''....''fish sauce'' ::* '''tolmekuil'''....''curry'' ::* '''ipyeituil'''....''clam sauce'' ::* '''lisovuil'''....''ketchup, catsup'' ==== TUL Words ==== :* '''tul'''....''dish'' ::* '''jatul'''....''appetizer'' ::* '''jotul'''....''dessert'' ::* '''agtul'''....''main dish, entree'' ::* '''ogtul'''....''tapa'' ::* '''igtul'''....''snack'' ::* '''atulyan'''....''first course'' ::* '''etulyan'''....''second course'' ::* '''tular'''....''dish'' :::* '''tularsam'''....''china cabinet'' :::* '''tularvyixar'''....''dishwasher'' ::* '''tulur'''....''stove'' ::* '''tulxer'''....''to cook, to prepare food'' :::* '''tulxut'''....''cook'' :::* '''tulxim'''....''kitchen'' :::* '''tulxeb'''....''chef'' ::* '''tuluer'''....''to serve a dish'' :::* '''tuluut'''....''server'' ::* '''tultuna'''....''culinary'' ::* '''tultav'''....''apron'' ::* '''tulim'''....''dining room'' :::* '''tulimag'''....''banquet hall'' ::* '''vitultun'''....''gastronomy'' ::* '''tuldras'''....''menu'' ::* '''tulyuxut'''....''waiter'' ::* '''tulyeb'''....''platter'' ==== TYAL Words ==== :* '''tyal'''....''meal'' : The meals of the day are numbered: :* '''atyal'''....''breakfast'' ::* '''atyalier'''....''to have breakfast'' :* '''etyal'''....''lunch'' ::* '''etyalier'''....''to have lunch'' :* '''aetyal'''....''brunch'' (hybrid) ::* '''aetyalier'''....''to have brunch'' :* '''ityal'''....''dinner'' ::* '''ityalier'''....''to have dinner'' :* '''utyal'''....''supper'' ::* '''utyalier'''....''to have supper'' :* '''tyalier'''....''to have a meal'' :* '''tyaluer'''....''to serve a meal'' ::* '''tyaluut'''....''server, waiter'' :::* '''tyaluuyt'''....''waitress'' :* '''nyem etyal'''....''box lunch'' :* '''tyalag''' or '''vityal'''....''banquet'' :* '''vabemtyal''' or '''oyebtyal'''....''picnic, outdoor meal'' :* '''yomxwa tyal'''....''frozen dinner'' :* '''igtyal''' or '''ebtyal'''....''snack, quick meal'' :* '''utyuxlentyal'''....''buffet, smorgasbord'' :* '''nyuxwa tyal'''....''takeout'' :* '''ivtyal'''....''feast'' :* '''agala tyal'''....''main meal'' :* '''gonuwa tyal'''....''potluck, shared meal'' :* '''telam tyal'''....''restaurant meal'' :* '''uwa tul tyal'''....''four-course meal'' :* '''tammagxwa tyal'''....''home-cooked meal'' === '''TOM''' ''building'' === : Related to '''nom''' is the base word '''tom''' meaning ''building''. ::* '''tom'''....''building, edifice'' :::* '''toom'''....''habitat'' :::* '''toam'''....''apartment building'' :::* '''toem'''....''domicile'' :::* '''yabtom'''....''tower'' ::::* '''mamyabtom'''....''skyscraper'' ==== TAM, -AM Words ==== :* '''tam'''....''house'' ::* '''mef tam'''....''brick house'' ::* '''tamag'''....''mansion'' :::* '''vitamag'''....''palace'' ::* '''tamaz'''....''castle'' ::* '''taam'''....''home'' ::* '''taym'''....''cottage'' ::* '''tamog'''....''cabin'' :::* '''fauftamog'''....''log cabin'' :::* '''vutamog'''....''hovel'' ::* '''tamof'''....''tent'' :::* '''tamofag'''....''pavilion'' ::* '''tamoyg'''....''hut'' ::* '''akpyatam'''....''eagle's nest'' ::* '''fabtam'''....''tree house'' ::* '''vutam'''....''shanty, shack'' ::* '''saxam'''....''factory'' ::* '''zyaubam'''....''broadcast station'' ::* '''posam'''....''station'' ::* '''telam'''....''restaurant'' :::* '''telamog'''....''diner'' ::* '''dezam'''....''theater'' ::* '''dyestam'''....''library'' ::* '''ekpetam'''....''stable'' ::* '''fepyotam'''....''tiger's den'' ::* '''zyef tam'''....''glass house'' ::* '''viteastam'''....''belvedere'' ::* '''ujpontam'''....''funeral home'' ::* '''twidyan tam'''....''fraternity house'' ::* '''tiydyan tam'''....''sorority'' ::* '''pontam'''....''hotel'' ::* '''sumtam'''....''boarding house'' ::* '''nabtam'''....''rowhouse'' ::* '''melyex tam'''....''farm house'' ::* '''meimpoptam'''....''lodge'' ::* '''malyomtam'''....''igloo'' ::* '''memyaztam'''....''chalet'' ::* '''manurtam'''....''lighthouse'' ::* '''magpoxutam'''....''firehouse'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' :::* '''naym'''....''shop'' :::* '''namag'''....''department store'' :::* '''namog'''....''boutique'' ::* '''kyapa tam'''....''mobile home, trailer'' ::* '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''jeebtam'''....''dacha'' ::* '''ibdatam'''....''hostel, inn, guesthouse'' ::* '''gafatam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''domtam'''....''townhouse'' ::* '''anlatam'''....''hermitage'' ::* '''doptam'''....''barracks'' ::* '''filtam'''.....''alehouse, bar'' ::* '''anmostam'''....''single-story house, rambler, ranch home, bungalow'' ::* '''enmostam'''....''duplex'' ::* '''inmostam'''....''triplex'' ::* '''eotifnunuam'''....''bordello, brothel'' ==== TEM, TYEM, SYEM, -YEM, -EM, -M Words ==== ::* '''tem'''....''hall, gallery'' :::* '''sintem'''....''picture gallery'' :::* '''tuztem'''....''art gallery'' ::* '''tyem'''....''residence'' ::* '''syem'''....''establishment'' :::* '''asyem'''....''foundation'' :::* '''ijsyem'''....''foundation'' :::* '''dosyem'''....''institution'' :::* '''jesyem'''....''institution'' :::* '''nunsyem'''....''company, firm'' ::* '''-yem'''....''enclosed space'' :::* '''dezyem'''....''stage'' :::* '''byem'''....''position'' :::* '''nyem'''....''box, case'' :::* '''duzyem'''....''music hall'' :::* '''ekpetyem'''....''corral'' :::* '''taibyem'''....''ossuary'' :::* '''teatunyem'''....''diorama'' :::* '''tuyafyem'''....''pocket'' :::* '''ujponyem'''....''coffin, casket'' :::* '''vabyem'''....''lawn, yard'' :::* '''ujponyem'''....''coffin, casket'' :::* '''vabyem'''....''lawn, yard'' :::* '''yabvakyem'''....''perch'' ::* '''-em'''....''open space'' :::* '''vabem'''....''pasture, prairie'' :::* '''yubem'''....''vicinity'' :::* '''yujem'''....''courtyard'' :* '''-m''' (used in deictics of place) ::* '''duhom?'''....''where?'' ::* '''hom'''....''where'' ::* '''him'''....''here'' ::* '''hum'''....''there'' ::* '''huim'''....''here and there'' ::* '''hem'''....''somewhere'' ::* '''hyam'''....''everywhere'' ::* '''hyom'''....''nowhere'' ::* '''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever'' ::* '''hyim'''....''the same place'' ::* '''hyum'''....''elsewhere'' ==== TIM, -IM Words ==== ::* '''tim'''....''room, chamber'' :::* '''aybtim'''....''attic'' :::* '''eftim'''....''restroom, the "necessary"'' :::* '''oybtim'''....''basement, cellar'' :::* '''zatim'''....''anteroom, front room'' :::* '''pontim'''....''restroom'' :::* '''deztim'''....''theater salon'' :::* '''dyetim'''....''den, reading room'' :::* '''sartim'''....''toolshed'' :::* '''sumtim'''....''bedroom'' :::* '''teetim'''....''auditorium'' :::* '''zyutim'''....''rotunda'' ::* '''-im'''....stub for ''room'' :::* '''magelim'''....''kitchen'' :::* '''yexim'''....''office'' :::* '''datim'''....''guest room'' ==== TUM, -UM Words ==== ::* '''tum'''....''cell, compartment, closet'' :::* '''beaxutum'''....''sentry box, guard post'' :::* '''bopetum'''....''bullpen'' :::* '''dyestum'''....''bookstall'' :::* '''mastum'''....''cabinet'' :::* '''miltum'''....''washroom, water closet'' :::* '''mumtum'''....''dungeon'' :::* '''mustum'''....''stairwell'' :::* '''sumtum'''....''bed bunk, couchette'' :::* '''yontum'''....''compartment'' ::* '''-um'''....''(stub) compartment, cell, stall'' :::* '''izbum'''....''cockpit'' :::* '''yibdalirum'''....''telephone booth'' :::* '''yuvbexum'''....''holding cell'' :::* '''yexum'''....''cubicle'' :::* '''tujum'''....''berth, sleeping compartment'' :::* '''telum'''....''food kiosk, food stall'' === '''TOT''' ''god'' === : The base word ''tot'' means ''god''. The one sub-element is: ::* '''tat'''....''angel'' ==== TOT Words ==== : The root word '''tot''' means ''god''. : Some important derivatives: ::* '''totin'''....''religion, theism'' ::* '''totmir'''....''heaven'' ::* '''totdab'''....''theocracy'' ::* '''tottun'''....''theology'' ::* '''totsin'''....''idol'' ::* '''eyntot'''....''demigod'' ::* '''totifram'''....''church, house of worship'' ::* '''totxwa'''....''deified'' ::* '''ototina'''....''secular'' : Different ''theisms'': ::* '''antotin'''....''monotheism'' ::* '''evtotin'''....''atheism'' ::* '''glatotin'''....''polytheism'' ::* '''hyatotin'''....''pantheism'' ::* '''multotin'''....''hylotheism'' ::* '''uttotin'''....''authotheism'' : The stub prefix '''to-''' is used to form kinship terms preceded in English with '''god''': ::* '''totwed'''....''godfather'' ::* '''totuyd'''....''goddaughter'' ==== TAT Words ==== : The root word '''tat''' means ''angel''. There is a hierarchy of angels, as follows: ::* '''Ataat'''....''Seraph'' ::* '''Ataet'''....''Cherub'' ::* '''Atait'''....''Throne'' ::* '''Etaat'''....''Dominion'' ::* '''Etaet'''....''Stronghold'' ::* '''Etait'''....''Power'' ::* '''Itaat'''....''Principality'' ::* '''Itaet'''....''Archangel'' ::* '''Itait'''....''Angel'' : The devil is the "wicked angel", eg.: ::* '''fyotat'''....''devil, satan'' :::* '''fyotata'''....''diabolical'' :::* '''fyotatmir'''....''hell'' ::::* '''fyotatmira'''....''infernal'' === '''TUZ''' ''art'' === : This family includes words having to do with the arts, such as theater, sculpture, music, poetry, etc. Word stems ending in '''-z''' refer to something that is precious or artful. Stems with '''eu''' are mnemonic for '''teub'''....''mouth'' and refer to sound, singing, noises, etc. [[File:Im Atelier deutsch um 1800.jpg|thumb|]] : Summary: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Artsy Words |- ! ART || PIECE || PERSON |- | '''tuz'''....''art'' || '''tuzun'''....''art object'' || '''tuzut'''....''artist'' |- |'''taz'''....''portraiture'' || '''tazun'''....''portrait'' || '''tazut'''....''portrait artist'' |- |'''tez'''....''culture'' || '''tezun'''....''more'' || |- |'''tyez'''....''magic''<br>'''fyatyez'''....''charm''<br>'''fyotyez'''...''sorcery'' || '''tyezun'''....''magic act''<br>'''fyatyezun'''....''charm''<br>'''fyotyezun'''....''spell'' || '''tyezut'''....''magician''<br>'''fyatyezut'''....''hieromancer''<br>'''fyotyezut'''....''sorcerer'' |- |'''teyz'''....''cult''<br>'''fyateyz'''....''religion'' || '''teyzun'''....''cult service''<br>'''fyateyzun'''....''religious service'' || '''teyzut'''....''cultist''<br>'''fyateyzut'''....''priest'' |- |'''tuyz'''....''artisanship'' || '''tuyzun'''....''artisanal piece'' || '''tuyzut'''....''artisan'' |- |'''tyen'''....''craft, skill'' || '''tyenun'''....''piece of craftsmanship'' || '''tyenut'''....''craftsman'' |- |'''teaz'''....''spectacle, showmanship''<br>'''fyateaz'''....''miracle-working'' || '''teazun'''....''show''<br>'''fyateazun'''....''miracle'' || '''teazut'''....''showman''<br>'''fyateazut'''....''miracle-worker'' |- | '''siz'''....''painting'' || '''sizun'''....''a painting'' || '''sizut'''....''painter'' |- | '''dresiz'''....''engravure'' || '''dresizun'''....''an engraving'' || '''dresizut'''....''engraver'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture''<br>'''mansin'''....''photo''<br>'''pansin'''...''motion picture'' || || '''sindrut'''....''illustrator''<br>'''mansinut'''....''photographer''<br>'''pansinut'''....''movie-maker'' |- | '''dresin'''....''design'' || '''dresin'''....''a design'' || '''dresinut'''....''designer'' |- | '''sindren'''....''drawing'' || '''sindras'''....''a drawing'' || '''sindrut'''....''draftsman'' |- |'''saz'''....''sculpture'' || '''sazun'''....''piece of sculpture, statue'' || '''sazut'''....''sculptor'' |- |'''suz'''....''display art'' || '''suzun'''....''artifact'' || '''suzyanamut'''....''museum director'' |- |'''volz'''....''color'' || || |- | '''daz'''....''dance''|| '''dazun'''....''a dance''|| '''dazut'''....''dancer'' |- | '''dyaz'''....''ballet'' || '''dyazun'''....''ballet performance'' || '''dyazut'''....''danseur''<br>'''dyazuyt'''....''ballerina'' |- |'''dez'''....''theater, performance art''<br>'''aztosdez'''....''melodrama''<br>'''vyamdez'''....''drama''<br>'''ivdez'''....''comedy''<br>'''uvdez'''....''tragedy''||'''dezun'''....''play''||'''dezut'''....''actor, performer'' |- | '''diz'''....''comedy''|| '''dizun'''....''comedy act'' || '''dizut'''....''comedian'' |- | '''podiz'''....''circus performing'' || '''podizun'''....''circus act'' || '''podizut'''....''clown'' |- |'''duz'''....''music'' || '''duzun'''....''music piece'' <br>'''duzdin'''....''operetta''<br>'''duzdinag'''....''opera''|| '''duzut'''....''musician'' |- |'''dyez'''....''cinema''||'''dyezun'''....''movie'' || '''dyezut'''....''film actor'' |- |'''drez'''....''poetry'' || '''drezun'''....''poem'' || '''drezut'''....''poet'' |- |'''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres'' || '''vidras'''....''piece of literature'' ||'''drut'''....''writer'' |- |'''teuz'''....''voice'' || || |- |'''deuz'''....''singing''||'''deuzun'''....''song'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' |- |'''seux'''....''sound'' || || |- |'''xeus'''....''noise'' || || |- |'''seuz'''....''tone'' || || |} === '''VOB''' ''crop'' === : The baseword '''vob''' is the top-level of a family of words having to do with crops, plants, grains, and flowers. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Crops |- | '''vob'''....''crop''<br>----'''vol'''....''vegetable''<br>----'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''vab'''....''grass''<br>----'''umvab'''....''hay''<br>----'''fuvab'''....''weed''<br>----'''vabij'''....''germ'' |- | '''veb'''....''tuft, cob, ear, head, spike''<br>----'''veel'''....''bean, legume''<br>----'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>----'''veeyb'''....''grain'' |- | '''vib'''....''stem'' |- | '''vub'''....''shoot, blade, twig''<br>----'''vulob'''....''thorn'' |- | '''vyob'''....''tuber'' |} {{small/end}} [[File:New World Domesticated plants.JPG|thumb|]] ==== VOB/VAB/VEB/VIB/VUB/VEEB/VEEYB/VYOB Words ==== : Here is a list of crops with their Linnaean taxonomic designations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :'''vob''': ''crop'' :'''mefavob''': ''alfalfa'', spec=''Fabaceae Medicago sativa'' :'''lamvob''': ''sage family plants'', spec=''Lamiaceae'' :*'''basoclamvob''': ''basil'', spec=''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' :*'''rossallamvob''': ''rosemary'', spec=''Lamiaceae Salvia rosmarinus'' :*'''purlamvob''': ''white dead-nettle'', spec=''Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum'' :'''bravob''': ''mustard plants'', spec=''Brassicaceae'' :*'''nabravob''': ''rutabaga, colza, rape seed, rapeseed'', spec=''Brassicaceae Brassica napus'' :'''agvob''': ''mushroom, champignon, agaric'', spec=''Agaricaceae Agaricus bisporus'' :'''livob''': ''flax, linen, linseed'', spec=''Linaceae Linum usitatissimum'' :'''polivob''': ''buckwheat crops'', spec=''Polygonaceae'' :*'''fapolivob''': ''buckwheat'', spec=''Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentum'' :'''nivob''': ''tobacco'', spec=''Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum'' :'''sakvob''': ''sugarcane'', spec=''Saccharum'' :'''malvob''': ''mallow'', spec=''Malvaceae'' :*'''kormalvob''': ''canvas, jute'', spec=''Malvaceae Corchorus olitorius'' :*'''gosmalvob''': ''cotton'', spec=''Malvaceae Gossypium'' :'''satalvob''': ''garlic'', spec=''Alium sativum'' :'''polvob''': ''fern'', spec=''Polypodiophyta'', old=ryuvob :'''kanvob''': ''hash, hasheesh, hashish, hemp, cannabis, marijuana, pot'', spec=''Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa'' :*'''celkanvob''': ''hackberry'', spec=''Cannabaceae Celtis'' :*'''hukanvob''': ''hop'', spec=''Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus'' :'''povob''': ''cereal, grain'', spec=''Poaceae '' :*'''frapovob''': ''reed, thatch'', spec=''Poaceae Phragmites austsralis'' :*'''papovob''': ''millet'', spec=''Poaceae Paniceae'' :*'''sepovob''': ''rye'', spec=''Poacea Secale cereale'' :*'''zepovob''': ''corn, maize, Indian corn'', spec=''Poaceae Zea mays'' :*'''tripovob''': ''wheat'', spec=''Poaceae Triticum aestivum'' :*'''bampovob''': ''bamboo'', spec=''Poaceae Bambuseae'' :*'''bropovob''': ''brome grass'', spec=''Poaceae Bromus'' :*'''orpovob''': ''rice'', spec=''Poaceae Oryza sativa'' :*'''horpovob''': ''barley'', spec=''Poaceae Hordeum vulgare'' :*'''sorpovob''': ''sorghum'', spec=''Poaceae Sorghum'' :*'''avpovob''': ''oat'', spec=''Poaceae Avena sativa'' :'''arvob''': ''goober, peanut'', spec=''Arachis hypogaea'' :'''urvob''': ''nettle, stinging nettle'', spec=''Urticaceae Urtica dioica'' :'''asvob''': ''daisy family'', spec=''Asteraceae'' :*'''helasvob''': ''sunflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Helianthus annuus'' :*'''arasvob''': ''wormwood'', spec=''Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium'' :*'''karasvob''': ''thistle'', spec=''Asteraceae Carduus'' </div> {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Crop Derivatives |- ! CROP !! DERIVATIVES |- | '''povob'''....''cereal, grain'' || '''povel'''....''bread'' |- | '''tripovob'''....''wheat'' || '''tripovol'''....''flour'' |- | '''sepovob'''....''rye'' || '''sepovel'''....''rye bread'' |- | '''hukanvob'''....''hop'' || '''hukanvil'''....''beer'' |- | '''orpovob'''....''rice'' || '''orpovil'''....''sake'' |- | '''avpovob'''....''oat'' || '''avpoveil'''....''oatmeal'' |- | '''kanvob'''....''hemp'' || '''kanvol'''....''hashish'' |- | '''helasvob'''....''sunflower'' || '''helasveeb'''....''sunflower seed'' |- | '''zepovob'''....''corn, maize'' || '''zevofil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' |- | '''nivob'''....''tobacco'' || '''nivol'''....''nicotine'' |- | '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane''|| '''sakol'''....''sugar'' |- | '''luvob'''....''reed, thatch''|| '''luvobwa'''....''thatched'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VOL''' ''vegetable'' === {{small/top}} :*'''vol''': ''vegetable'' ::*'''kavol''': ''honeysuckle'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae'' :::*'''valkavol''': ''corn salad, lamb's lettuce'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Valerianella locusta'' ::*'''lamvol''': spice spec=Lamiaceae :::*'''tilamvol''': ''thyme'', spec=''Lamiaceae Thymus vulgarus'' :::*'''soklamvol''': ''basil'', spec=''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' :::*'''orlamvol''': ''oregano'', spec=''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' :::*'''sallamvol''': ''rosemary'', spec=''Lamiaceae Salvia rosmarinus'' :::*'''ollavol''': ''English pea, garden pea, sweet pea'', spec=''Lathyrus oleraceus'' ::*'''aspavol''': ''asparagus'', spec=''Asparagaceae Asparagus officialis'' :::*'''agaspavol''': ''agave'', spec=''Asparagaceae Agave americana'' :::*'''tekagaspavol''': ''blue agave'', spec=''Asparagaceae Agave tequilana'' :::*'''yukaspavol''': ''yucca'', spec=''Asparagaceae Yucca filamentosa'' ::*'''bravol''': ''cabbage, mustard, crucifer'', spec=''Brassicaceae'' :::*'''nabravol''': ''rutabaga, turnip'', spec=''Brassica napus'' :::*'''rabravol''': ''turnip'', spec=''Brassica rapa'' :::*'''rafbravol''': ''radish'', spec=''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' :::*'''narabravol''': ''tasoi, tat toi, spoon cabbage, rosette bok choy'', spec=''Brassica Rapa narinosa'' :::*'''olbravol''': ''cabbage, cole'', spec=''Brassica oleracea'' :::*'''sabolbravol''': ''kale, collard greens'', spec=''Brassica oleracea sabellica'' :::*'''gemolbravol''': ''Brussels sprout'', spec=''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' :::*'''kapolbravol''': ''red cabbage'', spec=''Brassica Oleracea capitata'' :::*'''itolbravol''': ''broccoli'', spec=''Brassica oleracea italica'' :::*'''botolbravol''': ''cauliflower'', spec=''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' :::*'''erbravol''': ''arugula'', spec=''Brassicaceae Eruca vesicaria'' :::*'''nasbravol''': ''watercress'', spec=''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' :::*'''encivol''': ''escarole, endive, chicory'', spec=''Cichorium endivia'' ::*'''divol''': ''yam'', spec=''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea old''=kavol ::*'''polivol''': ''buckwheat'', spec=''Polygonaceae'' :::*'''rewmpolivol''': ''rhubard'', spec=''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' :::*'''rupolivol''': ''sorrel'', spec=''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' ::*'''alvol''': ''scallion, green onion, herb'', spec=''Allium'' :::*'''amalvol''': ''leek'', spec=''Allium ampeloprasum'' :::*'''skoynalvol''': ''chive'', spec=''Allium schoenoprasum'' :::*'''cepalvol''': ''onion'', spec=''Allium cepa'' :::*'''asalvol''': ''shallot'', spec=''Alium ascalonicum'' :::*'''satalvol''': ''garlic'', spec=''Allium sativum'' ::*'''abmalvol''': ''okra, gumbo'', spec=''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' ::*'''amvol''': ''amaranth'', spec=''Amaranthaceae'' :::*'''spinamvol''': ''spinach'', spec=''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' :::*'''betamvol''': ''beet'', spec=''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' ::*'''menvol''': ''mint'', spec=''Mentheae'' :::*'''spimenvol''': ''spearmint, garden mint'', spec=''Mentheae Mentha spicata'' ::*'''zinvol''': ''ginger'', spec=''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' :::*'''kurzinvol''': ''turmeric'', spec=''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' ::*'''cimpovol''': ''lemongrass'', spec=''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' ::*'''sovol''': ''nightshade'', spec=''Solanaceae'' :::*'''mesovol''': ''aubergine, eggplant, brinjal, baigan'', spec=''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' :::*'''lisovol''': ''tomato'', spec=''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' :::*'''kapsovol''': ''pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum'' :::*'''akapsovol''': ''chili pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''ekapsovol''': ''bell pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''ikapsovol''': ''cayenne pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''ukapsovol''': ''jalapeno'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''frukapsovol''': ''tabasco'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens'' :::*'''tusovol''': ''potato, spud, tater'', spec=''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' ::*'''apvol''': ''umbellifer'', spec=''Apiaceae'' :::*'''makonapvol''': ''hemlock'', spec=''Apiaceae Conium maculatum'' :::*'''foynapvol''': ''fennel'', spec=''Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare'' :::*'''korapvol''': ''coriander, cilantro'', spec=''Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum'' :::*'''pasapvol''': ''parsnip'', spec=''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' :::*'''krispetapvol''': ''parsley'', spec=''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' :::*'''gravapvol''': ''celery'', spec=''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' :::*'''kadawapvol''': ''carrot'', spec=''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' ::*'''kokarvol''': ''heart of palm, swamp cabbage'', spec=''Arecaceae Cocos'' :::*'''eskolaravol''': ''taro'', spec=''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' ::*'''asvol''': ''sunflower, aster, daisy family'', spec=''Asteraceae'' :::*'''lakasvol''': ''lettuce, salad, garden lettuce'', spec=''Asteraceae Lactuta sativa'' :::*'''lonsalakasvol''': ''romaine lettuce'', spec=''Asteraceae Lactuta sativa longifolia'' :::*'''cikasvol''': ''chicory'', spec=''Asteraceae Cichorium intybus'' :::*'''incikasvol''': ''radicchio'', spec=''Asteraceae Cichorium intybus'' :::*'''helasvol''': ''Jerusalem artichoke, sunroot, sunchoke, topinambur'', spec=''Asteraceae Helianthus tuberosus'' :::*'''cinasvol''': ''artichoke'', spec=''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' :::*'''tarasvol''': ''dandelion, mustard greens'', spec=''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' :::*'''brasasvol''': ''cruciferous vegetable'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica'' :::*'''nabrasasvol''': ''rutabaga'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica napus'' :::*'''rabrasasvol''': ''turnip'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica rapa'' :::*'''olbrasasvol''': ''cabbage'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea'' :::*'''awaolbrasasvol''': ''cauliflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea var''. one :::*'''gonolbrasasvol''': ''kohlrabi, turnip cabbage'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea Gongylodes'' :::*'''virolbrasasvol''': ''collard greens'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea var''. viridis :::*'''itolbrasasvol''': ''broccoli'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea var''. italica :::*'''yunbrasasvol''': ''canola,'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica juncea'' ::*'''kuvol''': ''squash, gourd, cucurbit'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Curcurbita'' :::*'''lakuvol''': ''calabash'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria'' :::*'''makuvol''': ''pumpkin'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' :::*'''sakuvol''': ''cucumber'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' :::*'''bekuvol''': ''wax gourd'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Curcurbita Benincasa'' :::*'''mekuvol''': ''honeydew, muskmelon, melon'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melom'' :::*'''pekuvol''': ''gourd, squash, pepo'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' :::*'''cikuvol''': ''watermelon'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' :::*'''praykuvol''': ''Indian squash'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Curcurbita Praecitrullus'' ::*'''lawvol''': ''laurel family'', spec=''Lauraceae'' :::*'''perlawvol''': ''avocado'', spec=''Lauraceae Persea americana'' {{small/end}} === '''VEEL''' ''Legume'' === {{small/top}} :*'''veel''': ''legume'' ::*'''faveel''': ''bean, legume'', spec=''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' ::*'''odlafaveel''': ''sweat pea'', spec=''Fabaceae Lathyrus odoratus'' ::*'''ollafaveel''': ''pea'', spec=''Fabaceae Lathyrus oleraceus'' ::*'''vigfaveel''': ''black-eyed pea'', spec=''Faseolus Vigna unguiculata'' :::*'''ravigfaveel''': ''mung bean, green gram, maash, monggo, pesalu, munggo'', spec=''Fabaceae Vigna radiata'', old=gyeveel ::*'''cifaveel''': ''chickpea'', spec=''Fabaceae Cicer arietinum'' ::*'''glifaveel''': ''soybean, soy'', spec=''Fabaceae Glycine max'' ::*'''pifaveel''': ''sugar snap pea, snap pea, pea'', spec=''Fabaceae Pisum sativum'' ::*'''lupifaveel''': ''lima bean, runner bean'', spec=''Fabaceae Pisum lunatus'' ::*'''vifaveel''': ''vetch, broad bean, fava bean, Vicia faba, faba bean'', spec=''Fabaceae Vicia faba'' :::*'''ervifaveel''': ''bitter vetch'', spec=''Fabaceae Vicia ervilia'' ::*'''kokfaveel''': ''green bean, string bean, runner bean, butter bean'', spec=''Fabaceae Phaseolus coccineus'' ::*'''lensfaveel''': ''lentil'', spec=''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' ::*'''arveel''': ''peanut'', spec=''Arachis hypogaea'' {{small/end}} === '''VOS''' ''flower'' === : Summary: ==== Flower Parts ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] : These are the main parts of a flower: :* '''vos'''....''flower, blossom, bloom'' ::*'''vayeb'''....''petal'' :::*'''bolvayeb'''....''sepal'' :::*'''vayebzyus'''....''whorl'' ::::*'''oyebvayebzyus'''....''calyx'' ::*'''jwavos'''....''bud, early bloom'' ::*'''vosyeb'''....''receptacle'' ::*'''vosmek'''...''pollen'' :::*'''vosmekyem'''....''anther'' :::*'''vosmekibar'''....''stigma'' :::*'''vosmek muyfyeg'''....''pollen tube'' :::*'''vosmek veeyb'''....''pollen grain'' ::*'''tooybgon'''....''pistil'' ::*'''vosij'''....''ovule'' :::*'''vosijyem'''....''ovary'' ::*'''twoobgon'''....''stamen'' :::*'''twoobgoniyf'''....''filament'' ::*'''vib'''....''peduncle, stem'' ==== Flower Words ==== : Some general flower words: :* '''voses'''....''floweret, floret'' :* '''vosyan'''....''inflorescence, bouquet'' :* '''vosmekuer'''....''to pollinate'' :* '''vosyijer'''....''to bloom, to blossom, to flower, to bud'' :* '''vosuer'''....''to bloom, to effloresce, to bud, to blossom'' :* '''vosber'''....''to deck out with flowers'' :* '''vosdrer'''....''to paraph'' ::* '''vosdrun'''....''flourish, paraph, rubric'' :* '''vosnam'''....''florist shop'' ::* '''vosnamut'''....''florist'' :* '''vostebuz'''....''wreath'' :* '''vostejben'''....''horticulture, floriculture'' :* '''voszyeb'''....''vase'' :* '''vossyeb'''....''flowerpot'' :* '''vosdeym'''....''flower garden'' :* '''vosyem'''....''flower bed'' ==== Types of Flowers ==== {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :'''vos''': ''flower'' :'''favos''': ''pea flower'', spec=''Fabaceae'' :*'''klifavos''': ''clianthus, kakabeak'', spec=''Fabaceae Clianthus'' :*'''mifavos''': ''mimosa'', spec=''Fabaceae Mimosa pudica'' :*'''infavos''': ''indigo flower'', spec=''Fabaceae Indigofera'' :'''lokavos''': ''honeysuckle'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Lonicera'' :'''lavos''': ''lavender'', spec=''Lamiaceae Lavandula'' :'''anplavos''': ''snapdragon'', spec=''Plantadinaceaa Antirrhinum'' :'''pavos''': ''poppy'', spec=''Papaver'' :*'''sompavos''': ''opium poppy'', spec=''Papaver somniferum'' :'''hiaspavos''': ''bluebell flower'', spec=''Asparagaceae Hyacinthoides'' :'''gevos''': ''geranium'', spec=''Geraniaceae'', Geranium :'''nevos''': ''lotus'', spec=''Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo'' :'''magvos''': ''magnolia'', spec=''Magnoliaceae Magnolia'' :'''hivos''': ''hydrangea'', spec=''Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea'' :'''livos''': ''lily'', spec=''Liliaceae Lilium'' :*'''tulivos''': ''tulip'', spec=''Liliaceae Tulipa'' :'''privos''': ''primrose'', spec=''Primulaceae Primula'' :'''vivos''': ''viola, violet'', spec=''Violaceae Viola'' :*'''horvivos''': ''pansy'', spec=''Violaceae Viola hortensis'' :'''akvos''': ''acanthus mollis'', spec=''Acanthaceae Acanthus mollis'' :'''balvos''': ''balsam, touch-me-not'', spec=''Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina'' :'''himalvos''': ''hibiscus'', spec=''Malvaceae Hibiscus'' :'''sirolvos''': ''lilac'', spec=''Oleaceae Syringa'' :'''amarvos''': ''amaranth'', spec=''Amaranthaceae Amaranthus'' :'''naramvos''': ''daffodil, narcissus, jonquil'', spec=''Amaryllidaceae Narcissus'' :'''nimvos''': ''waterlily'', spec=''Nymphaeaceae'' :'''linvos''': ''flax'', spec=''Linaceae Linum'' :'''mibovos''': ''forget-me-not'', spec=''Boraginaceae Mysotis'' :'''rovos''': ''rose'', spec=''Rosaceae Rosa'' :'''rodovos''': ''rhododendron'', spec=''Ericaceae Rhododendron'' :'''apvos''': ''umbellifer'', spec=''Apiaceae'' :*'''anapvos''': ''angelica'', spec=''Apiaceae Angelica'' :*'''erapvos''': ''sea holly'', spec=''Apiaceae Eryngium maritimum'' :*'''korapvos''': ''coriander'', spec=''Apiaceae Coriandrum'' :*'''kasapovos''': ''yellow oleander'', spec=''Apocynaceae Cascabela thevetia'' :'''arvos''': ''aroid, arum'', spec=''Araceae'' :*'''lemarvos''': ''bayroot'', spec=''Araceae Lemnoideae '' :*'''potarvos''': ''peace lily'', spec=''Araceae Pothoideae'' :'''kardivos''': ''carnation, clove pink'', spec=''Caryophyillaceae Dianthus caryophyllus'' :'''irvos''': ''iris'', spec=''Irideae Iris'' :*'''krokirvos''': ''crocus, saffron'', spec=''Iridaceae Crocus'' :'''orvos''': ''orchid'', spec=''Orchidaceae Orchis'' :*'''vanorvos''': ''vanilla'', spec=''Orchidaceae Vanilla planifolia'', dyafab :'''asvos''': ''star-shaped flow'', spec=''Asteraceae'' :*'''dahasvos''': ''dahlia'', spec=''Asteraceae'', Dahlia :*'''kalasvos''': ''marigold, yellow marigold'', spec=''Asteraceae Calendula'' :*'''pebelasvos''': ''daisy'', spec=''Asteraceae Bellis perennis'' :*'''helasvos''': ''sunflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Helianthus annuus'' :*'''kamasvos''': ''chamomile'', spec=''Asteraceae Chamaemelum nobile'' :*'''cicenasvos''': ''blueberry, cornflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus'' :*'''konasvos''': ''lily of the valley'', spec=''Asparagacea Convallaria'' :*'''girasvos''': ''purple passion'', spec=''Asteraceae Gynura aurantiaca'' :*'''krisasvos''': ''chrysanthemum'', spec=''Asteraceae Chrysanthemum'' :'''aspavos''': ''asparagus'', spec=''Asparagaceae'' :*'''danaspavos''': ''laurel'', spec=''Asparagaceae Danae racemosa'' :*'''hiaspavos''': ''hyacinth'', spec=''Asparagaceae Hyancinthus'' :'''oljasvos''': ''jasmine'', spec=''Oleaceae Jasminum'' :'''akisvos''': ''columbine'', spec=''Isopyroideae Aquilegia'' :'''dikruvos''': ''dittany'', spec=''Rutaceae Dictamnus'' :'''karawvos''': ''periwinkle'', spec=''Rauvolfioideae Catharanthus roseus'' :'''payvos''': ''peony'', spec=''Paeoniaceae Paeonia'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''VOLZ''' ''color'', '''-LZ''' === : The root word '''volz''' means ''color, hue'' and has a stub form, '''-lz'''. : The basic colors are based numerically on the natural color spectrum: :* '''olza'''....''blank - 0'' :* '''alza'''....''red - 1'' :* '''elza'''....''orange - 2'' :* '''ilza'''....''yellow - 3'' :* '''ulza'''....''green - 4'' :* '''yolza'''....''blue - 5'' :* '''yalza'''....''purple - 6'' :* '''yelza'''....''indigo - 7'' : Other important colors are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' :* '''maolza'''....''gray'' :* '''melza'''....''brown'' :* '''aolza'''....''pink'' : Some strength-modifying prefixes: :* '''oz-''' (''light-, pale-, -ish'') ::* '''ozyolza'''....''light blue'' ::* '''ozilza'''....''blond, pale yellow'' :* '''az-''' (''dark-'') ::* '''azmelza'''....''dark brown'' :* '''maz-''' (''bright-'') ::* '''mazilza'''....''bright yellow'' :* '''moz-''' (''dim-, dull-'') ::* '''mozmalza'''....''dull-white'' :* '''eyn-''' (''semi-'') ::* '''eynilza'''.... ''semi-yellow'' :* '''gwa-''' or '''ik-''' (''pure, absolutely, as x as can be'') ::* '''gwaulza'''....''pure green'' ::* '''ikmalza'''....''pure white'' ::* '''ikalza'''....''as red as can be'' ::* '''ikmolza'''....''jet black'' :* '''yiz-''' (''ultra'') ::* '''yizuilza'''....''ultramarine'' : Color strengths can also be modified by the prefixes '''-ayna''' (''strong'') or '''-oyna''' (''weak''), or even '''-yena''' (''like, -ish''). :* '''alz<u>ayna</u>'''....''bright red'' :* '''alz<u>oyna</u>'''....''reddish'' :* '''yulz<u>yena</u>'''....''blueish, blue-like'' : Here are some hybrid colors: :* '''aolza'''....''pink'' (red + white) :* '''uilza'''....''marine, blue-green'' :* '''maolza'''....''gray'' (white + black) : Colors can be modified by prefixed/hyphenated nouns: :* '''mef-alza'''....''brick red'' :* '''rovos-aolza'''....''rose pink'' :* '''imez-alza'''....''ruby red'' :* '''caulk-yolza'''....''cobalt blue'' : Colors referring to hair, skin complexion, or eyes are prefixed with '''taye(b)-''', '''tayo(b)-''', and '''tea(b)-''', respectively. The final '''b''' is retained before colors beginning with a vowel, but dropped otherwise. :* '''tayebozilza'''....''blond-haired'' :* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' :* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed'' :* '''tayomelza'''....''brown-skinned'' :* '''tayomalza'''....''white(-skinned)'' :* '''tayomolza'''....''black(-skinned)'' :* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' :* '''teayulza'''....''green-eyed'' : Colors can be verbalized: :* '''alzaser'''....''to turn red, to blush'' :* '''molzaxer'''....''to blacken (tr.)'' :* '''Ata tyep olzasa.'''....''My brain went blank.'' :* '''Eta tayob yulzaso.'''....''Your skin will bruise.'' : Keep the following color terms distinct: :* '''maolza'''....''gray'' :* '''malza-molza'''....''black & white (t.v.)'' :* '''volza'''....''color (t.v.)'' :* '''ovolza'''....''achromatic'' :* '''olza'''....''blank'' : A few other color derivatives: :* '''anvolza'''....''monochromatic'' :* '''dip-yolza'''....''navy blue'' :* '''drur-aolza'''....''magenta'' :* '''patijilz'''....''egg yolk'' :* '''patijmalz'''....''egg white'' :* '''eynmolza'''....''grizzled'' :* '''dril-molza'''....''ink black'' :* '''duhovolza?'''....''what color?'' :* '''hyevolza'''....''any color'' :* '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' :* '''involza'''....''tricolor'' :* '''omalzat''' (or) '''otayomalzat'''....''non-white (person)'' :* '''tebsinalza'''....''red-faced'' :* '''tayebolzat'''....''albino'' :* '''Malyom-malzayt'''....''Snow White'' :* '''teobalza'''....''flushed, blushing'' (= ''cheek-red'') :* '''alzaxwa teabi'''....''blood-shot eyes'' :* '''alzmelza'''....''sepia'' :* '''alztiiba'''....''red-blooded'' :* '''alztiibum'''....''red blood cell'' ::* '''alztiibumgron'''....''anemia'' ::* '''alztiibummul'''....''hemoglobin'' === '''XOB''' ''organization'' === : The word '''xob''' refers to any kind of hierarchical organization that has a staff, departments, and branches. :* '''xob'''....''organization, company, firm, body'' ::* '''xab'''....''staff, management'' ::* '''xeb'''....''boss, leader, manager, chief'' (stub = '''-eb''') ::* '''xib'''....''department, bureau, office'' ::* '''xub'''....''branch'' ::* '''xyob'''....''headquarters, base'' : The church is an organization with the following hierarchy: :* '''fyaxob'''....''church'' ::* '''fyaxab'''....''clergy'' :::* '''fyaxeb'''....''priest'' ::::* '''yabfyaxeb'''....''high priest, prelate'' ::::* '''afyaxeb'''....''pope'' :::::* '''obafyaxeb'''....''cardinal'' ::::* '''efyaxeb'''....''bishop'' :::::* '''abefyaxeb'''....''archbishop'' ::::* '''ifyaxeb'''....''parish priest'' :::::* '''abifyaxeb'''....''monseignor'' :::::* '''obifyaxeb'''....''deacon'' ==== XAB Words ==== : The word '''xab''' refers to the staff of an organization, eg.: :* '''fyaxab'''....''clergy'' :* '''pontam xab'''....''hotel staff'' :* '''zyasauna xab'''....''general staff'' :* '''doxab'''....''public office'' :* '''dabxab'''....''government office'' ==== XEB Words ==== : The root word '''xeb''' means ''boss, chief, head''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :*'''xeb'''....''boss'' ::*'''abxeb'''....''foreman'' ::*'''afxeb'''....''authority'' ::*'''afyaxeb'''....''metropolitan, patriarch, pontiff, pope, primate'' :::*'''afyaxeba'''....''papal'' ::*'''beaxeb'''....''head watchman, warden'' ::*'''dokexeb'''....''principal investigator'' ::*'''efyaxeb'''....''bishop'' :::*'''efyaxeba'''....''episcopal'' ::::*'''efyaxeban'''....''episcopate'' ::::*'''efyaxebina'''....''episcopalian'' ::*'''exeb'''....''chief of operations'' ::*'''ifyaxeb'''....''curate, imam, parish priest, parson, preacher, priest, rabbi, vicar'' :::*'''romifyaxeb'''....''monsignor'' :::*'''obifyaxeb'''....''deacon'' :::*'''ifyaxeba'''....''priestly, sacerdotal'' :::*'''ifyaxebam'''....''rectory'' :::*'''ifyaxeban'''....''priesthood'' :::*'''ifyaxebem'''....''parish'' ::::*'''ifyaxebema'''....''parochial'' ::*'''izonkexeb'''....''scoutmaster'' ::*'''koexeb'''....''spymaster'' ::*'''obxeb'''....''inferior, sous-chef, sub-officer'' ::*'''oybxeb'''....''underling'' ::*'''sexeb'''....''master builder'' ::*'''tulxeb'''....''chef'' ::*'''tulyuxeb'''....''head waiter'' ::*'''vafilyuxeb'''....''sommelier, wine steward'' ::*'''xeber'''....''boss, run'' ::*'''xebyan'''....''officialdom'' ::*'''xebyea'''....''bossy'' ::*'''yexeb'''....''boss, task master'' ::*'''yibnyuxeb'''....''postmaster'' ::*'''yufxeber'''....''browbeat'' {{small/end}} ==== XIB Words ==== : The root word '''xib''' means ''department''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} ::*'''xib'''....''department'' :::*'''xiba'''....''departmental, official'' :::*'''xibut'''....''official, officer'' :::*'''ebxiba'''....''interdepartmental'' :::*'''obxib'''....''subdepartment'' {{small/end}} ==== XUB Words ==== : The root word '''xub''' means ''branch, subsidiary''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :*'''xub'''....''branch, subsidiary, affiliate'' ::*'''xuba'''....''subsidiary, succursal'' ::*'''xubser'''....''branch out'' ::*'''xubxwa'''....''branched out, affiliated'' ::*'''abxub'''....''head office'' ::*'''ayba xub'''....''superior department'' ::*'''obxub'''....''subbranch, subsidiary'' {{small/end}} ==== XYOB Words ==== : The root word '''xyob''' means ''headquarters, base''. {{small/top}} :* '''xyob'''....''headquarters, base'' ::* '''xyoba'''....''ground-floor, rank-and-file'' :::* '''xyobat'''....''clerk, rank-and-file'' ::* '''xyober'''....''to headquarter, to base'' :::* '''xyobwa'''....''headquartered, based'' {{small/end}} === '''A''' ''one'', '''O''' ''zero'' === ==== A words ==== : The root word '''a''' means ''one''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :* '''a'''....''one'' (cardinal number) :* '''awa'''....''one'' (numeric adjective) :* '''ajod'''....''once'' :* '''anapa'''....''first'' :* '''anoga'''....''primary'' :* '''aa'''....''first'' ::* '''aas'''....''first thing'' ::* '''aat'''....''first person'' :* '''an-'''....''mono-, uni-'' ::* '''ana'''....''single, lone, only'' :::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''angala'''....''simple'' ::* '''angon'''....''monomer'' ::* '''anyan'''....''series'' ::* '''ankuna'''....''unilateral'' ::* '''anla'''....''alone'' :::* '''anlat'''....''loner, hermit'' ::::* '''anlatam'''....''hermitage'' ::* '''anmeg'''....''monolith'' ::* '''ansaga'''....''singular'' ::* '''ansaun'''....''species'' ::* '''anseuza'''....''monotone'' ::* '''antada'''....''monogamous'' ::* '''anteuza'''....''unanimous'' ::* '''andeb'''....''monarch'' ::* '''anteabar'''....''monacle'' ::* '''antima'''....''unicameral'' ::* '''antotin'''....''monotheism'' ::* '''anvolza'''....''monochrome'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series'' ::* '''anyen'''....''quirk, oddity, character'' ::* '''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle'' :* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''aota'''....''personal, individual'' :::* '''aotan'''....''personality, individuality'' :* '''anot'''....''private individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''private'' :::* '''anotan'''....''privacy'' :* '''aon'''....''unit, entity'' ::* '''aona'''....''unitary'' :* '''aun'''....''component, item, monad'' ::* '''aunxer'''....''itemize'' :::* '''aunxwa'''....''itemized'' :* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' :::* '''aynan'''....''entirety, wholeness'' :::* '''aynay'''....''wholly, entirely'' ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' :::* '''aynxen'''....''integration'' :::* '''aynxwa'''....''integrated'' {{small/end}} ==== O Words ==== : The root word '''o''' means ''zero''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :* '''o'''....''zero, null'' :* '''o-'''....''not-, un-'' ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''owa'''....''zero, null'' :* '''oun'''....''nil, nonentity, null'' ::* '''ounxer'''....''anihilate, nullify'' :::* '''ounxwa'''....''anihilated, nullified'' {{small/end}} === '''YAN''' ''together'', '''YON''' ''apart'' === : The base morpheme '''yan''' (''together'') contrasts with '''yon''' (''apart''). The following chart demonstrates this polarity: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAN vs YON Family | '''yana'''....''joint'' || '''yona'''....''separate'' |- | '''yan bi'''....''together with'' || '''yon bi'''....''apart from'' |- | '''yanxer'''....''to join'' || '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' |- | '''yanxwa'''....''joint'' || '''yonxwa'''....''separate'' |- | '''yantadser'''....''to mate'' || '''yontadser'''....''to divorce'' |- | '''yantos'''....''compassion'' || '''yontos'''....''antipathy'' |- | '''yanav'''....''party, bloc'' || '''yonav'''....''sect, faction'' |- | '''yanuzper'''....''to converge'' || '''yonuzper'''....''to diverge'' |- | '''yanota'''....''communal'' || '''yonota'''....''private'' |- | '''yansauna'''....''common'' || '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- | '''yanber'''....''assemble'' || '''yonber'''....''take apart'' |- | '''yank'''....''link'' || '''yonk'''....''rift'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Collective Nouns ==== : The suffix '''-yan''' is used to form collective nouns. Here are some examples: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Collective Nouns with -YAN |- ! SINGLETON !! COLLECTION |- | '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''fabyan'''....''forest'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyabyan'''....''regimen, system'' |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || '''vosyan'''....''bouquet'' |- | '''uzun'''....''ring'' || '''uzunyan'''....''chain'' |- | '''aot'''....''person'' || '''aotyan'''....''group'' |- | '''teyen'''....''idea'' || '''teyenyan'''....''ideology'' |- | '''tyenar'''....''tool of the trade'' || '''tyenyan'''....''technology'' |- | '''tixut'''....''student'' || '''tixutyan'''....''class'' |- | '''telar'''....''eating utensil'' || '''telaryan'''....''cutlery'' |- | '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''siryan'''....''machinery'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patyan'''....''flock'' |} {{small/end}} : An extension of '''yan''' is '''nyan''', meaning ''stack, pile, accumulation, crowd,'' and so is a bit more intensive: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Collective Nouns with -NYAN |- ! SINGLETON !! COLLECTION |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''petnyan'''....''herd'' |- | '''aot'''....''person'' || '''aotnyan'''....''crowd'' |- | '''dit'''....''citizen'' || '''ditnyan'''....''populace'' |- | '''taib'''....''bone'' || '''taibnyan'''....''skeleton'' |- | '''dun'''....''word'' || '''dunnyan'''....''list'' |- | '''vaob'''....''hay'' || '''vaobnyan'''....''haystack'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magnyan'''....''pyre'' |- | '''draf'''....''card'' || '''drafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' |- | '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonyan'''....''list'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopetnyan'''....''flock of sheep'' |- | '''taib'''....''bone'' || '''taibnyan'''....''skeleton'' |- | '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''febnyan'''....''bunch (of fruit)'' |- | '''fyus'''....''scrap'' || '''fyusnyan'''....''scrapheap'' |} {{small/end}} : The following confusing terms should be kept distinct: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Collective Words |- ! NOUN !! ADJECTIVE |- | '''aot'''....''individual, person'' || '''aota'''....''personal'' |- | '''aut'''....''myself'' || '''auta'''....''my own'' |- | '''anot'''....''individual'' || '''anota'''....''private'' |- | '''aotyan'''....''group'' || '''aotyana'''....''collective'' |- | '''aotnyan'''....''crowd'' || |- | '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyoda'''....''popular'' |- | '''tyodin'''....''populism'' || '''tyodina'''....''populist'' |- | '''ditdab'''....''republic'' || '''ditdaba'''....''republican'' |- | '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodaba'''....''democratic'' |- | '''yaut'''....''ourselves'' || '''yauta'''....''our own'' |- | '''yanot'''....''constituent, commoner'' || '''yanota'''....''common, collective, public'' |- | '''yanotyan'''....''community, constituency, public'' || '''yanotyana'''....''communitarian'' |- | '''yanotnyan'''....''commune, collective'' || '''yanotnyana'''....''communal, collective'' |- | '''yanotin'''....''communism'' || '''yaotina'''....''communist'' |- | '''dityan'''....''citizenry'' || '''dityana'''....''of the citizenry'' |- | '''ditnyan'''....''populace'' || '''ditnyana'''....''popular'' |- | '''ditnyanin'''....''populism'' || '''ditnyanina'''....''populist'' |- | '''yanav'''....''party'' (political) || '''yanava'''....''partisan'' |- | '''yaniv'''....''party'' (fun) || '''yaniva'''....''festive'' |- | '''yanutyan'''....''partnership'' || '''yanutyana'''....''partnership'' |} {{small/end}} : More collectives: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ More collective Words |- ! NOUN |- | '''detyan'''....''association'' |- | '''nundetyan'''....''company, firm'' |- | '''xalutyan'''....''commission, committee'' |- | '''ekutyan'''....''team'' |- | '''ublawatyan'''....''delegation'' |- | '''tyenutyan'''....''guild'' |- | '''niutyan'''....''clientele'' |- | '''tuunyan'''....''information'' |- | '''anyan'''....''series'' |- | '''tyunyan'''....''ideology'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AB''' ''on'', '''EB''' ''between'', '''OB''' ''off'' === : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AB-EB-OB Family |- valign=top | '''ab'''....''on''<br>'''ayb'''....''over''<br>'''aba'''....''superior''<br>'''abem'''....''top''<br>'''aber'''....''put on''<br>'''aper'''....''get on''<br>'''ayber'''....''to go over'' || '''eb'''....''between''<br>'''eyb'''....''among''<br>'''eba'''....''in-between''<br>'''ebem'''....''interval''<br>'''eber'''....''block''<br>'''eper'''....''intervene'' || '''ob'''....''off''<br>'''oyb'''....''under''<br>'''oba'''....''inferior''<br>'''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''ober'''....''remove''<br>'''oper'''....''get off''<br>'''oyper'''....''to go under'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAB''' ''up'', '''YEB''' ''in'', '''YOB''' ''down'', '''OYEB''' ''out'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAB-YEB-YOB-OYEB Family |- valign=top |'''yab'''....''up''<br>'''yaber'''....''raise''<br>'''yaper'''....''rise''<br>'''yabna'''....''superior''<br>'''yaiba'''....''high''<br>'''yabaga'''....''tall''<br>'''yaboga'''....''short''<br>'''yabem'''....''upstairs'' ||'''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''yeber'''....''put in''<br>'''yeper'''....''get in''<br>'''yeba'''....''inner''<br>'''yeiba'''....''deep inside''<br>'''yebna'''....''interior''<br>'''yebem'''....''indoors''<br>'''oyepem'''....''entrance'' || '''yob'''....''down''<br>'''yober'''....''lower''<br>'''yoper'''....''descend''<br>'''yobna'''....''inferior''<br>'''yoba'''....''low''<br>'''youba'''....''shallow''<br>'''yoiba'''....''deep''<br>'''yobem'''....''downstairs'' |- | ||'''oyeb'''....''out''<br>'''oyeber'''....''put out''<br>'''oyeper'''....''get out''<br>'''oyeba'''....''outer''<br>'''oyebna'''....''exterior''<br>'''oyebem'''....''outdoors''<br>'''oyepem'''....''exit'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AM''' ''heat'', '''OM''' ''cold'', '''IM''' ''wet'', '''UM''' ''dry'' === : These root words are all related to thermal conditions. Here are some derivations: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Thermal Conditions |- | '''am'''....''heat'' || '''om''' ....''cold''|| '''im'''....''moisture''||'''um'''....''drought'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''oma''' ....''cold''|| '''ima'''....''wet''|| '''uma'''....''dry'' |- | '''ayma'''....''warm'' || '''oyma''' ....''cool'' ||'''iyma'''....''humid''||'''uyma'''....''a little dry'' |- | '''amxer'''....''to heat'' || '''omxer''' ....''to cool''|| '''imxer'''....''to wet''|| '''umxer'''....''to dry'' |- | '''amxar'''....''heater'' || '''omxar''' ....''refrigerator'' ||'''imxar'''....''irrigator''||'''umxar'''....''dryer'' |} {{small/end}} : Note these derivatives: :* '''aoma'''....''lukewarm'' :* '''amana'''....''thermal'' :* '''amnag'''....''temperature'' ::* '''amnagar'''....''thermometer'' :* '''amnak'''....''degree of temperature'' === '''YAM''' ''fire'', '''YOM''' ''ice'', '''YIM'''....''flood'', '''YUM''' ''drought'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Thermal Conditions |- | '''yam''' ....''fire'' || '''yom'''....''ice''||'''yim'''....''flood'' ||'''yum'''....''drought'' |- | '''yama''' ....''fiery'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' || '''yima'''....''diluvian'' || '''yuma'''....''drought-ridden'' |- | '''yayma'''....''cozy'' || '''yoyma'''...''frosty''|| || |- | '''yamxer''' ....''to burn'' || '''yomxer'''....''to freeze'' || '''yimxer'''....''to flood'' || '''yumxer'''....''to cause a drought'' |- | '''yamxar'''....''burner'' || '''yomxar''' ....''freezer'' || || |} {{small/end}} : Note these derivative: : Note also: '''yam''' is a synonym of '''mag''' and '''yim''' is a synonym of '''ilik'''. === '''IB''' ''away'', '''UB''' ''toward''=== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IB-UB Family |- valign=top |'''ib'''....''away, away from''<br>'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''iper'''....''leave''<br>'''ibler'''....''reap''<br>'''iblir'''....''reaper''<br>'''datiber'''....''to host''||'''ub'''....''toward''<br>'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''uper'''....''come''<br>'''uber'''....''to send''<br>'''ubun'''....''mission''<br>'''ubwatyan'''....''mission, delegation'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIB''' ''far'', '''YUB''' ''near'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIB-YUB Family |- valign=top |'''yib'''....''far''<br>'''yiber'''....''remove''<br>'''yiper'''....''go far away''<br>'''yiba'''....''remote''<br>'''yibaja'''....''ancient''<br>'''yibsin'''....''television''<br>'''yibem'''....''distance''|| '''yub'''....''near''<br>'''yuber'''....''bring''<br>'''yuper'''....''approach''<br>'''yuba'''....''distant''<br>'''yubaja'''....''recent''<br>'''yubge'''....''almost''<br>'''yubem'''....''vicinity'' |} {{small/end}} === '''BI''' ''from'', '''BE''' ''at'', '''BU''' ''to'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ BI-BE-BU family Family |- valign=top |'''bi'''....''from''<br>'''bier'''....''take''<br>'''biler'''....''obtain''<br>'''birer'''....''to grab''<br>'''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage, rape''<br>'''bim'''....''origin'' ||'''be'''....''at''<br><br>'''beler'''....''carry''<br><br>'''bexer'''....''hold, have''<br>'''bexler'''....''keep''<br>'''bexrer'''....''preserve''<br>'''bem'''....''location''||'''bu'''....''to''<br>'''buer'''....''give''<br>'''buler'''....''grant''<br>'''burer'''....''yield''<br>'''buxer'''....''push''<br>'''buxler'''....''drive''<br>'''buxrer'''....''to pump''<br>'''bum'''....''destination''<br> |} {{small/end}} === '''BYI''' ''since'', '''BYU''' ''up to'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ BYI-BYU family Family |- valign=top |'''byi'''....''from''<br>'''byiser'''....''emanate''<br>'''byixer'''....''derive''<br>'''byiper'''....''originate''<br>'''byin'''....''source'' ||'''byu'''....''up to''<br>'''byuser'''....''come into contact with''<br>'''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''byuper'''....''head for''<br>'''byun'''....''target''<br> |} {{small/end}} === '''FER''' ''to want'' === [[File:I want you.jpg|thumb|]] : The verb '''fer''' means ''to want'' and is following by a noun or pronoun, an infinitive, or an entire clause, eg.: ::* '''At voy <u>fe</u> hyea yux.'''....''I do not <u>want</u> any help.'' ::* '''Yat <u>fa</u> iyt poser.'''....''We <u>wanted</u> her to stop.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> per bay at?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to go with me?'' ::* '''Yit voy <u>fe</u> hos at fe.'''....''They do not <u>want</u> what I want.'' ::* '''At <u>fe</u> et iper.'''....''I <u>want</u> you to leave.'' : Use of the verb '''fer''' in the hypothetical mood (conditional) means ''would like'', eg.: ::* '''At <u>fu</u> beser him.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to stay here.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fu</u> til?'''....''<u>Would</u> you <u>like</u> a drink?'' : Two more intense versions of '''fer''' are: :* '''fler'''....''to desire'' :* '''frer'''....''to crave'' : Other derivatives: ::* '''fon'''....''will, volition'' ::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::* '''fler'''....''to desire, be fond of'' ::* '''flon'''....''desire, fondness'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave, to yearn'' ::* '''fron'''....''craving, yearning'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''ojfon'''....''wish'' ::* '''vafer'''....''to resolve'' ::* '''vaf'''....''resolution'' ::* '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well, mean well'' ::* '''fiojfoni'''....''well wishes'' ::* '''fifon'''....''goodwill, benevolence'' ::* '''fuojfer'''....''to wish bad for'' ::* '''fufon'''....''ill will, malevolence'' ::* '''fuojfon'''....''bad wish'' ::* '''fonder'''....''to volunteer'' ::* '''grafer'''....''have a craving for, be addicted to'' ::* '''graf'''....''addiction, craving'' ::* '''gafer'''....''to prefer'' ::* '''kofer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''kofler'''....''to envy'' ::* '''kofrer'''....''to be jealous of'' ::* '''tepfer'''....''to pretend'' ::* '''dwafer'''....''to mean, intend'' : The verb '''fer''' can be followed by an infinitive or a dependent clause in the hypothetical mood: ::* '''At fe <u>et ser</u> iva.'''....''I want <u>you to be</u> happy.'' ::* '''At fe <u>van et su</u> iva.'''....''I want <u>that you be</u> happy.'' === '''FI''' ''good'', '''FU''' ''bad'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ FI-FU Family |- | valign=top|'''fia'''....''good''<br>'''fila'''....''delightful''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent''<br>'''fika'''.....''perfect''<br>'''fiza'''....''honorable''<br>'''fizta'''....''noble''<br>'''fizda'''....''honest''<br>'''flia'''....''superb''<br>'''fria'''....''exquisite'' ||valign=top| '''fua'''....''bad''<br>'''fula'''....''grim''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten''<br>'''fuka'''....''defective''<br>'''fuza'''....''dishonorable''<br>'''fuzta'''....''ignoble''<br>'''fuzda'''....''dishonest''<br>'''flua'''....''terrible''<br>'''frua'''...''atrocious'' |- | valign=top|'''fin'''....''virtue''<br>'''dofin'''....''morality''<br>'''fiuj'''....''success''||'''fun'''....''vice''<br>'''dofun'''....''crime''<br>'''fuuj'''....''failure'' |- | valign=top|'''fider'''....''praise''<br>'''fizuer'''....''respect''||'''fuder'''....''malign''<br>'''fuzuer'''....''disrespect'' |} {{small/end}} === '''FYI''' ''useful'', '''FYU''' ''harmful'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ FYI-FYU Family |- |valign=top| '''fyia'''....''useful''<br>'''fyin'''....''asset''<br>'''fyiz'''....''award''<br>'''fyiyz'''....''reward''<br>'''fyis'''....''benefit''<br>'''fyixer'''....''utilize''<br>'''fyider'''....''complement''<br>'''fyidaluer'''....''advise'' ||valign=top| '''fyua'''....''harmful''<br>'''fyun'''....''liability''<br>'''fyuz'''....''punishment''<br>'''fyuyz'''....''penalty''<br>'''fyus'''....''waste''<br>'''fyuxer'''....''ruin, abuse''<br>'''fyuder'''....''insult''<br>'''fyudaluer'''....''misadvise'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IF''' ''love'', '''UF''' ''hate'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IF-UF Family |- | valign=top| '''ifer'''....''love''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like''<br>'''ifuer'''....''to please''<br>'''ifler'''....''be affectionate for''<br>'''ifrer'''....''worship''<br>'''ifon'''....''love''<br>'''ifwa'''....''beloved''<br>'''tobifa'''....''humane'' || valign=top|'''ufer'''....''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike''<br>'''ufuer'''....''to spite''<br>'''ufler'''...''loath''<br>'''ufrer'''....''despise''<br>'''ufon'''....''hate''<br>'''ufwa'''....''odious''<br>'''tobufa'''....''misanthropic'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIF''' ''brave'', '''YUF''' ''afraid'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIF-YUF Family |- | valign=top|'''yifa'''....''brave''<br>'''yiflan'''....''valor''<br>'''yifrat'''....''hero''<br>'''yifer'''....''dare''<br>'''yifxer'''....''to encourage''<br>'''jeubyifa'''....''winterhardy'' ||valign=top| '''yufa'''....''afraid''<br>'''yuflan'''....''cowardice''<br>'''yufrat'''....''scaredy-cat''<br>'''yufer'''....''fear''<br>'''yufxer'''....''to frighten''<br>'''milyufa'''....''hydrophobic'' |} {{small/end}} : Note that the suffixes '''-if''' and '''-uf''' are used to translate words in English meaning ''-philia'' and ''-phobia'', respectively, eg. '''tiibilif'''....''hemophilia'' and '''hyutuf'''....''xenophobia''. Also, words with the prefix ''miso-'' meaning ''hatred of'' use the Mirad suffix '''-uf''' ('''toybuf'''....''misogyny''). === '''AF''' ''permission'', '''EF''' ''need'', '''OF''' ''prohibition'' === : Summary: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AF-EF-OF Family |- valign=top ! '''af'''....''permission'' !! '''ef'''....''need/necessity'' !! '''of'''....''prohibition'' |- | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''afa'''....''allowed''<br>'''afwa'''....''permissable''<br>'''afxer'''....''allow''<br>'''dalafa'''....''authorized to speak'' || '''efer'''....''need''<br>'''efa'''....''in need of''<br>'''efwa'''....''necessary''<br>'''efxer'''....''necessitate''<br>'''telefa'''....''hungry'' || '''ofer'''....''be prohibited''<br>'''ofa'''....''not allowed''<br>'''ofwa'''....''prohibited''<br>'''ofxer'''....''prohibit''<br>'''yepofa'''....''prohibited from entering'' |} {{small/end}} As a prefix, '''of''' is used to form verbs relating to prohibited actions: :* '''bier'''....''to take'' --> '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' :* '''boyxer'''....''to deprive'' --> '''ofboyxer'''....''to rob'' :* '''buier'''....''to exchange'' --> '''ofbuier'''....''to fence'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' --> '''offer'''....''to covet'' :* '''gelxer'''....''to imitate'' --> '''ofgelxer'''....''to plagiarize'' :* '''nuier'''....''to market'' --> '''ofnuier'''....''to smuggle'' :* '''pier'''....''to leave'' --> '''ofpier'''....''to desert'' :* '''potkexer'''....''to hunt'' --> '''ofpotkexer'''....''to poach'' :* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' --> '''ofteexer'''....''to eavesdrop'' === '''YAF''' ''ability'', '''YEF''' ''obligation'', '''YOF''' ''inability'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAF-YEF-YOF Family |- valign=top ! '''yaf'''....''ability'' !! '''yef'''....''duty'' !! '''yof'''....''inability'' |- | '''yafer'''....''can''<br>'''yafa'''....''able''<br>'''yafwa'''....''possible''<br>'''yafxer'''....''enable''<br>'''teatyafwa'''....''visible''<br>'''yafon'''....''power'' || '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yefa'''....''obliged''<br>'''yefwa'''....''obligatory''<br>'''yefxer'''....''oblige''<br>'''vatexyefwa'''....''trustworthy''<br>'''yefon'''....''duty'' || '''yofer'''....''cannot''<br>'''yofa'''....''unable''<br>'''yofwa'''....''impossible''<br>'''yofxer'''....''incapacite''<br>'''teatyofwa'''....''invisible''<br>'''yofon'''....''inability'' |} {{small/end}} : These words can be suffixed to verb roots to form many modal verbs, adjectives, and nouns: ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' :::* '''teatyofa'''....''blind'' :::* '''teatyofwa'''....''invisible'' ::* '''azufer'''....''to detest'' :::* '''azufyefa'''....''detestable'' ::* '''doteuder'''....''to vote'' :::* '''doteudafxer'''....''to franchise'' :::* '''doteudofxwati'''....''the disenfranchised'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' :::* '''testyafwan'''....''comprehensibility'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' :::* '''fidyefwa'''....''praiseworthy'' === '''FYA''' ''holy'', '''FYE''' ''mythical'', '''FYO''' ''profane''=== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ FYA-FYE-FYO Family |- | '''fyaa'''....''holy'' || '''fyea'''....''fantastical, mythological, magical'' || '''fyoa'''....''profane, evil'' |- | '''fyamir'''....''heaven'' || '''fyemir'''....''fantasia'' || '''fyomir'''....''hell'' |- | '''fyax'''....''sacrament'' || '''fyex'''....''magic'' || '''fyox'''....''sin, sacrilege'' |- | '''fyaz'''....''grace'' || '''fyez'''....''charm'' || '''fyoz'''....''disgrace'' |- | '''fyaxin'''....''religion''<br>'''fyatez'''....''cult'' || '''fyexin'''....''sorcery'' || '''fyoxin'''....''witchcraft'' |- | '''fyaxel'''....''liturgy'' || '''fyexel'''....''ritual'' || '''fyoxel'''....''occult'' |- | '''fyaxam'''....''church'' || || |- | '''fyaxob'''....''church hierarchy'' || || |- | '''fyaxeb'''....''clergyman'' || '''fyexeb'''....''wizard'' || '''fyoxeb'''....''occult leader'' |- | '''afyaxeb'''....''pope'' || || |- | '''efyaxeb'''....''cardinal'' || || |- | '''abifyaxeb'''....''archbishop'' || || |- | '''ifyaxeb'''....''bishop'' || || |- | '''ufyaxeb'''....''parish priest'' || || |- | '''obufyadeb'''....''deacon'' || || |- | '''fyatob'''....''saint'' || '''fyetob'''....''fairy'' || '''fyotob'''....''demon'' |- | '''fyatop'''....''holy spirit'' || '''fyetop'''....''ghost, sprite'' || '''fyotop'''....''ghoul'' |- | '''fyat'''....''saint'' || '''fyet'''....''elf, pixy'' || '''fyot'''....''gremlin, imp, goblin, troll, ogre'' |- | '''fyavyad'''....''oath'' || || |- | '''fyavatex'''....''faith'' || || |- | '''fyatyez'''....''hieromancy'' || '''fyetyez'''....''magic'' || '''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- | '''fyatyezmuv'''....''miter''|| '''fyetyezmuv'''....''magic wand'' || '''fyetyezmuv'''....''jinx'' |- | '''fyadresiyn'''....''hieroglyph'' || || |- | '''fyatead'''....''testament'' || |- | '''fyad'''....''blessing''|| '''fyed'''....''incantation'' || '''fyod'''....''curse'' |- | '''fyasin'''....''icon'' || '''fyesin'''....''charm'' || '''fyosin'''....''pornography'' |- | '''fyasyun'''....''idol'' || '''fyesyun'''....''talisman'' || '''fyosyun'''....''fetish, taboo'' |- | '''fyaifrer'''....''worship'' || || |- | '''fyadil'''....''prayer'' || '''fyedil'''....''spell'' || '''fyodil'''....''curse'' |- | '''fyapop'''....''crusade'' || || |- | '''fyamilber'''....''baptize'' || || |- | '''fyaojdun'''....''prophesy'' || ||'''fyoojdun'''....''ill omen'' |- | '''fyaxyel'''....''holy unction'' || || |- | '''fyateaz'''....''miracle'' || '''fyeteaz'''....''wonderment'' || '''fyoteaz'''....''pox'' |- | '''fyasem'''....''altar'' || || |- | '''fyasim'''....''throne''|| || |- | '''fyakosin'''....''mysticism''|| || |- | '''fyakosut'''....''hermit''|| || |- | '''fyajub'''....''feast day''|| || |- | '''fyadyes'''....''bible''|| || |- | '''fyadrenyan'''....''scriptures''|| || |- | '''fyadin'''....''gospel'' || '''fyedin'''....''myth, legend, fairytale'' || |- | '''fyadun'''....''blessing''|| '''fyedun'''....''magic spell''||'''fyodun'''....''curse'' |- | '''fyadot'''....''religious order''|| '''fyedot'''....''mystical cult'' || '''fyodot'''....''occult society'' |- | '''fyaantinat'''....''monk''|| || |- | '''fyatwid'''....''friar'' || || |- | '''fyabuler'''....''consecrate''|| || |- | '''fyabyena'''....''moral''|| || |- | '''fyadal'''....''sermon''|| || |- | '''fyadalsem'''....''pulpit''|| || |- | '''fyadalzyabut'''....''evangelist''|| || |} {{small/end}} === '''AG''' ''big'', '''EG''' ''normal'', '''OG''' ''small'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AG-EG-OG Family |- | valign= top | '''aga'''....''big''<br>'''agan'''....''size''<br>'''agaxer'''....''magnify''<br>'''agser'''....''grow''<br>'''aaga'''....''main''<br>'''agla'''....''huge''<br>'''agra'''....''gigantic, mega-''<br>'''agsa'''....''adult''<br>'''agta'''....''great''<br>'''agala'''....''major''|| valign=top|'''ega'''....''normal''<br>'''egan'''....''normalcy''<br>'''egaxer'''....''normalize''<br>'''egon'''....''standard''<br>'''egonxer'''....''standardize'' ||valign=top|'''oga'''....''little''<br>'''ogan'''....''smallness''<br>'''ogaxer'''....''minimize''<br>'''ogser'''....''shrink''<br>'''ooga'''....''minor''<br>'''ogla'''....''tiny''<br>'''ogra'''....''microscopic''<br>'''ogala'''...''minor'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAG''' ''long'' '''YOG''' ''short'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAG-YOG Family |- | valign=top|'''yaga'''....''long''<br>'''yagan'''....''length''<br>'''yagaxer'''....''lengthen''<br>'''yagxer'''....''stretch''<br>'''yagteja'''....''long-lived'' ||'''yoga'''....''short''<br>'''yogan'''....''shortness''<br>'''yogaxer'''....''abbreviate''<br>'''yogxer'''....''contract''<br>'''yogteja'''....''short-lived'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GA''' ''more'', '''GE''' ''equal'', '''GO''' ''less'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GA-GE-GO Family |- | valign=top| '''ga'''....''more''<br>'''gay'''....''also''<br>'''gaj'''....''still''<br>'''gaxer'''....''increase''<br>'''gab'''....''plus''<br>'''gal'''....''times, multiplied by''<br>'''gar'''....''to the power of''<br>'''gan'''....''whole'' || '''ge'''....''equal''<br>'''gey'''....''even''<br>'''gel'''....''as''<br>'''gexer'''....''equalize''<br>'''geber'''....''equate''<br>'''gedrer'''....''copy''<br>'''gegon'''....''equity''<br>'''geder'''....''quote''<br>'''gelder'''....''echo''<br>'''gelxer'''....''imitate''<br>'''geltxer'''....''identify''<br>'''geyla'''....''similar'' || valign=top|'''go'''....''less''<br>'''goy'''....''except''<br>'''goj'''....''no longer''<br>'''goxer'''....''decrease''<br>'''gob'''....''minus, subtracted by''<br>'''gol'''....''divided by''<br>'''gor'''....''to the minus power of''<br>'''gon'''....''part''<br>'''gos'''....''piece''<br>'''gobler'''....''cut'' |- | valign=top |'''gla'''....''much, many, very''<br>'''glan'''....''quantity''<br>'''glagon'''....''plurality''<br>'''glal'''....''cluster''<br>'''glatwa'''....''famous''<br>'''duhogla?'''....''how much?'' ||valign=top| '''gle'''....''some, rather'' ||valign=top| '''glo'''....''little, few, slightly''<br>'''glon'''....''paucity''<br>'''glogon'''....''minority'' |- | valign=top | '''gra'''....''too much, too''<br>'''gran'''....''excess'' || valign=top|'''gre'''....''enough''<br>'''gren'''....''quorum'' || valign=top|'''gro'''....''too little, not enough''<br>'''gron'''....''shortage'' |- | valign=top|'''gwa'''....''most''<br>'''gwafua'''....''worst''<br>'''gwaifer'''...''prefer'' ||valign=top| '''gwe'''....''just'' || valign=top|'''gwo'''....''least''<br>'''gwomul'''....''atom''<br>'''gwos'''....''particle'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GI''' ''point'' '''GU''' ''angle'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GI-GU Family |- | valign=top|'''gia'''....''sharp''<br>'''gin'''....''point''<br>'''grin'''....''blade''<br>'''giber'''....''poke''<br>'''ginod'''....''peak''<br>'''ginid'''....''cone''<br>'''gixer'''....''sharpen''<br>'''ogia'''....''dull''<br>'''giseux'''....''shriek''<br>'''gitep'''....''wit''<br>'''giteus'''....''zest''<br>'''gidud'''....''quip''|| valign=top|'''gua'''....''angular''<br>'''gun'''....''angle''<br>'''grun'''....''hook''<br>'''gum'''....''corner''<br>'''ungun'''....''quadrangle''<br>'''ingun'''....''triangle''<br>'''unizgun'''....''rectangle''<br>'''ungekun'''....''square''<br>'''yagunid'''....''cube''<br>'''mepgun'''....''fork in the road''<br>'''gunid'''....''wedge''<br>'''gupnod'''....''turning point, verge'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GYA''' ''fat'', '''GYO''' ''thin'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GYA-GYO Family |- | valign=top|'''gyaa'''....''fat, thick''<br>'''gyaan'''....''girth''<br>'''gyala'''....''massive''<br>'''glata'''....''obese''<br>'''gyaya'''....''pudgy''<br>'''gyagina'''....''blunt''<br>'''gyagoblun'''....''slab''<br>'''gyagol'''....''hunk''<br>'''gyaxer'''....''thicken, fatten'' || valign=top|'''gyoa'''....''thin''<br>'''gyoan'''....''slenderness''<br>'''gyola'''....''fine, sheer''<br>'''gyota'''....''lean''<br>'''gyoya'''....''puny''<br>'''gyofa'''....''gaunt''<br>'''gyogoblun'''....''thin slice''<br>'''gyogol'''....''cutlet''<br>'''gyoxer'''....''streamline'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GYI''' ''solid'', '''GYU''' ''fragile'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GYI-GYU- Family |- | valign=top|'''gyia'''....''solid''<br>'''gyila'''....''firm''<br>'''gyita'''....''robust''<br>'''gyifa'''....''stiff''<br>'''gyitef'''....''helmet''<br>'''gyitepa'''....''tough-minded''<br>'''gyixer'''...''solidify''<br>'''gyifxer'''....''to stiffen''|| valign=top|'''gyua'''....''fragile''<br>'''gyula'''....''supple''<br>'''gyusa'''....''delicate''<br>'''gyufa'''....''flimsy''<br>'''gyuka'''....''scant''<br>'''gyuya'''....''dainty''<br>'''gyuta'''....''frail''<br>'''gyutelam'''....''delicatessen'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IG''' ''fast'', '''UG''' ''slow'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IG-UG- Family |- | '''iga'''....''fast''<br>'''igra'''....''frenetic''<br>'''igar'''....''accelerator''<br>'''igper'''....''run''<br>'''tepiga'''....''quick-witted''<br>'''igxer'''....''to speed up'' || '''uga'''....''slow''<br>'''igra'''....''sluggish''<br>'''ugar'''....''brake''<br>'''ugper'''....''amble''<br>'''tepuga'''....''slow-witted''<br>'''ugxer'''....''to slow down'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIG''' ''hard'', '''YUG''' ''soft'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIG-YUG- Family |- | '''yiga'''....''hard''<br>'''yigla'''....''rude''<br>'''yigra'''....''violent''<br>'''yigta'''....''tense''<br>'''yigza'''....''sharp, sour''<br>'''yigsa'''....''rigid''<br>'''yigfa'''....''rough''<br>'''yigaza'''....''bitter''<br>'''bilyig'''....''cheese'' || '''yuga'''....''soft''<br>'''yugla'''....''polite''<br>'''yugra'''....''gentle''<br>'''yugta'''....''lax''<br>'''yugza'''....''mild, sweet''<br>'''yugsa'''....''supple, flexible''<br>'''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugsra'''....''elastic''<br>'''bilyug'''....''butter'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AJ''' ''past'', '''EJ''' ''present'', '''OJ''' ''future'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AJ-EJ-OJ Family |- valign=top | '''aj'''....''past''<br>'''ajna'''....''old''<br>'''ajyena'''....''old-fashioned''<br>'''yibaj'''....''distant past''<br>'''ajber'''....''to pass'' || '''ej'''....''present''<br>'''ejna'''....''new''<br>'''ejyena'''....''modern''<br>'''yubej'''....''here-and-now''<br>'''ejber'''....''to present'' || '''oj'''....''future''<br>'''ojna'''....''to-be''<br>'''ojyena'''....''futuristic''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future''<br>'''ojber'''....''to postpone'' |} {{small/end}} === '''TAJ''' ''birth'', '''TEJ''' ''life'', '''TOJ''' ''death'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ TAJ-TEJ-TOJ Family |- valign=top | '''taj'''....''birth''<br>'''tajer'''....''be born''<br>'''tajber'''....''give birth''<br>'''taja'''....''natal''<br>'''bostajya'''....''stillborn'' || '''tej'''....''life''<br>'''tejer'''....''live''<br>'''tejber'''....''bring to life''<br>'''teja'''....''vital''<br>'''tejea'''....''alive'' || '''toj'''....''death''<br>'''tojer'''....''die''<br>'''tojber'''....''kill''<br>'''toja'''....''mortal''<br>'''tojya'''....''dead'' |} {{small/end}} === '''JA''' ''before'', '''JE''' ''during'', '''JO''' ''after'', '''JI''' ''since'', '''JU''' ''until'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ JA-JE-JO-JI-JU Family |- | valign=top|'''ja'''....''before''<br>'''jaa'''....''anterior''<br>'''jana'''....''previous''<br>'''jay'''....''already''<br>'''jater'''....''presage''<br>'''japer'''....''precede''<br>'''jader'''....''predict''<br>'''jafyunder'''....''warn''<br>'''jaovber'''....''prevent''<br>'''jaxer'''....''prepare''<br>'''jatuer'''....''train''<br>'''jabikier'''....''take precautions''<br>'''jaexdrer'''....''plan''<br>'''jateaxer'''....''preview''<br>'''jateater'''....''foresee''<br>'''janapder'''....''preordain''<br>'''janap'''....''priority''<br>'''jatex'''....''forethought''<br>'''jatul'''....''antipasto'' || valign=top|'''je'''....''during''<br>'''jea'''....''on-going''<br>'''jena'''....''current, on-going''<br>'''jey'''....''meanwhile''<br>'''jes'''....''course''<br>'''jeper'''....''to keep going''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''<br>'''jeser'''....''to continue'' ||valign=top| '''jo'''....''after''<br>'''joa'''....''posterior''<br>'''jona'''....''next''<br>'''joy'''....''then, next, afterwards''<br>'''joxwas'''....''aftermath''<br>'''joper'''....''follow''<br>'''joteaxer'''....''review''<br>'''joiber'''....''inherit''<br>'''joigper'''....''pursue''<br>'''jouper'''....''succeed''<br>'''jois'''....''after-effect''<br>'''jotul'''....''dessert''<br>'''jotej'''....''afterlife''<br>'''jotex'''....''afterthought''<br>||valign=top|'''ji'''....''since''<br>'''ji huj'''....''since then''||valign=top|'''ju'''....''until''<br>'''ju hij'''....''until now'' |} {{small/end}} === '''JWA''' ''early'', '''JWE''' ''on time'', '''JWO''' ''late'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ JWA-JWE-JWO Family |- | valign=top|'''jwa'''....''early''<br>'''jwaa'''....''pre-mature''<br>'''jwapuer'''....''arrive early''<br>'''jwaxer'''....''preempt''<br>'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br>'''jwatuer'''....''warn''<br>'''jwayeker'''....''experiment''<br>'''jwadrer'''....''draft''<br>'''jwayivxer'''....''parole'' ||valign=top| '''jwe'''....''on time''<br>'''jwea'''....''ready, timely, ripe''<br>'''jwepuer'''....''arrive on time''<br>'''jwexer'''....''prepare''<br>'''jweder'''....''prompt'' ||valign=top| '''jwo'''....''late''<br>'''jwoa'''....''tardy, mature, stale''<br>'''jwopuer'''....''arrive late''<br>'''jwoxer'''....''delay''<br>'''jwovosut'''....''late-bloomer'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ JWA-JWE-JWO Parallels |- | '''jwa'''....''early''|| '''jwe'''....''in time'' || '''jwo'''....''late'' |- | '''jwata'''....''underaged'' || '''jweta'''....''pubescent'' || '''jwota'''....''mature, adult'' |- | '''jwafa'''....''green, unripe'' ||'''jwefa'''....''fresh'' || '''jwofa'''....''stale'' |- | '''jwaja'''....''ancient'' || '''jweja'''....''contemporary'' || '''jwoja'''....''modern, latter-day'' |- | '''jwasa'''....''premature'' || '''jwesa'''....''new'' || '''jwosa'''....''mature'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IJ''' ''beginning'', '''UJ''' ''end'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top" |+ IJ-UJ Family |- | '''ijer'''....''begin''|| '''ujer'''....''end, finish'' |- |'''ijper'''....''start up''||'''ujper'''....''come to an end'' |- |'''ijber'''....''start up''|| '''ujber'''....''bring to an end'' |- |'''ijna'''....''initial'' || '''ujna'''....''final'' |- |'''ijar'''....''on switch''|| '''ujar'''....''off switch'' |- |'''ijem'''....''origin''|| '''ujem'''....''endpoint'' |- |'''vabij'''....''seed'' || '''kyeuj'''....''fate'' |- |'''tabij'''....''embryo'' || '''dinuj'''....''denouement'' |- |'''patij'''....''egg'' || '''mepuj'''....''deadend'' |- |'''texij'''....''concept'' || '''jobuj'''....''eternity'' |- |'''milij'''....''spring''||'''tibuj'''....''tail'' |- |'''manij'''....''glimmer''||'''byuuj'''....''goal'' |- |'''majij'''....''dawn''|| '''fabuj'''....''tree stump'' |- |'''mojij'''....''dusk'' || '''fiuj'''....''success'' |- |'''vosij'''....''bud'' ||'''fuuj'''....''failure'' |- |'''peltij'''....''pupa'' || '''tiavuj'''....''shirttail'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIJ''' ''open'', '''YUJ''' ''close'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top" |+ YIJ-YUJ Family |- valign=top | '''yija'''....''open''<br>'''yijer'''....''open''<br>'''yijper'''....''come open''<br>'''yijber'''....''open up''<br>'''yijlar'''....''key''<br>'''yuijar'''....''valve'''''ebyij'''....''hiatus''<br>'''mimyij'''....''cove'' || '''yuja'''....''closed''<br>'''yujer'''....''close''<br>'''yujper'''....''come to a close''<br>'''yujber'''....''bring to a close''<br>'''yujlar'''....''lock''<br>'''yobyuj'''....''timeout''<br>'''manyujar'''....''dimmer switch'' |} {{small/end}} === '''TIJ''' ''awake'', '''TUJ''' ''asleep'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top" |+ TIJ-TUJ Family |- valign=top | '''tija'''....''awake''<br>'''tijer'''....''be awake''<br>'''tijper'''....''wake up''<br>'''tijber'''....''waken''<br>'''tijtepa'''....''conscious''<br>'''iktija'''....''wide awake''<br>'''yoktijer'''....''to wake up suddenly''<br>'''tijyea'''....''vigilent'' ||'''tuja'''....''asleep''<br>'''tujer'''....''sleep''<br>'''tujper'''....''fall asleep''<br>'''tujber'''....''put to sleep''<br>'''tujtepa'''....''unconscious''<br>'''yogtuj'''....''nap''<br>'''eyntuj'''....''trance''<br>'''kyujujer'''....''to snooze''<br>'''tujbok'''....''sleep disorder''<br>'''tujefa'''....''sleepy''<br>'''tujtyoper'''....''sleepwalk'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AK''' ''win'', '''EK''' ''play'', '''OK''' ''lose'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AK-EK-OK Family |- valign=top | valign=top|'''aker'''....''win, gain''<br>'''akut'''....''winner''<br>'''akun'''....''win''<br>'''akler'''....''defeat''<br>'''akrer'''....''triumph''<br>'''akbun'''....''award''<br>'''nasak'''....''windfall''<br>'''aknas'''....''profit''<br>'''ujak'''....''success'' || valign=top|'''eker'''....''play, risk''<br>'''ekut'''....''player''<br>'''ekun'''....''game''<br>'''ifek'''....''play''<br>'''dopek'''....''battle''<br>'''dropek'''....''war''<br>'''tapek'''....''sport''<br>'''nasek'''....''gamble''<br>'''yanek'''....''competition''<br>'''ovek'''....''contest''<br>'''dalovek'''....''debate''<br>'''dunek'''....''pun''<br>'''eksag'''....''score''<br>'''geeksag'''....''tie'' ||valign=top| '''oker'''....''lose''<br>'''okut'''....''loser''<br>'''okun'''....''loss''<br>'''tejok'''....''loss of life''<br>'''nasok'''....''bankrupty''<br>'''oknas'''....''deficit''<br>'''ujok'''....''failure'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAK''' ''expect'', '''YEK'''....''try'', '''YOK''' ''surprise'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAK-YEK-YOK Family |- valign=top |valign=top|'''yaker'''....''expect''<br>'''fiyak'''....''hope''<br>'''fuyak'''....''despair''<br>'''fiyakuer'''....''inspire''<br>'''fuyakuer'''....''discourage''<br>'''akyakwa'''....''expected to win''<br>'''oyakway'''....''unexpectedly'' || valign=top|'''yeker'''....''try''<br>'''finyeker'''....''test''<br>'''aayeker'''....''experiment''<br>'''yekuer'''....''challenge''<br>'''fuyekuer'''....''tempt''<br>'''yekun'''....''goal''<br>'''doyevyek'''....''trial''<br>'''yanyek'''....''contest''<br>'''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' || valign=top|'''yoker'''....''be surprised''<br>'''yokdun'''....''exclamation''<br>'''yokxeus'''....''sudden noise, boom''<br>'''yoktoj'''....''sudden death''<br>'''yokay'''....''unexpectedly''<br>'''yokyim'''....''flashflood''<br>'''yokay'''....''suddenly''<br>'''yokbas'''....''spasm, jerk'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IK''' ''full'', '''UK''' ''empty'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IK-UK Family |- | valign=top| '''ika'''....''full''||'''uka'''....''empty'' |- |'''iliker'''....''to flood''||'''to iluker'''....''drain'' |- |'''ikber'''....''to fill''||'''ukber'''....''to empty'' |- |'''ikxer'''....''complete''||'''ukxer'''....''to deplete'' |- |'''melik'''....''dirt pile''|| '''meluk'''....''pit'' |- |'''ikza'''....''rich''|| '''ukza'''....''poor'' |- |'''ikra'''....''saturated'' || '''ukla'''....''hollow'' |- |'''iksag'''....''sum'' || '''uktoser'''....''to miss'' |} {{small/end}} : The prefixes '''-ika''' (''-ful'') and '''-uka''' (''-less'') can form many adjectives, such as: ::* '''tejika'''....''lively'' ::* '''tuilika'''....''saucy'' ::* '''tesika'''....''meaningful'' ::* '''tezuka'''....''cultureless'' ::* '''tayebuka'''....''hairless'' ::* '''maruka'''....''starless'' === '''YIK''' ''difficult'', '''YUK''' ''easy'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIK-YUK Family |- | '''yika'''....''difficult''<br>'''yikla'''....''complicated''<br>'''yikom'''....''hardship''<br>'''yikson'''....''problem''<br>'''yikun'''....''hindrance'' || '''yuka'''....''easy''<br>'''yukla'''....''simple''<br>'''yukom'''....''comfort''<br>'''yukson'''....''easy matter''<br>'''yukun'''....''convenience'' |} {{small/end}} : Forms of '''-yik-''' and '''-yuk-''' can be suffixed to verb stems as a modal meaning ''hard to'' and ''easy to'', respectively: ::* '''testyikwa'''....''hard to understand'' ::* '''teetyika'''....''hard of hearing'' ::* '''dudyikwa'''....''hard to answer, enigmatic'' ::* '''teatyiker'''....''have a hard time seeing'' ::* '''pesyuka'''....''patient (easy to wait)'' ::* '''vatexyuka'''....''gullible (easy to believe)'' ::* '''testyukwa'''....''comprehensible (easy to understand)'' ::* '''datxyuker'''....''find it easy to make friends'' === '''KA''' ''find'', '''KE''' ''search'', '''KO''' ''hide'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KA-KE-KO Family |- |valign=top| '''kaxer'''....''find''<br>'''kaxun'''....''trove''<br>'''kaxon'''....''solution''<br>'''kader'''....''reveal''<br>'''kater'''....''realize''<br>'''kap'''....''adventure''<br>'''ijkaxer'''....''invent''<br>'''kyekaxer'''....''discover, stumble on''<br>'''katepa'''....''conscious''<br>'''kas'''....''status''||valign=top|'''kexer'''....''seek''<br>'''kexun'''....''goal''<br>'''kexon'''....''quest''<br>'''keder'''....''question''<br>'''keter'''....''wonder, be curious about''<br>'''kep'''.....''mission''<br>'''kebier'''....''choose''<br>'''kebider'''....''vote''<br>'''tunkexer'''....''research''<br>'''zyakexer'''....''search''<br>'''keteaxer'''....''scan''<br>'''pokexut'''....''hunter''<br>'''nazkexut'''....''treasure hunter''<br>'''kyeojkexut'''....''fortune-seeker''||valign=top| '''koxer'''....''hide''<br>'''koxun'''....''stash''<br>'''koxon'''....''problem, quandary''<br>'''kod'''....''secret''<br>'''koter'''....''belie''<br>'''kop'''....''going into hiding''<br>'''kobier'''....''steal''<br>'''koem'''....''hideaway''<br>'''koembier'''....''take refuge''<br>'''koembuer'''....''provide shelter''<br>'''kof'''....''cover''<br>'''koexut'''....''spy''<br>'''kodyun'''....''coverword''<br>'''kodin'''....''myth''<br>'''kodrentun'''....''cryptography''<br>'''teabkof'''....''blindfold''<br>'''koxof'''....''cloak''<br>'''koxov'''....''veil''<br>'''koifer'''....''covet''<br>'''kopier'''....''elope''<br>'''kopuer'''....''sneak up to''<br>'''kotepa'''....''subconscious''<br>'''kotofxer'''....''disguise''<br>'''kotes'''....''subtext''<br>'''koteexer'''....''wiretap''<br>'''koteaxer'''....''spy, peep''<br>'''kosag'''....''cipher'' |} {{small/end}} === '''KYA''' ''variable'', '''KYE''' ''random'', '''KYO''' ''fixed'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KYA-KYE-KYO Family |- |valign=top| '''kyaa'''....''variable''<br>'''kyaser'''....''vary''<br>'''kyanaz'''....''variable''<br>'''kyanaztun'''....''algebra''<br>'''kyadun'''....''variable''<br>'''kyasun'''....''variant''<br>'''kyasea'''....''variant''<br>'''kyayukwa'''....''versatile''<br>'''kyaxer'''....''change''<br>'''ebkyaxer'''....''exchange''<br>'''kyaper'''....''fluctuate, slide''<br>'''kyasanier'''....''mutate''<br>'''tepkyaxer'''....''persuade, motivate'' ||valign=top|'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br>'''kyeser'''....''happen''<br>'''kyenaz'''....''parameter''<br>'''kyes'''....''event, happening, incident''<br>'''kyeoj'''....''fate, destiny''<br>'''kyen'''....''luck, chance''<br>'''fikyen'''....''good luck''<br>'''fukyen'''....''bad luck''<br>'''fukyes'''....''accident''<br>'''kyenek'''....''game of chance''<br>'''kyenekam'''....''casino''<br>'''kyenekar'''....''gaming machine''<br>'''kyeson'''....''circumstance''<br>'''yankyeson'''....''coincidence''<br>'''kyeper'''....''waver''<br>'''kyebuk'''....''danger''<br>'''kyeteater'''....''notice''<br>'''kyeyanuper'''....''happen to meet''<br>'''kyeon'''....''case''<br>'''kyexej'''....''adventure''<br>'''fukyeoj'''....''misfortune''<br>'''fikyeoj'''....''good fortune'' ||valign=top| '''kyoa'''....''fixed, static, still''<br>'''kyoser'''....''stay, stand''<br>'''kyonaz'''....''constant''<br>'''kyos'''....''status, state''<br>'''kyosa'''....''static''<br>'''kyoejea'''....''constant, permanent''<br>'''kyoaxer'''....''stabilize''<br>'''kyoxer'''....''fix, park''<br>'''purkyoxam'''....''parking garage''<br>'''kyoteaxer'''....''stare''<br>'''kyotepier'''....''pay attention''<br>'''kyotexer'''....''obsess'' |} {{small/end}} === '''KI''' ''oblique'', '''KU''' ''lateral'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KI-KU Family |- |valign=top| '''kia'''....''oblique''<br>'''kim'''....''slope''<br>'''kin'''....''slant'' <br>'''kixer'''....''bend''<br>'''kipar'''....''skate''<br>'''kitex'''....''bias''<br>'''kinad'''....''diagonal''<br>'''kisyen'''....''trend''<br>'''kiper'''....''slide''<br>'''texkin'''....''opinion''<br>'''toskin'''....''penchant''<br>'''eynkin'''....''radius''<br>'''yobkiser'''....''to decline''<br>'''jakixwa'''....''predisposed''<br>'''kinadsiyn'''....''slash''<br>'''kined'''....''slope, wedge''<br>'''kinnog'''....''pitch''<br>'''tepkin'''....''bias''<br>'''ovkin'''....''anticline''<br>'''syenkin'''....''trend''<br>'''teaskin'''....''perspective''<br>'''yabkim'''....''upslope''||valign=top| '''kua'''....''lateral''<br>'''kum'''....''side''<br>'''kunad'''....''edge''<br>'''kuber'''....''set aside''<br>'''kumas'''....''embankment''<br>'''kuder'''....''remark''<br>'''kuber'''....''set aside''<br>'''kugon'''....''flank''<br>'''kumep'''....''sidewalk''<br>'''abkun'''....''topside''<br>'''zakun'''....''bow''<br>'''zokun'''....''stern''<br>'''mimkum'''....''coast, seaside''<br>'''ungekun'''....''square'' |} {{small/end}} === '''KYI''' ''heavy'', '''KYU''' ''light'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KYI-KYU Family |- |valign=top| '''kyia'''....''heavy''<br>'''kyiper'''....''gravitate''<br>'''kyisona'''....''grave'' <br>'''kyid'''....''emphasis''<br>'''kyin'''....''weight''<br>'''kyis'''....''freight''<br>'''kyitipa'''....''solemn''<br>'''kyitexer'''....''ponder''<br>'''kyitesa'''....''serious''<br>'''kyibal'''....''stress''<br>'''kyibix'''....''gravity''||valign=top| '''kyua'''....''light''<br>'''kyuper'''....''levitate, float''<br>'''kyusona'''....''trivial''<br>'''kyutipa'''....''silly''<br>'''kyutebseer'''....''swoon''<br>'''kyun'''....''ballast''<br>'''kyutesa'''....''frivolous''<br>'''kyuzyun'''....''balloon''<br>'''kyutujer'''....''doze''<br>'''kyubaser'''....''glide''<br>'''kyuar'''....''buoy'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VA''' ''yes'', '''VE''' ''maybe'', '''VO''' ''no'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VA-VE-VO Family |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vea'''....''possible'' || '''voa'''....''negative'' |- | '''vay'''....''indeed'' || '''vey'''....''possibly'' || '''voy'''....''not'' |- | '''vlaa'''....''certain'' || '''vlea'''....''probable'' || '''vloa'''....''uncertain'' |- | '''van'''....''that'' || '''ven'''....''whether, if'' || '''von'''....''don&apos;t'' |- | '''vaka'''....''safe'' || '''veka'''....''at risk'' || '''voka'''....''in danger'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Factive Adverbs ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Factive Adverbs |- ! FACTIVE ADVERB !! EXAMPLE |- |'''vay'''....''indeed, really, do/does ''||'''Aat <u>vay</u> tide et.'''....''We <u>really do</u> understand you.'' <br>'''<u>Vay</u> upu gajod.'''....''<u>Do</u> come again.'' |- |'''vlay'''....''certainly''||'''At <u>vlay</u> zoypo hum.'''....''I will <u>certainly</u> go back there.'' |- |'''vey'''....''may, maybe, perhaps, might ''||'''<u>Vey</u> mamilo.'''....''It <u>may</u> rain.'' |- |'''vley'''....''probably, likely'' || '''Et se <u>vley</u> vyaka.'''....''You are <u>probably</u> right.'' |- |'''voy'''....''not''||'''Et <u>voy</u> se ata xeb.'''....''You are <u>not</u> my boss.'' |- |'''vloy'''....''most assuredly not'' || '''Iyt <u>vloy</u> yiztejo.'''....''She <u>most assuredly</u> will <u>not</u> survive.'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Factive Responses ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Factive Responses |- ! FACTIVE RESPONSE !! EXAMPLE |- |'''va'''....''yes''||'''<u>Va</u>, at tide.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, I understand.'' |- |'''vla'''....''certainly'' ||'''Duven et upo? <u>Vla</u>!'''....''Will you come? <u>Certainly</u>!'' |- |'''ve'''....''maybe, perhaps''||'''<u>Ve</u>. At voy te.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>, I don't know.'' |- |'''vle'''....''probably'' ||'''Duven sa fukyes? <u>Vle</u>.'''....''Was it an accident. <u>Probably</u>.'' |- |'''vo'''....''no''||'''<u>Vo.</u> Et yofe ayser has.'''....''<u>No</u>. You can't have it.'' |- |'''vlo'''....''absolutely not'' || '''Buu eta nas. <u>Vlo</u>!'''....''Give me your money. Absolutely <u>not</u>!'' |- |'''vao'''....''yes or no''||'''Et se tadxwa, vao?''''....''You are married, <u>yes or no</u>?'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Complementizers ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Complementizers |- ! COMPLEMENTIZER !! EXAMPLE |- |'''van'''....''that''||'''At ta <u>van</u> et upo.'''....''I knew (<u>that</u>) you would come.''<br>'''<u>Van</u> yat fyadilu.'''....''<u>Let's</u> pray.'' |- |'''ven'''....''if, whether''||'''<u>Ven</u> et peso, at pio.'''....''<u>If</u> you stay, I will leave.''<br>'''<u>Ven</u> at su et, at peso.'''....''If I were you, I'd stay.''<br>'''At voy te <u>ve</u>n mamilo.'''....''I don't know <u>whether</u> it will rain.'' |- |'''von'''....''lest, that...not, don&apos;t''|| '''At yufa <u>von</u> it toju.'''....''I feared <u>lest</u> he die.''<br>'''At ojfe <u>von</u> et piu.'''....''I wish you wouldn't (=<u>that</u> you <u>not</u>)go.''<br>'''<u>Von</u> su huyen!'''....''<u>Don't</u> be that way!'' |- |'''duven'''....''Do...?, Say whether...?''||'''<u>Duven</u> et tre huyt?'''....''<u>Do</u> you know her?'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Correlative Conjunctions ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Correlative Conjunctions |- ! CONJUNCTION !! EXAMPLE |- |'''ay'''....''and ''||'''Et <u>ay</u> at po hum.'''....''You <u>and</u> I will go there.'' |- |'''ey'''....''or ''||'''Yat yake mamil <u>ey</u> mamyoym.'''....''We expect rain <u>or</u> snow.'' |- |'''oy'''....''but ''||'''At po <u>oy</u> at voy beso glaj.'''....''I will go <u>but</u> I won't stay long.'' |- |'''ay/ey'''....''and/or''||'''Ha duzun yebio X <u>ay/ey</u> Y.'''....''The concert will include X <u>and/or</u> Y.'' |- |'''hyaewa...ay'''....''both...and ''||'''<u>Hyaewa</u> et <u>ay</u> at voduda.'''....''<u>Both</u> you <u>and</u> I answered no.''<br>'''<u>Hyaewati</u> voduda.'''....''Both answered no.'' |- |'''Hyeawa...ey'''....''either...or ''||'''<u>Hyeawa</u> et <u>ey</u> at ako.'''....''<u>Either</u> you <u>or</u> I will win.''<br>'''<u>Hyeawat</u> ako.'''....''Either will win.'' |- |'''Hyoewa...ey'''....''neither...nor ''||'''Hyoewa et <u>ey</u> at ako.'''....''<u>Neither</u> you <u>nor</u> I will win.''<br>'''<u>Hyoewat</u> (bi ha ewati) ako.'''....''<u>Neither</u> (of the two) will win.'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VYA''' ''true'', '''VYE''' ''relative'', '''VYO''' ''false'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VYA-VYE-VYO Family |- | '''vyaa'''....''true''<br>'''vyan'''....''truth''<br>'''vyaama'''....''virtual''<br>'''vyaba'''....''regular''<br>'''vyadea'''....''honest''<br>'''vyafa'''....''precise''<br>'''vyala'''....''authentic''<br>'''vyalma'''....''objective''<br>'''vyalva'''....''proper''<br>'''vyama'''....''real''<br>'''vyamsa'''....''substantial''<br>'''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyava'''....''exact''<br>'''vyayaba'''....''systematic''<br>'''vyasauna'''....''genuine''<br>'''vyasma'''....''concrete''<br>'''vyayma'''....''effective''<br>'''vyayuxea'''....''faithful''<br>'''vyatepa'''....''rational''<br>'''vyatesa'''....''reasonable''<br>'''vyatexa'''....''logical''<br>'''vyatina'''....''orthodox''<br>'''vyatipa'''....''loyal''<br>'''vyanaba'''....''adjusted''<br>'''vyaotea'''....''wise''<br>'''vyantina'''....''dogmatic''<br>'''vyayuva'''....''trusty''<br>'''vyankexer'''....''investigate''<br>'''vyanyeker'''....''prove''<br>'''vyantixer'''....''research''<br>'''vyatexer'''....''believe''<br>'''vyayab'''....''system''<br>'''dovyab'''....''law''<br>'''vyavader'''....''determine''<br>'''vyatisika'''....''sagacious''<br>'''vyateja'''....''true-to-life''<br>'''vyao'''...''right or wrong'' ||valign=top| '''vyea'''....''relative''<br>'''vyean'''....''relativity''<br>'''vyenaz'''....''coefficient''<br>'''vyenxer'''...''relate''<br>'''vyesag'''....''ratio''<br>'''vyeson'''....''subject''<br>'''vyel'''....''relative to, than''<br>'''vyesun'''....''object''<br>'''vyet'''...''kin''<br>'''vyetepa'''....''subjective''<br>'''vyetexer'''....''consider''<br>'''vyexeon'''....''circumstance''<br>'''vyexer'''....''relate''<br>'''vyeder'''....''to relate''<br>'''vyedrer'''....''to correspond''<br>'''vyel'''....''than, as, relative to''<br>'''vyegedun'''....''analogy''<br>'''vyegelser'''....''to match''<br>'''vyegexer'''....''to compare''<br>'''vyegon'''....''proportion, quota''<br>'''vyein'''....''relativism''<br>'''vyen'''....''relation''||valign=top| '''vyoa'''....''false''<br>'''vyoka'''....''wrong''<br>'''vyom'''....''fiction''<br>'''vyomdin'''....''fairy tale''<br>'''vyomeper'''....''err''<br>'''vyomepxer'''....''misroute''<br>'''vyomsin'''....''illusion''<br>'''vyomvatex'''....''superstition''<br>'''vyon'''...''fault''<br>'''vyonap'''...''disorder''<br>'''vyonder'''....''lie''<br>'''vyonober'''....''excuse''<br>'''vyons'''....''failure''<br>'''vyonxer'''...''transgress''<br>'''vyosauna'''....''counterfeit''<br>'''vyosyen'''....''artifice''<br>'''vyotepa'''....''foolish''<br>'''vyotesier'''....''misinterpret''<br>'''vyotester'''....''misunderstand''<br>'''vyotex'''....''fallacy''<br>'''vyotipan'''....''treason''<br>'''vyoxler'''....''traffic''<br>'''vyoyeker'''...''debunk''<br>'''vyoyixler'''....''betray'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AV''' ''for'', '''EV''' ''neutral'', '''OV''' ''against'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AV/EV/OV Family |- | valign=top|'''av'''....''for''<br>'''ava'''....''favorable''<br>'''avan'''....''behalf, behest''<br>'''avon'''....''asset, advantage''<br>'''avun'''....''favor, benefit''<br>'''avder'''....''advocate''<br>'''avejter'''....''represent''<br>'''yanav'''....''party''<br>'''avson'''....''sake''<br>'''av duhos?'''....''why, what for?''<br>'''avaxler'''....''represent''<br>'''avdalut'''....''advocate''<br>'''avdopekut'''....''champion''<br>'''avunkexer'''....''fawn over'' || valign=top|'''eva'''....''neutral''<br>'''evan'''....''neutrality''<br>'''evder'''....''equivocate''<br>'''evxer'''....''neutralize''<br>'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''eveotifa'''....''asexual''<br>'''evkuma'''....''impartial''<br>'''evtooba'''....''gender-neutral''<br>'''evtos'''....''apathy''<br>'''evtotina'''....''atheist'' || valign=top|'''ov'''....''against''<br>'''ova'''....''contrary''<br>'''ovon'''....''liability, handicap, disadvantage''<br>'''ovun'''....''obstacle''<br>'''yanov'''....''opposition''<br>'''ovar'''....''shield''<br>'''ovaxler'''...''counteract, defy''<br>'''ovber'''...''to block''<br>'''ovbyaser'''....''to resist''<br>'''ovbyekul'''....''antidote''<br>'''ovdaler'''....''protest''<br>'''ovdat'''....''enemy'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAV''' ''innocent'', '''YEV''' ''just'', '''YOV''' ''guilty'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAV/YEV/YOV Family |- | valign=top|'''yava'''....''innocent''<br>'''yavder'''....''acquit''<br>'''yavla'''....''proud''<br>'''yavra'''....''arrogant''<br>'''yavandier'''....''to plead innocent''<br>'''yavankexut'''....''defense attorney''<br>'''yavdeler'''...''to exonerate''<br>'''yavkaxer'''....''to find innocent''<br>'''yavlader'''....''boast, flaunt''<br>'''yavlanyober'''...''to humiliate''<br>'''yavalatyoper'''....''strut''<br>'''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' || valign=top|'''yeva'''....''fair''<br>'''yevder'''....''judge''<br>'''doyevan'''....''justice''<br>'''doyevdut'''....''judge''<br>'''doyevon'''....''court case''<br>'''doyevam'''....''court''<br>'''finyevut'''....''critic'' || valign=top|'''yova'''....''guilty''<br>'''yovder'''....''indict, accuse''<br>'''yovla'''....''ashamed''<br>'''yovra'''....''mortified''<br>'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br>'''doyov'''....''crime''<br>'''yovbyok'''....''penalty''<br>'''yovbyokam'''....''prison''<br>'''yovober'''....''pardon'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VI''' ''beautiful'', '''VU''' ''ugly'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VI-VU Family |- | '''via'''....''beautiful'' || '''vua'''....''ugly'' |- | '''viya'''....''pretty'' || '''vuya'''....''nasty'' |- | '''vila'''....''magnificent'' || '''vudal'''....''foul language'' |- | '''vira'''....''marvelous'' ||'''vudun'''....''swear word'' |- | '''vria'''....''glamorous'' ||'''vukaxer'''....''to revile'' |- | '''vifa'''....''elegant'' || '''vufa'''....''vulgar'' |- | '''vita'''....''classy'' || '''vuta'''....''wretched'' |- | '''vioga'''....''cute'' || |- | '''viaga'''....''sumptuous'' || |} {{small/end}} === '''VYI''' ''clean'', '''VYU''' ''dirty'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VYI-VYU Family |- | '''vyia'''....''clean'' || '''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''vyida'''....''clear'' || '''vyuda'''....''muddled'' |- | '''vyina'''....''pure'' || '''vyuna'''....''stained'' |- | '''vyita'''....''chaste'' || '''vyuta'''....''sleazy'' |- | '''vyiya'''....''neat'' || '''vyuya'''....''foul'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IV''' ''happy'', '''UV''' ''sad'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IV-UV Family |- valign=top | '''iva'''....''happy''<br>'''ivla'''....''glad, content''<br>'''ivra'''....''excited, thrilled''<br>'''iv'''....''fun''<br>'''ivtax'''....''gratitude''<br>'''ivder'''....''cheer''<br>'''ivteuber'''....''smile''<br>'''ivdeuxer'''....''laugh''<br>'''ivseuz'''....''sigh of relief''<br>'''yaniv'''....''party''<br>'''yanivtosder'''....''congratulate''<br>'''ivek'''....''game, play''<br>'''ivuj'''....''happy ending''||'''uva'''....''sad''<br>'''uvla'''....''disappointed''<br>'''uvra'''....''morose, dejected''<br>'''uv'''....''sorrow''<br>'''uvtax'''....''regret''<br>'''uvder'''....''complain''<br>'''uvteuber'''....''frown''<br>'''uvdeuxer'''....''moan''<br>'''uvseuz'''....''sigh of sorrow''<br>'''yanuv'''....''dirge''<br>'''yanuvtosder'''....''commiserate''<br>'''uvdin'''....''tragedy''<br>'''uvuj'''....''sad ending'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIV''' ''free'', '''YUV''' ''bound'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIV-YUV Family |- | valign=top |'''yiva'''....''free''<br>'''yivla'''....''loose''<br>'''yivina'''....''liberal''<br>'''yivtexa'''....''libertarian''<br>'''doyiv'''....''right''<br>'''yivdras'''....''license''<br>'''yivxer'''....''liberate'' ||valign=top| '''yuva'''....''bound, captive''<br>'''yuvla'''....''subject, dependent''<br>'''yuvrat'''....''slave''<br>'''loyuvratxen'''....''emancipation''<br>'''doyuv'''....''duty''<br>'''yuv'''....''bond, lien''<br>'''yuvdraf'''....''bond''<br>'''nasyuv'''....''debt''<br>'''oyuvlan'''....''independence''<br>'''yuvar'''....''chain'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AZ''' ''strong'', '''EZ''' ''moderate'', '''OZ''' ''weak'' === : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AZ-EZ-OZ Family |- | valign=top |'''aza'''....''strong''<br>'''azla'''....''intense''<br>'''azra'''....''violent''<br>'''azaxer'''....''strenghten''<br>'''azon'''....''power''<br>'''aztob'''....''strongman''<br>'''bakaza'''....''hardy''<br>'''fonaza'''....''resolute'' || valign=top| '''eza'''....''moderate''<br>'''ezaxer'''....''moderate''<br>'''ezama'''....''temperate, moderately hot''<br>'''eztilea'''....''temperate (in drinking)''<br>'''ezaga'''....''moderate-sized''<br>'''ezyen'''....''modesty'' ||valign=top| '''oza'''....''weak''<br>'''ozta'''....''tired''<br>'''ozaxer'''....''weaken''<br>'''ozbaxler'''....''jiggle''<br>'''ozdaler'''....''mutter, mumble''<br>'''ozduer'''....''hint''<br>'''ozder'''....''whisper''<br>'''fonoza'''....''weak-willed'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAZ''' ''convex'', '''YEZ''' ''flush'', '''YOZ''' ''concave'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAZ-YEZ-YOZ Family |- | valign=top |'''yaza'''....''convex''<br>'''yaz'''....''mound''<br>'''memyaz'''...''mountain''<br>'''mimyaz'''....''surf''<br>'''milyaz'''....''wave''<br>'''mimolyaz'''....''saltdome''<br>'''nedyaz'''....''bump''<br>'''yagyaz'''....''ridge''<br>'''tayeyaz'''....''pimple''<br>'''melyaz'''....''tomb''<br>'''tayobyaz'''....''tumor'' || valign=top|'''yeza'''....''flush''<br>'''yez'''....''along, flush with''<br>'''memyez'''....''plain''<br>'''mimolyez'''....''salt flat''<br>'''obyez'''....''platform'' ||valign=top|'''yoza'''....''concave''<br> '''yoz'''....''depression''<br>'''memyoz'''....''valley''<br>'''nedyoz'''....''dip''<br>'''yagyoz'''....''groove''<br>'''kuyoz'''....''cave''<br>'''melyoz'''....''pit'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IZ''' ''straight'', '''UZ''' ''curve'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IZ-UZ Family |- | valign=top|'''iza'''....''straight''<br>'''izber'''....''direct, steer''<br>'''izper'''....''go straight, head for''<br>'''izmep'''....''straight shot, beeline''<br>'''izon'''....''direction''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector, straight line''<br>'''iznod'''....''target''<br>'''izteser'''....''denote'' <br>'''iztex'''....''logic''<br>'''iztesten'''....''intuition''<br>'''izgun'''....''right angle''<br>'''izeaxer'''....''indicate, point out''<br>'''izbyen'''....''maneuver''<br>'''iztin'''....''orthodoxy''<br>'''izbeb'''....''pilot, driver''<br>'''izbex'''....''control''<br>'''izbus'''....''index, guide''<br>'''izdalea'''....''forthright''<br>'''izdar'''....''indicator, pointer''<br>'''izdin'''....''prose''<br>'''izduer'''....''prompt''<br>'''izeaxer'''....''to point out''<br>'''izfin'''....''rectitude''<br>'''izhij'''....''just now''<br>'''izjuba'''....''adjacent''<br>'''izmagaler'''....''sear''||valign=top| '''uza'''....''curved, crooked''<br>'''uzber'''....''turn''<br>'''uzper'''....''deviate, curve''<br>'''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uznod'''....''turning point''<br>'''uzteser'''....''connote''<br>'''uztex'''....''irrationality''<br>'''uzun'''....''ring''<br>'''uzyus'''....''spriral, coil''<br>'''uzabmas'''....''arch''<br>'''uzmem'''....''bay''<br>'''ulz'''....''twist''<br>'''mapulz'''....''tornado''<br>'''uzmuv'''....''screw''<br>'''tuyobuz'''....''bracelet''<br>'''tuyubuz'''....''ring''<br>'''teebuz'''....''earing''<br>'''teibuz'''....''nosering''<br>'''teyobuz'''....''necklace''<br>'''tiabuz'''....''broche''<br>'''tilabuz'''....''tit ring, nipple ring''<br>'''ebtuabuz'''....''epaulette''<br>'''mamiluz'''....''rainbow ''<br>'''dopuz'''....''bow, arch, bow-and-arrow''<br>'''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIZ''' ''beyond'', '''YUZ''' ''around'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIZ-YUZ Family |- | valign=top|'''yiz'''....''beyond''<br>'''yiza'''....''ulterior''<br>'''yizper'''....''surpass''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity''<br>'''yiztapa'''....''metaphysical''<br>'''yizmola'''....''supernatural''<br>'''yizoga'''....''ultra-small''<br>'''yizyivyalza'''....''ultraviolet''<br>'''yiztoba'''....''superhuman''<br>'''yizimera'''....''extra-terrestrial'' ||valign=top| '''yuz'''....''around''<br>'''yuza'''....''circular''<br>'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br>'''yuzmep'''....''periphery''<br>'''sinyuz'''....''frame''<br>'''nidyuz'''....''envelope''<br>'''yuznad'''....''border''<br>'''yuzmas'''....''fence''<br>'''yuznag'''....''girth''<br>'''yuzmimper'''....''circumnavigate''<br>'''yuzkof'''....''blanket, wrap''<br>'''yuznof'''....''bandage''<br>'''yuzdom'''....''suburb''<br>'''yuzem'''....''environment''<br>'''yuzbexer'''....''hug'' |} {{small/end}} === '''ZI''' ''right'', '''ZU''' ''left'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZI-ZU Family |- | valign=top|'''zia'''....''right''<br>'''ziinut'''....''rightist''<br>'''zikum'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''east''<br>'''ziper'''....''to turn right'' | valign=top|'''zua'''....''left''<br>'''zuinut'''....''leftist''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''west''<br>'''zuper'''....''to turn left'' |} {{small/end}} === '''ZYI''' ''flat'', '''ZYU''' ''round'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZYI-ZYU Family |- | valign=top|'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''zyida'''....''platitudinous, trite''<br>'''zyifa'''....''smooth, even''<br>'''zyima'''....''level, even''<br>'''zyina'''....''level, even''<br>'''zyiaxer'''....''flatten''<br>'''zyiber'''....''lay''<br>'''zyiper'''....''lie, lie flat'' <br>'''zyiem'''....''plaza''<br>'''zyifar'''....''file''<br>'''zyifir'''....''plane''<br>'''zyifub'''....''paddle''<br>'''zyigos'''....''flake''<br>'''zyim'''....''plane''<br>'''zyimem'''....''plain''<br>'''zyin'''....''plate''<br>'''zyined'''....''platform''<br>'''zyiun'''....''plaque''<br>'''zyisemes'''....''platter''<br>'''zyipovol'''....''flatbread, pizza, pita''<br>'''novzyiar'''....''iron''<br>'''zyityoyaba'''....''flat-footed''<br>'''zyigiar'''....''sword''<br>'''zyipyexer'''....''smack, slap''<br>'''zyipyoser'''...''to fall flat''<br>'''zyimelyaz'''....''plateau''<br>'''zyimipar'''....''flatboat'' ||'''zyua'''....''round''<br>'''zyuabtamas'''....''dome''<br>'''zyub'''....''spindle''<br>'''zyuber'''....''to rotate, to turn''<br>'''zyubler'''....''spin, twirl, twist''<br>'''zyubmagyelwa'''...''stir-fried''<br>'''zyubolnod'''....''hinge, pivot''<br>'''zyubrar'''....''turbine''<br>'''zyubrea'''....''turbulent''<br>'''zyudaz'''....''waltz''<br>'''zyudezam'''....''theater in the round''<br>'''zyues'''....''ring''<br>'''zyufub'''....''rudder''<br>'''zyug'''....''tire''<br>'''zyuipea'''....''swirling''<br>'''zuisa'''...''elliptical, oval''<br>'''zyuj'''....''round, turn''<br>'''zyujer'''....''to cycle''<br>'''zyuk'''....''wheel''<br>'''zyukmuf'''....''axle''<br>'''zyuktam'''....''mobile home''<br>'''zyul'''....''drop''<br>'''zyum'''....''sphere''<br>'''zyun'''....''ball''<br>'''zyunes'''....''bead, pellet, pill, buller''<br>'''zyus'''....''circle''<br>'''zyuyk'''....''reel''<br>'''zyuyoz'''....''cup, cupola'' |} {{small/end}} ==== How ZYU, YUZ, and UZ Differ ==== : The following three root morphemes can be confused: :* the root '''zyu-''' refers to ''roundness'', ''round objects'' and ''rotation/rolling''. :* the root '''yuz-''' refers to ''around'', ''circling'', and ''surrounding'' :* the root '''uz-''' refers to ''curves'', ''arcs'', ''bows'', and ''bends''. === '''ZA''' ''front'', '''ZE''' ''middle'', '''ZO''' ''back'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZA- ZE- ZO- Family |- | valign=top|'''za'''....''in front of''<br>'''zaa'''....''front''<br>'''zam'''....''front''<br>'''zabun'''....''prefix''<br>'''zajab'''....''next year''<br>'''zaper'''....''to lead'' | valign=top|'''ze'''....''in the middle of''<br>'''zea'''....''middle''<br>'''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zebun'''....''infix''<br>'''zejab'''....''mid-year''<br>'''zeper'''....''to balance oneself'' | valign=top|'''zo'''....''behind''<br>'''zoa'''....''rear''<br>'''zom'''....''back''<br>'''zobun'''....''suffix''<br>'''zojab'''....''last year''<br>'''zoper'''....''to lag'' |} {{small/end}} === '''ZYA''' ''wide'', '''ZYE''' ''through'', '''ZYO''' ''narrow'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZYA- ZYE- ZYO- Family |- | valign=top|'''zyaa'''....''wide''<br>'''zyan'''....''span''<br>'''zyaxer'''....''to broaden''<br>'''zyaber'''....''to spread''<br>'''zyabuer'''....''to distribute''<br>'''zyabixer'''....''stretch, strain''<br>'''zyadaler'''....''preach''<br>'''zyader'''....''announce, broadcast''<br>'''zyadin'''....''report''<br>'''zyadrer'''....''post, report''<br>'''zyaguna'''....''obtuse, wide-angle''<br>'''zyagofler'''....''slash''<br>'''zyagosber'''....''sprinkle''<br>'''zyaija'''....''wide-open''<br>'''zyama'''....''vast''<br>'''zyakexer'''....''to scan''<br>'''zyanig'''....''expanse'' |valign=top|'''zye'''....''through''<br>'''zyeper'''....''to go through''<br>'''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br>'''zyebuxer'''....''push through, ram''<br>'''zyedyeer'''....''peruse''<br>'''zyega'''....''hollow''<br>'''zyeg'''....''hole''<br>'''zyegar'''....''drill''<br>'''zyegir'''....''derrick''<br>'''zyeglar'''....''spear''<br>'''zyegoblar'''....''dagger''<br>'''zyeguna'''....''diagonal''<br>'''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''<br>'''zyegur'''....''excavator''<br>'''zyeilber'''....''to soak''<br>'''zyeimber'''....''imbue''<br>'''zyel'''....''enamel, glaze'' |valign=top|'''zyoa'''....''narrow''<br>'''zyoxer'''....''narrow, constrict''<br>'''zyoafxer'''....''restrict''<br>'''zyoapexlar'''....''squeegee''<br>'''zyobaler'''....''squeeze''<br>'''zyobar'''....''filter''<br>'''zyobexer'''....''clutch''<br>'''zyobexar'''....''wrench''<br>'''zyobixer'''....''strain''<br>'''zyoebmem'''....''isthmus''<br>'''zyogofler'''....''to slice thinly''<br>'''zyogun'''....''acute angle''<br>'''zyoilpuxer'''....''squirt''<br>'''zyoiluar'''....''funnel''<br>'''zyokebier'''....''to single out''<br>'''zyom'''....''confines''<br>'''zyomelyoz'''....''furrow'' |} : The root morpheme '''zye''' means ''through, trans-, per-'' and is at the base of many words. The following key words have to do with transparency and piercing: ::* '''zyef'''....''pane of glass'' ::* '''zyev'''....''glass'' ::* '''zyeb'''....''bottle'' ::* '''zyeg'''....''hole'' (and the stub suffix '''-yeg''') ::* '''zyek'''....''pore'' ::* '''zyel'''....''glaze, enamel'' {{small/end}} === '''HO''' ''which'' === : The root morpheme '''ho-''' and its scalar variants are prefixes that categorize deictic determiner adjectives, substantives, or adverbs. ::* '''duho-'''....''what?, which?'' (interrogative) ::* '''ho-'''....''which'' (relative) ::* '''ha-'''....''the'' (definite) ::* '''he-'''....''some'' (indefinite) ::* '''hi-'''....''this'' (proximate) ::* '''hii-'''....''the following'' (post-proximate) ::* '''hu-'''....''that'' (remote) ::* '''huu-'''....''such a'' (emphatic) ::* '''hyo-'''....''no'' (negative) ::* '''hya-'''....''all, every'' (universal) ::* '''hye-'''....''any, whatever'' (indeterminate) ::* '''hyi-'''....''the same'' (identical) ::* '''hyu-'''....''the other'' (non-identical) : Both '''ho''' and '''ha''' can act as independent words; all the others are always prefixes. Eg.: :* '''Ha toyb ho at tadia.'''....''The woman that I married.'' ==== HO Words ==== : The prefixes '''ho''' and '''duho''' are used to form relative and interrogative determiners, respectively. Here are the most common ones: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ho-'''....''which'' * '''ho'''....''which, who, whom, that'' * '''hoa'''....''which'' * '''hogi'''....''hoagie, hoagy'' * '''hogla'''....''how much, how much/many'' * '''hoglas'''....''how much'' * '''hoglasi'''....''how many'' * '''hoglati'''....''how many (people)'' * '''hoj'''....''the time that, the time when'' * '''hojaga'''....''how old, of the age that'' * '''hojagat'''....''person of what age'' * '''hojagati'''....''people of what age'' * '''hom'''....''the place that, the place where'' * '''honog'''....''to the degree that'' * '''hos'''....''that which, the thing that, what'' * '''hosav'''....''why, because'' * '''hosi'''....''what things'' * '''hot'''....''he who, the person who, who, whom'' * '''hota'''....''whose'' * '''hotan'''....''identity'' * '''hotander'''....''i.d.'' * '''hotandier'''....''card, i.d.'' * '''hotandraf'''....''i.d., identification badge, identification card'' * '''hotantuen'''....''identification, identifying'' * '''hotantuus'''....''identifier'' * '''hotantuwa'''....''identified'' * '''hotantuyafwa'''....''identifiable'' * '''hotantuyafwan'''....''identifiability'' * '''hotantuyafway'''....''identifiably'' * '''hotas'''....''whose'' * '''hotasi'''....''whose things'' * '''hoti'''....''who, whom'' * '''hoxag'''....''how often'' * '''hoxaga'''....''how frequent'' * '''hoyen'''....''as, how, which way, which kind'' * '''hoyena'''....''of the kind that, what kind of'' * '''hoyenas'''....''what kind of thing'' * '''hoyenasi'''....''what kind of things'' * '''hoyenat'''....''what kind of person'' * '''hoyenati'''....''what kind of people'' * '''hoyuxun'''....''which means'' <br> * '''duho'''....''what'' * '''duho?'''....''which?'' * '''duhoawa?'''....''which one?'' * '''duhoawas?'''....''which one?'' * '''duhoawat?'''....''which one?'' * '''duhobyen'''....''how something is'' * '''duhoetdyuehas'''....''whatchamacallit'' * '''duhoewa?'''....''which two?'' * '''duhoewasi?'''....''which two things?'' * '''duhoewati?'''....''which two people?'' * '''duhogel'''....''like what'' * '''duhogel?'''....''what kind?'' * '''duhogela?'''....''what kind of?, what manner of?'' * '''duhogelas?'''....''what kind of thing?, what sort of thing?'' * '''duhogelasi?'''....''what kind of things?, what sort of things?'' * '''duhogelat?'''....''what kind of person?'' * '''duhogelati?'''....''what kind of people?'' * '''duhogelayt?'''....''what kind of girl?'' * '''duhogelayti?'''....''what kind of girls?'' * '''duhogelwat?'''....''what kind of guy?'' * '''duhogelwati?'''....''what kind of guys?'' * '''duhogla job'''....''as much time as, how long'' * '''duhogla jodi'''....''how frequently, how many times, how often'' * '''duhogla'''....''how many, how much how, to no extent'' * '''duhoglajodi'''....''on how many occasions'' * '''duhoglani'''....''quanta'' * '''duhoglas'''....''how much'' * '''duhoglasi'''....''how many things'' * '''duhoglati'''....''how many people'' * '''duhogyugela?'''....''what other kind of?'' * '''duhohyua?'''....''what other?'' * '''duhohyuj?'''....''when else?'' * '''duhohyum?'''....''where else?'' * '''duhohyus?'''....''what else?'' * '''duhohyusauna?'''....''what other kind of?'' * '''duhohyusav?'''....''why else?'' * '''duhohyut?'''....''who else?'' * '''duhohyuyen'''....''how else'' * '''duhohyuyena?'''....''what other kind of?'' * '''duhoizon?'''....''which way?'' * '''duhoj?'''....''when...?, when?'' * '''duhojag?'''....''what age?'' * '''duhojaga'''....''how old'' * '''duhojagati'''....''people of what age?'' * '''duhojob?'''....''when...?, when?'' * '''duhojod'''....''at what point, on what occasion, on which occasion'' * '''duhojod?'''....''which time?'' * '''duhojodi'''....''at which times, on what occasions, on which occasions'' * '''duhojuab?'''....''which Monday?'' * '''duhojub?'''....''which day?'' * '''duhojwap'''....''at what moment'' * '''duhom'''....''whereabouts'' * '''duhomep?'''....''which way?, which way?'' * '''duhomi'''....''at what places'' * '''duhonog'''....''how, to what extent, to what degree, to what extent'' * '''duhoowa?'''....''which single?'' * '''duhos?'''....''what thing?, what?'' * '''duhosag'''....''how many'' * '''duhosan'''....''quiddity'' * '''duhosaun?'''....''what kind?'' * '''duhosauna?'''....''what kind of?, what manner of?'' * '''duhosaunas?'''....''what kind of thing?, what sort of thing?'' * '''duhosaunasi?'''....''what kind of things?, what sort of things?'' * '''duhosaunat?'''....''what kind of person?'' * '''duhosaunati?'''....''what kind of people?'' * '''duhosaunayt?'''....''what kind of girl?'' * '''duhosaunayti?'''....''what kind of girls?'' * '''duhosaunwat?'''....''what kind of guy?'' * '''duhosaunwati?'''....''what kind of guys?'' * '''duhosav?'''....''why?, for what reason?, wherefore?'' * '''duhosi?'''....''what things?, what?'' * '''duhosun?'''....''what thing?, what?'' * '''duhosuni?'''....''what things?, what?'' * '''duhot'''....''who?'' * '''duhot?'''....''what person?, whom'' * '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' * '''duhotandien'''....''carding, i.d.'ing'' * '''duhotandiwa'''....''carded, i.d.'ed'' * '''duhotandraf'''....''identity card'' * '''duhotantuea'''....''identifying'' * '''duhotantuer'''....''identify'' * '''duhotas?'''....''whose thing?'' * '''duhotasi?'''....''whose things?'' * '''duhotayovolza?'''....''of what skin color?'' * '''duhoteyovolza?'''....''of what hair color?'' * '''duhoti'''....''who?'' * '''duhoti?'''....''what persons?, who all?, whom'' * '''duhotob'''....''who?'' * '''duhotob?'''....''what person?, whom'' * '''duhotobi?'''....''what persons?'' * '''duhotooba?'''....''of what gender?'' * '''duhotooda?'''....''of what race?'' * '''duhotxahas '''....''whodunit'' * '''duhotxahas'''....''whodunnit'' * '''duhovolza?'''....''of what color?, what color?'' * '''duhoxag?'''....''how frequently?, how often?'' * '''duhoyen'''....''in what manner, in what way, like what'' * '''duhoyen?'''....''what kind?, what way?'' * '''duhoyena?'''....''like what?, what kind of?, what manner of?'' * '''duhoyenas?'''....''what kind of thing?, what sort of thing?'' * '''duhoyenasi?'''....''what kind of things?, what sort of things?'' * '''duhoyenat?'''....''what kind of person?'' * '''duhoyenati?'''....''what kind of people?'' * '''duhoyenayt?'''....''what kind of girl?'' * '''duhoyenayti?'''....''what kind of girls?'' * '''duhoyeni?'''....''which ways?'' * '''duhoyenwat?'''....''what kind of guy?'' * '''duhoyenwati?'''....''what kind of guys?'' * '''duhoyt'''....''who?'' * '''duhoyt?'''....''which girl?, whom'' * '''duhoyta?'''....''which girl's?, whose?'' * '''duhoytas?'''....''which girl's?, whose thing?'' * '''duhoytasi?'''....''which girl's?, whose things?'' * '''duhoyti'''....''who?'' * '''duhoyti?'''....''which girls?, whom'' * '''duhoyuxun'''....''by what means'' * '''duhoyuxun?'''....''with what means?'' * '''duhozeyen?'''....''by what means?'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HA Words ==== :: This deictic prefix can be joined to other elements to form the definite determiners. Also, as a shortened form of the adjective '''haa''', it can act as the definite article ''the''. Here a list of '''ha-''' determiners: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ha'''....''the'' * '''habyen'''....''how, the kind, the manner, the way'' * '''habyeni'''....''ho the kinds of, the ways that'' * '''hagan'''....''as much, the amount'' * '''hagela'''....''the kind of'' * '''hagla'''....''as many, as much, to the degree, of the amount'' * '''haglas'''....''how much, the amount'' * '''haglasi'''....''how many, the number of things'' * '''haglati'''....''how many (people), the number of people'' * '''haglayti'''....''the number of women'' * '''hahyia'''....''the same'' * '''hahyij'''....''the same time'' * '''hahyis'''....''the same thing'' * '''hahyisi'''....''the same things'' * '''hahyit'''....''the same person'' * '''hahyita'''....''the same person's'' * '''hahyiti'''....''the same people'' * '''hahyua'''....''the other'' * '''hahyuas'''....''the other one'' * '''hahyuat'''....''the other one, the other person'' * '''hahyuj'''....''the other time'' * '''hahyum'''....''that other place, the same place'' * '''hahyus'''....''the other thing'' * '''hahyusauna'''....''the other kind of, this same kind of'' * '''hahyut'''....''the other person'' * '''hahyuyen'''....''the other way, the same way'' * '''haj'''....''the time'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hajagat'''....''person of the age'' * '''hajagati'''....''people of what age'' * '''hajob'''....''the time'' * '''hajod'''....''on the occasion'' * '''hajodi'''....''at the times, at the times that, on the occasions'' * '''ham'''....''the place'' * '''hami'''....''the places'' * '''hanog'''....''to the degr'' * '''has'''....''it, the thing, what'' * '''hasa'''....''its, the thing's'' * '''hasag'''....''as many, how many, the number of...that'' * '''hasauna'''....''the kind of'' * '''hasaunas'''....''the kind of thing'' * '''hasaunasi'''....''the kinds of things'' * '''hasaunat'''....''the kind of person'' * '''hasaunati'''....''the kind of people'' * '''hasaunayti'''....''the kind of women'' * '''hasaunwat'''....''the kind of man'' * '''hasaunwati'''....''the kind of men'' * '''hasav'''....''for the reason, the reason'' * '''hasi'''....''the things, them, they, what (things)'' * '''hason'''....''it, the matter, the thing'' * '''hasoni'''....''the matters, the things, them, they'' * '''hasun'''....''it, the thing'' * '''hasuni'''....''the things, them, they'' * '''hat'''....''he, him, the person, who(m)/who'' * '''hata'''....''his, the person's'' * '''hatas'''....''his, the person's thing, the person’s, whose'' * '''hatasi'''....''his, the person's things, whose (things)'' * '''hati'''....''the ones, the people, them, they, who, whom'' * '''hawa'''....''the one, the only, the single'' * '''hawajod'''....''the only time'' * '''hawam'''....''the only place'' * '''hawas'''....''the only one, the only thing'' * '''hawasi'''....''the only ones, the only things'' * '''hawat'''....''the only one, the only person'' * '''hawatas'''....''the only one's, the only one's thing'' * '''hawatasi'''....''the only one's, the only one's things'' * '''hawati'''....''the only ones, the only people'' * '''haway'''....''only'' * '''hawayen'''....''the only way'' * '''hawayt'''....''the only female person'' * '''hawayti'''....''that only females, the only ones'' * '''haxag'''....''the frequency'' * '''haxaga'''....''of the frequency'' * '''hayen'''....''the kind, the manner, the way, the way'' * '''hayena'''....''how, the kind of, the manner of, the way of the kind'' * '''hayenas'''....''the kind of thing'' * '''hayenasi'''....''the kind of things'' * '''hayenat'''....''the kind of person, what kind of person'' * '''hayenati'''....''the kind of people, what kind of people'' * '''hayenayt'''....''the kind of woman'' * '''hayenayti'''....''the kind of women'' * '''hayeni'''....''in ways that, the kinds that'' * '''hayenwat'''....''the kind of guy'' * '''hayenwati'''....''the kind of men'' * '''hayt'''....''her, she, the girl'' * '''hayta'''....''her, the girl's'' * '''haytas'''....''hers, the girl's'' * '''haytasi'''....''her things, hers, the girl's'' * '''hayti'''....''the girls, them, they'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HE Words ==== : This prefix is used to form indefinite determiners meaning ''some, a certain''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hea'''....''a certain, an, some'' * '''heawa'''....''a certain'' * '''heawas'''....''a certain thing'' * '''heawat'''....''a certain person, someone'' * '''hegan'''....''a certain amount, a certain amount, some'' * '''hegla'''....''how much/many, somewhat, to a certain extent, to some degree, to what extent'' * '''heglas'''....''a certain amount, some of it, some (amount)'' * '''heglasi'''....''certain things, some things, some things'' * '''heglati'''....''certain people, some people, some people'' * '''hehyua'''....''some other'' * '''hehyuas'''....''some other one'' * '''hehyuj'''....''some other time'' * '''hehyum'''....''somewhere else'' * '''hehyus'''....''some other thing'' * '''hehyusauna'''....''some other kind of'' * '''hehyut'''....''some other person, someone else'' * '''hehyuyen'''....''somehow other'' * '''hej'''....''at a certain time, sometime, when'' * '''hejaga'''....''how old'' * '''hejagat'''....''person of some age'' * '''hejagati'''....''people of the following age, people of this age'' * '''heji'''....''at certain times, at times, sometimes'' * '''hejob'''....''at a certain time, sometime'' * '''hejod'''....''at a certain time, at some point, on some occasion, sometime'' * '''hejoday'''....''occasionally'' * '''hejodi'''....''at some points, at times, on occasion, on some occasions'' * '''hejuab'''....''some Monday'' * '''hejub'''....''some day, someday'' * '''hejwapi'''....''at certain moments'' * '''hem'''....''somewhere, where'' * '''hemi'''....''some places'' * '''hemules'''....''higgs particle'' * '''henog'''....''somewhat, to a certain extent, to some degree'' * '''heoja'''....''eventual'' * '''heojan'''....''eventuality'' * '''heojay'''....''eventually'' * '''hes'''....''something'' * '''hesag'''....''a certain number, some'' * '''hesana'''....''a certain form of, some form of'' * '''hesauna'''....''a certain kind of, some kind of, some type of'' * '''hesav'''....''for some reason, why'' * '''hesi'''....''certain things, some things, some things'' * '''hesun'''....''something'' * '''hesuni'''....''some things'' * '''het'''....''a certain person, somebody, someone'' * '''heta'''....''a certain person's, somebody's, someone's, whose'' * '''hetas'''....''some person’s, somebody's, someone's thing'' * '''hetasi'''....''someboyd's, someone's thing, someone’s (things)'' * '''heti'''....''certain people, some people, some people'' * '''hetob'''....''a certain person, somebody, someone'' * '''hetoba'''....''a certain person's, somebody's, someone's'' * '''hetobas'''....''somebody's thing, someone's'' * '''hetobasi'''....''somebody's things, someone's'' * '''hetobi'''....''some people'' * '''hetoyb'''....''some woman'' * '''hetoyba'''....''some woman's'' * '''hetoybas'''....''some woman's'' * '''hetoybasi'''....''some woman's things'' * '''hetoybi'''....''some women'' * '''hetwob'''....''some guy, some man'' * '''hetwoba'''....''some man's'' * '''hetwobas'''....''some man's'' * '''hetwobasi'''....''some man's things'' * '''hetwobi'''....''some men'' * '''hexag'''....''how often, sometimes, with some frequency'' * '''hexaga'''....''how frequent'' * '''heyen'''....''how, in some fashion, in some way, somehow, someway'' * '''heyena'''....''a certain kind of, some kind of, what kind of'' * '''heyenas'''....''some kind of thing'' * '''heyenasi'''....''some kind of things, some kinds of things'' * '''heyenat'''....''some kind of person'' * '''heyenata'''....''some kind of person's'' * '''heyenati'''....''some kind of people, some kinds of people'' * '''heyenayt'''....''some kind of girl'' * '''heyenayta'''....''some kind of girl's'' * '''heyenayti'''....''some kinds of girls'' * '''heyeni'''....''in certain ways, in some ways'' * '''heyenwat'''....''some kind of guy'' * '''heyenwata'''....''some kind of guy's'' * '''heyenwati'''....''some kinds of guys'' * '''heyt'''....''a certain female, some girl, someone'' * '''heyta'''....''a certain female's, some girl's, someone's'' * '''heytas'''....''some girl's, someone's thing'' * '''heytasi'''....''some girl's, someone's someone's thing'' * '''heyti'''....''some females, some girls'' * '''heytia'''....''some females'' * '''heytias'''....''some female's thing'' * '''heytiasi'''....''some female's things'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HI, HII, and HIY Words ==== ::* '''hi-'''....''this'' ::* '''hii-'''....''the following'' ::* '''hiy'''....''here is, voici'' : The deictic prefix '''hi-''' is used to form proximal demonstratives with the meaning ''this''. The variant '''hii-''' is used to form demonstratives meaning ''the following''. The word '''hiy''' means ''here is, voici''. : Here is a list of the most common words with these deictic roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hia'''....''these, this'' * '''hias'''....''this one'' * '''hiat'''....''the one over here, this one, this person'' * '''hiati'''....''the people over here, these'' * '''hiawa'''....''this one, this particular'' * '''hiawas'''....''this one, this one thing'' * '''hiawat'''....''this particular person'' * '''hiayt'''....''this female'' * '''hiayta'''....''this female's'' * '''hiayti'''....''these females'' * '''hiewa'''....''these two'' * '''hiewasi'''....''these two things'' * '''hiewati'''....''these two people'' * '''higel'''....''like this way'' * '''higela'''....''this kind of'' * '''higla'''....''this many, this much, this much, to this degree'' * '''higlas'''....''this much'' * '''higlasi'''....''this many'' * '''higlati'''....''this many people'' * '''hihyia'''....''this same'' * '''hihyij'''....''this same time'' * '''hihyis'''....''this same thing'' * '''hihyisi'''....''this same things'' * '''hihyit'''....''this same person'' * '''hihyita'''....''this same person's'' * '''hihyiti'''....''this same people'' * '''hihyua'''....''this other, this other person'' * '''hihyuj'''....''this other time'' * '''hihyum'''....''this other place, this same place'' * '''hihyus'''....''this other thing'' * '''hihyusauna'''....''that other kind of, this same kind of'' * '''hihyusav'''....''for this other reason'' * '''hihyusi'''....''these other things'' * '''hihyuti'''....''these other people'' * '''hihyuyen'''....''this other way, this same way'' * '''hiia'''....''foregoing, forthcoming, the following, the following'' * '''hiigela'''....''the following kind of'' * '''hiigla'''....''to the following degree, to this degree'' * '''hiiglas'''....''the following amount'' * '''hiiglasi'''....''the following number of things'' * '''hiiglati'''....''the following number of people'' * '''hiijaga'''....''of the following age'' * '''hiijagat'''....''person of the following age'' * '''hiimep'''....''the following way'' * '''hiis'''....''the following'' * '''hiisav'''....''for the following reason, for this reason'' * '''hiisi'''....''the following (things)'' * '''hiit'''....''the following person'' * '''hiita'''....''the follow person's, the following person's'' * '''hiitas'''....''the following person's, the following person's'' * '''hiitasi'''....''the following person's things, the following person's'' * '''hiiti'''....''the following people'' * '''hiixag'''....''this often'' * '''hiixaga'''....''of the following frequency'' * '''hiiyen'''....''in the following way, as follows, like the following, the following way'' * '''hiiyena'''....''the following kind of'' * '''hiiyenas'''....''the following kind of thing'' * '''hiiyenasi'''....''the following kinds of things'' * '''hiiyenat'''....''the following kind of person'' * '''hiiyenati'''....''the following kind of people'' * '''hiiyt'''....''the following girl'' * '''hiiyta'''....''the following girl's'' * '''hiiytas'''....''the following girl's'' * '''hiiytasi'''....''the following girl's'' * '''hiiyti'''....''the following guys'' * '''hiizon'''....''this way, this direction'' * '''hij'''....''at this time, now, presently, now'' * '''hijab'''....''this year'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hijagat'''....''person of this age'' * '''hiji'''....''nowadays'' * '''hijob'''....''at this time, now'' * '''hijoba'''....''current'' * '''hijobi'''....''nowadays, these days'' * '''hijod'''....''this time'' * '''hijodi'''....''at these times, on these occasions'' * '''hijuab'''....''this Monday'' * '''hijub'''....''today'' * '''hijuba'''....''today's'' * '''him'''....''here, hither, this place'' * '''himem'''....''the homeland, this country'' * '''himep'''....''this way'' * '''himi'''....''hereabouts, these parts, these places'' * '''himirat'''....''worldling'' * '''himoj'''....''tonight'' * '''hinog'''....''so, this, to this degree, to this extent'' * '''hipi'''....''hippie, hippy'' * '''his'''....''it, this thing, this'' * '''hisauanasi'''....''such things, these kind of things'' * '''hisaun'''....''this kind'' * '''hisauna'''....''such, this kind of'' * '''hisaunas'''....''such a thing, this kind of thing'' * '''hisaunat'''....''such a person, this kind of person'' * '''hisaunati'''....''such people, these kind of people'' * '''hisaunayt'''....''this kind of girl'' * '''hisaunayti'''....''these kinds of girls'' * '''hisaunwat'''....''this kind of guy'' * '''hisaunwati'''....''these kinds of guys'' * '''hisav'''....''for this reason, for this reason, therefore'' * '''hisi'''....''them, these things, they, these (things)'' * '''hison'''....''this issue'' * '''hisun'''....''it, this thing'' * '''hisuni'''....''these things'' * '''hit'''....''he, him, this person, this person'' * '''hita'''....''his, this person's, this person’s'' * '''hitas'''....''his, this person's, this person’s'' * '''hitasi'''....''his, this person's things, this person’s things'' * '''hiti'''....''them, these people, they, these people'' * '''hitia'''....''their'' * '''hitob'''....''this person'' * '''hitoba'''....''this person's'' * '''hitobi'''....''these people'' * '''hitooba'''....''this gender'' * '''hitoyb'''....''this woman'' * '''hitoyba'''....''this woman's'' * '''hitoybi'''....''these women'' * '''hitwob'''....''this man'' * '''hitwoba'''....''this man's'' * '''hitwobi'''....''these men'' * '''hiusauna'''....''this or that kind of, various kinds of'' * '''hivolza'''....''of this color, this color of'' * '''hixag'''....''this often'' * '''hixaga'''....''this often'' * '''hiy'''....''ecce, here is, see here, voici, behold'' * '''hiyen'''....''herewith, like this, so, this way, thus, this way'' * '''hiyena'''....''like this, such, this kind of, this kind of'' * '''hiyenas'''....''such a thing, this kind of thing, this kind of thing'' * '''hiyenasi'''....''these kinds of things'' * '''hiyenat'''....''such a person, this kind of person, this kind of person'' * '''hiyenati'''....''such people, these kinds of people, these kind of people'' * '''hiyenayt'''....''this kind of woman'' * '''hiyenayta'''....''this kind of woman's'' * '''hiyenayti'''....''these kinds of women'' * '''hiyenwat'''....''this kind of man'' * '''hiyenwata'''....''this kind of man's'' * '''hiyenwati'''....''these kinds of men'' * '''hiyt'''....''her, she, this girl'' * '''hiyta'''....''her, this girl's'' * '''hiytas'''....''her thing, hers, this girl's'' * '''hiytasi'''....''her things, hers, this girl's'' * '''hiyti'''....''them, these girls, they'' * '''hiyuxun'''....''this way, with this means'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HU, HUU, HUY, HUI- Words ==== ::* '''hu-'''....''that'' ::* '''huu-'''....''such a, the foregoing'' ::* '''huy'''....''voil&agrave;, there is, see there'' ::* '''hui-'''....''this and that'' : Here are the most common words using the above roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hua'''....''that, yon, yonder'' * '''huati'''....''those people'' * '''huawa'''....''that one, that particular'' * '''huawas'''....''that one, that one thing'' * '''huawat'''....''that particular person'' * '''huawayt'''....''that particular girl'' * '''huewa'''....''those two'' * '''huewasi'''....''those two things'' * '''huewati'''....''those two people'' * '''huewayti'''....''those two girls'' * '''hugel'''....''like that way'' * '''hugela'''....''that kind of'' * '''hugla'''....''that many, that much, that much/many, to that extent'' * '''huglas'''....''how much, that much, that much of it'' * '''huglasi'''....''how many, that many, that many things'' * '''huglati'''....''that many, that many, that many people'' * '''huglayti'''....''that many girls'' * '''huhyia'''....''that same'' * '''huhyij'''....''that same time'' * '''huhyis'''....''that same thing'' * '''huhyisi'''....''that same things'' * '''huhyit'''....''that same person'' * '''huhyita'''....''that same person's'' * '''huhyiti'''....''that same people'' * '''huhyiyen'''....''that same way'' * '''huhyua'''....''that other'' * '''huhyuj'''....''that other time'' * '''huhyum'''....''that other place, that same place'' * '''huhyus'''....''that other thing'' * '''huhyusauna'''....''that other kind of, that same kind of'' * '''huhyusi'''....''those other things'' * '''huhyut'''....''that other person'' * '''huhyuta'''....''that other person's'' * '''huhyuti'''....''those other people'' * '''huhyuyen'''....''that other way'' * '''huij'''....''now and then'' * '''huijoda'''....''sporadic'' * '''huijoday'''....''sporadically'' * '''huim'''....''here and there, passim'' * '''huimigper'''....''run about, run here and there'' * '''huimkexer'''....''search high and low'' * '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there'' * '''huimpea'''....''going here-and-there, rambling, wandering'' * '''huimpen'''....''going here-and-there, rambling, wandering'' * '''huimper'''....''go here-and-there, ramble, wander'' * '''huimpoper'''....''travel about, travel here-and-yon'' * '''huimput'''....''gadabout, rambler, wanderer'' * '''huimtyopea'''....''ambulant'' * '''huimtyopen'''....''ambulation'' * '''huimtyoper'''....''ambulate'' * '''huis'''....''this-and-that, whatnot'' * '''huisder'''....''mutter something, say this-and-that'' * '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work this-and-that job'' * '''huittojben'''....''murder-suicide'' * '''huizon'''....''that direction, that way'' * '''huj'''....''then'' * '''huja'''....''quondam'' * '''hujab'''....''that year'' * '''hujaga'''....''of that age, that old'' * '''hujagat'''....''person of that age'' * '''hujagati'''....''people of that age'' * '''hujob'''....''at that time, then'' * '''hujobi'''....''in those days, in those times'' * '''hujod'''....''on that occasion, that time'' * '''hujodi'''....''at those times, on those occasions'' * '''hujuab'''....''that Monday'' * '''hujub'''....''that day'' * '''hulazyukxut'''....''hooper'' * '''hum'''....''at that place, yonder, there'' * '''humep'''....''that way'' * '''humi'''....''those places'' * '''hunog'''....''so, that, to that degree, to that extent'' * '''hus'''....''that thing, that'' * '''husaun'''....''that kind'' * '''husauna'''....''such, that kind of'' * '''husaunas'''....''such a thing, that kind of thing'' * '''husaunasi'''....''such things, those kinds of things'' * '''husaunat'''....''such a person, that kind of person'' * '''husaunati'''....''those kind of people'' * '''husav'''....''for that reason, for that reason, thence, therefore, thus'' * '''husi'''....''those (things), those things'' * '''hut'''....''he, him, that person, that person'' * '''huta'''....''his, that person's, that person's'' * '''hutas'''....''his, that person's, that person's'' * '''hutasi'''....''that person’s'' * '''huti'''....''them, they, those people, those people'' * '''hutia'''....''their, those people's'' * '''hutias'''....''theirs'' * '''hutiasi'''....''their things, theirs'' * '''hutooba'''....''that gender'' * '''huua'''....''such a, such a, the foregoing, the latter'' * '''huugel'''....''in such a way, like so'' * '''huugela'''....''such a'' * '''huugla'''....''so many, so much, so very, so much/many, to such an extent/so'' * '''huuglas'''....''so much'' * '''huuglasi'''....''so many, so many (things)'' * '''huuglati'''....''so many (people), so many, so many people'' * '''huuj'''....''at such a time, such a time'' * '''huujab'''....''such a year'' * '''huujag'''....''at such an age'' * '''huujaga'''....''of such an age'' * '''huujagat'''....''person of such an age'' * '''huujagati'''....''people of such an age'' * '''huujob'''....''at such a time'' * '''huujod'''....''at such a time'' * '''huujodi'''....''at such times'' * '''huujub'''....''such a day'' * '''huujubi'''....''in such days'' * '''huum'''....''at such a place, such a place'' * '''huumep'''....''such a way'' * '''huumi'''....''at such places'' * '''huunog'''....''so, to such a degree, to such an extent'' * '''huus'''....''such (a thing), such a thing, the former'' * '''huusauna'''....''such a, such a kind of'' * '''huusav'''....''for such a reason, for such a reason, for the former reason'' * '''huusi'''....''such things, such things, the former things'' * '''huut'''....''such a person, such a person, the former, the former person'' * '''huuta'''....''such a person’s, such a person's, the former's'' * '''huutas'''....''such a person’s, such a person's'' * '''huutasi'''....''such a person’s, such a person's'' * '''huuti'''....''such a people, the former, such people'' * '''huuvolza'''....''of such a color'' * '''huuxag'''....''so often'' * '''huuxaga'''....''so often'' * '''huuyen'''....''in such a manner, in such a way, like so, thus, thusly, such a way'' * '''huuyena'''....''like so, such a, such a kind of, such kind of'' * '''huuyenas'''....''such kind of thing'' * '''huuyenasi'''....''such kinds of things'' * '''huuyenat'''....''such a person'' * '''huuyenati'''....''such kinds of people'' * '''huuyenjo'''....''et cetera, etc.'' * '''huuyensu'''....''amen'' * '''huuyt'''....''such a girl'' * '''huuyta'''....''such a girl's'' * '''huuytas'''....''such a girl's'' * '''huuytasi'''....''such a girl's'' * '''huuyti'''....''such a guys'' * '''huvolza'''....''of that color'' * '''huxag'''....''that frequently, that often, that often'' * '''huy'''....''ecce, presto, see there, there is, voila'' * '''huyen'''....''in that manner, like that, so, that way, thus, that way'' * '''huyena'''....''like that, such, that kind of, that kind of'' * '''huyenam'''....''such a place'' * '''huyenami'''....''in such places'' * '''huyenas'''....''such a thing, that kind of thing, that kind of thing'' * '''huyenasi'''....''those kinds of things'' * '''huyenat'''....''such a person, that kind of person, that kind of person'' * '''huyenati'''....''such people, those kinds of people, those kind of people'' * '''huyengla'''....''so many, so much'' * '''huyenglas'''....''so much'' * '''huyenglasi'''....''so many'' * '''huyenglati'''....''so many people'' * '''huyeni'''....''in such ways, in those ways'' * '''huyenjo'''....''etc.'' * '''huyenjob'''....''at a time like that, at such a time'' * '''huyenjobi'''....''at such times, at times like those'' * '''huyenjod'''....''at such a time, on such an occasion'' * '''huyenjodi'''....''at such times, on such occasions'' * '''huyennog'''....''so, to a degree like that'' * '''huyenxag'''....''so often'' * '''huyt'''....''her, she, that female person, that girl'' * '''huyta'''....''her, that female person's, that female's, that girl's'' * '''huytas'''....''her thing, hers, that female person's, that girl's'' * '''huytasi'''....''her things, hers, that girl's'' * '''huyti'''....''they, those girls'' * '''huytia'''....''their, those females''' * '''huytias'''....''their thing, theirs, those females''' * '''huytiasi'''....''their things, theirs, those females''' * '''huyuxun'''....''that way, with that means'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYO Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hyo-''' forms determiners that begin with ''no-''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hyo ea job'''....''nevermore'' * '''hyo ea jod'''....''never again'' * '''hyo-'''....''no-, not'' * '''hyoa yovtos vyel'''....''no qualms about'' * '''hyoa'''....''nary, no, not a, not a single, no, not a single'' * '''hyoawa jod'''....''never, not a single time, not one time, on no occasion'' * '''hyoawa'''....''not a, not a single'' * '''hyoawas'''....''not a single one, not a single thing'' * '''hyoawat'''....''not a single person'' * '''hyoawata'''....''not a single person's'' * '''hyoema'''....''utopian'' * '''hyoeman'''....''utopia'' * '''hyogel'''....''how, in no way'' * '''hyogela'''....''no kind of'' * '''hyogla job'''....''never, no amount of time, no time'' * '''hyogla jodi'''....''as often as, never, zero times'' * '''hyogla'''....''hardly, no amount/number of, no, not any, not at all, not at all, not at all, no'' * '''hyoglas'''....''none at all, not any whatever, none of it, not any'' * '''hyoglasi'''....''how many, none'' * '''hyoglat'''....''nobody at all'' * '''hyoglati'''....''how many, no people, none of them, no people at all, none'' * '''hyohyua'''....''no other'' * '''hyohyuj'''....''no other time'' * '''hyohyum'''....''nowhere else'' * '''hyohyus'''....''nothing else'' * '''hyohyut'''....''nobody else'' * '''hyohyuyen'''....''no other way'' * '''hyohyuyena'''....''no other kind of'' * '''hyoj'''....''at no time, ever, never, never at all'' * '''hyojaga'''....''of no age'' * '''hyojagat'''....''person of no age'' * '''hyojagati'''....''people of no age'' * '''hyojebdalwa'''....''never-discussed'' * '''hyojeser'''....''last no time'' * '''hyojkyesya'''....''never-before-happened, unprecedented'' * '''hyojob'''....''at no time, never'' * '''hyojod'''....''at no point in time, at no time, never, not once'' * '''hyojodi'''....''at no times, never, not ever'' * '''hyojtofbwa'''....''never-worn'' * '''hyom'''....''nowhere at all'' * '''hyomep'''....''no way'' * '''hyomi'''....''in no places'' * '''hyonixea'''....''zero-earning'' * '''hyonog'''....''in no way, in no wise, to no extent, not at all, not at all'' * '''hyos'''....''anything, naught, nothing whatsoever, nought, zilch, zip, nothing at all'' * '''hyosaser'''....''fizzle'' * '''hyosaun'''....''no kind'' * '''hyosauna'''....''no kind of'' * '''hyosaunas'''....''no kind of thing'' * '''hyosaunasi'''....''no kind of things'' * '''hyosav'''....''for no reason, for no reason whatever'' * '''hyosaxwa'''....''fizzled'' * '''hyosbexea'''....''destitute'' * '''hyosbexean'''....''destitution'' * '''hyoshotoser'''....''experience apathy'' * '''hyosi'''....''no things, no things, nothing'' * '''hyoskadea'''....''tight-lipped'' * '''hyosnazat'''....''good-for-nothing person'' * '''hyoson'''....''nil, nothing, zilch'' * '''hyostayotea'''....''feeling nothing, numb'' * '''hyostea'''....''ignorant'' * '''hyostean'''....''ignorance'' * '''hyosteat'''....''nitwit'' * '''hyosteser'''....''matter not, mean nothing'' * '''hyostosen'''....''experiencing apathy'' * '''hyosun'''....''nihil, nothing'' * '''hyosunxen'''....''annihilation'' * '''hyosunxer'''....''annihilate, nix, raze'' * '''hyosunxwa'''....''annihilated'' * '''hyot'''....''nobody at all'' * '''hyota'''....''nobody's'' * '''hyotas'''....''nobody's'' * '''hyotasi'''....''nobody's'' * '''hyotesea'''....''meaning nothing'' * '''hyoti'''....''no people, those who'' * '''hyotooba'''....''genderless, of no gender, ungendered'' * '''hyotoobat'''....''person of no gender'' * '''hyotoobifa'''....''asexual'' * '''hyotoobifan'''....''asexuality'' * '''hyotoobifay'''....''asexually'' * '''hyovolza'''....''blank, of no color'' * '''hyoxag'''....''never'' * '''hyoxaga'''....''of zero frequency'' * '''hyoxen'''....''abolishing, abolishment'' * '''hyoxer'''....''abolish'' * '''hyoxier'''....''come to naught'' * '''hyoxut'''....''abolisher'' * '''hyoxwa'''....''abolished'' * '''hyoyen'''....''in no way whatever, in no wise'' * '''hyoyena'''....''how, no kind of, no such, no kind of'' * '''hyoyenas'''....''no kind of thing, no kind of thing, no such thing'' * '''hyoyenasi'''....''no kind of things, no such things, no kinds of things'' * '''hyoyenat'''....''no kind of person, no kind of person, no such person'' * '''hyoyenati'''....''no kind of people, no kind of people, no such people'' * '''hyoyt'''....''no girl, nobody'' * '''hyoyta'''....''no girl's, nobody's'' * '''hyoytas'''....''no girl's, nobody's thing'' * '''hyoytasi'''....''no girl's, nobody's things'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYA Words ==== : The deitic prefix '''hya-''' forms determiners and other words that begin with ''every, all''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hya ea juab'''....''every other Monday, every second Monday'' * '''hya ea'''....''every other, every second'' * '''hya elu jwobi'''....''around the clock'' * '''hya juyeb'''....''every Sunday'' * '''hya oy'''....''all but, almost'' * '''hya yea jab'''....''septennial'' * '''hya zyag'''....''all along'' * '''hya'''....''all, every'' * '''hya-'''....''all-, holo-, omni-, pan-, tot-'' * '''hya'''....''every'' * '''hyaa'''....''livelong, total'' * '''hyabelus'''....''holdall'' * '''hyadoiba'''....''countywide'' * '''hyadoma'''....''citywide'' * '''hyadooba'''....''pan-national'' * '''hyadoobay'''....''pan-nationally'' * '''hyadoobin'''....''pan-nationalism'' * '''hyadoobina'''....''pan-nationalist'' * '''hyadoobinut'''....''pan-nationalist'' * '''hyaekundrawa'''....''opisthographic'' * '''hyaesea'''....''omnipresent'' * '''hyaesen'''....''omnipresence'' * '''hyaewa jodi'''....''all two times, both times, on both instances'' * '''hyaewa...ay'''....''both...and'' * '''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-'' * '''hyaewa'''....''both'' * '''hyaewasi'''....''both of them, both things'' * '''hyaewatesa'''....''ambiguous'' * '''hyaewatesan'''....''ambiguity'' * '''hyaewatesay'''....''ambiguously'' * '''hyaewati'''....''both of them, both people, both persons'' * '''hyaewatooba'''....''ambigendered'' * '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' * '''hyaewayafwan'''....''toss-up, tossup'' * '''hyaewayti'''....''both girls, both of them'' * '''hyafua'''....''abject'' * '''hyafuay'''....''abjectly'' * '''hyagekunsan'''....''rhomboid, rhombus'' * '''hyagekunsana'''....''rhomboidal'' * '''hyagel'''....''in every way'' * '''hyagela'''....''every kind of'' * '''hyagla job'''....''all the time'' * '''hyagla jodi'''....''all the time, always, at all times'' * '''hyagla'''....''all of, totally, wholly'' * '''hyaglan'''....''totality'' * '''hyaglas'''....''all of it, all of it, the whole thing'' * '''hyaglasi'''....''all of them, every one of them'' * '''hyaglati'''....''all of them'' * '''hyaglayti'''....''all of the women, all of them'' * '''hyagonuta yanup'''....''plenum'' * '''hyaha jub'''....''all day, all the day, the entire day, the whole day'' * '''hyaha mep'''....''all the way, the entire way, the whole way'' * '''hyaha mir'''....''all the world, the entire world, the whole world'' * '''hyaha pati'''....''all the birds'' * '''hyaha'''....''all the entire, the whole, all the'' * '''hyahyua'''....''all other, every other'' * '''hyahyuj'''....''every other time'' * '''hyahyum'''....''every over place'' * '''hyahyus'''....''everything else'' * '''hyahyut'''....''everybody else'' * '''hyaika'''....''integral, whole'' * '''hyaikan'''....''integrality, integrity, wholeness'' * '''hyaikay'''....''integrally, wholly'' * '''hyaikser'''....''integrate'' * '''hyaikxen'''....''integration'' * '''hyaikxer'''....''integrate'' * '''hyaikxwa'''....''integrated'' * '''hyaiwa'''....''all three'' * '''hyaiwasi'''....''all three of them, all three things'' * '''hyaiwati'''....''all three of them, all three people'' * '''hyaiwayti'''....''all these women, all three of them'' * '''hyaizon'''....''in every direction'' * '''hyaizona'''....''omnidirectional'' * '''hyaj vyayuva'''....''semper fi'' * '''hyaj'''....''all the time, always, evermore, always'' * '''hyaja taxrunloxus'''....''all-time record, all-time record-breaker'' * '''hyajab'''....''every year'' * '''hyajaba'''....''perennial'' * '''hyajabay'''....''perennially'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyajagat'''....''person of every age'' * '''hyajagati'''....''people of every age'' * '''hyaje ho'''....''as long as'' * '''hyaje'''....''all during, all through, throughout'' * '''hyajesea okon'''....''headcrash'' * '''hyajesea'''....''everlasting, permanent, sempiternal'' * '''hyajeseaa'''....''lasting'' * '''hyajesean'''....''permanence, permanency'' * '''hyajeseay'''....''everlastingly, permanently'' * '''hyajeyay'''....''forever'' * '''hyaji'''....''always, at all times'' * '''hyajib'''....''monthly'' * '''hyajob'''....''all the time, always, eternity, forever'' * '''hyajoba'''....''eternal'' * '''hyajoban'''....''eternalness'' * '''hyajobay'''....''eternally'' * '''hyajobi'''....''always, at all times, forever'' * '''hyajod'''....''always, at every instance, each time, every time'' * '''hyajodi'''....''all the time, always, at all times, in all cases, on all occasions'' * '''hyajpopea'''....''peripatetic'' * '''hyajuab'''....''Mondays, every Monday'' * '''hyajub'''....''every day'' * '''hyajuba'''....''daily, everyday, mundane, quotidian'' * '''hyajubay'''....''daily'' * '''hyajubyena'''....''workaday'' * '''hyam'''....''allover, everyplace, everywhere'' * '''hyama'''....''rife'' * '''hyaman'''....''rifeness, ubiquity'' * '''hyamay'''....''ubiquitously'' * '''hyamema'''....''country-wide, countrywide'' * '''hyamep'''....''all along, every way, the whole way'' * '''hyamerbok'''....''pandemic'' * '''hyamesea'''....''prevailing, prevalent'' * '''hyameseay'''....''prevalently'' * '''hyamesen'''....''prevalence'' * '''hyameser'''....''prevail'' * '''hyami'''....''all over, everywhere, in all places'' * '''hyamira bokzyab'''....''pandemic'' * '''hyamira'''....''ecumenical, global, world-wide, worldwide'' * '''hyamiray'''....''ecumenically'' * '''hyamirin'''....''ecumenicism, ecumenism'' * '''hyamkexer'''....''scour, search high and low, ransack'' * '''hyamojdaz'''....''rave'' * '''hyamojdazer'''....''rave'' * '''hyamojdazut'''....''raver'' * '''hyamtayopelper'''....''itch all over'' * '''hyamtujer'''....''whore'' * '''hyamtujut'''....''whore'' * '''hyamtujutyan'''....''whoredom'' * '''hyamtujyea'''....''whoreish, whorish'' * '''hyamzyapea'''....''pervading'' * '''hyamzyapen'''....''pervading, pervasion'' * '''hyamzyaper'''....''pervade'' * '''hyamzyapya'''....''pervaded'' * '''hyamzyapyea'''....''pervasive'' * '''hyamzyapyean'''....''pervasiveness'' * '''hyanaxgob'''....''closeout'' * '''hyanog'''....''completely, totally'' * '''hyaoyutyan'''....''claque'' * '''hyas oy'''....''everything except'' * '''hyas-'''....''all-, omni-, pan-, panto-'' * '''hyas'''....''everything'' * '''hyasauna'''....''every kind of, generic'' * '''hyasav'''....''for every reason'' * '''hyasbelar'''....''carryall, catch-all, catchall, hodgepodge'' * '''hyasbiut'''....''gadfly'' * '''hyasbyekul'''....''elixir, nostrum'' * '''hyasi'''....''all things'' * '''hyaskader'''....''reveal everything, tell all'' * '''hyasnyef'''....''ragbag'' * '''hyaSoliada'''....''pan-Slavic'' * '''hyastea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' * '''hyastean'''....''omniscience'' * '''hyasteat'''....''omniscient person'' * '''hyasteaxuea'''....''hardcore'' * '''hyasteay'''....''omnisciently'' * '''hyastelea'''....''omnivore'' * '''hyastelean'''....''omnivorousness'' * '''hyasteleay'''....''omnivorously'' * '''hyaster'''....''be omniscient, know everything'' * '''hyastoxut'''....''scatterbrain'' * '''hyastoxyea'''....''scatter-brained, scatterbrained'' * '''hyastundyes'''....''encyclopedia'' * '''hyastundyesa'''....''encyclopedic'' * '''hyastut'''....''wiseacre'' * '''hyasufa'''....''splenetic'' * '''hyasun'''....''everything'' * '''hyasuni'''....''all things'' * '''hyasunxut'''....''factotum'' * '''hyasyafla'''....''almighty'' * '''hyasyebexea'''....''comprehensive'' * '''hyasyebexean'''....''comprehensiveness'' * '''hyasyebexeay'''....''comprehensively'' * '''hyat goy et'''....''everyone except you'' * '''hyat ho'''....''everyone that, everyone who'' * '''hyat ovabiwa et'''....''everyone except you'' * '''hyat oy et'''....''everyone except you'' * '''hyat'''....''everyone'' * '''hyata'''....''everybody&apos;s, everybody's, everyone's'' * '''hyata-'''....''panto-'' * '''hyatama nunuut'''....''door-to-door salesman, doorstep salesman'' * '''hyatama'''....''door-to-door'' * '''hyatas'''....''everyboyd&apos;s'' * '''hyatasi'''....''everybody&apos;s'' * '''hyatayovollzati'''....''people of all '' * '''hyateja dat'''....''life-long friend'' * '''hyateja'''....''life-long, lifelong'' * '''hyatepyex'''....''free-for-all'' * '''hyati!'''....''All aboard!'' * '''hyati'''....''all (people), all of them, all people'' * '''hyatob'''....''every man, every person, everybody'' * '''hyatobi'''....''all men, all people'' * '''hyatooba'''....''omni-sexual, pan-sexual'' * '''hyatoobifa'''....''pan-sexual'' * '''hyatoobifan'''....''pan-sexuality'' * '''hyatoobifut'''....''pan-sexual'' * '''hyatotin'''....''pantheism'' * '''hyatotina'''....''pantheistic'' * '''hyatotinut'''....''pantheist'' * '''hyatotyan'''....''pantheon'' * '''hyatoyb'''....''every woman'' * '''hyatoyba'''....''every woman's'' * '''hyatoybas'''....''every woman's'' * '''hyatoybasi'''....''every woman's things'' * '''hyatoybi'''....''all women'' * '''hyatrawadut'''....''name-dropper'' * '''hyattojben'''....''holocaust'' * '''hyattrawaden'''....''name-dropping, namedropping'' * '''hyattrawader'''....''name-drop, namedrop'' * '''hyatwob'''....''every man'' * '''hyatwoba'''....''every man's'' * '''hyatwobas'''....''every man's'' * '''hyatwobasi'''....''every man's things'' * '''hyatwobi'''....''all men'' * '''hyavolza'''....''of every color, panchromatic'' * '''hyawa jod ho'''....''each time that, every time'' * '''hyawa jod'''....''each time, every time, on each occasion'' * '''hyawa jwap'''....''at each moment'' * '''hyawa'''....''each single, every, each'' * '''hyawas'''....''each one, each thing'' * '''hyawat'''....''each one, each person'' * '''hyawata'''....''each one's, each person's'' * '''hyawatas'''....''each one's'' * '''hyawatasi'''....''each one's things'' * '''hyawayt'''....''each woman'' * '''hyawayta'''....''each woman's'' * '''hyawaytas'''....''each woman's'' * '''hyawaytasi'''....''each woman's things'' * '''hyaxag'''....''always'' * '''hyaxaga'''....''always'' * '''hyayafa'''....''all-powerful, omnipotent'' * '''hyayafan'''....''all-powerfulness, omnipotence'' * '''hyayafat'''....''omnipotent one'' * '''hyayebexea'''....''overall'' * '''hyayegsaxen'''....''overhauling'' * '''hyayegsaxer'''....''overhaul'' * '''hyayen'''....''completely, everyway, in every way, in every way'' * '''hyayena'''....''every kind of, every kind of every type'' * '''hyayenas'''....''every kind of thing'' * '''hyayenasi'''....''all kinds of things, all types of things'' * '''hyayenat'''....''every kind of person, everybody’s'' * '''hyayenati'''....''all kinds of people'' * '''hyayeni'''....''in all ways'' * '''hyayivyenat'''....''everything-goes-person'' * '''hyaysiyn'''....''high-five'' * '''hyayt'''....''every girl'' * '''hyayta'''....''every girl's everyone's'' * '''hyaytas'''....''every girl's, everyone's thing'' * '''hyaytasi'''....''every girl's, everyone's things'' * '''hyayti'''....''all girls, all of them'' * '''hyayubay'''....''mundanely'' * '''hyayzyun'''....''pompom, pompon'' * '''hyazbyekus'''....''panacea'' * '''hyazye ota tej'''....''throughout ones life'' * '''hyazye'''....''throughout'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYE Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hye-''' is used to form indeterminate determiners that begin '''any-, whichever-'''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever'' * '''hyea'''....''any, whatever, whichever/any'' * '''hyeas'''....''whichsoever'' * '''hyeawa...ey'''....''either...or'' * '''hyeawa'''....''any one, either, whichever'' * '''hyeawas'''....''any one, either one, either thing, whichever one'' * '''hyeawat'''....''either one, either person, whichever one person'' * '''hyeawata'''....''either ones, either persons'' * '''hyeawatas'''....''not a single person's'' * '''hyeawatasi'''....''not a single person's things'' * '''hyeawayt'''....''either woman'' * '''hyeawayta'''....''either woman's'' * '''hyeawaytas'''....''either woman's'' * '''hyeawaytasi'''....''either woman's things'' * '''hyeewa'''....''any two, whichever two'' * '''hyeewasi'''....''any two, any two things, whichever two'' * '''hyeewati'''....''any two, any two people, whichever two'' * '''hyeewayti'''....''whichever two women'' * '''hyegel'''....''however, whatever kind'' * '''hyegela'''....''any kind of, whatever kind of'' * '''hyegla job'''....''for whatever amount of time, however long'' * '''hyegla jodi'''....''any number of times, however often, on any number of occasions'' * '''hyegla'''....''any, however many, however much, umpteen, however much/many, to whatever extent'' * '''hyeglas'''....''any of it, however much, however much'' * '''hyeglasi'''....''any of them, however many, however many'' * '''hyeglati'''....''any of them, however many, however many (people)'' * '''hyehyua'''....''any other, whatever other'' * '''hyehyuj'''....''any other time'' * '''hyehyum'''....''any other place'' * '''hyehyus'''....''anything else, whatever else'' * '''hyehyusauna'''....''any other kind of'' * '''hyehyuyen'''....''any other way'' * '''hyeizon'''....''any way, any which way, in any direction, in whatever direction, whatever direction'' * '''hyej ho'''....''at whatever time, whenever'' * '''hyej'''....''any time, anytime, ever'' * '''hyejaga'''....''however old'' * '''hyejagat'''....''person of whatever age'' * '''hyejagati'''....''people of whatever age'' * '''hyejob ho'''....''anytime that, whenever'' * '''hyejob'''....''any time, anytime, at whatever time'' * '''hyejod ho'''....''any time that, anytime that, on any occasion when, whenever'' * '''hyejod'''....''any time, anytime, at any point, on any occasion, on whatever occasion'' * '''hyejodi'''....''any time, at whatever times, on any occasions, whenever'' * '''hyejuab'''....''any Monday'' * '''hyejub'''....''any day, whatever day'' * '''hyejwap'''....''at any moment'' * '''hyem ho'''....''anywhere that, wherever'' * '''hyem'''....''anyplace, anywhere, someplace, wherever'||'' * '''hyemep'''....''any way, any which way'' * '''hyemi'''....''anywhere, at whatever places'' * '''hyempea'''....''erratic'' * '''hyempeay'''....''erratically'' * '''hyenapa'''....''umpteenth'' * '''hyenog ho'''....''to any extent that, to whatever degree'' * '''hyenog'''....''however, in any degree, to any extent, to whatever extent'' * '''hyeowa...oey'''....''neither...nor'' * '''hyeowa'''....''neither'' * '''hyeowas'''....''neither thing'' * '''hyeowat'''....''neither one, neither person'' * '''hyes ho'''....''anything that, whatever'' * '''hyes'''....''any, anything, whatever/anything'' * '''hyesaun'''....''any kind, genre, whatever kind'' * '''hyesauna'''....''any kind of, whatever kind of'' * '''hyesaunas'''....''any kind of thing, whatever kind of thing'' * '''hyesaunasi'''....''whatever kinds of things'' * '''hyesaunat'''....''any kind of person, whatever kind of person'' * '''hyesaunati'''....''any kind of people, whatever kind of people, whatever kinds of people'' * '''hyesaunayt'''....''any kind of woman'' * '''hyesaunayta'''....''any kind of woman's'' * '''hyesaunayti'''....''whatever kind of women'' * '''hyesaunwat'''....''any kind of man'' * '''hyesaunwata'''....''any kind of man's'' * '''hyesaunwati'''....''whatever kind of men'' * '''hyesav ho'''....''for whatever reason that'' * '''hyesav van'''....''for whatever reason that'' * '''hyesav'''....''for whatever/any reason'' * '''hyesi'''....''any, whatever things, whatever (things)'' * '''hyesun ho'''....''anything that'' * '''hyesun'''....''anything, whatever'' * '''hyesundraf'''....''wildcard'' * '''hyesuni'''....''any, whatever things'' * '''hyet ho'''....''anybody that, anybody who, anyone that, anyone who, whoever, whomever, whomsoever, whosesoever, whosoever'' * '''hyet'''....''anybody, anyone, whoever/anybody'' * '''hyeta'''....''whoever's, whosever'' * '''hyetas'''....''whoever's, whosoever's thing, whosever’s'' * '''hyetasi'''....''whoever's, whosoever's things, whosoever’s (things)'' * '''hyetayolza'''....''of any skin-color'' * '''hyetebtabifayt'''....''demimondaine'' * '''hyetesa dref'''....''wild card'' * '''hyeti ho'''....''any people that, whoever, whomever'' * '''hyeti'''....''any people, whoever (pl.)'' * '''hyetooba'''....''any gender-fluid, of any gender, of whatever gender, whatever gender'' * '''hyetoobat'''....''person of whatever gender'' * '''hyetooda'''....''of any race, of either race, of mixed race, of mixed-race, racially mixed, racially-mixed'' * '''hyetoodat'''....''mulatto, person of mixed-race'' * '''hyevolza'''....''of any color, of whatever color'' * '''hyexag ho'''....''however often'' * '''hyexag'''....''how everoften'' * '''hyexaga'''....''however frequent'' * '''hyeyen ho'''....''anyway that'' * '''hyeyen'''....''any which way, anyhow, anyway, anywise, however, in any manner, in whatever way, like whatever, no matter how, whatever kind, however'' * '''hyeyena'''....''any kind of, like whatever kind of, whatever/any kind of'' * '''hyeyenas'''....''any kind of thing, any kind, whatever kind of thing'' * '''hyeyenasi'''....''any kinds of things, whatever kinds of things'' * '''hyeyenat'''....''any kind of person, whatever kind of person, whatever kind of person'' * '''hyeyenati'''....''any kind of people, any kinds of people, whatever kind of people, whatever kinds of people'' * '''hyeyenayti'''....''whatever kind of women'' * '''hyeyeni ho'''....''in any ways that'' * '''hyeyeni'''....''however, in whatever ways'' * '''hyeyenwati'''....''whatever kind of men'' * '''hyeyt ho'''....''any woman who, whichever woman'' * '''hyeyt'''....''any woman, whoever, whomever'' * '''hyeyta'''....''any girl's, whosever'' * '''hyeytas'''....''any girl's, whosoever's thing'' * '''hyeytasi'''....''any girl's, whosoever's things'' * '''hyeyti'''....''any girls, whatever girls, whoever, whomever'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYI Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hyi-''' forms identical determiners that begin with '''(the) same'''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-'' * '''hyia'''....''selfsame, the same, the very, the same'' * '''hyias'''....''the same one'' * '''hyiasi'''....''the same ones'' * '''hyiat ho'''....''that same one who'' * '''hyiat'''....''the same one, the same person'' * '''hyiati ho'''....''that same ones who'' * '''hyiati'''....''the same ones, the same people'' * '''hyiawa'''....''the same one'' * '''hyiawas'''....''the same one'' * '''hyiawat'''....''the same one'' * '''hyidyunat'''....''namesake'' * '''hyiema'''....''endemic'' * '''hyiemay'''....''endemically'' * '''hyiewa'''....''the same two'' * '''hyiewasi'''....''the same two things'' * '''hyiewati'''....''the same two people'' * '''hyigel'''....''in the same way as'' * '''hyigela'''....''the same kind of'' * '''hyigla jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' * '''hyigla jodi'''....''as often, the same number of times'' * '''hyigla x vyel y'''....''as x as y'' * '''hyigla'''....''as many, as much, the same amount of, the same number of, just as, to the same extent'' * '''hyiglas'''....''as much, the same amount, just as much'' * '''hyiglasi ho'''....''as many as'' * '''hyiglasi'''....''as many, as many things, the same number of things'' * '''hyiglati ho'''....''as many as'' * '''hyiglati'''....''as many, as many people, the same number of people, just as many people'' * '''hyigloti vyel'''....''as many people as'' * '''hyihyut'''....''one another'' * '''hyiizon'''....''the same direction, the same way'' * '''hyij ho'''....''at the same time that'' * '''hyij'''....''at the same time, at the very time, at the same time'' * '''hyijaga'''....''chronologically the same, of the same age, just as old'' * '''hyijagat'''....''person of the same age'' * '''hyijagati'''....''people of the same age'' * '''hyijatada'''....''consanguine, consanguineous'' * '''hyijatadan'''....''consanguinity'' * '''hyijob ho'''....''at the same time that'' * '''hyijob'''....''at the same time'' * '''hyijoba'''....''contemporaneous'' * '''hyijoban'''....''contemporaneity, contemporaneously'' * '''hyijod'''....''at the same time, on the same occasion'' * '''hyijodi'''....''at the same times, on the same occasions'' * '''hyijuab'''....''the same Monday'' * '''hyijub'''....''the same day'' * '''hyikan'''....''altogether'' * '''hyi-m gel-'''....''semel-'' * '''hyim ho'''....''at the same place that'' * '''hyim'''....''at the same place, ibid, ibidem, the same place'' * '''hyimema'''....''home-grown, internal'' * '''hyimematser'''....''get naturalized'' * '''hyimematxen'''....''naturalization'' * '''hyimematxer'''....''naturalize'' * '''hyimematxwa dit'''....''naturalized citizen'' * '''hyimematxwa'''....''naturalized'' * '''hyimemut'''....''countryman'' * '''hyimep'''....''the same way'' * '''hyimer'''....''our own planet, this planet'' * '''hyimera'''....''of our own planet'' * '''hyimerat'''....''person of our planet'' * '''hyimi'''....''at the same places'' * '''hyinema'''....''homotopic'' * '''hyinog ho'''....''as much as, just as, to the same degree that'' * '''hyinog'''....''as, to the same degree, to the same extent'' * '''hyis'''....''idem, itself, the same, the same thing, the same thing'' * '''hyisag ho'''....''as many as'' * '''hyisandyofwa'''....''unidentifiable'' * '''hyisaun'''....''the same kind'' * '''hyisauna'''....''homogeneous, the same kind of'' * '''hyisaunan'''....''homogeneity, homogeneousness'' * '''hyisaunay'''....''homogeneously'' * '''hyisaunxen'''....''homogenization'' * '''hyisaunxer'''....''homogenize'' * '''hyisaunxwa'''....''homogenized'' * '''hyisav ho'''....''for the same reason that'' * '''hyisav van'''....''for the same reason that'' * '''hyisav'''....''for the same reason'' * '''hyisi'''....''the same things'' * '''hyisun'''....''the same, the same thing'' * '''hyisuni'''....''the same things'' * '''hyisunxen'''....''copying'' * '''hyisunxwa'''....''copied'' * '''hyit'''....''oneself, self, the same one, the same person, the very same, the same person'' * '''hyita'''....''one's own, the same person’s'' * '''hyitas'''....''one's own, one's own thing, the same person’s'' * '''hyitasi'''....''the same person’s'' * '''hyitbukifa'''....''masochistic'' * '''hyitbukifan'''....''masochism'' * '''hyitbukifat'''....''masochist'' * '''hyitbukifay'''....''masochistically'' * '''hyitepa'''....''like-minded'' * '''hyitepan'''....''like-mindedness'' * '''hyiteser'''....''mean the same'' * '''hyiti'''....''selves, the same ones, the same people, the very same ones, the same people'' * '''hyitooba tadan'''....''same-sex marrage'' * '''hyitooba'''....''same gender'' * '''hyitoobifa'''....''homophile, homosexual, same-sex'' * '''hyitoobifan'''....''homosexuality'' * '''hyitoobifayt'''....''lesbian'' * '''hyitoobifaytan'''....''lesbianism'' * '''hyitoobifaytin'''....''lesbianism'' * '''hyitoobifinut'''....''homophile'' * '''hyitoobifut'''....''fag, faggot, homosexual'' * '''hyitooda'''....''co-racial, of the same race'' * '''hyitoodat'''....''co-racial, person of the same race'' * '''hyitoodin'''....''co-racialism'' * '''hyitoodina'''....''co-racialistic'' * '''hyitoodinut'''....''co-racialist'' * '''hyitooodat'''....''co-racial'' * '''hyitos'''....''sense of connectedness'' * '''hyivolza'''....''of the same color'' * '''hyixag vyel'''....''as many times as'' * '''hyixag'''....''as often, just as often'' * '''hyixaga'''....''just as often'' * '''hyiyen ho'''....''in the same way that, just as'' * '''hyiyen'''....''as, in the same way, likewise, so, likewise'' * '''hyiyena'''....''like-mannered, such, the same kind of, the same kind of'' * '''hyiyenas'''....''the same kind of thing'' * '''hyiyenasi'''....''the same kinds of things'' * '''hyiyenat'''....''the same kind of person'' * '''hyiyenati'''....''the same kind of people'' * '''hyiyt'''....''herself, the same girl, the same one, this very person'' * '''hyiyta'''....''the same girl's, the same one's'' * '''hyiytas'''....''the same girl's, the same one's things'' * '''hyiyti'''....''the same girls, the same ones'' * '''hyizena'''....''homocentric'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYU and HYUI Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hyu-''' is used to form non-identical determiners beginning with ''(the) other''. The hybrid prefix '''hyui-''' is used to form words referring to reciprocity (''one another''). Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hyu vyel'''....''other than'' * '''hyu-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-'' * '''hyua job'''....''the other time, some other time, another time'' * '''hyua jodi'''....''on other occasions'' * '''hyua'''....''another, other, alternate, the other'' * '''hyuawa job'''....''another time, some other time'' * '''hyuawa jod'''....''one more time, again'' * '''hyuawa juab'''....''another Monday, some other Monday'' * '''hyuawa'''....''another'' * '''hyuawas'''....''another one'' * '''hyuawat'''....''another person, someone else'' * '''hyuawata'''....''another person's, another's, someone else's'' * '''hyuawatas'''....''another's'' * '''hyuawatasi'''....''another's things'' * '''hyuaxen'''....''alienation'' * '''hyuaxer'''....''alienate'' * '''hyuaxwa'''....''alienated'' * '''hyuay'''....''differently, otherwise'' * '''hyudalzeynxen'''....''translating, translation'' * '''hyudalzeynxer'''....''translate'' * '''hyudalzeynxut'''....''translator'' * '''hyudalzeynxwa'''....''translated'' * '''hyudyuen'''....''aliasing'' * '''hyudyun'''....''alias, allonym, alternate name, by-name, handle'' * '''hyudyuna'''....''allonymous'' * '''hyudyundrawa'''....''ghostwritten'' * '''hyudyundrer'''....''ghostwrite'' * '''hyudyundrut'''....''ghostwriter'' * '''hyudyuwa'''....''a.k.a., aliased, otherwise known as'' * '''hyuewa'''....''the other two'' * '''hyuewasi'''....''the other two things'' * '''hyuewati'''....''the other two people'' * '''hyugel'''....''in a different way than, otherwise'' * '''hyugela'''....''a different kind of'' * '''hyugla jodi'''....''a different number of times'' * '''hyugla'''....''a different amount of, a different number of, not as, not as much/many, to another degree'' * '''hyuglas'''....''a different amount, some other amount of, not as much'' * '''hyuglasi'''....''a different number, some other number of things, not as many'' * '''hyuglati'''....''a different number of people, some other number of people, not as many people'' * '''hyuha'''....''the other'' * '''hyuhas'''....''the other thing'' * '''hyuhasi'''....''the others'' * '''hyuhat'''....''the other person'' * '''hyuhata'''....''the other&apos;s'' * '''hyuhati'''....''the others, the other people'' * '''hyuhatia'''....''the others&apos;, the other people&apos;s'' * '''hyuis-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal'' * '''hyuisa'''....''between one thing and another, mutual'' * '''hyuit-'''....''cross-, inter-, mutual, one another, reciprocal'' * '''hyuit'''....''one to another'' * '''hyuita oyebyujbean'''....''mutual exclusivity'' * '''hyuita'''....''between one person and another, mutual, one another's, reciprocal, respective'' * '''hyuitan'''....''mutuality, reciprocity'' * '''hyuitas'''....''one another's'' * '''hyuitasi'''....''one another's, one another's things'' * '''hyuitay oyebiyea'''....''mutually exclusive'' * '''hyuitay'''....''mutually, reciprocally, respectively'' * '''hyuitbuina'''....''sadomasochistic'' * '''hyuitbukuin'''....''sadomasochism'' * '''hyuitbukuinut'''....''sadomasochist'' * '''hyuitdal'''....''conversation, dialog, dialogue'' * '''hyuitdala'''....''conversational'' * '''hyuitdalay'''....''conversationally'' * '''hyuitdalen'''....''dialoguing'' * '''hyuitdaler'''....''converse, dialog, talk to one another'' * '''hyuitder'''....''say to one another'' * '''hyuitfizuen'''....''mutual respect'' * '''hyuitflizuer'''....''respect one another'' * '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' * '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'' * '''hyuitteaxer'''....''look at one another'' * '''hyuittojber'''....''kill one another'' * '''hyuitvekek'''....''parimutuel'' * '''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration'' * '''hyuitxen'''....''reciprocating, reciprocation'' * '''hyuitxer'''....''reciprocate'' * '''hyuitxwa'''....''reciprocated'' * '''hyuityegteater'''....''see one another again'' * '''hyuixen'''....''reciprocating, reciprocation'' * '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate'' * '''hyuixwa'''....''reciprocated'' * '''hyuizon'''....''a different direction, alternate course'' * '''hyuj'''....''another time, another time, at another time, some other time, some other time, at a different time'' * '''hyujaga'''....''of another age, of different ages'' * '''hyujagat'''....''person of a different age'' * '''hyujagati'''....''people of a different age'' * '''hyuji'''....''other times'' * '''hyujod drurunes'''....''rain check'' * '''hyujod'''....''again, another time'' * '''hyujoeba'''....''anachronistic'' * '''hyujoeban'''....''anachronism'' * '''hyujoebay'''....''anachronistically'' * '''hyujub'''....''another day, some other day, the other day'' * '''hyukum'''....''opposition, other side'' * '''hyukuma ekutyan'''....''opposite team, opposition team'' * '''hyukuma yanav'''....''opposition party'' * '''hyukuma'''....''opposite'' * '''hyukuman'''....''oppositeness'' * '''hyukumay'''....''oppositely, on the other hand'' * '''hyukumpea'''....''opposing'' * '''hyukumpen'''....''opposing'' * '''hyukumper'''....''oppose'' * '''hyukumxe'''....''opposing'' * '''hyukumxen'''....''opposing, opposition'' * '''hyukumxer'''....''oppose'' * '''hyukumxwa'''....''opposed'' * '''hyum'''....''elsewhere, somewhere else'' * '''hyumat'''....''stranger'' * '''hyumdin'''....''alibi'' * '''hyumeg'''....''xenolith'' * '''hyumem'''....''abroad, alien land'' * '''hyumema'''....''alien'' * '''hyumemat'''....''alien, person from another country'' * '''hyumemif'''....''xenophilia'' * '''hyumemifa'''....''xenophile, xenophilic'' * '''hyumemifut'''....''xenophile'' * '''hyumemuben'''....''repatriation, sending abroad'' * '''hyumemuber'''....''repatriate, send abroad'' * '''hyumemubwa'''....''repatriated, sent abroad'' * '''hyumemubwat'''....''repatriate'' * '''hyumemuf'''....''xenophobia'' * '''hyumemufa'''....''xenophobic'' * '''hyumemufut'''....''xenophobe'' * '''hyumep'''....''a different way, runaround'' * '''hyumer'''....''alien planet'' * '''hyumera'''....''alien, extra-terrestrial, from another planet'' * '''hyumerat'''....''alien, extra-terrestrial, person from another planet'' * '''hyumertejtun'''....''exobiology'' * '''hyumi'''....''at other places, elsewhere, other places'' * '''hyumira'''....''unworldly'' * '''hyumiran'''....''unworldliness'' * '''hyumiryena'''....''exotic, otherworldly'' * '''hyumiryenan'''....''exoticism'' * '''hyumiryenay'''....''exotically'' * '''hyumyefdyuen'''....''secondment'' * '''hyunaga'''....''differently-sized'' * '''hyunog'''....''to a different degree, to a different extent'' * '''hyuowa'''....''no other'' * '''hyuowas'''....''no other's'' * '''hyuowat'''....''nobody else'' * '''hyuowata'''....''nobody else's'' * '''hyuowatas'''....''nobody else's'' * '''hyuowatasi'''....''nobody else's things'' * '''hyus'''....''alternate, another thing, something else, the other thing, something else'' * '''hyusan'''....''allomorph'' * '''hyusana'''....''allomorphic'' * '''hyusanxer'''....''estrange'' * '''hyusanxwa'''....''estranged'' * '''hyusanxwen'''....''estrangement'' * '''hyusaun'''....''another kind'' * '''hyusauna'''....''a different kind of, allogenic, another kind of, heterogeneous, strange'' * '''hyusaunan'''....''heterogeneity, heterogeneousness, strangeness'' * '''hyusaunas'''....''strange thing'' * '''hyusaunat'''....''stranger'' * '''hyusaunay'''....''curiously, heterogeneously, strangely'' * '''hyusaunxen'''....''making heterogeneous, variegation'' * '''hyusaunxer'''....''make heterogeneous, variegate'' * '''hyusaunxwa'''....''made to be heterogeneous, variegated'' * '''hyusav'''....''for a different reason, for some other reason, for another reason'' * '''hyuseux'''....''allophone'' * '''hyuseuxa'''....''allophonic'' * '''hyusi'''....''alia, cetera, other things, the other things, other things'' * '''hyusun'''....''alternate, another thing, something else'' * '''hyusuna'''....''alternate, alternative'' * '''hyusunay'''....''alternately, alternatively'' * '''hyut'''....''alien, another, different person, someone else, stranger, the other, the other person, someone else'' * '''hyuta'''....''alien, alternate, another's, other, some else's, the other's, someone else's'' * '''hyutafinoxbier'''....''freeload'' * '''hyutafinoxbiut'''....''freeloader'' * '''hyutakovtos'''....''jealousy'' * '''hyutan'''....''alienness, difference, otherness'' * '''hyutas'''....''someone else's'' * '''hyutasbier'''....''mooch'' * '''hyutasbiut'''....''moocher'' * '''hyutasi'''....''someone else&apos;s (things)'' * '''hyutbukuin'''....''sadism'' * '''hyutbukuina'''....''sadistic'' * '''hyutbukuinay'''....''sadistically'' * '''hyutbukuinut'''....''sadist'' * '''hyuteasea'''....''different-looking'' * '''hyuteaser'''....''look different'' * '''hyutesdin'''....''allegory'' * '''hyutesdina'''....''allegoric, allegorical'' * '''hyutesdinay'''....''allegorically'' * '''hyutesdinut'''....''allegorist'' * '''hyutesea'''....''meaning something different'' * '''hyuteser'''....''mean something different'' * '''hyutesyob'''....''alibi'' * '''hyutexea'''....''on a different wavelength'' * '''hyutexen'''....''thinking differently'' * '''hyutexer'''....''think differently'' * '''hyuti'''....''other people, others, the others'' * '''hyutibuja'''....''heterocercal'' * '''hyutifa'''....''altruistic'' * '''hyutifan'''....''altruism'' * '''hyutifin'''....''altruism'' * '''hyutifina'''....''altruistic'' * '''hyutifinay'''....''altruistically'' * '''hyutifinut'''....''altruist'' * '''hyutifut'''....''altruist'' * '''hyutin'''....''heterodoxy'' * '''hyutina'''....''heterodox'' * '''hyutoob'''....''alternative gender'' * '''hyutooba'''....''alternatively gendered, different-gendered'' * '''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual, straight'' * '''hyutoobifan'''....''heterosexuality, straightness'' * '''hyutoobifut'''....''heterosexual, straight person'' * '''hyutooda'''....''of a different race, racially different'' * '''hyutoodat'''....''person of a different race'' * '''hyutos'''....''alienation'' * '''hyutosea'''....''alienated'' * '''hyutoser'''....''feel alienated'' * '''hyutosuen'''....''alienation'' * '''hyutosuer'''....''alienate'' * '''hyutosuwa'''....''alienated'' * '''hyutosuyea'''....''alienating'' * '''hyutoyb'''....''minx'' * '''hyuttejwa'''....''vicarious'' * '''hyuttejwan'''....''vicariousness'' * '''hyuttejway'''....''vicariously'' * '''hyutuf'''....''xenophobia'' * '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic'' * '''hyutufut'''....''xenophobe'' * '''hyutxen'''....''alienation'' * '''hyutxer'''....''alienate'' * '''hyutxwa'''....''alienated'' * '''hyuvolza'''....''different-colored, of a different color'' * '''hyuxag'''....''at some other frequency, not as frequently, not so often, not as often'' * '''hyuxaga'''....''not as often'' * '''hyuyen'''....''elsewise, in another manner, otherwise, some other way, somehow other, strangely'' * '''hyuyena'''....''a different sort of, alien, another kind of, another sort of, different, fey, of another kind, queer, some other kind of, strange, another kind of'' * '''hyuyenan'''....''queerness, strangeness'' * '''hyuyenas'''....''a different sort of thing, a strange thing, some other kind of thing, another kind of thing'' * '''hyuyenasi'''....''other kinds of things'' * '''hyuyenat'''....''a different sort of person, alien, some other kind of person, stranger, another kind of person'' * '''hyuyenati'''....''aliens, other kinds of people, other kinds of people'' * '''hyuyenay'''....''queerly, strangely'' * '''hyuyeni'''....''in alternate ways, in other ways'' * '''hyuyt'''....''some other female'' * '''hyuyta'''....''some other female's'' * '''hyuytas'''....''some other female's thing'' * '''hyuytasi'''....''some other female's things'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''HAY''' ''hello'', '''HEY''' ''hey'', '''HOY''' ''goodbye'' === ::* '''hay'''....''hello, hi'' ::* '''hey'''....''hey, o'' ::* '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ HAY HEY HOY Family |- | valign=top|'''hay'''....''hello''<br>'''hayder'''....''to say hi''<br>'''hayd'''....''greeting'' | valign=top|'''hey'''....''hey''<br>'''heyder'''....''to address''<br>'''heyd'''....''address'' | valign=top|'''hoy'''....''goodbye''<br>'''hoyder'''....''to say farewell''<br>'''hoyd'''....''farewell'' |} {{small/end}} === '''HYAY''' ''thank-you'', '''HYEY''' ''please'', '''HYOY''' ''sorry'' === ::* '''hyay'''....''thank-you'' ::* '''hyey'''....''please'' ::* '''hyoy'''....''sorry'' : These roots are used to form exclamatory words of politeness. ==== HYAY Words ==== : Here are examples of '''hyay''', which refer to exclamations of thanks, appreciation, etc.: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hyay bu'''....''thanks to'' *'''hyay hyay!'''....''Thank-you very much!, Thanks a lot!'' *'''hyay!'''....''thanks!, thank-you!'' *'''hyayd'''....''a thank-you, a word of thanks'' *'''hyaydres'''....''thank-you note'' *'''hyayden'''....''thanking, thanksgiving'' *'''hyayder'''....''thank, say thank-you, express gratitude'' *'''hyaydraf'''....''thank-you card'' *'''hyayduka'''....''thankless'' *'''hyaydukay'''....''thanklessly'' *'''hyayduken'''....''thanklessness'' *'''hyaydwa'''....''thanked'' *'''hyaydyea'''....''thankful'' *'''hyaydyean'''....''thankfulness'' *'''hyaydyeay'''....''thankfully'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYEY Words ==== : The word '''hyey''', which means ''please'', only has one derived word: '''hyeyder'''....''to say please''. ==== HYOY Words ==== : The word '''hyoy''' means ''sorry, excuse me'' and is used in the following expressions: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hyoy'''....''sorry, excuse me, woops, woe is me, alas'' *'''hyoyd'''....''excuse, apology'' *'''hyoydea'''....''apologetic'' *'''hyoyden'''....''apologizing, saying sorry, apology'' *'''hyoyder'''....''apologize, be sorry, boo, excuse oneself, express woe'' *'''hyoydraf'''....''sympathy card'' *'''hyoydres'''....''apology note, sympathy note'' *'''hyoydyea'''....''apologetic'' *'''hyoydyeay'''....''apologetically'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''HWAY''' ''bravo'', '''HWEY''' ''good luck'', '''HWOY''' ''boo''=== ::* '''hway'''....''bravo, congratulations, cheers'' (pronounced like English ''why'') ::* '''hwey'''....''good luck'' (pronounced like English ''whey'') ::* '''hwoy'''....''boo, down with, what a shame'' ==== HWAY Words ==== : This exclamatory word means ''bravo!, congratulations!, cheers!, well done!'' and has the following derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hway!'''....''alleluia!, bravo!, cheerio!, cheers!, congratulations!, goodie!, hooray!, hurrah!, kudo!, rah!, right on!, skoal!, whoopee!, great!, way to go!'' *'''hway!'''....''Thank-you!, Thanks!'' *'''hwayd'''....''congratulations, cheer, toast'' *'''hwayden'''....''congratulation, cheering, toasting'' *'''hwayder'''....''congratulate, cheer on, express kudos, say bravo, toast, root for'' *'''hwaydeux'''....''applause, cheer'' *'''hwaydeuxen'''....''applauding, applause, cheering, ovation'' *'''hwaydeuxer'''....''applaud, cheer'' *'''hwaydeuxut'''....''applauder, cheerer'' *'''hwaydeuxwa'''....''applauded, cheerer'' *'''hwaydraf'''....''congratulations card'' *'''hwaydut'''....''cheerleader, fan, rooter, whooper'' *'''hwaydutyan'''....''cheering squad, cheerleading team, fan base'' *'''hwaydwa'''....''congratulated, cheered on, toasted'' *'''hwaydwa'''....''thanked'' *'''hwaydyea'''....''thankful, grateful'' *'''hwaydyefwa'''....''applause-worthy'' *'''hwaydyefwan'''....''applause-worthiness'' *'''hwaysiyn'''....''high-five'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HWEY Words ==== : This exclamatory word means ''good luck!'' and has the following derivatives: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hweyd'''....''ackowledgement'' *'''hweyder'''....''wish luck, express best wishes'' *'''hweydraf'''....''best wishes card'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HWOY Words ==== : This exclamatory word means ''boo!, hiss!, for shame!'' and has the following derivatives: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hwoy'''....''boo, bah, bummer, down with, too bad, what a pity'' *'''hwoyd'''....''boo, heckle, expression of shame'' *'''hwoyden'''....''booing, heckling, shaming'' *'''hwoyder'''....''boo, heckle, shame'' *'''hwoydeux'''....''hiss, heckle'' *'''hwoydeuxen'''....''hissing, heckling'' *'''hwoydeuxer'''....''hiss, heckle'' *'''hwoydeuxut'''....''hisser, heckler'' *'''hwoydeuxwa'''....''hissed, heckled'' *'''hwoydut'''....''booer, heckler'' *'''hwoydwa'''....''booed'' *'''hwoyteaxer'''....''look at with pity, regard with shame'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''HIHI''' ''ha ha'', '''HUHU''' ''boo hoo'' === : The morpheme '''hihi''' is used to form words having to do with laughing, while the opposite morpheme '''huhu''' is used for words referring to crying. Here are some '''hihi''' examples: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hihi'''....''haha, teehee'' * '''hihid'''....''laugh'' * '''hihiden'''....''laughing, laughter, ridiculing, teeheeing'' * '''hihider'''....''laugh, ridicule, teehee'' * '''hihidez'''....''comedy'' * '''hihidezen'''....''performing comedy, doing comedy'' * '''hihidezer'''....''do comedy, perform comedy'' * '''hihidezun'''....''comedy act'' * '''hihidezut'''....''comedian'' * '''hihidier'''....''amuse oneself'' * '''hihidin yekun'''....''butt of a joke'' * '''hihidin'''....''farce, joke'' * '''hihidina'''....''farcical, jocular'' * '''hihidinay'''....''farcically, jocularly'' * '''hihidinen'''....''joke-telling, joking'' * '''hihidiner'''....''joke'' * '''hihidinut'''....''joke-teller, joker, jokester, comedian, comic'' * '''hihidinyea'''....''joky'' * '''hihidinyeay'''....''jokingly'' * '''hihidog'''....''giggle'' * '''hihidrasin drev'''....''cartoon page'' * '''hihidrasin'''....''cartoon'' * '''hihidrasinut'''....''cartoonist'' * '''hihidrasinyena'''....''cartoonish'' * '''hihiduea'''....''laugh-provoking'' * '''hihiduen'''....''amusement, hilarity, making laugh, tickling'' * '''hihiduer'''....''amuse, make laugh, tickle'' * '''hihiduut'''....''joker, entertainer'' * '''hihiduwa'''....''amused, tickled'' * '''hihiduyea'''....''amusing, funny, hilarious'' * '''hihiduyean'''....''hilariousness'' * '''hihiduyeay'''....''amusingly, hilariously'' * '''hihidwa'''....''ridiculed'' * '''hihidwat'''....''bozo, laughingstock'' * '''hihidxeay'''....''teasingly, ticklingly'' * '''hihidxen'''....''teasing, tickling'' * '''hihidxer'''....''tease, tickle'' * '''hihidxut'''....''teaser, tickler'' * '''hihidxwa'''....''teased, tickled'' * '''hihidyeay'''....''laughingly'' * '''hihidyefwa'''....''laughable, ridiculous, risible, funny'' * '''hihidyefwan'''....''ridiculousness, risibility, funniness'' * '''hihidyefway'''....''laughably, ridiculously, funnily'' * '''hihidyezun'''....''cartoon, flicker'' * '''hihisin'''....''caricature, comic, cartoon'' * '''hihisinut'''....''caricaturist, cartoonist'' * '''hihisinxen'''....''caricaturing'' * '''hihisinxer'''....''caricature'' * '''hihisinxwa'''....''caricatured'' </div> {{small/end}} : Here are some '''huhu''' examples: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''huhu'''....''boo hoo'' * '''huhud'''....''boo hoo, booboo, boohoo, cry, whimper, whine'' * '''huhudea'''....''boo-hooing, crying, chining'' * '''huhuden'''....''boo-hooing, whimpering, crying'' * '''huhuder'''....''booboo, boohoo, cry, whimper, whine'' * '''huhudut'''....''booer, cry-baby, crybaby, whimperer, whiner'' </div> {{small/end}} == Charts of Words Showing Mnemonic Parallelism == : The words in the following charts share some commonality, which is evident in their similar phonetics: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Mnemonic Parallels |- ! '''tob''' !! '''tab''' !! '''teb''' !! '''tib''' !! '''tub''' !! '''tyob''' !! '''tayob''' !! '''tayeb''' |- | ''man'' || body || ''head'' || ''trunk (of body)'' || ''arm'' || ''leg'' || ''skin'' || ''hair'' |- ! '''fob''' !! '''fab''' !! '''feb''' !! '''fib''' !! '''fub''' !! '''fyob''' !! '''fayob''' !! '''fayeb''' |- | ''plant'' || ''tree'' || ''fruit'' || ''trunk (of tree)'' || ''branch'' || ''root'' || ''bark'' || ''leaf'' |- ! '''vob''' !! '''vab''' !! '''veb''' !! '''vib''' !! '''vub''' !! '''vyob''' !! '''vayob''' !! '''vayeb''' |- | ''crop'' || ''grass'' || ''tuft'' || ''stem'' || ''twig'' || ''root'' || ''peel'' || ''petal'' |- ! '''pat''' !! !! !! !! '''patub''' !! !! !! '''patayeb''' |- | ''bird'' || || || || ''wing'' || || || ''feather'' |- ! '''pit''' !! !! '''piteb''' !! !! '''pitub''' !! !!'''pitayob''' !! '''pitayeb''' |- | ''fish'' || || ''fishhead'' || || ''fin'' || || ''shell''|| ''scale'' |- ! '''dob''' !! '''dab''' !! '''deb''' !! '''dib''' !! '''dub''' !! !! !! |- | ''state'' || ''government'' || ''leader'' || ''administration'' || ''minister'' || || || |- ! '''xob''' || '''xab''' !! '''xeb''' !!'''xib''' !! '''xub''' !! '''xyob''' || || |- |''organization'' || ''staff'' ||''boss'' || ''department''|| ''subdidiary'' || ''base'' || || |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -eu- Mnemonic Parallels |- ! teub !! teus !! teud !! seux !! xeus !! deuz !! seuz !! xeuz |- | ''mouth'' || ''voice'' || ''shout'' || ''sound'' || ''noise'' || ''song'' || ''tone'' || ''tune'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -ayo- Mnemonic Parallels |- ! tayob !! fayob !! vayob !! tayof !! |- | ''skin'' || ''bark'' || ''peel'' || ''leather'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -ub/-uf Mnemonic Parallels |- |- ! tub !! fub !! vub !! sub !! xub !! semub !! mifub !! mub !! muf !! tiibuf !! gimuf !! manuf !! fauf |- | arm || branch || twig || protuberance || subsidiary || flap || oar || promontory || rod || artery || skewer || candle || log |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -ea- Mnemonic Parallels |- ! '''teab''' !! ''eye'' |- | '''teater''' || ''see'' |- | '''teaxer''' || ''look'' |- | '''jeteaxer''' || ''watch'' |- | '''teaser''' || ''seem'' |- | '''teaper''' || ''visit'' |- | '''gawteaper''' || ''revisit'' |- | '''teader''' || ''witness'' |- | '''teatier''' || ''perceive'' |- | '''teatuer''' || ''show'' |- | '''beaxer''' || ''watch'' |- | '''neaxer''' || ''aim'' |- | '''vyateaxer''' || ''examine'' |- | '''vyabeaxer''' || ''inspect'' |- | '''vyaleaxer''' || ''check'' |- | '''izteader''' || ''indicate'' |- | '''izteatuer''' || ''point out'' |- | '''izteaxer''' || ''focus'' |- | '''abteaxer''' || ''survey'' |- | '''yagteaxer''' || ''stare'' |- | '''igteaxer''' || ''glance'' |- | '''gawteaser''' || ''reappear'' |- | '''yozteatuer''' || ''display, expose'' |- | '''jateater''' || ''foresee'' |- | '''jeteaxer''' || ''watch'' |- | '''yonteater''' || ''distinguish'' |- | '''oteaser''' || ''disappear'' |- | '''vyateatuer''' || ''prove'' |- | '''ofteaxer''' || ''peek'' |- | '''zyoteaxer''' || ''peer'' |- | '''ugteaxer''' || ''gaze'' |- | '''yuzteaxer''' || ''look around'' |- | '''yubteaxer''' || ''scrutinize'' |- | '''kyoteaxer''' || ''glare'' |- | '''yogteaxer''' || ''glimpse'' |- | '''joteaxer''' || ''review'' |- | '''zoyteaxer''' || ''look back'' |- | '''zayteaxer''' || ''look ahead'' |- | '''ojteader''' || ''warn'' |- | '''tepteatier''' || ''consider'' |- | '''kuteaxer''' || ''observe'' |- | '''ejeatuer''' || ''present'' |- | '''ejeaser''' || ''show up, appear'' |- | '''utejeaser''' || ''represent'' |- | '''ajteaxer''' || ''review'' |- | '''ojteaxer''' || ''envisage'' |- | '''yoveater''' || ''suspect'' |- | '''kiteaxer''' || ''look askance'' |- | '''yizteaxer''' || ''look beyond'' |- | '''zeyteaxer''' || ''look across'' |- | '''fyateater''' || ''respect'' |- | '''vyoteas''' || ''illusion'' |- | '''vyamteaser''' || ''seem true'' |- | '''koteaxer''' || ''peek, spy on'' |- | '''ziteaxer''' || ''look right'' |- | '''zuteaxer''' || ''look left'' |- | '''eynteaxer''' || ''squint'' |- | '''zyateaxer''' || ''peruse, scan'' |- | '''fateaber''' || ''blink'' |- | '''teabigyujer''' || ''wink'' |- | '''teabiler''' || ''weep, tear up'' |- | '''teazexer''' || ''focus'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -z Mnemonic Parallels" |- ! nas !! teb !! tuyub !! tilab !! tuyob !! tun !! tab !! teub !! sin !! teeb !! nas !! teib !! vos !! drer !! ten |- | ''money'' || ''head'' || ''finger'' || ''breast'' || ''wrist'' || ''science'' || ''body'' || ''mouth'' || ''image'' || ''ear'' || ''money'' || ''nose'' || ''flower'' || ''write'' || ''knowledge'' |- ! noz !! tebuz !! tuyuz !! tilaz !! tuyoz !! tuz !! taz !! deuz !! siz !! teebuz !! naz!! teiz !! voz !! drez !! tez |- | ''jewel'' || ''crown'' || ''ring'' || ''broche'' || ''bracelet'' || ''art'' || ''statue'' || ''song'' || ''painting'' || ''earring'' || ''value'' || ''perfume'' || ''color'' || ''poetry'' || ''culture'' |} {{small/end}} == Words Ending in '''-yen''' (''manner'') == : The ending '''-yen''' is a stub for '''byen''', meaning ''way, manner'' and is used to form many different words, as the following chart shows. The basic words are: ::* '''byen'''....''manner'' ::* '''syen'''....''style'' ::* '''tyen'''....''technique, skill'' ::* '''hoyen'''....''how, condition'' ::* '''pyen'''....''pace, allure'' ::* '''xyen'''....''behavior'' ::* '''zeyen'''....''means'' ::* '''yukyen'''....''amenity'' ::* '''dotyen'''....''manners'' ::* '''dyen'''....''expression'' ::* '''visyen'''....''fashion'' ::* '''vidyen'''....''euphemism'' ::* '''uzdyen'''....''paraphrase'' ::* '''tyodyen'''....''custom'' ::* '''tuzyen'''....''artistry'' ::* '''twobyen'''....''machismo'' ::* '''tosyen'''....''mood'' ::* '''texyen'''....''attitude'' ::* '''tejyen'''....''way of life'' ::* '''tezyen'''....''more'' ::* '''tepyen'''....''frame of mind'' ::* '''teazyen'''....''showmanship'' ::* '''teatyen'''....''outlook'' ::* '''teasyen'''....''aspect'' ::* '''sexyen'''....''structure'' ::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' ::* '''esyen'''....''state'' ::* '''kyayen'''....''version'' ::* '''jobyen'''....''tense'' ::* '''jagyen'''....''senility'' ::* '''izbyen'''....''maneuver'' ::* '''exlyen'''....''process'' ::* '''driryen'''....''type face'' ::* '''kyasyen'''....''dynamics'' ::* '''dibyen'''....''governance'' ::* '''deuzyen'''....''tonality'' ::* '''deuxyen'''....''intonation'' ::* '''dalyen'''....''idiom'' ::* '''datyen'''....''bonhomie'' ::* '''balzeyen'''....''leverage'' ::* '''axlyen'''....''behavior'' ::* '''anyen'''....''quirk'' ::* '''akpasyen'''....''stategy'' ::* '''dreyen'''....''writing system'' ::* '''napyen'''....''discipline'' ::* '''kisyen'''....''trend'' ::* '''dodalyen'''....''rhetoric'' ::* '''jubyen'''....''habit'' ::* '''maalyen'''....''weather'' ::* '''aotyen'''....''personality, character'' == Words Ending in '''-z''' (''something precious'')== : Words ending in '''-z''' refer to something '''''precious''''' or '''''refined,''''' as this chart shows: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -Z Words |- ! Normal Word !! Refined Word |- | '''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fiz'''....''honor'', '''utfiz'''....''dignity'', '''firz'''....''ideal'', '''fiyz'''....''respect'', '''agfiz'''....''glory'', '''fiiz'''....''deference'' |- | '''fu-'''....''bad'' || '''fuz'''....''shame'', '''agfuz'''....''infamy'', '''fuyz'''....''disrespect'', '''utfuz'''....''indignity'' |- | '''fya-'''....''holy'' || '''fyaz'''....''grace'', '''kofyaz'''....''magic'', '''fyamaz'''....''halo'', '''fyatyez'''....''hieromancy'', '''fyatez'''....''religion'', '''fyateyz'''....''cult'' |- | '''fyo-'''....''profane, evil'' || '''fyoz'''....''disgrace'' , '''kofyoz'''....''occult'', '''fyotez'''...''black magic'' |- | '''fyi-'''....''useful''|| '''fyiz'''....''reward'' |- | '''fyu-'''....''harmful''||'''fyuz'''....''punishment'', '''fyuyz'''....''penance, penalty'' |- | '''meg'''....''stone'' || '''mez'''....''crystal'', '''yonmez'''....''ice crystal'', '''amez'''....''diamond'', '''emez'''....''topaz'', '''imez'''....''ruby'', '''umez'''....''emerald'', etc. |- | '''nas'''....''money'' || '''naz'''....''value'', '''noz'''....''gem, jewel'', '''finaz'''....''merit'', '''nyaz'''....''wealth'' |- | '''d-'''....''communicate'' || '''daz'''....''dance'', '''dyaz'''....''ballet'', '''dez'''....''theatre'', '''adez'''....''burlesque'', '''diz'''....''comedy'', '''duz'''....''music'', '''dyuz'''....''opera'', '''deuz'''....''song'', '''ajdreuz'''....''ballad'', '''drez'''....''poetry'', '''dyez'''....''cinema'', '''dauz'''....''dance music'', '''druz'''....''lyric'', '''yokdez/yokdiz'''....''improv'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''taz'''....''statuary'' |- | '''san'''....''shape'' || '''saz'''....''sculpture'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''siz'''....''painting'', '''finsiz'''....''medal'', '''dresiz'''....''engraving'' |- | '''ty-'''....''know how''||'''tyez'''....''magic'', '''kotyez'''....''occult'', '''fyotyez'''....''sorcery, witchcraft'', '''fyatyez'''....''hieromancy'', '''tuyutyez'''....''legerdemain, chiromancy'','''tojatyez''' ....''necromancy'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebuz'''....''crown'', '''eyntebuz'''....''diadem'' |- | '''teas'''....''view'' || '''teaz'''....''spectacle'', '''fyateaz'''....''miracle'' |- | '''teis'''....''smell'' || '''teiz'''....''perfume'' |- | '''tiab'''....''breast'' || '''tiabuz'''....''broche'' |- | '''tilab'''....''nipple'' || '''tilabuz'''....''nipple ring'' |- | '''teyob'''....''neck'' || '''teyobuz'''....''necklace'' |- | '''teubob'''....''lip'' || '''teuboz'''....''lip ring'' |- | '''zetiub'''....''navel'' || '''zetiubuz'''....''belly button ring'' |- | '''tun'''....''science'' || '''tuz'''....''art'', '''vituz'''....''fine art'', '''daltuz'''....''rhetoric'', '''sextuz'''....''architecture'', '''teltuz'''....''gastronomy'', '''tuyatuz'''....''handicraft'', '''drefgobluntuz'''....''d&eacute;coupage'' |- | '''toleus'''....''taste'' || '''toleuz'''....''refined taste'' |- | '''ten'''....''knowledge'' || '''tez'''....''culture'', '''yobtez'''....''subculture'', '''ajtez'''....''lore'', '''aulktez'''....''alchemy'', '''oybtez'''....''subculture'', '''ovtez'''....''counterculture'', '''vitez'''....''high culture'', '''fyatez'''....''religion'', '''fyotez'''...''occult'' |- | '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''deuz'''....''song'', '''fadeuz'''....''hymn'', '''yegdeuz'''....''refrain'', '''seuz'''....''tone'', '''teuz'''....''voice'', '''zoyteuz'''....''echo'', '''teuboz'''....''smile'', '''videuz'''....''melody'', '''yandeuz'''....''harmony'', '''uvdeuz'''....''dirge'', '''ajdeuz'''....''ballad'', '''dudeuz'''....''antiphon'', '''ivdeuz'''....''carol'', '''yogdeuz'''....''ditty'', '''awatdeuz'''....''solo'', '''ewatdeuz'''....''duet'', '''fizdeuz'''....''anthem'' |- | '''tuab'''....''arm'' || '''eytuabuz'''....''epaulette'' |- | '''tuyub'''....''finger'' || '''tuyubuz'''....''ring'' |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || '''volz'''....''color'', '''voolz'''....''tint'', '''voylz'''....''shade of color'', '''tayolz'''....''facial/hair color'', '''alz'''....''red'', '''feelkalz'''....''rust'', '''yolz'''....''blue'', '''yelz'''....''pink'', '''caoyolz'''....''cobalt'' |} {{small/end}} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Vocabulary Formation|Syntax}}</noinclude> bfyh6ogfkezclqob4k3tcu6ozkvi4nn 4664622 4664509 2026-08-26T11:30:25Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right|limit=2}} == Introduction == : Words in Mirad can be grouped into families. By "family" is meant a group of words derived from the same rootword. This chapter explains that process. == Rootwords == : All non-borrowed words in Mirad are formed from a combination of some 600 building blocks or '''''rootwords'''''. Some of the rootwords consist of a '''''templatic noun''''' whose middle vowel is the ordinal value for zero, representing the top element of a group of scalarized words where the vowel represents how far down the scale the word is relative to the base word. An example is '''mor''' (''universe''), which is the base word of '''mar''' (''star''), '''mer''' (''planet''), '''mir''' (''world''), and '''mur''' (''moon''). Some rootwords are semantic, in that they carry meaning, whereas others are functional or grammatical. :* Semantic Rootwords ::* Templatic Noun Rootwords ::* Non-templatic Noun Rootwords ::* Rootword Stubs ::* Non-noun Rootwords :::* Pronominal Rootwords :::* Numeric Rootwords :::* Alphabetic Rootwords :::* Adjective Nuance Modifiers :::* Abstract Pattern Rootwords :* Grammatical/Functional Rootwords === Semantic Rootwords === : These rootwords have meaning and are not merely functional or grammatical. ==== Templatic Noun Rootwords ==== : Templatic nouns have an ordinal stem vowel that determines the meaning. As the numeric value of the ordinal vowel scales, related words are created. {{small/top}} :*'''bok'''....''illness/health/pain/care/wound, etc.'' :*'''dob'''....''state/government/leader/administration/minister'' :*'''dom'''....''city/airport/park/fountain'' :*'''dop'''....''military/airforce/army/navy'' :*'''dot'''....''society/friend/associate/citizen/gentleman'' :*'''doz'''....''dance/theater/comedy/music/ballet/cinema/opera/poetry/music composition'' :*'''fob'''....''plants, trees, vines, etc.'' :*'''job'''....''time/year/season/month/day/hour/minute/second'' :*'''mol'''....''nature/air/water/soil/matter...'' :*'''mom'''....''outer space/sky/land/sea/underground...'' :*'''mop'''....''orbit/wind/path/river/road/tunnel...'' :*'''mor'''....''universe/sun/planet/world/moon...'' :*'''mos'''....''floor/wall/door/window/stairs...'' :*'''nof'''....''cloth,knot,net,rope,cord,button,ribbon,film,package'' :*'''nod'''....''point/line/surface/volume'' :*'''nog'''....''degree,measure,level,space'' :*'''olz-'''....colors of the spectrum :*'''nom'''....''situation,place,store/cell'' :*'''nov'''....''linen, thread'' :*'''pot'''....''animals'' :*'''pop''' .... ''travel,flight,ride,sea voyage,tunneling'' :*'''som'''....''furniture/chest/table/chair/bed'' :*'''tob'''....''human/body/head/trunk/arm/leg/hand/foot, etc.'' :*'''tod'''....''family/spouse/parent/sibling/child/people...'' :*'''tof'''....''clothing,shirt,dress/hat,socks...'' :*'''tol'''....''nutrition/food/drink/meal...'' :*'''tom'''....''building/house/hall/room/closet...'' :*'''tot'''....''god/angel'' :*'''top'''....''soul/physique/mind/sentiment/limb'' :*'''tov'''....''hat/shirt/socks,etc.'' :*'''vob'''....''crops/grasses'' :*'''xob'''....''organization/staff/boss, etc.'' {{small/end}} ==== Non-templatic Noun Rootwords ==== : The vowel stems in these words are not part of an ordinal scaling. {{small/top}} :*'''bem'''....''position'' :*'''byem'''....''situation'' :*'''byen'''....''manner'' :*'''did/dud'''....''question/answer'' :*'''din'''....''story'' :*'''daz'''....''dance'', '''dez'''....''theatre'', '''dyez'''....''cinema'', '''diz'''....''comedy'', '''duz'''....''music'', '''dyuz'''....''opera'', '''dyaz'''....''ballet'', '''duez'''....''musical'', '''druz'''....''musical poetry'' :*'''draf'''....''card'', '''dras'''....''document'', '''draz'''....''badge'', '''drayef'''....''sheet'', '''dref'''....''paper'', '''drev'''....''page'', '''dres'''....''note'', '''dril'''....''ink'', '''drof'''....''board'', '''drov'''....''cardboard'' :*'''dun'''....''word'' :*'''dyan'''....''sentence'', '''dyen'''....''phrase'', '''dyun'''....''name'' :*'''gin'''....''tip'', '''grin'''....''blade'' :*'''gum'''....''corner'', '''gun'''....''angle'', '''grun'''....''hook'' :*'''jep'''....''process'', '''jop'''....''sequence'' :*'''jod'''....''occasion'', '''jud'''....''date'' :*'''jwap'''....''moment'', '''jwep'''....''instant'' :*'''kad'''....''disclosure'', '''kap'''....''adventure'', '''kas'''....''locus'', '''kaz'''....''treasure'' :*'''kin'''....''slant'', '''kim'''....''slope'', '''kis'''....''bend'' :*'''kod'''....''secret'', '''kof'''....''cover'', '''kos'''....''mystery'', '''kov'''....''veil'', '''koz'''....''mystery'' :*'''kun'''....''flank'', '''kum'''....''side'' :*'''kyan'''....''change'' :*'''kyen'''....''luck'', '''kyed'''....''guess'', '''kyej'''....''contingency'', '''kyen'''....''chance'', '''kyes'''....''event'' :*'''maf'''....''cloud'', '''miaf'''....''mist'' :*'''mag/mog'''....''fire/ash'' :*'''maj/moj'''....''day/night'' :*'''mak'''....''electricity'' :*'''man/mon'''....''light/dark'' :*'''mav/mov'''....''flame/smoke'' :*'''maz/moz'''....''glow/shade'' :*'''mef'''....''brick'', '''mev'''....''porcelain'' :*'''meg'''....''stone'' :*'''mek'''....''dust'' :*'''mez'''....''crystal'' :*'''mieg'''....''coral'','''miek'''....''sand'','''miel'''....''mud'' :*'''muf'''....''rod'', '''muv'''....''pin'' :*'''mug'''....''metal'', '''muk'''....''mineral'' :*'''mulk'''....''chemical element'' :*'''muz'''....''precious ore'' :*'''myek'''....''powder'', '''myeik'''....''dough'' :*'''nab'''....''row'', '''nap'''....''order'' :*'''nak'''....''metric unit'' :*'''nas'''....''money'', '''naz'''....''value'', '''nax'''....''price'' :*'''noz'''....''jewel'' :*'''nyef'''....''bag'', '''nyev'''....''sack'', '''nyeb'''....''container'', '''nyem'''....''box'' :*'''pib'''....''tooth'' :*'''pob'''....''organism'' :*'''pan/pon'''....''motion/rest'' :*'''paz/poz'''....''ruckus/peace'' :*'''sab'''....''body'' :*'''sag'''....''number'', '''syag'''....''count'' :*'''san'''....''form'' :*'''sat'''....''creature'' :*'''saun'''....''kind'' :*'''saz/sez/siz/suz'''....''sculpture/chisel/painting/artifact'' :*'''sar/sir/sor/sur'''....''tool/machine/hardware/engine'' :*'''sin'''....''image'', '''siun'''....''sign'', '''siyn'''....''mark'' :*'''son'''....''matter'', '''sun'''....''thing'', '''suan'''....''element'' :*'''syab/syob'''....''summit/base'' :*'''syan'''....''class (of things)'' :*'''syeb'''....''container'' :*'''syem'''....''establishment'' :*'''syen'''....''style'' :*'''syin/syun'''....''subject/object'' :*'''syuf'''....''effects'' :*'''taz'''....''sculpture'', '''tez'''...''culture'', '''tuz'''....''art'' :*'''tes'''....''meaning'' :*'''tin/tun'''....''doctrine,-ism/science,-ology'' :*'''tos'''....''feeling'', '''toos'''....''instinct'' :*'''toz'''....''complexion'' :*'''tyan'''....''class (of people)'' :*'''tyeb'''....''brain'', '''tyep'''....''intellect'' :*'''tyen'''....''skill'', '''tyez'''....''magic'' :*'''tyun'''....''concept, idea'' :*'''vaf'''....''intention'' :*'''vak/vok'''....''safety/danger'' :*'''vyab'''....''rule'' :*'''vyen'''....''relation'' :*'''vol'''....''vegetable'' :*'''volz'''....''color'' :*'''vos'''....''flower'' :*'''xag'''....''frequency'' :*'''yom'''....''ice'' :*'''yim/yum'''....''flood/drought'' :*'''yank/yonk'''....''joint/fissure'' :*'''zyad'''....''report'', '''zyan'''....''span'', '''zyag'''....''stretch'', '''zyam'''....''expanse'' :*'''zyeb'''....''glass (container)'', '''zyef'''....''pane of glass'', '''zyel'''....''glaze'', '''zyev'''....''glass'', '''zyeg'''....''hole'', '''zyek'''....''pore'' :*'''zyub'''....''spindle'', '''zyuj'''....''round,turn,cycle'', '''zyul'''....''drop (of water)'', '''zyum'''....''sphere'', '''zyun'''....''ball'', '''zyup'''....''circuit'', '''zyug'''....''tire'', '''zyuk'''....''wheel'', '''zyus'''....''circle'' {{small/end}} ==== Rootword Stubs ==== : Stubs are abbreviated pieces of a rootword that are often used as suffixes and sometimes as prefixes or infixes. Here is an alphabetical list: : {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Stubs |- ! Stub Affix !! Full Form !! Example |- | '''-ab'''....''government, staff'' || '''dab'''....''government''|| '''fyaantinab'''....''abbey'' |- | '''-al'''....''gaseous substance'' || '''mal'''....''air, gas''|| '''tiebal'''....''breath'' |- | '''-am'''....''house'' || '''tam'''....''house''|| '''tilam'''....''bar'' |- | '''-ar'''....''instrument'' || '''sar'''....''tool'' || '''belar'''....''wagon, cart'' |- | '''bil'''....''milk'' || '''tilabil'''...''milk'' || '''bilyig'''....''cheese'' |- | '''do-'''....''public'' || '''dobyena'''....''official''|| '''doyiv'''....''right'' |- | '''-eb'''....''leader'' || '''deb'''....''leader''|| '''xeb'''....''boss'' |- | '''-el'''....''food'' || '''tel'''....''food''|| '''kapetel'''....''dogfood'' |- | '''-em'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''ekem'''....''playing field'' |- | '''-fil'''....''alcohol'' || '''sakofil'''....''alcohol'' || '''vifil'''....''wine'' |- |'''-fyel'''....''wax'' || '''katefyel'''....''chocolate''|| '''vifyel'''....''jam'' |- | '''-ib'''....''administration'' || '''dib'''....''administration'' || '''doyevib'''....''judiciary'' |- | '''-if'''....''endearing term'' || '''ifer'''....''to love''||'''petif'''....''pet'' |- | '''-il'''....''liquid substance'' || '''mil'''....''water''|| '''bil'''....''milk'' |- | '''-im'''....''room'' || '''tim'''....''room'' || '''efim'''....''w.c.'' |- | '''-ir'''....''machine'' || '''sir'''....''machine''|| '''syagir'''....''computer'' |- | '''-j'''....''time'' || '''job'''....''time''|| '''hij'''....''now'' |- | '''-lk'''....''chemical'' || '''mul'''....''substance'' || '''solk'''....''sulfur'' |- | '''-lz'''....''color'' || '''volz'''....''color'' || '''malz'''....''white'' |- | '''-m'''....''place'' || '''nem'''....''place'' || '''hum'''....''there'' |- | '''-of'''....''material'' || '''nof'''....''tissue'' || '''misof'''....''curtain'' |- | '''-om'''....''situation'' || '''nom'''....''situation''|| '''yukom'''....''comfort'' |- | '''-or'''....''device in general'' || '''sor'''....''device''||'''enzyukpor'''....''motorcycle'' |- | '''-ov'''....''cloth'' || '''nov'''....''linen''|| '''suemov'''....''sheet'' |- | '''-pib'''....''tooth, cog, tine'' || '''teupib'''....''tooth'' || '''pibar'''....''fork'' |- | '''-s'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing''|| '''zyus'''....''circle'' |- | '''sul'''....''chemical base'' || '''syob+mul''' || |- | '''-t'''....''person from'' || '''aot/tob'''....''person''|| '''Usat'''....''an American'' |- | '''te-'''....''mental'' || '''tep'''....''mind'' || '''tesiun'''....''symbol'' |- | '''-u-'''....''object-directed verb formant'' || '''buer'''....''give''||'''tuer'''....''to inform'' |- | '''-ud'''....''descendant'' || '''tud'''....''child''|| '''ekpetud'''....''foal'' |- | '''-ul'''....''substance'' || '''mul'''....''substance''|| '''bekul'''....''medecine'' |- | '''-ulob'''....''flap, tab, needle'' || '''tulob'''....''nail'' || '''vulob'''....''thorn'' |- | '''-um'''....''cell, compartment'' || '''tum'''....''compartment''|| '''yibdalirum'''....''telephone booth'' |- | '''-un'''....''thing'' || '''sun'''....''thing''|| '''zyiun'''....''plaque'' |- | '''-ur'''....''motorized device'' || '''sur'''....''motor''|| '''pur'''....''vehicle'' |- | '''-uz'''....''piece of jewelry'' || '''nuz'''....''jewel''|| '''tuyubuz'''....''ring'' |- | '''-yeb'''....''container'' || '''nyeb'''....''container''|| '''tilyeb'''....''drinking glass'' |- | '''-yeg'''....''hole, hollow'' || '''zyeg'''....''hole''|| '''mumilyeg'''....''well'' |- | '''-yel'''....''gel, oil'' || '''myel'''....''viscous substance''|| '''arvobyel'''....''peanut oil'' |- | '''-yem'''....''enclosed space'' || '''nyem'''....''enclosed space''|| '''veebyem'''....''pod'' |- | '''-yen'''....''manner, kind'' || '''byen'''....''manner, style''|| '''dalyen'''....''idiom''<br> '''heyen'''....''somehow'' |- | '''zil'''....''acid'' || '''yigzil'''....''acid'' || '''hesolka zil'''....''hydrosulfuric acid'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Non-noun Rootwords ==== : These include rootwords other than nouns, such as verbs, prepositions, and adverbs. Those rootwords with a hyphen at the end cannot stand alone, but require a verb or adjective ending to be complete words. ::*'''b-'''....''put'' ::*'''ab/eb/ob'''....''on/between/off'' ::*'''be'''....''at'' ::*'''bay/bey/boy'''....''with/by/without'' ::*'''yab/yeb/yob'''....''up/in/out'' ::*'''ib/ub'''....''away/toward'' ::*'''bi/bu'''....''from/to'' ::*'''byi/byu'''....''since/up to'' ::*'''yib/yub'''....''far/near'' ::*'''ba-/be-/bo-'''....''stir/stay/still'' ::*'''bya-/bye-/byo-'''....''stand/hit/fall'' ::*'''d-'''....''say'' ::*'''dal/del/dol'''....''speak/state/be silent'' ::*'''di-/du-'''....''ask/suggest'' ::*'''dr-'''....''write'' ::*'''dye-'''....''read'' ::*'''dyu-'''....''call'' ::*'''f-'''....''want'' ::*'''if/uf'''....''love/hate'' ::*'''yif/yuf'''....''dare/fear'' ::*'''fi-/fu-'''....''good/bad'' ::*'''fyi-/fyu-'''....''useful/harmful'' ::*'''af/ef/of'''....''allow/need/prohibit'' ::*'''yaf/yef/yof'''....''can/must/cannot'' ::*'''fya-/fye-/fyo-'''....''holy/mystical/profane'' ::*'''ag-/eg-/og-'''....''big/normal/small'' ::*'''yag-/yog-'''....''long/short'' ::*'''ga/ge/go'''....''more/equal/less'' ::*'''gla-/gle-/glo-'''....''very/rather/slightly'' ::*'''gra-/gre-/gro-'''....''too/enough/insufficiently'' ::*'''gwa-/gwe-/gwo-'''....''most/just/least'' ::*'''gya-/gyo-'''....''fat/thin'' ::*'''gyi-/gyu-'''....''solid/frail'' ::*'''ig-/ug-'''....''fast/slow'' ::*'''gi-/gu-'''....''point,sharp/angle'' ::*'''yig-/yug-'''....''hard/soft'' ::*'''ho-/ha-/he-/hi-/hu-'''....''which/the/some/this/that'' ::*'''hyo-/hya-/hye-/hyi-/hyu-'''....''no/all/whatever/same/other'' ::*'''hay/hey/hoy'''....''hello/hey/goodbye'' ::*'''hiy/huy'''....''here is/there is'' ::*'''hihi-/huhu-'''....''laugh/cry'' ::*'''hyay/hyey/hyoy'''....''thanks/please/sorry'' ::*'''hway/hwey/hwoy'''....''congratulations/good luck/boo'' ::*'''ja/je/jo'''....''before/during/after'' ::*'''jay/jey/joy'''....''already/meanwhile/next'' ::*'''aj/ej/oj'''....''past/present/future'' ::*'''ji/ju'''....''since/until'' ::*'''ij/uj'''....''beginning/end'' ::*'''yij/yuj'''....''open/close'' ::*'''jag/jeg-/jog-'''....''age(d)/middle-aged/young'' ::*'''jwa/jwe/jwo'''....''early/timely/late'' ::*'''ak/ek/ok'''....''win/play/lose'' ::*'''yak/yek/yok'''....''expect/try/surprise'' ::*'''ka-/ke-/ko-'''....''find/seek/lose'' ::*'''kya-/kye-/kyo-'''....''mobile/random/fixed'' ::*'''ki-/ku-'''....''diagonal/lateral'' ::*'''ik-/uk-'''....''full/empty'' ::*'''yik-/yuk-'''....''difficult/easy'' ::*'''kyi-/kyu-'''....''heavy/light'' ::*'''am-/om-'''....''hot/cold'' ::*'''im-/um-'''....''wet/dry'' ::*'''na-/ne-/no-'''....''price/save/spend'' ::*'''nya-/nye-/nyo-'''....''accumulate/store/waste'' ::*'''ni-/nu-'''....''earn/pay'' ::*'''nyi-/nyu-'''....''demand/supply'' ::*'''p-'''....''go'' ::*'''pa-/pe-/po-'''....''move/wait/stop'' ::*'''ap-/ep-/op-'''....''get on/intervene/get off'' ::*'''pi-/pu-'''....''leave/arrive'' ::*'''ip-/up-'''....''go away/come'' ::*'''s-'''....''be'' ::*'''as-/es-/os-'''....''become/exist/cease to exist'' ::*'''is-/us-'''....''start out/end up'' ::*'''sa-'''....''comprise'' ::*'''su-'''....''provide'' ::*'''t-'''....''know'' ::*'''ty-'''....''know how'' ::*'''tr-'''....''recognize'' ::*'''tax/tex/tox'''....''remember/think/forget'' ::*'''taj/tej/toj'''....''be born/live/die'' ::*'''tij/tuj'''....''to be awake/to sleep'' ::*'''va/ve/vo'''....''yes/maybe/no'' ::*'''vay/vey/voy'''....''indeed/perhaps/not'' ::*'''van/ven/von'''....''that/if/don't'' ::*'''av/ev/ov'''....''for/neutral/against'' ::*'''iv-/uv-'''....''happy/sad'' ::*'''yav-/yev-/yov-'''....''innocent/fair/guilty'' ::*'''vya-/vye-/vyo-'''....''true/relative/false'' ::*'''vi-/vu-'''....''beautiful/ugly'' ::*'''vyi-/vyu-'''....''clean/dirty'' ::*'''x-'''....''do'' ::*'''ax-/ex-/ox-'''....''act/operate/fail'' ::*'''xal-/xel-/xol-'''....''accomplish/celebrate/undergo'' ::*'''ix-/ux-'''....''effect/cause'' ::*'''xi-/xu-'''....''result/affect'' ::*'''yan/yon'''....''together/apart'' ::*'''yax/yex/yox'''....''be busy/work/be idle'' ::*'''yix/yux'''....''use/help'' ::*'''za/ze/zo'''....''front/middle/rear'' ::*'''zay/zey/zoy'''....''forward/across/back'' ::*'''az-/ez-/oz-'''....''strong/moderate/weak'' ::*'''iz/uz'''....''straight/curved'' ::*'''yaz/yez-/yoz'''....''convex/flush/concave'' ::*'''yiz/yuz'''....''beyond/around'' ::*'''zi/zu'''....''right/left'' ::*'''zyu-/zyi-'''....''round/flat'' ==== Pronominal Root Morphemes ==== ::*'''at/et/it/ot/ut'''....''I/you/he,she/one/self'' ::*'''yat/yet/yit/yot/yut'''....''we,us/you/they,them/themselves'' ::*'''is/yis'''....''it/they,them (inan.)'' ::*'''aut/eut/iut/out'''....''myself/yourself/herself/oneself'' ::*'''ius/yius'''....''itself/themselves (inan.)'' ==== Numeric Root Morphemes ==== ::* '''a/e/i/o/u/ya/ye/yi/yo/yu'''....The cardinal numbers 1-9 ::* '''-w-'''....units infix ::* '''-l-'''....decades infix ::* '''-r-'''....thousands infix ::* '''-ml-'''....millions infix ::* '''-mr-'''....billions infix ==== Alphabetic Spells ==== ::*'''a/ba/ca/da/e/fe/ge/he/i/ji/ki/li/mi/ni/o/po/ro/so/to/u/vu/wu/xu/yu/zu'''....letters of the alphabet ==== Adjectival Nuance Modifiers ==== ::*'''-c-''' ('''yuga'''....''soft'' -> '''yugca'''....''elastic'') ::*'''-f-''' ('''oza'''....''weak'' -> '''ozfa'''....''weary'') ::*'''-k-''' ('''vyoa'''....''false'' -> '''vyoka'''....''incorrect'') ::*'''-l-/-r-'''....intense/more intense -> ('''yika'''....''hard''/'''yikla'''....''complex''/'''yikra'''....''herculean'') ::*'''-n-''' ('''yeba'''....''inner'' -> '''yebna'''....''interior'') ::*'''-s-''' ('''yiga'''....''hard'' -> '''yigsa'''....''stiff'') ::*'''-z-''' ('''yiga'''....''hard'' -> '''yigza'''....''sour'') === Abstract Pattern Rootwords === ::* '''ea''' in words relating to vision :::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' :::* '''beaxer'''....''to guard'' :::* '''teaz'''....''marvel'' ::* '''eu''' in words relating to sounds and noises :::* '''seux'''....''sound'' :::* '''xeus'''....''noise'' :::* '''tiexeuser'''....''to wheeze'' :::* '''gixeuser'''....''to peep'' === Grammatical or Functional Rootwords === {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};" |+ Grammatical or Functional Rootwords |- ! Rootwords !! Use(s) !! Example(s) |- |'''-a'''||adjective suffix ||'''fi<u>a</u>'''....''good'' |- |'''-a/-e/-o'''||past/present/future tense endings ||'''p<u>a</u>'''....''went''<br>'''p<u>e</u>'''....''goes''<br> '''at p<u>o</u>'''...''I will go'' |- |'''-a-/-e-/-o-/-u-'''||perfect/progressive/imminent/hypothetical aspect infixes ||'''p<u>a</u>ye'''....''has gone''<br>'''p<u>e</u>ye'''....''is going''<br>'''p<u>o</u>ya'''....''was about to go''<br>'''Ven at p<u>u</u>'''....''If I were to go'') |- |'''du-'''||prefix for interrogative determiners (question words)|| '''<u>du</u>hos?'''....''what?'' |- |'''-en'''||gerundive suffix ||'''p<u>en</u>'''....''going'' |- |'''-er'''||infinitive suffix ||'''p<u>er</u>'''....''to go'' |- |'''-es'''||inanimate diminutive suffix ||'''fab'''....''tree'' -> '''fab<u>es</u>'''....''dendrite'' |- |'''-et'''||animate diminutive suffix||'''toyb'''....''woman'' -> '''toyb<u>et</u>'''....''girl''<br>'''ektob<u>et</u>'''....''doll'' |- |'''-eyn'''||single act gerundive ending|| '''sanyevder'''....''to criticize'' -> '''sanyevd<u>eyn</u>'''....''critique'' |- |'''-gla((s/t)i)'''||infix/suffix for quantity/degree determiners|| '''duho<u>gla</u>ti?'''....''how many people?''<br>'''hi<u>gla</u>s'''....''this much''<br>'''hi<u>gla</u>si'''....''this many things'' |- |'''gaw-'''|| prefix meaning ''re-''|| '''tajbwa'''....''born'' -> '''gawtajbwa'''....''reborn'' |- |'''ho-/hoo-/ha-/he-/hi-/hii-/hu-/huu/hyo-/hya-/hye-/hyi-/hyu-'''||determiner prefixes||'''<u>hi</u>s'''....''this''<br>'''<u>hyo</u>t'''....''nobody''<br> '''<u>hya</u>ewa'''....''both'' |- |'''-i'''||plural noun marker||'''tam<u>i</u>'''....''houses'' |- |'''-i-/-u-'''||subject-oriented/patient-oriented verb marker||'''b<u>i</u>er'''....''to take''<br>'''b<u>u</u>er'''....''to give'' |- |'''-j'''||stub suffix for ''when'' determiners|| '''duho<u>j</u>?'''....''when?''<br>'''he<u>j</u>'''....''sometime'' |- |'''-l-/-r-'''||semantic intensifiers |'''aga'''....''big'' -> '''ag<u>l</u>a'''....''huge'' -> '''ag<u>r</u>a'''....''immense''<br> '''via'''....''beautiful'' -> '''vila'''....''gorgeous'' -> '''vira'''....''splendid''<br> '''yuxer'''....''to help'' -> '''yux<u>l</u>er'''....''to serve'' -> '''yux<u>r</u>er'''....''to slave'' |- |'''lo-/lyo'''||verb prefixes that reverse the meaning, ''de-''|| '''xer'''....''do'' -> '''<u>lo</u>xer'''....''undo''<br>'''dota'''....''social'' -> '''<u>lyo</u>dota'''....''barbarian'' |- |'''-m'''||stub suffix for ''where'' determiners and place nouns|| '''duho<u>m</u>?'''....''where?''<br>'''hyo<u>m</u>'''....''nowhere'' |- |'''-n'''||general nominalizer ending|| '''yaga'''....''long'' -> '''yaga<u>n</u>'''....''length'' |- |'''-(o)n'''|| buffer for numeric prefixes||'''a<u>n</u>totin'''....''monotheism''<br>'''yo<u>on</u>gun'''....''pentagon'' |- |'''o-/yo-/ol-'''||negative prefix meaning ''un-, non-''||'''twa'''....''known'' -> '''<u>o</u>twa'''....''unknown''<br>'''dat'''....''friend'' -> '''yodat'''....''enemy'' |- |'''-on'''||abstract noun ending||'''ega'''....''normal'' -> '''eg<u>on</u>'''....''norm, standard'' |- |'''-s'''||thing stub suffix, infix/suffix for "what" determiners|| '''duhos?'''....''what''<br>'''hyes'''....''anything''<br>'''fua'''....''bad'' -> '''fus'''....''bad thing'' |- |'''-s-/-x-'''||''intransitive/transitive verb formant''|| '''malza'''....''white'' > '''malza<u>s</u>er'''....''to become white''<br>'''malza<u>x</u>er'''....''to whiten (tr.)'' |- |'''-t'''||person stub suffix, infix/suffix for ''who'' determiners|| '''Parisa'''....''Parisian'' -> '''Parisa<u>t</u>'''....''a Parisian''<br>'''duho<u>t</u>?'''....''who?''<br>'''hya<u>t</u>'''....''everyone'' |- |'''-un'''||suffix for the result of an action|| '''deuz<u>un</u>'''....''song'' |- |'''-us'''||''inanimate agent suffix''|| '''sanxer'''....''to form'' -> '''sanx<u>us</u>'''....''formant'' |- |'''-ut'''||animate agent suffix, ''-er, -ist, one who...''|| '''doper'''....''to fight'' -> '''dop<u>ut</u>'''....''fighter'' |- |'''-ux-'''||''causative verb infix''|| '''tayegobler'''....''to cut hair'' -> '''tayegobl<u>ux</u>er'''....''to get a haircut'' |- |'''-w-'''||pre-stem-vowel masculine marker|| '''tob'''....''human'' -> '''t<u>w</u>ob'''....''man'' |- |'''-w-'''||''alternative to -'''y'''-'' in '''j''' words|| '''j<u>w</u>ob''' rather than '''jyob''' |- |'''-w-'''||''superlative marker'' in the words '''gwa/gwe/gwo'''|| '''g<u>w</u>a'''....''most'' |- |'''-y-'''||post-stem-vowel feminine marker|| '''tob'''....''human'' -> '''to<u>y</u>b'''....''woman'' |- |'''-yea'''||''adjective ending denoting a tendency''|| '''daler'''....''to talk'' -> '''dal<u>yea</u>'''....''talkative'' |- |'''-y-/-w-'''||active/passive voice infixes<br>|| '''teata<u>y</u>e'''....''has seen'' -> '''teata<u>w</u>e'''....''has been seen'' |- |'''-y-'''||post-stem-vowel de-intensifier|| '''oma'''....''cold'' -> '''o<u>y</u>ma'''....''cool'' |- |'''y-'''||pre-stem-vowel intensifier|| '''om'''....''cold'' -> '''<u>y</u>om'''....''ice''<br>'''im'''...''wet'' -> '''<u>y</u>im'''....''flood'' |- |'''-y'''||adverb suffix||'''ika'''....''full'' -> '''ika<u>y</u>'''....''fully'' |- |'''-yen(-)'''||''stub infix/suffix for ''how/kind'' determiners''|| '''duho<u>yen</u>?'''....''how?''<br> '''hye<u>yen</u>a'''....''any kind of'' |} === Morphemic Analysis of Some Words === '''azbyasean''' ::* '''az-'''....adj. root meaning ''strong'' ::* '''bya-'''....verb semantic root meaning ''stand'' ::* '''-s-'''....verb intransitive formant :::* '''azbyas-'''....''stand strong'' ::* '''-e-'''....verb present tense marker ::* '''-a'''....adj. suffix ::* '''-n'''....abstraction noun suffix :::* '''azbyasean'''....''standing strong, staunchness'' '''yevadyofway''' ::* '''yev-'''....adj. root meaning ''fair, just'' ::* '''-a'''....adj. ending :::* '''yeva'''....''fair, just'' ::* '''d-'''....verbal root meaning ''to say, to tell'' :::* '''yevad-'''....verb base meaning ''justify, to say something is just'' ::* '''yof-'''....modal verb root meaning ''to be able'' :::* '''yevadyof'''....''ability to justify'' ::* '''-w-'''....passive voice verb infix ::* '''-a'''....adj. suffix :::* '''yofwa'''....''possible, able to be Ved'' :::* '''yevadyofwa'''....adj. meaning ''justifiable'' ::* '''-y'''....adverb suffix :::* '''yevadyofway'''....''unjustifiably'' '''yeloyjagat''' ::* '''ye'''....number ''seven'' ::* '''-l-'''....decades infix ::* '''o'''....number ''zero'' :::* '''yelo'''....number ''seventy'' ::* '''-y'''....post-stem de-intensifier ''approximately'' :::* '''yeloy'''....''about seventy'' ::* '''jag'''....noun meaning ''age'' ::* '''-a'''....adj. suffix :::* '''yeloyjaga'''....''about seventy'' ::* '''-t'''....stub suffix for '''tob'''....''person'' :::* '''yeloyjagat'''....''septuagenarian'' '''novgorfwa''' ::* '''nov'''....top element of semantic templatic noun ''linen'' ::* '''go'''....''less'' ::* '''-r-'''....semantic intensifier :::* '''gor-'''....base of verb meaning ''to divide forcibly'' ::* '''f'''....stub for '''nof'''....''cloth'' ::* '''gorf'''....base of verb meaning ''to tear, rip'' :::* '''novgorf'''....verb base meaning ''to tatter'' ::* '''-w-'''....verb passive infix ::* '''-a'''....adj. ending :::* '''novgorfwa'''....''tattered'' ::* '''-t'''....stub of '''tob'''....''person'' :::* '''novgorfwat'''....''tatterdemalion, tattered person'' '''engonyanxar''' ::* '''e'''....the number ''two'' ::* '''-n'''....buffer letter for numeric prefixes :::* '''en-'''....''bi-, di-, two-'' ::* '''gon'''....noun root ''part'' < '''go'''....''less'' + '''-n''' (nominalizer) ::* '''yan'''....''together'' ::* '''-x-'''....active/factive verb formant :::* '''yanx-'''....base of verb ''to join'' ::* '''-ir'''....stub suffix from '''sir'''....''machine'' :::* '''yanxir'''....''joining machine'' :::* '''engonyanxir'''....''splicing machine, lit. machine for joining two parts'' '''bixmugazona''' ::* '''bi'''....prep. ''from'' ::* '''-x-'''....factive/active verb formant ''to do'' :::* '''bix'''....''pull, traction'' ::* '''mug'''....''metal'' :::* '''bixmug'''....''magnet'' ::* '''az-'''....adj. root ''strong'' ::* '''-on'''....abstract noun ending :::* '''azon'''....''force'' :::* '''bixmugazon'''....''magnetism'' ::* '''-a'''....''adj. ending'' :::* '''bixmugazona'''....''magnetic'' == Mnemonics and Analogy == : This is a language where phonetics is used to present mnemonic relationships and analogy among words as in the following example, based on the word '''teub'''....''mouth'': : {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Mnemonic Family | '''teub'''<br>''mouth'' || '''teud'''<br>''shout''||'''teuf'''<br>''muzzle''||'''teuv'''<br>''mask''||'''seux'''<br>''sound''|| '''xeus'''<br>''noise'' || '''xeuz'''<br>''tune'' || '''teuz'''<br>''voice''||'''deuz'''<br>''song'' || '''seuz'''<br>''tone'' || '''deus'''<br>''accent'' ||'''deud'''<br>''shout''||'''deup'''<br>''beat''||'''seus'''<br>''ring'' |} {{small/end}} : Here are some other examples where analogy and mnemonics are used to the maximum: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Analogy and Mnemonics |- ! colspan=1| '''-eb''' | '''teb'''<br>''head'' || '''deb'''<br>''leader'' || '''xeb'''<br>''boss'' || '''feb'''<br>''fruit'' || '''veb'''<br>''tuft, cob''||'''piteb'''<br>''fishhead''||'''yanglalteb'''<br>''gang leader'' ||'''tameb'''<br>''master'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ub''' | '''tub'''<br>''limb'' || '''dub'''<br>''minister'' || '''xub'''<br>''subsidiary'' || '''fub'''<br>''branch'' || '''vub'''<br>''twig'' || '''patub'''<br>''wing'' ||'''petub'''<br>''paw'' || '''pitub'''<br>''fin'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-eub''' | '''teub'''<br>''mouth'' || '''pateub'''<br>''beak, bill'' || '''peteub'''<br>''muzzle'' || '''poteub'''<br>''mug''||'''ivteub'''<br>''smile'' ||'''uvteub'''<br>''frown''||'''ufteub'''<br>''grimace'' ||'''fuivteub'''<br>''smirk'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ayeb''' | '''tayeb'''<br>''hair'' || '''patayeb'''<br>''feather'' || '''pitayeb'''<br>''scale'' || '''fayeb'''<br>''leaf'' || '''vosayeb'''<br>''petal'' || '''potayeb'''<br>''mane''|| '''sayeb'''<br>''foil''||'''vafayeb'''<br>''blade of grass'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ayef''' | '''tayef'''<br>''bristle'' || '''drayef'''<br>''sheet'' || '''yomayef'''<br>''sheet of ice'' || '''fayef'''<br>''foil'' || '''mugayef'''<br>''sheet of metal'' || '''sazulayef'''<br>''lamina''|| '''zyefayef'''<br>''sheet of glass''||'''aulkayef'''<br>''gold leaf'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ayob''' | '''tayob'''<br>''skin'' || '''tayof'''<br>''leather'' || '''petayob'''<br>''hide'' || '''fayob'''<br>''bark'' || '''vayob'''<br>''peel, husk''||'''piitayob'''<br>''shell'' ||'''patijayob'''<br>''eggshell'' ||'''vosayob'''<br>''sepal'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-yob''' | '''tyob'''<br>''leg'' || '''fyob'''<br>''root'' || '''vyob'''<br>''plant root, tuber'' || '''syob'''<br>''base''||'''xyob'''<br>''headquarters'' ||'''tesyob'''<br>''reason''||'''vosyob'''<br>''peduncle'' ||'''teyob'''<br>''neck'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ib''' | '''tib'''<br>''trunk'' || '''fib'''<br>''tree trunk'' || '''vib'''<br>''stem'' || '''uvib'''<br>''stalk''||'''sib'''<br>''shaft'' ||'''xib'''<br>''department'' ||'''pib'''<br>''prong'' || '''tebosib'''<br>''brainstem'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-ulob''' | '''tulob'''<br>''nail'' || '''potulob'''<br>''claw'' || '''fulob'''<br>''thorn'' || '''pifulob'''<br>''needle'' || '''mulob'''<br>''pin, prick''|| '''yomulob'''<br>''icicle''||'''megulob'''<br>''obelisk'' ||'''sepetulob'''<br>''spine'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-uf''' | '''tiibufyeg'''<br>''artery'' || '''nufyeg'''<br>''pipe'' || '''muf'''<br>''stick, rod'' || '''movuf'''<br>''cheminy'' || '''fauf'''<br>''log'' || '''manuf'''<br>''candle''||'''zyemuf'''<br>''axis, axle'' ||'''tuf'''<br>''sleeve'' |- ! colspan=1| '''-il''' | '''til'''<br>''drink'' || '''teabil'''<br>''tear'' || '''teubil'''<br>''saliva'' || '''dril'''<br>''ink'' || '''mil'''<br>''water'' || '''mamil'''<br>''rain'' || '''tayobil'''<br>''sweat'' || '''bil'''<br>''milk'' |} {{small/end}} == Base Words and their Principal Derivatives == : The following is a list of basewords or rootwords with their principal derivatives === '''XER''' ''to do'' === : The verb '''xer''' means ''to do''. Many words are built from this base word using the postional/directional vowel coding rule. Words ending in '''xer''' contrast with those ending in '''ser''', in that the former are transitive (taking an object), as opposed to intransitive (taking no object). ==== Principal Derivatives ==== : This chart shows the principal derivatives in the '''xer'''....''do'' family: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Xer Principal Derivatives |- ! !! A !! E !! O !! I !! U |- | '''xer'''....''do''|| '''axer'''....''render'' || '''exer'''....''function'' || '''oxer'''....''fail to do'' || '''ixer'''....''effect'' || '''uxer'''....''cause'' |- | || '''axler'''....''act, behave'' || '''exler'''....''process'' || || '''ixler'''....''react'' || '''uxler'''....''influence'' |- | '''xrer'''....''execute'' || '''axrer'''....''carry out'' || || || || '''uxrer'''....''provoke'' |- | || || || || '''xier'''....''result'' || '''xuer'''....''bring about'' |- | || '''xaler'''....''accomplish'' || '''xeler'''....''practice'' || '''xoler'''....''undergo'' || '''xiler'''....''undertake'' || '''xuler'''....''foment'' |- | || '''yaxer'''....''be busy'' || '''yexer'''....''work''|| '''yoxer'''....''be idle'' || '''yixer'''....''use'' || '''yuxer'''....''help'' |- | ||| || '''yexler'''....''labor'' || '''yoxler'''....''resign'' || '''yixler'''....''hire, employ''<br>'''loyixler'''....''fire'' || '''yuxler'''....''serve'' |- | ||| || '''yexrer'''....''toil'' || || '''yixrer'''....''exploit'' || '''yuxrer'''....''slave'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Creating '''xer''' Derivations with Prefixes ==== : Using prefixation, many other words can be built from '''xer''': : Keep in mind that '''xer''' can mean ''do'', ''make'', or ''cause'' in the following derived terms: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Prefixing Xer Words |- ! PREFIX !! BASE !! DERIVATION |- | '''ana'''....''single'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''anaxer'''....''unify'' |- | '''an-'''....''one-'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''anxer'''....''unite'' |- | '''ayn-'''....''whole'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''aynxer'''....''integrate'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''exer'''....''operate'' || '''yanexer'''....''cooperate'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''yanyexer'''....''collaborate'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''yonxer'''....''separate'' |- | '''ge'''....''equal'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''gexer'''....''equal'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''jaxer'''....''prepare'' |- | '''je'''....''while'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''jexer'''....''continue'' |- | '''ig-'''....''fast'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''igxer'''....''rush'' |- | '''ug-'''....''slow'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ugxer'''....''delay'' |- | '''oj'''....''future'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ojxer'''....''plan'' |- | '''zoy-'''....''re-, back-'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''zoyxer'''....''redo'' |- | '''sa(n)'''....''shape'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''saxer'''....''create'' |- | '''se(n)'''....''being'' || '''xer'''....''make'' || '''sexer'''....''build'' |- | '''lo-'''....''un-'' || '''sexer'''....''build'' || '''losexer'''....''destroy'' |- | '''mel'''....''soil'' || '''yexer'''....''work'' || '''melyexer'''....''plough'' |- | '''tea(b)'''....''eye'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''teaxer'''....''look'' |- | '''lo-'''....''un-'' || '''yixler'''....''hire'' || '''loyixler'''....''fire'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''xer'''....''cause'' || '''magxer'''....''burn'' |- | '''yuf'''....''fear'' || '''xer'''....''cause'' || '''yufxer'''....''frighten'' |- | '''dofun'''....''crime'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''dofunxer'''....''commit a crime'' |- | '''gra'''....''too much'' || '''xer'''....''do'' || '''graxer'''....''overdo'' |- | '''voy-'''....''re-'' || '''axler'''....''act'' || '''voyaxler'''....''react'' |- | '''fu-'''....''bad'' || '''exer'''....''operate'' || '''fuexer'''....''malfunction'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Using '''xer''' to Build Verbs from Adjectives ==== : Unlimited transitive verbs can be created with adjectives and '''xer''' as a suffix like ''-ify'', ''-ate'', ''-ize'' in English. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs from Adjectives |- ! ADJECTIVE !! VERB |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaxer'''....''magnify''<br>'''agxer'''....''grow'' |- | '''vyoka'''....''false'' || '''vyokaxer'''....''falsify''<br>'''vyokxer'''....''err'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fiaxer'''....''fix''<br>'''fixer'''....''to do good'' |- | '''yiva'''....''free'' || '''yivaxer'''....''free up''<br>'''yivxer'''....''liberate'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''yagaxer'''....''lengthen''<br>'''yagxer'''....''stretch'' |- | '''zyia'''....''flat'' || '''zyiaxer'''....''flatten''<br>'''zyixer'''....''lay out'' |- | '''nyana'''....''collective'' || '''nyanaxer'''....''collectivize''<br>'''nyanxer'''....''collect'' |} {{small/end}} : '''''Note''''': Sometimes, the adjectival ending '''-a''' is dropped. This often produces a different nuance. For example, '''agaxer''' means ''to magnify, make bigger'', but '''agxer''' is more idiomatic and means ''to grow''. : The passive of '''xer''', '''xwer'''....''to be done'' can be used to mean ''to happen'' or ''to become''. For example: ::* '''Duhoj hus xwa?'''....''When did that happen?'' ::* '''At uvxwa hoj at teata ha tud.'''....''I became sad (=was saddened) when I saw the child.'' ==== Using '''xer''' to Build Verbs from Nouns ==== : The use of '''-xer''' to form factive verbs from nouns is extremely common. They are like verbs in English that end in ''-ify'', ''-ate'', ''-ize'' and mean ''to make x'' or ''to render x'', etc. These types of verbs are transitive and commonly take an object. Here are some examples: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs from Nouns |- ! NOUN !! VERB |- | '''dyun'''....''name'' || '''dyunxer'''....''to name, denominate'' |- | '''tex'''....''thought'' || '''texer<sup>*</sup>'''....''to think'' |- | '''aonab'''....''column'' || '''aonabxer'''....''to columnarize'' |- | '''tot'''....''god'' || '''totxer'''....''to deify'' |- | '''calilk'''....''chlorine'' || '''calilkxer'''....''to chlorinate'' |- | '''gimuf'''....''skewer'' || '''gimufxer'''....''to skewer'' |} {{small/end}} <sup>*</sup>If the base noun ends in '''x''', there is not need to repeat the '''x'''. ==== Using '''xer''' for All-Purpose Idioms ==== : The verb '''xer''' can be used as an all-purpose verb for actions which in English are expressed with a variety of idiomatic verbs, for example: ::* '''<u>xer</u> deuz'''....''to <u>perform</u> a song'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> ifpop'''....''to <u>take</u> a cruise'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> ebdid'''....''to <u>conduct</u> an interview'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> yagigpek'''....''to <u>run</u> a marathon'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> dazun'''....''to <u>do</u> a dance number'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> dezekgon'''....''to <u>play</u> a role'' ::* '''<u>xer</u> dovyabdras'''....''to <u>enact</u> a piece of legislation'' ==== Using '''axer''' with Adjectives ==== : The verb '''axer''' can be used as a standalone word to form expressions with adjectives, such as '''to make/render someone happy''', eg.: :* '''Hua deuz <u>axa</u> at uva.'''....''That song <u>made</u> me sad.'' :* '''Et <u>axeye</u> yat gla oyukoma.'''....''You <u>are making</u> us very uncomfortable.'' :* '''Hia apyex <u>axa</u> at teptuja.'''....''This attack <u>rendered</u> me unconcious.'' ==== Using '''uxer''' for Causative Constructions==== : The verb '''uxer''' is used in the meaning '''cause/make/get/force''' someone do something, eg.: ::* '''Ha teyd <u>uxa</u> ha tud doler.'''....''The mother <u>got</u> the child to be silent.'' ::* '''At <u>uxwa</u> simper boy der hyes.'''....''I <u>was made</u> to sit without saying anything.'' ::* '''Iyt <u>uxa</u> iyta tayeb goblwer.'''....''She <u>got</u> her hair cut.'' (Same as: '''Iyt gobluxa iyta tayeb.''') ==== Using '''oxer''' for Failing to Do Something==== : The verb '''oxer''' is used in the meaning ''fail (to do something)'', eg.: ::* '''Ven et <u>oxo</u> puer gwe, et loyixlo.'''....''If you <u>fail</u> to arrive on time, you will be fired.'' ::* '''At <u>oxa</u> tester hos at yakweya xer.'''....''I <u>failed</u> to understand what I was supposed to do.'' === '''SER''' ''to be'' === : The rootword '''ser''' means ''to be'' and is the base for many verbs having to do with being and becoming. Verbs ending in '''ser''' are intransitive (taking no object) and contrast with those ending in '''xer''', which are transitive (taking an object). Verbs in '''ser''' often are stative, i.e. linking verbs. Unlike Spanish, where both '''ser''' and '''estar''' mean ''to be'' with a semantic distinction of permanence and non-permanence, there is only one word for ''to be'' in Mirad covering both meanings. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Principal Ser Derivatives |- ! A !! E !! O !! I !! U |- | '''aser'''....''become''<br>'''ayser'''....''have'' || '''eser'''....''exist, there to be'' || '''oser'''....''cease to be''<br>'''oyser'''....''lack'' || '''iser'''....''start out'' || '''user'''....''end up'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Expressing "there is" and "there are" ==== : The expressions ''there is'' and ''there are'' are constructed with the verb '''eser'''....''to exist'', eg: :* '''<u>Ese</u> bun av et oyb ha sem.'''....''<u>There is</u> a gift for you under the table.'' :* '''<u>Ese</u> hegla vyoki yeb eta dyes.'''....''<u>There are</u> some mistakes in your book.'' :* '''Voy <u>ese</u> tot.'''....''<u>There is</u> no god.'' :* '''Voy <u>eso</u> yaniv himoj.'''....''<u>There will not be</u> a party this evening.'' ==== Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives ==== : The core verb '''ser''' can be postfixed to adjectives to form a class of verbs called stative, which have the meaning '''become X''', and which contrast with parallel transitive verbs in '''xer'''. If the adjectival ending '''a''' is dropped, then the resulting stative verb has a more idiomatic sense. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Stative Verbs |- ! ADJECTIVE !! STATIVE VERB |- | '''aga'''....''big'' || '''agaser'''....''get big, magnify''<br>'''agser'''....''grow'' |- | '''uza'''....''curved'' || '''uzaser'''....''become bowed''<br>'''uzser'''....''curve'' |- | '''kyaa'''....''mobile'' || '''kyaaser'''....''become mobile, mobilize''<br>'''kyaser'''...''change'' |- | '''mayna'''....''clear'' || '''maynaser'''....''clear up'' |- | '''iga'''....''fast'' || '''igaser'''....''become fast, accelerate''<br>'''igser'''....''rush, hurry'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fiaser'''....''to be good''<br>'''fiser'''....''to improve'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Intransitive '''ser''' vs. Transitive '''xer'''==== : Stative verbs in '''-ser''' are most often intransitive and contrast with dynamic, transitive verbs in '''-xer'''. Here are some comparative examples: :* '''It <u>agxe</u> vifeybi.'''....''He <u>grows</u> grapes.'' (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC) :* '''Vifeybi voy <u>agse</u> fiay him.'''....''Grapes do not <u>grow</u> well here.'' (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE) ----- :* '''His <u>kyaxa</u> yata teji.'''....''This <u>changed</u> our lives.'' :* '''Yata teji <u>kyasa</u> hujub.'''....''Our lives <u>changed</u> on that day.'' ----- :* '''Ha mapi <u>uzaxa</u> ha fabi.'''....''The winds <u>bent</u> the trees.'' :* '''Ha fabi <u>uzasa</u> je ha mapilag.'''....''The trees <u>bowed</u> during the storm.'' ----- :* '''Von <u>igxu</u> at.'''....''Don't <u>rush</u> me.'' (TRANSITIVE/DYNAMIC) :* '''<u>Igsu</u>!'''....''<u>Hurry up</u>!'' (INTRANSITIVE/STATIVE) ==== Creating Stative Verbs from Nouns ==== : The above stative verbs were created from adjectives, but such verbs can also be formed from nouns and have the meaning '''to become (something)''': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Creating Stative Verbs from Adjectives |- ! NOUN !! STATIVE VERB |- | '''meg'''....''stone'' || '''megser'''....''petrify, become rock'' |- | '''abnod'''....''peak'' || '''abnodser'''....''peak, climax'' |- | '''fub'''....''branch'' || '''fubser'''....''branch out, ramify'' |- | '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomser'''....''freeze'' |- | '''maf'''....''cloud'' || '''mafser'''....''cloud over'' |- | '''il'''....''liquid'' || '''ilser'''....''liquefy, melt'' |} {{small/end}} : Note: The ending is usually '''-aser''' if the adjective the verb is formed from ends in '''-z, r, l''', or '''s'''. For example, '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' yields '''tepuzraser'''....''to go crazy''. Also, the ending -'''aser''' is used for verbs that are more literal than their counterpart in -'''ser''', for example: '''agser'''....''grow up'' vs. '''agaser'''....''enlarge, get bigger''. ==== Using '''aser''' as a Standalone Verb Meaning ''become'' ==== : The verb '''aser''' can mean "to become (something or some way), eg.: ::* '''Ha graotyan <u>aseye</u> paaxwa.'''....''The crowd <u>is becoming</u> agitated.'' ::* '''At fe <u>aser</u> dovakdibut hoj at agso.'''....''I want <u>to become</u> a policeman when I grow up.'' ==== Words for ''to have'' ==== : Mirad has two interchangeable ways to express the verb ''to have, own, possess'': ::* '''bayser''' lit. ''to own'': ('''At <u>ayse</u> aga tod.'''....''I <u>have</u> a big family.'') ::* '''bexer''' lit. ''to hold'': ('''Yit <u>bexe</u> oga melyexem yub bi him.'''....''They <u>own</u> a small farm near here.'') : These verbs play a part in the formation of other related words: ::* '''bayswer'''....''to belong (to)'' ::* '''bexwer'''....''to belong (to)'' ::* '''baysyafwa'''....''available'' ::* '''baysyofwa'''....''unavailable'' ::* '''bexyafwa'''....''available'' ::* '''bexyofwa'''....''unavailable'' ::* '''bayswa'''....''own, proper, proprietary'' (adj.) ::* '''bexwa'''....''own, proper, proprietary, held'' (adj.) ::* '''Hua tam <u>bayswe</u> at.'''....''That house <u>belongs to</u> me.'' : The opposite of '''bayser''' is '''boyser''' (or '''boyser''')....''to lack''. : Similarly, the opposite of '''bexer''' is '''obexer'''....''to lack''. ::* '''Hia sizun <u>boyse</u> fyaz.'''....''This painting <u>lacks</u> charm.'' ::* '''Wita dez <u>obexa</u> hihiduyean.'''....''His performance <u>lacked</u> humor.'' ::* '''At <u>boyse</u> ha azan bi xaler hua pasyen.'''....''I lack the strength to accomplish that maneuver.'' ::* '''Iyta dobyeni se <u>boysea</u>.'''....''Her manners are <u>lacking</u>.'' ::* '''Vyia mil sa <u>baysyofwa</u>.'''....''Clean water was <u>unavailable</u>.'' === '''BER''' ''to put'', '''PER''' ''to go'' === [[File:Shot Put Pictogram.svg|thumb|]][[File:Animal Locomotion. An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements. Commenced 1872 - Completed 1885. Volume I, Men (Nude) MET DT6805.jpg|thumb|]] : The rootwords '''ber'''....''to put'' and '''per'''....''to go'', combined with positional/directional prefixes and various other word prefixes, form many words having to do with positions, bodily gestures, and directional motions. Those ending in '''ber''' are transitive verbs, while those ending in '''per''' are intransitive. ==== Common '''ber/per''' Verbs Built from Prefixes ==== : (Bear in mind that a '''b''' at the end of a prepositional or adverbial prefix is dropped before '''per''' or '''ber'''), so that '''ab''' + '''per''' becomes '''aper''' and '''ab''' + '''ber''' becomes '''aber'''. This fusion occasionally does not occur when the result is ambiguous. {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs with Positional/Directional Prefixes and Vowels ! Prefix !! Transitive Gesture !! Intransitive Motion |- | '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene'' |- | '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''dismount'' |- | '''ib'''....''away'' || '''iber'''....''receive'' || '''iper'''....''go away'' |- | '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''send'' || '''uper'''....''come'' |- | '''uib'''....''toward and away'' || '''uiber'''....''transmit'' || '''uiper'''....''come and go'' |- | '''bi'''....''from'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''pier'''....''leave'' |- | '''bu'''....''to'' || '''buer'''....''give'' || '''puer'''....''arrive'' |- | '''ayb'''....''over'' || '''ayber'''...''put over'' || '''ayper'''....''go over'' |- | '''oyb'''....''under'' || '''oyber'''...''put under'' || '''oyper'''....''go under'' |- | '''bay'''....''with'' || '''bayber'''....''put together'' || '''bayper'''....''accompany'' |- | '''boy'''....''without'' || '''boyxer'''....''deprive'' || '''boyser'''....''lack'' |- | '''byi'''....''since'' || '''byixer'''....''derive'' || '''byiser'''....''originate'' |- | '''byu'''....''up to'' || '''byuxer'''....''touch'' || '''byuser'''....''encounter'' |- | '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise'' |- | '''yaob'''....''up and down'' || '''yaober'''....''to raise and lower'' || '''yaoper'''....''to rise and fall'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose, combine'' || '''yanper'''....''to meet, to join'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''to separate'' || ''yonper'''....''to go separate'' |- | '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert''|| '''yeper'''....''enter'' |- | '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''lower'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' |- | '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''move far away'' |- | '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach'' |- | '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit'' |- | '''za'''....''front'' || '''zaber'''....''advance'' || '''zaper'''....''advance'' |- | '''ze'''....''middle'' || '''zeber'''....''balance'' || '''zeper'''....''mediate'' |- | '''zo'''....''behind'' || '''zober'''....''put behind'' || '''zoper'''....''follow'' |- | '''zi'''....''right'' || '''ziber'''....''put to the right'' || '''ziper'''....''go right'' |- | '''zu'''....''left'' || '''zuber'''....''put to the left'' || '''zuper'''....''go left'' |- | '''iz'''....''straight'' || '''izber'''....''guide'' || '''izper'''....''head'' |- | '''uz'''....''curve'' || '''uzber'''....''turn'' || '''uzper'''....''turn'' |- | '''zay'''....''forward'' || '''zayber'''....''promote'' || '''zayper'''....''proceed'' |- | '''zey'''....''across'' || '''zeyber'''....''transfer'' || '''zeyper'''....''cross'' |- | '''zoy'''....''back'' || '''zoyber'''....''put back'' || '''zayper'''....''return'' |- | '''zya'''....''all over'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''disperse'' |- | '''zye'''....''through'' || '''zyeber'''....''pass through'' || '''zyeper'''....''penetrate'' |- | '''zyi'''....''flat'' || '''zyiber'''....''lay'' || '''zyiper'''....''lie'' |- | '''zyu'''....''round'' || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''roll'' |- | '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''take beyond'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass'' |- | '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''turn'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate'' |- | '''zyag'''....''stretched out'' || '''zyagber'''....''stretch'' || '''zyagper'''....''stretch out'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''jaber'''....''prepare'' || '''japer'''....''precede'' |- | '''je'''....''during'' || '''jeber'''....''continue'' || '''jeper'''....''go on'' |- | '''jo'''....''after'' || '''jober'''....''delay'' || '''joper'''....''follow'' |- | '''aj'''....''past'' || '''ajber'''....''pass'' || '''ajper'''....''go past'' |- | '''ej'''....''present'' || '''ejber'''....''present'' || '''ejper'''....''present oneself'' |- | '''jwo'''....''late'' || '''jwober'''....''delay'' || '''jwoper'''....''go late'' |- | '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''assemble'' || '''yanper'''....''join'' |- | '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''take apart'' || '''yonper'''....''separate oneself'' |- | '''ko-'''....''hidden'' || '''kober'''....''hide'' || '''koper'''....''hide (oneself)'' |- | '''ki-'''....''oblique'' || '''kiber'''....''bend'' || '''kiper'''....''slant, slide, incline'' |- | '''ku-'''....''lateral'' || '''kuber'''....''set aside'' || '''kuper'''....''avoid, sidestep'' |- | '''ik-'''....''full'' || '''ikber'''....''fill'' || '''ikper'''....''become full'' |- | '''uk-'''....''empty''||'''ukber'''....''empty'' || '''ukper'''....''become empty'' |} {{small/end}} : Note also, the following special derivatives: :* '''poper'''....''travel'' :* '''paper'''....''fly, go by plane'' :* '''peper'''....''ride, go by car'' :* '''piper'''....''sail, swim, navigate'' :* '''puper'''....''go by subway, to tunnel'' ==== Common Verb Derivatives ==== : The following chart shows a number of verb derivatives of '''ber''' and '''per''' formed by: ::* augmenting the '''b''' or '''p''' with a vowel having a general sense of direction relative to the speaker (vectorial vowel); :::* '''bier'''....''take'' vs. '''buer'''....''give'' ::* adding a verb formant at the end of the stem: :::* '''-l-''' (strong transitive) or '''-r''' (stronger transitive); :::* '''-s''' (intransitive) or '''-x''' (transitive), ); :::* '''-sl-''' (stronger intransitive) or '''-xl-''' (stronger transitive); :::* '''-sr-''' (even stronger intransitive) or '''-xr-''' (even stronger transitive); ::* intensifying or changing the meaning of the word by prefixing the stem ordinal vowel with '''-y-'''; :::* '''bexer'''....''hold'' <big>-></big> '''byexer'''....''hit'' ::* sometimes prefixing the stem with one or more prepositions or other semantic morphemes; :::* '''bier'''....''take'' <big>-></big> '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' : In these words, stems beginning with '''p-''' are more intense than those in '''b-'''; : The general formula for these verbs is "(PREFIX +)?'''[bp][y]?[aeoiu][sx]?[lr]?er'''". : The following is a small list of '''b(y)[aeoiu]-''' and '''p(y)[aeoiu]-''' derivatives which are formed by prefixing a preposition or some other element. {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ B(y)[aeo]- and P(y)[aeo]- derivatives |- valign=top |- ! Pattern !! A-stem (up) !! E-stem (middle) !! O-stem (down) |- valign=top |- ! '''b_er''' |valign=top|'''baer'''....''lean'' *'''abaer'''....''lean on'' *'''aybaer'''....''lean over'' *'''ibaer'''....''lean away'' *'''oyebaer'''....''lean out'' *'''ubaer'''....''lean toward'' *'''yebaer'''....''lean in'' *'''yuzbaer'''....''hug'' |valign=top| -- |valign=top| -- |- valign=top ! '''b_l/rer''' | '''baler'''....''press'' *'''abaler'''....''stamp, impress'' *'''abarer'''....''squash'' *'''aybarer'''....''run over'' *'''barer'''....''crush'' *'''gibarer'''....''stab'' *'''ilbaler'''....''squirt'' *'''kyibaler'''....''stress'' *'''lokyibaler'''....''relax'' *'''obaler'''....''decompress'' *'''oyebaler'''....''express'' *'''tyoyibaler'''....''trample'' *'''tyoyibarer'''....''stomp'' *'''yanbaler'''....''compress'' *'''yanbarer'''....''crunch'' *'''yebaler'''....''imprint'' *'''yobaler'''....''suppress'' *'''yuzbaler'''....''squeeze'' *'''yuzbarer'''....''choke, strangle'' *'''zoybaler'''....''squelch, repress'' *'''zyobaler'''....''constrict'' *'''zyobarer'''....''cramp'' | '''beler'''....''carry'' *'''oyebeler'''....''export'' *'''yebeler'''....''import'' *'''zaobeler'''....''ferry'' *'''zeybeler'''....''transport'' *'''zoybeler'''....''report'' *'''zyabeler'''....''propagate, broadcast'' | '''boler'''....''support'' *'''avboler'''....''endorse'' *'''kuboler'''....''abut'' *'''nasboler'''....''underwrite'' *'''oyboler'''....''underpin'' *'''utboler'''....''support oneself'' *'''yaboler'''....''prop up'' *'''yanboler'''....''co-support'' |- valign=top ! '''b_s/xer<br>b_s/xler<br>b_s/xrer''' | '''bas/xer'''....''stir/gesticulate'' *'''bas/xler'''....''budge'' *'''bas/xrer'''....''shake, agitate'' *'''abaxer'''....''pat, pet'' *'''abaxler'''....''stroke'' *'''abaxrer'''....''rub, massage'' *'''baosler'''....''shivver'' *'''baosrer'''....''quiver, shudder'' *'''baoxer'''....''vibrate'' *'''bas/xler'''....''shake/shake'' *'''ibabas/xrer'''....''corrode/abrade'' *'''ifabaxer'''....''fondle'' *'''izbaxer'''....''point'' *'''kubas/xer'''....''slide'' *'''kyabas/xer'''....''shift/shift'' *'''kyaobaser'''....''fluctuate, waver'' *'''obabas/xrer'''....''rub off/rub off'' *'''oyebabaxrer'''....''rub out'' *'''tayibabaxrer'''....''irritate'' *'''teabaxer'''....''wink'' *'''tebaxer'''....''nod'' *'''teibaxer'''....''nuzzle'' *'''teubabaxer'''....''lick'' *'''tuyabaxer'''....''wave'' *'''tuyubaxer'''....''finger, fiddle'' *'''uizbas/xer'''....''swag'' *'''yobas/xer'''....''turn over'' *'''yokbaxer'''....''startle'' *'''yuzbaxer'''....''stir'' *'''yuzbaxler'''....''whip'' *'''zaobas/xer'''....''rock/rock'' *'''zaobas/xler'''....''shake back and forth'' | '''bes/xer'''....''stay/hold'' *'''bexler'''....''keep'' *'''bexrer'''....''preserve'' *'''izbexer'''....''control'' *'''kyobes/xer'''....''stay put/hold steady'' *'''lobexer'''....''let go, release'' *'''oyebes/xer'''....''stay out/exclude'' *'''vakbes/xer'''....''stay safe/keep safe'' *'''yagbes/xer'''....''stay long/conserve'' *'''yanbes/xer'''....''adhere/hold together'' *'''yebes/xer'''....''stay in/include'' *'''yibes/xer'''....''shun/hold off'' *'''yubes/xer'''....''stay near/hold near'' *'''yuzbes/xer'''....''cuddle/hug'' *'''zebes/xer'''....''balance/balance'' *'''zobexer'''....''lag/delay'' *'''zoybes/xer'''....''stay back/retain'' *'''bes/xler'''....''remain/keep'' *'''fyabexler'''....''enshrine'' *'''kobes/xler'''....''keep hidden/keep secret'' *'''kyobes/xler'''....''keep still'' *'''obexler'''....''discard'' *'''teabexler'''....''monitor'' *'''vakbexler'''....''safeguard'' *'''yagbexler'''....''maintain'' *'''yanbexler'''....''keep together'' *'''yonbexler'''....''keep apart, seclude'' *'''yibes/xler'''....''avoid/keep at bay'' *'''yubes/xler'''....''keep close/keep close'' *'''zoybes/xler'''....''keep back/retain'' | '''bos/xer'''....''be quiet/quieten'' *'''jexoboxer'''....''nag'' *'''loboxer'''....''disquiet, annoy'' *'''obos/xer'''....''worry/bother'' *'''tepoboxer'''....''worry, concern'' *'''boxler'''....''squelch'' *'''oboxler'''....''vex, bedevil'' |- valign=top ! '''by_s/xer<br>by_s/xler<br>by_s/xrer''' | '''byas/xer'''....''stand up/erect'' *'''kyobyaser'''....''stand still'' *'''zoybyas/xer'''....''stand back up/stand back up'' | '''byes/xer'''....''strike/hit'' *'''byes/xler'''....''knock'' *'''byes/xrer'''....''thrash'' *'''abyexer'''....''attack, offend'' *'''azbyexer'''....''slam'' *'''ebyexer'''....''clash, fight'' *'''ebyexler'''....''squabble, skirmish'' *'''igbyexer'''....''swat'' *'''ifekbyexer'''....''bop'' *'''igyonbyexer'''....''snap'' *'''ilbyexer'''....''splash'' *'''kyibyexer'''....''thump'' *'''ilzyabyexer'''....''bespatter'' *'''kyuigbyexer'''....''click'' *'''obyexer'''....''protect'' *'''ovbyexer'''....''resist'' *'''obyonbyexer'''....''break off'' *'''seuxbyexer'''....''bang'' *'''tujbyexer'''....''knock out cold'' *'''tojbyexer'''....''strike dead'' *'''tuyabyexer'''....''applaud, clap, slap'' *'''tuyubyexer'''....''rap, tap, strum'' *'''tyobyexer'''....''kick'' *'''yobyexer'''....''knock down'' *'''yanbyes/xer'''....''clash/clash'' *'''yonbyes/xer'''....''break/break'' *'''yonbyes/xler'''....''smash/smash'' *'''yonbyes/xrer'''....''shatter/shatter'' *'''zaobyexer'''....''swat, bat'' *'''zotiubyexer'''....''spank'' *'''zyibyexer'''....''smack, slap'' *'''ikbyexrer'''....''obliterate'' | '''byos/xer'''....''hang/hang'' *'''abyos/xer'''....''depend on/hang on'' *'''obyos/xer'''....''hang off/hang off'' *'''teyopyoxer'''....''hang by the neck'' *'''tojpyoxer'''....''execute by hanging'' *'''yivpyoser'''....''dangle, hang loose'' *'''yobyos/xer'''....''hang down/hang down'' |- valign=top ! '''p-''' !! More intense !! !! |- valign=top ! '''p_er''' | '''paer'''....''hover'' *'''aypaer'''....''hover above'' |valign=top| -- | '''poer'''....''rest'' *'''zepoer'''....''take a break'' |- valign=top ! '''p_l/rer''' | -- | -- | -- |- valign=top ! '''p_s/xer'''<br>'''p_s/xler<br>p_s/xrer''' | '''pas/xer'''....''move/move'' *'''apaxer'''....''wipe'' *'''apaxler'''....''sweep'' *'''apaxrer'''....''scrub, rub'' *'''buipas/xer'''....''move to and fro'' *'''ibapaxer'''....''wipe away, erase'' *'''ibapaxler'''....''sweep away'' *'''igpaser'''....''hurry, hasten'' *'''kopaser'''....''sneak'' *'''kipaser'''....''skate'' *'''kyepaser'''....''wander, roam'' *'''obapaxer'''....''wipe off'' *'''oyebapaxer'''....''wipe out'' *'''oyebapaxler'''....''sweep out'' *'''oyepas/xer'''....''move out/move out'' *'''paoser'''....''stop and go, lurch'' *'''pas/xler'''....''shake/shake'' *'''pasrer'''....''tremble/quake'' *'''tapas/xer'''....''exercise/exercise'' *'''teppaxer'''....''motivate'' *'''tyoipaser'''....''crawl on one's knees'' *'''ugpaser'''....''dawdle'' *'''uizpaser'''....''stagger, swerve, yaw'' *'''yabapasler'''....''get swept up'' *'''yaopaser'''....''fluctuate'' *'''yepas/xer'''....''move in/move in'' *'''yezapaxler'''....''sweep along'' *'''yipas/xer'''....''move away/remove'' *'''yupas/xer'''....''move near/approach'' *'''yuzpaser'''....''circulate, move around'' *'''yuzyupaser'''....''spiral around'' *'''zaopaser'''....''swing'' *'''zaypas/xer'''....''progress, move on/promote'' *'''zoypas/xer'''....''regress/move back'' *'''zuipas/xer'''....''move left and right'' *'''zyupaser'''....''rotate, spin'' | '''pes/xer'''....''wait/trap'' *'''potpexer'''....''go trapping'' *'''pexler'''....''capture'' | '''pos/xer'''....''stop/stop'' *'''dovakpoxer'''....''arrest'' *'''japoxer'''....''forestall'' *'''kyopos/xer'''....''stop still/stop'' *'''pos/xler'''....''sink/plunge'' *'''pos/xrer'''....''drown/drown'' *'''poys/xer'''....''pause, rest/pause, stall'' *'''yopos/xer'''....anquish/cause anxiety *'''zepoxer'''....''interrupt'' |- valign=top ! '''py_s/xer'''<br>'''p_s/xler'''<br>'''p_s/xrer''' | '''pyas/xer'''....''jump, surge/launch, shoot'' *'''apyaser'''....''pounce on'' *'''aypyas/xer'''....''leap over/shoot over'' *'''opyas/xer'''....''leap off/throw off'' *'''oyepyas/xer'''....''leap out/shoot out'' *'''pyaoser'''....''undulate, vaccilate'' *'''uzpyaser'''....''vault'' *'''yaopyas/xer'''....''bounce/bounce'' | '''pyexer'''....''strike, hit'' *'''apyexer'''....''attack, assail'' *'''dalexpyexer'''....''argue, debate'' *'''epyexer'''....''fight, combat, battle'' *'''epyexler'''....''struggle'' *'''ilzyapyexer'''....''splatter'' *'''ilzyopyexer'''....''squirt'' *'''izapyexer'''....''attack head on'' *'''koapyexer'''....''mug'' *'''ovapyexer'''....''counterattack'' *'''ovepyexer'''....''fight against'' *'''ovpyexer'''....''defend'' *'''pyexler'''....''beat, batter, beat up'' *'''pyexrer'''....''pound, whack'' *'''tojpyexler'''....''beat to death'' *'''voyepyexer'''....''fight back'' *'''voypyexer'''....''strike back, retaliate'' *'''yanpyes/xrer'''....''implode'' *'''yokapyexer''''....''surprise attack'' *'''yonpyes/xer'''....''shatter/shatter'' *'''yonpyes/xler'''....''burst/burst'' *'''yonpyes/xrer'''....''explode/explode'' *'''yopyexer'''....''knock down, defeat'' | '''pyos/xer'''....''fall/drop, fell'' *'''apyoser'''....''fall on top of'' *'''aypyoser'''....''fall over'' *'''dobpyoxer'''....''topple a regime'' *'''igpyoser'''....''plummet'' *'''ilpyoxer'''....''pour'' *'''kipyoser'''....''slip'' *'''kupyoser'''....''fall aside'' *'''kyipyoser'''....''plop'' *'''mampyoser'''....''skydive'' *'''milpyoser'''....''rain'' *'''opyoser'''....''fall off'' *'''oyepyoser'''....''fall out'' *'''oypyoser'''....''fall under'' *'''pyosler'''....''dive'' *'''pyoys/xer'''....''trip/trip'' *'''teipyoser'''....''do a nose dive'' *'''tojpyos/xer'''....''fall dead/knock dead'' *'''yanpyoser'''....''collapse'' *'''yepyos/xer'''....''fall in/plunge'' *'''yivpyoser'''....''free-fall'' *'''yonpyoser'''....''fall apart, decay, crumble'' *'''yopyos/xer'''....''fall down, dive/topple, dunk'' *'''zaypyoser'''....''fall forward'' *'''zopyoser'''....''fall behind'' *'''zoypyoser'''....''fall backward'' *'''zyupyoser'''....''tumble'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ B(y)[iu]- and P(y)[iu]- derivatives |- valign=top |- ! Pattern !! I-stem (away)!! U-stem (toward) |- valign=top |- ! '''b_er''' |valign=top|'''bier'''....''take'' *'''ibier'''....''take away'' *'''gonbier'''....''partake'' *'''kexbier'''....''choose'' *'''kobier'''....''steal'' *'''ofbier'''....''steal'' *'''nuxbier'''....''buy'' *'''obier'''....''leave, give up'' *'''ojbier'''....''borrow'' *'''oyebier'''....''exclude'' *'''vabier'''....''accept'' *'''vobier'''....''refuse'' *'''yebier'''....''include'' *'''yembier'''....''replace'' *'''yobier'''....''take down'' *'''zoybier'''....''take back'' | '''buer'''....''give'' *'''gonbuer'''....''share'' *'''fyabuer'''....''dedicate'' *'''grobuer'''....''shortchange'' *'''ifbuer'''....''offer'' *'''jabuer'''....''ante up'' *'''kobuer'''....''bribe'' *'''lobuer'''....''deprive'' *'''nixbuer'''....''sell'' *'''obuer'''....''withhold'' *'''okbuer'''....''sacrifice'' *'''ojbuer'''....''lend'' *'''tuyabuer'''....''hand over'' *'''yembuer'''....''assign'' *'''zaybuer'''....''present'' *'''zeybuer'''....''transfer'' *'''zoybuer'''....''give back, return'' *'''zyabuer'''....''distribute'' |- valign=top ! '''b_l/rer''' | '''biler'''....''fetch, obtain'' *'''birer'''....''seize, grab'' *'''azbirer'''....''commandeer'' *'''igbirer'''....''snag'' *'''kobirer'''....''loot'' *'''obirer'''....''lose grip of'' *'''teyobirer'''....''collar'' *'''tuyafyembirer'''....''pickpocket'' *'''vyobirer'''....''bribe'' *'''vyotexbirer'''....''inveigle'' *'''yafbirer'''....''seize power'' *'''yivbirer'''....''loot'' *'''yokbirer'''....''overwhelm, ransack'' *'''yufbirer'''....''extort'' | '''buler'''....''grant'' *'''ifbuler'''....''dedicate'' *'''tojbuler'''....''bequeath'' *'''burer'''....''yield'' *'''ifburer'''....''volunteer'' *'''nigbuer'''....''accommodate'' |- valign=top ! '''b_s/xer'''<br>'''b_s/xler'''<br>'''b_s/xrer''' | '''bis/xer'''....''withdraw/pull'' *'''abixer'''....''pull on'' *'''aoyebixer'''....''pump'' *'''aybixer'''....''pull over'' *'''ibis/xer'''....''avoid/detract'' *'''obixer'''....''pull off, subtract'' *'''oybixer'''....''pull under'' *'''oyebixer'''....''extract'' *'''ubixer'''....''attract, lure'' *'''yabixer'''....''pull up, hoise'' *'''yagbis/xer'''....''stretch/stretch'' *'''yanbis/xer'''....''contract/contract'' *'''yebis/xer'''....''get sucked in/pull in'' *'''yibixer'''....''detract'' *'''yobis/xer'''....''sink/pull down'' *'''yogbis/xer'''....''shrink/shrink'' *'''yonbis/xer'''....''draw apart/distract'' *'''yovbixer'''....''seduce'' *'''yubis/xer'''....''draw near/attract'' *'''zaybis/xer'''....''protract/protract'' *'''zobixer'''....''drag'' *'''zoybis/xer'''....''retract/retract'' *'''zyabis/xer'''....''extend/extend'' *'''bixler'''....''yank, drag'' *'''oyebixler'''....''extirpate, rip out, drag out'' *'''yabixler'''....''dredge up'' *'''yebixler'''....''drag in'' *'''yibixler'''....''yank away'' *'''yobixler'''....''drag down'' | '''bus/xer'''....''head for/push'' *'''buxler'''....''shove, drive'' *'''buxrer'''....''kick, force'' *'''abuxer'''....''foist'' *'''abuxrer'''....''stomp on'' *'''aybuxer'''....''push over'' *'''ibuxer''''....''repel/push away'' *'''obuxrer'''....''kick off'' *'''ovbuxer'''....''oppose'' *'''oybuxer'''....''push under'' *'''oyebuxer'''....''expel'' *'''yabuxer'''....''push up'' *'''yanbuxer'''....''push together'' *'''yebuxer'''....''impel'' *'''yobuxer'''....''push down'' *'''yonbuxer'''....''dispel'' *'''yovbuxer'''....''sanction'' *'''zaobuxer'''....''jostle'' *'''zaybus/xer'''....''head forward/propel'' *'''zoybus/xer'''....''head back/push back'' *'''zyobuxer'''....''strain'' *'''obuxler'''....''shove off, drive off'' *'''oyebuxler'''....''shove out, expel, drive out'' *'''oyebuxrer'''....''pump out, force out'' *'''yebus/xler'''....''intrude/shove in/drive in'' *'''yobuxler'''....''shove down, drive down'' *'''zyebus/xler'''....''shove oneself though/shove through, drive through'' *'''yabuxrer'''....''kick up'' *'''yebus/xrer'''....''penetrate/pump in, force in'' *'''yibuxrer'''....''kick away'' *'''yobuxrer'''....''force down'' *'''yubuxrer'''....''force near'' |- valign=top ! '''by_s/xer'''<br>'''by_s/xler'''<br>'''by_s/xrer''' | '''byis/xer'''....''originate/derive'' | '''byus/xer'''....''reach toward/touch'' *'''yanbyus/xer'''....''contact/contact'' *'''byuxrer'''....''kick, force'' |- valign=top ! '''p-''' !! More intense verbs !! |- valign=top ! '''p_er''' |valign=top| '''pier'''....''leave'' *'''boypier'''....''forego'' *'''kopier'''....''elude, elope'' *'''mempier'''....''take off'' *'''tampier'''....''leave home'' *'''dompier'''....''leave town'' *'''melpier'''....''take off'' *'''mempier'''....''emigrate'' *'''pipier'''....''set sail'' *'''papier'''....''take off'' *'''pepier'''....''drive off'' *'''popier'''....''set out on a trip'' *'''yexpier'''....''retire'' *'''sempier'''....''get up from the table'' *'''sumpier'''....''get up out of bed'' *'''simpier'''....''get up from the chair'' *'''yanavpier'''....''defect'' *'''yempier'''....''resign'' *'''mimpier'''....''disembark'' *'''yanavpier'''....''defect'' *'''yovpier'''....''abscond'' *'''kopier'''....''elope'' *'''igpier'''....''bolt'' *'''yokpier'''....''suddenly leave'' *'''zopier'''....''abandon'' |valign=top| '''puer'''....''arrive'' *'''japuer'''....''arrive ahead of'' *'''jwapuer'''....''arrive early'' *'''jwepuer'''....''arrive on time'' *'''jwopuer'''....''arrive late'' *'''melpuer'''....''land'' *'''mempuer'''....''immigrate'' *'''tampuer'''....''arrive home'' *'''yempuer'''....''accede, access'' *'''yokpuer'''....''suddenly show up'' |- valign=top ! '''p_l/rer''' | '''piler'''....''flee, evade'' *'''mempiler'''....''flee the country, emigrate as a refugee'' *'''yufpiler'''....''flee in fear'' *'''jwapiler'''....''drop out'' *'''kopiler'''....''sneak away'' *'''zyompiler'''....''evade a tight spot'' *'''pirer'''....''escape'' | -- |- valign=top ! '''p_s/xer'''<br'''>p_s/xler'''<br>'''p_s/xrer''' | '''pis/xer'''....''withdraw/catch'' *'''pis/xler'''..../abduct *'''pitpixer'''....''fish'' *'''pixrer'''....''/rape'' *'''purpixler'''....''carjack, hijack'' *'''tobpixler'''....''kidnap'' | '''pus/xer'''....''jump/throw'' *'''pus/xler'''....''lunge/thrust'' *'''apus/xer'''....''hop on/hop off'' *'''apuxrer'''....''fire at'' *'''aypus/xer'''....''jump over/throw over'' *'''fupuxrer'''....''misfire'' *'''igpus/xer'''....''fling onself/fling'' *'''ililpus/xer'''....''spurt/spurt'' *'''ilpus/xer'''....''spew/spew'' *'''ilzyapus/xer'''....''spray'' *'''ilzyopus/xer'''....''squirt'' *'''ipus/xer'''....''jump away/discard, jettison'' *'''kupus/xer'''....''jump aside/cast aside'' *'''opus/xer'''....''jump off/throw off'' *'''oyepus/xer'''....''jump out/throw out'' *'''oypus/xer'''....''jump under/throw under'' *'''puxrer'''....''/shoot, fire'' *'''puys/xer'''....''skip/toss'' *'''teipuxler'''....''sneeze'' *'''teubilpuxer'''....''spit'' *'''tojpuxrer'''....''shoot dead'' *'''yepus/xer'''....''jump in, throw in, inject'' *'''yepus/xler'''....''intrude/jab, stick in, stab'' *'''yopuxrer'''....''shoot down'' *'''zaypus/xer'''....''jump ahead/project'' *'''zoypus/xer'''....''jump back/reject'' |- valign=top ! '''py_s/xer'''<br>'''p_s/xler'''<br>'''p_s/xrer''' | '''pyis/xer'''....''originate/derive'' | '''pyuer'''....''reach'' *'''pyus/xer'''....''encounter, run into/bump, hit'' *'''izpyuxer'''....''hit head on'' *'''kupyuxer'''....''sideswipe'' *'''pyuxler'''....''crash into'' *'''pyuxrer'''....''shock'' *'''yanpyuxer'''....''collide with'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Using '''Ber''' and '''Per''' to Form Dynamic Verbs ==== : Some verbs with stems ending in '''-j''' are inherently stative. Their dynamic counterparts end in '''-ber''' for transitive verbs and in '''-per''' for intransitive verbs. There is a table showing this: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Using Ber and Per with J Verbs |- ! STATIVE-INTRANSITIVE !! DYNAMIC-TRANSITIVE !! DYNAMIC-INTRANSITIVE |- | '''tojer'''....''die'' || '''tojber'''....''kill'' || '''tojper'''....''drop dead'' |- | '''tajer'''....''be born'' || '''tajber'''....''give birth (to), bear'' || '''tajper'''....''spring up'' |- | '''tejer'''....''live'' || '''tejber'''....''bring to life'' || '''tejper'''....''come to life'' |- | '''tijer'''....''be awake'' || '''tijber'''....''awaken'' || '''tijper'''....''wake up'' |- | '''tujer'''....''sleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep'' || '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' |- | '''ijer'''....''begin'' || '''ijber'''....''begin (something)'' || '''ijper'''....''start up'' |- | '''ujer'''....''end'' || '''ujber'''....''finish, put an end to'' || '''ujper'''....''come to an end'' |- | '''yijer'''....''open up'' || '''yijber'''....''open up (something)'' || '''yijper'''....''come open'' |- | '''yujer'''....''close'' || '''yujber'''....''close, bring to a close'' || '''yujper'''....''come to a close'' |- | '''ejer'''....''be present'' || '''ejber'''....''present'' || '''ejper'''....''show up'' |- | '''ajer'''....''be past'' || '''ajber'''....''pass on (something)'' ||'''ajper'''...''pass up'' |} {{small/end}} === '''DER''' ''to say'' === [[File:Icon Talking Points.svg|thumb|]] : The rootword '''der''', meaning ''say, tell'' is used in many verbs of communication. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== : Words using the root '''d-''' have to do with communicating, thus '''''saying, talking, writing, reading, singing, performing, etc.'''''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Der Principal Derivatives |- valign=top |- ! A !! E !! O !! I !! U |- valign=top | '''daler'''....''to speak''<br>'''dalzeyn'''....''language''<br>'''dalzeynes'''....''dialect''<br>'''dalyen'''....''idiom'' || '''der'''....''to say''<br>'''deler'''....''to state''<br>'''dodeler'''....''to announce'' || '''doler'''....''to be silent'' || '''dier'''....''to ask''<br>'''dider'''....''to question''<br>'''diler'''....''to request''<br>'''direr'''....''to demand'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''<br>'''duder'''....''to answer''<br>'''duler'''....''to urge''<br>'''durer'''....''to order'' |- valign=top | || '''drer'''....''to write''<br>'''drar'''....''pencil''<br>---'''drarer'''....''to draw''<br>'''drir'''....''typewriter''<br>'''---drirer'''....''to type''<br>'''drur'''....''printer''<br>---'''drurer'''....''to print''<br>'''dodrur'''....''press''<br>---'''dodr(ur)er'''....''to publish''<br>'''dreder'''....''to spell'' || '''droer'''....''to erase'' || || |- valign=top | || '''dyeer'''....''to read''<br>'''dyes'''....''book''<br>'''dyeder'''....''to dictate''<br>'''dodyeder'''....''to recite'' || || || |- valign=top | || '''seuxder'''....''to pronounce''<br>'''sagder'''....''to count'' || || '''din'''....''story''<br>---'''dinder'''....''to recount'' || '''dun'''....''word''<br>'''dyun'''....''name''<br>---'''dyuer'''....''to call''<br>'''dyan'''....''sentence''<br>'''dyen'''....''phrase'' |- valign=top | '''draf'''....''card''<br>'''drav'''....''notebook''<br>'''drayef'''....''sheet'' || '''dref'''....''paper''<br>'''drev'''....''page''<br>'''dreniv'''....''text'' || '''drof'''....''board''<br>'''drov'''....''cardboard'' || || |- valign=top | '''daz'''....''dance''<br>---'''dazer'''....''to dance''<br>'''dyaz'''....''ballet'' || '''dez'''....''theater''<br>---'''dezer'''....''to perform''<br>'''dyez'''....''cinema''<br>'''drez'''....''poetry'' || ||'''diz'''....''comedy'' || '''duz'''....''music''<br>'''dyuz'''....''opera''<br>'''deuz'''....''song''<br>---'''deuzer'''....''to sing'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Forming Derivatives with Prefixes ==== [[File:Communication.gif|thumb|]] : Many verbs of communication are created by prefixing elements to '''der''' (''to say, tell'') as in the following chart: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Verbs of Communication with Der |- ! Prefixed Word !! New Verb |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''vader'''....''affirm'' |- | '''vo'''....''no'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''veder'''....''guess'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyader'''....''swear'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''false'' || '''vyoder'''....''lie'' |- | '''fyaa'''....''holy'' || '''fyader'''....''bless'' |- | '''fyoa'''....''profane'' || '''fyoder'''....''curse'' |- | '''oza'''....''weak'' || '''ozder'''....''hint'' |- | '''zoy-'''....''back'' || '''zoyder'''....''repeat, echo'' |- | '''ve'''....''maybe'' + '''yova'''....''guilty'' || '''veyovder'''....''indict'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' + '''yova'''....''guility'' || '''vayovder'''....''convict'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' || '''jader'''....''predict'' |- | '''vao'''....''yes/no'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide'' |- | '''yev'''....''justice'' || '''yevder'''....''judge'' |- | '''fia'''....''good'' || '''fider'''....''praise'' |- | '''fua'''....''bad'' || '''fuder'''....''disparage'' |- | '''af'''....''permission'' || '''afder'''....''authorize'' |- | '''of'''....''prohibition'' || '''ofder'''....''ban'' |- | '''naz'''....''value'' || '''nazder'''....''evaluate'' |- | '''yov'''....''guilt'' || '''yovder'''....''blame'' |- | '''zyaa'''....''wide'' || '''zyader'''....''broadcast'' |- | '''yaga'''....''long'' || '''yagder'''....''elaborate'' |- | '''vyoa'''....''wrong'' + '''via'''....''beautiful'' || '''vyovider'''....''flatter'' |- | '''vyea'''....''relative'' || '''vyeder'''....''relate'' |- | '''va'''....''yes'' + '''oj'''....''future'' || '''vaojder'''....''promise'' |- | '''ut'''....''self'' + '''fia'''....''good'' || '''utfider'''....''boast'' |- | '''uv'''....''sorrow'' + '''tax'''....''memory'' || '''uvtaxder'''....''regret'' |- | '''tes'''....''meaning'' || '''tesder'''....''mean'' |- | '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovder'''....''object'' |- | '''kyia'''....''heavy'' || '''kyider'''....''emphasize'' |- | '''jwa'''....''early'' || '''jwader'''....''warn'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' + '''vo'''....''no'' || '''javoder'''....''preclude'' |- | '''yuj'''....''close'' || '''yujder'''....''conclude'' |- | '''ja'''....''before'' + '''nap'''....''order'' || '''janapder'''....''preordain'' |- | '''hyay'''....''hurrah'' || '''hyayder'''....''congratulate'' |- | '''hyey'''....''thanks'' || '''hyeyder'''....''thank'' |- | '''gra'''....''too much'' || '''grader'''....''exaggerate'' |- | '''gaw-'''....''re-'' || '''gawder'''....''to repeat'' |- | '''diz'''....''comedy'' || '''dizder'''....''joke'' |- | '''dre-'''....''write'' || '''dreder'''....''spell'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebder'''....''communicate'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' + '''did-'''....''question'' || '''ebdider'''....''interview'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' + '''tes'''....''meaning'' || '''ebtesder'''....''interpret'' |- | '''eb'''....''between'' + '''tex'''....''thought'' || '''ebtexder'''....''decide'' |- | '''ek-'''....''play'' || '''ekder'''....''pretend'' |} {{small/end}} : There are over 700 '''der''' verbs in Mirad, too many to list here. ==== Animal Sounds ==== [[File:Barking Dog - The Noun Project.svg|thumb|]] : Animal noise verbs are created by replacing the final '''-t''' of an animal name with '''der''': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Building Animal Sound Verbs |- ! Animal !! Sound Verb |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapeder'''....''bark'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepeder'''....''mew'' |- | '''bopeyt'''....''cow'' || '''bopeyder'''....''moo'' |- | '''anpiat'''....''duck'' || '''anpiader'''....''quack'' |- | '''mefapat'''....''turkey'' || '''mefapader'''....''gobble'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Speaking in Languages ==== [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|thumb|]] : Names of languages can be verbalized by replaced the '''d''' at the end of the language name with '''-der''' or '''-daler''', or '''-dxer''': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Language Speaking Verbs |- | '''Enid'''....''English''|| '''Enider'''....''say in English'' || '''Enidaler'''....''speak in English''|| '''Enidxer'''....''Anglicize'' |- | '''Ferod'''....''French'' || '''Feroder'''....''say in French'' || '''Ferodaler'''....''speak French'' || '''Ferodxer'''....''Gallicize'' |} {{small/end}} : The name of the language discussed in this book is '''Mirad''', which comes from '''mira''', meaning ''global, world''. Thus, ''say in Mirad'' is '''Mirader''' and ''speak Mirad'' is '''Miradaler'''. A speaker of Mirad is a '''Miradut''' or '''Miradalut'''. '''Duven et Miradale?'''....''Do you speak Mirad?''. '''Hey Mirad(al)uti, ansu!'''....''Hey, speakers of Mirad, unite!'' : Examples: ::* '''Duven et Miradale?'''....''Do you speak Mirad?'' ::* '''Diwe Enidu is.'''....''Please say it in English.'' ::* '''Voy ese gaj gla Liadaluti.'''....''There are no longer many Latin-speakers.'' : Note: '''Liadalut''' can be shortened to '''Liadut'''. : Similarly, ''to write in Mirad'' and ''to read in Mirad'' would be '''Miradrer''' and '''Miradyeer''', respectively. So, a person who can read Mirad is called a '''Miradyeut'''. ==== Communication Arts ==== : The base template '''d...z''' is used fort various communication art forms, eg.: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Communications Art Words with D-Z |- valign=top ! Type of Art !! Piece !! Performer !! Venue |- | '''daz'''....''dance''|| '''dazun'''....''a dance'' || '''dazut'''....''dancer''<br>'''dazutyan'''....''dance troupe'' || '''dazim'''....''ballroom'' |- | '''dyaz'''....''ballet'' || '''dyazun'''....''ballet dance'' || '''dyazut'''....''danseur''<br>'''dyazuyt'''....''ballerina'' || '''dyazin'''....''ballet studio'' |- | '''dez'''....''theater, drama'' || '''dezun'''....''a play'' || '''dezut'''....''stage actor''<br>'''dezutyan'''....''cast''|| '''dezam'''....''theater''<br>'''dezyem'''....''stage''<br>'''dezmisof'''....''curtain'' |- | '''dyez'''....''cinema'' || '''dyezun'''....''movie'' || '''dyezut'''....''screen actor''<br>'''dyezutyan'''....''movie cast''<br>'''dyezizbut'''....''movie director''||'''dyezam'''....''movie theater''<br>'''dyez mays'''....''silver screen''<br>'''dyezim'''....''movie salon'' |- | '''diz'''....''comedy'' || '''dizun'''....''a sketch'' || '''dizut'''....''comedian''<br>'''dizutyan'''....''comedy cast'' || '''dizam'''....''comedy club''<br>'''dizyem'''....''stage'' |- | '''podiz'''....''circus'' || '''podizun'''....''circus act'' || '''podizut'''....''clown'' || '''podizam'''....''circus arena''<br>'''podiz tomof'''....''circus tent'' |- | '''drez'''....''poetry''<br>'''dreznad'''....''verse''<br>'''dreznadyan'''....''stanza'' || '''drezun'''....''a poem'' || '''drezut'''....''poet'' || '''drezim'''....''poetry salon'' |- | '''duz'''....''music'' || '''duzun'''....''a musical piece'' || '''duzut'''....''musician''<br>'''duzutyan'''....''orchestra'' || '''duzam'''....''music arena''<br>'''duzar'''....''musical instrument'' |- | '''dyuz'''....''opera'' || '''dyuzun'''....''opera''<br>'''dyuzunog'''....''operetta, musical'' || '''dyuzut'''....''opera performer'' || '''dyuzam'''....''opera house'' |- | '''deuz'''....''song'' || '''deuzun'''....''a song'' || '''deuzut'''....''vocalist'' || '''deuzam'''....''auditorium'' |} {{small/end}} : Some of the above performance arts can be combined using hybrid words: :* '''duez'''....''musical (on stage)'' (music + theater) :* '''dauz'''....''dance music'' ( dance + music) :* '''druz'''....''musical poetry'' (poetry + music) :* '''dyeuz'''....''musical (on film)'' (film + music) === '''TER''' ''to know'' === [[File:Noun mind 366997.svg|thumb|]] : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''t''', meaning human and mental states and activities like ''knowing'', ''thinking'', ''understanding'', etc.: ==== T- TY- TR- Words ==== : Mirad distinguishes three words of knowing: ::* '''ter'''....''to know (a fact)'' ::* '''tyer'''....''to know how'' ::* '''trer'''....''to be familiar with, recognize, to know (a person)'' : Here are some common derivatives of these roots: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow; vertical-align: top" |+ T-, TY-, TR- Words |- align=top ! '''t-''' !! '''ty-''' !! '''tr-''' |- valign=top | '''ter'''....''to know''<br>'''tea'''....''aware''<br>'''tun'''....''science, -ology''<br>'''twas'''....''fact, datum''<br>'''tez'''....''culture''<br>'''teyen'''....''idea'' ||'''tyer'''....''to know how''<br>'''tyea'''....''competent''<br>'''tyen'''....''skill''<br>'''tyez'''....''magic''<br>'''tyaf'''....''cognizance'' <br>'''tyun'''....''concept''||'''trer'''....''to recognize''<br>'''tyea'''....''familiar''<br>'''trwa'''....''known''<br>'''trwat'''....''acquaintance''<br>'''fitrwa'''....''famous'' |- valign=top ! '''ti-''' !! '''tyi-'''!! '''tri-''' |- valign=top | '''tier'''....''to find out''<br>'''tiser'''....''to learn''<br>'''tixer'''....''to study''<br>'''tin'''....''doctrine, -ism'' || '''tyier'''....''to learn how''<br>'''tyiut'''....''intern'' ||'''trier'''....''to get acquainted''<br>'''trien'''....''familiarization'' |- valign=top ! '''tu-''' !! '''tyu-''' || '''tru-''' |- valign=top | '''tuer'''....''to inform''<br>'''tuut'''....''informant''<br>'''tuwa'''....''informed''<br>'''tuxer'''....''to teach''<br>'''tuuxer'''....''to educate''<br>'''tuunyan'''....''information''|| '''tyuer'''....''to train''<br>'''tyuut'''....''trainer''<br>'''tyut'''....''expert, master''|| '''truer'''....''to acquaint''<br>'''truen'''....''introduction''<br>'''truwa'''....''acquainted'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TAX- TEX- TOX- Words ==== ::* '''taxer'''....''to remember'' :::* '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' :::* '''taxuer'''....''to remind'' ::* '''texer'''....''to think'' :::* '''texier'''....''to take note of'' :::* '''texuer'''....''to persuade, suggest'' ::* '''toxer'''....''to forget'' ==== TES- TOS- TOOS- Words ==== :* '''tes'''....''meaning'' ::* '''teser'''....''to mean'' :::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' :::* '''testier'''....''to realize'' :::* '''testuer'''....''to explain'' :*'''tos'''....''feeling'' ::* '''toser'''....''to feel (emotionally)'' :::* '''oktoser'''....''to miss'' :::* '''yanuvtoser'''....''to pity'' :* '''toos'''....''instinct'' ::* '''tooser'''....''to have a gut feeling'' ::* '''toosa'''....''instinctual'' ==== TUN (-ology) Words ==== : Suffixing '''-tun'''....''science'' to words forms many ''-ology'' terms. An ''-ologist'' is rendered with '''-tut''', eg: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Ologies |- | '''tep'''....''mind'' || '''teptun'''....''psychology'' || '''teptut'''....''psychologist'' |- | '''tieb'''....''lung'' || '''tiebtun'''....''pneumology'' || '''tiebtut'''....''pneumologist'' |- | '''toj'''....''death'' || '''tejtun'''....''thanatology'' || '''tejtut'''....''thanatologist'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pattun'''....''ornithology'' || '''pattut'''....''ornithologist'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pittun'''....''ichthyology'' || '''pittut'''....''ichthyologist'' |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''pottun'''....''zoology'' || '''pottut'''....''zoologist'' |- | '''mul'''....''matter'' || '''multun'''....''chemistry'' ("materiology?") || '''multut'''....''chemist'' |- | '''ko-'''....''hidden'', '''dren'''....''writing'' || '''kodrentun'''....''cryptology'' || '''kodrentut'''....''cryptologist'' |} {{small/end}} : Some ''-ology'' words in English refer to pseudo-science and are translated into Mirad with the ending '''-tuyn''': {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -Tuin Suffix Words |- | '''mar'''....''star'' || '''martuyn'''....''astrology'' (cf. '''martun'''....''astronomy'')|| '''martuyt'''....''astrologist'' |- | '''sag'''....''number'' || '''sagtuyn'''....''numerology'' (cf. '''sagtun'''....''mathematics'')|| '''sagtuyt'''....''numerologist'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TIN (-ism) Words ==== : Words in English referring to doctrines, dogmas, or ''-isms'' are translated into Mirad with the ending '''-tin''' or its stub, '''-in''', eg: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Ism Words |- | '''dot'''....''society'' || '''dotin'''....''socialism'' |- | '''Buda'''....''Buddha'' || '''Budatin'''....''Bhuddism'' |- | '''gwa'''....''most'', '''fis'''....''good thing'' || '''gwafistin'''....''optimism'' |- | '''vyaa'''....''true'' || '''vyatin'''....''orthodoxy, truism'' |- | '''an-'''....''one'', '''tot'''....''god'' || '''antotin'''....''monotheism'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TUIN (theory) and TUYN (Pseudo-science) Words ==== : There are some words that refer to pseudoscience use the '''-tuyn''' suffix. Those that are legitimate theories use the suffix '''-tuin'''. ::* '''martuyn'''....''astrology'' ::* '''sagtuyn'''....''numerology'' ::* '''niftuin'''....''string theory'' ::* '''vyeantuin'''....''theory of relativity'' ==== Schools ==== [[File:Larkmead School, Abingdon, Oxfordshire.png|thumb|]] : The general word for ''school'' is '''tixam''' (''study house''). The various levels of schools are translated with this word prefixed with an ordinal vowel or '''ja'''....''pre-'' or '''jo'''....''post''. :* '''tixam'''....''school'' ::* '''jatixam'''....''pre-school, kindergarten'' ::* '''atixam'''....''primary school'' ::* '''etixam'''....''high-school, lycee'' :::* '''etixam ajab'''....''high school first year'' :::* '''etixam ejab'''....''high school second year'' ::* '''itixam'''....''college'' ::* '''utixam'''....''university'' :::* '''utixam ajabat'''....''freshman'' :::* '''utixam ejabat'''....''sophomore'' :::* '''utixam ijabat'''....''junior'' :::* '''utixam ujabat'''....''senior'' ::* '''joutixam'''....''post-graduate school'' :::* '''joutixamut'''....''post-graduate'' : Some activities at school: :* '''tixer tuxun'''....''to study a lesson'' :* '''tuxer tixnead'''....''to teach a course'' :* '''tiser tuunyan'''....''to learn information'' :* '''finsiyndrer dref'''....''to grade a paper'' :* '''teaxer ota finsiyndraf'''....''to look at one's report card'' :* '''iber yaba finsiyni'''....''to get high grades'' :* '''finnogdrafier bi itixam'''....''to graduate from college'' :* '''bier vyaoyek'''....''to take a test'' :* '''buer vyaoyekes'''....''to give a quiz'' :* '''ujaker'''....''to pass'' :* '''ujoker'''....''to fail'' :* '''oteeper tuxun joeb'''....''to miss a class'' :* '''hayder ha tixutyan'''....''to greet the class'' :* '''jwopuer ha tixam'''....''to arrive late to school'' :* '''ubwer bu ha tixameb'''....''to be sent to the principal'' :* '''ber did bu ha tuxut'''....''to ask the teacher a question'' :* '''daldyeer dreniv'''....''to read a text aloud'' :* '''yaber ota tuyab'''....''to raise one's hand'' :* '''dier afon per eftim'''....''to ask permission to go to the bathroom'' :* '''drer dyan be ha molza drof'''....''to write something on the blackboard'' :* '''ujber ota tamtix'''....''to finish one's homework'' : Note: :* '''tuxam'''....''academy'' ::* '''tuxam bi vituzi'''....''academy of fine arts'' ::* '''dopa tuxam'''....''military academy'' === '''BOK''' ''illness'' === : '''Bok''' is at the top of a whole set of words dealing with health, illness, and medicine: [[File:Star of life2.svg|thumb|]] ==== Principal Derivatives ==== : The core words are: : :* '''bak'''....''health'' ::* '''baak'''....''sanitation'' ::* '''byak'''....''hygiene'' :* '''bek'''....''treatment'' ::* '''byek'''....''cure'' :* '''bik'''....''care'' :* '''buk'''....''injury'' ::* '''bruk'''....''mutilation'' :* '''bok'''....''illness'' ::* '''book'''....''fatigue'' ::* '''byok'''....''pain'' ::* '''blok'''....''suffering'' ::* '''brok'''....''agony'' ==== BOK, BOOK, BYOK, BLOK, BROK ==== {{small/top}} ::* '''bok'''....''illness'' :::* '''boka'''....''sick, ill'' ::::* '''bokat'''....''patient'' ::::* '''bokam'''....''hospital'' ::::* '''bokser'''....''to get sick'' ::::* '''bokxer'''....''to make sick'' ::::* '''bokul'''....''poison'' :::::* '''bokulier'''....''to take poison'' :::::* '''bokuluer'''....''to poison'' ::* '''book'''....''fatigue'' :::* '''booka'''....''tired'' ::::* '''bookser'''....''go grow weary'' ::::* '''bookxer'''....''to tire out'' ::* '''byok'''....''pain, ache, hurt'' :::* '''byoka'''....''painful'' :::* '''byokser'''....''to hurt, ache'' :::* '''byokxer'''....''to hurt'' ::* '''blok'''....''suffering'' :::* '''blokser'''....''to suffer'' :::* '''blokuer'''....''to afflict'' ::::* '''blokuwat'''....''victim'' ::* '''brok'''....''agony, torture'' :::* '''brokser'''....''to agonize'' :::* '''brokxer'''....''to torture'' :::* '''brokxim'''....''torture chamber'' {{small/end}} ==== Diseases ==== : Words for diseases and illnesses end in '''-bok''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abteubbok'''....''alveolitis'' * '''aglateatbok'''....''macropsia'' * '''alzambok'''....''scarlatina, scarlet fever'' * '''alznodbok'''....''measles'' * '''ambok'''....''fever, inflammation'' * '''aombok'''....''ague'' * '''-bok'''....''-itis, -pathy'' * '''cagronbok'''....''scorbute, scurvy'' * '''dingabok'''....''dengue'' * '''Downboksiunyan'''....''mongolism, Down syndrome'' * '''endeuzbok'''....''diplophonia'' * '''epeltbok'''....''mange'' * '''epeytayobbok'''....''cowpox'' * '''filbok'''....''hangover'' * '''gralevelbok'''....''hyperglycemia'' * '''gratelbok'''....''crapulence, surfeit'' * '''grobokogrunvokan'''....''immunodeficiency'' * '''grolevelbok'''....''hypoglycemia'' * '''gyateebbok'''....''mumps'' * '''hansenbok'''....''leprosy'' * '''hyamerbok'''....''pandemic'' * '''ifonbok'''....''love sickness'' * '''igtiibbok'''....''tachycardia'' * '''ilzbok'''....''jaundice'' * '''ilzilbok'''....''cholera'' * '''jagteabbok'''....''presbyopia'' * '''mampurbok'''....''airsickness'' * '''memyazbok'''....''mountain sickness'' * '''meylztikibbok'''....''cirrhosis'' * '''meztalabbok'''....''gout'' * '''mialbok'''....''typhoid fever'' * '''milyufbok'''....''rabies'' * '''mimbok'''....''nausea, seasickness'' * '''mirbok'''....''pandemic'' * '''nipatbok'''....''pica'' * '''nopeltbok'''....''mange'' * '''obostayosbok'''....''pruritis'' * '''ogesinbok'''....''aniseikonic'' * '''ombok'''....''flu'' * '''panbok'''....''carsickness, motion sickness'' * '''pattiebbok'''....''pip'' * '''peltayosbok'''....''pruritis'' * '''petbok'''....''distemper'' * '''sifilusbok'''....''syphilis'' * '''taebdazbok'''....''chorea'' * '''taebzyobixbok'''....''epilepsy, lockjaw'' * '''taibok'''....''resorption'' * '''talabbok'''....''arthritis'' * '''taobyazbok'''....''cancer, carcinoma, sarcoma'' * '''tayebok'''....''alopecia, hair loss'' * '''tayibbok'''....''neurosis'' * '''tayobbok'''....''dermatitis'' * '''tayobok'''....''molt, skin malady'' * '''tayobyigxenbok'''....''scleroderma'' * '''tayobyozbok'''....''small pox'' * '''teababambok'''....''sty, stye'' * '''teabbok'''....''ophthalmia'' * '''teabkunadbok'''....''conjunctivitis'' * '''teabnyedbok'''....''retinopathy'' * '''teabaolzbok'''....''pinkeye'' * '''teatayibbok'''....''glaucoma'' * '''tyebfyusbok'''....''Alzheimer's disease'' * '''tyeba pasyofbok'''....''cerebral palsy'' * '''tebosambok'''....''encephalitis'' * '''tyebmilboka'''....''hydrocephalic'' * '''teibbok'''....''rhinitis, cold'' * '''teibuzukbok'''....''sinusitis'' * '''telefbok'''....''bulimia'' * '''tepbok'''....''mental illness, psychopathy, psychosis'' * '''tepengonxwanbok'''....''schizophrenia'' * '''teubebbok'''....''gingivitis, gum disease'' * '''tiebbok'''....''influenza, pneumonia'' * '''tiebbokier'''....''catch pneumonia'' * '''tiebkugonbok'''....''pleurisy'' * '''tiebnyosbok'''....''phthisical'' * '''tiebufbok'''....''bronchitis'' * '''tiibbok'''....''heart disease'' * '''tiibilbok'''....''hemophilia'' * '''tiibillevelbok'''....''diabetes'' * '''tiibiltumbok'''....''leukemia'' * '''tiibilyujunbok'''....''thrombosis'' * '''tikebbok'''....''gastritis'' * '''tikibbok'''....''hepatitis, liver disease'' * '''tikubbok'''....''pancreatitis'' * '''tikyabbok'''....''colic'' * '''tikyebzoytalobbok'''....''hemorrhoids, piles'' * '''tikyobbok'''....''dysentery, enteritis'' * '''tiyebbok'''....''prostatitis'' * '''tiyiyba yazbok'''....''ovarian cancer'' * '''tiyiybbok'''....''ovaritis'' * '''tiyobbok'''....''kidney disease, renitis'' * '''toyuzubok'''....''hemorrhoids'' * '''tudeta bok'''....''infant disease'' * '''tujbok'''....''sleep disorder, sleep sickness'' * '''tujefbok'''....''lethargy'' * '''tuloxefbok'''....''pruritis, psoriasis'' * '''tuyoba mup boksiunyan'''....''carpal tunnel syndrome'' * '''tuyobbok'''....''psora'' * '''twiyiba yazbok'''....''testicular cancer'' * '''umvab ambok'''....''hay fever'' * '''unjubambok'''....''quartan'' * '''upetbok'''....''braxy'' * '''uzratyoyabbok'''....''clubfoot'' * '''vuzuvubok'''....''chicken pox, chickenpox'' * '''vyutiibilbok'''....''septicaemia, septicemia'' * '''yabteyobufbok'''....''diphtheria'' * '''yanbyuxbok'''....''contagion'' * '''yayzbok'''....''tuberculosis'' * '''yigxenbok'''....''sclerosis'' * '''yopelatbok'''....''malaria'' * '''yozbok'''....''dropsy'' * '''zateyobbok'''....''croup, laryngopathy, throat disease'' * '''zetifbok'''....''zoster'' * '''zyobixtaebbok'''....''tetanus'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== BAK, BAAK, and BYAK Words ==== {{small/top}} :* '''bak'''....''health'' ::* '''baka'''....''healthy, sound'' ::* '''baktun'''....''health science, medecine'' :::* '''baktut'''....''health specialist, doctor'' ::* '''bakser'''....''to get healthy, to heal'' ::* '''bakxer'''....''to heal'' ::* '''bakam'''....''wellness center'' ::* '''tepbak'''....''mental health'' :::* '''tepbaka'''....''sane'' ::* '''baak'''....''sanitation'' :::* '''baaka'''....''sanitary'' ::::* '''baakxer'''....''to sanitize'' :::::* '''baakxil'''....''sanitizer (liquid)'' :::* '''baaknov'''....''sanitary napkin'' ::* '''byak'''....''hygiene'' :::* '''byaktyen'''....''hygienics'' :::* '''byaktyut'''....''hygienist'' ::::* '''teuba byaktyut'''....''oral hygienist'' :::* '''byak dref'''....''toilet paper'' {{small/end}} ==== BEK and BYEK Words ==== : The root word '''bek''', which means ''treatment, therapy'' and the related root '''byek''' (''cure'') enter into the formation of the words presented here: {{small/top}} :* '''bek'''....''treatment, therapy'' ::* '''beka'''....''therapeutic'' ::* '''bekier'''....''to get treatment'' ::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' :::* '''bekuut'''....''therapist, nurse'' ::* '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat'' :::* '''fubekuen'''....''maltreatment'' ::* '''abek'''....''operation'' :::* '''abekier'''....''to undergo an operation'' :::* '''abekuer'''....''to operate on'' ::* '''abektun'''....''surgery'' :::* '''abektun bi tayib'''....''neurosurgery'' :::* '''abektun bi teab'''....''eye surgery'' :::* '''abektun bi teib'''....''rhinoplasty'' :::* '''abektun bi tyoyab'''....''foot surgery'' :::* '''abektuna goblar'''....''scalpel'' :::* '''abektut'''....''surgeon'' ::* '''bekuam'''....''treatment center, clinic'' ::* '''bekul'''....''medicine, drug'' :::* '''bekulier'''....''to take medecine'' :::* '''bekuluer'''....''to medicate'' :::* '''bekulnam'''....''pharmacy, drugstore'' ::::* '''bekulnamut'''....''pharmacist'' :::* '''bekul duldras'''....''drug prescription'' :::* '''bekul nid'''....''drug dose, drug volume'' :::* '''bekul syebog'''....''capsule, medicine capsule'' :::* '''bekul zyeb'''....''medicine bottle, vial of medicine'' :::* '''bekul zyunog'''....''capsule, tablet, pill'' :::* '''bekultun'''....''pharmacology'' :::* '''ifbekul'''....''recreational drug'' :::* '''ovbekul'''....''antidote'' :* '''byek'''....''cure, remedy'' ::* '''byeka'''....''curative, remedial'' ::* '''byekxer'''....''to remedy, to cure'' :::* '''byekxut'''....''healer'' ::::* '''fyabekxut'''....''shaman'' :::* '''byekxyafwa'''....''curable'' :::* '''byekxyofwa'''....''incurable'' ::* '''byekser'''....''to convalesce, to cure, to heal, to recover, to recuperate'' :::* '''byeksam'''....''convalescence home'' :::* '''byeksim'''....''convalescence ward, recovery room'' ::* '''byekul'''....''medecine, remedy'' :::* '''hyasbyekul'''....''elixir, nostrum, cure-all'' {{small/end}} ==== BIK Words ==== : The root word '''bik''' means ''care''. : Note: ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care, to be careful'' :::* '''tebikier'''....''to be worried about, to care about'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to provide care, to look after'' :::* '''tebikuer'''....''to give concern to, to worry'' {{small/top}} :* '''bik'''....''care, custody, cuation, heed, vigilence'' ::* '''azla bik'''....''intensive care'' :::* '''azla bikim'''....''intensive care unit, ICU'' ::* '''bay bik'''....''with care'' ::* '''be bik bi'''....''in the care of, C/O'' ::* '''bika'''....''careful, cautious'' ::* '''bikam'''....''clinic'' ::* '''igef bikim'''....''emergency room'' :::* '''bikames'''....''dispensary'' :::* '''bikamut'''....''clinician'' :::* '''bikder'''....''to caution'' ::::* '''bikdun'''....''caveat'' ::* '''bikier'''....''to take care'' :::* '''bikiyea'''....''careful, vigilent'' :::* '''obikiyea'''....''heedless, careless'' :::* '''tebikier'''....''to worry'' ::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' :::* '''bikuut'''....''caregiver, nurse'' :::* '''bikuam'''....''nursing home, care facility'' :::* '''grabikuer'''....''to mollycoddle'' ::::* '''tudbikuam'''....''child care center, nursery'' ::* '''bikof'''....''bandage'' :::* '''bikofaber'''....''to apply a bandage'' ::* '''jabik'''....''precaution'' ::* '''tudetbikuer'''....''to babysit'' :::* '''tudetbikuut'''....''babysitter'' {{small/end}} ==== BUK and BRUK Words ==== : The root word '''buk''' means ''injury, trauma, wound''. The related root '''bruk''' means ''mutilation''. The following are some principal derivatives: :* '''buk'''....''injury, trauma, wound'' ::* '''bukier'''...''to sustain injury, to get wounded'' ::* '''bukuer'''...''to injure, to wound'' :::* '''bukuwat'''....''injured person'' :::* '''bukuyafwa'''....''vulnerable'' :::* '''amalbuk'''....''scald'' ::::* '''amalbukier'''....''to get scalded'' ::::* '''amalbukuer'''....''to scald'' :::* '''bukzem'''....''trauma center'' ::* '''bukes'''....''abrasion, minor wound'' ::* '''jobuk'''....''scar'' :::* '''dopek jobuk'''....''battle scar'' ::* '''kyebuk'''....''threat, danger, risk'' :::* '''kyebukier'''....''to take a risk'' :::* '''kyebukuer'''....''to endanger, to threaten'' ::* '''yazbuk'''....''blister, boil'' ::* '''yoymbuk'''....''frostbite'' ::* '''hyutbukin'''....''sadism'' ::* '''hyitbukin'''....''masochism'' :::* '''hyuitbukin'''....''sadomasochism'' :* '''bruk'''....''mutilation'' ::* '''brukuer'''....''to mutilate, maim, mangle'' === '''DOB''' ''state'' === : By prefixing ordinal vowels to the stem '''dob''', we get various regimes. B changing '''dob''' to '''deb''' (''ruler''), '''dweb''' (''male ruler''), or '''deyb''' (''female ruler''), we get the counterpart rulers of these regimes. [[File:Hawaiian Royalty, sec8 no152 0001, from Brother Bertram Photograph Collection.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Regimes and Rulers |- ! REGIME=dob !! GENDER-NEUTRAL RULER=deb !! MALE RULER=dweb !! FEMALE RULER=deyb |- | '''adob'''....''empire'' || '''adeb'''....''emperor'' || '''adweb'''....''emperor'' || '''adeyb'''....''empress'' |- | '''edob'''....''kingdom'' || '''edeb'''....''monarch'' || '''edweb'''....''king'' || '''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''idob'''....''principality'' || '''ideb'''....''prince'' || '''idweb'''....''prince'' || '''ideyb'''....''princess'' |- | '''udob'''....''duchy'' || '''udeb'''....''duke'' || '''udweb'''....''duke'' || '''udeyb'''....''duchess'' |- | '''yodob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodeb'''....''marquis'' || '''yodweb'''....''marquis'' || '''yodeyb'''....''marquise'' |- | '''yadob'''....''count'' || '''yadeb'''....''count'' || '''yadweb'''....''count'' || '''yadeyb'''....''countess'' |- | '''yedob'''....''domain'' || '''yedeb'''....''lord'' || '''yedweb'''....''lord'' || '''yedeyb'''....''lady, dominatrix'' |- | '''yidob'''....''barony'' || '''yideb'''....''baron'' || '''yidweb'''....''baron'' || '''yideyb'''....''baroness'' |- | '''alodob'''....''tribe, chiefdom, clan'' || '''alodeb'''....''chief, tribal chief, chieftain'' || '''alodweb'''....''male chief'' || '''alodeyb'''....''chieftaine'' |- | '''obdobem'''....''colony'' || '''obdeb'''....''governor'' || '''obdweb'''....''governor'' || '''obdeyb'''....''governess'' |} {{small/end}} : From '''deb''', we get the stub suffix '''-eb''', which means the ruler, leader, or top offical, as in: ::* '''dom'''....''city'' ---> '''domeb'''....''mayor'' ::* '''vixel'''....''ceremony'' ---> '''vixeleb'''....''master of ceremonies'' ::* '''utixam'''....''university'' ---> '''utixameb'''....''rector'' : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ DOB AND XOB Core Words |- | '''dob'''....''state, regime''|| '''xob'''....''organization'' |- | '''dab'''....''government''|| '''xab'''....''staff'' |- | '''deb'''....''leader, regent'' || '''xeb'''....''boss'' |- | '''dib'''....''administration''<br>----'''dibut'''....''administrator'' || '''xib'''....''office, department''<br>----'''xibut'''....''official'' |- | '''dub'''....''minister''<br>----'''duban'''....''ministry'' || '''xub'''....''branch, affiliate'' |} {{small/end}} ==== DOB Words ==== : The stems of the words in this family start with '''d''' for ''society'' and end with '''b''' for ''organization''. The top-level base word '''dob''' means ''state''. This base word has some sub-elements: :* '''dob'''....''state, regime'' ::* '''doba'''....''of the state'' ::* '''doob'''....''nation'' :::* '''dooba'''....''national'' ::* '''doab'''....''fatherland'' ::* '''doeb'''....''state, province'' :::* '''doeba'''....''state, provincial'' :::* '''doebyan'''....''federation'' ::::* '''doebyana'''....''federal'' :::::* '''doebyaneb'''....''governor'' ::::* '''doebyayn'''....''confederation'' :::::* '''doebyayna(t)'''....''confederate'' ::* '''doib'''....''county, shire, department'' :::* '''doibeb'''....''prefect, provost, sheriff'' ::* '''doub'''....''precinct, arrondissement, district'' ::* '''doyob'''....''ward'' : By prefixing ordinal vowels to '''dob''', we get titled domains and title-holders: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Heads of State |- ! Regime !! Leader |- | '''adob'''....''empire'' || '''adweb'''....''emperor''<br>'''adeyb'''....''empress'' |- | '''edob'''....''monarchy'' || '''edeb'''....''monarch''<br>'''edweb'''....''king''<br>'''edeyb'''....''queen'' |- | '''idob'''....''principality'' || '''idweb'''....''prince''<br>'''ideyb'''....''princess'' |- | '''udob'''....''duchy'' || '''udweb'''....''duke''<br>'''udeyb'''....''duchess'' |- | '''yodob'''....''marquisate'' || '''yodweb'''....''marquis''<br>'''yodeyb'''....''marquise'' |- | '''yadob'''....''county, earldom'' || '''yadweb'''....''count, earl''<br>'''yadeyb'''...''countess'' |- | '''yedob'''....''domain'' || '''yedweb'''....''lord''<br>'''yedeyb'''....''lady'' |- | '''yidob'''....''viscountcy'' || '''yidweb'''...''viscount''<br>'''yideyb'''....''viscountess'' |- | '''yudob'''....''barony'' || '''yudweb'''....''baron''<br>'''yudeyb'''....''baroness'' |- | '''alodob'''....''tribe, clan'' || '''alodweb'''....''chief'' |} {{small/end}} : Note the following non-royal states and leaders: :* '''tyodob'''....''republic'' ::* '''tyodeb'''....''president of the republic'' ::* '''tyodeyb'''....''madame president of the republic'' ::* '''abtyodeb'''....''premier'' ::* '''abtyodeyb'''....''madame premier'' :::* '''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president of the republic'' :::* '''obtyodeyb'''....''madame vice-president of the republic'' :* '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' ::* '''tyodeb'''....''president'' ::* '''tyodeyb'''....''madame president'' :::* '''obtyodeb'''....''vice-president'' :::* '''obtyodeyb'''....''madame vice-president'' : Some other important derivatives: :* '''dobdras'''....''treaty'' :* '''dobier'''....''to conquer, to take control of'' :* '''doabifa'''....''patriotic'' :* '''dobkyax'''....''regime change, coup d'&eacute;tat, revolution'' :* '''dobmem'''....''territory'' ::* '''dobmemyan'''....''commonwealth'' :* '''dobnad'''....''frontier, border'' ::* '''dobnad izbex'''....''customs, border control'' :::* '''dobnadib'''....''customs bureau'' :::* '''dobnadibam'''....''customs house'' :::* '''dobnadibut'''....''customs official'' :* '''dobnix'''....''tax, revenue'' ::* '''dobnixdib'''....''internal revenue service'' ::* '''dobnixiut'''....''tax collector'' ::* '''dobnixuer'''....''to levy a tax'' :::* '''dobnixuyafwa'''....''taxable'' :* '''dobnux'''....''pension'' ::* '''dobnuxwat'''....''pensioner'' ::* '''dobaybuzben'''....''revolution'' ::* '''dobpyox'''....''coup d'etat'' ::* '''dobtut'''....''statesman'' ::* '''dobubwat'''....''envoy'' ::* '''dobyena'''....''official'' ::* '''dobyux'''....''benefit'' ==== Regional Administrations ==== :* '''domem'''....''province'' ::* '''domema'''....''provincial'' ::* '''domeam'''....''department, county, prefecture, shire'' ::* '''domeem'''....''sub-prefecture'' ::* '''domeim'''....''canton'' ::* '''domeum'''....''commune, district'' :::* '''domeuma'''....''communal'' ::* '''domgon'''....''district, quarter, quadrant'' ::* '''yuzdomgon'''....''arrondissement'' ==== DAB Words ==== : The root word '''dab''' means ''government''. : Types of governments: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Governments and Leaders |- ! '''dab'''=''government,rule'' !! '''deb'''=''ruler/leader/governor'' |- | '''tyodab'''<sup>1</sup>....''democracy'' || '''tyodeb'''....''president'' |- | '''tyoydab'''....''mob rule, ochlocracy'' || '''tyoydeb'''....''mob ruler. demagogue'' |- | '''andab'''....''autocracy, monarchy'' || '''andeb'''....''autocrat, monarch'' |- | '''durdab'''....''dictatorship'' || '''durdeb'''....''dictator'' |- | '''nyazdab'''....''plutocracy'' || '''nyazdeb'''....''plutocrat'' |- | '''jagatdab'''....''gerontocracy'' || '''jagatdeb'''....''gerontocrat'' |- | '''glotdab'''....''oligarchy'' ||'''glotdeb'''....''oligarch'' |- | '''abdoutdab'''....''aristocracy'' || '''abdoutdeb'''....''aristocrat'' |- | '''totdab'''....''theocracy'' || '''totdeb'''....''theocrat'' |- | '''abdab'''....''dominion'' || '''abdeb'''....''overlord, master'' |- | '''odab'''....''anarchy'' || '''odabinat'''....''anarchist'' |- | '''obdab'''....''protectorate, subject state'' || '''obdeb'''....''protector, subjugator'' |- | '''yibdabem'''....''colony'' || '''yibdabemeb'''....''colonial governor'' |- | '''memyuvdab'''....''fiefdom'' || '''memyuvdeb'''....''feudal lord'' |- | '''ofbiendab'''....''cleptocracy'' || '''ofbiendeb'''....''cleptocrat'' |- | '''yufdab'''....''despotism, reign of terror'' || '''yufdeb'''....''despot'' |- | '''tyenardab'''....''technocracy'' || '''tyenardeb'''....''technocrat'' |- | '''toybdab'''....''gynarchy'' || '''toybdeb'''....''gynarch'' |- | '''teydab'''....''matriarchy'' || '''teydeb'''....''matriarch'' |- | '''dopdab'''....''martial law, stratocracy'' || '''dopdeb'''....''statocrat'' |- | '''fyatdab'''....''hagiocracy'' || '''fyatdeb'''....''hagiocrat'' |- | '''nizdab'''....''meritocracy'' || '''nizdeb'''....''meritocrat'' |} {{small/end}} :*1. '''tyodob''' means ''republic''. : Other derivatives: :* '''daber'''....''to govern, to rule'' ::* '''dabut'''....''governor, ruler'' :::* '''obdabut'''....''viceroy'' ::* '''dabwa'''....''governed'' :::* '''odabwa'''....''ungoverned'' ::* '''dabyyofwa'''....''ungovernable'' ::* '''yibdabem'''....''colony'' :::* '''yibdabema'''....''colonial'' ::::* '''yibdabemeb'''....''colonial governor'' :::* '''yibdabemxer'''....''to colonize'' ==== DEB Words ==== : The root word '''deb''' means ''leader, master, ruler, chief, head''. The stub '''-eb''' suffix is often used to form different types of chiefs. :* '''yuxleb'''....''server, waiter'' < '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' :* '''yovbyokameb'''....''prison warden'' < '''yovbyokam'''....''prison'' :* '''yexeb'''....''boss'' < '''yex'''....''work'' :* '''yafondeb'''....''tyrant, despot'' < '''yafon'''....''power'' :* '''tixameb'''....''headmaster, principal'' < '''tixam'''....''school'' :* '''tamweb'''....''master of the house'' < '''tam'''....''house'' :* '''pontameb'''....''hotelier'' < '''pontam'''....''hotel'' : The verb '''deber''' means ''to lead'' ==== DIB Words ==== : The root word '''dib''' means ''administration''. The diminutive variant '''diyb''' means ''department''. : Here are words derived from this root: :* '''dib'''....''administration, bureau'' ::* '''diba'''....''administrative'' ::* '''diber'''....''to administer, to manage, to officiate'' ::* '''dibut'''....''administrator, officer, manager'' :::* '''dibutyan'''....''staff, management'' ::* '''dibam'''....''agency'' ::* '''dovakdib'''....''police'' :::* '''doma dovakdib'''....''municipal police'' :::* '''domeama dovakdib'''....''gendarmerie'' :::* '''agdomep dovakdib'''....''highway patrol'' :::* '''purilp dovakdib'''....''traffic police'' :::* '''dovakdibut'''....''police officer'' :::* '''dovakdibam'''....''police station'' ::* '''dobnadib'''....''customs bureau'' ::* '''dosyagdib'''....''census bureau'' ::* '''dobnixdib'''....''internal revenue service'' ::* '''nuixdib'''....''bursar'' ::* '''diyb'''....''department'' :::* '''diyba'''....''departmental'' ==== DUB Words ==== : The root word '''dub''' means ''minister''. :* '''dub'''....''minister, secretary'' ::* '''duba'''....''ministerial, cabinet-level'' :::* '''duban'''....''ministry, secretariat'' :::* '''dubyan'''....''council of ministers, cabinet'' ::* '''aa dub'''....''prime minister'' ::* '''obdub'''....''vice minister, assistant secretary'' ::* '''yibdub'''....''ambassador'' :::* '''yibdubam'''....''embassy'' :::* '''yibdubet'''....''consul'' ::::* '''yibdubetam'''....''consulate'' : The prime minister '''aa dub''' is at the top of a cabinet or council of ministers, '''dubyan'''. Each cabinet minister/secretary heads a ministry or department, '''duban'''. Here is a list of common cabinet ministers/cabinet secretaries: :* '''Dub bi Opyex'''....''Minister/Secretary of Defense'' :* '''Dub bi Dropek'''....''Minister/Secretary of War'' :* '''Dub bi Bak'''....''Minister/Secretary of Health'' :* '''Dub bi Nastun'''....''Minister/Secretary of Finance'' :* '''Dub bi Tuuxen'''....''Minister/Secretary of Education'' :* '''Dub bi Yebmema Soni'''....''Minister/Secretary of Internal Affairs = the Interior'' :* '''Dub bi Oyebmema Soni'''....''Minister/Secretary of External Affairs = State Department = Foreign Office'' :* '''Dub bi Doyevan'''....''Minister/Secretary of Justice'' :* '''Dub bi Yebmema Vakan'''....''Minister/Secretary of Homeland Security'' :* '''Dub bi Donasbex'''....''Minister/Secretary of Treasury'' :* '''Dub bi Nunuien'''....''Minister/Secretary of Commerce'' === '''DOM''' ''city'' === : The base word '''dom''' means city. It is the top-level member of a geo-specific series: :* '''dom'''....''city'' :* '''dam'''....''airport'' (synonymous with '''mampuiem''') :* '''dem'''....''park'' ::* '''deym'''....''garden'' :* '''dim'''....''fountain'' : The word '''dom''' is also the top-level member of a size-ordered series: ::* '''doom'''....''district'' ::* '''doym'''....''town'' ::* '''doam'''....''borough, township'' ::* '''doem'''....''village'' ::* '''doim'''....''hamlet'' ::* '''doum'''....''estate, manor'' : Here some common words derived from '''dom''': :* '''azdom'''....''citadel'' :* '''debdom'''....''capital'' :* '''domab'''....''municipality'' :* '''domeb'''....''burgomaster, mayor'' ::* '''domebam'''....''city hall, mayor's office'' :* '''domgon'''....''district, neighborhood, precinct, quadrant, quarter'' ::* '''domgona'''....''district-related'' ::* '''domgones'''....''block, city block'' :* '''dommas'''....''city wall'' :* '''dommir'''....''civilization, urbane world'' ::* '''dommirxer'''....''to civilize'' ::* '''odommirxwa'''....''uncivilized'' :* '''domned'''....''place, public square'' :* '''domnyed'''....''urban grid'' :* '''domog'''....''village'' :* '''dompur'''....''autobus, bus, omnibus, city bus'' :* '''domsin'''....''cityscape, townscape, urban scene'' :* '''domtam'''....''brownstone, town house, townhouse'' :* '''domtej'''....''city life'' ::* '''domtejen'''....''urban living'' :* '''domtun'''....''urban planning, urbanology'' :* '''domtyalier'''....''dine in public, dine out'' :* '''domtyod'''....''city folk'' :* '''domut'''....''city-dweller, urbanite'' :* '''domxer'''....''urbanize'' :* '''domyen'''....''city ways, civility, urbanity'' ::* '''domyena'''....''urbane'' :* '''domyijem'''....''piazza, plaza, square, urban open space'' :* '''domzem'''....''downtown, city center, midtown'' :* '''doymtyod'''....''townsfolk, townspeople'' :* '''doymut'''....''burgher, townsman'' :* '''doymuyt'''....''townswoman'' :* '''ebdoma'''....''intercity, interurban'' :* '''ebdomep'''....''alley, alleyway'' :* '''ebdompur'''....''coach, intercity bus'' :* '''esomdoym'''....''pueblo'' :* '''fyedom'''....''podunk'' :* '''melyexdoum'''....''farmstead, hacienda, manor, plantation, ranch'' ::* '''melyexdoumeb'''....''majordomo'' ::* '''melyexdoumxer'''....''ranch'' ::* '''melyexdoumxut'''....''rancher'' :* '''midom'''....''harbor'' :* '''midoym'''....''marina'' :* '''mimdom'''....''port city, sea town, seaport'' :* '''yodom'''....''country, countryside, non-urban area, wild, wilderness'' :* '''oyebdom'''....''countryside, outskirts of town'' :* '''tajdom'''....''birthplace town, home town, hometown'' :* '''tamyogdom'''....''favela, shantytown'' :* '''teydom'''....''metropolis'' :* '''vidoom'''....''posh district'' :* '''vudoom'''....''shabby district, slum, ghetto'' :* '''yabdom'''....''uptown'' :* '''yebdom'''....''inner city'' :* '''yuzdom'''....''suburb'' ::* '''yuzdomat'''....''suburbanite'' ::* '''yuzdomgon'''....''arrondissement'' ::* '''yuzdomyan'''....''suburbia'' ::* '''yuba yuzdom'''....''close-in suburb'' ::* '''yiba yuzdom'''....''outer suburb'' :* '''yobdom'''....''downtown'' :* '''zedom'''....''city center, downtown, mid-town, midtown'' :* '''zeydoma'''....''crosstown'' :* '''zyadom'''....''metropolis'' :* '''zyadoma'''....''citywide, metropolitan'' === '''DOP''' ''military'' === : The baseword '''dop''' means ''military'' and is the top level element of a series of geo-specific divisions of the military: :* '''dop'''....''military'' :* '''dap'''....''air force'' :* '''dep'''....''army'' :* '''dip'''....''navy'' ::* '''diep'''....''marine force'' (hybrid of '''dip''' and '''dep''') Note: '''momdop''' is used for ''space force''. [[File:Dirk Backen, Armed Forces Day 2017.jpg|thumb|]] ==== DOP Words ==== : The base word '''dop''' means ''military''. Here are some derived words: :* '''dop'''....''military'' (n.) ::* '''dopa'''....''military'' (adj.) :::* '''dopaun'''....''military unit'' ::* '''dopxer'''....''to militarize'' :::* '''lodopxer'''....''to demilitarize'' ::* '''dopar'''....''arm, weapon'' :::* '''doparuer'''....''to arm'' ::::* '''doparuwa'''....''armed'' ::::* '''doparkuben'''....''armistice'' :::* '''doparier'''....''to take up arms'' :::* '''doparober'''....''to disarm'' ::::* '''doparoben'''....''disarmament'' :::* '''doparam'''....''armory'' :::* '''doparyan'''....''arsenal'' :::* '''doparayob'''....''armor'' ::::* '''doparayobuer'''....''to armor'' :::::* '''doparayobuwa'''....''armored'' ::* '''doput'''....''soldier'' ::* '''dopek'''....''battle, combat'' :::* '''dopeker'''....''to battle, to fight, to combat'' ::::* '''dopekut'''....''combattant'' ::::* '''dopekteud'''....''battle cry'' :::* '''dopnabyan'''....''phalanx'' :::* '''dopjagat'''....''veteran'' ::* '''dropek'''....''war'' :::* '''dropeker'''....''to wage war'' ::::* '''dropekut'''....''warrier'' ::* '''dopbier'''....''to conquer'' :::* '''dopbiut'''....''conqueror'' :::* '''dopbien'''....''conquest'' ::* '''dopembier'''....''to deploy'' :::* '''dopembien'''....''deployment'' ::* '''doptyoper'''....''to march'' ::* '''dopnaper'''....''to parade'' ::* '''doppiler'''....''to desert'' :::* '''doppilut'''....''deserter'' ::* '''doprekifut'''....''hawk'' ::* '''doptaf'''....''armor'' ::* '''doptam'''....''barrack'' ::* '''dopteliem'''....''mess hall'' ::* '''dopyeg'''....''foxhole'' ::* '''dopyevamber'''....''to court-martial'' ::* '''dopyixler'''....''to recruit'' ::* '''dopek zanad'''....''battlefront'' :* '''doop'''....''troop, force'' :* '''doyp'''....''militia'' ==== DAP Words ==== :* '''dap'''....''air force'' ::* '''dapsyob'''....''airbase'' ::* '''dapur'''....''jet fighter'' ::* '''daput'''....''airman'' ==== DEP Words ==== :* '''dep'''....''ground force, army'' ::* '''deput'''....''infantryman'' :::* '''deputyan'''....''infantry'' ::* '''depur'''....''tank'' :::* '''depur yanputyan'''....''tank convoy'' ::* '''dep xob'''....''army corps'' ==== DIP Words ==== :* '''dip'''....''navy'' ::* '''dipa'''....''naval'' :::* '''diput'''....''sailor, seaman'' ::::* '''diputnyev'''....''ditty bag'' ::* '''dipur'''....''battleship, combat ship, naval vessel'' :::* '''dipuryan'''....''flotilla, fleet'' ::::* '''dipuryaneb'''....''fleet commander'' :* '''diep'''....''marines'' ::* '''dieput'''....''marine soldier'' ::* '''diepur'''....''amphibious warship'' : Here are different types of naval combat vessels: :* '''dipur'''....''naval vessel'' ::* '''adipur'''....''aircraft carrier'' ::* '''edipur'''....''cruiser'' ::* '''idipur'''....''frigate'' ::* '''udipur'''....''destroyer'' ::* '''yodipur'''....''corvette'' ::* '''oybdipur'''....''submarine'' :::* '''apyex oybdipur'''....''attack submarine'' ::* '''diepur'''....''amphibious warfare ship'' ::* '''mimkumdipur'''....''littoral combat ship'' ::* '''oybmimdopir mimpar'''....''torpedo boat'' ==== Weapons of War ==== :* '''dopar'''....''weapon, arm'' ::* '''adopar'''....''gun, pistol'' ::* '''edopar'''....''rifle'' ::* '''idopar'''....''shotgun'' ::* '''udopar'''....''musket'' :* '''dopir'''....''artillery'' ::* '''adopir'''....''cannon'' ::* '''edopir'''....''bazooka'' ::* '''idopir'''....''howitzer'' :* '''dopur'''....''machine gun'' :* '''doapar'''....''sabre'' ::* '''doepar'''....''sword'' ::* '''dopyonar'''....''bayonet'' :::* '''mimdopyonar'''....''cutlass'' :::* '''zyadopyonar'''....''battle-ax'' ::* '''dapur'''....''fighter jet'' ::* '''depur'''....''tank'' ::* '''dipur'''....''battleship'' :* '''dopuz-izmuf'''....''bow and arrow'' :* '''megpuxrar'''....''slingshot'' ::* '''megpuxrir'''....''catapult'' : Note: :* '''puxrun'''....''missile, projectile, shell'' ::* '''puxruntyen'''....''ballistics'' :::* '''puxrunog''' (or) '''zyunes'''....''bullet'' ::::* '''puxrunogvaka''' or '''zyunesvaka'''....''bullet-proof'' ::* '''puxrunyan'''....''ammo, ammunition'' ::* '''puxryaf'''....''firepower'' ::* '''puxrer'''....''to shoot'' ::* '''Puxru!'''....''Fire!'' :* '''zyun'''....''ball'' ::* '''adopir zyun'''....''cannonball'' ::* '''adopar zyunes'''....''pistol round'' ::* '''tuyab dopzyun'''....''hand grenade'' ::* '''pyaxar-zaybuxwa dopzyun'''... ''RPG, rocket-propelled grenade'' :* '''pyaxer'''....''to launch'' ::* '''pyaxun'''....''missile, projectile'' ::* '''pyaxmufyeg''' (or) '''pyaxun'''....''rocket'' :* '''yonpyexrer'''....''to explode, to blast'' ::* '''yonpyexrar'''....''bomb'' :::* '''yonpyexrarer'''....''to bomb'' ::* '''yonpyexrul'''....''explosive material'' ::* '''yonpyexrea myek:'''....''blasting powder'' ==== Military Ranks ==== [[File:Military ranks of Ukraine 2 2015.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; font-size:smaller;" |+ Military Ranks |- ! ARMY<br>'''dep''' !! NAVY<br>'''dip''' !! AIR FORCE<br>'''dap''' !! MARINE FORCE<br>'''diep''' |- | '''depat'''....''soldier'' || '''dipat'''....''ensign'' || '''dapat'''....''airman'' || '''diepat'''....''private'' |- | '''adepat'''....''private'' || '''adipat'''....''seaman recruit'' || '''adapat'''....''airman basic'' || '''adiepat'''....''private'' |- | '''edepat'''....''private 2'' || '''edipat'''....''seaman apprentice'' || '''edapat'''....''airman'' || '''ediepat'''....''private 1st class'' |- | '''idepat'''....''private first class'' || '''idipat'''....''seaman'' || '''idapat'''....''airman first class'' || '''idiepat'''....''lance corporal'' |- | '''udepat'''....''army specialist'' || '''udipat'''....''petty officer 3rd class'' || '''udapat'''....''senior airman'' || '''udiepat'''....''corporal'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yodipat'''....''petty officer 2nd class'' || '''yodapat'''....''staff sergeant'' || '''yodiepat'''....''sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yadipat'''....''petty officer 3rd class'' || '''yadapat'''....''technical sergeant'' || '''yadiepat'''....''staff sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yedipat'''....''chief petty officer'' || '''obyedapat'''....''master sergeant'' || '''yediepat'''....''gunnery sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''abyedapat'''....''master sergeant with diamond'' || '''....''' '' '' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''yidipat'''....''senior chief petty officer'' || '''obyidapat'''....''senior master sergeant'' || '''yidiepat'''....''master sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''abyidapat'''....''senior master sergeant with diamond'' || '''....''' '' '' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''obyudipat'''....''master chief petty officer'' || '''obyudapat'''....''chief master sergeant'' || '''yudiepat'''....''first sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''ebyudipat'''....''fleet master chief petty officer'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''alodiepat'''....''master gunnery sergeant'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''abyudipat'''....''master chief petty officer of the navy'' || '''abyudapat'''....''chief master sergeant with diamond'' || '''aladiepat'''....''sergeant major'' |- | '''adeplat'''....''warrant officer'' || '''adiplat'''....''ensign'' || '''adaplat'''....''2nd lieutenant'' || '''adieplat'''....''warrant officer'' |- | '''edeplat'''....''chief warrant officer 2'' || '''ediplat'''....''lieutenant junior grade'' || '''edaplat'''....''1st lieutenant'' || '''edieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 2'' |- | '''ideplat'''....''chief warrant officer 3'' || '''idiplat'''....''lieutenant'' || '''idaplat'''....''captain'' || '''idieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 3'' |- | '''udeplat'''....''chief warrant officer 4'' || '''udiplat'''....''lieutenant commander'' || '''udaplat'''....''major'' || '''udieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 4'' |- | '''yodeplat'''....''chief warrant officer 5'' || '''yodiplat'''....''commander'' || '''yodaplat'''....''lieutenant colonel'' || '''yodieplat'''....''chief warrant officer 5'' |- | '''yadeplat'''....''second lieutenant'' || '''yadiplat'''....''captain'' || '''yadaplat'''....''colonel'' || '''yadieplat'''....''second lieutenant'' |- | '''yedeplat'''....''first lieutenant'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yedieplat'''....''first lieutenant'' |- | '''yideplat'''....''captain'' || '''yidiplat'''....''ensign'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yidieplat'''....''captain'' |- | '''yudeplat'''....''major'' || '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yudieplat'''....''major'' |- | '''adeprat'''....''brigadier general'' || '''adiprat'''....''rear admiral lower half'' || '''adaprat'''....''brigadier general'' || '''adieprat'''....''lieutenant general'' |- | '''edeprat'''....''major general'' || '''ediprat'''....''rear admiral upper half'' || '''edaprat'''....''major general'' || '''edieprat'''....''colonel'' |- | '''ideprat'''....''lieutenant general'' || '''idiprat'''....''vice admiral'' || '''idaprat'''....''lieutenant general'' || '''idieprat'''....''brigadier general'' |- | '''udeprat'''....''4 star general'' || '''udiprat'''....''commandant'' || '''udaprat'''....''general air force chief of staff'' || '''udieprat'''....''major general'' |- | '''yodeprat'''....''5-star general'' || '''yodiprat'''....''fleet admiral'' || '''yodaprat'''....''general of the AF'' || '''yodieprat'''....''lieutenant general'' |- | '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''....''' '' '' || '''yadieprat'''....''general'' |} {{small/end}} === '''DOT''' ''society'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''d''' for ''society'' and end in '''t''' for ''human''. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== ::* '''dot'''....''society'' :::* '''doyt'''....''club'' :::* '''doot'''....''public'' :::* '''lyodot'''....''wilderness'' ::* '''dat'''.....''friend'' :::* '''dayt'''....''female friend'' :::* '''dwat'''....''male friend'' :::* '''daat'''....''buddy, chum'' :::* '''yodat'''....''enemy'' ::* '''det'''....''mate, associate, companion'' :::* '''dwet'''....''boyfriend'' :::* '''deyt'''....''girlfriend'' ::* '''dit'''....''citizen'' :::* '''odit'''....''non-citizen, alien'' ::* '''dut'''....''(not used)'' :::* '''duyt'''....''lady, madam'' :::* '''dwut'''....''gentleman, sir'' ::::* '''dwuyti'''....''ladies and gentlemen'' [[File:Vitruvian Man Noun project 6674.svg|thumb|]] ==== DOT and DO- Words ==== : The root word '''dot''' means ''society'' and is at the top of a scalar series of words. The diminutive, '''doyt''' means ''club''. Sometimes '''dot''' is reduced to the stub '''do-''' meaning ''public''. Here are the principal derivatives :* '''dot'''....''society'' ::* '''doot'''....''public'' ::* '''doyt'''....''club'' ::* '''dout'''....''bourgeois'' : Here are some derivatives of '''dot''' and '''do-''': :*'''dot'''....''society'' ::*'''dota'''....''societal, social'' ::*'''dotin'''....''socialism'' :::* '''dotina'''....''socilialist, socialistic'' :::* '''dotinut'''....''socialist'' :::*'''dooba-dotin'''....''national socialism, nazism'' ::::*'''dooba-dotinut'''....''national socialist, nazi'' ::*'''dota abteaxuyt'''....''chaperone'' ::*'''dotaxlyen'''....''demeanor'' ::*'''dotbokat'''....''sociopath'' ::*'''doteader'''....''to notarize'' :::*'''doteadut'''....''notary'' ::*'''doteuz'''....''vote'' :::*'''doteuzaf'''....''franchise, permission to vote'' ::::*'''doteuzafxer'''....''to enfanchise'' ::::*'''doteuzofxer'''....''disenfranchise'' :::*'''doteuzyiv'''....''right to vote'' :::*'''doteuzdref'''....''ballot'' ::::*'''doteuzdref nyem'''....''ballot box'' :::*'''doteuzier'''....''poll'' :::*'''doteuziut'''....''poll-taker, pollster'' :::*'''doteuzkyaxut'''....''swing voter'' :::*'''doteuzsager'''....''canvass'' :::*'''doteuzsagut'''....''canvasser'' :::*'''doteuzir'''....''voting machine'' :::*'''doteuzem'''....''polling place'' :::*'''doteuzum'''....''voting booth'' :::*'''doteuzuer'''....''to vote'' ::::*'''doteuzuun'''....''vote'' ::::*'''doteuzuut'''....''voter'' ::*'''dotmuys'''....''social ladder'' ::*'''dotnab'''....''social rank, social standing, social stratum'' ::*'''dotnaz'''....''caliber'' ::*'''dotnextuna'''....''socioeconomic'' ::*'''dotnix'''....''assessment, duty'' :::*'''dotnixuer'''....''asses a duty'' :::*'''dotnixut'''....''beneficiary, welfare recipient'' :::*'''dotnixuyafwa'''....''dutiable'' ::*'''dofip'''....''welfare'' :::*'''dofipnux'''....''welfare allowance'' :::*'''dofipdob'''....''welfare state'' ::*'''dovak'''....''social security'' :::*'''dovakdib'''....''social security administration, welfare administration'' :::*'''dotvaknux'''....''social security allotment'' ::::*'''dotvaknuxibut'''....''social security recipient'' ::*'''dotoega'''....''weird'' ::*'''dotof'''....''taboo'' ::*'''dotoj'''....''capital punishment'' :::*'''dotoj pesnad'''....''death row'' :::*'''dotojber'''....''to execute, to put to death'' ::*'''dotom'''....''public building'' :::*'''dotomvyixut'''....''janitor'' :::*'''dotomdrwasi'''....''graffiti'' ::*'''dotop'''....''ethos'' :::*'''dotopa'''....''ethical'' :::*'''dotoptun'''....''ethics'' ::*'''dotpifa'''....''gregarious'' :::*'''dotpifut'''....''gregarious person'' ::*'''dotrwa'''....''known publically'' ::*'''dotser'''....''to socialize'' ::*'''dotsiunxer'''....''to salute'' ::*'''dotsyen'''....''civilization'' :::*'''dotsyenxer'''....''civilize'' :::*'''dotsyenxwa'''....''civilized'' ::*'''dottun'''....''sociology'' :::*'''dottut'''....''sociologist'' ::*'''dotuer'''....''divulge, proclaim, promulgate, report, whistleblow'' ::*'''dotufa'''....''recalcitrant'' ::*'''dout'''....''bourgeois'' :::*'''dotutyan'''....''bourgeoisie'' ::*'''dotuun'''....''bulletin, report'' :::*'''dotuunyan'''....''reportage'' :::*'''dotuut'''....''herald, reporter'' ::*'''dotvyab'''....''ruling, statute'' :::*'''dotvyabdras'''....''statute'' ::*'''dotxer'''....''socialize'' :::*'''dotxyika'''....''dorky'' ::*'''dotyen'''....''etiquette, social skill'' :::*'''dotyenukat'''....''dweeb'' ::*'''dotyexut'''....''caseworker, social worker'' ::*'''fidotyen'''....''decency'' :::*'''fidotyena'''....''decent'' :*'''fudotyen'''....''indecency'' ::*'''fudotyena'''....''indecent'' ::*'''kodot'''....''secret society'' ::*'''lyodot'''....''wilderness'' :::*'''lyodota'''....''wild'' ::*'''mirdotsuyt'''....''socialite'' ::*'''odota'''....''asocial'' ::*'''odotsyea'''....''unsociable'' ::*'''odotsyenxwa'''....''uncivilized'' ::*'''ovdota'''....''anti-social'' ::*'''dotoyeber'''....''ostracize'' :*'''tepdota'''....''psychosocial'' :*'''vadoteuz'''....''yes vote'' :*'''vidota'''....''high-brow'' :*'''vodoteuz'''....''no vote'' :*'''vudota'''....''low-brow'' :*'''yabdota'''....''elite, high-society'' :*'''yeber doteuzdref'''....''cast a ballot, cast a vote'' :*'''yobdota'''....''low-brow'' ::* '''doyt'''....''association, club, order'' :::* '''doytam'''....''clubhouse'' :::* '''doyteb'''....''club leader, doyen'' :::* '''doyteyb'''....''doyenne'' :::* '''doytim'''....''clubroom'' :::* '''doytser'''....''associate'' :::* '''doytut'''....''associate, club member'' :::* '''doytxer'''....''associate'' :::* '''doytxwa'''....''associated'' ::* '''fyadoyt'''....''religious community, religious order'' ::* '''mojdoyt'''....''nightclub'' ::* '''oybdoyt'''....''affiliate'' ::* '''doot'''....''public'' :::* '''doota'''....''public'' :::* '''dootxer'''....''publicize'' ::* '''dout'''....''bourgeois'' :::* '''doutyan'''....''bourgeoisie'' : The prefix '''do-''' can be used to form words that are public or official in nature, eg: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ The Do- prefix ! COMBINED FORM !! SUFFIX |- | '''dovyab'''....''law'' || '''vyab'''....''rule'' |- | '''doyevan'''....''justice'' || '''yevan'''....''fairness'' |- | '''doneg'''....''class'' || '''neg'''....''level'' |- | '''dodel'''....''announcement'' || '''del'''....''statement'' |- | '''doyov'''....''crime'' || '''yov'''....''shame'' |- | '''doyiv'''....''right'' || '''yivan'''....''freedom'' |- | '''dobien'''....''coup d'etat'' || '''bien'''....''taking'' |- | '''dodres'''....''bulletin'' || '''dres'''....''document'' |- | '''dokex'''....''inquiry'' || '''kex'''....''search'' |- | '''dovak'''....''public safety'' || '''vak'''....''safety'' |- | '''dovakdib'''....''police'' || '''dib'''....''administration'' |- | '''dotojben'''....''execution'' || '''tojben'''....''killing'' |- | '''dosyag'''....''census'' || '''syag'''....''count'' |- | '''dodrur'''....''press'' || '''drur'''....''printer'' |- | '''dodras''''....''bulletin'' || '''dras'''....''piece of writing'' |- | '''doyen'''....''protocol'' || '''-yen'''....''manner'' |- | '''dodid'''....''inquiry'' || '''did'''....''question'' |- | '''dodil'''....''petition, d&eacute;marche'' || '''dil'''....''request'' |- | '''dodin'''....''history'' || '''din'''....''story'' |- | '''dodyun'''....''appointment'' || '''dyun'''....''name'' |- | '''dodyeen'''....''recital'' || '''dyeen'''....''reading'' |} ==== DAT Words ==== :* '''dat'''....''friend'' ::* '''datan'''....''friendship'' ::* '''datser'''....''to make friends with'' ::* '''datxer'''....''to befriend'' ::* '''datyan'''....''network of friends'' ::* '''datyena'''....''friendly'' ::* '''datavunuer'''....''to show favoratism toward'' :::* '''datavunuen'''....''cronyism'' ::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' :::* '''datibam'''....''hotel'' :::* '''datibut'''....''host'' :::* '''datibwat'''....''guest'' :::* '''datibyen'''....''hospitality'' ::* '''datif'''....''chum, pal, buddy, mate'' ::* '''datim'''....''parlor, salon'' ::* '''datuper'''....''to visit'' ::* '''datzyus'''....''coterie, circle of friends'' ::* '''odata'''....''unfriendly'' ::* '''yodat'''....''enemy'' :::* '''agalyodat'''....''nemesis'' ::* '''ovdat'''....''adversary'' :::* '''ovdata'''....''adversarial, hostile'' :::* '''ovdatxer'''....''to alienate'' ::* '''daat'''....''ally'' :::* '''daatan'''....''alliance'' ::* '''ifdwat'''....''boyfriend'' ::* '''ifdayt'''....''girlfriend'' ==== DET Words ==== :* '''det'''....''partner, associate, collegue'' ::* '''deta'''....''fellow, collegiate'' ::* '''detan'''....''partnership, association, fellowship'' ::* '''detser'''....''to associate'' :::* '''lodetser'''....''to disassociate'' ::* '''detxer'''....''to accompany'' :::* '''odetxwa'''....''unaccompanied'' ::* '''nunyaxdet'''....''business partner'' ::* '''detyan'''....''company, consortium, association'' :::* '''nundetyan'''....''commercial firm'' :::* '''detyankexyea'''....''gregarious'' :::* '''detyanog'''....''club'' ::* '''yexdet'''....''office mate, fellow worker, colleague, coworker'' ::* '''dazdet'''....''dance partner'' ::* '''purdet'''....''fellow passenger'' ::* '''popdet'''....''travel mate'' ::* '''dofuxdet'''....''partner in crime'' ::* '''tejdet'''....''life partner'' ==== DIT Words ==== :* '''dit'''....''citizen'' ::* '''dita'''....''civil, civic'' ::* '''ditan'''....''citizenship'' ::* '''dityan'''....''citizenry'' ::* '''ditser'''....''to become a citizen'' ::* '''ditdab'''....''democracy'' :::* '''ditdaba'''....''democratic'' ::* '''ditdeb'''....''president'' :::* '''ditdeban'''....''presidency'' :::* '''ditdeber'''....''to preside'' ::* '''ditdab'''....''republic'' :::* '''ditdaba'''....''republican'' ::* '''ditdop'''....''militia'' ::* '''ditser'''....''to become a citizen'' ::* '''ditxer'''....''to naturalize'' ::* '''dityen'''....''civility'' ==== DUT Words ==== :* '''dwut'''....''sir, gentleman'' :* '''duyt'''....''madam, lady'' :* '''dwuyti'''....''ladies and gentlemen'' === '''FOB''' ''plant'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''f''' for ''vegetation'' and end in '''b''' for ''organism''. The core meronyms of this family are listed here: ::* '''fob'''....''plant, vegetation'' ::* '''fab'''....''tree'' ::* '''feb'''....''fruit'' ::* '''fib'''....''trunk'' ::* '''fub'''....''branch'' ::* '''fyob'''....''root'' [[File:Diversity of plants image version 6.jpg|thumb|]] ==== FOB Words ==== : The base word '''fob''' means ''plant, vegetation''. : Here are words that are derived from this root: : '''fob'''....''plant, vegetation'' :* '''foba'''....''botanical, vegetal'' :** '''fobam'''....''greenhouse'' :* '''fobdem'''....''botanical garden, orchard'' :* '''fobika'''....''verdant'' :** '''fobikay'''....''verdantly'' :* '''fobtun'''....''botany'' :** '''fobtuna'''....''botanic, botanical'' :*** '''fobtunay'''....''botanically'' :* '''fobtut'''....''botanist'' :* '''fobyan'''....''flora, vegetation'' :* '''fobyena'''....''vegetative'' :* '''fobyexem'''....''farm'' :* '''fobyexen'''....''agriculture, cultivating, cultivation, farming, tilling'' :** '''fobyexena'''....''agricultural'' :** '''fobyexenut'''....''agriculturalist'' :* '''fobyexer'''....''cultivate, farm, till'' :* '''fobyexin'''....''agrarianism'' :* '''fobyextun'''....''agronomy'' :** '''fobyextuna'''....''agronomical'' :*** '''fobyextunay'''....''agronomically'' :** '''fobyextut'''....''agronomist'' :* '''fobyex'''....''agriculture, farming, tilth'' :** '''fobyexa'''....''agrarian, agricultural'' :*** '''fobyexam'''....''farmhouse, farmstead'' :** '''fobyexut'''....''cultivator, farmer'' :** '''fobyexwa'''....''farmed'' :** '''fobyexyafwa'''....''cultivable, tillable'' :** '''fobyexyofwa'''....''untillable'' :* '''milfob'''....''aquatic plant, hydrophyte'' :** '''milfoba'''....''hydrophytic'' :*** '''milfobyex'''....''hydroponics'' :**** '''milfobyexa'''....''hydroponic'' ==== FAB / FEB Words ==== : The word '''fab''' means ''tree''. The diminutive is '''fayb''' meaning ''bush, vine''. The fruit or nut of the tree ends in '''feb''', unless it is a berry from a vine, in which case it is '''feyb'''. The juice from the fruit is '''fel''', while the fruit of the berry is '''feyl'''. : Trees all end in '''fab'''. Vines, shrubs, and bushes ending in '''fayb'''. The syllables prefixed to those roots come from the international Linnaean taxonomy. Here some common derived words: :'''fab'''....''tree'' :* '''fabyan'''....''forest'' :** '''fabyayn'''....''woods'' :* '''fayb'''....''bush, vine'' :** '''faybyan'''....''thicket, brush'' :* '''fayeb'''....''leaf'' :** '''fayebyan'''....''foliage'' :* '''faob'''....''wood'' :** '''faof'''....''plank, board'' :** '''fauf'''....''log'' :*** '''faufyan'''....''lumber, timber'' : '''feb'''....''fruit, nut'' :* '''fel'''....''fruit juice'' :* '''feyb'''....''berry'' :** '''feyl'''....''berry juice'' : With the prefixation of Linnaeus taxonomic syllables, we get the following trees: :'''anbromfab''': ''pineapple'', spec=''Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus'' :'''fafab''': ''bean plant, pea plant'', spec=''Fabaceae'' :*'''glefafab''': ''honey locust, honeylocust'', spec=''Fabaceae Gleditsia triacanthos'' :*'''akfafab''': ''acacia tree'', spec=''Fabaceae Acacia'' :'''plafab''': ''plane tree, plantain'', spec=''Platanaceae Platanus'' :*'''okplafab''': ''sycamore tree, occidental plane tree'', spec=''Platanaceae Platanus occidentalis'' :'''tafab''': ''yew tree'', spec=''Taxaceae Taxus'' :'''ebfab''': ''Ceylon ebony'', spec=''Ebenaceae Diospyros ebenum'' :'''acfab''': ''maple tree'', spec=''Aceraceae Acer'' :'''befab''': ''birch tree'', spec=''Betulaceae Betula'' :*'''korbefab''': ''hazel nut tree, kukui tree'', spec=''Betulaceae Corylus'' :'''katefab''': ''cacao tree'', spec=''Malvaceae Theobroma cacao'' :'''fagfab''': ''beech tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Fagus'' :*'''kafagfab''': ''chestnut tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Castanea'' :*'''kwerfagfab''': ''oak tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Quercus quercus'' :*'''kasfagfab''': ''sweet chestnut tree'', spec=''Fagaceae Castanea sativa'' :'''pulifab''': ''pomegranate tree'', spec=''Lythraceae Punica granatum'' :'''pifab''': ''conifer, evergreen tree, pine tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Pinus'' :*'''lapifab''': ''larch tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Larix'':* :*'''abpifab''': ''fir tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Abies'' :*'''cepifab''': ''cedar tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Cedrus'' :*'''licepifab''': ''cedar of Lebanon'', spec=''Pinaceae Cedrus libani'' :*'''tsupifab''': ''hemlock tree'', spec=''Pinaceae Tsuga'':* :'''maswifab''': ''mahogany tree'', spec=''Melaiceae Swietenia mahgoni'' :'''ginkfab''': ''ginkgo tree'', spec=''Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo biloba'' :'''malfab''': ''mallows family'', spec=''Malvaceae'' :*'''himalfab''': ''rosella plant'', spec=''Malvacea Hibiscus sabdariffa'' :*'''okmalfab''': ''balsa tree'', spec=''Malvaceae Ochroma pyramidale'' :*'''komalfab''': ''kola plant'', spec=''Malvaceae Cola nitida old''=nyefab :*'''dumalfab''': ''durian tree'', spec=''Malvaceae Durio'' :'''salfab''': ''willow tree, willow family'', spec=''Salicaceae Salix'' :*'''posalfab''': ''poplar tree,, aspen tree, populus tree'', spec=''Salicaceae Populus'' :*'''balposalfab''': ''cottonwood'', spec=''Salicaceae Populus balsamifera'' :'''olfab''': ''olive tree'', spec=''Oleaceae Olea europaea'' :*'''fraksolfab''': ''ash tree'', spec=''Oleaceae Fraxinus'' :'''ulfab''': ''elm tree'', spec=''Ulmaceae Ulmus'' :'''anfab''': ''cashew/pistachio family'', spec=''Anacardiaceae'' :*'''okanfab''': ''cashew tree'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale'' :*'''mananfab''': ''mango tree'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica'' :*'''pisanfab''': ''pistachio tree'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Pistacia vera'' :*'''topisanfab''': ''poison ivy'', spec=''Anacardiaceae Toxiodendron'' :'''mofab''': ''mulberry tree, mulberry family'', spec=''Moraceae Morus'' :*'''fimofab''': ''fig tree'', spec=''Moraceae Ficus carica'' :*'''urfimofab''': ''banyan'', spec=''Moraceae Ficus Urostigma'' :'''rofab''': ''fruit tree'', spec=''Rosaceae'' :*'''marofab''': ''apple tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Malus domestica'' ::*'''domarofab''': ''crabapple tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Malus domestica'' :*'''kirofab''': ''quince tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Cydonia oblonga'' :*'''pirofab''': ''pear tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Pyrus'' :*prurofab: plum tree, aspen, Rosaceae Prunus domestica :*'''ceprurofab''': ''cherry tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus cerasus'' :*'''amprurofab''': ''almond tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus amygdalus'' :*'''arprurofab''': ''apricot tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca'' :*'''perprurofab''': ''peach tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus persica'' :'''maprofab''': ''macadamia tree'', spec=''Proteaceae Macadamia'' :'''arfab''': ''palm tree'', spec=''Arecaceae old''=bofab :*'''rafarfab''': ''raffia palm'', spec=''Arecaceae Raphia'' :*'''kokarfab''': ''coconut palm, coconut tree'', spec=''Arecaceae Cocos nucifera'' :*'''foynarfab''': ''date tree'', spec=''Arecaceae Phoenix dactylifera'' :'''pakarfab''': ''papaya, yucca'', spec=''Caricaceae Carica papaya'' :'''erfab''': ''heather'', spec=''Ericaceae'' :'''lefab''': ''Brazil nut tree'', spec=''Lecythidaceae Bertholletia excelsa'' :'''mirfab''': ''myrtle'', spec=''Myrtaceae'' :*'''arsimirfab''': ''clove tree'', spec=''Myrtaceae Syzygium aromaticum'' :*'''pimirfab''': ''pimenta'', spec=''Myrtaceae Pimenta'' :*'''simirfab''': ''lillypillies'', spec=''Myrtaceae Syzygium'' :*'''ewmirfab''': ''eucalyptus tree, juniper tree, gum tree'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus'' :*'''melewmirfab''': ''yellow box'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus melliodora'' :*'''tenewmirfab''': ''stringybark'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus tenella'' :*'''korewmirfab''': ''yate'', spec=''Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cornuta'' :'''korfab''': ''dogwood tree'', spec=''Cornaceae Cornus sanguinea'' :'''burfab''': ''torchwood, Burseraceae family'', spec=''Burseraceae'' :*'''ovkaburfab''': ''pili tree'', spec=''Burseraceae Canarium ovatum'' :*'''komburfab''': ''myrrh'', spec=''Burseraceae Commiphora abyssinca'' :*'''bosburfab''': ''frankincense'', spec=''Burseraceae Boswellia'' :'''mirisfab''': ''nutmeg tree'', spec=''Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans'' :'''jufab''': ''walnut tree family, walnut tree'', spec=''Juglandaceae Yuglans'' :*'''cijufab''': ''butternut tree'', spec=''Yuglandaceae Yuglans cinerea'' :*'''ilkarjufab''': ''pecan tree'', spec=''Juglandaceae Carya illioinensis'' :*'''tokarjufab''': ''hickory'', spec=''Juglandaceae Carya tomentosa'' :'''kufab''': ''cypress tree'', spec=''Cupressaceae'' :*'''sekufab''': ''sequoia, giant sequoia, redwood tree'', spec=''Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens'' :*'''jukufab''': ''juniper tree'', spec=''Cupressaceae Juniperus communis'' :'''mufab''': ''banana tree'', spec=''Musaceae Musa'' :*'''enmufab''': ''ensete, false banana'', spec=''Musaceae Ensete'' :'''rufab''': ''citrus family'', spec=''Rutaceae'' :*'''pterufab''': ''hop tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Ptelea trifoliata'' :*'''jacirufab''': ''kumquat'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus japonica'' :*'''mecirufab''': ''lime tree, linden tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus medica'' :*'''recirufab''': ''grapefruit'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus reticulata'' :*'''recirufab''': ''mandarin orange tree, mandarin tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus reticulata'' :*'''licirufab''': ''lemon tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus limon'' :*'''sicirufab''': ''orange tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus sinensis'' :*'''grancirufab''': ''shaddock'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus grandis'' :*'''tancirufab''': ''mandarin orange, tangerine'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus tangerina'' :*'''awcirufab''': ''sour orange tree, marmalade orange tree, bigarade orange tree, bitter orange tree'', spec=''Rutaceae Citrus aurantium'' :*'''tinkrufab''': ''madder, rose madder'', spec=''Rubiaceae tinctorum'' :*'''cinrufab''': ''quinine tree, cinchona'', spec=''Rubiaceae Cinchona'' :'''lawfab''': ''laurel tree'', spec=''Lauraceae'' :*'''cinlawfab''': ''cinnamon tree, laurel tree'', spec=''Lauraceae Cinnamomum'' :*'''saslawfab''': ''sassafras tree'', spec=''Lauraceae Sassafras albidum'' :'''fayb''': ''vine, bush, shrub'' :*'''tefayb''': ''tea plant'', spec=''Theaceae Camellia sinensis'' :*'''koffayb''': ''coffee plant'', spec=''Rubiaceae Coffea arabica'', old=kafayb :*'''pifayb''': ''evergreen shrub'', spec=''Pinospida'' :*'''vifayb''': ''grapevine, vine'', spec=''Vitaceae Vitis vinifera'' :*'''kakfayb''': ''cactus'', spec=''Cactaceae'' :*'''akwilfayb''': ''ilex, holly bush'', spec=''Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium'' :*rofayb: fruit vine ::*'''frarofayb''': ''strawberry bush'', spec=''Rosaceae Fragaria ananassa'' ::*'''grofayb''': ''gooseberry family'', spec=''Grossulariaceae'' :::*'''nirigrofayb''': ''blackcurrant, black currant bush, cassis bush'', spec=''Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum'' :::*'''rurigrofayb''': ''red currant bush, redcurrant bush'', spec=''Grossulariaceae Ribes rubrum'' ::*'''rurofayb''': ''raspberry bush'', spec=''Rosaceae Rubus fructicosus'' :::*'''alrurofayb''': ''blackberry vine'', spec=''Rosaceae Rubus allegheniensis'' ::*'''prurofayb''': ''blackthorn, sloe'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus spinosa'' ::*'''nuprurofayb''': ''nectarine, peach tree'', spec=''Rosaceae Prunus nucipersica'' :*'''kapsofayb''': ''pepper plant, pepper vine'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum'' :*'''kafayb''': ''honeysuckle bush'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae'' ::*'''vikafayb''': ''viburnum'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Viburnum'' ::*'''samkafayb''': ''elderberry bush'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Sambucus canadensis'' :*'''kapfayb''': ''caper bush'', spec=''Capparidaceae Capparis'' :*'''pipfayb''': ''black pepper vine'', spec=''Piperaceae Piper nigrum'' :*'''vakserfayb''': ''cranberry bush'', spec=''Ericaceae Vaccinium'' ::*'''civakserfayb''': ''blueberry bush'', spec=''Ericaceae Vaccinium sect''. Cyanococcus :*'''verfayb''': ''verbena family'', spec=''Verbenaceae'' :*'''mifayb''': ''bayberry bush'', spec=''Myricaceae'' :*'''mirfayb''': ''myrtle, myrtus family'', spec=''Myrtaceae'' ::*'''psimirfayb''': ''guava'', spec=''Myrtaceae Psidium'' : The fruits and nuts of these trees are derived by changing '''fab''' to '''feb'''. The berries from vines/shrubs/bushes end in '''feyb'''. The following tables shows some examples. The juice of the fruit can be derived by changing '''feb''' to '''fel.''' The juice of a berry can be derived by changing '''feyb''' to '''feyl'''. A jam ends in '''fyel''', while a jelly ends in '''fyeyl'''. An alcoholic drink ends in '''fil'''. [[File:Wild tree 001.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Trees/Bushes/Vines and Their Fruits/Nuts/Berries |- ! TREE !! FRUIT/NUT !! EDIBLE PRODUCT |- | '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''feb'''...''fruit/nut'' || '''fel'''....''fruit juice'' |- | '''rofab'''....''fruit tree'' || '''rofeb'''....''fruit''....''fruit juice'' |- | '''malrofab'''....''apple tree'' || '''malrofeb'''....''apple''|| '''malrofel'''....''apple juice'' |- | '''pirofab'''....''pear tree'' || '''pirofeb'''....''pear''|| '''pirofel'''....''pear juice'' |- | '''ceprurofab'''....''cherry tree'' || '''ceprurofeb'''....''cherry''|| '''ceprurofel'''....''cherry juice'' |- | '''prurofab'''....''plum tree'' || '''prufofeb'''....''plum''|| '''prufofel'''....''plum juice'' |- | '''arprurofab'''....''apricot tree'' || '''arprurofeb'''....''apricot''|| '''arprufofel'''....''apricot juice'' |- | '''perprurofab'''....''peach tree'' || '''perprufofeb'''....''peach''|| '''perprurofel'''....''peach juice'' |- | '''kirofab'''....''quince tree'' || '''kirofeb'''....''quince''|| |- | '''mofab'''....''mulberry tree'' || '''mofeb'''....''mulberry'' || |- | '''pifab'''....''evergreen tree'' || '''pifeb'''....''pine cone''|| |- | '''abpifab'''....''fir tree'' || '''abpifeb'''....''fir cone''|| |- | '''cepifab'''....''cedar tree'' || '''cepifeb'''....''pollen cone''|| |- | '''tafab'''....''yew'' || '''tafeb'''....''aril''|| |- | '''katefab'''....''cacao tree'' ||'''katfeb'''....''cacao, cocoa bean''||'''katefel'''....''chocolate'' |- | '''dyafab'''....''cedar tree'' || '''dyafeb'''....''pollen cone''|| |- | '''arfab'''....''palm tree'' || '''arfeb'''....''drupe''|| |- | '''foynarfab'''....''date tree'' || '''foynarfeb'''....''date''|| |- | '''mufab'''....''banana tree'' || '''mufeb'''....''banana''|| '''mufel'''....''banana juice'' |- | '''kokarfab'''....''coconut tree'' || '''kokarfeb'''....''coconut''|| '''kokarfel'''....''coconut juice'' |- | '''fyofab'''....''pomegranate tree'' || '''fyofeb'''....''pomegranate''|| '''fyofel'''....''pomegranate juice'' |- | '''fimofab'''....''fig tree'' || '''fimofeb'''....''fig''|| '''fimofel'''....''fig juice'' |- | '''olfab'''....''olive tree'' || '''olfeb'''....''olive''|| '''olfyel'''....''olive oil'' |- | '''rufab'''....''citrus tree'' || '''rufeb'''....''citrus fruit'' || '''rufel'''....''citrus juice'' |- | '''sicirufab'''....''orange tree'' || '''sicirufeb'''....''orange''|| '''sicirufel'''....''orange juice'' |- | '''tancirufab'''....''mandarine tree'' || '''tancirufeb'''....''mandarin''|| '''tancirufel'''....''mandarine juice'' |- | '''licirufab'''....''lemon tree'' || '''licirufeb'''....''lemon''|| '''licirufel'''....''lemon juice'' |- | '''recirufab'''....''grapefruit tree'' || '''recirufeb'''....''grapefruit''|| '''recirufel'''....''grapefruit juice'' |- | '''mecirufab'''....''linden tree'' || '''mecirufeb'''....''lime''|| '''mecirufel'''....''lime juice'' |- | '''jacirufab'''....''kumquat tree'' || '''jacirufeb'''....''kumquat'' || |- | '''jufab'''....''walnut tree'' || '''jufeb'''....''walnut''|| |- | '''korbefab'''....''hazel tree'' || '''korbefeb'''....''hazel nut'' || |- | '''fagfab'''....''beech tree'' || '''fagfeb'''....''beechnut''|| |- | '''kafagfab'''....''chestnut tree'' || '''kafagfeb'''....''chestnut''|| |- | '''kwerfagfab'''....''oak tree'' || '''kwerfagfeb'''....''acorn''|| |- | '''kasfagfab'''....''sweet chestnut tree'' || '''kasfagfeb'''....''sweet chestnut''|| |- | '''posalfab'''....''poplar tree'' ||'''posalfeb'''....''catlin'' || |- | '''befab'''....''birch tree'' || '''befeb'''....''samara'' || |- | '''ulfab'''....''elm tree'' || '''ulfeb'''....''samara'' || |- | '''acfab'''....''maple tree'' || || '''acfyel'''....''maple syrup'' |- | '''ralufab'''....''almond tree'' || '''amprurofeb'''....''almond'' || |- | '''okanfab'''....''cashew tree'' || '''okanfeb'''....''cashew'' || |- | '''mananfab'''....''mango tree'' || '''mananfeb'''....''mango'' || '''mananfel'''....''mango juice'' |- ! BUSH/VINE !! BERRY/BEAN !! EDIBLE PRODUCT |- | '''tefayb'''....''tea'' || '''tefayeb'''....''tea leaf''|| '''tefayl'''....''tea'' |- | '''koffayb'''....''coffee plant'' || '''koffeyb'''....''coffee bean''|| '''koffeyl'''....''coffee'' |- | '''nirigrofayb'''....''blackcurrant bush'' || '''nirigrofeyb'''....''blackcurrant'' || '''nirigrofeyl'''....''cassis'' |- | '''frarofayb'''....''strawberry bush'' || '''frarofeyb'''....''strawberry'' || '''frarofeyl'''....''strawberry juice'' |- | '''rurigrofayb'''....''redcurrant bush'' || '''rurigrofeyb'''....''redcurrant'' || |- | '''pipfayb'''....''pepper vine'' || '''pipfeyb'''....''peppercorn''||'''pipfol'''....''pepper'' |- style="vertical-align: top" | '''vifayb'''....''grapevine'' || style="vertical-align: top"|'''vifeyb'''....''grape''|| style="vertical-align: top"|'''vifel'''....''grape juice''<br>'''vifil'''....''wine''<br>'''vifyeyl'''....''grape jelly''<br>'''vifyel'''....''grape jam'' |- | || style="vertical-align: top"|'''vifayeb'''....''ivy (leaf)'' || |- | '''alrurofayb'''....''blackberry vine'' || '''alrurofeyb'''....''blackberry'' || '''alrurofyel'''....''blackberry jam'' |} {{small/end}} ==== FIB Words ==== : The word '''fib''' means ''tree trunk'' and has parallels with '''tib''' (''human body trunk'') and '''vib'''....''stem''. ==== FUB Words ==== :* '''fub'''....''branch'' ::* '''fubog'''....''switch'' ::* '''fubes'''....''twig'' ::* '''fubuj'''....''snag'' ::* '''fubyan'''....''brushwood'' ::* '''fubnyan'''....''fascile, bundle'' ::* '''fubxer'''....''to branch out, to ramify'' :::* '''fubxen'''....''ramification'' ==== FYOB Words ==== :* '''fyob'''....''root'' ::* '''fyoba'''....''radical'' ::* '''fyobober'''....''to eradicate, to uproot, to deracinate'' ::* '''fyobes'''....''radicule'' ::* '''fyobser'''....''to take root'' : Note: The word '''fyoyab''' means ''tree stump'' ("foot of the tree"). === '''JOB''' ''time'' === : Here are the most important derivatives of the baseword '''job'''....''time''. Bear in mind that, in English, there are two meanings for ''time''. One refers to time as it passes, which is translated by '''job''' in Mirad, and the other refers to a ''point in time'', an ''instance'' or ''occasion'', i.e. a countable noun concerning frequency, translated by '''jod''' in Mirad. ==== Calendar Time Units ==== [[File:Calendar (specific day).jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Calendar Time Units |- ! TIME !! GEOLOGIC<br>PERIODS !! SEASONS !! MONTHS !! DAYS OF THE WEEK |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''joab'''....''eon'' || '''jeab'''....''spring'' || '''jiab'''....''January'' || '''juab'''....''Monday'' |- | '''jab'''....''year'' || '''joeb'''....''era'' || '''jeeb'''....''summer'' || '''jieb'''....''February'' || '''jueb'''....''Tuesday'' |- | '''jeb'''....''season'' || '''joib'''....''period'' || '''jeib'''....''autumn'' || '''jiib'''....''March'' || '''juib'''....''Wednesday'' |- | '''jib'''....''month'' || '''joub'''....''epoch'' || '''jeub'''....''winter'' || '''jiub'''....''April'' || '''juub'''....''Thursday'' |- | '''jub'''....''day'' || '''joyob'''....''age'' || || '''jiyob'''....''May'' || '''juyob'''....''Friday'' |- | '''jwob'''* ''hour'' ||'''joyab'''....''chron'' || || '''jiyab'''....''June'' || '''yuyab'''....''Saturday'' |- | '''jwab'''* ''minute''<br>'''jwap'''....''moment'' ||'''joyeb'''....''term'' || || '''jiyeb'''....''July'' || '''juyeb'''....''Sunday'' |- | '''jweb'''* ''second''<br>'''jwep'''....''instant'' || || || '''jiyib'''....''August'' || |- | || || || '''jiyub'''....''September'' || |- | || || || '''jilob'''....''October'' || |- | || || || '''jilab'''....''November'' || |- | || || || '''jileb'''....''December'' || |} {{small/end}} : Other calendar units: :* '''yejub'''....''week'' (< '''ye'''....''seven'' + '''jub'''....''day'') :* '''yajib'''....''semester'' (< '''ya'''....''six'' + '''jib'''....''month'' :* '''lojab'''....''decade'' (< '''alo'''....''ten'' + '''jab'''....''year'') :* '''sojab'''....''century'' (< '''aso'''....''hundred'' + '''jab'''....''year'') :* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' (< '''aro'''....''thousand'' + '''jab'''....''year'') :* '''hyajob'''....''eternity'' (< '''hya'''....''all'' + '''job'''....''time'') :* '''hyouj'''....''infinity'' (< '''hyo'''....''no'' + '''uj'''....''end'') : *These would normally be '''jyob''', '''jyab''', and '''jyeb''', but there are hard to pronounce and difficult to hear, so the '''y''' is replaced by a '''w'''. ==== Clock Time ==== : The units of clock times are: :* '''jwob'''....''hour'' (thus: '''jwobar'''....''clock'' :* '''jwab'''....''minute'' :* '''jweb'''....''second'' ::[[File:Church clock, Evercreech - geograph.org.uk - 2280831.jpg|thumb]] : The following examples show how to express clock time: ::* '''<u>Duhojwob se</u>?'''....''<u>What time is it</u>?'' ::* '''Se <u>alo jwobi</u> JaZ (=jazemaj).'''....''It is <u>ten o'clock</u> A.M.'' ::* '''Se uwa jwobi <u>JoZ</u> (=jozemaj).'''....''It is four o'clock <u>P.M.</u>'' ::* '''Se yawa <u>jwobi gab ilo</u>.'''....''It is <u>six thirty</u>. (= plus thirty)'' ::* '''Se alo (jwebi) ju yiwa.'''....''It is ten (minutes) til eight.'' (or:) ::* '''Se yiwa (jwobi) gab alo.'''.... " " " ::* '''Se <u>uyn ji</u> awa.'''....''It is <u>a quarter past</u> ( = since) one.'' ::* '''Se <u>uyn ju</u> ewa.'''....''It is <u>a quarter til</u> ( = until) two.'' ::* '''Se go <u>jo</u> ewa.'''....''It is a little <u>past</u> ( = after) two.'' ::* '''Se <u>jubay</u> uwa jwabi.'''....''It is <u>almost</u> 4 o'clock.'' ::* '''Se <u>gwe</u> zemaj.'''....''It is <u>exactly</u> (= just) noon.'' ::* '''Se <u>go yiz</u> zemoj.'''....''It was <u>slightly past</u> (= beyond) midnight.'' ::* '''At so hum <u>ojo</u> ale jwobi.'''....''I'll be there <u>in</u> (= not-after) twelve minutes.'' ::* '''Su him <u>jwa</u> / jwe!'''....''Be here <u>early</u> / on time!'' ::* '''Von su <u>jwo</u>!'''....''Don't be <u>late</u>!'' ::* '''Su him <u>ojo</u> zemoj.'''....''Be here <u>by (= not-after)</u> midnight.'' ==== General Time Words ==== {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ General Time Words |- ! GENERAL TIME WORDS !! EXAMPLES |- | '''job'''....''time'' || '''job bi uvan'''....''a time of sadness''<br>'''Job pape.'''....''Time flies.'' |- | '''jod'''....''time, instance, occasion'' || '''awa jod'''....''once'' (or) '''ajod'''<br>'''ewa jodi''' (or) '''ejodi'''....''two times''<br>'''gawa jod''' (or) '''gajod'''....''again, another time'' |- | '''xag'''....''frequency'' || '''Duhoxag?'''....''How often?''<br>'''glaxag'''....''very often''<br>'''hyoxag'''....''never'' |- | '''jud'''....''date'' || '''Be duhoa jud?'''....''On what date?''<br>'''be ga jwoa jud'''....''at a later date'' |- | '''jag'''....''age'' || '''Et se duhojaga?'''....''How old are you?''<br>'''At se ulo jaga.'''....''I am forty years old. (Lit: forty of age)'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Some Parallel Time Terms ==== {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Parallel Time Words |- | '''taj'''<br>''birth'' || '''aj'''<br>''past'' || '''ajna'''<br>''former, old''|| '''ajoba'''<br>''ancient'' || '''ja'''<br>''before'' || '''jay'''<br>''already'' ||'''jana'''<br>''previous'' || '''jaga'''<br>''old'' || '''jwa'''<br>''early'' || '''jwafa'''<br>''raw''||'''jwaga'''<br>''premature, green'' |- | '''tej'''<br>''life'' || '''ej'''<br>''present'' || '''ejna'''<br>''new''|| '''ejoba'''<br>''modern'' || '''je'''<br>''during'' || '''jey'''<br>''meanwhile'' || '''jena'''<br>''current'' || ||'''jwe'''<br>''on time'' || '''jwefa'''<br>''fresh''||'''jwega'''<br>''ripe'' |- | '''toj'''<br>''death'' || '''oj'''<br>''future'' || '''ojna'''<br>''imminent''|| '''ojoba'''<br>''futuristic'' || '''jo'''<br>''after'' || '''joy'''<br>''afterwards'' || '''jona'''<br>''next'' || '''joga'''<br>''young'' || '''jwo'''<br>''late'' || '''jwofa'''<br>''stale''||'''jwoga'''<br>''mature'' |- | '''tij'''<br>''wakefulness'' || '''ij'''<br>''beginning'' || '''ijna'''<br>''initial''|| '''ijob'''<br>''early times'' || '''ji'''<br>''since'' || || || '''jiga'''<br>''fresh, vibrant'' || || || |- | '''tuj'''<br>''sleep'' || '''uj'''<br>''end'' || '''ujna'''<br>''final''|| '''ujob'''<br>''latter days'' || '''ju'''<br>''until'' || || || '''juga'''<br>''tired, jaded'' || || || |} {{small/end}} ==== JAB (''year'') Words ==== : The root word '''jab''' means ''year''. Here are some words derived from it: :* '''ajabat'''....''freshman'' :* '''ejabat'''....''sophomore'' :* '''gawyanapa jab'''....''leap year, bissextile year'' :* '''esojab'''....''bicentenary'' ::* '''esojaba'''....''bicentennial'' :* '''eynjab'''....''half a year'' ::* '''eynjabay'''....''semiannually'' :* '''donasa jab'''....''fiscal year'' :* '''hijab'''....''this year'' :* '''hujab'''....''that year'' :* '''hyajab'''....''every year'' :* '''ijab'''....''triennial'' :* '''Jabij Zomoj'''....''New Year's Eve'' :* '''jabzyus'''....''anniversary'' :* '''lojab'''....''decade'' :* '''manjab'''....''lightyear'' :* '''rojab'''....''millennium'' :* '''sojab'''....''century'' :* '''ujab'''....''quadrennium'' :* '''uynjab'''....''quarter'' ::* '''uynjaba'''....''quarterly'' :* '''vijab'''....''vintage year'' :* '''yejab'''....''sabbatical'' :* '''yojab'''....''lustrum'' :* '''yolojab'''....''jubilee'' :* '''zajab'''....''next year'' :* '''zejab'''....''midyear'' :* '''zojab'''....''last year, yesteryear'' ==== JEB (''season'') Words ==== : The root word '''jeb''' means season. The four seasons are: ::* '''jeab'''....''spring'' ::* '''jeeb'''....''summer'' ::* '''jeib'''....''autumn'' ::* '''jeub'''....''winter'' : Here are some derivations: :* '''jeb'''....''season'' ::* '''jeba'''....''seasonal'' ::* '''jebmalyen'''....''climate'' :::* '''jebalyenxer'''....''to acclimatize'' :::* '''jebmalyentun'''....''climatology'' ::* '''jebmamil'''....''monsoon'' ::* '''jebtam'''....''lodge'' ::* '''jebyuxut'''....''seasoner'' ::* '''ivjeb'''....''honeymoon'' ::* '''ojeba'''....''nonseasonal, unseasonable'' ::* '''taadxen jeb'''....''mating season'' ::* '''Tayalofjeb'''....''Lent'' ::* '''vyajeba'''....''seasonable'' ::* '''vyojeba'''....''unseasonable'' ::* '''vobiblen jeb'''....''harvest season'' ::* '''zajeb'''....''next season'' ::* '''zojeb'''....''last season'' :* '''jeab'''....''spring, springtime'' ::* '''jeaba'''....''vernal'' ::* '''jeabyim'''....''freshet'' :* '''jeeb'''....''summer, summertime'' ::* '''jeeb ifpopem'''....''summer resort'' ::* '''jeeb maar yibnod'''....''summer solstice'' ::* '''jeeb tistam'''....''summer school'' ::* '''jeeba''''....''estival'' :::* '''jeeba teaput'''....''summer visitor'' ::* '''jeeber'''....''to estivate, to summer'' ::* '''jeebfabyan'''....''greenwood'' ::* '''jeebtam'''....''dacha, summerhouse'' ::* '''jeebyena'''....''summery'' ::* '''zejeeb'''....''midsummer'' :* '''jeib'''....''autumn, fall'' ::* '''jeiba'''....''autumnal'' :* '''jeub'''....''winter'' ::* '''jeper ha jeub'''....''overwinter'' ::* '''jeub amar yibnod'''....''winter solstice'' ::* '''jeuba'''....''hibernal, wintry'' :* '''jeuber'''....''to winter'' ::* '''jeubjob'''....''wintertime'' ::* '''jeubtuj'''....''dormancy, hibernation, torpor, winter sleep'' :::* '''jeubtujer'''....''to hibernate'' ::* '''jeubxer'''....''winterize'' ::* '''jeubyena'''....''wintry, hibernal'' ::* '''zejeub'''....''midwinter'' ==== JIB (''month'') Words ==== : The root word '''jib''' means month. The twelve months are derived by inserting an ordinal vowel. Note that month names are not capitalized in Mirad. ::* '''jiab'''....''January'' ::* '''jieb'''....''February'' ::* '''jiib'''....''March'' ::* '''jiub'''....''April'' ::* '''jiyob'''....''May'' ::* '''jiyab'''....''June'' ::* '''jiyeb'''....''July'' ::* '''jiyib'''....''August'' ::* '''jiyub'''....''September'' ::* '''jilob'''....''October'' ::* '''jilab'''....''November'' ::* '''jileb'''....''December'' : Here are some derivations of '''jib''': :* '''jib'''....''month'' ::* '''jiba'''....''mensual, monthly'' ::* '''jibdrurun'''....''monthly review'' ::* '''jibiler'''....''menstruate'' ::* '''jibjesea''' (or) '''jibyaga'''....''month-long'' ::* '''enjiba'''....''bimonthly'' ::* '''eynjiba'''....''semimonthly'' ::* '''hijib'''....''this month'' ::* '''hyajiba'''....''monthly'' ::* '''ijib'''....''trimester'' ::* '''yajib'''....''semester'' ::* '''zajib'''....''next month'' ::* '''zojib'''....''last month'' ==== JUB (''day'') Words ==== : The root word '''jub''' means ''day''. The days of the week are formed by inserting ordinal vowels. Note that the first day is Monday and that the days of the week in Mirad are not capitalized. ::* '''juab'''....''Monday'' ::* '''jueb'''....''Tuesday'' ::* '''juib'''....''Wednesday'' ::* '''juub'''....''Thursday'' ::* '''juyob'''....''Friday'' ::* '''juyab'''....''Saturday'' ::* '''juyeb'''....''Sunday'' Some words derived from '''jub''' include: ::* '''zajub'''....''yesterday'' ::* '''hijub'''....''today'' ::* '''zojub'''....''tomorrow'' ::* '''hyajub'''....''every day'' ::* '''hejub'''....''some day'' ::* '''fyajub'''....''feast day'' ::* '''yejub'''....''week'' ::* '''ponjub'''....''holiday'' ::* '''tajjub'''....''birthday'' ==== JWOB (''hour'') Words ==== : The root word '''jwob''' meaning ''hour'' should be spelled '''jyob''', but the distinction between '''job''' and '''jyob''' is difficult to hear and so '''y''' is replaced with '''w'''. : '''Jwob''' is used for ''time'' when referring to ''clock time.'' ::* '''Duhojwob se?'''....''What time is it?'' ::* '''Se ewa jwobi.'''....''It's two o'clock.'' : '''Jwob''' forms words for time pieces: ::* '''jwobar'''....''watch, time piece'' :::* '''tuyafyem jwobar'''....''pocket watch'' :::* '''tuyob jwobar'''....''wrist watch'' :::* '''nagden jwobar'''....''stopwatch'' ::* '''jwobir'''....''clock'' :::* '''mas jwobir'''....''wall clock'' :::* '''kukupat jwobir'''....''cuckoo clock'' :::* '''jwatuar jwobir'''....''alarm clock'' ::* '''jwobur'''....''grandfather clock'' :::* '''byoskyin jwobur'''....''pendulum clock'' :::* '''jwobur yabtom'''....''clock tower'' : Here are some notable ''hours'': ::* '''ginod jwob'''....''rush hour'' ::* '''iva jwob'''....''happy hour'' ::* '''manyujben jwob'''....''curfew'' ::* '''pien jwob'''....''departure time'' ::* '''puen jwob'''....''arrival time'' ::* '''toj jwob'''....''time of death'' ::* '''tyal jwob'''....''mealtime'' ::* '''yanup jwob'''....''appointment, rendez-vous'' ::* '''pon jwob'''....''recess, break'' ==== JWAB (''minute'') Words ==== : The root word '''jwab''' means ''minute''. The variant '''jwap''' means ''moment.'' Here are some derivatives: :* '''jwab'''....''minute'' ::* '''jwabdar'''....''minute hand'' ::* '''jwabsagder'''...''to clock, to count down the minutes, to time'' ::* '''jwap'''....''moment'' :::* '''jwapa'''....''momentary'' :::* '''hijwap'''....''at this moment'' :::* '''hujwap'''....''at that moment'' :::* '''huujwap'''....''at such a moment'' :::* '''duhojwap?'''....''at what moment?'' :::* '''hejwapi'''....''at certain moments'' :::* '''hyejwap'''....''at any moment'' :::* '''igefjwap'''....''critical moment'' ==== JWEB (''second'') Words ==== : The root word '''jweb''' means ''second, a second of time''. The variant '''jwep''' means ''instant''. Here are some derivatives: :* '''jweb'''....''second'' ::* '''jwebdar'''....''second hand'' ::* '''amloynjweb'''....''microsecond'' ::* '''aroynjweb'''....''millisecond'' ::* '''goralyujweb'''....''attosecond'' ::* '''goryujweb'''....''nanosecond'' ::* '''golwa jweb'''....''jiffy, split second'' :* '''jwep'''....''instant, jiff, jiffy'' ::* '''jwepa'''....''instantaneous'' ::* '''jwepay'''....''instantaneously, instanter, instantly'' ::* '''be jwep'''....''in an instant'' ::* '''jwepa ikxen'''....''instant gratification'' ::* '''jwepa kafeyl'''....''instant coffee'' ::* '''jwepa yegekun'''....''instant replay'' ==== JOD (''occasion'') Words ==== : The root word '''jod''' means ''occasion, instance, (point in) time''. : The following words of frequency use '''jod''': ::* '''ajod'''....''once'' ::* '''ejodi'''....''twice'' ::* '''ijodi'''....''thrice, three time'' ::* '''duhogla jodi?'''....''how many times'' ::* '''be gla jodi'''....''many times, on many occasions'' ::* '''be glo jodi'''....''seldom, at few times'' ::* '''glajoda'''....''frequent'' ::* '''aajoda'''....''first-time'' :::* '''aajodat'''....''first-timer'' ::* '''ajoda kyes'''....''one-time event'' ::* '''gajod''' (or) '''gawa jod'''....''again'' ::* '''hijod'''....''this time'' ::* '''zajod'''....''next time'' ::* '''zojod'''....''last time'' ::* '''av ha ujna jod'''....''for the last time'' ::* '''hyojod'''....''never, not once'' ::* '''hejodi'''....''sometimes'' ::* '''hyajodi'''....''always'' ::* '''huijoda'''....''sporadic'' ::* '''vaodjod'''....''critical time'' ::* '''fyasana jod'''....''solemn occasion'' ==== JUD (''date'') Words ==== : The root word '''jud''' means ''date (on a calendar)''. Here are some derivatives: :* '''balsiyner ha jud'''....''stamp the date'' :* '''jabjud'''....''anniversary'' :* '''judar'''....''calendar'' ::* '''judarer'''....''to put on the calendar, schedule'' ::* '''judarober'''....''call off, cancel'' ::* '''ojudarwa'''....''unscheduled'' :* '''judnabyan'''....''date range'' :* '''judnad'''....''dateline'' :* '''judraf'''....''calendar, date chart'' :* '''judrer'''....''to date'' ::* '''judrawa'''....''dated'' :::* '''ojudrawa'''....''undated'' ::* '''gawjudrer'''....''to reschedule'' ::* '''jajudrer'''....''to antedate, to predate'' ::* '''jojudrer'''....''to postdate, to prorogue'' ::* '''zoyjudrer'''....''to backdate'' ::* '''lojudrer'''....''to cancel, to nix'' :* '''judroer'''....''erase from the calendar, cancel'' :* '''nyuxen jud'''....''delivery date, delivery date'' :* '''tajjud'''....''date of birth'' :* '''ujjud'''....''deadline, end date'' ==== B.C. and A.D. ==== : Mirad uses a less Christian-centric notation comparable to ''CE (Common Era)'' and ''BCE (Before the Common Era)'': : These are represented in Mirad by '''EJ (bi ha Eja Joeb)''' (''of the Current Era'') and '''JaEJ (ja ha Eja Joeb)''' (''Before the Current Era''), respectively. For example: ::* '''His kyesa be 52 EJ.'''....''This happened in 52 BC (=BCE)'' ::* '''Ha mir ujo be 3000 jaEJ.'''....''The world will end in 3000 AD. (=CE)'' === '''JAG''' ''age'', '''SAG''' ''number'', '''XAG''' ''frequency'' === : The words in this family have to do with age, number,and frequency. ==== JAG and JOG- Words ==== [[File:Nowruz 2017 in Bisaran, Kurdistan province.jpg|thumb|]] : The morpheme '''jag''' means ''age''. From this are derived the two main adjectives, '''jaga'''....''old'' and '''joga'''....''young''. These words contain '''aga''' and '''oga''' plus the time element '''j'''. So, old means ''big in terms of time'' and young means ''little in terms of time''. Here are some derived words: :* '''jag'''....''age'' ::* '''jaga'''....''old'' :::* '''jagat'''....''old person, elder'' ::::* '''jagwat'''....''old man'' ::::* '''jagayt'''....''old woman'' ::* '''jagser'''....''get old, grow older'' :::* '''jagsea'''....''getting old'' :::* '''gajaga'''....''elder, older, senior'' ::::* '''gajagat'''....''elder'' ::* '''gwajaga'''....''eldest'' :::* '''gwajagat'''....''eldest'' ::* '''grajaga'''....''too old'' :::* '''grejagat, jwot'''....''adult'' :::* '''grejagseat, jwotseat, agseat, jwet'''....''adolescent'' ::* '''grojaga'''....''too young, minor, not old enough'' :::* '''grojagat, jwat'''....''minor, underaged person'' ::* '''aloynjagat'''....''teenager'' ::* '''elojagat'''....''twenty-year-old'' :::* '''eloynjagat'''....''a twenty-something-year-old'' :* '''joga'''....''young'' ::* '''jogxer'''....''to rejuvenate'' (tr.) ::* '''jogser'''....''to rejuvenate'' (intr.) ::* '''jogat'''....''youth, youngster, juvenile'' :::* '''jogwat'''....''male youth, boy, lad'' :::* '''jogayt'''....''female youth, girl'' ::* '''gwajoga'''....''youngest'' :::* '''gwajogat'''....''cadet, youngest one'' ::* '''grajoga'''....''too young'' ::* '''zejaga'''....''middle-aged'' :::* '''zejagat'''....''middle-aged person'' ==== Age Classes ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Age Classes ! GENDER-NONSPECIFIC (MALE) !! FEMALE |- | '''ajag(w)at'''....''one-year-old (boy)''||'''ajagayt'''....''one-year-old girl'' |- | '''alojag(w)at'''....''ten-year-old (boy)''||'''alojagayt'''....''ten-year-old girl'' |- | '''jog(w)at'''....''youngster, youth, (boy)'' || '''jogayt'''....''girl, damsel'' |- | '''gwajog(w)at'''....''youngest person/(boy)'' || '''gwajogayt'''....''youngest girl'' |- | '''gojag(w)at'''....''younger person/(boy), cadet'' || '''gojagayt'''....''younger girl'' |- | '''aloyjag(w)at'''....''teenager, (teenaged boy)'' || '''aloyjagayt'''....''teenaged girl'' |- | '''grajog(w)at'''....''minor, (under-aged boy)'' || '''grajogayt'''....''minor female, girl too young'' |- | '''grojag(w)at'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwot'''....''minor, immature person/(boy)''||'''grojagayt'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwoyt'''....''minor girl'' |- | '''grejagseat'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwet'''....''adolescent (boy)'' || '''grejagseayt'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jweyt'''....''adolescent (girl)'' |- | '''grejag(w)at'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwat'''....''adult male, (boy of age)'' || '''grejagayt'''&nbsp;/&nbsp;'''jwayt'''....''adult female, girl of age'' |- | '''zejag(w)at'''....''middle-aged person/(man)'' || '''zejagayt'''....''middle-aged female/woman'' |- | '''gajag(w)at'''....''older person/(man), elder, superior''||'''gajagayt'''....''older female/woman, elder, superior'' |- | '''grajag(w)at'''....''over-aged person/(man), person/(man too old)'' || '''grajagayt'''....''over-aged female/woman, woman too old'' |- | '''jayg(w)at'''....''youngish individual, youngish (man)'' || '''jaygayt'''....''youngish female, youngish woman'' |- | '''yilojag(w)at'''....''octogenarian'' || '''yilojagayt'''....''octogenarian woman, woman in her eighties'' |- | '''yulojag(w)at'''....''nonagenarian'' || '''yulojagayt'''....''nonagenarian woman, woman in her nineties'' |- | '''asojag(w)at'''....''centenarian'' || '''asojagayt'''....''centenarian woman, 100-year-old woman'' |- | '''jag(w)at'''....''oldster, veteran, old person, (old man), elder'' || '''jagayt'''....''old woman, old lady'' |- | '''jayg(w)at'''....''oldish person''|||'''jaygayt'''....''oldish woman'' |- | '''gwajag(w)at'''....''oldest/senior-most/eldest person/(man)'' ||'''gwajagayt'''....''oldest/senior-most/eldest woman'' |- | '''gwojag(w)at'''....''the least old person/(man)'' || '''gwojagayt'''....''the least old woman'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Age Questions and Answers ==== : The usual question about age is '''Duhojaga et se?'''....''How old are you?'' : Some usual responses are: :* '''At se elo jaga.'''....''I am twenty years old.''&nbsp;&nbsp;(Lit: I am twenty of age.) :* '''At se ili (jabi jaga).'''....''I am thirty-three (years old).'' :* '''Hia tamaz se asoni bi jabi jaga.'''....''This castle is hundreds of years old.'' :* '''Hua tajyat se anay ewa jubi jaga.'''....''That baby is only two days old.'' :* '''Iyt voy se ga jaga vyel at.'''....''She is not older than I.'' :* '''At se gwajagat bi ata tod.'''....''I am the eldest of my family.'' :* '''Hya aloynjagati aso grejagseati.'''....''All teenagers will become adolescents.'' :* '''Duhogla jubi jaga se hia tud?'''....''How many days old is this child?'' ==== SAG, SYAG Words ==== : The word '''sag''' means ''number'' and '''syag''' means ''calculation''. Here are some derivative words: ::* '''sag'''....''number, count'' :::* '''saga'''....''numeric'' :::* '''sagder'''....''to count, to enumerate'' :::* '''zesag'''....''average'' :::* '''sagdyun'''....''numeral'' :::* '''sagun'''....''digit'' :::* '''aynsag'''....''integer'' :::* '''vyesag'''....''ratio, quota'' :::* '''kosag'''....''cipher'' :::* '''golsag'''....''fraction'' :::* '''sagtun'''....''arithmetic'' ::::*'''asagtun'''....''mathematics'' ::::*'''esagtun'''....''algebra'' ::::*'''isagtun'''....''trigonometry'' ::::*'''usagtun'''....''calculus'' ::::*'''eksag'''....''score'' :::::*'''geeksag'''....''tie'' :::*'''sagtuin'''....''numerology'' :::*'''sagtuun'''....''statistic'' ::* '''syag'''....''calculation, computation'' :::* '''syagyofwa'''....''incalculable'' :::* '''syager'''....''to calculate, to compute'' :::* '''syagar'''....''calculator'' :::* '''syagir'''....''computer'' ==== XAG Words ==== : The morpheme '''xag''' means ''frequency'' and is used in the following ways: * As a frequency enumerator adverb: :* '''oxag'''....''never'' :* '''axag'''....''once'' :* '''exag'''....''twice'' :* '''ixag'''....''thrice'' * As an adverb with the '''ga-/ge-/go-''' multiplicator prefixes: ::* '''glaxag'''....''often, multiple times'' ::* '''gloxag'''....''seldom'' ::* '''gaxag vyel...'''....''more often than...'' ::* '''graxag'''....''too often'' ::* '''gwaxag'''....''as often as possible'' ::* '''gexag vyel...'''....''as often as...'' * As an adverb with the '''ho-''' deictic prefixes: ::* '''duhoxag?'''....''how often?'' ::* '''hixag'''....''this often'' ::* '''huxag'''....''that often'' ::* '''huuxag van...'''....''so often that...'' ::* '''hyixag vyel...'''....''as often as...'' ::* '''hyoxag'''....''never'' * As an adjective: ::* '''glaxaga'''....''frequent'' ::* '''xaga'''....''frequentative'' * As a verb: ::* '''xagper'''....''to frequent'' * As a noun: ::* '''ha xag'''....''the frequency'' === '''MAF''' ''cloud'', '''MAV''' ''flame'', '''MOV''' ''smoke'' === : The root word '''maf''' means ''cloud''. The diminutive '''mayf''' means ''puff''. ==== Types of Clouds ==== [[File:Clouds in Russia. img 517.jpg|thumb|]] : The words for different types of clouds are produced by internal vowel ordination: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Types of Clouds |- ! '''maf'''....''cloud'' |- | '''maaf'''....''stratus'' |- | '''maef'''....''nimbostratus'' |- | '''maif'''....''cumulus'' |- | '''mauf'''....''cumulonimbus'' |- | '''mayof'''....''stratocumulus'' |- | '''mayaf'''....''allocumulus'' |- | '''mayef'''....''allostratus'' |- | '''mayif'''....''cirrocumulus'' |- | '''mayuf'''....''cirrostratus'' |- | '''malof'''....''cirrus'' |} {{small/end}} ==== MAF Words ==== The word '''maf''' means ''cloud''. Here some derived words: :* '''maf'''....''cloud'' ::* '''marmaf'''....''galaxy'' :::* '''ebmarmafa'''....''intergalactic'' ::** '''Amarmaf'''....''Milky Way'' ::* '''mafika'''....''cloudy, turbid'' ::* '''mafuka'''....''cloudless'' ::* '''mafseux'''....''poof'' ::* '''mafuka'''....''cloudless'' ::* '''mafxer'''....''becloud, cloud, obfuscate'' :::* '''mafser'''....''cloud over'' :::* '''mafxwan'''....''obscurity'' ::* '''mameux maf'''....''thunder cloud, thundercloud'' ::* '''mamilmaf'''....''rain cloud'' ::* '''mapilmaf'''....''storm cloud'' ::* '''mayf'''....''puff, nebula'' :::* '''mayfxer'''....''to puff'' :::* '''movmayf'''....''puff of smoke'' :::* '''momaf'''....''nebula'' ::::* '''mayla momayf'''....''gaseous nebula'' :::* '''uvmaf'''....''pall'' ::* '''yagnyan bi mafi'''....''bank of clouds'' ::* '''yoba maf'''....''low cloud'' ::* '''zomaf'''....''contrail'' ==== MAV Words ==== : The root word '''mav''' means ''flame''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mav'''....''flame'' ::* '''dopmavyel'''....''napalm'' ::* '''igmav'''....''flare'' :::* '''igmavser'''....''flare up'' (intr.) :::* '''igmavxer'''....''cause to flare up, inflame'' (tr.) :* '''magalmavxar'''....''carburator'' ::* '''mavar'''....''torch'' :::* '''mavarbelut'''....''torchbearer'' :* '''mavig'''....''spark, flash'' ::* '''mavigar adopar'''....''flintlock, fusee'' ::* '''mavigar'''....''flint'' ::* '''mavigeser'''....''sparkle'' :::* '''mavigesar'''....''sparkler'' ::* '''mavigser'''....''spark'' (intr.) ::* '''mavigxer'''....''spark'' (tr.) ::* '''mavjwatuar'''....''fusee'' :* '''mavpuxar'''....''blowtorch, flame-thrower, flamethrower'' :* '''mavser'''....''become inflamed, flame, flare up, go up in flames'' ::* '''mavsea'''....''aflame, flamboyant, flaming'' ::* '''mavsyafa'''....''flammable'' ::* '''mavsyofwa'''....''nonflammable'' ::* '''mavsyukwa'''....''fiery'' :* '''mavugxul'''....''flame-retardant'' :* '''mavvaka'''....''flameproof'' :* '''mavxer'''....''inflame'' ::* '''mavxwa'''....''inflamed'' ::* '''mavxyea'''....''inflammatory'' :* '''ovmavxenul'''....''cortisone'' :* '''tayibmavxen'''....''neuritis'' :* '''zoymav'''....''flashback'' ==== MOV Words ==== : The root word '''mov''' means ''smoke''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mov'''....''smoke, fume'' ::* '''movier'''....''to smoke'' (a cigar, etc.) :::* '''movien'''....''smoking'' ::::* '''movienobtif'''....''tuxedo'' ::::* '''movientaf'''....''dinner jacket'' ::* '''movuer'''....''to fumigate, to smoke'' ::* '''movim'''....''smoking den'' ::* '''movmaeg'''....''cannel'' ::* '''movmays'''....''smokescreen'' ::* '''movukxar'''....''tail pipe, exhaust pipe'' ::* '''movmufyeg'''....''smokestack, chimney'' :::* '''movmufyeg vyixut'''....''chimney sweep'' ::* '''movyebnexam'''....''columbarium'' ::* '''mov jwadar'''....''smoke alarm'' ::* '''mov teakaxar'''....''smoke detector'' ::* '''mov zomof'''....''smoke plume'' === '''MEF''' ''brick'' '''MEV''' ''porcelain'' === : The root word '''mef''' means ''brick'', while '''mev''' means ''porcelain''. These base words have some sub-elements: :* '''mef'''....''brick, block, bar'' ::* '''meyf'''....''stick'' ::* '''meef'''....''slab'' :* '''mev'''....''porcelain'' ::* '''meav'''....''ceramic'' ::* '''meev'''....''earthen ware, pottery'' ::* '''meiv'''....''faience'' : Here are some words that are derived from these roots: ::* '''mef'''....''brick, block, cube, bar'' :::* '''mefyan'''....''brickwork'' :::* '''mefber'''....''to lay brick'' ::::* '''mefben'''....''bricklaying'' ::::* '''mefbut'''....''bricklayer'' :::* '''aulk mef'''....''gold bar'' :::* '''faomef'''....''nog'' :::* '''feelkmef'''....''anvil, stithy'' :::* '''dresizmef'''....''stele'' :::* '''magmef'''....''firebrick'' ::::* '''magmef-alza'''....''firebrick-red'' :::* '''mugmef'''....''bar, ingot'' :::* '''vabmef'''....''sod'' ::::* '''vabmefber'''....''sod'' :::* '''mepmef'''....''paver, paving block'' :::* '''zunilkmef'''....''spelter'' :::* '''zyimef'''....''flagstone'' ::* '''mefmas'''....''brick wall'' ::* '''mefsan'''....''slab, brick shape'' ::* '''mefsaxam'''....''brick factory'' :::* '''mefag'''....''block'' ::::* '''yommefag'''....''ice block'' :::* '''moges mefag'''....''cinder block'' ::* '''mefyig'''....''clinker'' ::* '''abmef'''....''tile'' :::* '''abmefber'''....''to lay tile'' ::::* '''abmefbut'''....''tile-layer'' :::* '''abmefsin'''....''mosaic'' :::* '''abmefyan'''....''tile work, tile-work'' :::* '''abmefyena'''....''tegular'' ::* '''ebmefxer'''....''to imbricate'' ::* '''meyf'''....''bar, stick, briquet'' :::* '''meyf bi vyixyel'''....''bar of soap'' :::* '''katefyelmeyf'''....''brownie'' :::* '''maegmeyf'''....''briquet, briquette'' :::* '''meyf bi bilyug'''....''stick of butter'' :::* '''meyf bi meyagdrar'''....''stick of chalk'' :::* '''meyf bi vyixyel mef'''....''bar of soap'' ::* '''mefog'''....''cube'' ::::* '''yommefog'''....''ice cube'' :::* '''mefogar'''....''dicer'' ::::* '''mefogxer'''....''cube, dice'' ::::* '''mefogxwa'''....''cubed, diced'' ::::* '''mefogxen'''....''dicing'' ::* '''meef'''....''slab'' :::* '''meef bi taol'''....''slab of meat'' ::* '''mev'''....''chinaware, porcelain'' :::* '''meva'''....''made of porcelain, of porcelain'' :::* '''Delft meevyan'''....''delftware'' :::* '''meav'''....''ceramic'' ::::* '''meava'''....''ceramic, made of ceramic'' ::::* '''meavgon'''....''potsherd'' ::::* '''meavsaxut'''....''ceramicist, ceramist'' ::::* '''meavun'''....''ceramic item'' ::::* '''meavut'''....''ceramicist, ceramist'' ::::* '''meavzyeb'''....''crocker'' :::::* '''meavzyebyan'''....''crockery'' :::* '''meev'''....''earthenware, pottery'' ::::* '''meevun'''....''piece of pottery'' ::::* '''meevut'''....''potter'' ::::* '''meevyan'''....''pottery'' :::* '''meiv'''....''faience'' ::::* '''zyefmeav'''....''glass ceramic'' === '''MAG''' ''fire'', '''MAK''' ''electricity'', '''MOG''' ''ash'' === :* '''mag'''....''fire'' :* '''mak'''....''electricity'' :* '''mog'''....''ash'' ==== MAG Words ==== :* '''mag'''....''fire'' ::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' :::* '''gyomagxer'''....''to braze'' :* '''magyel'''....''oil'' ::* '''magyeler'''....''to fry'' :::* '''igmagyeler'''....''to sautee'' :* '''magler'''....''to roast'' ::* '''abmagler'''....''to grill'' ::* '''balmagler'''....''to pressure cook'' :* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' ::* '''ummageler'''....''to bake'' ::* '''yijmageler'''....''to broil'' ::* '''izmageler'''....''to sear'' :* '''magiler'''....''to boil'' ::* '''eynmagiler'''....''to parboil'' :* '''maeg'''....''coal'' ::* '''maegeler'''....''to charcoal, to barbecue'' ::* '''maegil'''....''gasoline'' ::* '''amaeg'''....''anthracite'' ::* '''emaeg'''....''peat'' ::* '''eymaeg'''....''coke'' ::* '''fumaeg'''....''culm'' ::* '''fyoalmaeg'''....''brimstone'' ::* '''imaeg'''....''lignite'' ::* '''movmaeg'''....''cannel'' :* '''mayg'''....''blaze'' :* '''magsul'''....''fuel'' ==== MAK Words ==== : The word '''mak''' means ''electricity''. The word '''maak''' is used for words having to do with ''electronic''. : Here are some words derived from '''mak''' (''electricity''): :* '''mak'''....''electricity'' ::* '''maka'''....''electric'' :::* '''maka azon'''....''electric power, electrical power'' :::* '''maka yexazon'''....''electric energy, electrical energy'' :::* '''maka ibzyeg'''....''electric outlet, electric socket, outlet'' :::* '''maka kaduzar'''....''electronic drum'' :::* '''maka muf'''....''electric pole'' :::* '''maak num'''....''electric cell'' :::* '''maka yuijbar'''....''electric switch'' :::* '''maka leduar'''....''electric guitar'' :::* '''maka manar'''....''electric lamp'' :::* '''maka manig'''....''electric spark'' :::* '''maka manzyuyn'''....''electric light bulb'' :::* '''maka mas ibzyeg'''....''electric wall socket'' :::* '''maka nyed'''....''electric grid, electrical grid'' :::* '''maka nyexar'''....''electric battery'' :::* '''maka nyif'''....''electric cable, electric cord, electric wire'' ::::* '''maka nyifuj'''....''electric plug'' :::::* '''maka nyifujibar'''....''electric outlet, electric socket'' :::* '''maka sim'''....''electric chair'' :::* '''maka siundrof'''....''electronic signboard'' :::* '''maka sur'''....''electric engine'' :::* '''maaka syagir'''....''electronic computer'' :::* '''maaka tuunexlur'''....''electronic data processor'' :::* '''maka yafon'''....''electric power'' ::::* '''maka yafonuam'''....''electric power plant'' :::* '''maka yextun'''....''electrical engineering'' ::::* '''maka yextut'''....''electrical engineer'' :::* '''maka yijlar'''....''electronic key, fob'' :::* '''maka zyup'''....''electric circuit, electrical circuit'' ::* '''makabraxena'''....''electrostatic'' ::* '''makama'''....''electrothermal'' ::* '''makxea'''....''electrifying'' ::* '''makazon'''....''electric energy, electric power, electrical power'' ::* '''makbixfeelk'''....''electromagnet'' :::* '''makbixfeelka'''....''electro-magnetic, electromagnetic'' ::::* '''makbixfeelka pyaon'''....''electro-magnetic wave'' ::* '''makebdras'''....''email, e-mail, electronic message'' :::* '''makebdrasgran'''....''spam'' ::* '''makebdrer'''....''to email'' ::* '''makgron'''....''brownout'' ::* '''makifekam'''....''arcade'' ::* '''makig'''....''spark'' :::* '''makigar'''....''spark plug, sparkplug'' :::* '''makiges'''....''sparklet'' :::* '''makigpyex'''....''jolt of electricity'' ::* '''makijbar'''....''ignition switch'' ::* '''makijber'''....''switch on'' ::* '''makilp'''....''current, electrical current, flow of electricity'' :::* '''makilpsag'''....''amperage, ampere'' :::* '''makilpnagar'''....''ammeter'' :::* '''makilpok'''....''dropout'' ::* '''makizbul'''....''electrolyte, electrolytic'' ::* '''makmanar'''....''electric lamp, electric light'' :::* '''makmanarbexar'''....''electrolier'' :::* '''makmanaren'''....''electrical lighting'' ::* '''makmis'''....''electrode'' :::* '''makmiseon'''....''diode'' ::* '''makmufzyeg'''....''klystron'' ::* '''makmugmoysber'''....''to galvanize'' ::* '''makmus'''....''escalator'' ::* '''maknagar'''....''electrometer'' ::* '''maknaud'''....''electric beam, electric ray'' ::* '''makned'''....''electrotype'' :::* '''maknedxer'''....''electroplate'' ::* '''maknod'''....''blip'' ::* '''maknyaxyaf'''....''capacitance'' ::* '''maknyexar'''....''battery'' :::* '''maknyexar-exwa'''....''battery-operated'' :::* '''maknyexar-yafonuwa'''....''battery-powered'' :::* '''maknyif'''....''electrical cord'' ::::* '''maknyifbut'''....''lineman'' ::::* '''maknyifibar'''....''electrical socket'' ::* '''makok'''....''blackout'' :::* '''makoker'''....''to dim, to fade'' ::* '''makpana'''....''electromotive'' ::* '''makpyuxrer'''....''to electrocute, shock, zap'' ::* '''maksaxar'''....''electric generator'' ::* '''makseux'''....''zap'' ::* '''maksira'''....''electromechanical'' ::* '''maksom'''....''appliance, electrical appliance'' ::* '''maksur'''....''electric motor'' ::* '''makteaxar'''....''electroscope'' ::* '''maktyebdrar'''....''electroencephalograph'' :::* '''maktyebdras'''....''electroencephalogram'' ::* '''maktiibdrar'''....''electrocardiograph'' :::* '''maktiibdras'''....''electrocardiogram'' ::* '''maktojber'''....''electrocute'' ::* '''makujber'''....''switch off'' ::* '''makut'''....''electrician'' ::* '''makuzyun'''....''solenoid'' ::* '''makvaka'''....''shockproof, grounded'' :::* '''makvakxer'''....''ground'' ::* '''makxer'''....''to electrify'' :::* '''makxwa'''....''electrified'' ::* '''makyafon'''....''electric power'' :::* '''makyafonuam'''....''electric power plant'' :::* '''makyafonuer'''....''power with electricity'' :::* '''makyafonuwa'''....''electric-powered'' ::* '''makyel'''....''amber'' ::* '''makyija'''....''on'' :::* '''makyijber'''....''turn on, turn on the electricity'' :::* '''makyijbwa'''....''switched on'' ::* '''makyijlar'''....''electronic key, fob'' ::* '''makyuijar'''....''electric plug, electric switch, on switch, plug, switch'' :::* '''makyuijar yafonnuus'''....''switcher'' ::::* '''makyuijarmes'''....''switchboard'' ::::* '''makyuijaryafwa'''....''pluggable'' ::* '''makyuja'''....''off'' :::* '''makyujar'''....''off switch'' :::* '''makyujber'''....''turn off, turn off the electricity'' :::* '''makyujbwa'''....''switched off'' ::* '''makyuzpur'''....''streetcar'' ::* '''mamak'''....''lightning'' :::* '''mamak igpyex'''....''lightning bolt'' :::* '''mamak manig'''....''lightning flash'' :::* '''mamak muf'''....''lightning rod'' :::* '''mamak yokpyex'''....''lightning bolt'' ::::* '''mamaka'''....''fulgurant'' ::::* '''mamakdopar'''....''blitzkrieg'' ::::* '''mamaker'''....''fulgurate, strike lightning'' ::::* '''mamakovar'''....''grounding, lightning rod'' ::* '''manmaka'''....''photoelectric'' :::* '''manmakum'''....''photocell, photoelectric cell'' ::* '''milmak'''....''hydro-electricity, hydroelectricity'' :::* '''milmaka'''....''hydro-electric, hydroelectric'' ::::* '''milmaka mipovmas'''....''hydroelectric dam'' ::::* '''milmaka saxam'''....''hydroelectric plant'' ::::* '''milmaka yafon'''....''hydroelectric power'' ::* '''oogmaaka'''....''microelectronic'' ::* '''omaka'''....''nonelectric, nonelectrical'' :::* '''omakxwa'''....''off the grid, unelectrified'' :* '''pyexwer bey mamak'''....''be stricken by lightning'' :* '''ujber ha mak'''....''turn off the electricity'' ::* '''balmak'''....''piezoelectricity'' :::* '''balmaka'''....''piezoelectric'' ::* '''enmaka'''....''dielectric'' ::* '''exea maknyif'''....''live wire, livewire'' ::* '''inmakmis'''....''triode'' ::* '''makilp'''....''electric current'' :::* '''iza makilp'''....''d.c., direct current'' :::* '''zaokyasea makilp'''....''a.c., a.c., alternating current'' ::* '''maaka'''....''electronic'' :::* '''maaktyen'''....''electronics'' ::* '''maalmak'''....''static'' :::* '''ovmaalmak'''....''antistatic'' ::* '''vamakmis'''....''anode'' ::* '''vomakmis'''....''cathode'' ::* '''yijber ha mak'''....''turn on the electricity'' ::* '''yokpyex bi mak'''....''burst of electricity'' ==== MOG Words ==== : Here are some words derived from '''mog''' (''ash''): :* '''mog'''....''ash'' ::* '''faomog'''....''potash'' ::* '''magmemyaza mog'''....''volcanic ash'' ::* '''mog belar'''....''ash tray'' ::* '''moga'''....''cinerary'' ::* '''mogaya'''....''ashy, full of ash'' ::* '''moges'''....''cinder'' :::* '''moges mef'''....''cinder block'' ::* '''mogika'''....''ashy, full of ash'' ::* '''mogil'''....''lye'' ::* '''mog-maolza'''....''ash gray'' ::* '''mogteizber'''....''cense'' ::* '''moguar'''....''thurible'' ::* '''mog-volza'''....''ash-colored, ashen'' ::* '''mogxer'''....''cremate, incinerate, reduce to ashes'' :::* '''mogxam'''....''crematorium'' :::* '''mogxar'''....''cremator, crematory, incinerator'' :::* '''mogxen'''....''cremating, cremation, incineration'' :::* '''mogxim'''....''cremation chamber'' :::* '''mogxwa'''....''cremated, incinerated, reduced to ashes'' ::* '''mogyeb'''....''ashcan'' ::* '''mogzyebag'''....''urn of ashes'' === '''MAJ''' ''daytime'', '''MOJ''' ''nighttime'' === : The root word '''maj''' means ''daytime'', while '''moj''' is the opposite, ''nighttime''. ==== Times of Day ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Times of Day |- ! DAY / NIGHT !! PERIODS |- | rowspan=7 | '''maj'''....''daytime, sunup hours'' || '''majij'''....''dawn'' |- | '''jwamaj'''....''morning'' |- | '''zemaj'''....''noon'' |- | '''jazemaj (JaZ.)'''....''ante-meridian, AM'' |- | '''jozemaj (JoZ.)'''....''afternoon, postmeridian, PM'' |- | '''jwomaj'''....''late day'' |- | '''majuj'''....''dusk, twilight'' |- | rowspan=4 | '''moj'''....''night, sundown hours'' || '''jwamoj'''....''evening'' |- | '''jwomoj'''....''late night, wee hours'' |- | '''zemoj'''....''midnight'' |- | '''jozemoj'''....''after midnight'' |} {{small/end}} : Note: '''jub''' ''day'' is a general word referring to the whole 24-hour cycle without reference to morning or night. '''Maj''' refers to the daylight hours and '''moj''' to the sundown hours. : Examples of usage with '''maj''' and '''moj''' ::* '''At teato et <u>zajub jwamaj</u>.'''....''I will see you <u>tomorrow morning</u>.'' ::* '''Yat teapa iyt <u>zojub jozemaj</u>.'''....''We visited her <u>yesterday afternoon</u>.'' ::* '''Ha maar yope <u>be majuj</u>.'''....''The sun sets <u>at dusk</u>.'' ::* '''Mamila <u>zojub jwamoj</u>.'''....''It rained <u>yesterday evening</u>.'' ::* '''At tijpe <u>be majij</u>.'''....''I wake up <u>at dawn</u>.'' : Examples of usage with '''jub''': ::* '''hijub'''....''today'' ::* '''zojub'''....''yesterday'' :::* '''jazojub'''....''the day before yesterday'' ::* '''zajub'''....''tomorrow'' :::* '''jozajub'''....''the day after tomorrow'' ::* '''bi jub bu jub'''....''from day to day'' ::* '''hyajub'''....''everyday'' ::* '''ha ayna jub'''....''the whole day, all day'' ::* '''zya ha jub'''....''throughout the day'' ::* '''bi hijub zay'''....''from this day on'' ::* '''ji hujub'''....''since that day'' ::* '''ojo zajub'''....''by tomorrow'' ::* '''hijubi'''....''these days'' ::* '''hujub'''....''that day'' ::* '''hujubi'''....''those days'' ::* '''hejub'''....''some day'' ::* '''hyejub'''....''any day, whatever day'' ::* '''duhojub?'''....''which day?'' ::* '''je jubi'''....''for days'' ::* '''ewa jubi jay'''....''two days ago'' ::* '''iwa jubi joy'''....''two days hence'' ::* '''ji gle jubi'''....''a few days since'' ::* '''ju zajub'''....''until tomorrow'' ::* '''lojo zajub'''....''by tomorrow'' ::* '''loja zajub'''....''no earlier than tomorrow'' ::* '''ja jubuj'''....''before day's end'' ::* '''jubyaga pop'''....''a day-long trip'' ::* '''bi awa jub byu ha zanapas'''....''from one day to the next'' ::* '''jub-bu-jub'''....''day-to-day'' ::* '''be ha aja jubi'''....''in the olden days'' ::* '''be hea oja jub'''....''on some future day'' ::* '''bi majij bu majuj'''....''from dawn to dusk'' ==== MAJ Words ==== :* '''maj'''....''day'' ::* '''Fimaj!'''....''good day!'' :::* '''fimajder'''....''say good day'' ::* '''zajub maj'''....''tomorrow during the day'' ::* '''zojub maj'''....''yesterday during the day'' ::* '''majbik'''....''daycare'' ::* '''majdez'''....''matinee, matinée'' ::* '''majij'''....''cockcrow, dawn, daybreak'' :::* '''majija'''....''auroral'' :::* '''majijdeuz'''....''evensong'' :::* '''majijen'''....''dawning'' ::* '''majman'''....''daylight'' ::* '''majob'''....''daytime'' :::* '''majoba'''....''daylong, daytime, diurnal'' ::::* '''majobay'''....''diurnally'' ::* '''majsum'''....''daybed'' ::* '''majuj'''....''nightfall, twilight'' :::* '''majuja'''....''crepuscular, of twilight'' :::* '''majujyena'''....''twilightish'' :::* '''fimajujder'''....''say good evening'' ::* '''jwamaj'''....''morning'' :::* '''jwamaj mar'''....''morningstar'' :::* '''jwamaj taf'''....''housecoat'' :::* '''Fijwamaj!'''....''Good morning!'' :::* '''zajub jwamaj'''....''tomorrow morning'' :::* '''juab jwamaj'''....''Monday morning'' :::* '''zojub jwamaj'''....''yesterday morning'' :::* '''jwamaja'''....''matinal, matutinal, morning'' ::* '''jwomaj'''....''afternoon, late day'' :::* '''Fijwomaj!'''....''Good afternoon!, Good evening!'' :::* '''jwomaja'''....''afternoon, late day'' :::* '''jwojozemaja'''....''late afternoon'' ::* '''zemaj'''....''midnoon, noon, noonday, noontide, noontime'' :::* '''zemaja'''....''noontime'' :::* '''jazemaj'''....''a.m., ante-meridian, forenoon, matinee'' :::* '''jozemaj'''....''afternoon, p.m., post-meridian'' ::::* '''jozemaja'''....''postmeridian'' ::::* '''juab jozemaj'''....''Monday afternoon'' ::::* '''Fijozemaj!'''....''Good afternoon!'' ==== MOJ Words ==== : Here are words derived from '''moj''': :* '''moj'''....''night'' ::* '''moja'''....''nocturnal'' ::* '''mojfyadili'''....''vespers'' ::* '''mojdeuz'''....''evensong'' ::* '''mojob'''....''soiree'' ::* '''mojij'''....''dusk, nightfall, twilight'' ::* '''jwamoj'''....''evening, early night'' ::* '''jwomoj'''....''late night'' ::* '''je ha moj'''....''during the night'' ::* '''Fimoj!'''....''Good night!'' ::* '''gemoj'''....''equinox'' ::* '''himoj'''....''tonight'' ::* '''mojbeser'''....''to stay the night'' ::* '''mojtayf'''....''nightgown'' ::* '''mojtilam'''....''nightclub'' ::* '''zajub moj'''....''tomorrow night'' ::* '''zemoj'''....''midnight'' :::* '''jozemoj'''....''wee hours of the morning'' ::* '''zojub moj'''....''last night'' :::* '''zojub jwamoj'''....''early last night'' ::* '''zojub jwomoj'''....''late last night'' ::* '''zomoj'''....''eve'' :::* '''Kristajub Zomoj'''....''Christmas Eve'' === '''MAN''' ''light'', '''MON''' ''dark'' === : The root '''man''' means ''light'', while '''mon''' is its opposite, ''dark''. ==== MAN Words ==== : The rootword '''man''' means ''light'' (as opposed to ''dark''). By suffixing '''ar''' (''instrument''), we get '''manar''', meaning ''lamp''. : Types of lamps and lights: :* '''manar'''....''lamp'' ::* '''alzamxea manar'''....''incandescent lamp'' ::* '''aman manar'''....''heat lamp'' ::* '''ansanpiateyob manar'''....''gooseneck lamp'' ::* '''byasea manar'''....''floor lamp'' ::* '''domep manar'''....''street light'' ::* '''dopek manar'''....''battle lantern'' ::* '''drilar manar'''....''penlight'' ::* '''igmanuijar'''....''blinker'' ::* '''izmanar'''....''laser'' ::* '''jwadea manar'''....''warning light'' ::* '''maegil manar'''....''gas lamp'' ::* '''maegil manar'''....''kerosene lamp'' ::* '''magyel manar'''....''oil lamp'' ::* '''makmanar'''....''electric light'' ::* '''makuz manar'''....''arc lamp'' ::* '''mammanar'''....''skylight'' ::* '''manigar'''....''strobe light'' ::* '''mansiunar'''....''traffic light'' ::* '''manuf'''....''candle'' ::* '''manzexar'''....''spotlight'' ::* '''mapmanar'''....''blowlamp'' ::* '''masmanar'''....''sconce'' ::* '''mimanur'''....''lighthouse'' ::* '''mimgrun manar'''....''anchor light'' ::* '''mojmanar'''....''night light'' ::* '''nielk manar'''....''neon light'' ::* '''polkxea manar'''....''phosphorescent light'' ::* '''sumkuma manar'''....''bedside lamp'' ::* '''tuyab manar'''....''flashlight'' ::* '''uznad manar'''....''klieglight'' ::* '''vokmanar'''....''hazard light'' ::* '''zamanar'''....''headlight'' ::* '''zyamanar'''....''floodlight'' :* '''man'''....''light'' ::* '''amarman'''....''sunlight'' ::* '''amurman'''....''moonlight'' ::* '''fyamanzyus'''....''halo'' ::* '''magman'''....''firelight'' ::* '''majman'''....''daylight'' ::* '''marman'''.....''starlight'' ::* '''yuzman'''....''aureola'' ::* '''zoyman'''....''reflection'' : Verbs having to do with light: :* '''ammanuer'''....''to glow'' :* '''azmaniger'''....''to flare'' :* '''izmanuer'''....''to glare'' :* '''kyamanser'''....''to shimmer'' :* '''manaudxer'''....''to radiate'' :* '''manazaxer'''....''to turn up the light'' :* '''maniger'''....''to flash'' :* '''manigeser'''....''to glitter'' :* '''manijber'''....''to turn on the light'' :* '''manoker'''....''to fade'' :* '''manozaxer'''....''to turn down the light'' :* '''manteazuer'''....''to bedazzle'' :* '''manuer'''....''to illuminate'' :* '''manuijer'''....''to flicker'' :* '''manujber'''....''to turn off the light'' :* '''manzexer'''....''to spotlight'' :* '''mazaxer'''....''to brighten'' :* '''mazuer'''....''to shine'' :* '''zoymanxer'''....''to reflect'' ==== MON Words ==== : The root '''mon''' means ''dark'', while the diminutive '''moyn''' means ''shade''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mon'''....''darkness, dark, obscurity'' ::* '''eynmon'''....''half-light, penumbra, shade'' :::* '''eynmona'''....''opaque, partially obscure shadowy'' :::* '''eynmona milvolz'''....''gouache'' :::* '''eynmonxer'''....''adumbrate'' ::::* '''eynmonxwa'''....''adumbrated, partially obscured'' ::* '''mona'''....''dark, obscure'' :::* '''mona mul'''....''dark matter'' :::* '''monan'''....''obscurity'' ::* '''monmaf'''....''dark cloud'' ::* '''monmeg'''....''onyx'' ::* '''monmepkexer'''....''grope, find one's way in the dark'' ::* '''monsan'''....''shadow'' :::* '''monsan ektobet'''....''shadow-puppet'' :::* '''monsanika'''....''shadowy'' :::* '''monsanxer'''....''to shadow'' :::* '''monsanyena'''....''shadow-like'' ::* '''montim'''....''darkroom'' ::* '''moynuyeas'''....''pergola'' ::* '''monxer'''....''darken, obscure'' :::* '''monser'''....''darken, get darker'' :::* '''monxul'''....''darkener'' ::* '''monyuf'''....''fear of the dark'' :* '''moyn'''....''shade'' ::* '''fabmoynarwa'''....''sheltered by trees'' ::* '''fayebmoyn'''....''umbrage'' ::* '''ikmoyn'''....''umbra'' ::* '''moynar'''....''shade (instrument)'' :::* '''amar moynar'''....''sun shade'' :::* '''mis moynar'''....''window shade'' ::* '''moyna'''....''dim, dismal, dusky, somber, swarthy'' ::* '''moynaybtom'''....''bowery'' ::* '''moynarer'''....''to shade'' ::* '''moynika'''....''shady, sombre'' ::* '''moynser'''....''to grow dim'' ::* '''moynxer'''....''to dim'' === '''MAZ''' ''bright'' and '''MOZ''' ''dark'' === :* '''maz'''....''shine, glow, glare, gleam, lustre'' ::* '''maza'''....''glossy, bright, shiny, brilliant'' :::* '''mazan'''....''glossiness, brightness, shinyness, brilliance'' ::::* '''mazaser'''....''to brighten, to shine, to glow, to glisten'' ::::* '''mazaxer'''....''to brighten, to shine'' ::* '''mazaulkvib'''....''tinsel'' ::* '''mayz'''....''glister'' ::* '''mazig'''....''glitter, sparkle, glint'' :::* '''mazigaya'''....''glittery, sparkly, glinty'' ::::* '''mazigayan'''....''glitteriness, sparkliness, glintiness'' ::* '''mazigser'''....''to glitter, to sparkle'' :::* '''mazigsea'''....''glittering, sparkling'' :* '''moz'''....''dark'' ::* '''moza'''....''dark'' :::* '''moza aybpovil'''....''stout ale'' :::* '''moza mul'''....''dark matter'' :::* '''moza taol'''....''dark meat'' :::* '''moza tim'''....''dark room'' :::* '''moztipa'''...''dismal, gloomy'' :::* '''mozaser'''....''to darken'' (intr.) :::* '''mozaxer'''....''to darken'' (tr.) :::* '''mozima'''....''dank'' ::* '''moyza'''....''dim'' :::* '''moyzaser'''....''to dim'' :::* '''moyzaxer'''....''to dim'' :::* '''moyztepa'''....''dimwitted'' === '''MEG''' ''stone'', '''MEZ''' ''gem'', '''MEK''' ''dust'', etc. === :* '''meg'''....''stone'' :* '''mez'''....''gem'' :* '''mek'''....''dust'' ::* '''meyk'''....''grit'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''myeik'''....''dough, paste, pulp'' ::* '''maek'''....''soot'' :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''mulk'''....''chemical element'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' ==== MEG Words ==== : The root word '''meg''' means ''stone, rock''. Types of common rocks are formed by prefixing an ordinal to the stem, eg.: ::* '''ameg'''....''marble'' ::* '''emeg'''....''slate'' ::* '''imeg'''....''granite'' ::* '''umeg'''....''clay, dough, daub'' ::* '''yomeg'''....''china'' ::* '''yameg'''....''chalk'' ::* '''yemeg'''....''limestone'' ::* '''yimeg'''....''alabaster'' ::* '''yumeg'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''alomeg'''....''sandstone, stoneware'' : There is also: ::* '''megag'''....''boulder, rock'' ::* '''megog'''....''cobblestone'' ::* '''meges'''....''granule, grit'' ::* '''yanmeg'''....''cement'' ::* '''meggos'''....''gravel'' ::* '''meggyos'''....''ragstone'' ::* '''mimeg'''....''pebble'' :::* '''mimegyos'''....''silt'' ::* '''mieg'''....''coral'' ::* '''maeg'''....''coal'' :::* '''amaeg'''....''anthracite'' :::* '''eynmaeg'''....''coke'' :::* '''emaeg'''....''peat'' :::* '''imaeg'''....''lignite'' : Related are: ::* '''mek'''....''dust'' ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder'' ::* '''myeik'''....''dough, pulp'' ::* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''mug'''....''metal'' ::* '''muz'''....''ore'' : The suffix '''-meg''' is used for words in English words ending in ''-lith'' :* '''agrameg'''....''megalith'' :* '''aletayubmeg'''....''cholelith, gallstone'' :* '''anmeg'''....''monolith'' :* '''aynmeg'''....''hololith'' :* '''hyumeg'''....''xenolith'' :* '''jwameg'''....''eolith'' :* '''patikebmeg'''....''gastrolith'' :* '''tiyabilmeg'''....''urolith'' :* '''aajmegjouba'''....''paleolithic'' ==== MEZ Words ==== : The root word '''mez''' means ''crystal, gem''. : The common gemstones are: ::* '''mez'''....''crystal'' :::* '''mamiluzmez'''....''prism'' ::* '''amez'''....''diamond'' :::* '''vyoamez'''....''rhinestone, strass'' ::* '''emez'''....''topaz'' ::* '''imez'''....''ruby'' ::* '''umez'''....''emerald'' ::* '''yomez'''....''sapphire'' ::* '''yamez'''....''lapis lazuli'' ::* '''yemez'''....''amethyst'' ::* '''yimez'''....''amber'' ::* '''yumez'''....''obsidian'' ::* '''alomez'''....''opal'' ::* '''alamez'''....''tourmaline'' ::* '''alemez'''....''garnet, carbuncle'' ::* '''alimez'''....''zirconia'' ::* '''alumez'''....''jasper'' ::* '''alyomez'''....''jade'' ::* '''alyamez'''....''morganite'' ::* '''alyemez'''....''quartz'' :::* '''movalyemez'''....''smoky quartz, cairngormstone'' ::* '''alyimez'''....''malachite'' ::* '''elomez'''....''calcite'' ::* '''elamez'''....''mica'' ::* '''elemez'''....''apatite'' ::* '''elimez'''....''gypsum'' ::* '''elumez'''....''halite, rock salt'' ::* '''elyomez'''....''magnetite'' ::* '''elyamez'''....''hematite'' ::* '''elyemez'''....''pyrite, fool's gold'' ::* '''elyimez'''....''beryl'' ::* '''elyumez'''....''talc'' ::* '''ilomez'''....''kaolin'' ::* '''ilamez'''....''garnet'' ::* '''ilemez'''....''corundum'' ::* '''ilimez'''....''pearl'' ::* '''ilumez'''....''onyx, chalcedony'' ::* '''ilyomez'''....''sardonyx'' ::* '''ilyamez'''....''citrine'' ::* '''ilyemez'''....''rose quartz'' ::* '''ilyimez'''....''agate'' ::* '''ilyumez'''....''peridot'' ::* '''ulomez'''....''aquamarine'' ::* '''ulamez'''....''turquoise'' ::* '''ulemez'''....''moonstone'' ::* '''ulimez'''....''sunstone'' ::* '''ulumez'''....''spinel'' ::* '''ulyomez'''....''iolite'' ::* '''ulyamez'''....''morganite'' ::* '''ulyemez'''....''tanzanite'' : Alternates: ::* '''piyez''' for ''pearl'' ::* '''makyel''' for ''amber or electrum'' ==== MEK, MYEK, MIEK Words ==== :* '''mek'''....''dust'' ::* '''myek'''....''powder, grounds, flour'' :::* '''myeik'''....''dough, paste, pasta, pulp'' (a hybrid of water and powder) ::* '''miek'''....''sand'' (a hybrid of sea and dust) : Here are some derivatives of '''mek''': :* '''mek'''...''dust'' ::* '''filmek'''....''leaven, yeast, zyme'' :::* '''filmektun'''....''zymology'' :::* '''filmektyen'''....''zymurgy'' :::* '''filmekxer'''....''to leaven'' :::* '''ofilmekxwa'''....''unleavened'' ::* '''mekil'''....''meal, gruel, mash'' :::* '''mekilxer'''....''to mash'' :::* '''zepovob mekil'''....''cornmeal'' :::* '''avpovob mekil'''....''oatmeal'' :::* '''mekilyena'''....''mealy'' ::* '''ilmekuer'''....''to spray'' :::* '''ilmekuar'''....''spray gun'' :::* '''volzilmekuar'''....''spray paint gun'' ::* '''ilpmek'''....''alluvium'' ::* '''mekbaxlar'''....''whisk'' ::* '''mekika'''....''dusty'' ::* '''marmek'''....''stardust'' ::* '''mekes'''....''grit'' ::* '''masmekyel'''....''stucco'' ::* '''mekmapag'''....''dust bowl'' ::* '''mekmapuzlun'''....''dust storm'' ::* '''mekmem'''....''heath'' ::* '''meknov'''....''dustcloth'' ::* '''meknyem'''....''dustbin'' ::* '''mekobar'''....''dust mop'' :::* '''mekobarer'''....''to dust'' ::* '''mekovof'''....''dust ruffler'' ::* '''mekxer'''....''to pulverize'' ::* '''mekzyun'''....''dust ball, dust kitty'' ::* '''tolmek'''....''spice'' :::* '''tolmekber'''....''to season, to spice'' :::* '''tolmekaza'''....''spicy, hot'' :::* '''tolmekeza'''....''medium spicy'' :::* '''tolmekoza'''....''mild spicy'' :::* '''tolmekyom'''....''sherbet'' :::* '''otolmekbwa'''....''unspiced'' :::* '''amtolmekuer'''....''to mull'' ::* '''yaozgoblar mek'''....''sawdust'' : Some derivatives of '''myek''': :* '''dopmyek'''....''gunpowder'' :* '''dopmyeksaxam'''....''gunpowder factory'' :* '''drilmyek'''....''ink toner'' :* '''faomyek'''....''pulp, wood pulp'' ::* '''faomyekxer'''....''to pulp'' ::* '''faomyekika'''....''pulpy'' ::* '''ikmyekxer'''....''to crush, to smash, to obliterate'' :::* '''ikmyekxun'''....''debris, detritus, crush'' :* '''myek'''....''powder, grounds, flour'' ::* '''koffeyl myek'''....''coffee grounds'' ::* '''malzaxea myek'''....''bleaching powder, bleach'' ::* '''manar myek'''....''lampblack'' ::* '''megmyek'''....''rock flour, stonemeal'' :::* '''megmyekxer'''....''to quern'' ::* '''myek bil'''....''powdered milk'' ::* '''myek faosyeb'''....''powder keg'' ::* '''myek koffeyl'''....''instant coffee'' ::* '''myek nyem'''....''powder compact'' ::* '''myek yugzyun'''....''powder puff'' ::* '''myekxer'''....''to crush, to mill, to granulate, to grind'' ::* '''myekar'''....''mill, grater, grinder'' :::* '''bilyig myekar'''....''cheese grater'' :::* '''gosmalvob myekar'''....''cotton gin'' :::* '''koffeyl myekar'''....''coffee grinder, coffee mill'' :::* '''taol myekar'''....''meat grinder'' ::* '''myekir'''....''mill'' :::* '''mapmyekir'''....''windmill'' :::* '''milmyekir'''....''watermill'' :::* '''mimuip myekir'''....''tidal mill'' :::* '''myekirer'''....''to mill'' :::* '''myekirtam'''....''millhouse'' :::* '''myekirtom'''....''mill'' :::* '''myekirut'''....''miller'' ::::* '''gosmalvob myekirtom'''....''cotton mill'' ::* '''myekuer'''...''to powder'' :::* '''milmyekuer'''....''to sprinkle, to spray'' ::::* '''milmyekuar'''....''sprinkler, spray gun'' :::* '''ilmyekuer'''....''to sprinkle, to spray'' ::* '''myekxer'''....''to grind, to crush, to grate, to gnash'' :::* '''myekxea meg'''....''millstone, quern'' :::* '''myekxea zyuk'''....''grindstone'' :::* '''myekxer ota teupibi'''....''to grind one's teeth, to gnash one's teeth'' :::* '''myekxwa'''....''ground, mashed, crushed, grated'' ::::* '''myekxwa arvob'''....''peanut butter'' ::::* '''myekxwa bilyig'''....''grated cheese'' ::::* '''myekxwa bopel'''....''ground beef'' ::::* '''myekxwa veyeb'''....''crushed malt'' ::::* '''myekxwa yeveb'''....''hummus'' ::::* '''myekxwa zyef'''....''ground glass'' ::* '''satalmyek'''....''garlic powder'' ::* '''taibmyek'''....''bonemeal'' ::* '''tebzan myek'''....''face powder'' ::* '''teilyeb ay myekar'''....''mortar and pestle'' ::* '''teupib myek'''....''tooth powder'' ::* '''tyoyabmyekar'''....''treadmill'' ::* '''veeybmyek'''....''grist'' ::* '''vosmyek'''....''pollen'' ::* '''vyilxen myek'''....''washing powder'' ::* '''yaben myek'''....''baking soda'' ::* '''yoma myek'''....''glacial flour'' ::* '''zepovoyb myek'''....''hominy grits'' : Some derivatives of '''myeik''': :* '''myeik'''....''dough, pulp, paste, pasta, putty'' ::* '''abaxler myeik'''....''to knead dough'' ::* '''amlofayeba myeik'''....''phyllo pastry'' ::* '''faomyek'''....''pulp, wood pulp'' :::* '''dref faomyeik'''....''paper pulp'' ::* '''mimol myeik'''....''salt dough'' ::* '''moabujlea myeik'''....''caulking putty'' :::* '''myeikar'''....''putty knife'' ::* '''myeikser'''....''to ferment'' ::* '''myeikxer'''....''to knead, to pulp'' :::* '''myeikxut'''....''pastry-maker'' :::* '''myeikzyun'''....''dumpling'' ::::* '''myeikzyuni'''....''gnocchi, dumplings'' ::* '''povelmyeik'''....''bread dough, pasta'' ::* '''yigzamyeik'''....''sourdough'' : Some derivatives of '''miek''': : '''miek'''....''sand, grit'' ::* '''aummiek'''....''simoom'' ::* '''eynamurmiekyaz'''....''lunette'' ::* '''goyn bi miek'''....''grain of sand'' ::* '''igmiek'''....''quicksand'' ::* '''komieknyan'''....''sandbank'' ::* '''kyapea miek'''....''shifting sand'' ::* '''miek sazun'''....''sand sculpture'' ::* '''miek tamaz'''....''sand scupture'' ::* '''miekanyan'''....''psammosere'' ::* '''miek yanbuxrun'''....''sand drift'' ::* '''miekar'''....''sander'' :::* '''miekarer'''....''to sand'' ::* '''miekika'''....''sandy, gritty, sabulous, arenous'' ::* '''miekdrev'''....''sandpaper'' :::* '''miekdrevaber'''....''to sandpaper'' ::* '''miekem'''....''beach, sandy area, heath, moor'' ::* '''miekiblem'''....''sand quarry'' ::* '''miekjwobar'''....''hourglass'' ::* '''miekmapuzlun'''....''sandstorm'' ::* '''miekmeges'''....''aggregate, sand and gravel'' ::* '''miekmem'''....''heath'' ::* '''mieknyan'''....''sandbar'' ::* '''mieknyem'''....''sandbox'' ::* '''miekpar'''....''beach buggy, dune buggy, sand rail'' ::* '''miekpyexrar'''....''sandblaster'' ::* '''miektwob'''....''sandman'' ::* '''miekyagnyan'''....''shoal'' ::* '''miekyaz'''....''dune, sand dune'' :::* '''miekyaznad'''....''barchan, sandbank, sandbar, sandbridge'' ::* '''miekyeb'''....''sandbox'' ::* '''miekyeg'''....''sandpit'' ::* '''miekyoznad'''....''shoal'' ::* '''oybixmiek'''....''quicksand'' ::* '''ulzmiek'''....''greensand'' === '''MOL''' ''nature'' === : The base word '''mol''', which means ''nature'' is the topmost element of a geo-specific series of words, eg: :* '''mol'''....''nature'' ::* '''mal'''....''air'' ::* '''mel'''....''soil'' ::* '''mil'''....''water'' ::* '''mul'''....''substance, stuff, matter'' ==== MOL Words ==== : Here are some derivatives of '''mol''': :* '''mol'''....''nature'' ::* '''mola'''....''natural'' :::* '''mola doyiv'''....''natural right'' :::* '''mola izbux'''....''natural impulse'' :::* '''molan'''....''naturalness'' :::* '''molay'''....''naturally, of course'' :* '''amola'''....''primitive'' :* '''bey mol'''....''by nature'' :* '''byimol'''....''origin'' ::* '''byimola'''....''original'' :::* '''byimola fyox'''....''original sin'' :* '''gelmola'''....''connate, connatural'' :* '''ijmol'''....''origin, source'' ::* '''ijmola'''....''original, primal'' :::* '''ijmola teud'''....''primal scream'' :* '''jwamola'''....''preternatural'' :* '''molazon'''....''force of nature'' :* '''molifron'''....''physiolatry'' :* '''molin'''....''naturalism'' ::* '''molina'''....''naturalistic'' ::* '''molinut'''....''naturalist'' :* '''molizbux'''....''instinct'' ::* '''molizbuxa'''....''instinctive, instinctual'' :* '''moltun'''....''natural science, physics'' ::* '''moltun surtyen'''....''physical engineering'' ::* '''moltun surtyut'''....''physics engineer'' ::* '''moltuna'''....''physics-related'' ::* '''moltut'''....''natural scientist, physicist'' :* '''molxer'''....''naturalize'' ::* '''molxen'''....''naturalization'' ::* '''molxwa'''....''naturalized'' :* '''molyena'''....''natural, naturalistic'' ::* '''molyenan'''....''naturalness'' ::* '''molyenay'''....''naturally'' :* '''molyuba'''....''earthy, close to nature'' ::* '''molyuban'''....''earthiness'' :* '''mommoltun'''....''astrophysics'' ::* '''mommoltuna'''....''astrophysical'' ::* '''mommoltut'''....''astrophysicist'' :* '''omola'''....''artificial, ersatz, unnatural'' ::* '''omola sakol'''....''artificial sugar'' :::* '''omolan'''....''artificiality, unnaturalness'' :::* '''omolat'''....''fay, ghost, unnatural creature'' ::* '''omolay'''....''artificially, unnaturally'' :::* '''omoltayebun'''....''hairpiece, wig'' ::::* '''omoltayebunog'''....''wiglet'' :* '''oyeybmola'''....''extrinsinc'' :* '''vyamol'''....''essence, true nature'' ::* '''vyamola'''....''essential, real'' :* '''yebmola'''....''instrinsic'' ::* '''yebmolay'''....''intrinsically'' :* '''yizmola'''....''supernatural'' ::* '''yizmolat'''....''supernatural being'' ::* '''yizmolay'''....''supernaturally'' ::* '''yizmolem'''....''supernatural realm'' ==== MAL -AL Words ==== : The root word '''mal''' means ''air''. Some derived words use the stub word '''-al-'''. : The diminuative derivative '''mayl''' means ''gas''. : There is a set of 2nd tier ordinal derivations, which represent the layers of the atmosphere: :* '''maal'''....''atmosphere, aura'' :* '''mael'''....''troposphere, ether'' :* '''mail'''....''stratosphere'' :* '''maul'''....''ionosphere'' :* '''mayol'''....''exosphere'' : The word '''mial''' (''steam, vapor'') is a hybrid of '''mil''' (''water'') and '''mal''' (''air''). : The word '''ail''' (''fluid'') is a hybrid of '''il''' and '''al'''. : Here are the main derivatives of '''mal''' and '''-al-''': :*'''mal''' :*'''buxrer mal'''....''pump air'' :*'''fumaluwa'''....''poorly-ventilated, stuffy'' ::*'''fumaluwan'''....''stuffiness'' ::*'''fumaluway'''....''stuffily'' :*'''fyemalbesut'''....''sylph'' :*'''fyemaltop'''....''sprite'' :*'''gyamalxer'''....''blow up, inflate, swell'' ::*'''gyamalxea'''....''inflationary'' ::*'''gyamalxen ay yugxen'''....''stagflation'' ::*'''gyamalxen'''....''blowing up, inflation, swelling'' ::*'''gyamalxun'''....''clot, swelling'' ::*'''gyamalxwa'''....''blown up, inflated, swollen'' ::*'''gyamalxyofwa'''....''noninflationary'' :::*'''logyamalxer'''....''deflate, let the air out of'' :::*'''logyamalxen'''....''deflating, letting the air out of'' :::*'''logyamalxwa zyug'''....''flat tire'' :::*'''logyamalxwa'''....''deflated, flat'' :*'''igmalpuxer'''....''whang'' :*'''izbyafwa malzyun'''....''dirigible'' :*'''jebmaalyen'''....''climate'' ::*'''jebmaalyena'''....''climatic'' :::*'''jebmaalyenay'''....''climatically'' :::*'''jebmaalyentun'''....''climatology'' ::::*'''jebmaalyentuna'''....''climatological'' :::*'''jebmaalyentut'''....''climatologist'' :*'''jomagmal'''....''afterdamp'' :*'''jomayl mapxar'''....''exhaust fan'' ::*'''jomayl'''....''exhaust, fume'' ::*'''lomaluer'''....''deflate'' :::*'''lomaluen'''....''deflation'' :::*'''lomaluwa'''....''deflated'' ::::*'''lomaluyafwa'''....''deflatable'' :::::*'''lomaluyafwa mipar'''....''collapsible boat, deflatable craft'' ::*'''malmuyfyeg'''....''air tube'' :::* '''malmuyfyeguer'''...''to intubate, to put on a ventilator'' ::*'''mala'''....''aerial'' ::*'''malaypar'''....''air flotation device'' ::*'''malpanazona'''....''aerodynamic'' :::*'''malpanazontun'''....''aerodynamics'' ::*'''malbal'''....''air pressure'' :::*'''malbala'''....''pneumatic'' :::*'''malbalum'''....''air pressure chamber, airlock'' ::*'''malbelwa'''....''airborne'' ::*'''malbuxrar'''....''air pump'' ::*'''maldezut'''....''aerialist'' ::*'''maledopar'''....''air rifle'' ::*'''malfyet'''....''sylph'' :::*'''malfyety'''....''sylphid'' :::*'''malfyeyta'''....''sylphic'' ::*'''malgwamagijbar'''....''carburetor'' ::*'''malgaxer'''....''blow up, inflate'' ::*'''malgoxer'''....''deflate'' ::*'''malika'''....''airy'' ::*'''malikxer'''....''bloat, inflate, pump up with air'' :::*'''malikxyafwa'''....''inflatable'' ::*'''malkyian'''....''languor'' ::*'''malkyuper'''....''float in the air'' :::* '''malkyupea'''....''floating'' ::::* '''malkyupar'''....''float'' ::*'''malmeg'''....''peat'' :::*'''malmegmel'''....''peatbog'' ::*'''malmep'''....''airway'' :::*'''malmufyeg'''....''air vent, windpipe, throttle, throat'' ::*'''malnig'''....''aerospace, airspace'' ::*'''malnyaxbok'''....''emphysema'' ::*'''malnyef'''....''air sack, airbag'' ::*'''malof'''....''cirrocumulus'' ::*'''malomxar'''....''air-conditioner'' ::*'''maloya'''....''airless'' :::*'''maloyxer'''....''to damp'' ::*'''malp'''....''airflow, draft, airstream, airwave'' :::* '''malp xag'''....''radio frequency'' :::* '''malp yibdalen'''....''radiotelephony'' :::* '''malp yibdalir'''....''radiophone, radiotelephone'' :::* '''malp yibdren'''....''radiotelegraphy'' :::* '''malp yibdrer'''....''radioteletype'' :::* '''malp yibdrir'''....''radiotelegraph, radioteletype'' :::* '''malpa'''....''wireless'' ::::* '''malparifut'''....''ham operator'' :::* '''malpibar'''....''radio receiver'' ::::* '''malpibarut'''....''radioman'' :::* '''malpiben'''....''radio reception'' :::* '''malpkaxar'''....''airwave detector, radar'' ::::* '''malpkaxar jwadsiun'''....''radar beacon'' ::::* '''malpkaxar pex'''....''radar trap'' ::::* '''malpkaxar sinuar'''....''radarscope'' :::::* '''malpkaxarut'''....''radarman'' :::* '''malpkaxen'''....''radar detection'' ::::* '''malpkaxen martun'''....''radar astronomy'' ::::* '''malpkaxen teaxar'''....''radar scope'' ::::* '''malpkaxen yibteaxir'''....''radar telescope'' ::* '''malpsiunar'''....''radio signal'' ::* '''malpuber'''....''broadcast by radio, wire, transmit, radio'' :::* '''malpubar'''....''radio transmitter'' :::* '''malpuben'''....''wiring, transmission, broadcasting'' ::::* '''malpubun job'''....''airtime'' :::* '''malpubun'''....''airplay, radio broadcast, radio transmission'' :::* '''malpubwa'''....''wired, transmitted, radioed'' :::* '''malpuiber'''....''radio'' ::::* '''malpuibar'''....''radio set, radio transmitter/receiver, radio'' :::::* '''malpuibar ebtuien'''....''radio communications'' ::::* '''malpuiben'''....''radioing'' ::::* '''malpuibut'''....''radio operator'' ::*'''malpur'''....''airship'' ::*'''malpux'''....''air jet'' ::*'''malpyaon'''....''airwave'' :::*'''seuxa malpyaon'''....''acoustic airwave'' ::*'''malseuxa'''....''aeroacoustic'' ::*'''malsuem'''....''air mattress'' ::*'''malsum'''....''airbed'' ::*'''maltapa'''....''aerobic'' ::*'''maltayefar'''....''airbrush'' ::*'''maluer'''....''aerate, blow up, inflate, vent, ventilate'' :::*'''maluar'''....''aerator, air pump, inflater, ventilating fan, ventilator'' :::*'''maluen'''....''aeration, ventilation'' :::*'''maluwa'''....''aerated, ventilated'' ::::*'''gawmaluer'''....''re-inflate'' :::::*'''gawmaluen'''....''re-inflation'' :::::*'''gawmaluwa'''....''re-inflated'' ::*'''malujbof'''....''weatherstrip'' ::*'''maluk'''....''air vacuum'' :::*'''maluk muyfyeg'''....''vacuum tube'' ::*'''maluka'''....''airless'' ::*'''malukxer'''....''to deflate, drain of air, let out the air, suck all the air out of, vacuum'' ::*'''maluyafwa mipar'''....''dinghy, inflatable craft'' ::*'''maluzun'''....''air funnel'' ::*'''malvaka'''....''air-tight, airproof'' ::*'''malvyuxen'''....''air pollution'' ::*'''malyebiar'''....''air intake, air suction device'' ::*'''malyom'''....''snow'' :::*'''malyomer'''....''snow'' :::*'''malyomfaof'''....''snowboard'' ::::*'''malyomfaofer'''....''snowboard'' :::*'''malyomgos'''....''snow flake, snowflake'' :::*'''malyomkipar'''....''ski, snow-ski, toboggan'' :::*'''malyomkunad'''....''snowbank'' :::*'''malyom-malza'''....''snow-white as snow'' :::*'''malyommapil'''....''snowstorm'' :::*'''malyommapxar'''....''snowblower'' :::*'''malyomnyan'''....''snowdrift'' :::*'''malyompexwa'''....''snowbound'' :::*'''malyompur'''....''snowmobile'' :::*'''malyompyos'''....''snowfall'' :::*'''malyomtaf'''....''snowsuit'' :::*'''malyomtam'''....''igloo'' :::*'''malyomtef'''....''toboggan'' :::*'''malyomtob'''....''snowman'' :::*'''malyomtyoyaf'''....''snowshoe'' :::*'''malyomur'''....''snowplow'' :::*'''malyomzyun'''....''snowball'' :::*'''kyumalyom'''....''flurry'' ::*'''malyujber'''....''throttle'' ::*'''malzyeg'''....''air pocket, blowhole, spiracle, vent'' ::*'''malzyun'''....''balloon'' :::*'''malzyunper'''....''balloon, go ballooning'' :::*'''ama malzyun'''....''hot air ballon'' :::*'''heelk malzyun'''....''helium balloon'' ::*'''malzyuyn'''....''air bubble'' :::*'''malzyuynamxer'''....''to boil'' :::*'''malzyuynar'''....''boiler'' :::*'''malzyuynxer'''....''boil, bubble'' :::*'''malzyuynika'''....''bubbly, effervescent'' :::*'''malzyuynog'''....''fizz, little air bubble, tiny bubble'' ::::*'''malzyuynogser'''....''fizz, fizzle, sparkle'' ::::*'''malzyuynogmil'''....''seltzer'' ::::*'''malzyuynogtil'''....''soda pop, soft drink'' ::::*'''malzyuynogyea'''....''fizzy'' ::::*'''malzyuynogsyea'''....''ebullient, effervescent'' :::*'''malzyuynuka'''....''non-carbonated, still'' ::*'''mumal'''....''firedamp'' ::*'''pobalk malzyun'''....''lead ballon'' ::*'''puxramal'''....''aerosol'' ::*'''tayib mayl'''....''nerve gas'' ::*'''ukmal'''....''ether'' :::*'''ukmala'''....''ethereal'' ::*'''vyumalok'''....''effluvium'' ::*'''yabmalzyun'''....''rainmaker'' ::*'''yebmalpuxer'''....''volley'' ::*'''yiga malpur'''....''zeppelin'' ::*'''yokmalp'''....''flurry'' ::*'''zyoyijmaluar'''....''louver'' :::*'''zyoyijmaluarwa'''....''louvered'' :* '''alier'''....''to take in air'' ::* '''aliar'''....''air intake'' :* '''aluer'''....''aerate, blow'' ::* '''aluar'''....''aerator, blower'' ::* '''aluea'''....''aerating'' ::* '''aluen'''....''aeration, blowing'' :* '''tiebal'''....''breath'' ::* '''tiebala'''....''respiratory'' ::* '''tiebaliar'''....''inhaler'' ::* '''tiebalien'''....''breathing in, inhalation, taking a breath'' ::* '''tiebalier'''....''breathe in, inhale, take a breath'' ::* '''tiebaliwa'''....''inhaled'' ::* '''tiebaliwas'''....''inhalant'' ::* '''tiebalok'''....''belch, burp, eructation'' :::* '''tiebaloken'''....''belching, burping, eructation'' :::* '''tiebaloker'''....''belch, burp, eruct, eructate'' ::* '''tiebaloya'''....''breathless, pursy'' :::* '''tiebaloyan'''....''breathlessness, pursiness'' :::* '''tiebaloyser'''....''suffocate'' :::* '''tiebaloyxer'''....''suffocate'' ::* '''tiebaluer'''....''breathe out, exhale, expire, respirate, suspire'' :::* '''tiebaluar'''....''respirator'' :::* '''tiebaluea'''....''breathing out, exhaling, expiring'' :::* '''tiebaluen'''....''breathing out, exhalation, expiration, respiration'' ::* '''tiebaluf'''....''trachea, windpipe'' :::* '''tiebalufoben'''....''tracheotomy'' ::* '''tiebaluier'''....''respire, breathe, breathe in and out'' :::* '''tiebaluiar'''....''breathing device, respirator'' :::* '''tiebaluien'''....''breathing, respiring, respiration'' :::* '''tiebaluir'''....''breathing machine'' ::* '''tiebaluka'''....''breathless, pursy'' :::* '''tiebalukan'''....''breathlessness, pursiness'' :::* '''tiebalukay'''....''breathlessly'' ::* '''tiebalyujber'''....''cut off one's air supply, suffocate'' :::* '''tiebalyujben'''....''suffocation'' :::* '''tiebalyujbwa'''....''suffocated'' : Words derived from '''mayl''': ::*'''mayl'''....''gas'' :::*'''mayla'''....''gaseous'' :::*'''maylfil'''....''gasohol'' :::*'''maylmanar'''....''gaslight'' :::*'''maylnyev'''....''gasbag'' :::*'''mayltun'''....''pneumatics'' :::*'''maylubea mufzyeg'''....''flue'' :::*'''mayluer'''....''to gas'' ::::*'''mayluen tim'''....''gas chamber'' :::*'''maylxer'''....''to gasify'' : Words derived from '''maal''': :*'''maal'''....''atmosphere, aura'' ::*'''maala'''....''atmospheric, atmospherical'' :::*'''maalay'''....''atmospherically'' ::*'''ammaal'''....''thermosphere'' ::*'''bukxea maal'''....''miasma'' ::*'''maalbal'''....''atomospheric pressure'' :::*'''maalbalnagar'''....''barometer'' ::*'''maalmak'''....''static, static electricity'' :::*'''ovmaalmaka'''....''anti-static'' ::*'''maalman'''....''aurora'' :::*'''maalmana'''....''auroral'' :::*'''zamera maalman'''....''aurora borealis'' :::*'''zomera maalman'''....''aurora australis'' ::*'''maalmil'''....''hydrometeor'' :::*'''maalmiltun'''....''hydrometeorology'' :::*'''maalmiltuna'''....''hydrometeorological'' :::*'''maalmiltut'''....''hydrometeorologist'' :*'''maalyen'''....''weather'' ::*'''maalyen jatuun'''....''weather forecast, weather tip'' ::*'''maalyen jatuut'''....''weather forecaster, weather tipster'' ::*'''maalyen jwad'''....''weather warning'' ::*'''maalyena'''....''weather-related'' ::*'''maalyendar'''....''weathervane'' ::*'''maalyentof'''....''weatherwear'' ::*'''maalyentun'''....''meteorology'' :::*'''maalyentuna'''....''meteorologic, meteorological'' ::::*'''maalyentunay'''....''meteorological'' ::::*'''maalyentut'''....''meteorologist, weatherman, weatherperson'' ::*'''maalyenvaka'''....''weatherproof'' :::*'''maalyenvakxen'''....''weatherizing'' :::*'''maalyenvakxer'''....''weatherize'' :::*'''maalyenvakxwa'''....''weatherized'' ::*'''zemaal'''....''mesosphere'' : Words derived from '''mial''' (''steam, vapor'') :* '''mial'''....''steam, vapor'' ::* '''mialika'''....''steamy'' ::* '''mialier'''....''to steam up'' ::* '''mialuer'''....''to steam'' :::* '''mialuwa'''....''steamed'' :::* '''oyebmialuer'''....''to evaporate'' ::::* '''oyebmialuen'''....''evaporation'' ::::* '''oyebmialuwa'''....''evaporated'' :::* '''mialuyukwa: volatile'' ::* '''mialvyixar'''....''steam-cleaner'' ::* '''mialxer'''....''to vaporize'' :::* '''mialxen'''....''vaporization'' :::* '''mialxwa'''....''vaporized'' ::* '''mialmimpur'''....''steamship'' ::* '''mialsur'''....''steam engine'' ::* '''mialyeg'''....''blowhole'' ::* '''mialyena'''....''vapid'' ::* '''mialyep'''....''steam bath'' :::* '''mialyeper'''....''to steam bathe'' ::* '''mialvyixar'''....''steamroller'' ::* '''mialzyubar'''....''steam turbine'' ::* '''tayebmiluar'''....''hairspray'' ::* '''zomial'''....''contrail, vapor trail'' : Words derived from '''ail''' (''fluid'') :* '''ail'''....''fluid'' ::* '''aila'''....''fluid'' :::* '''ailan'''....''fluidity'' ::* '''ailbal(azon)'''....''fluid pressure'' ::* '''ailpanazon'''....''hydrodynamics'' ::* '''ailxer'''....''to fluidize'' :::* '''ailxen'''....''fluidization'' :::* '''ailxwa'''....''fluidized'' ==== MEL Words ==== : The morpheme '''mel''' means ''soil, ground''. : This root has two primary derivations: ::* '''meel'''....''terrain, grounds'' ::* '''miel'''....''mud'', a hybrid of '''mil''' (''water'') and '''mel''' (''land''). : Among the important derivatives of the '''mel''' root are these: ::* '''yanmel'''....''continent'' :::* '''oybyanmel'''....''subcontinent'' ::* '''yonmel'''....''island'' :::* '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' : The continents are represented by geo-specific ordinal prefixes: :*'''Ayanmel'''....''North America'' :*'''Oyanmel'''....''South America'' :*'''Iyanmel'''....''Asia'' :*'''Eyanmel'''....''Africa'' :*'''Uyanmel'''....''Europe'' :*'''Yoyanmel'''....''Oceania'' : Two hybrid continent names are: :*'''Aoyanmel'''....''Americas'' (i.e. North America and South America combined) :*'''Ebaoyanmel'''....''Central America'' (between N. and S. America) : The color term '''melza''' (''brown'') comes from '''mel'''. : Here are words derived from '''mel''' (''soil, dirt, earth''): :* '''almuka-melza'''....''mocha brown'' :* '''alzmelza'''....''sepia'' :* '''ammelsum'''....''hotbed'' :* '''Anxwa Doebi bi Ayanmel'''....''United States of America'' :* '''aybmela'''....''above-ground, aboveground'' :* '''dopa melmas'''....''earthwork'' :* '''dyafab-melza'''....''cedar brown'' :* '''ebyanmela'''....''intercontinental'' :* '''eynmelza'''....''semi-brown'' :* '''eynyonmel'''....''peninsula'' ::* '''eynyonmela'''....''peninsular'' :* '''faob-melza'''....''wood brown'' :* '''fyameluk'''....''sepulcher, sepulchre'' ::* '''fyameluka'''....''sepulchral'' ::* '''fyamelukben'''....''sepulchure'' ::* '''fyamelukber'''....''sepulcher'' ::* '''gawmelukber'''....''re-inter'' ::* '''gamelzyegxer'''....''dig up again'' ::* '''gayebmelber'''....''re-bury'' :* '''goun bi mel'''....''patch of land'' :* '''gyomel'''....''silt'' :* '''gyomelukar'''....''spade'' :* '''immel'''....''loam'' :* '''izmelkyobwa'''....''quickset'' :* '''koffeyb-melza'''....''coffee brown'' :* '''komeluk'''....''crypt'' :* '''lomelber'''....''unearth'' :* '''lomelukxer'''....''disinter'' :* '''mel mep'''....''dirt road'' :* '''mel'''....''dirt, ground, land, soil'' :* '''melaper'''....''skim across the surface of the land'' :* '''melber'''....''compost, fill in with earth, put down soil'' :* '''melbexut'''....''landholder'' :* '''melbul'''....''compost'' :* '''melbuxar'''....''bulldozer'' :* '''melfyixul'''....''fertilizer'' ::* '''melfyixuluer'''....''fertilize'' ::* '''melfyixuluyofwa'''....''infecund'' ::* '''melfyixuluwa'''....''fertilized'' :::* '''omelfyixuluwa'''....''unfertilized'' :* '''melglal'''....''clod'' :* '''melikun'''....''land-fill, landfill'' :* '''melilp'''....''soil creep'' :* '''melkip'''....''landslide, landslip'' :* '''melmas'''....''balk, baulk, berm, parapet, rampart'' :* '''melmuf'''....''picket, stake'' ::* '''melmufyan'''....''palisade, stockade'' :* '''melmufyeg'''....''soil pipe'' :* '''melnak'''....''acre'' ::* '''melnakyan'''....''acreage'' :* '''melned'''....''flat, meadow, plain'' :* '''melnig'''....''plot'' :* '''melpaslun'''....''seism, temblor'' ::* '''melpaslundraf'''....''seismograph'' ::* '''melpasluntun'''....''seismology'' ::* '''melpasluntut'''....''seismologist'' :* '''meltun'''....''agronomy, soil mechanics, soil science'' :* '''meluk'''....''ditch, dugout, hole in the ground, pit'' :* '''melukar'''....''hoe, spade'' :* '''melukarer'''....''to hoe, spade'' :* '''melukben'''....''burial'' ::* '''melukben dem'''....''burial ground'' ::* '''melukben fyaxel'''....''burial rite'' ::* '''melukben memgon'''....''burial plot'' ::* '''melukben melyaz'''....''burial mound'' :* '''melukber'''....''bury, inhume'' :* '''melukmeg'''....''headstone, tombstone'' :* '''meluknad'''....''ditch, furrow, groove, trench'' :* '''melukober'''....''dig up, exhume'' :* '''melukxar'''....''slade'' :* '''meluz'''....''natural arch'' :* '''melvyun'''....''soilure'' :* '''melyax'''....''agribusiness'' :* '''melyaz'''....''dirt pile, mound of dirt, soil mound, tomb'' ::* '''melyaznad'''....''ridge'' :* '''melyex'''....''agriculture, farming, husbandry, land work, tilling the land'' ::* '''melyexem'''....''farm'' :::* '''melyexem yuxut'''....''farmhand'' ::* '''melyexut'''....''farmer, pawn, peasant'' ::* '''melyexam'''....''farmhouse'' ::* '''melyexem'''....''farm, farmstead'' ::* '''melyexer'''....''to farm'' :::* '''melyexut'''....''farmer'' ::* '''melyexar'''....''hand plow'' ::* '''melyexdoum'''....''hacienda, manor, plantation, ranch'' :::* '''melyexdoumeb'''....''majordomo'' :::* '''melyexdoumxer'''....''to ranch'' :::* '''melyexdoumxut'''....''rancher'' :* '''melyexir'''....''plough, ploughshare, plow, plowshare, tiller'' ::* '''melyexirer'''....''plow, till'' ::* '''melyexirwan'''....''tilth'' ::* '''melyexiryafwa'''....''tillable'' :* '''melyextun'''....''agricultural science'' :* '''melyextut'''....''agricultural scientist'' :* '''melyig'''....''silica'' :* '''melyij'''....''dugout, hole in the ground, pit'' ::* '''melyijbar'''....''shovel'' ::* '''melyijbarer'''....''to shovel'' :* '''melyonbyex'''....''cleft, crevasse, ground fissure'' :* '''melyonxarer'''....''to harrow'' :* '''melyoz'''....''dugout, hole, pit, trench, hollow'' ::* '''melyoznad'''....''trench, furrow, ditch, ravine'' :* '''melyup'''....''landing approach'' :* '''melyuxrin'''....''feudalism'' ::* '''melyuxrina'''....''feudalist, feudalistic'' ::* '''melyuxrueb'''....''feudal lord'' ::* '''melyuxruen'''....''enserfage'' ::* '''melyuxruer'''....''enserf'' ::* '''melyuxrut'''....''helot, peasant, serf, villein'' ::* '''melyuxrutan'''....''helotage, peasantry, serfage, serfdom, villeinage'' :* '''melza'''....''brown, earthen brown, khaki, olive drab, brown, khaki'' ::* '''amarmelzaxer'''....''suntan'' ::* '''melza-eymolza'''....''taupe'' ::* '''melzaxer'''....''to brown, to toast'' :::* '''melzaxar'''....''browner, toaster'' :::* '''melzaxwa'''....''toasted'' ::::* '''melzaxwa povel'''....''toast'' ::* '''melzaxun'''....''blight'' ::* '''melzayna'''....''bright brown'' ::* '''melzayt'''....''brunette'' ::* '''melzsakyel'''....''caramel'' :::* '''melzsakyelxer'''....''to caramelize'' ::* '''melzoyna'''....''dark brown'' ::* '''melzyena'''....''browish, brownish'' ::* '''mifeb-melza'''....''brown, maroon'' :::* '''mifeb-melzyena'''....''maroonish'' ::* '''tayomelza'''....''brown-skinned'' ::* '''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' ::* '''yoyeb-melza'''....''peanut brown'' ::* '''yufeb-melza'''....''hazel'' ::* '''melyaz'''....''mound'' :::* '''puix melyaz'''....''baseball mound'' :::* '''malyaznad'''....''ridge'' :::* '''mimmelyaz'''....''cape'' ::* '''melyez'''....''plain, flat'' :* '''melzyeg'''....''crater, ditch, hole in the ground, hollow, pit'' ::* '''melzyegar'''....''hoe, mattock, pick, shovel, spade'' ::* '''melzyegaren'''....''hoeing, shoveling, spading'' ::* '''melzyegarer'''....''hoe, shovel, spade'' ::* '''melzyegarik'''....''shovelful'' ::* '''melzyegarut'''....''pikeman'' ::* '''melzyegarwa'''....''hoed, shoveled, spaded'' ::* '''melzyegen'''....''ditch-digging, excavation'' ::* '''melzyeger'''....''excavate, shovel'' ::* '''melzyegesar'''....''dibble'' ::* '''melzyegur'''....''earthmover, excavator'' ::* '''melzyeguren'''....''earthmoving, excavation'' ::* '''melzyegurer'''....''excavate'' ::* '''melzyegxut'''....''ditch-digger, excavator'' ::* '''melzyegxwa'''....''excavated'' ::* '''melzyegxen'''....''digging'' ::* '''melzyegxer'''....''dig'' ::* '''melzyegxut'''....''digger'' :* '''melzyun'''....''clod of earth, clump, mud ball'' :* '''mepyonmel'''....''island in the road'' :* '''milbelea mel'''....''aquifer'' :* '''mimol melzyeg'''....''salt mine, salt pit'' :* '''mimzamelyaz'''....''bluff, headland, promontory'' :* '''nyufeb-melza'''....''walnut brown'' :* '''oaxlea magyazmel'''....''inactive volcano'' :* '''odovyaba melzyeg'''....''chuckhole'' :* '''ofobyexwa mel'''....''fallow'' :* '''omelbexut'''....''lackland'' :* '''omelfyixuluwa'''....''unfertilized'' :* '''omelyexwa vob'''....''wilding'' :* '''omelyexwa vos'''....''wildflower'' :* '''omelyexwa'''....''uncultivated, wild, wilding'' :* '''omelzat'''....''non-brown person'' :* '''Omera Uyanmel'''....''Southern Europe'' :* '''opyexyea melmufyan'''....''defensive palisade, defensive stockade'' :* '''Oyanmel'''....''South America'' ::* '''Oyanmela Esod'''....''Latin American Spanish'' ::* '''Oyanmela melyexut'''....''campesino'' ::* '''Oyanmela'''....''South American'' ::* '''Oyanmelat'''....''South American'' :* '''oyb ha mel'''....''below the ground'' :* '''oybmel'''....''subsoil, underground'' ::* '''oybmela'''....''subterranean, underground'' ::* '''oybmelben'''....''putting underground'' ::* '''oybmelber'''....''to put underground'' ::* '''oybmelbwa'''....''placed underground'' :* '''oybmima magyazmel'''....''undersea volcano'' :* '''oybyanmel'''....''subcontinent'' ::* '''oybyanmela'''....''subcontinental'' ::* '''oybyommela magyazmel'''....''subglacial volcano'' :* '''puxrunyan bi mel'''....''flak'' :* '''pyuxmeluk'''....''crater'' :* '''semmel'''....''mesa'' :* '''sexmel'''....''cob'' :* '''tabmeluk'''....''tomb'' ::* '''tabmeluk meg'''....''gravestone, headstone, tomb stone, tombstone'' ::* '''tabmelukem'''....''graveyard, saree'' :* '''tabmelzyeg'''....''tomb'' ::* '''tabmelzyeg meg'''....''gravestone, headstone, tomb stone, tombstone'' ::* '''tabmelzyegem'''....''graveyard'' :* '''toodmeltun'''....''ethnogeography'' ::* '''toodmeltuna'''....''ethnogeographic'' ::* '''toodmeltut'''....''ethnogeographer'' :* '''tujea magyazmel'''....''dormant volcano'' :* '''ukmel'''....''desert'' ::* '''ukmeldim'''....''oasis'' ::* '''ukmelyena'''....''desert-like'' :* '''uktabmelzyeg'''....''cenotaph'' :* '''Umera Uyanmel'''....''Western Europe'' ::* '''Umera Uyanmela'''....''Western European'' :* '''ummel'''....''dry land'' :* '''Uyanmel-'''....''Euro-'' ::* '''Uyanmel'''....''Europe'' ::* '''Uyanmela Anx'''....''European Union, EU'' ::* '''Uyanmela Esod'''....''Castillian Spanish, European Spanish'' ::* '''Uyanmela'''....''European'' ::* '''Uyanmelat'''....''European'' ::* '''Uyanmela-Usoma'''....''Euro-American'' ::* '''Uyanmelaxen'''....''Europeanization'' ::* '''Uyanmelaxer'''....''Europeanize'' ::* '''Uyanmelaxwa'''....''Europeanized'' ::* '''UIyanmel'''....''Eurasia'' ::* '''UIyanmela'''....''Eurasian'' ::* '''UIyanmelat'''....''Eurasian'' ::* '''Uyanmelnem'''....''Eurozone'' ::* '''Uyanmelxen'''....''Europeanization'' ::* '''Uyanmelxer'''....''Europeanize'' ::* '''Uyanmelxwa'''....''Europeanized'' :* '''Uyanmelzena'''....''Eurocentric'' :* '''vabmel'''....''sward'' :* '''vobmel'''....''cultivatable soil, glebe'' :* '''vosmelyex'''....''floriculture'' :* '''vusanmel'''....''gulch'' :* '''xahmat melyexut'''....''chess pawn'' :* '''yabmel'''....''highland'' :* '''yaga zyomelnad'''....''hogback'' :* '''yagmeluk'''....''ditch, furrow, trench'' ::* '''yagmeluk dopeken'''....''trench warfare'' ::* '''yagmelukxen'''....''ditch-digging'' ::* '''yagmelukxut'''....''ditch-digger'' :* '''yanmel'''....''continent'' ::* '''yanmela'''....''continental'' ::* '''yanmelay'''....''continentally'' :* '''yebu mel'''....''aground'' :* '''yebmelben'''....''entombment'' ::* '''yebmelber'''....''entomb'' ::* '''yebmelbwa'''....''entombed'' :* '''yommel'''....''glacier'' ::* '''yommela'''....''glacial'' ::* '''yommelaber'''....''glaciate'' ::* '''yommelzyeg'''....''dust well'' :* '''yonmel'''....''island'' ::* '''yonmela'''....''insular, island'' ::* '''yonmelan'''....''insularity'' ::* '''yonmelat'''....''islander'' ::* '''yonmelog'''....''cay, holm, holme, islet'' ::* '''yonmelyan'''....''archipelago'' :* '''yopyosa magmemyazyeg'''....''caldera'' :* '''Yoyanmel'''....''Oceania'' ::* '''Yoyanmela'''....''Oceanian'' ::* '''Yoyanmelat'''....''inhabitant of Oceania, Oceanian'' :* '''yuvrat melyexem'''....''slave plantation'' :* '''zaomelzyeg'''....''soil stack'' :* '''zeyyanmela'''....''transcontinental'' :* '''zobixwa melzyegar'''....''backhoe'' :* '''zyoyobmel'''....''valley, dale'' :* '''zyupgrin melyexur'''....''rototiller'' : Here are some words derived from '''meel''' (''terrain'') :* '''tammeel'''....''grounds, property'' : Here are some words derived from '''meil''' (''mud''): :* '''meilmef'''....''adobe, mudbrick'' :* '''syobmeil'''....''sediment'' ::* '''syobmeila'''....''sedimentary'' ::* '''syobmeilser'''....''to sediment, to settle'' ==== MIL -IL- Words ==== : The morpheme '''mil''' means ''water''. Three subordinal words are: ::* '''mial'''....''steam, vapor, hygro-'' ::* '''miel'''....''mud'' ::* '''miil'''....''dew'' :From this is derived the stub suffix '''-il''', which forms words that are liquids, such as: ::* '''bil'''....''milk'' ::* '''biil'''....''juice'' ::* '''zil'''....''acid'' ::* '''fil'''....''alcohol'' ::* '''ail'''....''fluid, liquid'' ::* '''til'''....''drink'' : Here is a list of words that contain the words '''mil''', '''miel''', or '''miil''': :*'''abmilier'''....''take a shower'' :*'''abmilpuxer'''....''to douse'' :*'''ammilbuker'''....''to scald'' :*'''ammilyeb'''....''hot-water bottle'' :*'''calkxwa mil'''....''carbonated water'' :*'''milnyif'''....''garden hose'' :*'''eynmilper'''....''to wade'' :*'''fyamil'''....''holy water'' :*'''ilbiov'''....''sponge'' :*'''ilpea mil'''....''running water'' :*'''ilyebxwa mil'''....''bottled water'' :*'''imil'''....''liquid, wet stuff'' :*'''imilxer'''....''to liquefy, liquidize'' :*'''jebmamil'''....''monsoon'' :*'''jomilyaoz'''....''wake'' :*'''jwefa mil'''....''freshwater'' :*'''kyumamiler'''....''to drizzle'' :*'''lomiluer'''....''to dehydrate'' :*'''lomilxer'''....''to exsiccate'' :*'''milbuxrar'''....''hydrant'' :*'''milzyabar'''....''fire hose'' :*'''malzyuynogea mil'''....''sparkling water'' :*'''mamil'''....''rain, precipitation'' :*'''mamilaz'''....''hard rain'' :*'''mamilazig'''....''gullywasher'' :*'''mamiler'''....''to rain'' :*'''mamilika jeb'''....''rainy season'' :*'''mamiljeb'''....''monsoon'' :*'''mamilmaf'''....''rain cloud'' :*'''mamilmif'''....''mizzle'' :*'''mamilmufyeg'''....''gutter'' :*'''mamilnagar'''....''pluviometer, rain gauge'' :*'''mamilovar'''....''umbrella'' :*'''mamiloz'''....''light shower, soft rain, sprinkle'' :*'''mamilozer'''....''to sprinkle'' :*'''mamilpyos'''....''precipitation, rainfall'' :*'''mamiltaf'''....''raincoat'' :*'''mamiltav'''....''poncho'' :*'''mamiltef'''....''rain hat'' :*'''mamiltif'''....''rain jacket, raincoat'' :*'''mamiltof'''....''rain gear, rain wear'' :*'''mamiluka'''....''rain-free'' :*'''mamiluz'''....''rainbow'' :*'''mamiluzlun'''....''rainstorm'' :*'''mamilvaka'''....''rainproof, raintight'' :*'''mamilzyun'''....''raindrop'' :*'''memilber'''....''to irrigate'' :*'''mil bi ilyujar'''....''tap water'' :*'''mil buxrar'''....''water pump'' :*'''mil faosyeb'''....''water barrel'' :*'''mil syeb'''....''water bucket, water pail'' :*'''mil mugyebag'''....''water cistern, water tank'' :*'''mil yabtom'''....''water tower'' :*'''mila suzyanam'''....''aquatic museum'' :*'''milama'''....''hydrothermal'' :*'''milamsom'''....''water-heater'' :*'''milamxus'''....''potboiler'' :*'''milapyox'''....''shower'' :*'''milapyoxam'''....''shower house'' :*'''milapyoxar'''....''shower head'' :*'''milapyoxer'''....''to shower'' :*'''milatub'''....''hydrofoil'' :*'''milaypar'''....''flotation device'' :*'''milayper'''....''to float'' :*'''milbal'''....''water pressure'' :*'''milbaluar'''....''snorkel'' :*'''milbektun'''....''hydropathy'' :*'''milbelwa'''....''waterborne'' :*'''milber'''....''to ater'' :*'''milbyek'''....''hydrotherapy'' :*'''milbyekam'''....''wellness spa'' :*'''milbyem'''....''washtub'' :*'''mildrurun'''....''aquatone'' :*'''milfob'''....''aquatic plant, hydrophyte'' :*'''milfobyex'''....''hydroponics'' :*'''milibiar'''....''hopper'' :*'''milibium'''....''sump'' :*'''milifa'''....''hydrophilic'' :*'''milij'''....''well-spring, wellspring'' :*'''milika'''....''aqueous, hydrous, watery'' :*'''milikber'''....''to swamp'' :*'''milikxer'''....''to waterlog'' :*'''milim'''....''water closet'' :*'''miluiar'''....''waterspout'' :*'''milizbar'''....''aqueduct'' :*'''milkexmuf'''....''dowsing rod'' :*'''milkipar'''....''water ski'' :*'''milkiparer'''....''to water ski'' :*'''milkyinxer'''....''to waterlog'' :*'''milkyupar'''....''float, water flotation device'' :*'''milkyuper'''....''to float on water'' :*'''milmak'''....''hydroelectricity'' :*'''milmaka mipovmas'''....''hydroelectric dam'' :*'''milmaka saxam'''....''hydroelectric plant'' :*'''milmaka yafon'''....''hydroelectric power'' :*'''milmas'''....''levee'' :*'''milmays'''....''weir'' :*'''milmemtun'''....''hydrogeology'' :*'''milmep'''....''waterway'' :*'''milmyekiram'''....''watermill'' :*'''milmir'''....''hydrosphere'' :*'''milpyos'''....''cascade, falls, waterfall'' :*'''milmoyeb'''....''water well'' :*'''milmufyeg'''....''hooka, hookah, narghile, water pipe'' :*'''milmufyega yaobar'''....''hydraulic lift'' :*'''milmufyegut'''....''plumber'' :*'''milmugyeb'''....''canteen'' :*'''milmugyebag'''....''water cistern, water tank'' :*'''milmus'''....''sluice'' :*'''milmyekber'''....''to sprinkle'' :*'''milnad'''....''waterline'' :*'''milnagar'''....''hydrometer, hydrostat'' :*'''milnagdref'''....''hydrograph'' :*'''milnedper'''....''to hydroplane'' :*'''milneg'''....''body of water'' :*'''milneyeb'''....''reservoir'' :*'''milnov grun'''....''towel hook'' :*'''milnov sammoys'''....''towel rack'' :*'''milnov'''....''towel'' :*'''milnoves'''....''towelette'' :*'''milnoyv'''....''hand towel'' :*'''milnyeb'''....''bucket, pail, water pail'' :*'''milnyem'''....''aquarium, fish tank'' :*'''milnyif'''....''hose'' :*'''milnyifuwa'''....''hosed'' :*'''milov'''....''tea towel'' :*'''milovmas'''....''causeway, dam, dyke, levee'' :*'''milovmasber'''....''to dam'' :*'''milovog'''....''hand cloth'' :*'''miloybar'''....''sinker'' :*'''miloyber'''....''to dunk, sink, submerge, submerse'' :*'''miloybixwer'''....''to drown, get dragged underwater'' :*'''miloymxer'''....''to slake'' :*'''miloyper'''....''to go underwater, sink'' :*'''milpastun'''....''hydrokinetics'' :*'''milpat'''....''waterfowl'' :*'''milpmem'''....''watershed'' :*'''milpuslen faof'''....''diving board'' :*'''milpusler'''....''to dive'' :*'''milpuslut'''....''diver, frogman'' :*'''milpux'''....''water jet'' :*'''milpyaon'''....''water wave'' :*'''milpyosag'''....''cataract'' :*'''milpyoxler'''....''plunge'' :*'''milseux'''....''swash'' :*'''milsirtyen'''....''hydromechanics'' :*'''milsiyn'''....''watermark'' :*'''milsom'''....''sink'' :*'''milsum'''....''waterbed'' :*'''milsyeb'''....''bucket, cistern, pail'' :*'''milsyebag'''....''reservoir, tank'' :*'''miltim'''....''restroom, washroom'' :*'''miltoyp'''....''nymph'' :*'''miltum'''....''w.c.'' :*'''miltun'''....''hydrology'' :*'''miltyez'''....''hydromancy'' :*'''miluar'''....''irrigator'' :*'''miluen syeb'''....''watering can'' :*'''miluer'''....''to hydrate, irrigate, water'' :*'''milyuf'''....''hydrophobia'' :*'''miltumdref'''....''toilet paper'' :*'''miluka'''....''anhydrous'' :*'''milukxar'''....''drain'' :*'''milukxer'''....''to drain'' :*'''milukxus'''....''culvert'' :*'''milvaka kyuabtaf'''....''cagoule'' :*'''milvaka'''....''waterproof'' :*'''milvolz siz'''....''aquarelle'' :*'''milvolz tayefar'''....''watercolor brush'' :*'''milvolz'''....''watercolor'' :*'''milvyuxen'''....''water pollution'' :*'''milyafon'''....''water power'' :*'''milyafon'''....''waterpower'' :*'''milyaoper'''....''to popple, bob'' :*'''milyaz'''....''surf, surge, swell'' :*'''milyazog'''....''ripple'' :*'''milyazogen'''....''rippling'' :*'''milyazoger'''....''ripple'' :*'''milyeber'''....''to bathe'' :*'''milyebler'''....''to soak'' :*'''milyebuxer'''....''to dunk'' :*'''milyebuxwa'''....''dunked'' :*'''milyem'''....''basin'' :*'''milyep oybmasoyf'''....''bath mat, bathmat'' :*'''milyep taf'''....''bath robe'' :*'''milyep tef'''....''bathing cap'' :*'''milyep tiuf'''....''bathing suit'' :*'''milyep'''....''bath, dip'' :*'''milyepam'''....''bathhouse'' :*'''milyeper'''....''to bathe, take a bath'' :*'''milyepim milsom'''....''bathroom sink'' :*'''milyepim'''....''bathroom'' :*'''milyepsom'''....''bath tub, bathtub, tub'' :*'''milyepuxer'''....''plunge'' :*'''milyepyem'''....''bath tub'' :*'''milyex'''....''aquiculture'' :*'''milsirtyen'''....''water engineering'' :*'''milyobyogem'''....''shoal'' :*'''milyom'''....''slush'' :*'''milyongonsen'''....''hydrolysis'' :*'''milyufbok'''....''rabies, hydrophobia'' :*'''milyufut'''....''hydrophobe'' :*'''milyuijar'''....''faucet, spigot'' :*'''milyuzper'''....''to wallow'' :*'''milzam'''....''waterfront'' :*'''milzyagosber'''....''to sprinkle'' :*'''milzyeg'''....''waterhole, watering hole'' :*'''milzyegem'''....''oasis'' :*'''milzyep teabar'''....''swimming goggles'' :*'''milzyep tiuf'''....''swim trunks, swimsuit'' :*'''milzyep tof'''....''swimwear'' :*'''milzyepam'''....''natatorium'' :*'''milzyeper'''....''swim'' :*'''milzyepyem'''....''swimming pool'' :*'''milzyuk'''....''waterwheel'' :*'''milzyun'''....''drop of water'' :*'''milzyunes'''....''water bead'' :*'''milzyunser'''....''to drip'' :*'''milzyunuer'''....''to instill'' :*'''mimila'''....''muriatic'' :*'''mimkumil'''....''swash'' :*'''mimmil'''....''seawater'' :*'''mimolmil'''....''saltwater'' :*'''mimuipmil'''....''tidewater'' :*'''mipa mil'''....''river water'' :*'''mipij mil'''....''spring water'' :*'''mukmil'''....''mineral water'' :*'''mumil'''....''groundwater'' :*'''mumilzyeg'''....''well'' :*'''niamil'''....''soda water'' :*'''ovyoymil'''....''antifreeze'' :*'''oybmila'''....''underwater'' :*'''oybmilar'''....''scuba'' :*'''oybmilarer'''....''to scuba dive'' :*'''oybmiltieb'''....''aqualung'' :*'''oybzobilmil'''....''undertow'' :*'''pit milsyeb'''....''aquarium, fish tank, fishbowl'' :*'''tyebmilboka'''....''hydrocephalic'' :*'''tiliyafwa mil'''....''drinking water, potable water'' :*'''tolar milnov'''....''dishtowel'' :*'''tuyab milnov'''....''hand towel, napkin'' :*'''tuyamilov'''....''hand cloth'' :*'''tuyub milyeb'''....''finger bowl'' :*'''ukxer ha milsom'''....''flush the toilet'' :*'''vak milkyupar'''....''life buoy, life raft'' :*'''yimmil'''....''floodwater, flood water'' :*'''miil'''....''dew'' :*'''miilnod'''....''dew point'' :* '''mial meup'''....''contrail'' :* '''mial-'''....''hygro-'' :* '''mial'''....''steam, vapor'' :* '''mialama'''....''hygrothermal'' :* '''mialbar'''....''atomizer, vaporizer'' :* '''mialber'''....''to steam'' :* '''mialbim'''....''sauna, steam room'' :* '''mialbok'''....''typhoid fever'' :* '''mialbur'''....''steamer'' :* '''mialdref'''....''hygrograph'' :* '''mialifa'''....''hygrophilous'' :* '''mialika'''....''steamy, vaporous'' :* '''mialmimpar'''....''steamboat'' :* '''mialmimpur'''....''steamer, steamship'' :* '''mialmufyegut'''....''steamfitter'' :* '''mialnagara'''....''hygrometric'' :* '''mialoker'''....''transpire'' :* '''mialser'''....''evaporate'' :* '''mialteaxar'''....''hygroscope'' :* '''mialuar'''....''sprayer'' :* '''mialuer'''....''to spray'' :* '''mialxer'''....''to evaporate, vaporize'' :* '''mialyena'''....''vapid'' :* '''mialyepen'''....''steam bath'' :* '''mialzyixar'''....''steamroller'' :* '''tayeb mialuar'''....''hair spray'' :* '''miil'''....''dew'' :* '''miilber'''....''to bedew'' :* '''miilika'''....''dewy'' :* '''miilzyunog'''....''dew drop'' :* '''yoymiil'''....''hoarfrost'' : Some verbs formed with the stub '''il''': :* '''abiluer'''....''to affuse, to pour onto'' :* '''aybilper'''....''to overflow'' :* '''aybiluer'''....''to suffuse, to drench, to pour over'' :* '''biiluer'''....''to drip with juice'' :* '''biluer'''....''to milk, to nurse'' :* '''filuer'''....''to ply with alcohol'' :* '''grailuer'''....''to lavish, to gush'' :* '''ikiluer'''....''to steep, to pour to the brim'' :* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' :* '''kuiluer'''....''to slop'' :* '''kyuiluer'''....''to drizzle'' :* '''lobiluer'''....''to wean'' :* '''maegiluer'''....''to fuel'' :* '''mamiluer'''....''to rain on'' :* '''oyebiluer'''....''to exude, to excrete'' :* '''talobiluer'''....''to extravasate'' :* '''tayodriluer'''....''to tattoo'' :* '''teabiliuer'''....''to bring to tears'' :* '''teubiluer'''....''to drool'' :* '''tiibiluer'''....''to bleed'' :* '''tilaybiluer'''....''to suckle, breast-feed'' :* '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' :* '''tiyebiluer'''....''to inseminate'' :* '''ugiluer'''....''to drizzle, to pour slowly'' :* '''uigiluer'''....''to trickle, to dribble'' :* '''yebiluer'''....''to instill, to infuse'' :* '''yiviluer'''....''to effuse'' :* '''yoniluer'''....''to distill'' :* '''zyailuer'''....''to splash, to splurge'' :* '''zyeiluer'''....''to perfuse, to soak'' :* '''ailxer'''....''to fluidize'' :* '''ilxer'''....''to liquify, to melt'' :* '''amilxer'''....''to melt, to fuse'' :* '''bilxer'''....''to juice'' :* '''febilxer'''....''to make musty'' :* '''filxer'''....''to ferment'' :* '''fyavyilxer'''....''to ablute'' :* '''ibilxer'''....''to melt away, to deliquese'' :* '''ilvyilxer'''....''to elute, to rinse'' :* '''maegilxer'''....''to gasify'' :* '''makamilxer'''....''to electrofuse'' :* '''mekilxer'''....''to mash'' :* '''mugilxer'''....''to cast, to smelt'' :* '''mugyanilxer'''....''to solder'' :* '''novyilxer'''....''to launder'' :* '''obvyilxer'''....''to wash off, to rinse'' :* '''oyebvyilxer'''....''to wash out, to elutriate'' :* '''povilxer'''....''to brew'' :* '''tiibilxer'''....''to bloody'' :* '''tyebvilxer'''....''to brainwash'' :* '''umfilsilxer'''....''to esterify'' :* '''umvyilxer'''....''to dry-clean'' :* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' :* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' :* '''abilper'''....''to influence'' :* '''abilpuxer'''....''to douse'' :* '''aybilper'''....''to overflow'' :* '''azilzyeper'''....''to swash'' :* '''azilper'''....''to billow'' :* '''ebilxer'''....''to interfuse'' :* '''grailper'''....''to flood'' :* '''gyoilper'''....''to trickle'' :* '''kyeilper'''....''to ramble'' :* '''igilper'''....''to gush'' :* '''igilpseuxer'''....''to sough'' :* '''ikilper'''....''to brim, to profuse'' :* '''ilposer'''....''to stagnate'' :* '''ilpuxer'''....''to spew, to spout'' :* '''ilpuxeger'''....''to sputter, to splutter'' :* '''ilpxer'''....''to shed'' :* '''ilpyaser'''....''to gush, to jet'' :* '''ilpyexer'''....''to spatter, to splotch'' :* '''ilpyoser'''....''to cascade, to drip'' :* '''ilpyoxer'''....''to spill'' :* '''ilpyoyxer'''....''to dip'' :* '''ilpyuxer'''....''to spurt, to squirt'' :* '''obilper'''....''to run off'' :* '''oybilper'''....''to underflow'' :* '''oyebilper'''....''to drain, to exude'' :* '''oyebteubilpuxer'''....''to spit out'' :* '''oyvilper'''....''to contraflow'' :* '''teubilpuxer'''....''to spit, to expectorate'' :* '''tiibilper'''....''to bleed'' :* '''tiibilpxer'''....''to bloodlet'' :* '''ugilper'''....''to trickle'' :* '''uzrilper'''....''to flow torrentially'' :* '''yabilper'''....''to flow up, to stream upward'' :* '''yanilper'''....''to slur, to run together'' :* '''yebilper'''....''to stream in'' :* '''yobgyoilper'''....''to trickle down'' :* '''yobilper'''....''to cascade, to trickle down'' :* '''yogilpuxer'''....''to spurt'' :* '''yuzilper'''....''to circulate'' :* '''zaoilper'''....''to fluctuate'' :* '''zoy-ilper'''....''to ebb, to flow back, to reflux'' :* '''zyeilper'''....''to seep, to soak, to flow through'' :* '''zyoilper'''....''to squirt, to spurt'' :* '''zyuilper'''....''to eddy, to swirl'' ==== MUL, -UL, -LK Words ==== : The base word '''mul''' means ''matter, stuff, material, substance''. The stub suffix '''-ul''' is used to form words which are substances. : The stub suffix '''-lk''' is used to form chemical names. The names of chemical elements are form from the Mirad spellings of the lower-cased letters in the chemical element chart. The chemical element ''bromine'' is represented on chemical element charts as ''Br''. When the lower-case equivalent of this is pronounced '''ba-ro''' in Mirad. The ending '''-lk''' is suffixed to any element, thus producing in this case: '''barolk'''. : Note the following Mirad equivalents for derivative chemical endings in English: :* '''-lkiyd'''....''-ide'' (ex. '''baro<u>lkiyd</u>'''....''brom<u>ide</u>'' :* '''-lkiyt'''....''-ite'' :* '''-lkayd'''....''-ade'' :* '''-lkayt'''....''-ate'' :* '''-lkayn'''....''-ane'' : Here is a list of words containing these roots and endings: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :* '''mul'''....''material, matter, stuff, substance'' :* '''mules'''....''subatomic particle'' :* '''mulesyan'''....''compound'' :* '''mulgaber'''....''spike'' :* '''muliblar'''....''hopper'' :* '''mulikan'''....''mass'' :* '''mulikxer'''....''stuff'' :* '''mulin'''....''materialism'' :* '''mulkyaxen'''....''transubstantiation'' :* '''mulog'''....''particle'' :* '''mulogxer'''....''crumble, crush, pulverize'' :* '''mulon'''....''ion'' :* '''mulonxer'''....''ionize'' :* '''mulsana'''....''hylomorphic'' :* '''mulsaninut'''....''hylomorphist'' :* '''mulser'''....''materialize'' :* '''multejin'''....''hylozoism'' :* '''multotin'''....''hylotheism'' :* '''muluka'''....''jejune'' :* '''mulun'''....''particle, speck'' :* '''muluna'''....''molar, particulate'' :* '''mulunigxur'''....''cyclotron, particle accelerator'' :* '''mulunkunid'''....''block of matter'' :* '''mulvyixam'''....''refinery'' :* '''mulvyixer'''....''refine'' :* '''mulvyixwa'''....''refined'' :* '''mulvyuxer'''....''pollute'' :* '''mulyan'''....''clod, clot, clump, cluster'' :* '''mulyana'''....''molar'' :* '''mulyanxer'''....''clump together, cluster'' :* '''mulyonxar'''....''colander, filter, filterer, riddle, sieve, sift, strainer'' :* '''mulyonxarer'''....''riddle, filter, sift, strain'' :* '''mulyonxer'''....''filter, filtrate, leach, lixiviate, perk, sift, strain'' :* '''mulyujber'''....''tamp'' :* '''mulzyobar'''....''filter, sieve, sifter, strainer'' :* '''mulzyober'''....''filter, sift, strain'' :* '''mulzyun'''....''lump, mass, wad'' :* '''mulzyunika'''....''lumpy'' :* '''mulzyunxer'''....''wad up'' <hr> :* '''abqomul'''....''top quark'' :* '''abteupimul'''....''enamel'' :* '''aglamakmul'''....''macroion'' :* '''aglazemul'''....''macronucleus'' :* '''alztiibiltummul'''....''hemoglobin'' :* '''ammakmul'''....''thermion'' :* '''amul'''....''element'' :* '''anvamakmul'''....''monocation'' :* '''anvomakmul'''....''monoanion'' :* '''bokmul'''....''bacterium, contaminant, germ, infection, pus'' :* '''bookxea mul'''....''pabulum'' :* '''calkvamakmul'''....''carbocation'' :* '''envamakmul'''....''bication, dication'' :* '''envomakmul'''....''dianion'' :* '''evmul'''....''neutrino'' :* '''eybmul'''....''mix, mixture'' :* '''eynmul'''....''amalgam, blend, melange'' :* '''faomul'''....''xylem'' :* '''febzemul'''....''pap'' :* '''fyeagemul'''....''mithril'' :* '''fyumul'''....''garbage, refuse, rot, rubbish, spoilage, spoils, trash, waste material'' :* '''gabyanmul'''....''admixture'' :* '''glamakmul'''....''polyion, multiion'' :* '''glavamakmul'''....''polycation'' :* '''gwomul'''....''atom'' :* '''invamakmul'''....''trication'' :* '''kaffeymul'''....''caffeine'' :* '''ketonmul'''....''acetone'' :* '''kumul'''....''siding'' :* '''kyeyanmul'''....''farrago'' :* '''lavol volyanmul'''....''potato salad'' :* '''maegilyanmul'''....''petrochemical'' :* '''makmul'''....''ion'' :* '''manmakmul'''....''photoion'' :* '''molza mul'''....''black matter'' :* '''mona mul'''....''dark matter'' :* '''nedmul'''....''surfacing'' :* '''nialkmakmul'''....''sulphion'' :* '''numul'''....''cellulose'' :* '''oglamakmul'''....''microion'' :* '''olkmakmul'''....''oxoion'' :* '''omul'''....''nihil, nil, non-entity, non-matter, nothingness'' :* '''ovmakmul'''....''counterion'' :* '''ovmul'''....''anti-matter, antimatter'' :* '''ovyasmul'''....''abstraction'' :* '''ovyimul'''....''impurity'' :* '''oyvvomul'''....''positron'' :* '''patij zemul'''....''egg yolk'' :* '''peamul'''....''ion'' :* '''pyosmul'''....''fallout'' :* '''qomul'''....''quark'' :* '''sexmul'''....''building material'' :* '''tabummul'''....''cytoplasm'' :* '''tejefmul'''....''protein'' :* '''teupib yigabmul'''....''tooth enamel'' :* '''teupimul'''....''dentin, dentine'' :* '''unvamakmul'''....''tetracation'' :* '''unvomakmul'''....''tetraanion'' :* '''utmakmul'''....''autoion'' :* '''vamakmul'''....''cation'' :* '''vamul'''....''proton'' :* '''vavol yanmul'''....''greens, mixed salad greens'' :* '''vemul'''....''neutron'' :* '''volzyanmul'''....''color blend, color mix'' :* '''vomakmul'''....''anion'' :* '''vomul'''....''electron'' :* '''vyazmul'''....''hornblende'' :* '''vyumul'''....''impurity, contaminant'' :* '''yanbixmul'''....''tannin'' :* '''yanmakmul'''....''coion'' :* '''yanmul'''....''chemical, mix, mixture'' :* '''yigfamul'''....''roughage'' :* '''yigmul'''....''hard substance'' :* '''yobgwomul'''....''nuclide'' :* '''yonmul'''....''solution'' :* '''yonpyexrea mul'''....''explosive material'' :* '''yugmul'''....''mush, pulp, puree, soft matter, soft substance, spongy substance'' :* '''zemul'''....''body matter, core, kernel, nucleus, pit, pith'' :* '''zomul'''....''end matter'' <hr> :* '''abaul'''....''coat, coating'' :* '''abaxrul'''....''swarf'' :* '''abaxul'''....''liniment'' :* '''abmelgorful'''....''mulch'' :* '''abtiyotayubul'''....''adrenalin, epinephrine'' :* '''abyexegwul'''....''batter'' :* '''alza uopetsiynxul'''....''ruddle'' :* '''ambokovul'''....''febrifuge'' :* '''apayetavyul'''....''guano'' :* '''ekpetavyul'''....''road apple'' :* '''atobijtojbul'''....''germicidal, germicide'' :* '''axlul'''....''agent'' :* '''aynmuxul'''....''alembic'' :* '''azul'''....''energy'' :* '''balwul'''....''pesto'' :* '''bekul'''....''drug, medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical, potion'' :* '''bilgyaul'''....''butterfat'' :* '''bilul'''....''casein'' :* '''bokogruntojbul'''....''bactericide, germicide'' :* '''bokul'''....''poison, potion, toxin, venin, venom'' :* '''booxul'''....''tranquilizer'' :* '''byexovxul'''....''antiknock'' :* '''byokobul'''....''paregoric'' :* '''byoktojbul'''....''narcotic, painkiller'' :* '''ebtabifuul'''....''aphrodisiac'' :* '''faobyagbexul'''....''creosote'' :* '''favoful'''....''fluff, foam'' :* '''fayebobul'''....''defoliant'' :* '''fitapxul'''....''conditioner'' :* '''fiteuxul'''....''flavoring'' :* '''ful'''....''chaff'' :* '''futeiskoxul'''....''elixir'' :* '''futeisobul'''....''deodorant, deodorizer'' :* '''fuvabtojbul'''....''weedkiller'' :* '''fyul'''....''slop'' :* '''fyupelttojbul'''....''pesticide'' :* '''fyusul'''....''waste matter'' :* '''fyuul'''....''recrement'' :* '''gapoteupibul'''....''ivory'' :* '''zepovob nofyigxul'''....''cornstarch'' :* '''glatejbekul'''....''multivitamin'' :* '''gratayoxul'''....''allergen'' :* '''gyanoxwul'''....''slurry, spatterdash'' :* '''gyoa tavyul'''....''scutter'' :* '''hyasbyekul'''....''elixir, nostrum'' :* '''ibtelovxul'''....''anticorrosive'' :* '''ifbekul'''....''drug, recreational drug'' :* '''igraxul'''....''accelerant'' :* '''ijbekul'''....''first notion, germ of a notion'' :* '''ilxwul'''....''fondant'' :* '''asompavul'''....''heroin'' :* '''iymxul'''....''moistener'' :* '''jaovbekul'''....''vaccine'' :* '''jwasazul'''....''protoplasm'' :* '''jwoxul'''....''retardant'' :* '''kapot bokul'''....''rat poison'' :* '''kyobexul'''....''adhesive'' :* '''lopaaxul'''....''depressant'' :* '''loyanbalul'''....''decongestant'' :* '''makizbul'''....''electrolyte, electrolytic'' :* '''malzaxul'''....''bleach'' :* '''masazul'''....''daub, gypsum, plaster of Paris, poultice'' :* '''masul'''....''walling'' :* '''mavugxul'''....''flame-retardant'' :* '''megul'''....''scoria'' :* '''melbul'''....''compost'' :* '''melfyixul'''....''fertilizer'' :* '''mimvokojbul'''....''algicide'' :* '''moabikxul'''....''oakum'' :* '''monxul'''....''darkener'' :* '''moyvuul'''....''fumigant'' :* '''mugul'''....''scoria'' :* '''nazmukfyul'''....''gangue'' :* '''nofyigxul'''....''carb'' :* '''okyiabxul'''....''laxative'' :* '''ovbekul'''....''antidote'' :* '''ovbokogrunul'''....''anti-bacterial, antibacterial'' :* '''ovbokul'''....''anti-toxin, antitoxin, galena'' :* '''ovilzaxul'''....''blueing'' :* '''ovmavxenul'''....''cortisone'' :* '''ovolkxul'''....''antioxidant'' :* '''ovolyabul'''....''leaven'' :* '''ovpobokul'''....''antivenin'' :* '''ovtabessaxul'''....''antigen'' :* '''ovuvtipul'''....''antidepressant'' :* '''ovyanglalxul'''....''anticoagulant'' :* '''oybabaul'''....''undercoating'' :* '''oyebalwul'''....''espresso'' :* '''pasyofbokul'''....''paralytic'' :* '''patavyul'''....''birdlime'' :* '''patijmazul'''....''albumen, albumin'' :* '''pelt ovbuxul'''....''insect repellent'' :* '''peltbokul'''....''insecticide'' :* '''piyezul'''....''nacre'' :* '''pobokul'''....''toxin, venom'' :* '''pooxul'''....''sedative'' :* '''puxrawul'''....''shrapnel'' :* '''puysegyul'''....''elastic'' :* '''sazul'''....''plastic'' :* '''sexyanul'''....''construction mortar'' :* '''sul'''....''base, chemical base'' :* '''taibul'''....''marrow'' :* '''tavyul'''....''dung, excrement, excreta, excretion, feces, manure, poop, shit, slop, waste'' :* '''tayebobul'''....''depilatory'' :* '''tayefmanxul'''....''brilliantine'' :* '''tayib bosaxul'''....''sedative'' :* '''tayibbokul'''....''neurotoxin'' :* '''tayobiluul'''....''sudorific'' :* '''teabvixul'''....''eye shadow'' :* '''teabyebgyaxul'''....''mascara'' :* '''tejbekul'''....''vitamin'' :* '''tejogruntojbul'''....''microbicide'' :* '''telefxul'''....''appetizer'' :* '''tepul'''....''fodder'' :* '''teubukxwul'''....''sputum'' :* '''teubvyixul'''....''mouthwash'' :* '''tiebukxen bekul'''....''cough medicine, cough syrup, cough syrup'' :* '''tijbul'''....''sperm'' :* '''tijbultojbus'''....''spermicide'' :* '''tikibul'''....''heparin'' :* '''tikul'''....''sweetbread'' :* '''tikyebul'''....''dung, feces, shit, slop'' :* '''tipuvxul'''....''depressant'' :* '''tofyolzaxul'''....''bluing'' :* '''tojbul'''....''bequest'' :* '''toopaxul'''....''androgen'' :* '''tospanuul'''....''stimulant'' :* '''tosyofxul'''....''anaesthetic, anesthetic, anesthetizing agent, numbing agent'' :* '''tuj bekul'''....''sleep medicine'' :* '''tujbul'''....''anesthetic'' :* '''tujdul'''....''hypnosis'' :* '''tulobul'''....''keratin'' :* '''twiyibul'''....''testosterone'' :* '''ugxul'''....''retardant'' :* '''ukxwul'''....''drainage'' :* '''-ul'''....''stub prefix for substance'' :* '''umvyixul'''....''freebase'' :* '''umxul'''....''desiccant'' :* '''uxul'''....''endocrine, hormone'' :* '''vakyujul'''....''sealant'' :* '''vaybtojbul'''....''herbicide'' :* '''veebuul'''....''fertilizer'' :* '''vixalzul'''....''rouge'' :* '''vixul'''....''cosmetic, make-up, makeup'' :* '''vobvazul'''....''chlorophyll'' :* '''volzyanxuul'''....''tempera'' :* '''voylzul'''....''dyestuff'' :* '''vuteisobul'''....''deodorant'' :* '''vyixul'''....''cleanser, detergent'' :* '''vyizaxul'''....''purger'' :* '''vyobekul'''....''placebo'' :* '''vyosul'''....''crap, tripe'' :* '''vyotepsinxul'''....''hallucinogen'' :* '''vyul'''....''crud, dirt, dreg, dregs, grime, muck, mud, slime, sludge, soil, waste'' :* '''vyunobul'''....''disinfectant, stain-removal'' :* '''xul'''....''stimulus'' :* '''yafonul'''....''fuel'' :* '''yagxul'''....''extender'' :* '''yanul'''....''adhesive, glue, goo, mortar, paste'' :* '''yebtiexul'''....''inhalant'' :* '''yebyafwa bekul'''....''suppository'' :* '''yigfa nedvixul'''....''roughcast'' :* '''yigsaxul'''....''starch'' :* '''yigxul'''....''hardener'' :* '''yigzilovul'''....''antacid'' :* '''yivul'''....''chaff'' :* '''yizkyasul'''....''metabolite'' :* '''yonpyexrul'''....''explosive material'' :* '''yoymovul'''....''antifreeze'' :* '''yuglaxul'''....''tenderizer'' :* '''yugraxul'''....''balm, balsam, demulcent'' :* '''yugtaxul'''....''laxative, relaxant'' :* '''zapuxul'''....''propellant'' :* '''zeysansul'''....''metabolite'' :* '''zoybuxul'''....''repellent'' <hr> :* '''acalk'''....''actinium, Ac'' :* '''agelk'''....''silver, Ag'' :* '''ahelkayn'''....''methane'' :* '''ahelkeyn'''....''acetylene'' :* '''ailkyostix'''....''hydrostatics'' :* '''alahelkayn'''....''undecane'' :* '''alehelkayn'''....''dodecane'' :* '''alilk calkayt'''....''aluminum carbonate'' :* '''alilk'''....''aluminum, Al'' :* '''alilkayeb'''....''aluminum foil'' :* '''aliolkiyd'''....''corundum'' :* '''alkiyn zil'''....''amino acid'' :* '''alkiyn'''....''amino'' :* '''alohelkayn'''....''decane'' :* '''alyuhelkayn'''....''hexadecane'' :* '''amilk'''....''americium, Am'' :* '''anolkiyd'''....''monoxide'' :* '''arolk'''....''argon, Ar'' :* '''asolk'''....''arsenic, As'' :* '''atulk'''....''astatine, At'' :* '''aulk'''....''gold, Au'' :* '''baalk'''....''barium, Ba'' :* '''bael solkayt'''....''beryllium sulfate'' :* '''baelk'''....''beryllium, Be'' :* '''bahelk'''....''bohrium, Bh'' :* '''bailk'''....''bismuth, Bi'' :* '''bainhelkayn'''....''borane'' :* '''bakilk'''....''berkelium, Bk'' :* '''balk infelkiyd'''....''boron trifluoride'' :* '''balk'''....''boron, B'' :* '''barolk'''....''bromine, Br'' :* '''bixfeelk'''....''magnet'' :* '''caalk calkayt'''....''sodium carbonate'' :* '''caalk heolkiyd'''....''calcium hydroxide'' :* '''caalk solkayt'''....''calcium sulfate'' :* '''caalk'''....''calcium, Ca'' :* '''caalkzil'''....''calcimine'' :* '''caanfelipolkis'''....''apatite'' :* '''caanolkiyd'''....''carbon monoxide'' :* '''cacalilkiyd'''....''phosgene'' :* '''cadalk solkiyd'''....''cadmium sulfide'' :* '''cadalk'''....''cadmium, Cd'' :* '''caelk'''....''cerium, Ce'' :* '''caenheolkiyd'''....''formaldehyde'' :* '''caenolkiyd'''....''C2O, carbon dioxide'' :* '''cafelk'''....''californium, Cf'' :* '''caheenolk'''....''carb'' :* '''cahelkayt'''....''carbohydrate, starch'' :* '''cahelkiyd'''....''cyanide'' :* '''cainhelk'''....''methyl'' :* '''cainhelkxwa'''....''methylated'' :* '''cainheohelk'''....''methanol'' :* '''califelicalk'''....''chlorofluorocarbon'' :* '''calilk'''....''chlorine, Cl'' :* '''calilkayt'''....''chlorate'' :* '''calilkis'''....''chlorite'' :* '''calilkiyd'''....''chloride'' :* '''calilksan'''....''chloroform'' :* '''calipolkis'''....''chlorophosphite'' :* '''calk'''....''carbon, C'' :* '''calka zil'''....''carbonic acid'' :* '''calkayt'''....''carbonate'' :* '''calkiyd'''....''carbide'' :* '''calkxwa mil'''....''carbonated water'' :* '''camilk'''....''curium, Cm'' :* '''canilk'''....''copernicium, Cn'' :* '''caolk'''....''cobalt, Co'' :* '''carolk'''....''chrome, chromium, Cr'' :* '''carolkayt'''....''chromate'' :* '''casolk'''....''caesium, cesium, Cs'' :* '''caulk'''....''copper, Cu'' :* '''caulka barolkiyd'''....''cupric bromide'' :* '''caulkis'''....''malachite'' :* '''caunhelk'''....''methane'' :* '''cauzunilk'''....''brass'' :* '''cayinheyunnioelk'''....''acetaminophen'' :* '''cayunheanlinilk'''....''amphetamine'' :* '''dabalk'''....''dubnium, Db'' :* '''dasolk'''....''darmstadtium, Ds'' :* '''dayulk'''....''dysprosium, Dy'' :* '''drarcalk'''....''graphite'' :* '''ehelkayn'''....''ethane'' :* '''ehelkeyn'''....''benzene'' :* '''encarolkayt'''....''dichromate'' :* '''enhelk polkayt'''....''dihydrogan phosphate'' :* '''enheolkayn'''....''oxidane'' :* '''enolkin'''....''dioxin'' :* '''enolkiyd'''....''dioxide, peroxide'' :* '''enpolkis'''....''diphosphite'' :* '''enrotoelkiyd'''....''telluride'' :* '''erolk'''....''erbium, Er'' :* '''esolk'''....''einsteinium, Es'' :* '''eulk'''....''europium, Eu'' :* '''feeensolkis'''....''pyrite'' :* '''feelk'''....''iron, Fe'' :* '''feelkit'''....''ferrite'' :* '''feelkug'''....''wrought iron'' :* '''feelkuyk'''....''hematite'' :* '''feelkyig'''....''steel'' :* '''felilk'''....''flerovium, Fl'' :* '''felilkis'''....''fluorite'' :* '''felilkiyd'''....''fluoride'' :* '''felk'''....''fluorine, F'' :* '''femilk'''....''fermium, Fm'' :* '''ferolk'''....''francium, Fr'' :* '''gacalilka zil'''....''perchloric acid'' :* '''gaolkiyd'''....''dioxide'' :* '''gealk'''....''gallium, Ga'' :* '''gedalk'''....''gadolinium, Gd'' :* '''geelk'''....''germanium, Ge'' :* '''gocalilkiyd'''....''hypochlorite'' :* '''hecalilka zil'''....''hydrochoric acid'' :* '''hecalilka'''....''hydrochloric'' :* '''heelk'''....''helium, He'' :* '''hefelk'''....''hafnium, Hf'' :* '''hegelk'''....''mercury, Hg, quicksilver'' :* '''helk calkayt'''....''hydrogan carbonate'' :* '''helk polkayt'''....''hydrogen phosphate'' :* '''helk solkayt'''....''hydrogen sulfate, bisulfate'' :* '''helk'''....''hydrogen, H'' :* '''helka zil'''....''acetic acid'' :* '''heolk'''....''holmium, Ho'' :* '''heolkiyd'''....''hydroxide'' :* '''hesolk'''....''hassium, Hs'' :* '''hesolka zil'''....''hydrosulfuric acid'' :* '''ihelkayn'''....''butane'' :* '''ilk'''....''iodine, I'' :* '''ilkat'''....''iodate'' :* '''ilkiyn'''....''iodine'' :* '''ilkiyd'''....''iodide'' :* '''incaheyaolk'''....''C3H6O, acetone'' :* '''incayanheolk'''....''acetone'' :* '''inheolk'''....''H2O'' :* '''inilk'''....''indium, In'' :* '''inolk'''....''ozone'' :* '''irolk'''....''iridium, Ir'' :* '''kiilkiyd'''....''potassium iodide'' :* '''kilk barolkiyd'''....''potassium bromide'' :* '''kilk ilkiyd'''....''potassium iodide'' :* '''kilk'''....''potash, potassium, K'' :* '''kirolk'''....''krypton, Kr'' :* '''lialk'''....''lanthanum, La'' :* '''liilk'''....''lithium, Li'' :* '''lirolk'''....''lawrencium, Lr'' :* '''liulk'''....''lutetium, Lu'' :* '''livulk'''....''livermorium, Lv'' :* '''micalk'''....''moscovium, Mc'' :* '''midalk'''....''mendelevium, Md'' :* '''migelk polkayt'''....''magnesium phosphate'' :* '''migelk'''....''magnesium, Mg'' :* '''minilk'''....''manganese, Mn'' :* '''minilkayt'''....''manganate'' :* '''miolk'''....''brine, molybdenum, Mo'' :* '''mitolk'''....''meitnerium, Mt'' :* '''nialk enbalkas alomilkayt'''....''borax'' :* '''nialk calkayt'''....''sodium carbonate'' :* '''nialk encalkayt'''....''sodium bicarbonate'' :* '''nialk felkiyd'''....''sodium fluoride'' :* '''nialk olkiyd'''....''sodium oxide'' :* '''nialk solkayt'''....''sodium sulfate'' :* '''nialk'''....''sodium, Na'' :* '''nialkmakmul'''....''sulphion'' :* '''niamulcalilkiyd'''....''sodium chloride'' :* '''nibalk'''....''niobium, Nb'' :* '''nidalk'''....''neodymium, Nd'' :* '''nielk'''....''neon, Ne'' :* '''nienhelkin'''....''amphetamine'' :* '''nihelk'''....''nihonium, Nh'' :* '''niilk'''....''nickel, Ni'' :* '''niinnhelkiyd'''....''ammonia, ammonium'' :* '''niinnhelkiza'''....''ammoniac, ammoniacal'' :* '''niinolkis'''....''nitrite'' :* '''niinolkiyd'''....''nitride'' :* '''niinolkxen'''....''nitration, nitrification'' :* '''nilk incalilkiyd'''....''nitrogen trichloride'' :* '''nilk inhelkayn'''....''azane'' :* '''nilk'''....''azote, nitrogen, N'' :* '''nilka zil'''....''nitric acid'' :* '''nilkaya zil'''....''nitrous acid'' :* '''niolk'''....''nobelium, No'' :* '''nipolk'''....''neptunium, Np'' :* '''ogemolk'''....''oganesson, Og'' :* '''ohelkayn'''....''alkane'' :* '''olk'''....''oxygen, O'' :* '''olkiyd'''....''oxide'' :* '''osolk'''....''osmium, Os'' :* '''poalk'''....''protactinium, Pa'' :* '''pobalk'''....''lead, Pb'' :* '''podalk'''....''palladium, Pd'' :* '''poinhelkayn'''....''phosphane, phosphine'' :* '''polilk'''....''plutonium, Pl'' :* '''polk'''....''phosphorus, P'' :* '''polka zil'''....''phosphoric acide'' :* '''polkayt'''....''phosphate'' :* '''polkis'''....''phosphite'' :* '''pomilk'''....''promethium, Pm'' :* '''poolk'''....''polonium, Po'' :* '''porolk'''....''praseodymium, Pr'' :* '''potulk'''....''platinum, Pt'' :* '''roalk'''....''radium, Ra'' :* '''robalk'''....''rubidium, Rb'' :* '''roelk'''....''rhenium, Re'' :* '''rofelk'''....''rutherfordium, Rf'' :* '''rogelk'''....''roentgenium, Rg'' :* '''ronilk'''....''radon, Rn'' :* '''roulk'''....''ruthenium, Ru'' :* '''sobalk'''....''antimony, Sb'' :* '''socalk'''....''scandium, Sc'' :* '''soelk'''....''selenium, Sl'' :* '''sogelk'''....''seaborgium, Sg'' :* '''sohelk'''....''thiol'' :* '''soilk'''....''silicon, Si'' :* '''solk calilkiyd'''....''sodium chloride, salt'' :* '''solk'''....''sol, sulfur, S'' :* '''solkayt'''....''sulfate'' :* '''solkil'''....''sulfur water, tonic'' :* '''solkis'''....''sulfite'' :* '''solkiyd'''....''sulfide'' :* '''somilk'''....''samarium, Sm'' :* '''sonilk'''....''tin'' :* '''sonilkayeb'''....''tin foil, tin plate, tin-plate, tinfoil, tin-foil, tinplate'' :* '''sonilkvib'''....''tinsel'' :* '''sorolk'''....''strontium, Sr'' :* '''tualk'''....''tantalum, Ta'' :* '''tubalk'''....''terbium, Tb'' :* '''tucalk'''....''technetium, Tc'' :* '''tuelk'''....''tellurium, Tl'' :* '''tuhelk'''....''thorium, Th'' :* '''tuilk'''....''titanium, Ti'' :* '''tulilk'''....''thallium, Tl'' :* '''tulk'''....''thulium, T'' :* '''tusolk'''....''tennessine, Ts'' :* '''uhelkayn'''....''pentane'' :* '''ulk'''....''uranium, U'' :* '''ulohelkayn'''....''tetracosane'' :* '''uncalilkiyd'''....''tetrachloride'' :* '''vulk'''....''vanadium, V'' :* '''wulk'''....''tungsten, W'' :* '''xuelk'''....''xenon, Xe'' :* '''yahelkayn'''....''hexane'' :* '''yehelkayn'''....''heptane'' :* '''yihelkayn'''....''octane'' :* '''yincaalinhenilk'''....''amphetamine'' :* '''yizyincaalinhenilk'''....''methamphetamine'' :* '''yohelkayn'''....''propane'' :* '''yubalk'''....''ytterbium, Yb'' :* '''yuhelkayn'''....''nonane'' :* '''yulk'''....''yttrium, Y'' :* '''zunilk'''....''zinc, Zn'' :* '''zurolk'''....''zirconium, Zr'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''MOM''' ''Cosmos'' === : The base word '''mom''' (''cosmos'') is the zeroth member of a geo-specific word series: :* '''mom'''....''cosmos, outer space'' :* '''mam'''....''sky'' :* '''mem'''....''land, ground, earth'' :* '''mim'''....''sea'' :* '''mum'''....''underground'' : Principal derivatives of '''mom''': :* '''moma'''....''spatial, cosmic'' :* '''momaf'''....''nebula'' :* '''momeg'''....''meteoroid'' ::* '''momegos'''....''meteorite'' :* '''mompar'''....''spaceship, space vehicle'' :* '''momput'''....''astronaut'' :* '''momtaf'''....''space suit'' :* '''momteaxam'''....''observatory'' :* '''momtun'''....''astronomy'' :* '''momtyop'''....''space walk'' : The vehicles adapted to the above geo-specific spheres are: :* '''mompur'''....''spaceship'' ::* '''momput'''....''astronaut'' :* '''mampur'''....''airplane'' ::* '''mamput'''....''air traveler'' :* '''mempur'''....''automobile, car'' ::* '''memput'''....''motorist'' :* '''mimpur'''....''ship'' ::* '''mimput'''....''mariner'' ::* '''mimpar'''....''boat'' (smaller) :::* '''mimparut'''....''boater, sailor'' :* '''mompur'''....''subway, metro'' ::* '''momput'''....''subway rider'' :* '''pur''' by itself is the usual way to say ''car''. ==== MAM Words ==== : Principal derivatives of '''mam''' (''sky''): :* '''mam'''....''sky, heavens'' ::* '''mama'''....''celestial'' ::* '''mamanig'''....''lightning'' ::* '''mamaybuz'''....''firmament, celestial vault'' ::* '''mamboka'''....''airsick'' ::* '''mamil'''.....''rain'' :::* '''mamiler'''....''to rain'' :::* '''mamilaz'''....''downpour'' :::* '''mamilmaf'''....''raincloud'' :::* '''mamilovar'''....''umbrella'' :::* '''mamiluz'''....''rainbow'' :::* '''mamiluzrun'''....''rainstorm'' :::* '''mamilzyunes'''....''raindrop'' ::* '''mamnaduz'''....''azimuth'' ::* '''mamper'''....''to go by air'' :::* '''mampuiem'''....''airport'' :::* '''mampur'''....''airplane'' ::::* '''mampurexut'''....''aviator, air pilot'' ::::* '''mampurilp'''....''air traffic'' ::::* '''mampurofbirer'''....''to skyjack'' ::::* '''mampurtun'''....''avionics'' ::::* '''mampursurtyen'''....''aeronautical engineering'' ::* '''mampus'''....''skydive'' ::* '''mamteazpasen'''....''aerobatics'' ::* '''mamxeus'''....''thunder'' ::* '''mamyabeler'''....''to airlift'' ::* '''mamyom'''....''hail'' :::* '''mamyomes'''....''sleet'' ::::* '''mamyommeg'''....''hailstone'' ::* '''mamzyuplur'''....''helicopter'' ==== MEM Words ==== : The principal derivatives of '''mem''' (''land, ground, country'') are: : '''mem'''....''land, ground, country'' :: '''meam'''....''region'' :: '''meem'''....''territory'' :: '''meim'''....''countryside, rural area'' :: '''meum'''....''district'' : Other derivatives are: : '''agalmem'''....''mainland'' : '''bey mem'''....''by land'' : '''dobamem'''....''province'' ::* '''dobemem'''....''prefect'' ::* '''dobumem'''....''commune'' ::* '''fabmem'''....''woodland'' ::* '''fobmem'''....''cropland'' ::* '''fyezmem'''....''fairyland'' ::* '''hyumem'''....''foreign country'' :::* '''hyumemat'''....''foreignor'' ::::* '''hyumematyuf'''....''xenophobia'' ::* '''immem'''....''wetland'' ::* '''mempur'''....''automobile, car'' :::* '''mempuram'''....''carport, garage'' ::* '''mempier'''....''to take off'' ::* '''mempuer'''....''to land'' :::* '''mempuiem'''....''runway'' ::* '''memyaz'''....''mountain'' :::* '''magmemyaz'''....''volcano'' :::* '''memyayz'''....''hill'' :::* '''memyazes'''....''knob'' ::* '''memyoz'''....''valley, dale'' ::* '''memyez'''....''plain'' ::* '''membier'''....''to occupy, to take over'' ::* '''memgon'''....''plot, lot'' ::* '''memiber'''....''to import'' ::* '''memiper'''....''to emigrate'' ::* '''memyebeler'''....''to import'' :::* '''memoyebeler'''....''to export'' ::* '''memoyeber'''....''to deport'' ::* '''mempiler'''....''to flee the country'' :::* '''mempilut'''....''refugee'' ::* '''memsem'''....''plateau'' ::* '''memsin'''....''landscape'' :::* '''memsingondrut'''....''topographer'' :::* '''memsinvixut'''....''landscaper'' ::* '''memsiyn'''....''landmark'' ::* '''memuper'''....''to immigrate'' ::* '''memyuva'''....''feudal'' :::* '''memyuvat'''....''serf'' :::* '''memyuvdab'''....''fiefdom'' :::* '''memyuvin'''....''feudalism'' :::* '''memyuvxwat'''....''vassal'' ::* '''memzayaz'''....''promontory, cliff, headland'' :::* '''memzayazyan'''....''palisade'' ==== MIM Words ==== : The word '''mim''' means ''sea'' and has the following principal derivatives: :* '''mim'''....''sea'' ::* '''miam'''....''lake'' ::* '''miem'''....''marsh'' ::* '''mium'''....''pond'' ::* '''miyom'''....''pool'' ::* '''miyam'''....''puddle'' : Other derivatives are: :* '''mimog'''....''lagoon'' :* '''mimag'''....''ocean, high seas'' (also: '''mirmim''') ::* '''Amimag'''....''Arctic Ocean'' ::* '''Emimag'''....''Indian Ocean'' ::* '''Omimag'''....''Southern Ocean'' ::* '''Umimag'''....''Pacific Ocean'' ::* '''Imimag'''....''Atlantic Ocean'' ::* '''zeymimaga'''....''transoceanic'' ::* '''mimagpur'''....''ocean-liner'' :* '''mimanur'''....''lighthouse'' :* '''mimbelur'''....''cargo ship'' :* '''mimbok'''....''nausea'' :* '''mimdeuz'''....''sea chanty'' :* '''mimdom'''....''sea port'' ::* '''mimdoym'''....''marina'' :* '''mimgrun'''....''anchor'' :* '''mimif'''....''mist'' :* '''mimil'''....''seawater'' :* '''mimkum'''....''seashore, coast'' ::* '''mimkumnad'''....''coastline'' ::* '''mimkumpuer'''....''to dock'' ::* '''mimkumuz'''....''bay, gulf'' :::* '''mimkumuzog'''....''cove, bight'' :::* '''mimkumyij'''....''loch, lough'' :::* '''mimkumyoz'''....''inlet'' :* '''mimkunad'''....''seaboard'' :* '''mimmep'''....''sea lane'' :* '''mimmipyij'''....''estuary'' :* '''mimmis'''....''porthole'' :* '''mimnad beaxutyan'''....''coastguard'' :* '''mimneg'''....''sea level'' :* '''mimobem'''....''seabed'' :* '''mimof'''....''sail'' ::* '''mimofaof'''....''sailboard'' ::* '''mimofkyaxer'''....''to gibe'' ::* '''mimofpar'''....''sailboat'' :::* '''mimofper'''....''to sail'' :* '''mimok'''....''shipwreck'' ::* '''mimokyat'''....''castaway'' :* '''mimol'''....''salt'' ::* '''mimolbexler'''....''to cure'' ::* '''mimolmiem'''....''salt marsh'' ::* '''mimolober'''....''to desalinate'' ::* '''mimolteisa'''....''brackish'' ::* '''mimoluer'''....''to salt'' ::* '''mimolyez'''....''salt flat'' :* '''mimpar'''....''boat'' ::* '''mimparam'''....''boathouse'' ::* '''mimpareb'''....''boat captain'' ::* '''mimparog'''....''dingy'' ::* '''mimparpuem'''....''dock, pier'' ::* '''mimparnyades'''....''flotilla'' :* '''mimper'''....''to go by sea, to sail'' ::* '''mimpea'''....''sea-faring'' ::* '''mimpen'''....''seafaring, navigation'' ::* '''mimpiem'''....''quay'' :* '''mimpob'''....''seaweed, alga'' :* '''mimpop'''....''sea voyage'' :* '''mimpot'''....''sea creature, marine animal'' :* '''mimpuer'''....''to dock, to embark'' ::* '''mimpuiem'''....''dock, port, haven, harbor'' :* '''mimpur'''....''ship'' ::* '''mimpuraopem'''....''embarcadero, wharf'' ::* '''mimpurayob'''....''hull'' ::* '''mimpurdet'''....''shipmate'' ::* '''mimpureb'''....''skipper, sea captain'' ::* '''mimpurebim'''....''stateroom'' ::* '''mimpurizber'''....''to steer, to navigate'' :::* '''mimpurizbar'''....''helm, steering wheel'' :::* '''mimpurizbim'''....''bridge'' :::* '''mimpurizbut'''....''steersman, pilot'' ::* '''mimpurkyiz'''....''shipload, cargo'' ::* '''mimpurkyoxwa'''....''berthed'' ::* '''mimpurmasyan'''....''bulkhead'' ::* '''mimpurnyad'''....''convoy'' ::* '''mimpuroper'''....''to disembark'' ::* '''mimpursexut'''....''shipbuilder'' ::* '''mimpurtwobet'''....''ship's boy'' ::* '''mimpurvakem'''....''harbor, haven'' :::* '''mimpurvakemeb'''....''harbormaster'' ::* '''mimpurxeb'''....''boatswain'' ::* '''mimpuryan'''....''fleet'' ::* '''mimpuryuxlut'''....''ship steward'' ::* '''mimpurzam'''....''forecastle'' :* '''mimpur'''....''ship'' ::* '''mampurbelea mimpur'''....''aircraft carrier'' ::* '''abmosobwa mimpur'''....''razee'' ::* '''adopiruwa mimpur'''....''gunship'' ::* '''beax mimpur'''....''guard boat'' ::* '''nunkyis mimpur'''....''cargo vessel'' ::* '''bokam mimpur'''....''hospital ship'' ::* '''bol mimpur'''....''support ship'' ::* '''bixneaf mimpur'''....''trawler'' ::* '''cepeitkexea mimpur'''....''whaling vessel'' ::* '''doopbelea mimpur'''....''troopship'' ::* '''dopek mimpur'''....''battleship'' ::* '''felkayob mimpur'''....''windjammer'' ::* '''mugyebag mimpur'''....''tanker'' ::* '''ifpop mimpur'''....''cruise ship'' ::* '''igapyex mimpur'''....''fast attack craft'' ::* '''inmimyufa mimpur'''....''galleon'' ::* '''maeg mimpur'''....''collier'' ::* '''mag mimpur'''....''fire ship'' ::* '''manar mimpur'''....''lightvessel'' ::* '''mial mipur'''....''steamer'' ::* '''mifubwa mimpur'''....''galley'' ::* '''nyux mimpur'''....''supply ship'' ::* '''mugzyinxwa mimpur'''....''ironclad'' ::* '''nyebab mimpur'''....''container ship'' ::* '''nyemimpur'''....''ark'' ::* '''yagpip dopel mimpur'''....''cruiser'' :* '''mimpyafa'''....''seaworthy'' :* '''mimpyaon'''....''surf, seacrest, breaker'' ::* '''mimpyaonper'''...''to surf'' :* '''mimseuxar'''....''foghorn'' :* '''mimsin'''....''seascape'' :* '''mimteas'''....''seaview'' :* '''mimtel'''....''seafood'' :* '''mimtun'''....''oceanography'' :* '''mimtwob'''....''seaman'' :* '''mimuba'''....''seaward'' :* '''mimuip'''....''tide, ebb and flow'' ::* '''mimuipa dim'''....''tidal basin'' ::* '''mimuipa mip'''....''tidal river, estuary'' ::* '''mimuipa pyaon'''....''tidal wave, tsunami'' ::* '''mimip'''....''ebb tide, ebb'' ::* '''mimup'''....''flood tide, flow'' :* '''mim-ulza'''....''sea-green'' :* '''mimvakdib'''....''coastguard'' :* '''mimvakxeyn'''....''salvage'' :* '''mimyaz'''....''surf'' ::* '''mimyaz faof'''....''surf board'' ::* '''mimyazper'''....''to surf'' :* '''mimyij'''....''cove, inlet, firth'' :* '''mimyobler'''....''to sink'' (tr.) :* '''mimyopler'''....''to sink'' (intr.) :* '''mim-yolza'''....''aquamarine, sea blue'' :* '''mimyom'''....''iceberg'' :* '''mimyufpyot'''....''sea-monster'' :* '''mimyuzpuxwer'''....''to be storm-tossed'' :* '''mimzan'''....''seafront'' :* '''yaba mimi'''....''high seas'' :* '''yebmema mim'''....''inland sea'' :* '''yija mim'''....''open sea'' :* '''yoiba mim'''....''deap sea'' :* '''zyoebmim'''....''strait'' : Some important seas around the world: :* '''Zeimera Mir'''....''Mediterranean Sea'' :* '''Zamer Mir'''....''North Sea'' :* '''Kaspima Mir'''....''Caspian Sea'' :* '''Karibima Mir'''....''Caribbean Sea'' :* '''Zomera Kinama Mir'''....''South China Sea'' :* '''Beringa Mir'''....''Bering Sea'' :* '''Meksikama Mir'''....''Gulf of Mexico'' :* '''Alza Mir'''....''Red Sea'' ==== MUM Words ==== : The word '''mum''' means ''underground''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mum'''....''underground'' ::* '''muma'''....''underground'' (adj.) :::* '''muma dodrur'''....''underground press'' ::* '''mumber'''....''to bury'' :::* '''mumbut'''....''undertaker'' ::* '''mumober'''....''to exhume'' ::* '''mumbesun'''....''fossil'' :::* '''mumbesunxer'''....''to fossilize'' ::* '''mumbesut'''....''troglodyte'' ::* '''mumbiler'''....''to mine'' :::* '''mumbilem'''....''mine'' :::* '''mumbilut'''....''miner'' ::* '''mumil'''....''groundwater'' :::* '''mumilyeg'''....''well'' ::::* '''mumilyegxut'''....''well-digger'' ::* '''mumper'''....''to burrow, to tunnel'' ::* '''mumtim'''....''hypogeum, cellar'' :::* '''mumtimber'''....''to sepulcher'' ::* '''mumtom'''....''underground silo'' ::* '''mumtum'''....''crypt, dungeon'' :::* '''mumtumyan'''....''catacomb'' ::* '''mumyeg'''....''cave'' :::* '''mumyeg kexrut'''....''spelunker, cave explorer'' :::* '''mumyegag'''....''cavern'' :::* '''mumyeges'''....''grotto'' :::* '''mumyegbesut'''....''troglodyte, cave-dweller'' :::* '''mumyegir'''....''tunneling machine'' :::* '''mumyegper'''....''to spelunk'' :::* '''mumyegtun'''....''speleology'' :::* '''mumyegyena'''....''cavernous'' ::* '''mumyoz'''....''cave'' :::* '''mumyoza sizun'''....''cave painting'' :::* '''mumyoztwob'''....''caveman'' :::* '''mumyozyij'''....''cave mouth'' === '''MOP''' ''orbit'' === [[File:E16-Eggemoen-Olum-map.jpg|thumb|]] The base word '''mop''' is the top-level word of a series of geo-specific words: :* '''mop'''....''orbit'' :* '''map'''....''wind'' :* '''mep'''....''road'' :* '''mip'''....''river'' :* '''mup'''....''tunnel'' ==== MOP Words ==== : The root word '''mop''' means ''orbit''. The following words are derived from it: :* '''mop'''....''orbit'' ::* '''mopa'''....''orbital'' :::* '''oybmopa'''....''suborbital'' ::* '''moper'''....''orbit'' :::* '''mopur'''....''orbiter'' ==== MAP Words ==== : The root word '''map''' means ''wind''. This words has some sub-elements based on strength: ::* '''maap'''....''puff'' ::* '''maep'''....''breeze'' ::* '''maip'''....''gust'' ::* '''maup'''....''gale'' ::* '''mayop'''....''typhoon'' : Here are words derived from '''map''': :* '''map'''....''wind'' ::* '''mapa'''....''ventral, eolian'' :::* '''mapuer'''...''blow, ventilate'' ::::* '''mapuar'''....''fan, blower, ventilator'' :::::* '''fimapuwa'''....''well-ventilated'' ::::* '''mapuur'''....''wind tunnel'' ::* '''kumap'''....''sidewind'' ::* '''ammap'''....''sirocco'' ::* '''mekmap'''....''dust devil'' ::* '''mapil'''....''windstorm, storm'' :::* '''mapilag'''....''tempest'' :::* '''mapilmaf'''....''storm cloud'' :::* '''mapuzun'''....''funnel'' :::* '''mapuzlun'''....''tornado'' ::::* '''mekpapuzlun'''....''sandstorm'' :::* '''mapuzrun'''....''cyclone'' :::* '''mapiluzrun'''....''hurricane'' :::* '''mapilvaka'''....''storm-proof'' :::* '''magmapil'''....''firestorm'' :::* '''malyommapil'''....''snowstorm'' :::* '''mamyommapil'''....''hailstorm'' :::* '''mameuxmapil'''....''thunderstorm'' :::* '''malyommapuar'''....''snowblower'' :::* '''mapil''' ::::* '''mekmapil'''....''dust storm'' ::::* '''obemernada mapil'''....''tropical storm'' ::::* '''yommapil'''....''ice storm'' ::* '''mapatub'''....''propeller'' ::* '''mapig'''....''gust'' ::* '''mapaz'''....''gale'' ::* '''mapes'''....''whiff'' ::* '''mapog'''....''puff'' ::* '''mapoz'''....''waft, breeze'' ::* '''mapom'''....''windchill'' ::* '''yokmap'''....''blast'' ::* '''mapbyex'''....''bluster'' ::* '''mapeus'''....''howl'' :::* '''mapeuser'''....''howl'' ::* '''mapiar'''....''air intake'' ::* '''balmaipar'''....''bellows'' ::* '''balmanar'''....''blowlamp'' ::* '''balmays'''....''windscreen'' ::* '''mapnagar'''....''anemeter'' ::* '''mapnyef'''....''windbag'' ::* '''mapkiper'''....''windsurf'' ::* '''mapovar'''....''windshield'' ::* '''maptyoyav'''....''windsock'' ::* '''mapyafon'''....''windpower'' ::* '''mapzyubar'''....''windmill'' ::* '''ib map'''....''leeward'' ::* '''ub map'''....''windward'' ::* '''ov map'''....''upwind'' ::* '''bay map'''....''alee'' ::* '''zamermap'''....''norther'' :::* '''zaimermap'''....''northeaster'' :::* '''zaumermap'''....''northwester'' :::* '''iznadmapil'''....''derecho'' :::* '''zuimermap'''....''trade wind'' :::* '''ziomermap'''....''southeaster'' ::* '''yabixmap'''....''updraft'' ::* '''yobixmap'''....''downdraft'' ::* '''izzamap'''....''headwind'' ::* '''izzomap'''....''tailwind'' ==== MEP Words ==== : The root word '''mep''' means ''road, way''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Types of Roads |- | '''mep'''....''way, road, route''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zeymep'''....''bridge, crossing''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''aybmep'''....''overpass, bridge''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oybmep'''....''underpass''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyemep'''....''tunnel, throughway, thoroughfare ''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''kumep'''....''side path''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zomep'''....''back way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ebmep'''....''aisle''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tyoyamep'''....''sidewalk, walkway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''omep'''....''impasse''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''gunmep'''....''dogleg''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''dinmep'''....''plot''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''pomep'''....''itinerary''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''eynmep'''....''half-way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''duhamep?'''....''which way?''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yilpmep'''....''escape route''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yexmep'''....''career''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yuzmep'''....''circuit''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tyenmep'''....''career''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''puxmep'''....''trajectory''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyamep'''....''right way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''vyomep'''....''wrong way''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''musmep'''....''stairway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''izmep'''....''direct route, straight path, vector''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yebmep'''....''entryway, entrance''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''oyebmep'''....''exit, way out''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mummep'''....''subway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mammep'''....''air route''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''elyamep'''....''railroad, railway''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mimmep'''....''sealane'' |- |'''domep'''....''street''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''agdomep'''....''highway''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''aagdomep'''....''main street''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyadomep'''....''broadway''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''igdomep'''....''expressway''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''uzmep'''....''byway, detour''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''yuzdomep'''....''beltway, loop''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zyudomep'''....''roundabout, circle, rotary''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''ebdomep'''....''alley''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''anizona domep'''....''one-way street'' |- |'''meap'''....''avenue'' |- |'''meep'''....''boulevard'' |- |'''meip'''....''lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zimeip'''....''right lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zumeip'''....''left lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''zemeip'''....''median, middle lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''anmeip'''....''single lane''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''enmeip'''....''double lane'' |- |'''meup'''....''trail''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''mebmeup'''....''mountain trail'' |- |'''meyp'''....''path''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''tyoyameyp'''....''footpath'' |} {{small/end}} ==== MIP Words ==== : The word '''mip''' means ''river''. This word has sub-elements based on size: ::* '''miap'''....''stream'' ::* '''miep'''....''brook'' ::* '''miip'''....''creek'' ::* '''miup'''....''tributary, channel'' ::* '''miyop'''....''trickle'' : Some other important derived words: ::* '''mipar'''....''riverboat'' :::* '''amipar'''....''canoe'' :::* '''emipar'''....''rowboat'' :::* '''imipar'''....''kayak'' :::* '''umipar'''....''jon boat'' :::* '''yomipar'''....''skiff'' :::* '''yamipar'''....''pontoon boat'' :::* '''yemipar'''....''jet boat'' :::* '''yimipar'''....''cabin cruiser'' :::* '''yumipar'''....''bass boat'' :::* '''zyimipar'''....''flatboat, dory'' :::* '''belmipar'''....''ferryboat'' :::* '''yuxmipar'''....''service boat'' :::* '''bixmipar'''....''tugboat'' :::* '''buxmipar'''....''towboat'' :::* '''kyismipar'''....''barge'' :::* '''enfuba mipar'''....''kayak'' :::* '''miparbol'''....''pontoon'' :::* '''tammipar'''....''houseboat'' :::* '''malikxyafwa mipar'''....''raft, inflatable boat'' ::* '''mipir'''....''motorboat'' ::* '''ebmip'''....''canal'' ::* '''byimip'''....''spring'' ::* '''fyulebmip'''....''sewer'' ::* '''igmip'''....''torrent'' :::* '''igmiper'''....''gush'' ::* '''mipgikin'''....''rampart'' ::* '''mipij'''....''fountainhead'' :::* '''ub mipij'''....''upstream'' ::* '''mipmel'''....''alluvium'' ::* '''mipobem'''....''riverbed'' ::* '''mipog'''....''rivulet'' ::* '''mipovmas'''....''dam'' ::* '''mipuj'''....''delta'' :::* '''ub mipuj'''....''downsteam'' ::* '''mipukxem'''....''river basin'' ::* '''mipkum'''....''riverside'' :::* '''mipkunad'''....''river's edge, riverbank'' ::* '''mipuz'''....''meander'' ::* '''mipyabwas'''....''levee'' ::* '''mipyanup'''....''conflux'' ::* '''mipyepem'''....''slew'' ::* '''mipyij'''....''firth'' ::* '''yebmipyag'''....''fjord'' ==== MUP Words ==== : The word '''mup''' means ''tunnel''. The following words are derived from it: :* '''mup'''....''subway, tunnel'' ::* '''bixpur mup'''....''train tunnel'' ::* '''mapil mup'''....''storm sewer'' ::* '''mukiblem mup'''....''mine tunnel'' ::* '''mumpur mup'''....''subway tunnel'' ::* '''mupar'''....''mine carriage'' ::* '''muper'''....''to tunnel, to burrow'' :::* '''mupen'''....''tunneling'' :* '''mupsaxir'''....''tunneler, tunneling machine'' :* '''mupyubnod'''....''perigee'' :* '''mupzyeg'''....''manhole'' :* '''ovmup'''....''countermine'' :* '''oybmuper'''....''to tunnel underneath'' :* '''tuyoba mup boksiunyan'''....''carpal tunnel syndrome'' : Note that '''mumpur''' is used for ''subway (train)'' === '''MOR''' ''universe'' === : The base word '''mor''', meaning ''universe'' is atop a series of geo-specifically scaled words as shown below: :* '''mor'''....''universe, cosmos'' ::* '''mar'''....''star'' ::* '''mer'''....''planet'' ::* '''mir'''....''world'' ::* '''mur'''....''satellite'' ==== MOR words ==== : The base word '''mor''' means ''cosmos, universe'' and underlies the following derivatives: :*'''mor'''....''universe, cosmos'' ::*'''geizona mor'''....''parallel universe'' ::*'''mora'''....''cosmic'' ::*'''aagmor'''....'' macrocosm'' ::*'''oogmor'''....'' microcosm'' ::*'''aynmor'''....'' universe'' ::*'''morij'''....'' big bang, start of the universe'' :::*'''ji morij'''....'' since the beginning of the universe'' :::*'''morij tuin'''....'' big bang theory'' ::*'''morsaxut'''....'' creator of the universe, god'' ::*'''morted'''....'' god, progenitor of the universe'' ::*'''mortun'''....'' cosmology'' ::*'''moruin'''....'' cosmogony'' ::*'''moruj'''....'' end of the universe'' :::* '''ju moruj'''....''forever'' ::*'''morzyun'''....'' orb'' ==== MAR Words ==== : The word '''mar''' means ''star''. The first or closest star is our ''sun'', which is '''amar'''. Here are some derivatives of those two words: :*'''mar'''....''star'' ::*'''mara'''....''stellar'' ::*'''alpkaxen martun'''....'' radar astronomy'' ::*'''byexesmar'''....'' pulsar'' ::*'''ebmara'''....'' interstellar'' ::*'''ebmarmafa'''....'' intergalactic'' ::*'''feelk marmeyg'''....'' iron meteorite'' ::*'''izbea mar'''....'' cynosure, lodestar'' ::*'''jwamaj mar'''....'' morningstar'' ::*'''mar bi David'''....'' star of David'' ::*'''mardraf'''....'' star chart, star map'' ::*'''mardyezut'''....'' movie star'' ::*'''marmaf'''....'' galaxy, star cloud'' ::*'''marman'''....'' starlight'' ::*'''marmaz'''....'' star glow, star shine'' ::*'''marmeg meup'''....'' comet trail'' ::*'''marmeg tibuj'''....'' comet tail'' ::*'''marmeg'''....'' aerolite, aerolith, comet'' ::*'''marmek'''....'' stardust'' ::*'''marnaap'''....'' star system'' ::*'''marnagar'''....'' astrolabe'' ::*'''marnaud'''....'' star beam, star ray, stellar beam'' ::*'''marog'''....'' dwarf star'' ::*'''marojden'''....'' horoscope'' ::*'''marpaput'''....'' astronaut'' ::*'''marpur'''....'' star ship'' ::*'''marpureb'''....'' star ship captain'' ::*'''marsana'''....'' star-shaped'' ::*'''marsiyn'''....'' asterisk'' ::*'''marteaxam'''....'' observatory'' ::*'''marteaxen'''....'' star-gazing'' ::*'''martuyn'''....'' astrology'' ::*'''maruka'''....'' star-free, starless'' ::*'''marvolzmaal'''....'' chromosphere'' ::*'''maryan'''....'' constellation'' ::*'''maryena'''....'' star-like'' ::*'''mepteaxea mar'''....'' lodestar'' ::*'''mernodmar'''....'' polestar'' ::*'''oyeybmarmafa'''....'' extragalactic'' ::*'''yeybmarmafa'''....'' intragalactic'' ::*'''yizdezmar'''....'' superstar'' ::*'''yogina mar'''....'' five-pointed star'' ::*'''yokmar'''....'' nova'' ::*'''yoongunmarsan'''....'' pentagram'' ::*'''yuybmar'''....'' quasar'' ::*'''yuzmarmafa'''....'' circumgalactic'' :* '''amar'''....''sun'' ::* '''amara'''....''solar'' ::* '''jaamaryopa'''....''pre-dawn'' ::* '''jeeb amaryibnod'''....''summer solstice'' ::* '''jeub amaryibnod'''....''winter solstice'' ::* '''amar abtamas'''....''sun roof'' ::* '''amar fyaifren'''....''sun worship'' ::* '''amar fyaifrut'''....''sun worshiper'' ::* '''amar magxun'''....''sunburn'' ::* '''amar magxwa'''....''sunburned'' ::* '''amar pexyem'''....''suntrap'' ::* '''amar sagzyiun'''....''sundial'' ::* '''amar teabar'''....''sunglasses'' ::* '''amara azon'''....''solar power'' ::* '''amara num'''....''solar cell'' ::* '''amarabtamas'''....''sunroof'' ::* '''amaraya'''....''sunny'' ::* '''amarebul'''....''sunblock'' ::* '''amarfyaifren'''....''heliolatry'' ::* '''amarikbwa'''....''sun-filled'' ::* '''amarilbier'''....''soak up the sun'' ::* '''amarilyepen'''....''sunbathing, sunning'' ::* '''amarizona'''....''sunwise'' ::* '''amarmaf'''....''Milky Way'' ::* '''amarmagxwa'''....''sunburned'' ::* '''amarman'''....''sunlight'' ::* '''amarmanar'''....''sunlamp'' ::* '''amarmanigvibwa'''....''star-spangled'' ::* '''amarmanim'''....''solarium'' ::* '''amarmaz'''....''sunshine'' ::* '''amarmelzaser'''....''suntan'' ::* '''amarmonar'''....''parasol'' ::* '''amarmoynar'''....''sunshade'' ::* '''amarnaap'''....''solar system'' ::* '''amarnagar'''....''heliometer'' ::* '''amarnaud'''....''sun ray, sunbeam'' ::* '''amarovar'''....''parasol, sun shield, sunshade'' ::* '''amarpyex'''....''sunstroke'' ::* '''amartaxdrar'''....''heliograph'' ::* '''amarteabar'''....''sunglasses'' ::* '''amarteaxar'''....''helioscope'' ::* '''amartef'''....''sunhat, sunbonnet'' ::* '''amartot'''....''sun god'' ::* '''amartun'''....''heliology'' ::* '''amarubuzpus'''....''heliotrope'' ::* '''amarumxwa'''....''sun-dried'' ::* '''amarvyun'''....''sunspot'' ::* '''amaryafon zyevmays'''....''solar power panel'' ::* '''amaryap'''....''sunrise, sunup'' ::* '''amaryibnod'''....''solstice'' ::* '''amaryop'''....''sundown, sunset'' ::* '''amaryubnod'''....''perihelion'' ::* '''amaryupen'''....''positive heliotaxis'' ::* '''amaryipen'''....''negative heliotaxis'' ::* '''amaryuzem'''....''heliosphere'' ::* '''amarzena'''....''heliocentric'' ::* '''ovamara abteabar'''....''sun visor'' ::* '''oyebamaryana mer'''....''exoplanet, planet outside our solar system'' ::* '''ub ha amar'''....''sunward'' ::* '''yebamaryana mer'''....''endoplanet, planet in our own solar system'' ::* '''yuzamaryubnod'''....''perihelion'' ==== MER words ==== : The morpheme '''mer''' means ''planet''. The planets are named by prefixing an ordinal vowel equating to the planet's position from the sun, eg: ==== Names of the Planets ==== : Here are the names of the planets in our solar system. Notice that Earth is the "third planet" from the sun. [[File:Hubble takes a grand tour of the Solar System (51688936521).jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Planets |- ! mer....planet |- | '''Amer'''....''Mercury'' |- | '''Emer'''....''Venus'' |- | '''Imer'''....''Earth'' ('''i''' = ''three'') |- | '''Umer'''....''Mars'' |- | '''Yomer'''....''Jupiter'' |- | '''Yamer'''....''Saturn'' |- | '''Yemer'''....''Uranus'' |- | '''Yimer'''....''Pluto'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Compass Directions ==== : The words for compass directions are built off the stem '''mer''' (''planet'') by prefixing: ::* '''za'''....''front'' (north) ::* '''zo'''....''back'' (south) ::* '''zi'''....''right'' (east) ::* '''zu'''....''left'' (west) ::* '''ze'''....''middle'' (equator words) {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Polar Directions |- ! MIRAD !! ENGLISH |- | '''zamer''' || ''north'' |- | '''zimer''' || ''east'' |- | '''zomer''' || ''south'' |- | '''zumer''' || ''west'' |} {{small/end}} : Compass points can be hybrids of the above: ::* '''<u>zaomera</u> izon'''....''<u>north-south</u> direction'' ::* '''<u>zuimera</u> domep'''....''<u>east-west</u> street'' ::* '''<u>zaumera</u> zyemep'''....''<u>northwest</u> passage'' ::* '''<u>zoimera</u> tez'''....''<u>southeast</u> culture'' : Related terms: ::* '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' ('''nod''' = ''point'') ::* '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' ::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' ('''zao''' = ''north-south'', '''nad''' = ''line'') ::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' ('''zui''' = ''east-west'') ::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' ('''ze''' = ''middle'') ::* '''oybzemernada'''....''tropical, Torrid'' ('''oyb''' = ''below'') ::* '''merzyun'''....''globe, sphere'' (''planet-ball'') ::* '''eynmerzyun'''....''hemisphere'' (''half-planet-ball'') : Vectoral prefixes are used in the following words: ::* '''aonab'''....''column'' (''up-down row'', ''y-axis'') ::* '''uinab'''....''row'' (''left-right row'', ''x-axis'') ::* '''aonada'''....''vertical'' ('''nad''' = ''line'') ::* '''uinada'''....''horizontal'' ==== MIR words ==== : The morpheme '''mir''' means '''world'''. It is featured in the word for Mirad, which means ''world speech''. Here are some derivatives: :*'''mir'''....''world'' ::*'''Aa Mira Dropek'''....''WWI, World War I, first world war'' ::*'''dommir'''....''civilization, urbane world'' :::* '''dommirxer'''....''to civilize'' ::*'''Ea Mira Dropek'''....''second world war'' ::*'''ebjomir'''....''limbo'' ::*'''eynjomir'''....''purgatory'' ::*'''eynmir'''....''demimonde'' ::*'''oybmir'''....''hell, inferno, underworld'' ::*'''hyumiryena'''....''other-worldly'' ::*'''jomir'''....''after-world, here-after, meta-world, metasphere, metaworld'' ::*'''komira'''....''esoteric'' ::*'''megmir'''....''lithosphere'' ::*'''mir'''....''globe, realm, sphere, world'' :::*'''mira'''....''global'' :::*'''mira dalzeyn'''....''world language'' :::*'''Mirad'''....''Mirad, world language'' ::*'''miryafon'''....''world power'' ::*'''mirbok'''....''pandemic'' ::*'''mirbyok'''....''malaise'' ::*'''mirdit'''....''cosmopolitan, world citizen, worldling'' ::*'''mirdropek'''....''world war'' ::*'''mirteasyen'''....''Weltanschau, world view'' ::*'''mirtuxwa'''....''sophisticated'' ::*'''mirtyun'''....''paradigm'' ::*'''miruj'''....''end of the world'' ::*'''mirzyun'''....''globe'' ::*'''syaagirmir'''....''cyberspace'' ::*'''tejmir'''....''biosphere'' ::*'''tojmira'''....''macabre'' ::*'''totmir'''....''world of the gods, heaven'' ::*'''tutmir'''....''academia, scholarly world'' :::*'''tutmirat'''....''academe, academian, academician'' ::*'''vyamir'''....''real world'' ::*'''vyomir'''....''fantasy world of pretend'' ::*'''yeybmegmira'''....''intratelluric'' ::*'''yeybmira'''....''intramundane'' ::*'''yizmir'''....''meta-world, metasphere, metaworld, world beyond'' ::*'''zyamira neaf'''....''WWW, worldwide web'' ::*'''zyamirin'''....''globalism'' ::*'''zyamirput'''....''globetrotter'' ==== MUR words ==== : The morpheme '''mur''' means ''satellite, moon''. The first or nearest is our ''moon'', '''amur'''. Here are some derivatives: :*'''amur'''....''moon'' ::*'''amura'''....''lunar'' ::*'''amurtix'''....''selenography'' ::*'''amurtixut'''....''selenographer'' ::*'''amur noog'''....''moon phase'' ::*'''amura pur'''....''lunar vehicle'' ::*'''amura purog'''....''lunar buggy'' ::*'''amurman'''....''moonlight'' :::*'''amurmanx'''....''moonshine'' :::*'''amurmanxwa'''....''moonlit, moony'' ::*'''amurnaud'''....''moonbeam'' ::*'''amuroya'''....''moonless'' ::*'''amurpuer'''....''land on the moon'' :::*'''amurpuen'''....''moon landing, moonfall'' ::*'''amurpyax'''....''moonshot'' ::*'''amurteaba'''....''moon-eyed'' ::*'''amurteasin'''....''moonscape'' ::*'''amurtyop'''....''moonwalk'' :::*'''amurtyoper'''....''to moonwalk'' ::*'''amuruka'''....''moonless'' ::*'''amuryap'''....''moonrise'' ::*'''amuryena'''....''moon-like'' ::*'''amuryop'''....''moonset'' ::*'''eymamursan'''....''meniscum'' ::*'''eynamur'''....''crescent moon, half moon'' ::*'''eynamurmeg'''....''lunate'' ::*'''eynamurmiekyaz'''....''lunette'' ::*'''eynamurpovel'''....''croissant'' ::*'''eynamursan'''....''crescent shape'' ::*'''eynamuryena'''....''lunate'' ::*'''yuzamura'''....''circumlunar'' === '''MOS''' ''floor'' === : The stems in this family begin with '''m''', meaning ''place'' and end in '''s''', meaning ''thing''. The words all have something to do with parts of a building or house, i.e. '''''masonry'''''. [[File:Morse-Libby House architectural plans.png|thumb|]] : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ M-S Core Words |- ! MASONRY-BASED WORD !! DERIVATIVES |- | '''mos'''....''floor''|| '''omos'''....''ground floor''<br>'''amos'''....''first floor''<br>'''abmos'''....''attic''<br>'''ebmos'''....''mezzanine''<br>'''obmos'''....''basement''<br>'''moys'''....''layer, stratum'' |- | '''mas'''....''wall''|| '''abmas'''....''roof''<br>'''aybmas'''....''ceiling''<br>'''obmas'''....''foundation''<br>'''oybmas'''....''floor''<br>'''masof''' ....''carpet''<br>'''abzamas'''....''balcony''<br>'''obzamas'''....''porch''<br>'''ebmas'''....''partition''<br>'''yuzmays'''....''fence'' |- | '''mes'''....''door'' || '''zames'''....''front door''<br>'''zomes'''....''back door''<br>'''mesnufag'''....''door knob''<br>'''mesyuznad'''....''door frame''<br>'''mestuyar'''....''door handle''<br>'''meys'''....''gate'' |- | '''mis'''....''window''|| '''miszyef'''....''window pane''<br>'''eymis'''....''shutter''<br>'''misof'''....''curtain'' |- | '''mus'''....''stairs''|| '''musnog'''....''step, stair rung''<br>'''musim'''....''starwell''<br>'''magmus'''....''fire escape''<br>'''musabnod''' ....''climax''<br>'''muys'''....''ladder''<br>'''panmus'''....''escalator''<br>'''makmus'''....''escalator'' |} {{small/end}} ==== MOS Words ==== : The root word '''mos''' means ''floor'', while '''moys''' means ''layer, stratum, echelon''. Here are some derived words: :* '''mos'''....''floor'' ::* '''aa mos'''....''first floor, main floor'' :::* '''aa mos sim'''....''orchestra seat'' ::* '''abmos'''....''top floor, upper floor'' :::* '''abmoszom'''....''quarterdeck'' ::* '''amos'''....''first floor'' ::* '''anmosa'''....''single-story'' :::* '''anmostam'''....''rambler, ranch home'' ::* '''dezmos'''....''stage floor'' ::* '''ebmos'''....''entresol, mezzanine'' ::* '''emos'''....''second floor'' ::* '''enmos toames'''....''maisonette'' ::* '''eonmosa yuzpur'''....''double-decker bus'' ::* '''glamosa'''....''hi-rise, multi-floor, multi-story, multistory'' :::* '''glamostom''' .... ''hi-rise building'' ::* '''inmosa'''....''triplex'' :::* '''inmostam'''....''triplex'' ::* '''mos bolmuf'''....''girder, joist'' ::* '''mosber'''....''lay down flooring'' ::* '''mosoybem'''....''spandrel'' ::* '''omos'''....''ground floor, rez-de-chaussée'' ::* '''oybmos'''....''basement, sub-floor'' ::* '''oyebzyimos'''....''deck, outdoor deck'' ::* '''umos'''....''orlop'' ::* '''yabmostames'''....''penthouse'' ::* '''yabwa zyimos'''....''estrade'' ::* '''zemos'''....''mezzanine'' ::* '''zyimos'''....''deck, platform'' : Here are some derivations of '''moys''': :* '''moys'''....''layer, echelon, stratum'' ::* '''abmoys'''....''upper echelon, upper layer'' ::* '''anmoysa'''....''single-layer, single-layered'' ::* '''domoys'''....''social stratum'' ::* '''dota moys'''....''social layer, social stratum'' ::* '''ebmoys'''....''in-between layer'' ::* '''glamoysa'''....''multi-layered'' ::* '''gyomoys'''....''patina'' :::* '''gyomoysber'''....''to laminate'' ::* '''inmoysfaob'''....''plywood'' ::* '''makmugmoysber'''....''to galvanize'' ::* '''megmoysa'''....''tectonic'' :::* '''megmoysa zyin'''....''tectonic plate'' :::* '''megmoystun'''....''tectonics'' ::* '''mes zamoys'''....''door sill'' ::* '''moys'''....''layer, stratum'' ::* '''moysber'''....''to layer'' ::* '''moysika'''....''layered'' ::* '''oybmoys'''....''sub-layer, sublayer'' ::* '''sammoys'''....''shelf'' :::* '''magsom absammoys'''....''mantel, mantelpiece'' :::* '''milnov sammoys'''....''towel rack'' :::* '''dyes sammoys'''....''bookshelf'' :::* '''nyexen sammoys'''....''stock shelf, storage shelf'' :::* '''mumaozyeg sammoys'''....''stempel'' :::* '''bi ha sammoys'''....''off-the-shelf'' :::* '''sammoys nyen'''....''shelf stock'' :::* '''sammoysaber'''....''put on the shelf, shelve'' :::* '''sammoystej'''....''shelf life'' :::* '''sammoysyan'''....''etagere, rack, shelves, shelving, stack'' :::* '''tolmek sammoys'''....''spice rack'' :::* '''yijber sammoys'''....''clear a shelf'' ::* '''obsammoys'''....''bottom shelf'' ::* '''tayebmoys'''....''meninx'' :::* '''tayebmoysa'''....''meningeal'' :::* '''tayebmoysi'''....''meninges'' ::* '''tyeba oyebmoys'''....''cerebral cortex'' ::* '''tummoys'''....''plasm'' ::* '''vabmoys'''....''sod, turf'' ::* '''vayob oyebmoys'''....''periderm'' ::* '''yoba moys'''....''lower layer'' ::* '''zyimoys'''....''platform'' ::* '''zyomoys'''....''lamina'' :::* '''zyomoysaxer'''....''laminate'' :::* '''zyomoysaxwa'''....''laminated'' ==== MAS Words ==== : The root word '''mas''' means ''wall''. The diminutive '''mays''' means ''screen''. Here are some derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abkumas'''....''cornice, ledge'' * '''abmas'''....''clearstory, clerestory, clerstory'' * '''abtamas zyiyujem'''....''rooftop terrace'' * '''abtamas'''....''roof'' * '''abtamasben'''....''roofing'' * '''abtamasber'''....''roof'' * '''abtamasbut'''....''roofer'' * '''abtamasbwa yija yabtem'''....''loggia'' * '''abtamasbwa'''....''roofed'' * '''abtamasgin'''....''gable'' * '''abtamasginaya'''....''gabled'' * '''abtamasginika'''....''gabled'' * '''abtamasoya'''....''roofless'' * '''abtamasoybun'''....''eave'' * '''abtamasuka'''....''roofless'' * '''abtomasned'''....''rooftop'' * '''abzamas sim'''....''balcony seat'' * '''abzamas'''....''balcony'' * '''abzamasog'''....''parterre'' * '''aybkumas'''....''cornice, ledge'' * '''aybmas bolmyuf'''....''rafter'' * '''aybmas muf'''....''overhead beam'' * '''aybmas'''....''ceiling, overhead'' * '''aybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''aypuysmas'''....''hurdle'' * '''dezmas'''....''skene'' * '''dezyem uzmas'''....''apron, proscenium'' * '''dezzomassin'''....''backcloth, backdrop, scenery, theatrical scenery'' * '''dom yuzmas'''....''city wall'' * '''dommas'''....''city wall'' * '''dopa mas'''....''bulwark, rampart'' * '''dopa melmas'''....''earthwork'' * '''dopekmasi'''....''battlements, ramparts'' * '''ebmas'''....''partition'' * '''ebmasben'''....''partitioning'' * '''ebmasber'''....''partition'' * '''ebmasbwa'''....''partitioned'' * '''faoba oybmas'''....''wood floor'' * '''fubyuzmas'''....''raddle'' * '''fyadil oybmasoyf'''....''prayer rug'' * '''fyasim masof'''....''chancel'' * '''golmas'''....''partition, room divider'' * '''golmasben'''....''partitioning'' * '''golmasbwa'''....''partitioned'' * '''grailp mas'''....''flood wall, levee'' * '''graovmasber'''....''overprotect'' * '''graovmasbyea'''....''overprotective'' * '''Ha Agta Ovmas Mimegag'''....''The Great Barrier Reef'' * '''ha Uzaybmas bi Ark'''....''the Arch of Triumph'' * '''ilikmas'''....''flood wall'' * '''kumas'''....''embankment, sidewall'' * '''maar abtamas'''....''sun roof'' * '''maarabtamas'''....''sunroof'' * '''magmas'''....''firewall'' * '''maka mas ibzyeg'''....''electric wall socket'' * '''mapmas'''....''windbreak'' * '''mas bi mag'''....''wall of fire'' * '''mas drof'''....''blackboard, wallboard'' * '''mas ibzyeg'''....''wall socket'' * '''mas jwobir'''....''wall clock'' * '''mas'''....''wall'' * '''masa zyub'''....''parietal lobe'' * '''masa'''....''parietal'' * '''masag'''....''high wall'' * '''masaz'''....''breastwork'' * '''masazul'''....''daub, gypsum, plaster of Paris, poultice'' * '''masazulben'''....''daubing, plastering'' * '''masazulber'''....''daub'' * '''masazulbut'''....''dauber, plasterer'' * '''masazulbwa'''....''daubed, plastered'' * '''masazulfaof'''....''plasterboard'' * '''masbolmuf'''....''buttress'' * '''masbolmufwa'''....''buttressed'' * '''mas-bu-mas'''....''wall-to-wall'' * '''masbwa'''....''walled'' * '''masbyexar'''....''knocker'' * '''masdras'''....''placard, poster'' * '''masdref'''....''wallpaper'' * '''masdrefben'''....''paperhanging'' * '''masdrefbut'''....''paperhanger'' * '''masfaof'''....''wainscot'' * '''masfaofxen'''....''wainscoting'' * '''masfaofxer'''....''wainscot'' * '''masgon'''....''panel'' * '''masgrun'''....''wall hook'' * '''masmekyel'''....''stucco'' * '''masmekyelben'''....''stuccoing'' * '''masmekyelber'''....''stucco'' * '''masmekyelbwa'''....''stuccoed'' * '''masnuf'''....''stud'' * '''masof tayeb'''....''carpet pile'' * '''masof'''....''carpet, tapestry'' * '''masofben'''....''carpeting'' * '''masofbwa'''....''carpeted'' * '''masofnam'''....''carpet store'' * '''masofnamut'''....''carpet merchant, carpet salesman, carpet seller'' * '''masofnyef'''....''carpetbag'' * '''masofog'''....''mat'' * '''masofsaxen'''....''carpet-making'' * '''masofsaxer'''....''make carpets'' * '''masofsaxut'''....''carpet-maker'' * '''masofvyixar'''....''shampooer'' * '''maspyoxun'''....''wall hanging'' * '''massin'''....''mural'' * '''massinut'''....''muralist'' * '''massum'''....''banquette'' * '''massuv'''....''stud'' * '''massuvabar'''....''stud gun'' * '''massuvaben'''....''studding'' * '''massuvaber'''....''stud'' * '''massuvabwa'''....''studded'' * '''massyob'''....''plinth'' * '''mastum'''....''cabinet'' * '''mastumxaxut'''....''cabinetmaker'' * '''mastumyan'''....''cabinetwork'' * '''mastuz'''....''wall art'' * '''mastyen'''....''masonry'' * '''mastyena'''....''masonic'' * '''mastyenut'''....''mason'' * '''masul'''....''walling'' * '''masxen'''....''bricklaying, building, masonry'' * '''masxer'''....''build'' * '''masxun'''....''masonry'' * '''masxut'''....''bricklayer, builder, mason'' * '''masxuta'''....''masonic'' * '''masxwa'''....''built'' * '''masyan'''....''masonry, walling'' * '''masyij'''....''hatch, hatchway'' * '''maszyeg'''....''porthole'' * '''mefmas'''....''brick wall'' * '''megmas'''....''parapet, stonewall'' * '''melmas'''....''balk, berm, parapet, rampart'' * '''mepkumas'''....''embankment'' * '''mes oybmasoyf'''....''doormat'' * '''milmaka mipovmas'''....''hydroelectric dam'' * '''milmas'''....''embankment, levee'' * '''milovmas'''....''causeway, dam, dyke, levee'' * '''milovmasben'''....''damming'' * '''milovmasber'''....''dam'' * '''milovmasbwa'''....''dammed'' * '''milyep oybmasoyf'''....''bath mat, bathmat'' * '''mimmas'''....''seawall'' * '''mimovmas'''....''breakwater'' * '''mimpurmasyan'''....''bulkhead'' * '''mipovmas'''....''dam, river dam'' * '''mipovmasben'''....''damming'' * '''mipovmasber'''....''dam'' * '''mipovmasbwa'''....''dammed'' * '''mufmas'''....''palisade, pen, stockade'' * '''mugnef yuzmas'''....''grated fence'' * '''mumujmas'''....''coalface'' * '''obmas'''....''foundation'' * '''obtammas'''....''foundation'' * '''obtommas'''....''foundation'' * '''obyexyea mas'''....''protective wall'' * '''obzamas'''....''porch, portico'' * '''olovmasber'''....''lift the blockade'' * '''olovmasbwa'''....''undefended'' * '''opyexyea mas'''....''defensive wall'' * '''ovbukmas'''....''bulwark, defense, defensive wall, rampart'' * '''ovmas'''....''barricade, barrier, blockade'' * '''ovmasben'''....''barricading, barring, blockading'' * '''ovmasber'''....''bar, barricade, block, blockade'' * '''ovmasbier'''....''protect oneself, shield oneself, take shelter'' * '''ovmasbin'''....''protectionism'' * '''ovmasbina'''....''protectionist'' * '''ovmasbinut'''....''protectionist'' * '''ovmasbut'''....''blocker, defender, protector, shielder'' * '''ovmasbwa'''....''barred, barricaded, blockaded, blocked, dammed, defended, protected, shielded'' * '''ovmasbyafwa'''....''defensible'' * '''ovmasbyafway'''....''defensibly'' * '''ovmasbyea abaun'''....''protective covering'' * '''ovmasbyea bikuen'''....''protective custody'' * '''ovmasbyea nuxyef'''....''protective duty, protective tariff'' * '''ovmasbyea tof'''....''protective clothing'' * '''ovmasbyea vyesag'''....''protective quota'' * '''ovmasbyea'''....''protective'' * '''ovmasbyean'''....''defensiveness'' * '''ovmasbyeay'''....''defensively'' * '''ovmasober'''....''deprive of protection, expose'' * '''ovmasobwa'''....''deprived of protection, exposed'' * '''ovmasog'''....''escutcheon'' * '''ovmasoya'''....''defenseless'' * '''ovmasoyan'''....''defenselessness'' * '''ovmasuka'''....''defenseless'' * '''ovmasukan'''....''defenselessness'' * '''ovmasukay'''....''defenselessly'' * '''oybmas faof'''....''floorboard'' * '''oybmas vyixar'''....''floor sweeper, floor cleaner'' * '''oybmas vyixir'''....''electric floor sweeper'' * '''oybmas'''....''floor'' * '''oybmasaof'''....''parquet'' * '''oybmasaoftyen'''....''parquetry'' * '''oybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''oybmasof'''....''carpet'' * '''oybmasoyf'''....''rug'' * '''oybmasvyixar'''....''broom, sweeper'' * '''oybmasvyixarer'''....''use a broom on'' * '''oybmasvyixirer'''....''use an electric sweeper on'' * '''oybmasyan'''....''flooring'' * '''oyboybmas'''....''underfloor'' * '''oyeba mas'''....''outer wall'' * '''oyebmas'''....''facade'' * '''oyebmasben'''....''walling out'' * '''oyebmasber'''....''wall out'' * '''oyebmasbwa'''....''walled out'' * '''oyeybmasa'''....''extramural'' * '''oyuzmasbwa'''....''undefended, unenclosed, unfenced, unprotected'' * '''syobmas'''....''footing, pedestal, substratum, underpinning'' * '''taamziunmas'''....''backstop'' * '''tabovmas'''....''body armor, body shield'' * '''tammag oybmasoyf'''....''hearthrug'' * '''ummas kipmuv'''....''molly bolt'' * '''ummas'''....''drywall'' * '''ummegmas'''....''dyke'' * '''umvibwa abtamas'''....''thatched roof'' * '''utibmasbwa'''....''autoimmune'' * '''utibmasbwan'''....''autoimmunity'' * '''uzabmas jwameg'''....''quoin'' * '''uzabmasyena'''....''fornicate'' * '''uzaybmas'''....''arch, vault, vaulted ceiling'' * '''uzaybmasika'''....''vaulted'' * '''uzaybmasyan'''....''arcade'' * '''uzyubea masof'''....''treadmill'' * '''vyamas'''....''actuality, fact, real thing, something real, substance'' * '''vyamasyan'''....''actualities, body of facts, news'' * '''yaba mas'''....''high wall'' * '''yagmas'''....''long wall'' * '''yeba mas'''....''inner wall'' * '''yebmasben'''....''walling in'' * '''yebmasber'''....''wall in'' * '''yebmasbwa'''....''walled-in'' * '''yebmasob'''....''dado'' * '''yeybmasa'''....''intramural'' * '''yimmas'''....''flood wall'' * '''yivmastyenut'''....''freemason'' * '''yonmas'''....''partition'' * '''yonmasben'''....''partitioning, walling off'' * '''yonmasber'''....''partition, wall off'' * '''yonmasbwa'''....''partitioned'' * '''yonmasbwe'''....''walled off'' * '''yuzmas'''....''circular wall'' * '''yuzmays'''....''fence'' * '''yuzmasben'''....''walling in'' * '''yuzmasber'''....''wall in'' * '''yuzmasbwa'''....''walled in'' * '''yuzmasbwem'''....''enceinte'' * '''zamas'''....''front wall, protection'' * '''zamasben'''....''protection'' * '''zamasbenina'''....''protectionist'' * '''zamasber'''....''protect, put a wall in front'' * '''zamasbus'''....''prophylactic'' * '''zamasbwa'''....''protected'' * '''zamasbyea'''....''prophylactic, protective'' * '''zamasbyean'''....''protectiveness'' * '''zomas'''....''back wall, backdrop'' * '''zomasbaxwa'''....''immured'' * '''zomasben'''....''immuring'' * '''zomasber'''....''immure'' * '''zomassin'''....''backdrop, scenery'' * '''zyanofirwa oybmasof'''....''broadloom'' * '''zyuabtamas'''....''dome'' * '''zyuabtamassana'''....''domed'' <hr> * '''byoykmays'''....''stocks'' * '''byuxmays'''....''touchscreen'' * '''dopek mays'''....''battlement'' * '''dyez mays'''....''movie screen, silver screen'' * '''faobmays'''....''wood panel'' * '''feelkmays'''....''grill, iron screen'' * '''fubyuzmays'''....''hedge'' * '''fyasem zomays'''....''altarpiece'' * '''golwa mays'''....''split screen'' * '''ika mays'''....''full screen'' * '''jamaysuen'''....''pre-screening'' * '''jamaysuer'''....''pre-screen'' * '''jamaysuwa'''....''pre-screened'' * '''kumays meg'''....''curb stone, curbstone'' * '''kumays zyun'''....''curb ball'' * '''kumays'''....''curb'' * '''maaryafon zyevmays'''....''solar power panel'' * '''magmays'''....''fireguard, firescreen'' * '''man mays'''....''light screen'' * '''man zaypuxen mays'''....''light projection screen'' * '''mapmays'''....''windscreen'' * '''mays sin'''....''screen image'' * '''mays'''....''bulkhead, fence, panel, partition, screen, septum'' * '''maysam'''....''cupboard'' * '''maysben'''....''fencing, paneling, partitioning'' * '''maysber'''....''fence in, panel, partition, put a screen'' * '''maysbwa'''....''fenced in, paneled, partitioned'' * '''maysuen vyayek'''....''screen check'' * '''maysuen'''....''screening'' * '''maysuer'''....''screen'' * '''maysuwa'''....''screened'' * '''maysyan'''....''paneling'' * '''melmuf yuzmays'''....''picket fence'' * '''mepkumays'''....''curb, embankment, road shoulder'' * '''milmays'''....''small dam, weir'' * '''mulyonxea mays'''....''colander, filter, filtering screen, sieve, strainer'' * '''ojamaysuwa'''....''unscreened'' * '''pansin mays'''....''video screen'' * '''pansinmays'''....''motion picture screen'' * '''sizwa mays'''....''taffrail'' * '''ulza mays'''....''green screen'' * '''vigobler fubyuzmays'''....''trim a hedge'' * '''vyabarmays'''....''dashboard'' * '''yebmaysben'''....''fencing in'' * '''yebmaysber'''....''fence in'' * '''yebmaysbwa'''....''fenced-in'' * '''yibsin mays'''....''t.v. screen'' * '''yuzmays'''....''fence, paling'' * '''yuzmaysben'''....''fencing'' * '''yuzmaysber'''....''fence in'' * '''yuzmaysbwa'''....''fenced in'' * '''zamays'''....''revetment'' * '''zaymays'''....''bulkhead'' * '''zomays'''....''backdrop'' * '''zosinmays'''....''backcloth'' * '''zyevmays'''....''glass panel'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== MES Words ==== : The root word '''mes''' means ''door, portal''. The diminutive '''meys''' means ''gate''. Here are some derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''be mesmep bi'''....''on the threshold of'' * '''be zames bi'''....''on the threshold of'' * '''bi mes-bu-mes'''....''door-to-door'' * '''bi mestob'''....''janitorial'' * '''dezmes'''....''trap door, trapdoor'' * '''enmespur'''....''coupe'' * '''eonxwa mes'''....''storm door'' * '''eynmes'''....''half-door'' * '''gumzyegek mes'''....''billiards table, pool table'' * '''kipea mes'''....''sliding door'' * '''kua mesabaun'''....''side porch'' * '''kumes'''....''side door'' * '''lobexer ha mes ija av'''....''leave the door open for'' * '''mes abexar'''....''door handle'' * '''mes beaxut'''....''doorkeeper'' * '''mes bexmuf'''....''door handle'' * '''mes byexar'''....''door knocker, doorknocker'' * '''mes kipmuv'''....''door bolt'' * '''mes kufaof'''....''doorjamb, jamb'' * '''mes muf'''....''doorpost'' * '''mes nufag'''....''door knob, doorknob'' * '''mes oybfaof'''....''doorsill, sill'' * '''mes oybmasoyf'''....''doormat'' * '''mes oybun'''....''sill, threshold'' * '''mes poxar'''....''doorstop'' * '''mes seusar'''....''doorbell'' * '''mes syoib'''....''door hinge'' * '''mes tuyabar'''....''door handle'' * '''mes yijar'''....''door opener'' * '''mes yijbut'''....''doorman'' * '''mes yugar'''....''door check'' * '''mes yujlar'''....''door lock'' * '''mes yuvar'''....''door chain'' * '''mes yuzkunad'''....''door frame, doorframe'' * '''mes zamoys'''....''door sill, doorsill'' * '''mes zyiun'''....''doorplate'' * '''mes'''....''door, hatch, port, portal'' * '''mesabab'''....''porch, portico'' * '''mesabof'''....''awning, canopy'' * '''mesag'''....''porte-cochere'' * '''mesbelar'''....''gurney'' * '''mesbikut'''....''bouncer'' * '''mesbyexar'''....''door knocker'' * '''mesmep'''....''doorway, threshold'' * '''mesnad'''....''enfilade'' * '''mesnog'''....''doorstep'' * '''mesof'''....''portiere'' * '''mestob'''....''janitor'' * '''mesyuxlut'''....''footman'' * '''mesvyixuyt'''....''busgirl'' * '''meszan'''....''threshold, stoop'' * '''nuxer be ha mes'''....''pay at the door'' * '''oyepmes'''....''egress, outlet, exit door'' * '''oyepmes yijmuv'''....''latchkey'' * '''patubasea mes'''....''flapper, shutter, valve'' * '''pexmes'''....''trap door, trapdoor'' * '''purmes'''....''portier'' * '''viyepmes'''....''portal'' * '''yabmostames'''....''penthouse'' * '''yepmes'''....''entry door'' * '''yexmes'''....''worktable'' * '''yija mes'''....''open door'' * '''zaa mesabaun'''....''front porch'' * '''zames'''....''front door'' * '''zamesag'''....''porte cochere'' * '''zaopmes'''....''swinging door'' * '''zoa mesabaun'''....''back porch'' * '''zomes'''....''back door, backdoor'' * '''zomespur'''....''hatchback'' * '''zosyoibmes'''....''tailboard, tailgate'' * '''zyefmes'''....''French door'' * '''zyuber mes nufag'''....''turn a doorknob'' * '''zyupea mes'''....''revolving door'' <hr> * '''bixpur meys'''....''train gate'' * '''dremeys'''....''davenport'' * '''feelk meys'''....''iron gate'' * '''fyameys'''....''lychgate'' * '''glameysa'''....''multiport'' * '''ilpmeys'''....''floodgate'' * '''meys beaxam'''....''gatehouse'' * '''meys muf'''....''gatepost'' * '''meys'''....''gate, gateway'' * '''meysbeaxut'''....''gatekeeper'' * '''meysika yanotnyan'''....''gated community'' * '''meysika'''....''gated'' * '''meysmep'''....''gateway'' * '''meysog'''....''wicket'' * '''meysyan'''....''gating'' * '''meysyanyif'''....''hank'' * '''meysyanyifxer'''....''hank'' * '''mimuip meys'''....''tide gate'' * '''poxmeys'''....''barred gate, barrier, ticket barrier'' * '''sarmeys'''....''dashboard'' * '''totem meysi'''....''gates of heaven, gates of paradise'' * '''yebmeys'''....''gateway'' * '''yimmeys'''....''flood gate'' * '''yixnuxmeys'''....''tollgate'' * '''zeymeys'''....''transept'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== MIS Words ==== : The root word '''mis''' means ''window'' and is featured in the following derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abmis'''....''fanlight'' * '''abtim mis'''....''attic window'' * '''aybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''drurunes mis'''....''ticket window'' * '''eynmis'''....''flap, shutter'' * '''feelk misof'''....''iron curtain'' * '''inmakmis'''....''triode'' * '''kumis'''....''casement'' * '''kyamisof'''....''scrim'' * '''makmis'''....''electrode'' * '''makmiseon'''....''diode'' * '''mamis'''....''skylight'' * '''mimmis'''....''porthole'' * '''mis moynar'''....''window shade'' * '''mis obkunad'''....''window sill, windowsill'' * '''mis yuzkunad'''....''window frame'' * '''mis'''....''window'' * '''misab'''....''pelmet'' * '''misabof'''....''awning'' * '''misag'''....''dormer window'' * '''misben'''....''fenestration'' * '''misebnad'''....''spandrel'' * '''misef'''....''lattice'' * '''mises'''....''scuttle, ticket window'' * '''misesber'''....''scuttle'' * '''misof'''....''curtain'' * '''misog'''....''attic window, dormer window, skylight'' * '''misoya'''....''windowless'' * '''misoyebim'''....''balcony'' * '''mistral map'''....''mistral'' * '''misuka'''....''windowless'' * '''misvib'''....''valance'' * '''misyan'''....''fenestration, windowing'' * '''misyaz'''....''oriel'' * '''misyuijar'''....''flap, shutter, valve'' * '''miszyef'''....''window pane, windowpane, pane of glass'' * '''nam mis'''....''shop window'' * '''nammis'''....''shop window'' * '''nunam mis'''....''shop window'' * '''oybmasmis'''....''hatch'' * '''oybmisbolar'''....''lintel'' * '''oyebmispuxen'''....''defenestrating, defenestration'' * '''oyebmispuxer'''....''defenestrate'' * '''oyebmispuxwa'''....''defenestrated'' * '''purpuen mis'''....''drive-up window'' * '''sinmis'''....''picture window'' * '''syagnasiut misog'''....''cashier's window'' * '''teatmis'''....''viewport'' * '''tujyemmis'''....''dormer'' * '''volzzyefmis'''....''stained glass window'' * '''yaobwa misabun'''....''venetian blind'' * '''yober ha misof'''....''lower the curtain'' * '''yobuxmis'''....''shutter'' * '''yogmisof'''....''teaser'' * '''yuijbyafwa misof'''....''jalousie'' * '''zamisabun'''....''awning'' * '''zemisaomuf'''....''mullion'' * '''zemisaomufika'''....''mullioned'' * '''zomisof'''....''backcloth, backdrop'' * '''zyozanmis'''....''embrasure'' * '''zyupea misof'''....''window shade'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== MUS Words ==== : The root word '''mus''' means ''stairs, scale''. The diminutive, '''muys''' means ''ladder''. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''agala duzmus'''....''major scale'' * '''dabmus'''....''hierarchy'' * '''dabmusa'''....''hierarchical'' * '''dabmusay'''....''hierarchically'' * '''dabmuseb'''....''hierarch'' * '''dota mus'''....''social ladder'' * '''dota musnog'''....''social rung'' * '''dota musyapren'''....''social climbing'' * '''dota musyaprut'''....''social climber'' * '''duz mus'''....''musical scale'' * '''duzmus'''....''musical scale, scale'' * '''gladabmusa'''....''polyhierarchical'' * '''magmus'''....''fire escape'' * '''makmus'''....''escalator'' * '''milmus'''....''sluice'' * '''mimpar ebmus'''....''companionway'' * '''mus zyutum'''....''stairwell'' * '''mus'''....''stair, staircase, stairs, stairway, scale'' * '''musabnod'''....''climax, peak, top of the ladder, top of the scale'' * '''musabnoda'''....''climactic'' * '''musabnodxen'''....''climaxing'' * '''musabnodxer'''....''climax'' * '''musaomuf'''....''newel'' * '''musaxyafwa'''....''scalable'' * '''muses'''....''gradation, rung'' * '''musmep'''....''stairway'' * '''musnaad'''....''banister'' * '''musnog'''....''grade, rime, rung, stair rung, step'' * '''musnoga'''....''gradual'' * '''musnogar'''....''ladder'' * '''musnogay'''....''gradually'' * '''musnogser'''....''graduate, step along'' * '''musnogxen'''....''stepping'' * '''musnogxer'''....''step'' * '''musnogxwa'''....''staged, stepped'' * '''musobnod'''....''bottom of the scale, nadir'' * '''musobnodxen'''....''bottoming out'' * '''musobnodxer'''....''bottom out'' * '''mussyob'''....''landing, staircase landing'' * '''mustum'''....''stair well, stairwell'' * '''mustuyamuf'''....''banister'' * '''musyap'''....''ascent'' * '''musyapea'''....''escalating'' * '''musyapen'''....''escalation'' * '''musyaper'''....''escalate'' * '''musyaput'''....''climber'' * '''musyena'''....''gradual, step-like'' * '''musyopea'''....''de-escalating'' * '''musyopen'''....''de-escalation'' * '''musyoper'''....''de-escalate'' * '''nagmus'''....''metric scale'' * '''nogmus'''....''degree scale'' * '''ogala duzmus'''....''minor scale'' * '''ovmusabnoda'''....''anticlimactic, anticlimax'' * '''ovmusabnoday'''....''anticlimactically'' * '''ovmusoliniina'''....''antifascist'' * '''pasea mus'''....''escalator'' (or '''panmus''' or '''makmus''') * '''pir mus'''....''fire escape'' (or '''magmus''') * '''sagmus'''....''index, numeric scale'' * '''sagmusben'''....''indexing'' * '''sagmusber'''....''index'' * '''sagmusbwa'''....''indexed'' * '''tabnyaun sagmus'''....''body mass index'' * '''volz sagmus'''....''color map'' * '''yabmusnogxen'''....''stepping up'' * '''yabmusnogxer'''....''step up'' * '''yabmusnogxwa'''....''stepped up'' * '''yaper ha mus'''....''ascend the staircase, go up the stairs'' * '''yobmusesien'''....''downgrading'' * '''yobmusesier'''....''downgrade'' * '''yobmusesuen'''....''downgrading'' * '''yobmusesuer'''....''downgrade'' * '''yobmusesuwa'''....''downgraded'' * '''yobmusnogxen'''....''stepping down'' * '''yobmusnogxer'''....''step down'' * '''yobmusnogxwa'''....''stepped down'' * '''yoper ha mus'''....''descend the staircase, go down the stairs'' * '''zaymusnogxer'''....''step forward'' * '''zemusa'''....''midscale'' * '''zomus'''....''backstair'' * '''zyinmus'''....''shamble'' <hr> * '''dota muys'''....''social ladder'' * '''dotmuys'''....''social ladder'' * '''kipea muys'''....''sliding scale'' * '''muys'''....''ladder, scale, step ladder, stepladder'' * '''muysa'''....''scalar'' * '''muysben'''....''escalation, scaling'' * '''muysber'''....''escalate'' * '''muysbwa'''....''escalated, scaled'' * '''muysbyofwa'''....''unscalable'' * '''muyses'''....''rung'' * '''muyspen'''....''escalating, escalation, going up the latter, scaling'' * '''muysper'''....''escalate, go up the ladder'' * '''obmuys'''....''vernier'' * '''omuysaxer'''....''de-escalate'' * '''yabmuysa'''....''upscale'' * '''yabmuysben'''....''escalation, scaling up'' * '''yabmuysber'''....''escalate, scale up'' * '''yabmuysbwa'''....''escalated, scaled up'' * '''yabmuyspea'''....''graduating, rising, scaling up'' * '''yabmuyspen'''....''climbing up, escalation, graduation'' * '''yabmuysper'''....''climb up, escalate, go up the ladder, graduate'' * '''yobmuysa'''....''downscale'' * '''yobmuysbea'''....''scaling down'' * '''yobmuysben'''....''scale-down, scaling down'' * '''yobmuysber'''....''downscale, scale down'' * '''yobmuysbwa'''....''downscaled, scaled down'' * '''yobmuyspen'''....''getting downscaled, going downhill'' * '''yobmuysper'''....''get downscaled, go downhill'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''MUF''' (rod), '''MUV''' (pin), '''MYUF''' (beam) === : The root '''muf''' means ''rod, stick, baton, bat, cane, stake, post''. The word '''muv''' is a lesser version meaning ''nail''. The word '''myuf''' is a larger version meaning ''beam, rafter''. The word '''mufyeg''' means ''pipe, cylinder'' and ends in the stub word '''-yeg''' from '''zyeg''' (''hollow''). : Here are some words derived from these roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abmimuf'''....''topmast'' * '''alien mufyeg'''....''blowpipe'' * '''anmimufa'''....''single-masted'' * '''anzyemufa'''....''uniaxial'' * '''aomermuf'''....''purlin'' * '''aomuf'''....''column'' * '''aomufsab'''....''fust'' * '''aomufsyob'''....''plinth'' * '''aomuftib'''....''scape'' * '''aomufyan'''....''colonnade'' * '''apaxlarmuf'''....''broomstick'' * '''baluien muyfyeg'''....''breathing tube'' * '''barmuf'''....''pestle'' * '''bolmuf'''....''column, prop, strut, support'' * '''bolmufyag'''....''support beam'' * '''buxmuf'''....''goad'' * '''byefabmuf'''....''rattan'' * '''byosmuf'''....''trapeze, trapezium'' * '''deupmuf dopmuf'''....''mace'' * '''deym mufyeg'''....''hosepipe'' * '''doof muf'''....''flagpole, flagstaff, standard'' * '''dopmuf'''....''lance'' * '''dopuz-izmuf'''....''bow-and-arrow'' * '''duzdeba muf'''....''conductor's baton'' * '''minak siynmuf'''....''milepost'' * '''enmufa mimofpar'''....''brigantine'' * '''faomuf'''....''pikestaff, quarterstaff, wooden pole'' * '''feelkmuf'''....''bar, iron bar, iron rod'' * '''feelkyiga muf'''....''steel beam'' * '''fubmuf'''....''spike'' * '''fubmufnyan'''....''faggot, bundle of branches'' * '''fyamuf'''....''staff'' * '''fyulmufzyeg'''....''cloaca'' * '''Gedada puxmuf'''....''caber'' * '''gezyemufa'''....''co-axial, coaxial'' * '''gimuf'''....''shish, skewer'' * '''gimufyeg tef'''....''cone hat, dunce cap'' * '''gimufyeg'''....''cone'' * '''gimuyf'''....''pick'' * '''givomuf'''....''cigar, stogie, stogy'' * '''givomufyeg'''....''smoking pipe, tobacco pipe'' * '''grailpmufzyeg'''....''standpipe'' * '''grunmuf'''....''crosier'' * '''gumzyegek fuybmuf'''....''pool stick'' * '''gwazomimuf'''....''mizzenmast'' * '''gyamuf'''....''beam, girder'' * '''gyaujmuf'''....''bludgeon'' * '''Iema muf'''....''shillalah, shillelagh'' * '''ilmuyf'''....''siphon'' * '''ilokmufyeg'''....''drainage pipe, gutter'' * '''ilukmufyeg'''....''drainpipe'' * '''inmuf'''....''stilt'' * '''izbexmuf'''....''joystick'' * '''izmuf'''....''arrow'' * '''izmufseb'''....''arrowhead'' * '''kaduzarmuf'''....''drumstick'' * '''kotyezmuf'''....''magic wand'' * '''kyaxen muf'''....''stick shift'' * '''sakolmuf'''....''lollipop'' * '''maegil mufyeg'''....''gas main'' * '''magmuf'''....''firebrand'' * '''magmufaob'''....''matchwood'' * '''magmufog'''....''match, matchstick'' * '''magmufogyeb'''....''matchbook'' * '''magmufogyem'''....''matchbox'' * '''magmufzyeg'''....''tuyere'' * '''magyel mufyeg'''....''oil pipe'' * '''magyel mufyegnad'''....''oil pipeline'' * '''mak muf'''....''electric pole'' * '''makmufzyeg'''....''klystron'' * '''mal muyfyeg'''....''air tube'' * '''malmufyeg'''....''air vent, windpipe, throttle, throat'' * '''maluk muyfeg'''....''vacuum tube'' * '''mamak muf'''....''lightning rod'' * '''mamilmufyeg'''....''gutter, rain spout'' * '''manar muf'''....''light pole'' * '''masbolmuf'''....''buttress'' * '''maylubea mufyeg'''....''flue'' * '''mekobarmuf'''....''mopstick'' * '''melmuf yuzmays'''....''picket fence'' * '''melmuf'''....''picket, stake'' * '''melmufyan'''....''palisade, stockade'' * '''melmufyeg'''....''soil pipe'' * '''mepyuijbea muf'''....''pike'' * '''mes bexmuf'''....''door handle'' * '''mes muf'''....''doorpost'' * '''meys muf'''....''gatepost'' * '''mialmufyegen'''....''steamfitting'' * '''milkexmuf'''....''dowsing rod'' * '''milmufyeg'''....''hooka, hookah, water pipe, nargile'' * '''milmufyega'''....''hydraulic'' * '''milmufyegut'''....''plumber'' * '''milmufzyeg'''....''penstock'' * '''mimobem magyelmufyeg'''....''flowline'' * '''mos bolmuf'''....''girder, joist'' * '''movmufyeg'''....''smokestack'' * '''muf'''....''shaft, spike, staff, stave, rod, stick'' * '''mufag'''....''baton, club, column, pole. cudgel'' * '''mufaguer'''....''beat, club'' * '''mufbelar'''....''handbarrow'' * '''mufbuxer'''....''punt'' * '''mufdazut'''....''pole-dancer'' * '''mufes'''....''peg'' * '''mufesaben'''....''pegging'' * '''mufesaber'''....''peg'' * '''mufgibar'''....''poker'' * '''mufmas'''....''palisade, pen, stockade'' * '''mufog zyulxuyt'''....''majorette'' * '''mufog'''....''dowel, peg'' * '''mufyag'''....''beam, beanpole, boom, long beam, long pole'' * '''mufyeb'''....''conduit'' * '''mufyeg'''....''cylinder, pipe'' * '''mufyegben'''....''laying pipe-laying, piping'' * '''mufyegnad'''....''pipeline'' * '''mufyegnid'''....''cylinder'' * '''mufyegubar'''....''faucet, tap'' * '''mufyegyujar'''....''nozzle'' * '''mufyegvyixar'''....''pipe-cleaner'' * '''mufyeg yankyujar'''....''gasket'' * '''mufyeg yuijar'''....''stopcock'' * '''mufyegbolar'''....''style'' * '''mufyegebnyif'''....''coir'' * '''mufyegnak'''....''caliber, calibre'' * '''mufzyun ifek'''....''lacrosse'' * '''mugabnodmuf'''....''tipstaff'' * '''mugmuf'''....''metal bar, metal rod'' * '''mugmufgrun'''....''crowbar'' * '''mugmuyf'''....''pintle'' * '''musaomuf'''....''newel'' * '''mustuyamuf'''....''banister'' * '''muyf'''....''rod, small stick, pin'' * '''muyfbyaxar'''....''pinsetter'' * '''muyfgin drilar'''....''stylograph'' * '''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'''....''tube of toothpaste'' * '''muyfyeg'''....''small cylinder, small pipe, straw, tube'' * '''muyfyegyan'''....''tubing'' * '''muyfyegyeber'''....''intubate'' * '''muyfyeges'''....''tubule'' * '''nagmuf'''....''dipstick'' * '''neafmuf'''....''racquet'' * '''neafmufzyun ifek'''....''racquetball'' * '''nefmuf'''....''distaff'' * '''noyxmufyeg'''....''nozzle, spigot'' * '''nyifgimuf'''....''marlin spike, marlingspike, marlinspike'' * '''nyifmuf'''....''bollard'' * '''nyifzyumuf'''....''bobbin'' * '''ofmuf'''....''bar, barrier'' * '''povol muyf'''....''bread stick'' * '''pitpix muf'''....''fishing pole'' * '''pobalkmufyeg'''....''lead pipe, plumber's pipe'' * '''pobalkmufegbut'''....''plumber'' * '''puix muf'''....''baseball bat'' * '''puxrer izmuf'''....''shoot an arrow'' * '''pyaxmufyeg'''....''missile, rocket'' * '''pyexmufag'''....''billy club, cudgel, truncheon'' * '''pyexnyifuen muf'''....''whipping post'' * '''pyoxmufzyeg'''....''chute'' * '''siunmuf'''....''signpost'' * '''sizmuf'''....''maulstick'' * '''summuf'''....''bedpost'' * '''tabmuf'''....''gibbet'' * '''tabmufzyeg'''....''catheter'' * '''Tamilgivomuf'''....''cheroot'' * '''taolgimuf'''....''spit, meat skewer, shish'' * '''taxmuf'''....''memory stick'' * '''telmuf'''....''broach'' * '''teupib gimuf'''....''toothpick'' * '''tilmufyeg'''....''drinking straw'' * '''tiyebilmufyegoben'''....''vasectomy'' * '''tuyamuf'''....''handle, handlebar'' * '''tyezmuf'''....''magic wand'' * '''tyomuf'''....''cane, crutch'' * '''uimuf'''....''horizontal beam'' * '''ukxwalmufyeg'''....''exhaust pipe'' * '''umvab gimuf'''....''haycock'' * '''unmuf sum'''....''fourposter'' * '''uzlazon muf'''....''driveshaft'' * '''uztubmuf'''....''crankshaft'' * '''uztubmufyem'''....''crankcase'' * '''uzvusanmuf'''....''camshaft'' * '''uzyumuf'''....''windlass'' * '''vosmuf'''....''maypole'' * '''vyixarmuf'''....''broomstick'' * '''xumuf'''....''rood'' * '''yabmuf'''....''pylon'' * '''yagunmufyeg'''....''kelly'' * '''yagyazmuf'''....''ridgepole'' * '''yanxen muf'''....''hitching post'' * '''yanxmuf'''....''pitman'' * '''supetaol mufyeg'''....''wiener, wienie, wurst, sausage, frankfurter'' * '''yeba muyfyeg'''....''inner tube'' * '''yibsinibar muyfyeg'''....''television tube'' * '''orpovobmuyf'''....''chopstick'' * '''yudanakmuf'''....''yardstick'' * '''yugmufyeg'''....''hosepipe'' * '''brahefyel muyfyeg'''....''rubber tube'' * '''yuijbea muf'''....''turnpike'' * '''yujlarmuf'''....''deadbolt'' * '''zamimuf'''....''foremast'' * '''zamuf'''....''bowsprit, forepole'' * '''zemisaomuf'''....''mullion'' * '''zepaxar mufag'''....''keelson'' * '''zeymuf'''....''balk, crosspiece, transom'' * '''zomufzyeg'''....''tailpipe'' * '''zyebuxmuf'''....''ramrod'' * '''zyegek muf'''....''golf club'' * '''zyemuf'''....''axis, axle, crossbar, pivot, shaft, spindle'' * '''zyemufyeg'''....''burette, smoothbore'' * '''zyifmufyeg'''....''smoothbore'' * '''zyuaomufyan'''....''cyclostyle'' * '''zyukmuf'''....''axletree'' * '''zyumuf'''....''pestle'' * '''zyumufar'''....''roller'' * '''zyumufdresiz'''....''rotogravure'' * '''zyupmuf'''....''capstan, spindle'' * '''atuyumuv'''....''thumbtack'' * '''edebmuv'''....''scepter, staff, royal mace4'' * '''feelkmuyv'''....''tige'' * '''gimuyv'''....''tack'' * '''givomuv'''....''cigarette'' * '''givomuvuj'''....''cigarette butt'' * '''izmuv'''....''needle'' * '''kyupmuv'''....''bolt'' * '''megmuv'''....''rock bolt'' * '''merizondar izmuv'''....''compass needle'' * '''mes kipmuv'''....''door bolt'' * '''muyv'''....''pin'' * '''muyvdrof'''....''pinboard'' * '''muyvzyun ifek'''....''pinball'' * '''nyem bi givomuvi'''....''carton of cigarettes'' * '''nyufes bi givomuvi'''....''pack of cigarettes'' * '''oybtayoba izmuv'''....''hypodermic needle'' * '''oyebmes yijmuv'''....''latchkey'' * '''taxmuv'''....''thumb drive'' * '''tuyub uzyumuv'''....''thumb'' * '''ummas kipmuv'''....''molly bolt'' * '''uzmuv'''....''staple'' * '''uzmuvar'''....''stapler'' * '''uzmuvir'''....''staple gun'' * '''uzyubea muv'''....''rolling pin'' * '''vakmuyv'''....''linchpin'' * '''yaplen muv'''....''piton'' * '''yijmuv'''....''key, latch, latchet'' * '''yujlarmuyv'''....''broach'' * '''yujmuv'''....''bar, padlock, peg, bolt'' * '''yujun uzyumuv'''....''corkscrew'' * '''yumuyv'''....''ninepin'' * '''zyisebmuyv'''....''tack'' * '''zyuabuna uzyumuv'''....''roundhead'' * '''zyusebmuv'''....''rivet'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''MUG''' ''metal'', '''MUK''' ''mineral'' '''MUZ''' ''ore'' === :* '''mug'''....''metal'' :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' :* '''muz'''....''ore'' ==== MUG Words ==== : The root '''mug''' means ''metal''. The following words are derived from this root: {{small/top}} * '''mug'''....''metal'' ** '''abmugsiz'''....''toreutic'' ** '''alza mug'''....''white metal'' ** '''balsiyner dresin abu mug'''....''stamp a design onto metal'' ** '''bixmug'''....''magnet'' *** '''bixmugazon'''....''magnetism, magnetic force'' ****'''bixmugazonmilpanazontun'''....''magnetohydrodynamics'' ****'''bixmugazonnagar'''....''magnetometer'' ****'''bixmugazonxer'''....''to magnetize'' *** '''ekpetyoyaf bixmug'''....''horsehoe magnet'' *** '''feelkbixmug'''....''ferromagnet'' *** '''imerbixmuga'''....''geomagnetic'' **** '''imerbixmugazon'''....''geomagnetism'' *** '''makbixmug'''....''electromagnet'' **** '''makbixmugazon'''....''electromagnetism'' ***** '''kyinmakbixmugazon'''....''gravitoelectromagnetism'' **** '''lomakbixmugxer'''....''to degauss'' ** '''dopirmug'''....''gunmetal'' ** '''drayefmug'''....''sheet metal'' ** '''drurmug'''....''printhead'' ** '''ebmuga'''....''intermetallic'' ** '''enmuga'''....''bimetallic'' *** '''enmugin'''....''bimetallism'' ** '''fyizmug'''....''medal'' *** '''fyizmuguer'''....''to bestow a medal'' *** '''agelka fyizmug'''....''silver medal'' *** '''aulka fyizmug'''....''gold medal'' *** '''caulkyiga fyizmug'''....''bronze medal'' *** '''fyizmugag'''....''medallion'' ** '''glamugyebag mimpur'''....''supertanker'' ** '''kyimug'''....''heavy metal'' *** '''kyimugoben'''....''chelation'' ** '''mugyanar'''....''chain, metal chain'' *** '''lomugyanarer'''....''unchain'' **** '''lomugyanaren'''....''unchaining'' **** '''lomugyanarwa'''....''unchained'' ** '''mugyanil'''....''solder'' *** '''mugyanilxer'''....''to solder'' **** '''lomugyanilxer'''....''to unsolder'' ** '''makmugmoys'''....''electroplate'' *** '''makmugmoysber'''....''to galvanize, electroplate'' **** '''makmugmoysbwa'''....''galvanized, electroplated'' ** '''manmug'''....''phosphor'' ** '''mazmug'''....''sequin'' ** '''mug goypar'''....''hacksaw'' ** '''muga'''....''metal, metallic'' *** '''muga milbelar'''....''metal bucket, metal pail'' *** '''muga pexum'''....''metal cage'' ** '''mugabun'''....''metal cover'' *** '''mugabunxer'''....''to plate'' **** '''mugabunxen'''....''plating'' **** '''mugabunxwa'''....''plated'' ** '''mugabsaibyan'''....''gantry'' ** '''mugayef'''....''foil, metal sheet'' ** '''mugdresiz'''....''metallography'' ** '''mugfyus'''....''slag'' *** '''mugfyusuen'''....''slagging'' *** '''mugfyusuer'''....''slag'' ** '''muggin'''....''spike, metal tip'' *** '''mugginxwa'''....''spiked, metal-tipped'' *** '''mugginmuf'''....''tipstaff'' ** '''muggoblar'''....''hacksaw'' ** '''muggyagoflun'''....''ingot'' ** '''mugilxer'''....''to melt metal'' *** '''mugilxam'''....''foundry'' ** '''muginaya'''....''spiky'' *** '''muginayan'''....''spikiness'' *** '''muginika'''....''spiky'' **** '''muginikan'''....''spikiness'' ** '''mugkaxar'''....''metal detector'' ** '''mugmapduzar'''....''brasswind'' ** '''mugmef'''....''bar, ingot'' ** '''mugmek'''....''filings, metal dust'' ** '''mugmesog'''....''plaquette, scutcheon'' ** '''mugmolz'''....''niello'' *** '''mugmolzber'''....''to niello'' ** '''mugmuf'''....''metal bar, metal rod, bar'' *** '''zo mugmufi'''....''behind bars'' *** '''mugmufgrun'''....''crowbar'' *** '''mugmuyf'''....''pintle'' ** '''mugneaf'''....''trellis, wire mesh, wire-mesh'' ** '''mugnef'''....''grate, grid, griddle, grill, grille'' *** '''mugnef yuzmas'''....''grated fence'' ** '''mugneyef'''....''metal strip, ferrule'' *** '''gunmugneyef'''....''spline'' ** '''mugnif'''....''wire, cable'' *** '''enuja mugnif'''....''jumper cable'' *** '''mugnifvixun'''....''filigree'' *** '''novmugnif'''....''gimp'' *** '''gawmugnifber'''....''to rewire'' *** '''grinaya mugnif'''....''razor wire'' *** '''grunaya mugnif'''....''barbed wire'' *** '''ijar mugnif'''....''trip wire'' ** '''mugnyed'''....''grill'' *** '''mugnyedmageler'''....''to grill'' *** '''mugnyedmagelar'''....''grill'' *** '''mugnyedmagelwa'''....''grilled'' *** '''mugnyedyan'''....''grating, grillwork'' ** '''mugnyem'''....''metal case'' *** '''givomuv mugnyem'''....''cigarette case'' ** '''mugnuf'''....''metal button, nailhead, stud'' *** '''mugnufber'''....''to stud'' *** '''mugnufben'''....''studding'' *** '''mugnufbwa'''....''studded'' *** '''tuyov mugnuf'''....''cuff link'' ** '''mugnyaf'''....''buckle, clasp'' *** '''mugnyafber''''....''to buckle'' *** '''mugnyafober'''....''to unbuckle'' ** '''mugnyem'''....''metal box, metal case'' ** '''mugoyebixer'''....''to smelt'' *** '''mugoyebixam'''....''smelter, smeltery'' *** '''mugoyebixir'''....''smelter'' ** '''mugpyeuxer'''....''to clank'' ** '''mugsaib yaozgoblir'''....''bucksaw'' ** '''mugseuxer'''....''to jangle'' ** '''mugsanxar'''....''swage'' ** '''mugsim'''....''metal chair'' ** '''mugsiun'''....''token'' *** '''mugsiunin'''....''tokenism'' ** '''mugtaf'''....''hauberk'' ** '''mugtilyeb'''....''pannikin'' ** '''mugtun'''....''metallography'' ** '''mugul'''....''scoria, slag'' ** '''muguz'''....''grommet'' ** '''mugulz'''....''patina'' ** '''mugvunid'''....''quoin'' ** '''mugxer'''....''to metallize'' *** '''mugxen'''....''metallization'' ** '''mugyanar'''....''chain, metal chain'' *** '''mugyanarer'''....''to catenate, chain'' ** '''mugyanil'''....''solder'' *** '''mugyanilxer'''....''to solder'' ** '''mugyanxer'''....''to weld'' *** '''mugyanxun'''....''weldment'' *** '''mugyanxut'''....''welder'' *** '''mugyanxyafwa'''....''weldable'' ** '''mufnyaf'''....''buckle'' *** '''zetif mugnyaf'''....''belt buckle'' ** '''mugyeb'''....''can, metal container, pail, pot'' *** '''fyumul mugyeb'''....''garbage can, garbage pail, rubbish can'' *** '''fyus mugyeb'''....''litter can, trash can, waste can'' *** '''milmugyeb'''....''canteen'' **** '''milmugyebag'''....''water cistern, water tank'' *** '''tefayelmugyeb'''....''tea kettle, teakettle, teapot'' *** '''miluen mugyeb'''....''watering can'' *** '''ipuxwas mugyeb'''....''trash can'' *** '''kafeyl magilmugyeb'''....''coffee kettle, coffee pot'' *** '''kafeylmugyeb'''....''coffee pot, coffee urn, coffeepot'' *** '''lobexun mugyeb'''....''trash can'' *** '''maegil mugyeb'''....''gas can, gas tank, gasoline can, petrol can'' **** '''maegil mugyebag'''....''gas tank, gasoline tank, petrol tank'' *** '''magilmugyeb'''....''kettle, pot'' **** '''magilmugyebag'''....''boiler, caldron, cauldron'' *** '''magyel mugyebag'''....''oil tank'' *** '''tilmugyeb'''....''beverage can'' *** '''vyilxen mugyebag'''....''washtub'' ** '''mugyex'''....''metallurgy, metalwork'' *** '''mugyexal'''....''acetylene'' *** '''mugyexut'''....''metallurgist, metalworker'' ** '''mugyigaxer'''....''to caseharden'' ** '''mugzyifarer'''....''to planish'' ** '''mugzyin'''....''plaquette, scutcheon'' ** '''mugzyiun'''....''gussy, quoit'' ** '''mugzyuk'''....''nut'' *** '''ebyujlea mugzyuk'''....''snap fastener'' ** '''nasmug'''....''coin'' *** '''aloynasmug'''....''dime'' *** '''asoynasmug'''....''cent'' **** '''Feroma asoynasmug'''....''centime'' *** '''Geniqoma nasmug'''....''guinea'' *** '''nasmug-exwa'''....''coin-operated'' *** '''nasmugier'''....''to get change'' *** '''nasmugtixut'''....''numismatist'' *** '''nasmuguer'''....''make change'' *** '''nasmugxer'''....''to mint'' **** '''nasmugxam'''....''mint'' ***** '''nasmugxam noyx'''....''mintage'' *** '''nasmugyan'''....''change, coinage, mintage'' *** '''nasmugyeb'''....''coin purse'' ** '''nixmugsiun'''....''scrip'' ** '''omuga'''....''nonmetallic'' ** '''syob mug'''....''base metal'' ** '''uzmug'''....''trunnion'' ** '''vimugun'''....''tole'' ** '''yanmug'''....''alloy'' *** '''feelk yanmug'''....''iron alloy'' {{small/end}} ==== MUK Words ==== : The root '''muk''' means ''mineral''. Here some derived terms: :* '''muk'''....''mineral'' ::* '''aagmuk'''....''macromineral'' ::* '''amuk'''....''augite'' ::* '''emuk'''....''vermiculite'' ::* '''mukiblem'''....''mine, quarry'' :::* '''mukiblem mup'''....''mine tunnel'' :::* '''mukiblem par'''....''mine carriage'' :::* '''mukiblem yaobzyeg'''....''mine shaft'' :::* '''mukibler'''....''to mine'' ::::* '''mukiblen'''....''mining'' ::::* '''mukiblut'''....''miner'' :::::* '''mukibluta yigtef'''....''miner's hardhat, mining helmet'' ::* '''mukmil'''....''mineral water'' ::* '''muktun'''....''mineralogy'' ::::* '''muktuna'''....''mineralogical'' ::::* '''muktut'''....''mineralogist'' ::* '''mukxer'''....''to mineralize'' :::* '''mukxen'''....''mineralization'' :::* '''mukxwa'''....''mineralized'' ::* '''mukyabilok'''....''stalagmite'' ::* '''mukyobilok'''....''stalactite'' ::* '''mukyugmek'''....''talcum'' ::* '''mukzoybesun'''....''fossil'' ::* '''mukzyeg'''....''mineral pit'' ::* '''nazmuk yaybar'''....''ore bridge'' ::* '''nazmuk yonxen'''....''ore dressing'' ::* '''nozmuk'''....''garnet'' ::* '''yugmuk'''....''meerschaum'' ==== MUZ Words ==== : The root '''muz''' means ''ore'' and the following words are derived from it: :* '''muz'''....''ore'' ::* '''muzika'''....''sequined, sequin-filled'' ::* '''muzkexer'''....''prospect'' :::* '''muzkexen'''....''prospecting'' :::* '''muzkexut'''....''prospector'' ::* '''muztalob'''....''lode'' ::* '''caulk muz'''....''copper ore'' ::* '''feelk muz'''....''iron ore'' ::* '''muz pures'''....''ore car'' ::* '''muzfyul'''....''gangue'' ::* '''muzyonxen'''....''ore dressing'' === '''NAB''' ''rank'', '''NAP''' ''order'' === ::* '''nab'''....''rank, row'' :::* '''aonab'''....''column, y-axis'' :::* '''nabxer'''....''to arrange, to line up, to adapt'' :::* '''nabyan'''...''range, spectrum'' :::* '''uinab'''....''row, x-axis'' :::* '''yabnaba'''....''high-ranking'' :::* '''yobnaba'''....''low-ranking'' ::* '''naab'''....''file'' :::* '''naaber'''....''to file, to classify'' ::* '''nap'''....''order'' :::* '''lonap'''....''disorder, mess'' ::::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' ::::* '''dolonap'''....''riot'' ::::* '''teplonap'''....''mental disorder'' :::* '''napder'''....''to order, to ordain'' :::* '''napxer'''....''to array, to put in order'' ::* '''naap'''....''system, regime'' :::* '''amarnaap'''....''solar system'' :::* '''lonaap'''....''chaos'' ::::* '''lonaapa'''....''chaotic'' :::* '''naapa'''....''systematic'' :::* '''naapxer'''....''to systematize'' ::* '''nyap'''....''march'' :::* '''nyaper'''....''to march'' === '''NAS''' ''money'' === : The stems of the words in this family all begin with '''n''' for ''merchandise''. All the words have to do with money, business, trade, and merchandise. [[File:টাকার মাধ্যমে করোনাভাইরাস ছড়ানো.jpg|thumb|]] : Summary: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Money Core Words |- valign=top ! MONEY/WEALTH !! SAVING/ACCUMULATING !! SPENDING/WASTING !! EARNING/ORDERING !! PAYING/SHIPPING |- |valign=top| '''nas'''....''money''<br>'''nax'''....''price''<br>'''nayx'''....''cost''<br>'''naz'''....''value, worth''<br>'''nasyig'''....''cash''<br>'''nasmug'''....''coin''<br>'''nases'''....''change''<br>'''nasgon'''....''stock''<br>'''nastun'''....''finance''<br>'''donastun'''....''economy''<br>'''nasyan'''....''capital''<br>'''nasdrev'''....''paper money''<br>'''nasdref'''....''check''<br>'''nasam'''....''bank''<br>'''nasak'''....''profit''<br>'''nasok'''....''deficit''<br>'''nam'''....''store''<br>'''namyan'''....''shopping center''<br>'''nasdiybut'''....''bursar''<br>'''nasdrev'''....''backnote''<br>'''nasebkyax'''....''money exchange''<br>'''nasefa'''....''poor''<br>'''nasgab'''....''surplus''<br>'''nasok'''....''deficit''<br>'''nasokya'''....''bankrupt''<br>'''nastun'''....''finance''<br>'''naxer'''....''cost''<br>'''nasbuer'''....''allocate''<br>'''nasaker'''....''profit''<br>'''naseker'''....''gamble''<br>'''nasyefer'''....''owe''<br>'''nasyefier'''<br>'''nasboler'''....''underwrite''<br>''''nasyefier''''....''borrow''<br>'''nasyefuer'''....''lend''<br>'''naxter'''....''appreciate''<br>'''nazer'''....''be worth''<br>'''nazder'''....''assess''<br>'''nazbuer'''....''reward''<br>'''nasyiguer'''....''cash''<br>'''nasbyokuer'''....''fine''<br>'''nasdier'''....''panhandle''<br>'''nasgonuer'''....''invest''<br>'''nasvelkier'''....''gamble'' |valign=top|'''nex'''....''savings''<br>'''nexak'''....''interest''<br>'''nextun'''....''economy''<br>'''nexyea'''....''thrifty''<br>'''nexer'''....''save''<br>'''neuner'''....''reserve'' |valign=top| '''nox'''....''expense''<br>'''noxun'''....''expenditure''<br>'''finox'''....''thrift''<br>'''noz'''....''jewelry''<br>'''noxufa'''...,''stingy''<br>'''noxer'''....''spend''<br>'''funoxer'''....''waste''<br>'''noxuer'''....''charge'' |valign=top| '''nix'''....''income, revenue''<br>'''yexnix'''....''salary''<br>'''tutnix'''....''honorarium''<br>'''jonix'''....''debt''<br>'''nixak'''....''profit''<br>'''dobnix'''....''pension''<br>'''dotnix'''....''welfare''<br>'''jabnix'''....''annuity''<br>'''nixgab'''....''dividend''<br>'''nier'''....''consume''<br>'''nixer'''....''earn''<br>'''nizer'''....''deserve''<br>'''nier'''....''consume''<br>'''nixbuer'''....''sell''<br>'''jobnier'''....''rent''<br>'''nixbuer'''...''sell'' |valign=top| '''nux'''....''payment, outlay''<br>'''yovnux'''....''penalty''<br>'''nuxyef'''....''duty''<br>'''jonux'''....''credit''<br>'''yufnux'''....''blackmail''<br>'''dobnux'''....''tax''<br>'''nuz'''....''award''<br>'''nuxgax'''....''pay raise'' <br>'''nuxer'''....''pay''<br>'''nuzuer'''....''award''<br>'''nuer'''....''supply''<br>'''jobnuxer'''....''lease''<br>'''nuxbier'''....''buy''<br>'''nun'''....''product''<br>'''nunyan'''....''merchandise''<br>'''nunsag'''....''inventory''<br>'''nunek'''....''negotiation''<br>'''nundel'''....''ad''<br>'''nundyun'''....''brand''<br>'''nunem'''....''market''<br>'''n(un)am'''....''shop''<br>'''nunut'''....''merchant''<br>'''nunyeb'''....''package''<br>'''nuneker'''....''deal''<br>'''nunier'''....''buy''<br>'''nunuer'''....''sell''<br>'''nunuier'''....''trade''<br>'''namper'''....''shop''<br>'''nundeler'''....''advertise''<br>'''nunsager'''....''inventory''<br>'''nunyember'''....''package'' |- |valign=top| '''nyan'''....''stack''<br>'''nyandras'''....''list''<br>'''nyaz'''....''wealth''<br> '''nyaser'''....''accumulate''<br>'''nyaxer'''....''stack'' |valign=top|'''nyen'''....''stores, stock''<br>'''nyeb'''....''container''<br>'''nyem'''....''box, case''<br>'''nyef'''....''bag, sack''<br>'''nyeyf'''....''purse''<br>'''yignyef'''....''basket'' <br> '''nyexer'''....''stock''<br>'''nyember'''....''box up'' | valign=top|'''nyox'''....''waste''<br>'''nyoz'''....''penury''<br> '''nyoxer'''....''waste'' |valign=top| '''nyix'''....''order, demand''<br>'''nyixdref'''....''order form''<br>'''nyixut'''....''client, customer'' <br>'''nyuix'''....''supply and demand''<br>'''nyixer'''....''demand, order'' |valign=top|'''nyux'''....''delivery''<br>'''nyun'''....''cargo, freight, shipment''<br>'''nyuxdref'''....''receipt''<br>'''nyuxpur'''....''delivery truck'' <br>'''nyuer'''....''pour, produce''<br> '''nyuxer'''....''supply, deliver, ship''<br>'''nyuf'''....''package'' |} {{small/end}} === '''NOD''' ''point'' === : The base word '''nod''' means ''point, dot'', and is the top level of the following subordinal words: :* '''nod'''....''point, dot'' ::* '''nad'''....''line'' ::* '''ned'''....''plane'' ::* '''nid'''....''volume'' {{small/top}} ::* '''nod'''....''point, dot'' :::* '''abnod'''....''peak'' :::* '''byinod'''....''point of origin'' :::* '''byunod'''....''target'' :::* '''dalnod'''....''talking point'' :::* '''drenod'''....''dot, period'' :::* '''duznod'''....''note (music)'' :::* '''eynduznod'''....''minim'' :::* '''gwanod'''....''maximum'' :::* '''gwonod'''....''minimum'' :::* '''ijnod'''....''square one, starting point'' :::* '''jobnod'''....''point in time, moment'' :::* '''magnod'''....''burn point, focus'' :::* '''maknod'''....''blip'' :::* '''makujnod'''....''electrode'' :::* '''mannod'''....''pip'' :::* '''memyepnod'''....''port of entry'' :::* '''mernod'''....''compass point, pole'' ::::* '''ovmernod'''....''antipode'' :::* '''miilnod'''....''dew point'' :::* '''mopnod'''....''apse'' :::* '''nemnod'''....''locus'' :::* '''obpyosnod'''....''precipice'' :::* '''eknod'''....''game point'' :::* '''ovnod'''....''counterpoint'' :::* '''yabnod'''....''climax'' ::::* '''ovyabnod'''....''anticlimax'' :::* '''ujnod'''....''endpoint, node, terminal, extreme'' ::::* '''ovujnod'''....''antipode'' :::* '''oznod'''....''weakpoint, foible'' :::* '''posnod'''....''stopping point, deadlock'' :::* '''teatnod'''....''point of view, aspect, perspective'' :::* '''uknod'''....''hole'' :::* '''volznod'''....''freckle, color spot'' :::* '''yabnod'''....''climax, highpoint'' :::* '''yannod'''....''juncture, joint'' :::* '''yibnod'''....''apogee, extremity'' :::* '''yibamarnod'''....''aphelion'' :::* '''yibmopnod'''....''apoapse'' :::* '''yobnod'''....''lowpoint, nadir'' :::* '''yubmopnod'''....''periapsis'' :::* '''yuzamaryubnod'''....''perihelion'' :::* '''zamernod'''....''north pole'' :::* '''zenod'''....''hub, midpoint'' :::* '''zeypnod'''....''crossover point'' :::* '''zomernod'''....''south pole'' :::* '''zyenod'''....''intersection, through-point'' :::* '''zyubolnod'''....''hinge, pivot'' :::* '''zyupnod'''....''turning point, pivot'' ==== NAD NYAD Words ==== ::* '''nad'''....''line'' :::* '''naad'''....''track, rail'' ::::* '''abexnaad'''....''railing'' ::::* '''beaxnaad'''....''guardrail'' ::::* '''feelknaad'''....''iron rail'' ::::* '''musnaad'''....''banister'' ::::* '''seuxnaad'''....''sound track'' ::::* '''tuyanaad'''....''handrail'' ::::* '''zonaad'''....''trace'' :::* '''naed'''....''lane'' ::::* '''zenaed'''....''median'' :::* '''naid'''....''stripe, streak'' :::* '''naud'''....''ray, beam'' ::::* '''amarnaud'''....''sunray'' ::::* '''amurnaud'''....''moonbeam'' ::::* '''mannaud'''....''lightbeam'' ::::* '''xunaud'''....''x-ray'' ::::* '''zyuknaud'''....''spoke'' :::* '''nayd'''....''dash'' :::* '''nyad'''....''list, chain, queue'' ::::* '''aotnyad'''....''queue, line (of people)'' :::::* '''aotnyadxer'''...''to queue up, to line up'' ::::* '''duntesnyad'''....''glossary'' ::::* '''dyesnyad'''....''bibliography'' ::::* '''dyunnyad'''....''roster'' ::::* '''ekpetnyad'''....''cavalcade'' ::::* '''fyadilnyad'''....''litany'' ::::* '''gonuutnyad'''....''credits'' ::::* '''mapnyad'''....''windrow'' ::::* '''mimpurnyad'''....''convoy (of ships)'' ::::* '''namnyad'''....''stip mall'' ::::* '''naxnyad'''....''price list'' ::::* '''nyadper'''....''to march'' :::::* '''nyadpen'''....''procession, marching'' :::::* '''nyadput'''....''marcher'' ::::* '''nunnyad'''....''bill of goods'' ::::* '''pesnyad'''....''wait list'' ::::* '''purnyad'''....''motorcade'' :::::* '''dopurnyad'''....''convoy (military)'' ::::* '''teaznyad'''....''parade'' :::::* '''teaznyadper'''....''to parade'' ::::* '''texnyad'''....''chain of thought'' ::::* '''tulnyad'''....''bill of fare'' ::::* '''vyoknyad'''....''errata'' ::::* '''xwoasnyad'''....''agenda'' :::* '''abdrenad'''....''headline'' :::* '''aonad'''....''vertical line'' :::* '''pesnad'''....''queue'' :::* '''dinnad'''....''plot, storyline'' :::* '''dobnad'''....''frontier'' :::* '''dreznad'''....''verse'' :::* '''zanad'''....''frontline'' :::* '''dunnad'''....''passage'' :::* '''ijnad'''....''theshold'' :::* '''iznad'''....''vector, bee-line'' :::* '''jobnad'''....''timeline, choronology'' :::* '''judnad'''....''dateline'' :::* '''kinad'''....''slash'' :::* '''kunad'''....''edge, rim'' ::::* '''mimkunad'''....''seacoast, seashore'' :::* '''mamnad'''....''skyline, horizon'' :::* '''zaonad'''....''longitude'' :::* '''zuinad'''....''latitude'' :::* '''melyaznad'''....''ridge'' :::* '''melyoznad'''....''furrow, ditch, trench'' :::* '''mimnad'''....''coast'' :::* '''nofkunad'''....''hem'' :::* '''nunnad'''....''brand, product line'' :::* '''opyexnad'''....''line of defense'' :::* '''oyebnad'''....''outline'' :::* '''puxnad'''....''trajectory'' :::* '''sanyuznad'''....''silhouette'' :::* '''tajnad'''....''breed'' :::* '''teatnad'''....''line of sight'' :::* '''texnad'''....''line of thought'' :::* '''todnad'''....''family line, genetics'' :::* '''ujnad'''....''limit'' :::* '''uzkunad'''....''rim'' :::* '''uznad'''....''curve'' :::* '''yaoznad'''....''tilde'' :::* '''yeznad'''....''parallel'' :::* '''yibkunad'''....''fringe'' :::* '''yuzkunad'''....''frame'' :::* '''zakunad'''....''leading edge'' :::* '''zemernad'''....''equator'' :::* '''zaomernad'''....''longitude'' :::* '''zenad'''....''median'' :::* '''zonad'''....''rear line, backline'' :::* '''zuimernad'''....''latitude'' :::* '''zyokunad'''....''verge'' :::* '''zyunad'''....''circle'' :::* '''zyupnad'''....''axis'' ==== NED Words ==== ::* '''ned'''....''surface, plane'' :::* '''nead'''....''course'' ::::* '''tixnead'''....''curriculum'' :::::* '''agaltixnead'''....''major'' ::::* '''yexnead'''....''career'' ::::* '''milnead'''....''waterway'' ::::* '''tejnead'''....''curriculum vitae'' ::::* '''byeknead'''....''course of treatment'' ::::* '''popnead'''....''itinerary'' :::* '''nyed'''....''grid'' ::::* '''feelknyed'''....''grate, gridiron'' ::::* '''ebnyed'''....''web'' ::::* '''mepnyed'''....''network'' ::::* '''iznodnyed'''....''crosshair, reticle'' ::::* '''teabnyed'''....''retina'' ::::* '''magelnyed'''....''grill'' ::::* '''sagunnyed'''....''bitmap'' ::::* '''syagnyed'''....''spreadsheet'' :::* '''abned'''....''surface'' :::* '''aomegned'''....''cliff, precipice, bluff'' :::* '''ebned'''....''interface'' :::* '''imerned'''....''terrain'' :::* '''kined'''....''inclined plane, slope, ramp'' :::* '''kuned'''....''flank, side'' :::* '''megned'''....''pavement'' :::* '''melned'''....''plain, flat, meadow'' :::* '''memned'''....''ground, site'' :::* '''merned'''....''planet surface'' :::* '''mimned'''....''sea surface'' :::* '''obned'''....''bottom surface'' :::* '''oybned'''....''base, foundation, bottom'' :::* '''oyebned'''....''outer surface, hull'' :::* '''yabned'''....''platform'' :::* '''yaozned'''....''relief'' :::* '''yomned'''....''glade'' :::* '''yoymned'''....''rime'' :::* '''zaned'''....''front, face, heads (coin)'' :::* '''zyaned'''....''expanse, span, stretch'' :::* '''zyined'''....''flat surface, platform, plane'' :::* '''zoned'''....''back, rear, tails (coin)'' ==== NID Words ==== ::* '''nid'''....''volume, -hedron, solid'' :::* '''elonkunid'''....''icosahedron'' :::* '''eynzyunid'''....''hemisphere'' :::* '''ginid'''....''cone'' ::::* '''yomginid'''....''icicle'' ::::* '''zaginid'''....''nosecone'' :::* '''gunid'''....''wedge'' :::* '''inguginid'''....''pyramid'' :::* '''inkunid'''....''trihedron'' :::* '''unkunid'''....''tetrahedron'' :::* '''mufyegnid'''....''cylinder'' :::* '''mufvunid'''....''quoin'' :::* '''pifebnid'''....''cone'' :::* '''yagekunid'''....''cube, block, hexahedron'' :::* '''zyefnid'''....''prism'' :::* '''zyunid'''....''sphere, globe, orb'' {{small/end}} === '''NOF''' ''cloth'' === : The '''nof''' family words begin with '''n''' meaning ''commercial'' and end in '''f/v''' meaning ''textile''. ==== NOF, NOV, -OF, and -OV words ==== : The base word '''nof''' means ''cloth, material, weave'' and '''nov''' means ''linen''. There are truncated stub suffixes, '''-of''' and '''-ov''' that are used to form portmanteau words meaning types of ''cloth'' and ''linens''. : The word '''faof''', meaning ''wooden board'' is part of this family. Think of it as a mixture of '''fab''' (''tree'') and '''nof''' (''matter''). : Here is a list of words formed from the above roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abaunof'''....''cover'' *'''astrakhana nof'''....''astrakhan'' *'''bey nofkunviben'''....''purlwise'' *'''ganofxen'''....''reweaving'' *'''ganofxer'''....''reweave'' *'''ganofxwa'''....''rewoven'' *'''ganofyanxen'''....''re-sewing'' *'''ganofyanxer'''....''re-sew, resew'' *'''ganofyanxwa'''....''re-sewn'' *'''ganovolzilber'''....''redye'' *'''gevob nofyigxul'''....''cornstarch'' *'''gixenof'''....''strop'' *'''gyonaidnof'''....''pinstripe'' *'''gyonof'''....''gauze'' *'''gyonofyena'''....''gauzy'' *'''gyonofyenan'''....''gauziness'' *'''kexunovaren'''....''goalkeeping'' *'''kexunovarut'''....''goalkeeper, goaltender'' *'''kyunov'''....''gossamer'' *'''lonofnyafxer'''....''burl'' *'''lonofnyafxwa'''....''burled'' *'''lonofxer'''....''unweave'' *'''lonofyanxer'''....''unseam'' *'''magyelnov'''....''oilcloth'' *'''meigyena nof'''....''pebbleweave cloth'' *'''meknov'''....''dustcloth'' *'''memnof'''....''groundsheet'' *'''mesnof'''....''serviette'' *'''milnov'''....''towel'' *'''milnoves'''....''towelette'' *'''mimkum milnov'''....''beach towel'' *'''mimofnof'''....''sailcloth'' *'''nof'''....''cloth, textile, tissue, woven material'' *'''noffun'''....''fag'' *'''nofir'''....''weaving loom'' *'''nofkunvib'''....''purl'' *'''nofnyaf'''....''burl'' *'''nofsin'''....''embroidery'' *'''nofsinen'''....''embroidery'' *'''nofsiner'''....''embroider'' *'''nofun'''....''textile'' *'''nofuzyun'''....''bolt of fabric'' *'''nofxer'''....''weave'' *'''nofyanx'''....''hemstitch, seam'' *'''nofyigxul'''....''carb'' *'''nofyonx'''....''rip'' *'''nofyonxar'''....''scissor, scissors'' *'''nofyonxer'''....''rip apart'' *'''nov'''....''cloth, linen, rag'' *'''noves'''....''gussy, rag'' *'''novgorf'''....''tatter'' *'''novib'''....''cloth decoration'' *'''novim'''....''linen room'' *'''novmugnyif'''....''gimp'' *'''novsam'''....''linen chest'' *'''novsiner'''....''embroider'' *'''novum'''....''linen closet'' *'''novumxar'''....''clothes drier'' *'''novxuta goblar'''....''trivet'' *'''novyan'''....''linens, lingerie'' *'''novyanbirer'''....''shirr'' *'''novyilsom'''....''laundry appliance'' *'''novyilxam'''....''laundromat'' *'''novyilxer'''....''do laundry, launder, wash clothes'' *'''novyil'''....''laundry detergent'' *'''novyixzyuk'''....''wince, winch'' *'''novzyiar sem'''....''ironing board'' *'''novzyiar'''....''iron'' *'''novzyiarer'''....''iron, press'' *'''oognof'''....''microfiber'' *'''tayebnof'''....''haircloth'' *'''teb abunof'''....''head covering'' *'''tebzan abunof'''....''facial covering'' *'''tebzanof'''....''facecloth, yashmak'' *'''tiavnof'''....''shirting'' *'''tojnofaber'''....''enshroud'' *'''tolar milnov'''....''dishtowel'' *'''tolarnof'''....''dishcloth'' *'''tub yuznof'''....''armband'' *'''tulnov uzun'''....''napkin ring'' *'''tulnov'''....''napkin'' *'''tuyab milnov'''....''hand towel, napkin'' *'''tyobnof'''....''legging'' *'''ujbwa nofkunad '''....''selvage'' *'''unkunof'''....''lapel'' *'''viyuznof'''....''stole'' *'''yanof'''....''adhesive, tape'' *'''nofun'''....''fiber'' *'''yebnofyanx'''....''inseam'' *'''yelnof'''....''oilskin'' *'''yonof'''....''rip'' *'''yonofar'''....''scissors'' *'''yuznof'''....''bandage, swathe'' *'''yuznofaber'''....''bandage'' *'''yuznofber'''....''swathe'' *'''yuznofes'''....''band-aid'' *'''yuznov'''....''wrap, wrapper, wrapping'' *'''yuznovaben'''....''wrapping'' *'''zyanofir'''....''broadloom'' *'''zyonov'''....''strip'' <hr> *'''aagmimof'''....''mainsail'' *'''aagyuzmepfaof'''....''motherboard'' *'''abaof'''....''blanket, cover'' *'''abdrenabof'''....''marquee'' *'''aber sindrof'''....''put up a poster'' *'''abmimof'''....''topsail'' *'''abof'''....''canopy, tarp, tarpaulin'' *'''absuemof'''....''comforter'' *'''akdoof'''....''pennant'' *'''Amerinda tamof'''....''tepee, wigwag'' *'''angonxwa yuzmep drof'''....''integrated circuit'' *'''aoksagdrof'''....''scoreboard'' *'''aopfaof'''....''gangplank'' *'''apaxlof'''....''swab, swabbing cloth'' *'''apaxof'''....''wipe, wiping cloth'' *'''aybtoof'''....''overgarments, tracksuit'' *'''ayuigof'''....''latex'' *'''bexfaof'''....''batten'' *'''bikof'''....''band aid, bandage, patch'' *'''bilyig faof'''....''cheeseboard'' *'''buixarfaof'''....''springboard'' *'''cekerekdrof'''....''checkerboard'' *'''deldrof'''....''ad, banner, billboard, sign'' *'''dezof'''....''curtain'' *'''dipdoof'''....''pennant'' *'''diztomof'''....''big top'' *'''doof'''....''banner, flag, national colors'' *'''dyeskof'''....''book jacket, dust jacket'' *'''dyezof'''....''movie curtain, movie screen, silver screen'' *'''ejnayuigof'''....''neoprene'' *'''fababof'''....''bowery'' *'''falofaof'''....''thill'' *'''faof'''....''board, plank'' *'''favof'''....''cotton linen'' *'''feelk misof'''....''iron curtain'' *'''fevof'''....''flax, linen'' *'''fivof'''....''hemp'' *'''fuvof'''....''jute'' *'''gyanafxwa suemof'''....''coverlet'' *'''gyofavof'''....''muslin'' *'''gyolof'''....''sheer'' *'''imof'''....''washcloth'' *'''inguna bexmimof'''....''jib'' *'''jatajof'''....''caul'' *'''kipasfaof'''....''skateboard'' *'''kof'''....''shroud'' *'''koxof'''....''cloak'' *'''kuzyifaof'''....''sideboard, sidepiece'' *'''kyamisof'''....''scrim'' *'''lonapfaof'''....''shuffleboard'' *'''siundrof'''....''electronic signboard'' *'''malujbof'''....''weatherstrip'' *'''malyomfaof'''....''snowboard'' *'''yuigof'''....''gum'' *'''masazulfaof'''....''plasterboard'' *'''masfaof'''....''wainscot'' *'''masof'''....''carpet, tapestry'' *'''mekkof'''....''dust cover'' *'''mekovof'''....''dust ruffle'' *'''mesabof'''....''awning, canopy'' *'''mesof'''....''portiere'' *'''mimof'''....''sail, sheet'' *'''mimoffaof'''....''sailboard'' *'''mimyazfaof'''....''surfboard'' *'''misabof'''....''awning'' *'''misof'''....''curtain'' *'''movkof'''....''smokescreen'' *'''moynabof'''....''bowery'' *'''nifaof'''....''fiberboard, fibreboard'' *'''obzatibfaof'''....''laptop'' *'''obzatifaof'''....''lapboard'' *'''oybkof'''....''lining'' *'''oybmasaof'''....''parquet'' *'''oybmasof'''....''carpet'' *'''podiz tomof'''....''circus tent'' *'''pyoslen faof'''....''gang plank'' *'''raduzarfaof'''....''keyboard'' *'''seuxfaof'''....''soundboard'' *'''sizfaof'''....''palette'' *'''soamimof'''....''lateen'' *'''suemof'''....''bedspread, counterpane'' *'''sumabaof'''....''counterpane'' *'''sumtebfaof'''....''headboard'' *'''syobfaof'''....''baseboard'' *'''taibyuzof'''....''cambium'' *'''tamof'''....''tent'' *'''tayebexof'''....''snood'' *'''tayezobkof'''....''fur lining'' *'''teabkof'''....''blindfold'' *'''tebosof'''....''brain tissue'' *'''timof'''....''booth, lean-to, shelter, stall'' *'''tolyebof'''....''grocery bag'' *'''tomof'''....''pavilion'' *'''toybkof'''....''purdah'' *'''tuyufaof'''....''fingerboard'' *'''tyoyabamof'''....''muff'' *'''tyoyafabof'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''tyoyafaof'''....''footboard'' *'''utayefyuzkof'''....''cotta'' *'''vipof'''....''chamoix'' *'''vulobfaof'''....''dartboard'' *'''vyilxof'''....''wash cloth, washcloth, washrag'' *'''xeusfaof'''....''clapperboard'' *'''yebabaof'''....''liner'' *'''yebof'''....''bag, sack'' *'''yigfaof'''....''hardboard'' *'''yobmimof'''....''lowermost sail'' *'''yogmisof'''....''teaser'' *'''yugsrof'''....''elastic'' *'''yuigof'''....''caoutchouc, gum, rubber'' *'''yuijarfaof'''....''clavier'' *'''yujbof'''....''tampon'' *'''yuzkof'''....''blanket, wrap, wrapping'' *'''yuzof'''....''girdle, sash, wrap-around, wraparound'' *'''zamapmimof'''....''spinnaker'' *'''zamimof'''....''foresail'' *'''zatomof'''....''awning, overhang, pavilion'' *'''zofaof'''....''backboard'' *'''zomisof'''....''backcloth, backdrop'' *'''zotyoibof'''....''puttee'' *'''zoyneof'''....''backstitch'' *'''zyifaof'''....''board, plank of wood'' *'''zyofaof'''....''clapboard'' *'''zyoxbikof'''....''tourniquet'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NAF ''fabric'' and its Different Types ==== : The base word '''naf''' means ''fabric''. Here is a list of different types of fabric: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''naaf'''....''drape'' *'''naef'''....''canvas'' *'''naif'''....''velvet'' *'''nauf'''....''veil'' *'''nayof'''....''denim'' *'''nayaf'''....''corduroy'' *'''nayef'''....''nylon'' *'''nayif'''....''rayon'' *'''nayuf'''....''satin'' *'''naalof'''....''baize, organdie, organdy'' *'''naalaf'''....''broadcloth, organza'' *'''naalef'''....''cheviot'' *'''naalif'''....''cretonne'' *'''naaluf'''....''crinoline'' *'''naalyof'''....''damask'' *'''naalyaf'''....''faille, flannel'' *'''naalyef'''....''flannelet'' *'''naalyif'''....''flannelette'' *'''naalyuf'''....''foulard'' *'''naelof'''....''gabardine'' *'''naelaf'''....''delaine, georgette, grosgrain'' *'''naelef'''....''cambric'' *'''naelif'''....''gunny, gunnysack'' *'''naeluf'''....''lisle'' *'''nailof'''....''hessian'' *'''nailaf'''....''sateen'' *'''nailef'''....''serge'' *'''nailif'''....''tweed'' *'''naulof'''....''spandex'' *'''naarof'''....''marseilles'' *'''naaraf'''....''matting'' *'''naaref'''....''melton'' *'''naarif'''....''merino'' *'''naaruf'''....''messaline'' *'''naaryaf'''....''mousseline de laine'' *'''naaryef'''....''mousseline de soie'' *'''naaryof'''....''moquette'' *'''naaryuf'''....''nainsook'' *'''nairaf'''....''sarsenet, sarcenet, sarsnet'' *'''nairef'''....''say'' *'''nairif'''....''scrim'' *'''nairof'''....''samite'' *'''nairuf'''....''seersucker'' *'''nairyaf'''....''shalloon'' *'''nairyef'''....''shantung'' *'''nairyif'''....''shoddy'' *'''nairyof'''....''serge'' *'''nairyuf'''....''shot silk'' *'''naisaf'''....''hopsack'' *'''naisef'''....''huck, huckaback'' *'''naisif'''....''jacquard, gacquard weave'' *'''naisof'''....''honan'' *'''naisyaf'''....''jersey'' *'''naisyef'''....''khaddar'' *'''naisyif'''....''khaki'' *'''naisyof'''....''jean'' *'''naisyuf'''....''lamé'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NEF Words ==== : The base word '''nef''' means ''stitch, hatch, knit'' : The scalar sub-elements of '''nef''' are: ::* '''neaf'''....''net, web, mesh, grid, fretwork, reticulation, grate'' ::* '''neef'''....''lace'' ::* '''neif'''....''braid'' ::* '''neof'''....''cross-stitch'' ::* '''neuf'''....''wicker'' ::* '''neyof'''....''loop'' ::* '''neyaf'''....''wale '' ::* '''neyef'''....''band, stripe, fillet'' : The "World Wide Web" is '''Ha Zyamira Neaf'''. : Here are some words derived from '''nef''' and its sub-elements: {{small/top}} :*'''nef'''....''stitch, knit'' ::*'''nefyan'''....''crosshatch'' :::*'''fubnefyan'''....''wattle'' ::*'''nefxer'''....''to knit, to darn, to weave'' :::*'''tamnefxwa'''....''homespun'' ::*'''ennef'''....''twill'' :::*'''ennefxer'''....''to twill'' ::*'''tianef'''....''sweater'' :::*'''vu-teyob tianef'''....''v-neck sweater'' ::*'''tuyanefar'''....''handloom'' ::*'''nefir'''....''loom, autoloom'' ::*'''nefgrun'''....''crochet needle'' ::*'''nefuz'''....''hook, loop'' ::*'''vinef'''....''embroidery'' ::*'''nefzyiun'''....''filter, screen'' :::*'''drurnefzyiun'''....''silkscreen'' ::*'''neof'''....''cross-stitch'' ::*'''neaf'''....''web, net'' :::*'''apeltneaf'''....''cobweb, spider web, spider's web, spiderweb'' :::*'''ebneaf'''....''lattice, network, web, internet'' :::*'''mugneaf'''....''trellis, wire mesh, grid'' :::*'''neafnem'''....''website'' :::*'''kudipelat neaf'''....''mosquito net'' :::*'''zyamira neaf'''....''world-wide web'' :::*'''neafeb'''....''webmaster'' :::*'''neafek'''....''tennis'' ::::*'''neafekmuf'''....''tennis racket'' :::*'''neafdraves'''....''web blog'' :::*'''pitneaf'''....''fishnet'' :::*'''tayebneaf'''....''hairnet'' :::*'''neaftyoyab'''....''webfoot'' ::*'''neef'''....''lace'' :::*'''neefyexun'''....''dentelle'' :::*'''neefyan'''....''lacework'' :::*'''oybneefun'''....''doily'' ::*'''neif'''....''braid'' :::*'''neifxwa'''....''braided'' :::*'''tayebneif'''....''cornrow'' ::::*'''tayebneifxer'''....''to cornrow'' ::*'''neuf'''....''wicker'' :::*'''neufyeb'''....''wicker basket'' ::*'''neyof'''....''loop'' :::*'''neyofxer'''....''to loop'' ::*'''neyaf'''....''wale'' ::*'''neyef'''....''strip, band'' :::*'''brahefyel neyef'''....''rubber band'' :::*'''gunmugneyef'''....''spline'' :::*'''gyoneyef'''....''thong'' :::*'''kuneyef'''....''sideband, stave'' :::*'''melneyef'''....''riving'' :::*'''pansin neyef'''....''filmstrip'' :::*'''sineyef'''....''frieze'' :::*'''syobneyef'''....''baseband'' :::*'''tayobilneyef'''....''sweatband'' :::*'''tayofneyef'''....''welt, leather strip'' :::*'''teyoneyef'''....''neckband'' :::*'''neyefzyaan'''....''bandwidth'' :::*'''yanbexneyef'''....''ferrule'' :::*'''yuzneyefxer'''....''swaddle'' :::*'''zetibneyef'''....''waistband'' :::*'''yuzneyefxer'''....''to swaddle'' :::*'''zetifneyef'''....''waistband'' {{small/end}} ==== NIF, NIV words ==== : The root word '''nif''' means ''thread, fiber, yarn'' and '''niv''' means ''strand, floss''. Here are some words derived from these roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abdreniv'''....''super-text'' *'''dreniv'''....''copy, text'' *'''enuzpixnif'''....''parbuckle'' *'''fyelnif'''....''wick'' *'''gyinif'''....''catgut'' *'''gyonifxwa'''....''strung up'' *'''gyonivwa'''....''finespun'' *'''memtyoda dauzyaniv'''....''hootenanny'' *'''nif'''....''fibre, thread, yarn'' *'''nifaof'''....''fiberboard, fibreboard'' *'''nifar'''....''needle, spicule'' *'''nifartyen'''....''needlework'' *'''nifarut'''....''seamster'' *'''nifarzyeg'''....''eye of a needle'' *'''nifber'''....''thread'' *'''nifglan'''....''skein'' *'''nifnak'''....''sett'' *'''nifog'''....''fibril'' *'''nifuzpexar'''....''snare'' *'''nifuzrer'''....''slub'' *'''nifxut'''....''sewer'' *'''nifxuyt'''....''seamstress, sempstress'' *'''nifyanx'''....''sleave, suture'' *'''nifyaz'''....''fibroid'' *'''nifyena'''....''fibrous, threadlike, thready, wiry'' *'''nifyenan'''....''fibrosity, wiriness'' *'''nifyija'''....''threadbare'' *'''nifyonxer'''....''sleave'' *'''nifyuzen'''....''tying up'' *'''nifyuzer'''....''tie up'' *'''nifyuzwa'''....''tied up'' *'''nifzyebar'''....''threader'' *'''nifzyeben'''....''threading'' *'''nifzyeber nifar'''....''thread a needle'' *'''nifzyebwa'''....''threaded'' *'''nifzyev'''....''fiberglass, fibreglass'' *'''nifzyun'''....''clew'' *'''niv'''....''floss, strand'' *'''nivar suaym'''....''pin cushion, pincushion'' *'''nivar'''....''pin'' *'''nivarseb'''....''pinhead'' *'''nivarer'''....''pin, poke, prick, prickle, stick'' *'''nivarzyeg'''....''pinhole'' *'''seuxika yaniv'''....''shindig, shindy'' *'''tayibnifyaz'''....''ganglion'' *'''teupibniv'''....''floss'' *'''tiibilnif'''....''fibrin'' *'''tolnif'''....''bulk'' *'''uinivyan'''....''weevil, weft'' *'''vibwa nivar'''....''stickpin'' *'''yagniv'''....''lengthwise thread, warp'' *'''yanif'''....''stitch'' *'''yanifar'''....''knitting needle, stitching needle'' *'''yanifir'''....''sewing machine'' *'''yanifnad'''....''scar, seam'' *'''yaniftyen'''....''couture'' *'''yanifxer'''....''seam, sew, stitch together'' *'''yignifxwa'''....''hard-wired, hardwired'' *'''yizdreniv'''....''hypertext'' *'''yonifwa'''....''unsewn, unstitched'' *'''yonifxer'''....''take the stitches out, unsew'' *'''yoniver'''....''fray'' *'''zyugyanif'''....''lasso'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NUF and -UF Words ==== : The base word '''nuf''' means ''button, knob''. The '''-uf''' stuff suffix is for things that resemble a button or knob, such as the ''head of a nail''. The '''-uf''' can also be a truncation of '''muf''', meaning something like a rod. Here are some words derived from this root: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''apenuf'''....''rein'' *'''apenufobwa'''....''unreined'' *'''apenufoya'''....''reinless'' *'''apenufuj'''....''bit'' *'''apenufuka'''....''reinless'' *'''apenufwa'''....''reined'' *'''apenufyan'''....''bridle'' *'''apenufyanober'''....''unbridle'' *'''apenufyanobwa'''....''unbridled'' *'''apenufyanxer'''....''bridle'' *'''apenufyanxwa'''....''bridled'' *'''apenufyenxen'''....''bridling'' *'''apetebnuf'''....''headstall'' *'''buxnuf'''....''pushbutton, key'' *'''buxnufsemes'''....''keyboard'' *'''enuv'''....''ogee'' *'''fyelmanufog'''....''taper'' *'''ginuv'''....''ogive'' *'''ignuf'''....''snap'' *'''ignufujber'''....''unsnap'' *'''ignufxen'''....''snapping'' *'''ignufxer'''....''snap'' *'''ignufxwa'''....''snapped'' *'''ignufyijben'''....''snapping open'' *'''ignufyijber'''....''snap open'' *'''ignufyijbwa'''....''snapped open'' *'''ignufyujben'''....''snapping shut'' *'''ignufyujber'''....''snap shut'' *'''ignufyujbwa'''....''snapped shut'' *'''lonufxen'''....''unbuttoning'' *'''lonufxer'''....''unbutton'' *'''lonufxwa'''....''unbuttoned'' *'''manuf'''....''candle'' *'''manufar'''....''candelabra, candle holder, candlestick, chandelier'' *'''manufbelar'''....''candelabrum'' *'''manufbelaryan'''....''candelabra'' *'''manufman'''....''candlelight'' *'''manufnyiyf'''....''candlewick'' *'''manufsaxut'''....''candler'' *'''manufsaxuyt'''....''candlewoman'' *'''manufut'''....''chandler'' *'''manufyafon'''....''candlepower'' *'''manufyan'''....''candelabra'' *'''manufyujar'''....''snuffer'' *'''masnuf'''....''stud'' *'''mes nufag'''....''door knob, doorknob'' *'''mimpar nyanufbem'''....''moorage'' *'''mimpar nyanufben'''....''moorage, mooring'' *'''mimpar nyanufnoyx'''....''moorage'' *'''mugnuf'''....''metal button, nailhead, stud'' *'''mugnufben'''....''studding'' *'''mugnufber'''....''stud'' *'''mugnufbwa'''....''studded'' *'''mugnufika'''....''studded'' *'''nuf'''....''button'' *'''nufag'''....''knob'' *'''nufagaya'''....''knobby, nubby'' *'''nufagayan'''....''knobbiness'' *'''nufagika'''....''knobby, nubby'' *'''nufagikan'''....''knobbiness'' *'''nufagyena'''....''knob-like'' *'''nufxen'''....''buttoning'' *'''nufxer'''....''button'' *'''nufxwa'''....''buttoned'' *'''nufzyeg'''....''button hole, buttonhole'' *'''nufzyegvos'''....''buttonniere'' *'''nyanufar'''....''holdfast'' *'''nyanufber'''....''moor, strap on'' *'''nyanufbwa'''....''moored'' *'''nyanufen'''....''tying'' *'''oapenufyanxwa'''....''unbitted'' *'''poyxnuf'''....''pause button'' *'''suv nuf'''....''nail head'' *'''tebnuf'''....''headstall'' *'''teubnuf'''....''bit'' *'''teudnuf'''....''call button'' *'''tiubnuf'''....''bellybutton, navel'' *'''tuyov mugnufi'''....''cuff links'' *'''uzyusuv nuf'''....''screw head'' *'''zyuber mes nufag'''....''turn a doorknob'' *'''zyuber nufag'''....''turn a knob'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYOF, NYOV Words ==== : The base word '''nyof''' means ''film'' and '''nvov''' means ''tape, ribbon''. Here are some derived expressions: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''anyof'''....''cellophane'' *'''doyov yuznyov'''....''tapeline'' *'''dyez nyof'''....''celluloid, movie film'' *'''ilokebea nyov'''....''friction tape'' *'''kaxonyofwa'''....''insolvable, irresolvable, unsolvable'' *'''kaxonyofwan'''....''irresolvability, unsolvability'' *'''nofyonyofwa'''....''unrippable, untearable'' *'''nyof'''....''film, pellicle'' *'''nyofam'''....''film studio'' *'''nyofar'''....''film camera'' *'''nyofaren'''....''filming'' *'''nyofarer'''....''film'' *'''nyofarut'''....''film technician'' *'''nyofarwa'''....''filmed'' *'''nyofyan'''....''footage'' *'''nyov leovol'''....''flat noodle, ribbon noodle'' *'''nyov taxdrar'''....''tape recorder'' *'''nyov'''....''ribbon, tape, viscose'' *'''nyovben'''....''tying up with a ribbon'' *'''nyovbwa'''....''beribboned'' *'''nyovvos'''....''bow, ribbon bow'' *'''nyovxer'''....''tie up with a ribbon'' *'''nyovxwa'''....''tied up with a ribbon'' *'''oglanyof'''....''microfilm'' *'''oglanyofuen'''....''microfilming'' *'''oglanyofuut'''....''microfilmer'' *'''pansin nyof'''....''celluloid, film, motion picture film, motion picture film, movie film'' *'''pansinnyov'''....''videotape'' *'''taxdrawa be nyof'''....''recorded on film'' *'''teesnyov'''....''audiotape'' *'''tefnyov'''....''cockade'' *'''vinyov'''....''cordon'' *'''zyuyk bi nyof'''....''reel of film, spool of film'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYAF Words ==== : The base word '''nyaf''' means ''knot, tangle''. Here are some words using this root: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''drefnyafar'''....''brad'' *'''ebnyafa'''....''internodal'' *'''ebnyafxea'''....''interconnecting'' *'''ebnyafxen'''....''interconnecting, interconnection'' *'''ebnyafxer'''....''interconnect'' *'''ebnyafxus'''....''interconnector'' *'''ebnyafxwa'''....''interconnected'' *'''ebtaibnyaf'''....''ligament'' *'''ensaunyafwa'''....''duplicable'' *'''fabnyaf'''....''burl, gnarl, knag, knar'' *'''fabnyafaya'''....''gnarly'' *'''fabnyafika'''....''gnarly'' *'''fabnyafxwa'''....''gnarled'' *'''fabnyafyena'''....''gnarly'' *'''fanyafa'''....''stubborn'' *'''fonyafon'''....''will-power, willpower'' *'''gaanyafer'''....''re-connect'' *'''gaanyafser'''....''re-connect, reconnect'' *'''gaanyafxen'''....''reconnecting, reconnection'' *'''gaanyafxer'''....''reconnect'' *'''gaanyafxun'''....''reconnection'' *'''gaanyafxwa'''....''reconnected'' *'''ganyafxer'''....''refasten'' *'''gelsaunyafwa'''....''duplicable'' *'''glasanyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''glasaunyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''izbyenyafwa'''....''maneuverable'' *'''izbyenyafwan'''....''maneuverability'' *'''kaxonyafwa'''....''resoluble, resolvable, solvable'' *'''kaxonyafwan'''....''resolvability, solvability'' *'''kyasaunyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''kyupnyaf'''....''slip knot, slipknot'' *'''lonofnyafxer'''....''burl'' *'''lonofnyafxwa'''....''burled'' *'''lonyafen'''....''unbinding, unlacing, untying'' *'''lonyafxen'''....''denouement, disconnection, disentanglement, disentangling, loosening, loosing, resolution, resolving, straightening out, unfastening, unknotting, untangling, untying'' *'''lonyafxer'''....''disconnect, disentangle, loosen, ravel, resolve, straighten out, unfasten, unknot, unsnarl, untangle, untie, unbind, unlace'' *'''lonyafxwa'''....''disconnected, disentangled, loosened up, resolved, straightened out, unfastened, unknotted, untangled, untied, unbound, unlaced, untied'' *'''lonyafxwan'''....''disconnectedness'' *'''lonyafxway'''....''staccato'' *'''lonyafyafwa'''....''resolvable'' *'''lonyafyafwan'''....''resolvability'' *'''mugnyaf'''....''buckle, clasp'' *'''mugnyafaben'''....''buckling'' *'''mugnyafaber'''....''buckle'' *'''mugnyafabwa'''....''buckled'' *'''mugnyafober'''....''unbuckle'' *'''mugnyafobwa'''....''unbuckled'' *'''mugnyafxen'''....''buckling'' *'''mugnyafxer'''....''buckle up'' *'''mugnyafxwa'''....''buckled up'' *'''nofnyaf'''....''burl'' *'''nyaf'''....''binding, bond, connection, gnarl, knot, liaison, ligature, nodule, tangle, tie'' *'''nyafa'''....''nodular'' *'''nyafab'''....''pili tree'' *'''nyafar'''....''clasp, fastener'' *'''nyafaren'''....''fastening'' *'''nyafarer'''....''fasten'' *'''nyafarwa'''....''fastened'' *'''nyafat'''....''liaison officer'' *'''nyafaya'''....''gnarly, natty'' *'''nyafayan'''....''nattiness'' *'''nyafeb'''....''pili nut'' *'''nyafgyox'''....''slub'' *'''nyafika'''....''gnarly, natty'' *'''nyafikan'''....''nattiness'' *'''nyafovol'''....''pretzel'' *'''nyafser'''....''bind, bond with, connect, fasten, get entangled, get knotted, get tangled up, knot up, liaise with, tangle'' *'''nyafson'''....''entanglement, knotty problem, tangled mess'' *'''nyafsonika'''....''knotty, messy, tangled'' *'''nyafxen'''....''binding, connection, entanglement, fastening, imbroglio, knotting, liaison, ligation, ravel, snarling, tangling, tying'' *'''nyafxer'''....''bind, clasp, connect, entangle, fasten, knot, ligate, ravel, snarl, tangle, tie'' *'''nyafxun'''....''allegiance, league, maze'' *'''nyafxunyena'''....''mazy'' *'''nyafxwa'''....''afoul, clasped, connected, entangled, fastened, gnarled, knotted, snarled, tangled, tied'' *'''okasonyafwa'''....''unsolvable'' *'''onyafxwa'''....''unconnected'' *'''otepsinyafwa'''....''unimaginable'' *'''oyanyafxen'''....''untangling'' *'''oyanyafxer'''....''untangle'' *'''oyanyafxwa'''....''untagled'' *'''tayeb nyafar'''....''barrette'' *'''tedrunyafwa'''....''impressionable'' *'''umvab yannyaf'''....''stook'' *'''untyoyabnyafxer'''....''hog-tie, hogtie'' *'''uzunnyaf'''....''bowline'' *'''xer anyafxeni'''....''make connections'' *'''yanyaf'''....''bundle, knot, tangle'' *'''yanyafxen'''....''bundling, knotting, tangling'' *'''yanyafxer'''....''knot, tangle'' *'''yanyafxwa'''....''bundled, knotted'' *'''yevdenyaf'''....''prerogative'' *'''yonsanyafwa'''....''diversifiable'' *'''yonyafen'''....''resolving, unknotting, unleashing, untying'' *'''yonyafer'''....''unknot, unleash'' *'''yonyafwa'''....''unleashed, untied'' *'''yonyafyofwa'''....''impossible to get unknotted, irresolvable'' *'''yoonnyaf'''....''cinquefoil'' *'''yuznyaf'''....''binding'' *'''yuznyafxen'''....''binding'' *'''yuznyafxer'''....''bind'' *'''yuznyafxwa'''....''bound'' *'''zetif mugnyaf'''....''belt buckle'' *'''zonyafxwas'''....''tieback'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYEF, NYEV Words ==== : The base word '''nyef''' means ''basket''. The variant '''nyev''' means ''sack, bag''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aayuxnyef'''....''first aid kit'' *'''apetolnyef'''....''feedbag'' *'''apetsimnyef'''....''saddlebag'' *'''donasnyef'''....''fisc'' *'''donasnyefa'''....''fiscal'' *'''donasnyefay'''....''fiscally'' *'''doparnyef'''....''holster'' *'''drefnyef'''....''paper bag, paper sack'' *'''dyes nyef'''....''book bag'' *'''ennyef'''....''pannier'' *'''fyumul nyef'''....''garbage bag, garbage sack'' *'''fyus nyef'''....''trash bag'' *'''fyus yignyef'''....''waste basket'' *'''grafinyevdea'''....''hypercritical'' *'''grafinyevdean'''....''hypercritically'' *'''grana ponyefyan'''....''excess baggage'' *'''hyasnyef'''....''ragbag'' *'''ilnyef'''....''bursa'' *'''ilnyefi'''....''bursae'' *'''ilzilnyef'''....''cholecyst'' *'''lobelunyef'''....''trash bag'' *'''lobexun nyef'''....''trash bag'' *'''malnyef'''....''air sack, airbag'' *'''mapnyef'''....''windbag'' *'''masofnyef'''....''carpetbag'' *'''maylnyev'''....''gasbag, gasholder'' *'''megnyef'''....''gabion'' *'''mieknyef'''....''sandbag'' *'''milnyef'''....''bucket'' *'''namnyef'''....''shopping bag'' *'''nasnyef'''....''scrip'' *'''nofxenyef'''....''workbasket'' *'''nyef'''....''bag, basket, bossa, mesh, sac, sack, skep'' *'''nyefab'''....''kola'' *'''nyefag'''....''holdall'' *'''nyefben'''....''bagging'' *'''nyefbut'''....''bagger'' *'''nyefeb'''....''kola nut'' *'''nyefel'''....''cola'' *'''nyefes'''....''utricle, utricular'' *'''nyefik'''....''sackful'' *'''nyefikon'''....''bagful'' *'''nyefog'''....''small bag'' *'''nyefovol amxar'''....''waffle iron'' *'''nyefovol'''....''waffle'' *'''nyefpyexar'''....''racket'' *'''nyefpyexarek'''....''battledore'' *'''nyeftyen'''....''basketry, basketwork'' *'''nyefyan'''....''baggage'' *'''nyefyena'''....''baggy'' *'''nyefyenan'''....''bagginess'' *'''nyevber'''....''bag up'' *'''nyevbwa'''....''bagged'' *'''nyevyan'''....''baggage'' *'''nyusber ha ponyefi'''....''pack the bags'' *'''ofinyevdea'''....''noncritical'' *'''ofinyevdyea'''....''uncritical'' *'''ofinyevdyeay'''....''uncritically'' *'''ovol yignyef'''....''breadbasket'' *'''oyepuxun yignyef'''....''trash basket'' *'''pitpexnyef'''....''coop'' *'''pityignyef'''....''creel'' *'''ponyef belar'''....''baggage rack, luggage barrow, luggage cart, luggage rack'' *'''ponyef belut'''....''porter, redcap'' *'''ponyef kaxim'''....''baggage claim room'' *'''ponyef'''....''travel bag'' *'''ponyefyan'''....''baggage, luggage'' *'''poteub yignyef'''....''muzzle'' *'''puxrun nyef'''....''cartridge pouch'' *'''safeylnyef'''....''teabag'' *'''sanyeven'''....''criticism, critiquing'' *'''sanyever'''....''criticize, critique'' *'''sanyevwa'''....''critiqued'' *'''sazulnyef'''....''plastic bag'' *'''sonyev'''....''critique'' *'''sonyever'''....''critique'' *'''sonyevut'''....''critique'' *'''tabnyef'''....''body bag, cyst'' *'''tabnyefa'''....''cystic'' *'''tafnyef'''....''portmanteau'' *'''tebnyef'''....''skullcap'' *'''teibnyef'''....''nosebag'' *'''tilutnyef'''....''satchel'' *'''tistam nyef'''....''schoolbag'' *'''tof yignyef'''....''hamper, laundry basket'' *'''tolnyef'''....''grocery bag, grocery sack'' *'''tuabnyef'''....''satchel, shoulder bag'' *'''tuj nyef'''....''sleeping bag'' *'''tujnyef'''....''sleeping bag'' *'''tuyanyef'''....''handbag, pocketbook'' *'''tuyepyex nyef'''....''punching bag'' *'''twiyibnyef'''....''scrotum'' *'''twiyibnyefa'''....''scrotal'' *'''twiyibnyefi'''....''scrota'' *'''uveb nyef sim'''....''beanbag chair'' *'''uveb nyef'''....''beanbag'' *'''veebnyef'''....''seedlep, seedlip'' *'''veeybnyef'''....''grain sack'' *'''yagnyef'''....''flasket'' *'''yangonnyefxen'''....''contexture'' *'''yebtabnyefben'''....''encystment'' *'''yebtabnyefber'''....''encyst'' *'''yejub ponyef'''....''weekender'' *'''yibnyuxnyef'''....''mail pouch, mailbag'' *'''yignyef'''....''basket'' *'''yignyefik'''....''basketful'' *'''yignyefzyun ekut'''....''cager'' *'''yignyefzyun'''....''basketball'' *'''yonyevdea'''....''discriminating'' *'''yonyevden'''....''discrimination'' *'''yonyevder'''....''discriminate'' *'''yonyevdus'''....''discriminant'' *'''yonyevdut'''....''discriminator'' *'''yonyevdwa'''....''discriminated'' *'''yonyevdyea'''....''discriminatory'' *'''zotib nyef'''....''backpack, rucksack'' *'''zotib ponyef'''....''travel backpack'' *'''zotibnyef'''....''backpack, knapsack, rucksack'' *'''zotibnyefen'''....''backpacking'' *'''zotibnyefut'''....''backpacker'' *'''zyigiar abnyef'''....''scabbard'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYIF, NYIV Words ==== : The base word '''nyif''' means ''cord, cable, wire''. The variant '''nyiv''' means ''string, lace''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aybnyif dompur'''....''tram'' *'''aybnyifpur'''....''cable car'' *'''belnyif'''....''lanyard'' *'''biyxnyif'''....''towline, towrope'' *'''buixnyif pusen'''....''bungee jumping'' *'''buixnyif puser'''....''bungee jump'' *'''buixnyif pusut'''....''bungee jumper'' *'''buixnyif'''....''bungee cord'' *'''byoxnyif'''....''hangman's rope, noose'' *'''caulknyif'''....''copper wire'' *'''dinyiflat'''....''hero of the story, protagonist'' *'''dinyiflayt'''....''female protagonist'' *'''dinyifrayt'''....''heroine of the story'' *'''ebnyifxen'''....''intercabling'' *'''eonyif'''....''twine'' *'''eonyifxea vob'''....''twiner'' *'''eonyifxen'''....''intertwining'' *'''eonyifxer'''....''intertwine, twine'' *'''eonyifxwa'''....''intertwined, twined'' *'''eonyifzyun'''....''ball of twine'' *'''exea maknyif'''....''live wire, livewire'' *'''eynonyifwa'''....''semidetached'' *'''feelknyif'''....''iron filament'' *'''fyadilnyif zyunog'''....''rosary bead'' *'''fyadilnyif'''....''rosary'' *'''ganyifber'''....''rewire'' *'''grunxwa nyif'''....''barbed wire, barbwire'' *'''gyanyif uiben'''....''cablecasting'' *'''gyanyif uibun'''....''cablecast'' *'''gyanyif yibsiniar'''....''cable t.v.'' *'''gyanyif'''....''cable'' *'''gyonyif'''....''cablet, thin wire'' *'''loeonyifxen'''....''untwining'' *'''loeonyifxer'''....''untwine'' *'''loeonyifxwa'''....''untwined'' *'''lonyanyifxer'''....''unleash'' *'''lonyanyifxwa'''....''unattached'' *'''lonyifxen'''....''detachment'' *'''lonyifxer'''....''detach'' *'''lonyifxun'''....''detachment'' *'''lonyifxwa'''....''detached'' *'''lonyifxyafwa'''....''detachable'' *'''maka nyif'''....''electric cable, electric cord, electric wire'' *'''maka nyifuj'''....''electric plug'' *'''maka nyifujibar'''....''electric outlet, electric socket'' *'''maka nyifyuj'''....''electric plug'' *'''maknyif'''....''electrical cord'' *'''maknyifbut'''....''lineman'' *'''maknyifibar'''....''electrical socket'' *'''maknyifut'''....''linesman'' *'''meysyanyif'''....''hank'' *'''meysyanyifxer'''....''hank'' *'''milnyif'''....''hose'' *'''milnyifuen'''....''hosing'' *'''milnyifuwa'''....''hosed'' *'''mimpur nyifyantut'''....''boatswain'' *'''mimpurnyif'''....''hawser'' *'''mufzyegebnyif'''....''coir'' *'''mugnyif'''....''metal wire'' *'''mugnyifvixun'''....''filigree'' *'''mugnyifvixwa'''....''filigreed'' *'''novmugnyif'''....''gimp'' *'''nyif'''....''cable, cord, rope'' *'''nyifab'''....''hickory'' *'''nyifanyut'''....''rigger'' *'''nyifbexar'''....''cleat'' *'''nyifbixer'''....''trice'' *'''nyifbixwa ifektob'''....''marionette'' *'''nyifdazut'''....''rope dancer'' *'''nyifdras'''....''cable, cablegram'' *'''nyifdrawa'''....''cabled, telegraphed'' *'''nyifdren'''....''cabling, telegraphing'' *'''nyifdrer'''....''cable, telegram, telegraph'' *'''nyifdrut'''....''telegrapher, telegraphist'' *'''nyifes'''....''filament, thin wire'' *'''nyifesaya'''....''filamentous'' *'''nyifesika'''....''filamentous'' *'''nyifgimuf'''....''marlin spike, marlingspike, marlinspike'' *'''nyifmuf'''....''bollard'' *'''nyifobema tyoyaf'''....''espadrille'' *'''nyifoya'''....''cordless, wireless'' *'''nyifpixar'''....''slingshot'' *'''nyifpixer'''....''lasso, rope'' *'''nyifpixuz'''....''lasso'' *'''nyifpur'''....''funicular'' *'''nyifsaxam'''....''ropery'' *'''nyifsaxem'''....''ropewalk'' *'''nyifsaxen'''....''ropemaking'' *'''nyifsaxut'''....''ropemaker'' *'''nyiftibuf'''....''shoelace tag'' *'''nyiftyoput'''....''funambulist'' *'''nyifuben'''....''cabling, wiring'' *'''nyifuber'''....''cable, wire'' *'''nyifubwa'''....''cabled, wired'' *'''nyifuj'''....''plug'' *'''nyifujdrof'''....''plugboard'' *'''nyifujibar'''....''outlet, plug, socket'' *'''nyifujoyeben'''....''unplugging'' *'''nyifujoyeber'''....''unplug'' *'''nyifujoyebwa'''....''unplugged'' *'''nyifujyeben'''....''plugging in'' *'''nyifujyeber'''....''plug in'' *'''nyifujyebwa'''....''plugged in'' *'''nyifujyem'''....''socket'' *'''nyifuka'''....''cordless, wireless'' *'''nyifukay'''....''wirelessly'' *'''nyifun'''....''rigging'' *'''nyifuwa'''....''wired'' *'''nyifwa'''....''leashed'' *'''nyifxea'''....''attaching'' *'''nyifxen'''....''attaching, roping'' *'''nyifxer'''....''attach, corder, rope'' *'''nyifxun'''....''attachment'' *'''nyifxut'''....''roper'' *'''nyifxwa'''....''attached, roped, tied'' *'''nyifxyafwa'''....''attachable'' *'''nyifyan'''....''cordage, rigging, roping'' *'''nyifyena'''....''ropey, ropy'' *'''nyifzeyn'''....''ropeway'' *'''nyifzyumuf'''....''bobbin'' *'''onyifsar'''....''wireless device'' *'''onyifujyeber'''....''unplug'' *'''onyifujyebwa'''....''unplugged'' *'''oybnyifpur'''....''cable car'' *'''oynyifa'''....''wireless'' *'''pettebnyif'''....''halter'' *'''pixnyif'''....''lariat, lasso'' *'''pixnyifen'''....''lassoing'' *'''pixnyifxer'''....''lasso'' *'''pixnyifxut'''....''lasso wrangler'' *'''pixnyifxwa'''....''lassoed'' *'''pusnyif'''....''jump rope'' *'''pyexnyif'''....''whip'' *'''pyexnyifuen muf'''....''whipping post'' *'''pyexnyifuen'''....''whipping'' *'''pyexnyifuer'''....''whip'' *'''pyexnyifut'''....''whipper'' *'''pyexnyifuwa'''....''whipped'' *'''tayofa pyexnyif'''....''quirt'' *'''teyof yanyifar'''....''tie clip, tiepin'' *'''tofnyif'''....''clothesline'' *'''tojbyox yuznyif'''....''noose'' *'''uzra nyifyig'''....''whipcord'' *'''vak nyif'''....''lifeline'' *'''vaknyif'''....''tether'' *'''yafon nyif'''....''power cable'' *'''yanyif'''....''clasp, clip, lease, leash, liaison'' *'''yanyifben'''....''clipping'' *'''yanyifber'''....''clip'' *'''yanyifbwa'''....''clipped'' *'''yanyifxen'''....''binding, leashing, tying'' *'''yanyifxer'''....''bind, clasp, connect, leash'' *'''yanyifxwa'''....''bound, clasped, leashed'' *'''yaobnyif'''....''halliard, halyard'' *'''yuigof nyif'''....''rubber hose'' *'''yuznyif'''....''lariat, lasso'' *'''yuznyifxen'''....''lassoing'' *'''yuznyifxer'''....''lariat, lasso'' *'''yuznyifxwa'''....''lassoed'' *'''zebnyif'''....''tightrope'' *'''zebnyiftyopen'''....''tightrope-walking'' *'''zebnyiftyoput'''....''tightrope walker'' *'''zetiuba nyif'''....''umbilical cord'' *'''zeynyifyan'''....''ratlin, ratline'' *'''zyaneyef nyif'''....''broadband cable'' *'''abtyoyaf nyives'''....''bootlace'' *'''bixnyiv'''....''drawstring'' *'''doegonyiva'''....''licentious'' *'''doegonyivan'''....''licentiousness'' *'''doegonyivay'''....''licentiously'' *'''dofinyiva'''....''unscrupulous'' *'''dofinyivay'''....''unscrupulously'' *'''ebnyiven'''....''interlacing'' *'''ebnyiver'''....''interlace'' *'''ebnyivwa'''....''interlaced'' *'''ebnyivyan'''....''fretwork'' *'''ennyivduzar'''....''monochord'' *'''enyiv'''....''quint'' *'''ganyivxer'''....''restring'' *'''membexenyiv'''....''tenure'' *'''nunyiv'''....''franchise'' *'''nunyivxut'''....''franchiser'' *'''nunyivxwam'''....''franchise'' *'''nunyivxwat'''....''franchisee'' *'''nyiv'''....''string'' *'''nyiven'''....''lacing'' *'''nyiver'''....''lace up'' *'''nyives'''....''lace'' *'''nyivober'''....''unstring'' *'''nyivtuin'''....''string theory'' *'''nyivtulobeay'''....''pizzicato'' *'''nyivwa'''....''laced'' *'''nyivxer'''....''string up'' *'''nyivxut'''....''stringer'' *'''nyivxwa duzar'''....''string instrument'' *'''nyivxwa'''....''stringed'' *'''nyivyena'''....''stringy'' *'''nyivyenan'''....''stringiness'' *'''olebnyivxwa'''....''noninterlaced'' *'''onyiver'''....''unlace'' *'''onyivwa'''....''unlaced, unstrung'' *'''tyoyaf nyives'''....''shoe lace'' *'''tyoyafnyiv'''....''shoe lace, shoelace, shoestring'' *'''uzdopar nyiv'''....''bowstring'' *'''yanyiven'''....''stringing together'' *'''yanyivwa'''....''strung together'' *'''yanyivxer'''....''string together'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== NYUF words ==== : The base word '''nyuf''' means ''package, parcel''. Some derived words follow: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''gawnyufxen'''....''repackaging'' *'''gwanyufxer'''....''repack, repackage'' *'''gawnyufxwa'''....''repackaged'' *'''janyufber'''....''prepackage'' *'''janyufbwa'''....''prepackaged'' *'''nyuf'''....''bale, bundle, pack, parcel, package'' *'''nyufag'''....''bin, crate'' *'''nyufagben'''....''crating'' *'''nyufagber'''....''crate'' *'''nyufagbwa'''....''crated'' *'''nyufapetsim'''....''packsaddle'' *'''nyufbam'''....''packing house'' *'''nyufben'''....''packing, parceling up'' *'''nyufber'''....''packed, parcel up'' *'''nyufbut'''....''packer'' *'''nyufbwa'''....''parceled'' *'''nyufes bi nivomuvi'''....''pack of cigarettes'' *'''nyufes'''....''packet, pack'' *'''nyufuben'''....''parcel post'' *'''nyufxen'''....''bundling, packaging, packing'' *'''nyufxer'''....''bundle, package, pack'' *'''nyufxut'''....''baler, packager, packer'' *'''nyufxwa'''....''bundled, packaged, packed'' *'''nyuxer nyuf'''....''deliver a package'' *'''onyufxen'''....''unpacking'' *'''onyufxer'''....''unpack'' *'''onyufxwa'''....''unpacked'' *'''taolnyufbam'''....''packinghouse'' *'''umvab nyuf'''....''bale of hay'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''NOG''' ''degree'' === : The morpheme '''nog''' is a baseword meaning ''degree, grade'' and is at the top of a series of subordinal words: :* '''nog'''....''degree, grade, step, rung'' ::* '''noog'''....''phase, stage'' :* '''nag'''....''dimension, measure'' ::* '''nak'''....''metric unit'' :* '''neg'''....''level, tier, echelon'' :* '''nig'''....''space'' : The word '''nog''' is used in a series of adverbs of degree that are answers to the question '''duhonog?'''....''to what degree?, how (very)?'': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Adverbs of Degree ! High Degree !! Mid-degree !! Low Degree |- | '''ganog'''....''more'' || '''genog'''....''as'' || '''gonog'''....''less'' |- | '''glanog'''....''very'' || '''glenog'''....''quite, rather'' || '''glonog'''....''slightly, not very'' |- | '''granog'''....''too'' || '''grenog'''....''enough, sufficiently'' || '''gronog'''....''insufficiently'' |- | '''gwanog'''....''most, maximally'' || '''gwenog'''....''to just the right extent'' || '''gwonog'''....''least, minimally'' |} {{small/end}} : In all the Mirad adverbs in the above table, the '''nog''' ending can be optionally dropped. So, for example, ''very rich'' can be expressed by '''gla nyaza''' or the lengthier '''glanog nyaza'''. : There is also a set of deictic adverbs of degree: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Deictic Adverbs of Degree ! Type !! Mirad !! English |- | interrogative || '''duhonog fia?''' || ''how good?'' |- | relative || '''honog fia''' || ''as good'' |- | expressive || '''hoonog fia''' || ''so-o good'' |- | definite || '''hanog fia''' || ''the degree good'' |- | indefinite || '''henog fia''' || ''somewhat good'' |- | proximate || '''hinog fia''' || ''this good'' |- | distal || '''hunog fia''' || ''that good'' |- | negative || '''hyonog fia''' || ''not at all good'' |- | totalitive || '''hyanog fia''' || ''totally good'' |- | indeterminate || '''hyenog fia''' || ''however good'' |- | equalitative || '''hyinog fia''' or<br>'''genog fia''' || ''just as good'' |- | differential || '''hyunog fia''' or<br>'''logenog fia''' || ''not as good'' |} {{small/end}} : '''nog''' in the above table can be replaced with '''gla''', such that '''hegla aga''', for example, would mean ''somewhat big'', synonymous with '''henog aga'''. : The above '''nog''' words can also modify adverbs, eg. '''hunog fiay'''....''that well''. : Here are a few derivatives of '''nog''': :* '''nog'''....''degree, grade, step, rung'' ::* '''nogdrer'''....''to grade (school marking)'' :::* '''nogdreyn'''....''grade'' ::* '''nogper'''....''to step'' :::* '''yabnogper'''....''to step up'' :::* '''yobnogper'''....''to step down'' :::* '''zaynogper'''....''to step forward, to advance'' ::::* '''zaynogpen'''....''progress(ion)'' :::* '''zoynogper'''....''to step back, to regress'' ::::* '''zoynogpen'''....''regression'' :::* '''abnogper'''....''to step on'' :::* '''obnogper'''....''to step off'' ::* '''nogyan'''....''scale'' ::* '''tixnog'''....''grade (of school)'' :::* '''atixnog'''....''first grade'' :::* '''etixnog'''....''second grade'' ::* '''amnog'''....''degree (of temperature)'' ::* '''aopnog'''....''pitch'' ::* '''aybnog'''....''supergrade'' ::* '''donog'''....''social rung, class'' :::* '''yabdonog'''....''high class'' :::* '''yobdonog'''....''low class'' ::* '''gabnog'''....''uptick'' ::* '''galnog'''....''factorial'' ::* '''gobnog'''....''downtick'' ::* '''granog'''....''excess, extreme degree'' ::* '''gunnog'''....''angularity'' ::* '''gwanog'''....''superlative degree'' ::* '''ixnog'''....''coefficient'' ::* '''logelasnog'''....''contrast'' ::* '''musnog'''....''rung, step, stair step'' ::* '''noga'''....''gradiant'' ::* '''nogyena'''....''gradual'' ::* '''ganogxer'''....''to increment'' ::* '''gonogxer'''....''to decrement'' ::* '''tesnog'''....''nuance, shade of meaning'' ::* '''tyoyanog'''....''footstep'' ::* '''yabnog'''....''upper rung'' :::* '''yabnoga'''....''upscale'' :::* '''yabnogxer'''....''to upgrade, to scale up'' :::* '''yabnogper'''....''to step up, to graduate'' ::* '''yobnog'''....''step down, low degree, lower rung'' :::* '''yobnogper'''....''to step down, to degrade'' :::* '''yobnogxer'''....''to downgrade, to scale down'' ::* '''zoynoga'''....''retrograde'' ==== NAG and NAK Words ==== :* '''nag'''....''dimension, measure, calibre'' ::* '''amnag'''....''temperature'' ::* '''zenag'''....''average, mean'' ::* '''duznag'''....''measure (music)'' ::* '''egasnag'''....''benchmark'' ::* '''genag'''....''parity'' ::* '''minag'''....''em'' ::* '''naga'''....''metric'' ::* '''nagder'''....''to measure, to gauge'' :::* '''nagdar'''....''meter'' :::* '''nagdea muf'''....''measuring stick'' :::* '''nagdyofwa'''....''immeasurable'' ::* '''nagegon'''....''yardstick, standard of measurement'' ::* '''naguer'''....''to mete out'' ::* '''nagmus'''....''scale'' :::* '''nagmusvyaa'''....''true to scale'' ::* '''nidnag'''....''dosage'' ::* '''ninag'''....''en'' ::* '''uknag'''....''ullage'' ::* '''yabnag'''....''altitude'' ::* '''yuznag'''....''circumference, girth, perimeter'' ::* '''zeynadnag'''...''diamter'' ::* '''zyanag'''....''breadth, width'' ::* '''balnag'''....''pressure'' :* '''nak'''....''metric unit'' {{small/top}} ::* '''aagmigenak'''....''Mg, macrogram'' ::* '''aganak'''....''A, amp, amperage, ampere'' ::* '''aganak-gol-minak'''....''ampere per meter'' ::* '''agbadenak'''....''baud, Bd'' ::* '''agbakonak'''....''Bq, becquerel'' ::* '''agbanak'''....''byte, B'' ::* '''agcainak'''....''curie'' ::* '''agcanak'''....''C, coulomb, electric charge symbol'' ::* '''ageagbanak'''....''EB, exabyte'' ::* '''agebanak'''....''Eb, exabit'' ::* '''agfenak'''....''F, farad, unit of electrical capacitance'' ::* '''agfenak'''....''Fahrenheit'' ::* '''agfenak'''....''force vector'' ::* '''aggebanak'''....''gB, gigabyte'' ::* '''aggegenak'''....''Gg, gigagram'' ::* '''aggenak'''....''gauss, G'' ::* '''aggesonak'''....''gauss, magnetic flux density, Gs'' ::* '''aggeyunak'''....''Gy, gray'' ::* '''aghenak'''....''H, henry, inductance symbol'' ::* '''aghezunak'''....''Hz, hertz'' ::* '''aginak'''....''I, current'' ::* '''agjinak'''....''J, joule'' ::* '''agkinak'''....''K, Kelvin, thermodynamic temperature'' ::* '''agkogenak'''....''quettagram, Qg'' ::* '''aglinak'''....''angular momentum'' ::* '''aglinak'''....''lambert'' ::* '''aglonak'''....''liter, litre'' ::* '''agmibanak'''....''Mb'' ::* '''agminak'''....''M, mach'' ::* '''agminak'''....''moment of force, torque, M'' ::* '''agmivunak'''....''Mv.'' ::* '''agni-gol-minak'''....''N/m, surface tension'' ::* '''agniminak'''....''N-m, moment of force'' ::* '''agninak'''....''N, newton, unit of force'' ::* '''agomeganak'''....''ohm, Ω'' ::* '''agpo-agsonak'''....''horsepower, PS, hp'' ::* '''agpoanak'''....''Pa, pascal, pressure metric'' ::* '''agpoasonak'''....''Pa-s, dynamic viscosity'' ::* '''agponak'''....''P, poise, power'' ::* '''agposonak'''....''SP, mechanical horsepower'' ::* '''agqonak'''....''charge, Q'' ::* '''agrodanak'''....''rutherford, Rd'' ::* '''agronak'''....''roentgen, R'' ::* '''agsonak'''....''Siemens, S'' ::* '''agsovunak'''....''sievert'' ::* '''agsovunak'''....''Sv, sievert'' ::* '''agtoagbanak'''....''TB, terabyte'' ::* '''agtobanak'''....''Tb, terabit'' ::* '''agtogenak'''....''Tg, teragram'' ::* '''agtonak'''....''tesla, T, magnetic flux density'' ::* '''agvunak'''....''volt, V'' ::* '''agwubanak'''....''Wb, weber'' ::* '''agwu-gol-migarenak'''....''W/m2 heat flux density, irradiance'' ::* '''agwunak'''....''W, watt'' ::* '''agwunak'''....''watt, W'' ::* '''agyuagbanak'''....''YB, yottabyte'' ::* '''agyubanak'''....''Yb, yottabit'' ::* '''agyugenak'''....''Yg, yottagram'' ::* '''agyunak'''....''yank'' ::* '''agzegenak'''....''Zg, zettagram'' ::* '''agzuagbanak'''....''ZB, zettabyte'' ::* '''agzubanak'''....''Zb, zettabit'' ::* '''akrenak'''....''acre'' ::* '''alogenak'''....''decagram'' ::* '''alolinak'''....''deciliter'' ::* '''alominak'''....''decameter'' ::* '''amlo agbakonak'''....''rutherford, Rd, MBq'' ::* '''amloagbadenak'''....''megabaud'' ::* '''amloagbanak'''....''meg, megabyte'' ::* '''amloaghezunak'''....''megahertz'' ::* '''amloagvunak'''....''megavolt'' ::* '''amloagwunak'''....''megawatt'' ::* '''amlobanak'''....''megabit'' ::* '''amlocanak'''....''megacycle'' ::* '''amloomeganak'''....''megohm'' ::* '''amloronak'''....''milliradian'' ::* '''amlotonak'''....''megaton'' ::* '''amloyexnak'''....''megalerg, megerg'' ::* '''amloynsonak'''....''microsecond'' ::* '''amloynyexnak'''....''microerg'' ::* '''ammannak'''....''degree of temperature'' ::* '''amroagbanak'''....''gigabyte'' ::* '''amroaghezunak'''....''gH, gigahertz'' ::* '''amroagvunak'''....''gV, gigavolt'' ::* '''amroagwunak'''....''gW, gigawatt'' ::* '''amrobanak'''....''gB, gigabyte'' ::* '''amrobanak'''....''gigabit'' ::* '''amrogebanak'''....''gigagram, Gg'' ::* '''amrohezunak'''....''gH, gigahertz'' ::* '''amroynsonak'''....''nanosecond'' ::* '''anak'''....''are'' ::* '''aroagbanak'''....''kilobyte'' ::* '''aroaghelonak'''....''kilohm'' ::* '''aroaghezunak'''....''kilohertz'' ::* '''aroagjinak'''....''kilojoule'' ::* '''aroagomeganak'''....''kilohm'' ::* '''aroagwunak'''....''kilowatt'' ::* '''arobanak'''....''kb, kilobit'' ::* '''arocanak'''....''kilocycle'' ::* '''arogenak'''....''kg, kilo, kilogram'' ::* '''arolinak'''....''kiloliter'' ::* '''arominak'''....''kilometer, kilometre, km'' ::* '''arotonak'''....''kiloton'' ::* '''aroynaganak'''....''milliampere'' ::* '''aroynagbanak'''....''millibyte'' ::* '''aroynbalnak'''....''millibar'' ::* '''aroyngenak'''....''milligram'' ::* '''aroynjinak'''....''millijoule'' ::* '''aroynlinak'''....''milliliter, millilitre'' ::* '''aroynminak'''....''millimeter, millimetre'' ::* '''aroynronak'''....''milliradian'' ::* '''aroynsonak'''....''millisecond, ms'' ::* '''aroynvunak'''....''millivolt'' ::* '''aroynwunak'''....''milliwatt'' ::* '''asogenak'''....''hectogram'' ::* '''asolinak'''....''hectolitre'' ::* '''asominak'''....''hectometer'' ::* '''asonak'''....''attosecond'' ::* '''asoycanak'''....''centigrade'' ::* '''asoygenak'''....''centigram'' ::* '''asoylinak'''....''centiliter'' ::* '''asoyminak'''....''centimeter'' ::* '''asoyn-anak'''....''centigrade'' ::* '''aunak'''....''angstrom'' ::* '''ayoynminak'''....''millimeter'' ::* '''banak'''....''byte'' ::* '''baposonak'''....''bawd'' ::* '''cadanak'''....''candela, cd'' ::* '''cagenak'''....''centigram, cg'' ::* '''caminak'''....''cm'' ::* '''canak'''....''calorie, centiare'' ::* '''catonak'''....''carat, ct'' ::* '''cawutonak'''....''cwt, hundredweight'' ::* '''daagbanak'''....''dB, decibel, loudness symbol'' ::* '''daagenak'''....''decagram'' ::* '''daanak'''....''decare'' ::* '''dagenak'''....''decigram, dg'' ::* '''daminak'''....''decimeter, dm'' ::* '''danak'''....''deciare'' ::* '''dayuninak'''....''dyne'' ::* '''ekpetyafonnak'''....''horsepower'' ::* '''elnak'''....''ell'' ::* '''Enigeda minak'''....''mile'' ::* '''faobnak'''....''rick'' ::* '''faofnak'''....''cord of wood'' ::* '''feaglinak'''....''foot-lambert'' ::* '''fecanak'''....''foot-candle, fc'' ::* '''feposonak'''....''foot-pound-second, f.p.s.'' ::* '''ferminak'''....''fermi'' ::* '''fesonak'''....''femtosecond'' ::* '''fetolibanak'''....''foot-pound-force, ft-lb'' ::* '''fetominak'''....''fathom, ftm, depth of water symbol'' ::* '''fetonak'''....''foot-ton, ft'' ::* '''finak'''....''head start, advantage, forestart'' ::* '''futnak'''....''foot'' ::* '''fyinak'''....''gain in value'' ::* '''galonnak'''....''galon'' ::* '''garale aghezunak'''....''terahertz, fresnel'' ::* '''garaleagbanak'''....''Tb, terabyte'' ::* '''garalyiagbanak'''....''exabyte'' ::* '''garalyigenak'''....''Eg, exagram'' ::* '''garalyoagbanak'''....''petabyte'' ::* '''garalyobanak'''....''petabit'' ::* '''garelaagbanak'''....''zettabyte'' ::* '''gareluagbanak'''....''yottabyte'' ::* '''garyuagbanak'''....''gigabyte'' ::* '''garyubanak'''....''gb, gigabit'' ::* '''garyugenak'''....''Gg, gigagram'' ::* '''gehezunak'''....''gigahertz, gH'' ::* '''genak'''....''gram'' ::* '''glabanak'''....''multibit'' ::* '''gol sonak'''....''per second'' ::* '''goraleagfenak'''....''picofarad'' ::* '''goralesonak'''....''picosecond'' ::* '''goralyigenak'''....''ag, attogram'' ::* '''goralyusonak'''....''attosecond'' ::* '''gorelasonak'''....''zeptosecond'' ::* '''gorelugenak'''....''yg, yoctogram'' ::* '''gorelusonak'''....''yoctosecond'' ::* '''goryiyexnak'''....''microerg'' ::* '''goryuminak'''....''nanometer'' ::* '''goryusonak'''....''nanosecond'' ::* '''gwon agbanak'''....''quantum byte'' ::* '''gwon banak'''....''quantum bit, qubit'' ::* '''gyanifyagnak'''....''spindle'' ::* '''hanak'''....''hectare'' ::* '''hartleynak'''....''hartley'' ::* '''heanak'''....''ha, hectare, area symbol'' ::* '''hegenak'''....''hg, nectogram'' ::* '''hepinak'''....''horsepower, hp'' ::* '''iber finak'''....''to receive an award'' ::* '''ibixazonak'''....''magneton'' ::* '''incnak'''....''inch'' ::* '''ingarwa minak'''....''cubic meter'' ::* '''inonak'''....''inch'' ::* '''jobnak'''....''chronon'' ::* '''kiatonak'''....''katal, kat'' ::* '''kigenak'''....''kilogram'' ::* '''kogenak'''....''kg, kilogram'' ::* '''kwartnak'''....''quart'' ::* '''kyinak'''....''weight gain'' ::* '''kyinnak'''....''carat'' ::* '''libanak'''....''pound'' ::* '''lignak'''....''league'' ::* '''liminak'''....''lm, lumen'' ::* '''lixunak'''....''lux, lx'' ::* '''manazannak'''....''foot-candle, fc'' ::* '''manjoobnak'''....''light eon'' ::* '''mannak'''....''photon'' ::* '''maylnak'''....''mile'' ::* '''melnak'''....''acre'' ::* '''mianak'''....''m.a.'' ::* '''migenak'''....''mg, milligram'' ::* '''milnak'''....''mile'' ::* '''miminak'''....''mm'' ::* '''mimmilnak'''....''knot'' ::* '''minak'''....''meter'' ::* '''minak-gol-sonak'''....''meter per second'' ::* '''miolinak'''....''mole, mol, Mole'' ::* '''molnak'''....''gram molecule, mole'' ::* '''mufyegnak'''....''caliber'' ::* '''mugammanak'''....''microgram'' ::* '''naudnak'''....''rad'' ::* '''nifnak'''....''sett'' ::* '''nigenak'''....''nanogram, ng'' ::* '''nignak'''....''stere'' ::* '''niminak'''....''nm'' ::* '''nogagcanak'''....''degree Celsius'' ::* '''nogagfenak'''....''degree Fahrenheit'' ::* '''nogagkinak'''....''degree Kelvin'' ::* '''nunak'''....''nu, rotational speed'' ::* '''onak'''....''octet, eight-bit byte'' ::* '''oogminak'''....''micrometer, micron'' ::* '''ounsnak'''....''ounce'' ::* '''ozunak'''....''ounce'' ::* '''pintnak'''....''pint'' ::* '''poagfenak'''....''picofarad, pF'' ::* '''poagjinak'''....''picojoule, pJ'' ::* '''pogenak'''....''pg, picagram'' ::* '''posonak'''....''parsec, picosecond, ps'' ::* '''poundnak'''....''pound'' ::* '''powunak'''....''pennyweight'' ::* '''qosonak'''....''quectosecond'' ::* '''roadanak'''....''plane angle unit, rad, radian'' ::* '''rogenak'''....''rontogram, rg'' ::* '''ro-gol-sogarenak'''....''angular acceleration, rad/s2'' ::* '''ro-gol-sonak'''....''angular frequency, angular velocity, rad/s'' ::* '''ropetnak'''....''mickey'' ::* '''sonak'''....''quintal, second, s'' ::* '''soronak'''....''solid angle unit, sr, steradian'' ::* '''soronak'''....''steradian'' ::* '''taunak'''....''torque, tau'' ::* '''tonak'''....''t, ton'' ::* '''troynak'''....''troy, troy weight'' ::* '''tuubnak'''....''cubit, ell'' ::* '''unak'''....''quarto'' ::* '''vunak'''....''unit of voltage'' ::* '''yafonak'''....''power gain'' ::* '''yaonnak'''....''hexameter'' ::* '''yardnak'''....''yard'' ::* '''yegoragjinak'''....''erg'' ::* '''yexazonak'''....''energy gain'' ::* '''yexnak'''....''erg'' ::* '''yiynbanak'''....''bit'' ::* '''yudanak'''....''yard, yd'' ::* '''yusonak'''....''ys, yoctosecond'' ::* '''zegenak'''....''zeptogram, zg'' ::* '''zeynadnak'''....''calibre'' ::* '''zu-ge-jinak'''....''RPM, revolutions per minute'' ::* '''zusonak'''....''zs'' ::* '''zyefnak'''....''diopter'' {{small/end}} ==== NEG Words ==== :* '''neg'''....''level, stratum, echelon, tier'' ::* '''abdoneg'''....'' top social class, top social stratum, upper class'' ::* '''abneg'''....'' top level, upper level'' ::* '''aagneg'''....'' macrolevel'' ::* '''aneg'''....'' first level'' ::* '''annega'''....'' single-level'' ::* '''aybneg'''....'' superstratum'' ::* '''doneg'''....'' class, social class, social level, social stratum'' ::* '''duzneg'''....'' pitch, tune'' :::* '''duznegsiyn'''....'' clef'' :::* '''duznegxar'''....'' tuner'' ::* '''ebneg'''....'' in-between level, inter-level'' ::* '''ebtajnega'''....'' intergenerational'' ::* '''ennega'''....'' bi-level, double-layered, split-level, two-level'' :::* '''ennegmimofag'''....'' galleon'' ::* '''eynegon'''....'' gauge'' ::* '''fiduznega'''....'' in key, on pitch'' :::* '''gwafiduznega'''....'' pitch-perfect'' ::* '''fuduznega'''....'' off-key, off-pitch, off-tune, pitchy'' ::* '''gawtajnegxer'''....'' regenerate'' ::* '''genega'''....'' coplanar, levigate, level, smooth, even'' :::* '''genegxer'''....'' levigate'' ::* '''getajnega'''....'' co-generational, of the same generation'' ::* '''glanega'''....'' multi-level, multilevel'' ::* '''glasuexnega'''....'' multivolume'' ::* '''greneg'''....'' break-even, breakeven'' ::* '''ijduzneg'''....'' key'' ::* '''ilneg'''....'' pond, stretch of water'' ::* '''kyodoneg'''....'' caste'' ::* '''milneg'''....'' body of water'' ::* '''naxneggox'''....'' deflation'' ::* '''neg'''....'' echelon, layer, level, stratum, tier'' ::* '''nega'''....'' even, level'' ::* '''negar'''....'' level'' ::* '''negika'''....'' tiered'' ::* '''negser'''....'' level out'' ::* '''negxar'''....'' leveler'' ::* '''negxer'''....'' level, smooth out, stratify'' ::* '''negxwa'''....'' even, leveled out, smoothed, stratified'' ::* '''obneg'''....'' inferior echelon, sublevel'' ::* '''ogenega'''....'' not level, uneven'' ::* '''ogetajnega'''....'' allo-generational, of a different generation'' ::* '''oogneg'''....'' microlevel'' ::* '''oktajnegser'''....'' degenerate'' ::* '''oneg'''....'' ground level'' ::* '''oybneg'''....'' substratum'' ::* '''seuxneg'''....'' sound level'' ::* '''tajneg'''....'' generation'' ::* '''tisneg'''....'' grade, grade level'' ::* '''vyaduznega'''....'' in tune, on-pitch'' ::* '''vyanegdwas'''....'' aphorism, catchword, dictum, maxim, saw, saying'' ::* '''vyoduznega'''....'' off-pitch, out of tune, pitchy'' ::* '''yabdoneg'''....'' higher social class, upper class'' ::* '''yabduzneg'''....'' high pitch, treble'' ::* '''yabnega'''....'' high-echelon, high-level, top echelon'' :::* '''yabnegxer'''....'' raise the level, ratchet up, uplift, upshift'' ::* '''yabzedoneg'''....'' upper middle class'' ::* '''yeduznega'''....'' diatonic'' ::* '''yeybtajnega'''....'' intragenerational'' ::* '''yobdoneg'''....'' lower class'' ::* '''yobduznega'''....'' low-pitched'' ::* '''yobnega'''....'' bottom echelon, bottom-level, low-echelon, low-level, lower-level'' ::* '''yobzedoneg'''....'' lower middle class'' ::* '''yomneg'''....'' ice floe, ice sheet'' ::* '''zedoneg'''....'' middle class'' ::* '''zenega'''....'' mid-level'' ==== NIG Words ==== : The morpheme '''nig''' means ''space''. Here are some derived words: ::* '''ebnig'''....''interstice, leeway'' :::* '''ebnigxer'''....''to make leeway'' :::* '''ebnignabxer'''....''to stagger'' ::* '''kunig'''....''margin'' :::* '''kunigxer'''....''to marginalize'' ::* '''exnig'''....''field'' ::* '''keaxnig'''....''scope'' ::* '''malnig'''....''airspace'' ::* '''memnig'''....''tract of land'' ::* '''nigier'''....''to take up space'' ::* '''niguer'''....''to allot space, to make room for'' ::* '''tebnig'''....''headroom'' ::* '''tejnig'''....''Lebensraum, living space'' ::* '''tyobnig'''....''legroom'' ::* '''uknig'''....''vacuum'' ::* '''yannigxer'''....''to space together'' ::* '''yebnig'''....''courtyard'' ::* '''yexnig'''....''workspace'' ::* '''yonnigxer'''....''to space apart'' ::* '''yuznig'''....''environment'' ::* '''zanig'''....''foreground'' :::* '''zanigber'''....''to foreground'' ::* '''zonig'''....''background'' :::* '''zonigber'''....''to background'' ::* '''zyanig'''....''expanse'' ::* '''zyonig'''....''confines'' === '''NOM''' ''situation'' === [[File:Union Street Gowanus New York October 2021 HDR panorama.jpg|thumb|]] : The stems in this family end in '''-m''', with the general meaning of ''place'', or '''-yeb''' meaning ''container''. The family includes areas, places, locations, buildings, houses, rooms, spaces, and containers. : The base word '''nom''', which means ''situation'', is also the base for several stub suffixes as seen in the chart below: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ NOM |- ! BASE WORD !! STUB !! EXAMPLES |- | '''nom'''....''situation'' || '''-om'''....''situation''||'''yikom'''....''difficult spot''<br>'''yukom'''....''comfort, ease, convenience'' |- | '''nam'''....''store'' || '''-am'''....''indoor place, building, house''||'''dezam'''....''theater''<br>'''posam'''....''station'' |- | '''nem'''....''place'' || '''-(e)m'''....''open space, place''||'''nunem'''....''market''<br>'''zem'''....''middle'' |- | '''num'''....''cell'' || '''-um'''....''cell, booth, stall, compartment''||'''pexum'''....''cage''<br>'''yibdalirum'''....''telephone booth'' |- | '''nyem'''....''box'' || '''-yem'''....''enclosed space'' || '''syem'''....''establishment''<br>'''vaknyem'''....''safe''<br>'''byem'''....''position'' |} {{small/end}} ==== NYEB, NYEF, ZYEB, NYEV, SYEB Words ==== : There is a set of words referring to different types of containers. Some have stub suffixes. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ NYEB etc. |- ! CONTAINER WORD !! STUB !! EXAMPLE |- | '''nyeb'''....''container'' || '''-yeb'''....''container''|| '''bixnyeb'''....''drawer''<br>'''vosyeb'''....''flower pot''<br>'''nasyeb'''....''billfold'' |- | '''nyef'''....''basket'' ||'''-yef''' ||'''feb nyef'''....''fruit basket''<br>'''fyumulyef'''....''wastebasket'' |- | '''nyev'''....''bag, sack'' || ||'''malnyev'''....''airbag''<br>'''tolnyev'''....''grocery bag/sack'' |- | '''zyeb'''....''glass container'' || '''-yeb'''||'''tilzyeb'''....''drinking glass''<br>'''ammilzyeb'''....''hot-water bottle''<br>'''ilyeb'''....''bottle'' |- | '''syeb'''....''container'' || '''-yeb'''....''container''||'''absyeb'''....''cap''<br>'''ponyeb'''....''suitcase''<br>'''ilsyeb'''....''flask'' |} {{small/end}} : Other container words: ::* '''syebag'''....''bin'' ::* '''nyemag'''....''caisson, chest, coffer'' ::* '''nyeyv'''....''sachet, ditty bag'' ::* '''faosyeb'''....''barrel'' ::* '''faosyeyb'''....''keg, vat'' ::* '''faosyebog'''....''firkin, drum'' ::* '''faosyebag'''....''cask, vat, tank, tun'' ::* '''zotibyeb'''....''backpack, rucksack'' === '''POT''' ''animal'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with the letter '''p''', denoting ''movement'', and end in the letter '''t''', denoting a ''living creature''. Thus, the words have to do with animals. The ordinal vowel indicates the terrain: land, air, water, or a combination of these. If the vowel is pre-y-glided, then the animal is wild or predatory. [[File:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|]] ==== Core Words ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Core Words |- ! AIR | '''pat'''....''bird''<br>'''pyat'''....''predatory bird''<br>'''piat'''....''aquatic bird'' |- ! LAND (WILD) | '''pot'''....''animal''<br>'''pyot'''....''predatory animal''<br>'''piot'''....''semi-aquatic'' |- ! LAND (DOMESTIC) | '''pet'''....''land animal''<br>'''pyet'''....''reptile''<br>'''pelt'''....''insect''<br>'''pelat'''....''flying insect''<br>'''piyet'''....''batrachian''<br>'''payet'''....''flying reptile''<br>'''peyet'''....''worm'' |- ! WATER | '''pit'''....''fish''<br>'''pyit'''....''predatory fish''<br>'''piit'''....''crustacean''<br>'''pyeit'''....''mollusk''<br>'''peit'''....''marine mammal'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Chart of Principal Animals ==== : As this chart shows, the base morpheme for animal is '''p...t''' (think of: a moving creature). The vowels within the base morpheme are generally geo-specific, indicating land, sea, water, or combinations thereof. The prefixes are characteristic syllables from the international Linnaean Taxonomy. : See [[Mirad_Grammar/Vocabulary_Formation#Animal_Nomenclature|Animal Nomenclature]] for rules in forming animal names. {{small/top}} '''pet''': ''domestic land mammal '' :*'''kapet''': ''dog, hound, domestic dog'', spec=''<u>Ca</u>nidae Canis familiaris'' :*'''lapet''': ''rabbit, bunny, spec=<u>La</u>gomorpha Leporidae Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'' :*'''fepet''': ''cat, domestic cat, house cat, feline, felid'', spec=''<u>Fe</u>lidae Felis catus'' :*'''ekpet''': ''horse'', spec=''<u>Eq</u>uidae Equus caballus'' ::*'''afekpet''': ''ass, donkey, jackass'', spec=''<u>Eq</u>uidae Equus <u>af</u>ricanus asinus'' ::*'''afkabekpet''': ''mule'', spec=''<u>Eq</u>uidae Equus <u>cab</u>allus x <u>af</u>ricanus'' :*'''kampet''': ''camel'', spec=''<u>Cam</u>elus dromedarius'' :*'''bopet''': ''bovine, bull, cattle, taurine cattle, ox'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae Bos taurus'' ::*'''kabopet''': ''goat, domestic goat'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae <u>Ca</u>pra hircus'' ::*'''ovbopet''': ''sheep'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae <u>Ov</u>is aries'' ::*'''intawbopet''': ''zebu'', spec=''<u>Bo</u>vidae Bos <u>tau</u>rus <u>in</u>dicus'' :*'''ropet''': ''mouse'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia Mus musculus'' ::*'''porkaropet''': ''cavy, guinea pig'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia <u>Ca</u>via <u>por</u>cellus'' ::*'''kriropet''': ''hamster'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia <u>Cri</u>cetus cricetus'' ::*'''gerropet''': ''gerbil'', spec=''<u>Ro</u>dentia <u>Ger</u>billinae'' :*'''supet''': ''pig, swine, hog'', spec=''<u>Su</u>idae Sus domesticus'' '''pelt''': ''bug, insect'', spec=''Insecta'' :*'''saklepelt''': ''silverfish'', spec=''Lepismatidae Lepisma saccharinum'' :*'''pepelt''': ''louse'', spec=''Pediculidae'' ::*'''hupepelt''': ''body louse, body lice'', spec=''Pediculidae Pediculus humanus'' :::*'''kahupepelt''': ''head louse, head lice'', spec=''Pediculidae Pediculus humanus capitis'' :*'''lekcipelt''': ''bed bug'', spec=''Cimicidae Cimex lectularius'' :*'''ftipelt''': ''parasite, louse'', spec=''Phthiraptera'' :*'''hempelt''': ''true bug, bug'', spec=''Hemiptera'' ::*'''cihempelt''': ''cicada'', spec=''Hemiptera Cicadidae'' ::*'''lihempelt''': ''chinch bug'', spec=''Hemiptera Lygaeidae'' ::*'''penhempelt''': ''stink bug, stinkbug'', spec=''Hemiptera Pentamidae Halyomorpha halys'' :*'''kopelt''': ''beetle'', spec=''Coleoptera'' ::*'''skakopelt''': ''scarab, dung beetle'', spec=''Coleoptera Scarabaeidae '' :::*'''meskakopelt''': ''cockchafer, may bug'', spec=''Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Melolontha melolontha'' :::*'''koskakopelt''': ''june bug, june beetle'', spec=''Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Cotinis nitida'' ::*'''kurkopelt''': ''weevil'', spec=''Coleoptera Curculionidae'' ::*'''kokkopelt''': ''ladybug'', spec=''Coleoptera Coccinellidae'' :*'''tripelt''': ''caddisfly'', spec=''Trichoptera'' :*'''fyupelt''': ''vermin, new=fupelt (fyu- = harmful)'' :*'''arpelt''': ''spider, arachnid'', spec=''Arachnida'' ::*'''foycarpelt''': ''common house spider, cellar spider, daddy-long-legs'', spec=''Arachnida Phoicidae'' ::*'''eragarpelt''': ''hobo spider, funnel web spider'', spec=''Arachnida Agelnidae Eratigena'' ::*'''diarpelt''': ''garden spider'', spec=''Arachnida Araneus diadematus'' ::*'''akarpelt''': ''mite'', spec=''Arachnida Acariformes'' ::*'''likarpelt''': ''wolf spider'', spec=''Arachnida Licosidae'' ::*'''losikarpelt''': ''brown recluse'', spec=''Arachnia Sicaridae Loxosceles reclusa'' ::*'''salarpelt''': ''jumping spider'', spec=''Arachnida Salticidae'' ::*'''tromarpelt''': ''chigger'', spec=''Arachnida Trombiculidae'' ::*'''tomarpelt''': ''crab spider'', spec=''Arachnida Thomsidae'' ::*'''ewparpelt''': ''daddy long-legs spider'', spec=''Arachnida Eupnoi'' ::*'''pararpelt''': ''tick, mite, nit'', spec=''Arachnida Parasitiformes'' ::*'''terarpelt''': ''tarantula'', spec=''Arachnida Theraphosidae'' ::*'''skorarpelt''': ''scorpion'', spec=''Arachnida Scorpiones'' ::*'''laterarpelt''': ''black widow'', spec=''Arachnida Therididae Latrodectus'' :*'''forpelt''': ''ant, pismere'', spec=''Formicidae'' ::*'''solforpelt''': ''fire ant'', spec=''Formicidae Solenopsis'' ::*'''kamforpelt''': ''carpenter ant'', spec=''Formicidae Camponotus'' :*'''orpelt''': ''othoptera'', spec=''Orthoptera'' ::*'''griorpelt''': ''cricket'', spec=''Orthoptera Gryillidae'' ::*'''akorpelt''': ''grasshopper'', spec=''Orthoptera Acrididae '' ::*'''tetorpelt''': ''katydid'', spec=''Orthoptera Tettigonioidea'' ::*'''akrorpelt''': ''locust'', spec=''Orthoptera Acrididae'' :*'''blatpelt''': ''cockroach, roach'', spec=''Blattodea Blattidae'' :*'''manpelt''': ''mantis, praying mantis'', spec=''Mantodea'' '''peyet''': ''worm, annelid'', spec=''Annelida'' :*'''anpeyet''': ''hookworm'', spec=''Ancylostoma'' :*'''aspeyet''': ''roundworm'', spec=''Ascaridae Ascaris lumbricoides'' :*'''bompeyet''': ''silkmoth'', spec=''Bombycidae Bombyx mori'' :*'''dipeyet''': ''millipede'', spec=''Diplopoda'' :*'''hirpeyet''': ''leech'', spec=''Hirudinea'' :*'''kipeyet''': ''centipede'', spec=''Chilopoda'' :*'''lumpeyet''': ''earthworm'', spec=''Lumbricina'' :*'''nepeyet''': ''nematode, roundworm, eelworm'', spec=''Nematoda'' :*'''plapeyet''': ''flatworm, fluke'', spec=''Platyhelminthes Trematoda'' :*'''popeyet''': ''bristle worm, annelid worm, polychaeta'', spec=''Polychaeta'' :*'''taypeyet''': ''tapeworm'', spec=''Taenia'' '''piyet''': ''amphibian, batrachian'', spec=''Amphibia'' :*'''serkepiyet''': ''snapping turtle'', spec=''Chelydra serpentina'' :*'''anpiyet''': ''frog'', spec=''Anura'' ::*'''hilanpiyet''': ''tree frog'', spec=''Anura Hylidae'' ::*'''bufanpiyet''': ''toad'', spec=''Anura Bufonidae'' :*'''urpiyet''': ''salamander'', spec=''Urodela'' :*'''arkripiyet''': ''water rat, water vole'', spec=''Cricetidae Arvicola amphibius'' '''pyet''': ''reptile'', spec=''Reptilia'' :*'''skwapyet''': ''lizard'', spec=''Squamata'' ::*'''kovaskwapyet''': ''Komodo dragon'', spec=''Squamata Varanus komodoensis'' ::*'''susheskwapyet''': ''gila monster'', spec=''Squamata Heloderma suspectum'' ::*'''igskwapyet''': ''iguana'', spec=''Squamata Iguana'' ::*'''gekskwapyet''': ''gecko, tokay gecko'', spec=''Squamata Gekkota Gekko gekko'' :*'''dipyet''': ''dinosaur'', spec=''Dinosauria'' ::*'''bradipyet''': ''brachiosaurus'', spec=''Dinosauria Brachiosaurus'' ::*'''vedipyet''': ''velociraptor'', spec=''Dinosauria Velocirator'' ::*'''tidipyet''': ''tyrannosaurus rex T. rex'', spec=''Dinosauria Tyrannosaurus rex'' ::*'''brondipyet''': ''brontosaurus'', spec=''Dinosauria Brontosaurus'' :*'''kropyet''': ''crocodile'', spec=''Crocodilia Crocodylidae'' ::*'''alkropyet''': ''alligator'', spec=''Crocodilia Alligatoridae Alligator'' ::*'''kaykropyet''': ''caiman'', spec=''Crocodilia Caimaninae'' :*'''rinpyet''': ''tuatara'', spec=''Rhynchocephalia Sphenodon punctatus'' :*'''serpyet''': ''snake spec=Serpentes'' ::*'''neserkopyet''': ''water snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Nerodia sipedon'' ::*'''ofserkopyet''': ''green snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Opheodrys'' ::*'''piserpyet''': ''python'', spec=''Serpentes Pythonidae Python regius'' ::*'''viserpyet''': ''viper, spect=Serpentes Viperidae'' :::*'''beviserpyet''': ''adder'', spec=''Serpentes Viperidae Vipera berus'' :::*'''agviserpyet''': ''copperhead'', spec=''Serpentes Viperidae Agkistrodon contortrix'' :::*'''piskagviserpyet''': ''water moccasin'', spec=''Serpentes Viperidae Agkistrodon piscivorus'' :::*'''kroviserpyet''': ''rattlesnake spec=Serpentes Viperidae Crotalus'' ::*'''elserpyet''': ''elapid'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae'' :::*'''ofelserpyet''': ''king cobra'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Ophiophagus'' :::*'''najelserpyet''': ''cobra, naja'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Naja'' :::*'''denelserpyet''': ''black mamba'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Dendroaspis polylepis'' :::*'''psewselerpyet''': ''redbelly'', spec=''Serpentes Elapidae Pseudechis porphyriacus'' ::*'''koserpyet''': ''colubrid'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae'' :::*'''nakoserpyet''': ''grass snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Natrix natrix'' :::*'''lamkoserpyet''': ''kingsnake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Lampropeltis'' :::*'''tamkoserpyet''': ''garter snake spec=Serpentes Colubridae Thamnopis'' :::*'''pankoserpyet''': ''corn snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Pantherophis guttatus'' :::*'''boykoserpyet''': ''mangrove snake'', spec=''Serpentes Colubridae Boiga dendrophila'' ::*'''boyserpyet''': ''boa, boa constrictor'', spec=''Septentes Boidae Boa constrictor'' :::*'''ewboyserpyet''': ''anaconda, water boa'', spec=''Serpentes Boidae Eunectes'' :*'''tespyet''': ''tortoise, turtle'', spec=''Testudinae'' '''pot''': ''wild mammal'' :*'''kapot''': ''wild dog, feral dog, free-ranging dog'', spec=''Canidae Canis'' :*'''lapot''': ''hare'', spec=''Lagomorpha Lepus timidus'' ::*'''lelapot''': ''jackrabbit'', spec=''Lagomorpha Lepus californicus'' ::*'''oklapot''': ''pika'', spec=''Lagomorpha Ochotona daurica'' ::*'''tallapot''': ''mole'', spec=''Lagomorpha Talpidae Talpa'' :*'''fepot''': ''feral cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis catus'' ::*'''bifepot''': ''Chinese mountain cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis bieti'' ::*'''lifepot''': ''African wildcat'', spec=''Felidae Felis lybica'' ::*'''silfepot''': ''European wildcat'', spec=''Felidae Felis silvestris'' ::*'''marfepot''': ''sand cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis margarita'' ::*'''kawsfepot''': ''jungle cat'', spec=''Felidae Felis chaus'' :*'''mepot''': ''skunk, striped skunk, mephitid'', spec=''Mephitidae Mephitis mephitis'' ::*'''mimepot''': ''stink badger'', spec=''Mephitidae Mydaus'' ::*'''komepot''': ''hog-nosed skunk'', spec=''Mephitidae Conepatus humboldtii'' :*'''ksepot''': ''placental mammal'', spec=''Xenarthra'' ::*'''sinksepot''': ''armadillo'', spec=''Xenarthra Cingulata old=napot'' ::*'''foksepot''': ''sloth, tree sloth'', spec=''Xenarthra Folivora'' ::*'''verksepot''': ''anteater'', spec=''Xenarthra Vermilingua'' :*'''gipot''': ''giraffe'', spec=''Giraffa camelopardalis'' :*'''ripot''': ''rhinoceros, rhino'', spec=''Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros'' :*'''ekpot''': ''wild horse, tarpan'', spec=''Equidae Equus ferus'' ::*'''zebekpot''': ''zebra, mountain zebra'', spec=''Equidae Equus zebra'' :*'''elpot''': ''elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae'' ::*'''makselpot''': ''Asian elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae Elephas maximus'' ::*'''aflokselpot''': ''African bush elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae Loxodonta africanus'' ::*'''cilokselpot''': ''African forest elephant'', spec=''Elephantidae Loxodonta cyciotis'' :*'''kampot''': ''camel'', spec=''Camelidae'' ::*'''lakampot''': ''llama'', spec=''Camelidae Lama glama'' ::*'''palakampot''': ''alpaca'', spec=''Camelidae Lama pacos'' ::*'''vilakampot''': ''vicuna'', spec=''Camelidae Lama vicugna'' ::*'''bakkampot''': ''bachtrian camel'', spec=''Camelidae Camelus bactrianus'' ::*'''drokampot''': ''dromedary'', spec=''Camelidae Camelus dromedarius'' :*'''bopot''': ''wild bovine, bovid, ruminant mammal'', spec=''Bovidae'' ::*'''bibopot''': ''bison'', spec=''Bovidae Bison bison'' ::*'''anbopot''': ''antelope'', spec=''Bovidae Antilope cervicapra'' ::*'''gnukonbopot''': ''gnu, wildebeest'', spec=''Bovidae Connochaetes gnou'' ::*'''grunbopot''': ''yak'', spec=''Bovidae Bos grunniens'' ::*'''kabopot''': ''mountain goat'', spec=''Bovidae Capra aegagrus hircus'' :::*'''dorkabopot''': ''gazelle'', spec=''Bovidae Capra dorcas'' :::*'''sukabopot''': ''serow'', spec=''Bovidae Capricornis sumatraensis'' ::*'''aypbopot''': ''impala, rooibok'', spec=''Bovidae Aepyceros melampus'' ::*'''bubopot''': ''buffalo'', spec=''Bovidae Bubalus bubalis'' ::*'''rubopot''': ''chamois'', spec=''Bovidae Rupicapra rupicapra'' ::*'''ovbopot''': ''bighorn sheep'', spec=''Bovidae Ovis canadensis'' ::*'''tawbopot''': ''eland, eland antelope'', spec=''Bovidae Taurotragus oryx'' :*'''ropot''': ''rat, rodent'', spec=''Rodentia'' ::*'''baropot''': ''mole rat'', spec=''Rodentia Bathyergus'' ::*'''furaropot''': ''bush rat, woodrat'', spec=''Rodentia Rattus fuscipes'' ::*'''geropot''': ''gopher, pocket gopher'', spec=''Rodentia Geomys'' ::*'''lemropot''': ''lemming'', spec=''Rodentia Lemimini'' ::*'''diropot''': ''kangaroo rat'', spec=''Rodentia Dipodomys'' ::*'''skiropot''': ''squirrel'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus'' :::*'''neskiropot''': ''chipmunk'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Neotamias'' :::*'''ciskiropot''': ''prairie dog'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Cynomys'' :::*'''marskiropot''': ''marmot'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Marmota marmota, old=kalyipot'' :::*'''pteskiropot''': ''flying squirrel'', spec=''Rodentia Sciuridae Pteromyni'' ::*'''gliropot''': ''dormice'', spec=''Rodentia Gliridae'' ::*'''arkripot''': ''vole'', spec=''Rodentia Cricetidae Arvicolini'' ::*'''nekriropot''': ''pack rat'', spec=''Rodentia Critecidae Neotoma'' ::*'''cinropot''': ''chinchilla spec=Rodentia Chinchilla chinchilla'' ::*'''proropot''': ''raccoon'', spec=''Procyonidae Procyon lotor'' ::*'''hisropot''': ''porcupine'', spec=''Rodentia Hystricognathi'' ::*'''lemkriropot''': ''lemming'', spec=''Rodentia Cricetidae Lemmini'' :*'''marpot''': ''marsupial'', spec=''Marsupalia'' ::*'''famarpot''': ''koala, koala bear'', spec=''Marsupialia Phascolarctos cinereus'' ::*'''makmarpot''': ''kangaroo'', spec=''Marsupialia Macropus'' :::*'''amakmarpot''': ''wallaby'', spec=''Marsupialia Macropus'' :::*'''emakmarpot''': ''wallaroo'', spec=''Marsupialia Macropus'' ::*'''vommarpot''': ''wombat'', spec=''Marsupialia Vombatus ursinus'' ::*'''sarmarpot''': ''Tasmanian devil'', spec=''Marsupialia Sarcophilus harrisii'' ::*'''mirmarpot''': ''numbat'', spec=''Marsupialia Myrmecobius fasciatus'' :*'''erpot''': ''hedgehog'', spec=''Erinaceidae'' :*'''cerpot''': ''deer, cervid'', spec=''Cervidae Cervus'' ::*'''dacerpot''': ''fallow deer'', spec=''Cervidae Dama dama'' ::*'''odcerpot''': ''white-tailed deer'', spec=''Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus'' ::*'''hicerpot''': ''water deer'', spec=''Cervidae Hydropotes'' ::*'''alcerpot''': ''moose, elk'', spec=''Cervidae Alces alces'' ::*'''rancerpot''': ''reindeer, caribou'', spec=''Cervidae Rangifer tarandus'' ::*'''kapcerpot''': ''roe deer'', spec=''Cervidae Capreolus capreolus'' :*'''orpot''': ''aardvark'', spec=''Orycteropodidae Orykteropus afer'' :*'''sorpot''': ''shrew'', spec=''Soricidae Sorex araneus'' :*'''muspot''': ''mustelid'', spec=''Mustelidae'' ::*'''gamuspot''': ''grison'', spec=''Mustelidae Galictis'' ::*'''memuspot''': ''badger'', spec=''Mustelidae Meles meles'' ::*'''nimuspot''': ''black-footed ferret, prairie dog hunter'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela nigripes'' ::*'''rimuspot''': ''ermine'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela richardsonii'' ::*'''ikmuspot''': ''polecat'', spec=''Mustelidae Ictonychinae'' ::*'''marmuspot''': ''marten'', spec=''Mustelidae Martes'' ::*'''ermuspot''': ''weasel, stoat'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela erminea'' ::*'''fumuspot''': ''ferret'', spec=''Mutelidae Mustela furo'' ::*'''gumuspot''': ''wolverine'', spec=''Mustelidae Gulo gulo'' ::*'''pumuspot''': ''polecat'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela putorius'' ::*'''lumuspot''': ''mink'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela lutreola'' :*'''tapot''': ''tapir'', spec=''Tapiridae'' '''pyot''': ''predatory or carniverous animal'', spec=''Carnivora'' :*'''kapyot''': ''predatory canine,gray wolf, spec=Canidae Canis lupus'' ::*'''lakapyot''': ''coyote'', spec=''Canidae Canis latrans'' ::*'''vulkapyot''': ''fox, red fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpus vulpus'' :::*'''avulkapyot''': ''arctic fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes lagopus'' :::*'''vevulkapyot''': ''swift fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes velox'' :::*'''zervulkapyot''': ''fennec fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes zerda'' :::*'''korvulkapyot''': ''corsac fox'', spec=''Canidae Vulpes corsac'' ::*'''urkapyot''': ''gray fox'', spec=''Canidae Urocyon cinereoargenteus'' ::*'''lukapyot''': ''wolf, gray wolf'', spec=''Canidae Canis lupus'' ::*'''awkapyot''': ''jackal, golden jackal'', spec=''Canidae Canis aureus'' :*'''fepyot''': ''tiger'', spec=''Felidae Panthera tigris'' ::*'''acfepyot''': ''cheetah'', spec=''Felidae Acinonyx jubatus'' ::*'''lefepyot''': ''ocelot'', spec=''Felidae Leopardus pardalis'' ::*'''lifepyot''': ''lynx'', spec=''Felidae Lynx lynx'' :::*'''rulifepyot''': ''bobcat'', spec=''Felidae Lynx rufus'' ::*'''panfepyot''': ''panther'', spec=''Felidae Panthera'' :::*'''lepanfepyot''': ''lion'', spec=''Felidae Panthera leo'' :::*'''tipanfepyot''': ''tiger'', spec=''Felidae Panthera tigris'' :::*'''onpanfepyot''': ''jaguar'', spec=''Felidae Panthera onca'' :::*'''unpanfepyot''': ''snow leopard, ounce'', spec=''Felidae Panthera uncia'' :::*'''parpanfepyot''': ''leopard'', spec=''Felidae Panthera pardus'' ::*'''pufepyot''': ''puma, cougar, mountain lion'', spec=''Felidae Puma concolor, cougar'' :*'''hyaypyot''': ''hyena'', spec=''Hyena'' :*'''herpyot''': ''mongoose'', spec=''Herpestidae'' :*'''supyot''': ''boar,wild boar, wild pig'', spec=''Suidae Sus scrofa'' ::*'''ermuspyot''': ''stoat'', spec=''Mustelidae Mustela erminea'' :*'''vipyot''': ''civet'', spec=''Viverridae '' :*'''pripyot''': ''primate'', spec=''Primates'' ::*'''lepripyot''': ''lemur'', spec=''Primates Lemuridae'' ::*'''tarpripyot''': ''tarsier'', spec=''Primates Tarsiidae Tarsius'' :*'''simpyot''': ''ape, simian, monkey'', spec=''Simiformes'' ::*'''kalsimpyot''': ''marmoset, new world monkey, tamarin'', spec=''Simiformes Callitrichidae'' ::*'''cesimpyot''': ''capuchin monkey, squirrel monkey'', spec=''Simiformes Cebidae '' ::*'''hilsimpyot''': ''gibbon, lesser ape'', spec=''Simiformes Hylobatidae'' ::*'''masimpyot''': ''macaque'', spec=''Simiformes Macaca mulatta'' ::*'''homsimpyot''': ''great ape, ape, hominid'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae'' :::*'''panhomsimpyot''': ''bonobo'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Pan'' ::::*'''tropanhomsimpyot''': ''chimpanzee, chimp'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Pan troglodytes'' :::*'''ponhomsimpyot''': ''orangutan'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Pongo'' :::*'''gohomsimpyot''': ''gorilla'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Gorilla'' :::*'''sahomsimpyot''': ''human, Homo sapiens'', spec=''Simiformes Hominidae Homo sapiens'' ::*'''cersimpyot''': ''old world monkey'', spec=''Simiformes Cercopithecidae'' :::*'''pacersimpyot''': ''baboon'', spec=''Simiformes Cercopithecidae Papio'' :::*'''mancersimpyot''': ''mandrill'', spec=''Simiformes Certopithecidae Mandrillus'' :*'''urpyot''': ''bear, ursid'', spec=''Ursidae'' ::*'''marurpot''': ''polar bear, white bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus maritimus'' ::*'''arkurpyot''': ''brown bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus arktos'' :::*'''midarkurpyot''': ''kodiak bear'', spec=''Urdidae Ursus arctos middendorffi'' :::*'''horarkurpyot''': ''grizzly bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus arctos horribilis'' :::*'''krowarkurpyot''': ''atlas bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus arctos crowtheri'' ::*'''helurpyot''': ''sun bear'', spec=''Ursidae Helarctos malayanus'' ::*'''melurpyot''': ''sloth bear'', spec=''Ursinae Melursus ursinus'' ::*'''spelurpyot''': ''cave bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus spelaeus'' ::*'''tiburpyot''': ''Asian black bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus thibetanus'' ::*'''aylurpyot''': ''panda bear, giant panda'', spec=''Ursidae Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' ::*'''amurpyot''': ''American black bear'', spec=''Ursidae Ursus americanus'' ::*'''tremurpyot''': ''spectacled bear'', spec=''Ursidae Tremarctos ornatus'' '''piot''': ''aquatic mammal'' :*'''dipiot''': ''opossum'', spec=''Didelphidae'' :*'''tripiot''': ''manatee, seacow'', spec=''Trichechidae Trichechus manatus'' :*'''onropiot''': ''muskrat'', spec=''Rodentia Cricedidae Ondatra zibethicus'' :*'''kasropiot''': ''beaver'', spec=''Rodentia Castor canadensis'' :*'''hippiot''': ''hippopotamus'', spec=''Hippopotamus amphibius'' :*'''anorpiot''': ''platypus'', spec=''Ornithorhynchidae Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' :*'''kisorpiot''': ''water shrew'', spec=''Soricidae Chimarrogale'' :*'''nemuspiot''': ''mink, American mink'', spec=''Mustelidae Neogale vison'' :*'''lumuspiot''': ''otter'', spec=''Mustelidae Lutra lutra'' :*'''dupiot''': ''dugong'', spec=''Dugongidae Dugong dugon'' '''pelat''': ''flying insect'' :*'''lepelat''': ''moth'', spec=''Lepidoptera'' ::*'''palepelat''': ''butterfly'', spec=''Lepidoptera Papilionoidea'' :*'''nepelat''': ''gnat'', spec=''Nematocera'' :*'''dipelat''': ''fly'', spec=''Diptera'' ::*'''erdipelat''': ''drone fly'', spec=''Diptera Eristalis tenax'' ::*'''musdipelat''': ''house fly'', spec=''Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica'' ::*'''kudipelat''': ''mosquito'', spec=''Diptera Culicidae Culex Linnaeus'' :*'''kipelat''': ''snowfly'', spec=''Chionea'' :*'''sipelat''': ''flea'', spec=''Syphonoptera'' :*'''kokpelat''': ''ladybug'', spec=''Coccinelidae'' :*'''halpelat''': ''sweat bee'', spec=''Anthophila Halictidae'' :*'''simpelat''': ''sawfly'', spec=''Symphyta'' :*'''anpelat''': ''dragonfly'', spec=''Anisoptera'' :*'''zipelat''': ''damselfy'', spec=''Zigoptera'' :*'''appelat''': ''bee'', spec=''Apidae'' ::*'''melappelat''': ''honey bee'', spec=''Apidae Apis mellifera'' ::*'''ksilappelat''': ''carpenter bee'', spec=''Apidae Xylocopa'' ::*'''bomappelat''': ''bumblebee'', spec=''Apidae Bombus'' :*'''vespelat''': ''wasp'', spec=''Vespidae'' ::*'''kravespelat''': ''hornet'', spec=''Vespidae Vespa crabro'' ::*'''penvespelat''': ''yellow jacket'', spec=''Vespidae Vespula pensylvanica'' :*'''terpelat''': ''termite'', spec=''Termitidae'' :*'''newpelat''': ''net-winged insect, neuropteran'', spec=''Neuroptera'' ::*'''hemnewpelat''': ''lacewing'', spec=''Neuroptera Hemerobiiformia'' ::*'''mannewpelat''': ''mantisfly'', spec=''Neuroptera Mantispidae'' ::*'''mirnewpelat''': ''antlion, doodlebug'', spec=''Neuroptera Myrmeleontidae'' '''piat''': ''waterfowl'' :*'''gapiat''': ''loon'', spec=''Gaviidae Gavia Immer'' :*'''lapiat''': ''gull, seagull'', spec=''Laridae Larus'' ::*'''rilapiat''': ''kittiwake'', spec=''Laridae Rissa'' ::*'''rinlapiat''': ''skimmer'', spec=''Laridae Rynchops'' :*'''sfepiat''': ''penguin'', spec=''Spheniscidae Spheniscus'' :*'''fapepiat''': ''cormorant, shag'', spec=''Phalacrocoracidae, Phalacrocorax'' :*'''pepiat''': ''pelican'', spec=''Pelicaniformes Pelicanidae Pelecanus onocrotalus'' ::*'''arpepiat''': ''egret, heron'', spec=''Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Ardea'' ::*'''trespepiat''': ''ibis'', spec=''Pelecaniformes Treskiornithinae Treskiornis'' :*'''cipiat''': ''stork'', spec=''Ciconiidae Ciconia'' :*'''anpiat''': ''duck spec=Anatidae'' ::*'''tadanpiat''': ''shelduck'', spec=''Anatidae Tadorna'' ::*'''siganpiat''': ''swan'', spec=''Anatidae Cygnus'' ::*'''ansanpiat''': ''goose, grey goose, greylag goose, white goose'', spec=''Anatidae Anser anser'' ::*'''brantanpiat''': ''black goose, snow goose'', spec=''Anatidae Branta old=gapiat'' ::*'''platanpiat''': ''mallard, wild drake'', spec=''Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos'' :*'''skopiat''': ''sandpiper'', spec=''Scolopacidae'' :*'''popiat''': ''grebe'', spec=''Podicipedidae Podiceps'' :*'''propiat''': ''petrel, procellarid, tubenose'', spec=''Procellariformes'' ::*'''dipropiat''': ''albatross'', spec=''Procellariformes Diomedeidae Diomedea old=nyepiat'' :*'''sterpiat''': ''tern'', spec=''Sternidae Sterna'' :*'''tespiat''': ''terrapin'', spec=''Testundines'' :*'''grupiat''': ''crane'', spec=''Gruidae'' :*'''ansupiat''': ''darter, water turkey, snakebird'', spec=''Suliformes Anhingidae Anhinga'' ::*'''mosupiat''': ''gannet'', spec=''Suliformes Sulidae Morus'' :*'''foypiat''': ''flamingo'', spec=''Phoenicopteridae'' :*'''alpiat''': ''auk'', spec=''Alcidae Alca'' '''paet''': ''flightless bird'' :*'''kapaet''': ''cassowary'', spec=''Paleognathae Casuaridae Casuarius'' :*'''dropaet''': ''emu'', spec=''Paleognathae Casuaridae Dromaius novaehollandiae'' :*'''repaet''': ''rhea'', spec=''Paleognathae Rheidae Rhea'' :*'''appaet''': ''kiwi'', spec=''Apterydidae Apteryx'' :*'''strupaet''': ''ostrich'', spec=''Struthionidae Struthio camelus'' :*'''otpaet''': ''bustard'', spec=''Otididae'' '''payet''': ''flying reptile'' :*'''ptepayet''': ''pterodactyl'', spec=''Pterodactylus'' :*'''kipayet''': ''bat'', spec=''Chiroptera'' :*'''deskipayet''': ''vampire bat'', spec=''Chiroptera Desmodontinae'' '''pat''': ''bird, flying creature'', spec=''Aves'' :*'''fapat''': ''gamebird, Phasianid'', spec=''Phasianidae'' ::*'''fafapat''': ''pheasant'', spec=''Phasianidae Fasianus'' ::*'''gafapat''': ''chicken, cock, domestic fowl, yardbird'', spec=''Phasianidae Gallus gallus'' ::*'''pafapat''': ''peacock'', spec=''Phasianidae Pavo'' ::*'''mefapat''': ''turkey'', spec=''Phasianidae Meleagris'' ::*'''tefapat''': ''grouse'', spec=''Phasianidae Tetraonidae'' ::*'''kofapat''': ''quail'', spec=''Phasianidae Corturnix'' ::*'''perfapat''': ''partridge'', spec=''Phasianidae Perdix'' :*'''pipat''': ''piciform, arboreal bird'', spec=''Piciformes'' ::*'''sfipipat''': ''sapsucker'', spec=''Piciformes Sphyrapicus'' ::*'''pipipat''': ''woodpecker'', spec=''Piciformes Picidae Picus'' ::*'''rampipat''': ''toucan'', spec=''Piciformes Ramphastidae'' :*'''psipat''': ''parrot'', spec=''Psittacoidea'' ::*'''kapsipat''': ''cockatiel, weero, quarrion'', spec=''Psittaciformes Cacatuidae'' ::*'''mepsipat''': ''parakeet, budgerigar, budgie spec=Psittaciformes Melopsittacus'' ::*'''arpsipat''': ''macaw'', spec=''Psittacidae Arini'' :*'''numpat''': ''guinea fowl'', spec=''Numididae Numida'' :*'''kopat''': ''dove, columbid'', spec=''Columbidae Columbia'' ::*'''likopat''': ''pigeon'', spec=''Columbidae Columba livia domestica'' ::*'''strepkopat''': ''turtledove, turtle-dove'', spec=''Columbidae Streptopelida'' :*'''appat''': ''swift'', spec=''Apodiformes Apodidae'' ::*'''trokappat''': ''hummingbird'', spec=''Apodiformes Trochilidae'' ::*'''hemappat''': ''treeswift'', spec=''Apodiformes Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne'' :*'''paspat''': ''passerine, perching bird, sparrow'', spec=''Passeriformes'' ::*'''mepaspat''': ''lyrebird'', spec=''Passeriformes Menuridae'' ::*'''rihipaspat''': ''martin'', spec=''Passeriformes Hirundidae Riparia'' ::*'''pipaspat''': ''towhee'', spec=''Passeriformes Pipilo'' ::*'''paripaspat''': ''titmouse'', spec=''Passeriformes Paridae Baeolophus'' ::*'''fripaspat''': ''canary'', spec=''Passeriformes Frigillidae Serinus'' ::*'''ikpaspat''': ''icterid, blackbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Icteridae Molothrus'' :::*'''molikpaspat''': ''cowbird, snowbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Icteridae Molothrus'' ::*'''alpaspat''': ''lark, skylark'', spec=''Passeriformes Alaudidae'' ::*'''silpaspat''': ''warbler'', spec=''Passeriformes Sylvidae'' ::*'''frinpaspat''': ''finch'', spec=''Passeriformes Fringillidae'' ::*'''junpaspat''': ''snowbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Junco hyemalis'' ::*'''dopaspat''': ''sparrow'', spec=''Passeridae Passer, domesticus old=bipat'' ::*'''tropaspat''': ''wren'', spec=''Passeriformes Troglodytidae'' ::*'''karpaspat''': ''cardinal'', spec=''Passeriformes Cardinalis'' ::*'''hirpaspat''': ''swallow'', spec=''Passeriformes Hirundidae Hirundo'' ::*'''orpaspat''': ''oriole'', spec=''Passeriformes Oriolidae'' ::*'''korpaspat''': ''raven, crow'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus corax'' :::*'''cikorpaspat''': ''blue jay'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata'' :::*'''pikorpaspat''': ''magpie'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Pica'' :::*'''taskorpaspat''': ''forest raven'', spec=''Passeriformes Corvidae Corvus tasmanicus'' ::*'''turpaspat''': ''thrush'', spec=''Passeriform Turdidae'' :::*'''miturpaspat''': ''robin'', spec=''Passeriformes Turdidae Turdus migratorius'' :::*'''siturpaspat''': ''bluebird'', spec=''Passeriformes Turdidae Sialia'' ::*'''sturpaspat''': ''starling'', spec=''Passeriformes Sturnidae'' :::*'''misturpaspat''': ''myna bird'', spec=''Passeriformes Sturnidae Mino'' ::*'''paspaspat''': ''sparrow'', spec=''Passeriformes Passer'' ::*'''muspaspat''': ''old world flycatcher'', spec=''Passeriformes Muscicapidae'' :::*'''lumuspaspat''': ''nightingale'', spec=''Passeriformes Muscicapidae Luscinia'' ::*'''parpaspat''': ''warbler'', spec=''Passeriformes Parulidae'' :::*'''separpaspat''': ''ovenbird'', spec=''Passeriformes Parulidae seiurus'' :*'''kupat''': ''cuckoo'', spec=''Cuculidae'' ::*'''gekupat''': ''roadrunner'', spec=''Cuculidae Geococcyx'' ::*'''cenkupat''': ''coucal'', spec=''Cuculidae Centropus'' ::*'''ewkupat''': ''koel'', spec=''Cuculidae Eudynamys'' ::*'''ankupat''': ''anis'', spec=''Cuculidae Crotofaga'' ::*'''kukupat''': ''true cuckoo'', spec=''Cuculidae Cuculus'' '''pyat''': ''hawk, bird of prey, raptor'', spec=''Accipitridae'' :*'''kapyat''': ''vulture'', spec=''Accipitriformes Cathartidae'' :*'''stripyat''': ''strigid, owl'', spec=''Strigidae'' ::*'''mestripyat''': ''screech owl'', spec=''Strigidae Megascops'' ::*'''tistripyat''': ''barn owl'', spec=''Tytonidae Tyto'' :*'''akpyat''': ''eagle'', spec=''Accipitridae Aquilinae'' ::*'''halakpyat''': ''bald eagle'', spec=''Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' :*'''cirpyat''': ''harrier'', spec=''Accipitridae Circus'' :*'''falpyat''': ''falcon'', spec=''Falconidae'' ::*'''sparfalpyat''': ''kestrel'', spec=''Falconidae sparverius'' :*'''panpyat''': ''osprey'', spec=''Accipitriformes Pandionidae Pandion haliaetus'' :*'''gimpyat''': ''condor'', spec=''Accipitridae Gymnogyps'' :*'''konpyat''': ''kite'', spec=''Accipitridae Chondrohierax'' :*'''bupyat''': ''buzzard, hawk-buzzard'', spec=''Accipitridae Accipiter Buteo'' '''peit''': ''marine mammal'' :*'''cepeit''': ''whale'', spec=''Cetacea'' ::*'''mecepeit''': ''humpback whale'', spec=''Cetacea Megaptera novaeangliae'' ::*'''ficepeit''': ''sperm whale'', spec=''Cetacea Physeteridae'' ::*'''delcepeit''': ''dolphin'', spec=''Cetacea delphinidae'' :::*'''lewdelcepeit''': ''beluga whale'', spec=''Cetacea Delphinapterus leucas'' ::*'''focepeit''': ''porpoise'', spec=''Cetacea Phocoena'' :::*'''sifocepeit''': ''vaquita'', spec=''Cetacea Phocoena sinus'' ::*'''mocepeit''': ''narwhal'', spec=''Cetacea Monodon monoceros'' ::*'''orcepeit''': ''orca'', spec=''Cetacea Orcinus orca'' ::*'''miscepeit''': ''baleen whale'', spec=''Cetacea Mysticeti'' :*'''pinpeit''': ''pinniped, marine mammal, seal, pec=Pinnipedia'' ::*'''odopinpeit''': ''walrus'', spec=''Pinnipedia Odobenidae Odobenus rosmarus'' ::*'''fopinpeit''': ''seal, earless seal, crawling seal'', spec=''Pinnipedia Phocidae Pusa'' ::*'''muspinpeit''': ''marine otter'', spec=''Pinnipedia Mustelidae Lutra'' ::*'''otpinpeit''': ''otary, sea lion, fur seal, pec=Pinnipedia Otaridae Otaria'' '''pyeit''': ''mollusk'', spec=''Mollusca'' :*'''cepyeit''': ''cephalopod'', spec=''Cephalopoda'' ::*'''decepyeit''': ''squid'', spec=''Cephalopoda Decapodiformes'' :::*'''sedecepyeit''': ''cuttlefish, cuttles'', spec=''Cephalopoda Decapodiformes Sepiida'' :::*'''midecepyeit''': ''squid'', spec=''Cephalopoda Decapodiformes Myopsida'' :::*'''nawdecepyeit''': ''nautilis'', spec=''Cephalopoda Nautilidae'' :*'''okcepyeit''': ''octopus'', spec=''Cephalopoda Octopoda'' ::*'''nawcepyeit''': ''nautilus'', spec=''Cephalopoda Nautilidae'' :*'''bipyeit''': ''oyster, bivalve'', spec=''Bivalvia'' ::*'''osbipyeit''': ''oyster'', spec=''Bivalvia Ostreidae'' ::*'''panbipyeit''': ''geoduck'', spec=''Bivalvia Panopea generosa'' ::*'''pekbipeyit''': ''scallop'', spec=''Bivalvia Pectinidae'' ::*'''mibipyeit''': ''mussel'', spec=''Bivalvia Mytilidae'' ::*'''spibipyeit''': ''clam'', spec=''Bivalvia Spisula solidissima'' ::*'''karbipyeit''': ''cockle'', spec=''Bivalvia Cardiidae'' :*'''gaspyeit''': ''snail, escargot, slug, gastropod'', spec=''Gastropoda'' ::*'''halgaspyeit''': ''abalone'', spec=''Gastropoda Haliotidae'' ::*'''stromgaspyeit''': ''conch, sea snail'', spec=''Gastropoda Strombidae'' ::*'''angaspyeit''': ''sea hare'', spec=''Gastropoda Anaspidea'' ::*'''ongaspyeit''': ''slug'', spec=''Gastropoda Onchidiacea'' ::*'''cigaspyeit''': ''cowrie'', spec=''Gastropoda Cypraedidae'' '''piit''': ''crustacean, shellfish, arthropod'', spec=''Crustaceae'' :*'''depiit''': ''decapod'', spec=''Decapoda'' ::*'''padepiit''': ''hermit crab'', spec=''Decapoda Paguroidea'' ::*'''bradepiit''': ''crab'', spec=''Decapodia Brachyura'' ::*'''nedepiit''': ''lobster'', spec=''Decapoda Nephropididae'' :::*'''amhonedepiit''': ''Maine lobster, American lobster'', spec=''Nephropidae Homarus americanus'' :::*'''nornedepiit''': ''langostino, red lobster, scampi spec=Nephropidae Nephrops norvegicus'' ::*'''krandepiit''': ''shrimp'', spec=''Decapoda Crangonidae old=yapiit'' ::*'''dendepiit''': ''prawn'', spec=''Decapoda Dendrobranchiata'' ::*'''asdepiit''': ''crawdad, crayfish, crawfish, mudbug, yabbies spec=Decapoda Astacidea'' :*'''cirpiit''': ''barnacle'', spec=''Cirripedia'' '''pit''': ''fish'', spec=''Pisces'' :*'''bapit''': ''ray'', spec=''Batoidea'' :*'''gapit''': ''codfish, cod'', spec=''Gadidae'' :*'''awkapit''': ''goldfish'', spec=''Carassius auratus'' :*'''sprapit''': ''sprat'', spec=''Sprattus'' :*'''abpit''': ''seabream, sea bream, bream'', spec=''Abramis'' :*'''aymepit''': ''haddock'', spec=''Melanogrammus aeglefinus'' :*'''skofpit''': ''turbot'', spec=''Scophthalmus maximus'' :*'''cipit''': ''minnow, pinkeen'', spec=''Cyprinoidea'' ::*'''karcipit''': ''carp'', spec=''Cyprinus carpio'' :*'''sipit''': ''catfish'', spec=''Siluriformes'' :*'''trutsalpit''': ''trout'', spec=''Salmo trutta'' :*'''anpit''': ''eel'', spec=''Anguiliformes'' :*'''merpit''': ''whiting'', spec=''Merlangius merlangus'' :*'''enpit''': ''anchovy'', spec=''Engraulidae'' :*'''tinpit''': ''tench'', spec=''Tincidae Tinca tinca'' :*'''sopit''': ''sole'', spec=''Soleidae'' :*'''hippit''': ''seahorse'', spec=''Hippocampus'' :*'''barpit''': ''barbel'', spec=''Barbus'' :*'''sarpit''': ''sardine'', spec=''Sardina'' :*'''merlucpit''': ''hake'', spec=''Merlucciidae'' :*'''perpit''': ''bass'', spec=''Percomorpha'' :*'''gaspit''': ''stickleback'', spec=''Gasterosteidae'' :*'''ispit''': ''marlin'', spec=''Istiophoridae'' :*'''lutpit''': ''red snapper'', spec=''Lutjanus'' :*'''klupit''': ''herring, clupeid'', spec=''Clupeidae'' '''pyit''': ''predatory fish'' :*'''plewpyit''': ''flounder'', spec=''Pleuronectoidea'' :*'''poypyit''': ''guppy, molly'', spec=''Poecilidae'' :*'''gapyit''': ''cod'', spec=''Gadidae Gadus'' :*'''acpyit''': ''sturgeon'', spec=''Acipenseridae'' :*'''sepyit''': ''shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha'' ::*'''gasepyit''': ''tiger shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Galeocerdonidae Galeocerdo cuvier'' ::*'''skwasepyit''': ''angel shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Squatinidae Squatina'' ::*'''karlamsepyit''': ''great white shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Lamnidae Carcharodon carcharias'' ::*'''karkarsepyit''': ''bull shark, Zambezi shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas'' ::*'''sfirsepyit''': ''hammerhead shark'', spec=''Selachimorpha Sphyrnidae'' :*'''sfipyit''': ''barracuda'', spec=''Sphyraenidae'' :*'''mipyit''': ''stingray'', spec=''Myliobatoidei'' :*'''epipyit''': ''grouper'', spec=''Epinephelinae'' :*'''ksipyit''': ''swordfish'', spec=''Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius'' :*'''salpyit''': ''salmon'', spec=''Salmonidae'' :*'''skompyit''': ''mackerel'', spec=''Scombridae'' :*'''tunpyit''': ''tuna'', spec=''Thunnus'' ::*'''altunpyit''': ''yellowfin tuna'', spec=''Thunnus albacares'' ::*'''tintunpyit''': ''bluefin tuna'', spec=''Thunnus Thynnus'' ::*'''attunpyit''': ''blackfin tuna'', spec=''Tunnus atlanticus'' :*'''kopyit''': ''mahi-mahi, dolphin fish'', spec=''Coryphainidae Coryphaena hippurus'' :*'''perpyit''': ''perch'', spec=''Percidae'' ::*'''sanperpyit''': ''walleye'', spec=''Percidae Sander vitreus'' :*'''serpyit''': ''piranha'', spec=''Serrasalmidae'' :*'''espyit''': ''pike'', spec=''Esocidae Esox lucius'' '''pilt''': ''marine invertebrate'', spec=''Cnidaria'' :*'''mepilt''': ''jellyfish, sea jelly, sea nettle'', spec=''Medusazoa'' :*'''lipilt''': ''horseshoe crab'', spec=''Limulidae'' :*'''ekpilt''': ''sea urchin'', spec=''Echinoidea'' :*'''anpilt''': ''coral'', spec=''Anthozoa'' :*'''porpilt''': ''sponge'', spec=''Portifera'' :*'''aspilt''': ''starfish'', spec=''Asteroidea'' {{small/end}} ==== Animal Sounds ==== : The animal noise verbs are formed by replacing the final '''t''' of the animal's name to '''der''' (''communicate, utter''), as in the chart below. If the noise is particularly "noisy", the verb '''teuder''' (''scream'') can be used instead of '''der'''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Sounds |- ! ANIMAL !! SOUND VERB |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' ||'''ekpeder'''....''neigh, whinny '' |- | '''bopet'''....''bull'' ||'''bopeder'''....''bellow '' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox''||'''bopeoder'''....''low, moo, bellow '' |- | '''bopeyt'''....''cow''||'''bopeyder'''....''moo '' |- | '''afekpet'''....''ass'' ||'''afekpeder'''....''bray, hehaw '' |- | '''lakampot'''....''llama'' ||'''lakampoder'''....''growl '' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' ||'''ovbopeder'''....''bleat '' |- | '''kabopet'''....''goat''||'''kabopeder'''....''bray '' |- | '''supet'''....''hog''||'''supepeder'''....''grunt, snort, oink '' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' ||'''kapeder'''....''bark '' ('''kapeteuder'''....''yelp'') |- | '''kapyot'''....''wolf'' ||'''kapyoder'''....''howl '' |- | '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' ||'''vulkapyoder'''....''yelp '' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' ||'''fepeder'''....''mew, purr, meow '' |- | '''tipanfepyot'''....''tiger'' ||'''tipanfepyoder'''....''growl '' |- | '''yupet'''....''rabbit'' ||'''yupeder'''....''drum '' |- | '''skiropot'''....''squirrel'' ||'''skiropoder'''....''squeak '' |- | '''proropot'''....''raccoon'' ||'''proropoder'''....''chitter '' |- | '''ropet'''....''mouse'' ||'''ropeder'''....''squeak '' |- | '''famarpot'''....''koala'' ||'''famarpoder'''....''wail '' |- | '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion''||'''lepanfepyoder'''....''roar '' |- | '''hyaypyot'''....''hyena''||'''hyaypyoder'''....''laugh '' |- | '''awkapyot'''....''jackal'' ||'''awkapyoder'''....''howl '' |- | '''simpyot'''....''ape'' ||'''simpyoder'''....''gibber '' |- | '''urpyot'''....''bear''||'''urpyoder'''....''growl '' |- | '''elpot'''....''elephant''||'''elpoder'''....''trumpet '' |- | '''rancerpot'''....''reindeer''||'''rancerpoder'''....''bellow '' |- | '''alcerpot'''....''moose'' ||'''alcerpoder'''....''bellow '' |- | '''kampet'''....''camel'' ||'''kampeder'''....''grunt '' |- | '''gipot'''....''giraffe''||'''gipoder'''....''bleat '' |- | '''gekskwapyet'''....''gecko'' ||'''gekskwapyeder'''....''go to-key, make a gecko noise '' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' ||'''serpyeder'''....''hiss '' |- | '''kipayet'''....''bat''||'''kipayeder'''....''screech '' |- | '''anpiyet'''....''frog''||'''ampiyeder'''....''rivet, croak '' |- | '''appelat'''....''bee'' ||'''appelader'''....''buzz '' |- | '''kopelt'''....''beetle''||'''kopelder'''....''drone '' |- | '''grilorpelt'''....''cricket'' ||'''grilorpelder'''....''chirp '' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' ||'''pader'''....''chirp, tweet, coo, sing '' |- | '''gafapat'''....''rooster'' ||'''gafapader'''....''crow, cockadoodledoo '' |- | '''apayt'''....''hen'' ||'''apayder'''....''cluck '' |- | '''apatog'''....''chicken'' ||'''apatoder'''....''cheep '' |- | '''anpiat'''....''duck''||'''anpiader'''....''quack '' |- | '''ipat'''....''turkey''||'''ipader'''....''gobble '' |- | '''likopat'''....''pigeon'' ||'''likopader'''....''coo '' |- | '''akpyat'''....''eagle'' ||'''akpyader'''....''squawk '' |- | '''kapyat'''....''vulture''||'''kapyader'''....''scream '' |- | '''korpaspat'''....''raven, crow''||'''korpasder'''....''croak '' |- | '''stripyat'''....''owl''||'''stripyader'''....''hoot '' |- | '''cikorpaspat'''....''jay''||'''cikorpaspader'''....''chatter '' |- | '''strutopat'''....''ostrich'' ||'''strutopader'''....''bleep '' |- | '''siganpiat'''....''swan''||'''siganpiader'''....''cry '' |- | '''hirpaspat'''....''swallow'' ||'''dirpaspader'''....''squeal '' |- | '''psipat'''....''parrot''||'''psipader'''....''parrot '' |- | '''lumuspat'''....''nightingale'' ||'''lumuspader'''....''pipe '' |- | '''silpaspat'''....''warbler'' ||'''silpaspader'''....''warble '' |- | '''sfepiat'''....''penguin''||'''sfepiader'''....''honk '' |- | '''mapiot'''....''platypus''||'''mapioder'''....''chitter '' |- | '''anorpiot'''....''walrus'' ||'''anorpioder'''....''groan '' |- | '''focepeit'''....''porpoise''||'''focepeider'''....''whistle '' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal Habitats ==== : By suffixing the final '''t''' of the animal name with '''tam'''....''house'', you get corresponding animal's living quarters: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Habitats |- ! ANIMAL !! LIVING SPACE |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetam'''....''stable'' |- | '''bopet'''....''ox'' || '''bopetam'''....''cowshed'' |- | '''supet'''....''pig'' || '''supetam'''....''pigpen, pigsty'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' |- | '''lepanfepyot'''....''lion'' || '''lepanfepyotam'''....''den, lion&apos;s den'' |- | '''forpelt'''....''ant'' || '''forpeltam'''....''anthill'' |- | '''appelat'''....''bee'' || '''appelatam'''....''beehive'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patam'''....''nest, bird&apos;s nest'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''chicken'' || '''gafapatam'''....''henhouse, chicken coop'' |- | '''urpyot'''....''bear'' || '''urpyotam'''....''lair'' |- | '''pyot'''....''wild animal'' || '''pyotam'''....''cage'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal Meats ==== : By changing the final letter of the animal&apos;s name to an '''l''', you get the meat eaten from that animal: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Meats ! ANIMAL !! MEAT |- | '''bopet'''....''ox'' || '''bopel'''....''beef'' |- | '''cerpot'''....''deer'' || '''cerpol'''....''venison'' |- | '''supet'''....''hog'' || '''supel'''....''pork'' |- | '''supetyob'''....''hog leg'' || '''supetyol'''....''ham'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopel'''....''mutton'' |- | '''kapbopetud'''....''calf'' || '''kapbopetul'''....''veal'' |- | '''gaspyeit'''....''snail''|| '''gaspyel'''....''escargot'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal Groupings ==== : By adding '''yan'''....''aggregate'' or '''nyan'''....''crowd'' to the name of an animal, you get the animal grouping: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Groupings ! ANIMAL !! GROUPING |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patyan'''....''flock'' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox'' || '''bopeotyan'''....''cattle'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pityan'''....''school'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''peltyan'''....''swarm'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapatyan'''....''poultry'' |- | '''pot'''....''animal'' || '''potnyan'''....''herd'' |- | '''kapbopet'''....''goat'' || '''kapbopetyan'''....''goatherd'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animals' Babies ==== : The baby of an animal ends in '''ud''', which is a stub suffix for '''tud'''....''offspring, child'': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animals&apos; Babies ! ANIMAL !! BABY |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetud'''....''foal'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patud'''....''chick'' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox'' || '''bopeotud'''....''calf'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetud'''....''pup'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepetud'''....''kitten'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapatud'''....''chick'' |- | '''apyat'''....''eagle'' || '''apyatud'''....''eaglet'' |- | '''ansanpiat'''....''goose'' || '''ansanpiatud'''....''gosling'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''ram'' || '''ovbopetud'''....''lamb'' |- | '''kabopet'''....''goat'' || '''kabopetud'''....''kid'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal's Pet Names ==== : To create an animal pet name, add the suffix '''if''' {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Pet Names ! ANIMAL !! PET |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetif'''....''puppy'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepetif'''....''kitten'' |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapatif'''....''chickadee'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animals' Diminutives and Augmentatives ==== : Other size suffixes can be appended as well: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Diminutives and Augmentatives ! ANIMAL !! SIZE-VARIANT |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetog'''....''doggy'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetayg'''....''cur'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapetag'''....''hound'' |- | '''ovbopetud'''....''lamb'' || '''ovbopetudog'''....''lambkin'' |- | '''supet'''....''hog'' || '''supetog'''....''piggy'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animal-derived Adjectives ==== : Here is a chart showing the adjectives used to refer to animals: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Adjectives |- ! ANIMAL NOUN !! ADJECTIVE |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpeta'''....''equine'' |- | '''bopeot'''....''ox'' || '''bopeota'''....''bovine'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''ram'' || '''ovbopeta'''....''ovine'' |- | '''supet'''....''hog'' || '''supeta'''....''porcine'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapeta'''....''canine'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepeta'''....''feline'' |- | '''kapyot'''....''wolf'' || '''kapyota'''....''lupine'' |- | '''pyet'''....''reptile'' || '''pyeta'''....''reptilian'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''pata'''....''avian'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Other Words Derived from Animal Names ==== {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Various Animal Derviations |- ! ANIMAL NAME !! DERIVED WORD |- | '''apet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetsim'''....''saddle''<br>'''ekpetyoyafut'''....''blacksmith''<br>'''ekpetyoyaper'''....''trot''<br>'''ekpetpar'''....''carriage''<br>'''ekpetapekam'''....''hippodrome''<br>'''fizekpetaput'''....''knight''<br>'''dopekpetaput'''....''mounted trooper'' |- | '''appelat'''....''bee'' || '''appelatyel'''....''wax''<br>'''appelatil'''....''honey''<br>'''appelatam'''....''hive''<br>'''appelatyan'''....''swarm'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patij'''....''egg''<br>'''patam'''....''nest''<br>'''patijber'''....''hatch''<br>'''patijsana'''....''oval'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pitpexar'''....''lure''<br>'''pitgrunen'''....''angling''<br>'''pitpixut'''....''fisherman''<br>'''pittun'''....''ichthyology''<br>'''pitsana'''....''pisciform''<br>'''pituil'''....''fish sauce''<br>'''pitub'''....''fin''<br>'''pitaib'''....''fishbone''<br>'''piteab'''....''fisheye''<br>'''piteob'''....''jowl''<br>'''pitieb'''....''gill''<br>'''pitoyb'''....''mermaid'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Animals' Hair ==== : The hair of an animal ends in '''tayeb'''....''hair'': {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Hair ! ANIMAL !! HAIR |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patayeb'''....''feather'' |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpetayeb'''....''horsehair, mane'' |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepetayeb'''....''cat fur'' |- | '''kampet'''....''camel'' || '''kampetayeb'''....''camelhair'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''pitayeb'''....''scale'' |- | '''ansanpiat'''....''goose'' || '''ansanpiatayeb'''....''down, goose down'' |- | '''urpyot'''....''bear'' || '''urpyotayeb'''....''fuzz'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopetayeb'''....''wool, fleece'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Motion Verbs Based on Animals ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Hair ! ANIMAL !! MOTION VERBS |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpeper'''....''gallop''<br>'''ekpetyoper'''....''trot''<br>'''ivekpetyoper'''....''cavort''<br>'''ekpepuyser'''....''prance'' |- | '''pafapat'''....''peacock'' || '''pafapaper'''....''strut'' |- | '''serpyet'''....''snake'' || '''serpyeper'''....''slither'' |- | '''peyet'''....''worm'' || '''peyeper'''....''squirm, wriggle'' |- | '''ropet'''....''mouse'' || '''ropetaper'''....''scurry''<br>'''ropetyoper'''....''patter'' |- | '''pelt'''....''insect'' || '''pelper'''....''crawl'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''paper'''....''fly'' |- | '''pit'''....''fish'' || '''piper'''....''swim'' |- | '''palepelat'''....''butterfly'' || '''palepelaper'''....''flutter'' |- | '''skiropot'''....''squirrel'' || '''skiropoper'''....''squirrel'' |- | '''pitiyub'''....''fishtail'' || '''pitiyuper'''....''fishtail'' |- | '''kabopot'''....''mountain goat'' || '''kabopoper'''....''skulk'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Gendered Counterparts of Animals ==== ::* The word for the <u>female</u> counterpart of an animal is created by inserting a '''y''' before the final '''t''' of the animal's adult name. ::* The word for the specifically <u>male</u> counterpart of an animal is created by placing a '''w''' after the '''p''' of the animal's adult name, unless the '''p''' is followed by a '''y''' such as in '''pyot''', in which case the '''w''' goes before the final '''t''', eg. '''gapyo<u>w</u>t'''....''papa bear''. ::* The word for the <u>gelded</u> male counterpart of an animal is created by placing an '''o''' vowel before the final '''t''' of the animal's adult male name. ::* To form a mixed breed, put the appropriate vowels that precede the '''p''' of the two animal's adult names in a combination. For example, '''kabekpeyt'''....''mare'' + '''afekpet'''....''ass'' = '''afkabekpet'''....''mule''. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Animal Gendered Counterparts ! ANIMAL !! MALE !! FEMALE !!NEUTERED OR MIXED |- | '''ekpet'''....''horse'' || '''ekpwet'''....''stallion'' || '''ekpeyt'''....''mare''|| '''ekpweot'''....''gelding'' |- | '''bopet'''....''bovine, cattle'' || '''bopwet'''....''bull, ox'' ||'''bopeyt'''....''cow''||'''bopweot'''....''steer'' |- | '''afekpet'''....''ass'' || '''afekpwet'''....''donkey'' || '''afekpeyt'''....''she-ass, jenny''|| '''afkabekpet'''....''mule'' |- | '''kabopet'''....''goat'' || '''kabopwet'''....''buck'' || '''kabopeyt'''....''nanny, doe''||'''kabopweot'''....''wether'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopwet'''....''ram'' || '''ovbopeyt'''....''ewe'' ||'''ovbopweot'''....''wether'' |- | '''supet'''....''pig, swine'' || '''supwet'''....''hog'' || '''supeyt'''....''sow''||'''supweot'''....''barrow'' |- | '''kapet'''....''dog'' || '''kapwet'''....''hound'' || '''kapeyt'''....''bitch''|| |- | '''fepet'''....''cat'' || '''fepwet'''....''tom'' || '''fepeyt'''....''tabby'' || |- | '''lapet'''....''rabbit'' || '''lapwet'''....''buck''||'''lapeyt'''....''doe rabbit''|| |- | '''lepanpyot'''....''lion'' || ||'''lepanpyoyt'''....''lioness''|| |- | '''kapyot'''....''wolf'' || '''kapyowt'''....''he-wolf''||'''kapyoyt'''....''wolverine, she-wolf''|| |- | '''vulkapyot'''....''fox'' || '''vulkapyowt'''....''tod''||'''vulkapyoyt'''....''vixen''|| |- | '''elpot'''....''elephant'' || ||'''elpoyt'''....''cow elephant''|| |- | '''gafapat'''....''cock'' || '''gafapwat'''....''rooster'' || '''gafapayt'''....''hen''||'''gafapweot'''....''capon'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Interesting Analogies from Animal/Human Body Parts ==== :* '''teub'''....''mouth'' ::* '''pateub'''....''beak, bill'' ::* '''poteub'''....''mug'' ::* '''dizeub'''....''grin'' ::* '''mimeub'''....''bay'' ::* '''mipeub'''....''estuary'' ::* '''zyomileub'''....''debouch'' :* '''teib'''....''nose'' ::* '''poteib'''....''snout'' ::* '''elpoteib'''....''elephant trunk'' ::* '''meib'''....''promontory'' ::* '''tilabeib'''....''nipple'' ::* '''kampeteib'''....''camel hump'' ::* '''tomazeib'''....''bastion'' ::* '''tomeib'''....''marquee, ledge, balcony'' ::* '''tyebeib'''....''brain lobe'' ::* '''teebeib'''....''ear lobe'' ::* '''mufyegeib'''....''nozzle'' :* '''tayeb'''....''hair'' ::* '''patayeb'''....''feather, plume'' ::* '''pitayeb'''....''scale'' ::* '''piatayeb'''....''down'' ::* '''petayeb'''....''fur'' ::* '''nemuspotayeb'''....''sable, mink'' ::* '''drayeb'''....''folio'' ::* '''fayeb'''....''leaf, foil'' ::* '''infayeb'''....''clover, club'' ::* '''fimofayeb'''...''fig leaf'' ::* '''mesayeb'''....''table leaf'' ::* '''mugayeb'''....''foil'' ::* '''masofayeb'''....''carpet pile'' ::* '''ovbopetayeb'''....''fleece'' ::* '''sonilkayeb'''....''tin foil'' ::* '''tabijayeb'''....''cotyledon'' ::* '''polvayeb'''....''frond'' ::* '''arfayeb'''....''palm leaf'' ::* '''vabayeb'''....''blade of grass'' ::* '''vifayeb'''....''grape leaf'' ::* '''vosayeb'''....''petal'' ::* '''uopetayeb'''....''wool, fleece'' :* '''tulob'''....''nail'' ::* '''patulob'''....''claw'' ::* '''appelatulob'''....''stinger'' ::* '''pifulob'''....''pine needle'' ::* '''fulob'''....''prick'' ::* '''vulob'''....''thorn'' ::* '''yomulob'''....''icicle'' :* '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' ::* '''ekpetyoyab'''....''hoof'' ::* '''insyoyab'''....''tripod'' ::* '''supetyoyab'''....''totter'' ::* '''potyoyab'''....''paw'' ::* '''fyoyab'''....''stump'' ::* '''syoyab'''....''pod'' ::* '''vyoyab'''....''stub'' :* '''tayob'''....''skin'' ::* '''potayob'''....''hide'' ::* '''piitayob'''....''shell'' ::* '''pyetayob'''....''slough'' ::* '''povayob'''....''bran'' ::* '''mimpurayob'''....''ship hull'' ::* '''abayob'''....''crust'' ::* '''fayob'''....''bark'' ::* '''vayob'''....''peel, husk, rind'' ::* '''veeybayob'''....''shuck'' ::* '''veebayob'''....''bur'' ::* '''vosayob'''....''sepal'' ::* '''anbopoytayob'''....''suede'' ::* '''patijayob'''....''eggshell'' ::* '''dopayob'''....''armor'' :* '''tub'''....''arm'' ::* '''patub'''....''wing'' ::* '''pitub'''....''fin'' ::* '''potub'''....''paw'' ::* '''peitub'''....''flipper'' ::* '''mapatub'''....''fan blade'' ::* '''milpatub'''....''hydrofoil'' ::* '''mimtub'''....''estuary'' ::* '''boltub'''....''boom'' ::* '''byoxtub'''....''gibbet'' ::* '''enbirtub'''....''forceps, tongs'' ::* '''tomub'''....''wing (of a building)'' ::* '''zyupatub'''....''propeller'' ::* '''zyuptub'''....''turnstile'' :* '''teeb'''....''ear'' ::* '''draveeb'''....''tab'' ::* '''seeb'''....''flap'' === '''SAR''' ''tool'', '''PAR''' ''vehicle'' === : The base words having to do with tools, devices, and machines all begin in '''s''' for ''thing'' and end in '''r''' for ''tool''. Vehicles are mobile machines, and therefore their stems begin with '''p''' for ''mobile''. Specific tools and machines are created by appending one of the stub suffixes to the stem of the word that describes what the tool or machine does. For example, '''makijar''', meaning ''electrical switch, starter'' is composed of '''mak''' (''electricity'') and '''ij-''' (''start''). : Summary: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Stub Suffixes for Tools and Machines |- ! STANDALONE WORD !! STUB SUFFIX !! MEANING |- | '''sar''' || '''-ar''' || ''instrument, tool, device (default)'' |- | '''sir'''|| '''-ir''' || ''apparatus, hand-driven machine'' |- | '''sor''' || '''-or''' || ''machine, powered machine'' |- | '''sur''' || '''-ur''' || ''motor, engine'' |} {{small/end}} : Note: the stub suffixes other than '''-ar''' (the default) are used only to distinguish words like ''bicycle'' and ''motorcycle'' or ''needle'' and ''loom'', etc. ==== Vehicles ==== [[File:Finnish bike symbol.svg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} : Vehicle words end in '''par''', where the initial '''p''' signifies ''going'' and the final '''ar''' indicates ''instrument'', unless there is a need for further distinction, in which case, the ending may be '''-ir''', '''-or''', or '''-ur'''. ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Vehicles |- ! VEHICLES |- | '''par'''....''cart''<br>'''pir'''....''carriage''<br>'''pur'''....''car'' |- | '''mampur'''....''airplane'' |- | '''mempur'''....''automobile, car'' |- | '''mimpar'''....''boat''<br>'''mimpir'''....''motorboat''<br>'''mimpur'''....''ship'' |- | '''mumpur'''....''subway'' |- | '''mompur'''....''spaceship'' |- | '''kyinpar'''....''dolly''<br>'''kyinpir'''....''cart, wagon''<br>'''anzyukyinpir'''....''wheelbarrow''<br>'''kyinpur'''....''truck'' |- | '''bixpur'''....''train'' |- | '''yuzpur'''....''bus'' |- | '''enzyukpar'''....''bicycle''<br>'''enzyukpir'''....''scooter''<br>'''enzyukpor'''....''motorcycle'' |- | '''inzyukpar'''....''tricycle'' |- | '''kipar'''....''skate''<br>'''kipir'''....''sled''<br>'''kipur'''....''sleigh'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Tools and Machines ==== [[File:20060513 toolbox.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Tools and Machines |- ! TOOLS AND MACHINES |- | '''drar'''....''pencil''<br>'''drir'''....''typewriter''<br>'''drur'''....''printer''<br>'''dodrur'''....''press'' |- | '''syaagar'''....''calculator''<br>'''syaagir'''....''computer'' |- | '''vyixar'''....''brush''<br>'''vyixir'''....''sweeper''<br>'''vyixur'''....''vacuum cleaner'' |- | '''yibdalir'''....''telephone'' |- | '''yibsinibar'''....''television (set)'' |- | '''yaoblir'''....''elevator'' |- | '''jwatuar'''....''alarm'' |- | '''belir'''....''carriage, wagon''<br>'''apetbixwa belir'''....''buggy, horse-drawn carriage''<br>'''belur'''....''truck'' |} {{small/end}} : To create the verb that means to use any of these instruments, simply suffix the word with '''-er''', eg. ::* '''yibdalir'''....''telephone'' ---> '''yibdalirer'''....''to phone'' ::* '''drir'''....''typewriter'' ---> '''drirer'''....''to type'' === '''SOM''' ''furniture'' === : The stems in this family begin with '''s''', meaning ''thing'', and end in '''m''', meaning ''place''. The words all have to do with furniture. : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ S-M Core Words |- valign=top ! FURNITURE BASE WORD || DERIVATIVES |- | '''som'''....''furniture''|| '''somber'''....''furnish''<br>'''somxut'''....''carpenter''<br>'''vyilxensom'''....''sink''<br>'''miltumsom''' ....''toilet''<br>'''maksom'''....''appliance''<br>'''mansom'''....''light fixture''<br>'''somyan'''....''furnishings''<br>'''milamsom'''....''water heater''<br>'''malomsom'''....''air-conditioner'' |- | '''sam'''....''armoire, chest''|| '''telarsam'''....''china cabinet''<br>'''telsam'''....''cupboard''<br>'''tovsam'''....''chest of drawers''<br>'''samnyem'''....''drawer''<br>'''povelsom'''....''pantry'' |- | '''sem'''....''table''|| '''semof'''....''table cloth''<br>'''tilsem'''....''bar''<br>'''yagsem'''....''countertop''<br>'''yuzsem'''....''round table''<br>'''dresem'''....''desk''<br>'''dalsem'''....''pulpit''<br>'''tabsem'''....''bier''<br>'''fyasem'''....''altar''<br>'''tularsem'''....''buffet''<br>'''dyedsem'''....''lectern''<br>'''syagsem'''....''counter (cashier stand)'' |- | '''sim'''....''chair'' || '''zaopsim'''....''rocking chair''<br>'''yagyugsim'''....''couch''<br>'''zyupsim'''....''swivel chair''<br>'''eynsim'''....''stool''<br>'''edebsim'''....''throne''<br>'''yagyigsim'''....''bench''<br>'''tobotsim'''....''high chair''<br>'''apetsim'''....''saddle''<br>'''fyadilsim'''....''pew''<br>'''maksim'''.....''electric chair''<br>'''teadutsim'''....''witness box''<br>'''tujyagsim'''....''sleep sofa''<br>'''zopsim'''....''recliner''<br>'''yigsim'''....''hard chair''<br>'''agsim'''....''arm chair''<br>'''simber'''....''to seat''<br>'''simper'''....''to sit'' |- | '''sum'''....''bed''|| '''suam'''....''cushion''<br>'''suaym'''....''pillow''<br>'''suav'''....''pillow case''<br>'''suem'''....''mattress''<br>'''suev'''....''sheet''<br>'''suef'''....''blanket''<br>'''absuef'''....''bedspread''<br>'''obsuev'''....''liner''<br>'''suim'''....''box spring''<br>'''summuf'''....''bedpost''<br>'''eonsum'''....''twin bed''<br>'''eynsum'''....''day bed''<br>'''igsum'''....''cot''<br>'''suym''' ....''couch''<br>'''nyanxwa sum'''....''bunk bed''<br>'''milsum'''....''waterbed''<br>'''tabsum'''....''sleeping bag''<br>'''pyoxwa sum'''....''hammock''<br>'''malsum'''....''airbed''<br>'''summanar'''....''bed lamp''<br>'''sumber'''....''put to bed''<br>'''sumper'''....''go to bed'' |} {{small/end}} ==== SOM Words ==== : The base word '''som''' means ''furniture, appliance''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''abtafsom'''....''coat hanger, coat rack, portmanteau'' * '''dezsom'''....''prop'' * '''dezsomyan'''....''props, stage props, theater props'' * '''dresom'''....''desk, secretary'' * '''dyezsomyan'''....''movie props, movie set'' * '''dyezsom'''....''movie prop'' * '''fyusulsom'''....''potty, toilet'' * '''gasomxen'''....''revamping'' * '''gasomxer'''....''revamp'' * '''gasomxwa'''....''revamped'' * '''grasomber''''....''overfurnish'' * '''grosomber'''....''underfurnish'' * '''iksombwa'''....''fully-furnished'' * '''jasombwa'''....''pre-furnished'' * '''maksom'''....''appliance, electrical appliance'' * '''mansom'''....''lamp, light fixture'' * '''milamsom'''....''water-heater'' * '''milsom'''....''sink'' * '''milufsom'''....''commode, crapper, toilet'' * '''milyepim milsom'''....''bathroom sink'' * '''milyepsom'''....''bath tub, bathtub, tub'' * '''nyebsom'''....''chest, trunk'' * '''osombwa'''....''unfurnished'' * '''oyeba fyusulsom'''....''outhouse, port-a-potty'' * '''som'''....''furnishing, furniture, item of furniture'' * '''sombeler'''....''move'' * '''sombelen nox'''....''moving expense'' * '''sombelpur'''....''moving truck, moving van'' * '''sombelut'''....''mover'' * '''sombelutyan'''....''moving firm'' * '''somben'''....''furnishing'' * '''somber'''....''furnish'' * '''sombut'''....''furnisher'' * '''sombwa'''....''furnished'' * '''sompiya'''....''moved out'' * '''sompuya'''....''moved in'' * '''sompuer'''....''move in'' * '''somsaxam'''....''carpenter's shop'' * '''somsaxen tuzutyan'''....''carpenters’ guild'' * '''somsaxen'''....''carpentry'' * '''somsaxer'''....''do carpentry, make furniture'' * '''somsaxut'''....''carpenter, furniture maker'' * '''somsaxuta ingunar'''....''gnomon'' * '''somuper'''....''move in'' * '''somyan'''....''furnishings, furniture, real estate'' * '''tamsomyan'''....''house furnishings'' * '''teubilsom'''....''spittoon'' * '''tilsom'''....''refreshment stand'' * '''tiyabilsom'''....''pisser, urinal, pissoir'' * '''tyoibsom'''....''kneeler'' * '''ukxer ha milufsom'''....''flush the toilet'' * '''vyilsom'''....''wash basin, washbasin'' * '''yansom'''....''furnishings'' * '''yixer ha milufsom'''....''use the toilet'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== SAM Words ==== : The root word '''sam''' means ''cabinet, armoire, chest'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aber sammoys'''....''put on a shelf'' * '''aybmagsammoys'''....''mantel, mantelpiece'' * '''bekulsam'''....''medicine cabinet'' * '''dreunyebsam'''....''filing cabinet'' * '''dyes sammoys'''....''bookshelf'' * '''dyes sammoysyan'''....''book shelving, bookcase, bookstack'' * '''dyessam'''....''bookcase, bookstall'' * '''faosam'''....''cabinet'' * '''faosamsaxen'''....''cabinetmaking'' * '''faosamsaxut'''....''cabinetmaker'' * '''faosamtyen'''....''cabinetmaking, cabinetry'' * '''faosamtyenut'''....''cabinetmaker'' * '''milnov sammoys'''....''towel rack'' * '''mumaozyeg sammoys'''....''stempel'' * '''naabdrafsam'''....''file cabinet, filing cabinet'' * '''naabsam'''....''filing cabinet'' * '''nexun ay ojbuen nasam'''....''savings and loan bank'' * '''neyxen sammoysyan'''....''stock shelving'' * '''novsam'''....''linen chest'' * '''nyemsam'''....''chest of drawers, coffer'' * '''nyexen sammoys'''....''stock shelf, storage shelf'' * '''nyexen sammoysyan'''....''storage shelving'' * '''ober sammoys'''....''take off a shelf'' * '''obsammoysa'''....''off-the-shelf'' * '''ovol sam'''....''pantry'' * '''oybposam'''....''substation'' * '''sam'''....''armoire, chest of drawers'' * '''samag'''....''tallboy'' * '''sammanar'''....''lamp'' * '''sammoys nyen'''....''shelf stock'' * '''sammoys'''....''shelf'' * '''sammoysaba'''....''on-the-shelf'' * '''sammoysaber'''....''put on the shelf, shelve'' * '''sammoysabut'''....''shelf clerk, shelver'' * '''sammoysben'''....''shelving, stocking'' * '''sammoysber'''....''shelve, stock'' * '''sammoysbwa'''....''shelved'' * '''sammoystej'''....''shelf life'' * '''sammoysyan'''....''etagere, rack, shelves, shelving, stack'' * '''samnyeb'''....''drawer'' * '''samnyebyan'''....''set of drawers'' * '''syagnas samnyeb'''....''cash drawer'' * '''telsam'''....''cupboard'' * '''tofsam'''....''chest of drawers, dresser, wardrobe'' * '''tolarsam'''....''china cabinet'' * '''tolmek sammoys'''....''spice rack'' * '''tolsam'''....''food buffet'' * '''toofsam'''....''clothes dresser'' * '''tovsam'''....''chest'' * '''tyoyab sam'''....''footlocker'' * '''vifaosamyan'''....''cabinetry, cabinetwork'' * '''yaba tofsam'''....''highboy'' * '''yazzansam'''....''breakfront'' * '''yijber sammoys'''....''clear a shelf'' * '''yobsam'''....''lowboy'' * '''yomsam'''....''freezer, fridge, ice chest, refrigerator'' * '''zyefsam'''....''vitrine'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== SEM Words ==== : The core concepts are: :* '''sem'''....''table'' ::* '''seem'''....''counter, panel, bar'' ::* '''semes'''....''board'' ::* '''semog'''....''tablet, shelf'' ::* '''seym'''....''tablet, pad, slate'' ::* '''seymog'''....''bar'' : Here are some important deratives: :* '''sem'''....''table'' ::* '''abu ha sem'''....''onto the table'' ::* '''ab ha sem'''....''on the table, on top of the table'' ::* '''abaxlen sem'''....''massage table'' ::* '''abektuna sem'''....''surgical table'' ::* '''ebpovelsem'''....''smorgasbord'' ::* '''buien sem'''....''trading table'' ::* '''dalsem'''....''tribune'' ::* '''dresem'''....''desk, writing desk'' ::* '''fyasem'''....''altar'' :::* '''fyasem abof'''....''baldacchin, baldachin'' :::* '''fyasem abtom'''....''baldacchin, baldachin'' :::* '''fyasem yuxlut'''....''altar server'' :::* '''fyasem zomays'''....''altarpiece, reredos'' :::* '''belyafwa fyasem'''....''viaticum'' ::* '''fyozsem'''....''pillory'' ::* '''gumyegek sem'''....''billiards table, pool table'' ::* '''ifek sem'''....''game table'' ::* '''jabexer sem'''....''reserve a table'' ::* '''jwaber ha sem'''....''set the table'' ::* '''nasvek sem'''....''betting table, gambling table'' ::* '''nunuien sem'''....''trading table'' ::* '''pyexler ha sem'''....''pound the table'' ::* '''sem vafil'''....''table wine, vin de table'' ::* '''sember'''....''seat at the table'' :::* '''sembun'''....''table setting'' ::* '''semmem'''....''mesa'' ::* '''semnof'''....''serviette'' ::* '''semov'''....''table cloth, table linen, tablecloth'' ::* '''semper'''....''sit down at the table'' :::* '''sempya'''....''seated at the table'' ::* '''sempier'''....''get up from the table'' ::* '''semsan'''....''trapezoid'' ::* '''semub'''....''flap, table flap'' ::* '''semvyifxut'''....''busboy'' :::* '''semvyifxuyt'''....''busgirl'' ::* '''tulsem'''....''buffet, dinner table'' ::* '''tyalagsem'''....''banquet table'' ::* '''tyalsem'''....''dining table'' ::* '''ujponyem sem'''....''bier'' ::* '''vyifxer ha sem'''....''clear the table'' ::* '''vyilxen sem'''....''washstand'' ::* '''xemsem'''....''office desk'' ::* '''yaba fyasem'''....''high altar'' ::* '''yagsemabun'''....''benchtop, countertop'' ::* '''yanotpur posem'''....''bus stop'' ::* '''yansemtob'''....''tableman'' ::* '''yexsem'''....''desk, work desk'' ::* '''yibdal kyaxarsem'''....''telephone switchboard'' ::* '''zyua sem ebdal'''....''round table discussion'' ::* '''zyupea sem'''....''dumbwaiter'' ::* '''zyupsem'''....''carousel'' :* '''seem'''....''counter, panel, bench'' ::* '''byemser be seem'''....''sit at the bar, sit at the counter'' ::* '''tilseem'''....''bar, drink counter'' ::* '''faob seem'''....''wood panel'' ::* '''izbex seem'''....''control panel'' ::* '''nixbuen seem'''....''sales counter'' ::* '''syagseem'''....''counter'' :::* '''syagseemut'''....''counter clerk, counterman, teller'' ::* '''tilseem'''....''counter, drink counter, bar'' :::* '''tilseemtim'''....''barroom'' :::* '''tilseemut'''....''barista, barkeep, barkeeper, bartender'' ::::* '''tilseemuyt'''....''barmaid'' ::* '''yanupseem'''....''panel'' :::* '''yanupseem ebdal'''....''panel discussion'' :::* '''yanupseemut'''....''panelist'' ::* '''yevdibutseem'''....''bench'' :* '''semes'''....''board, tablet'' ::* '''buxnufsemes'''....''keyboard'' :::* '''buxnufsemesut'''....''keyboarder, keyboardist'' ::* '''ifek semes'''....''game board'' ::* '''kusemes'''....''credenza, sideboard'' :::* '''kusemes tulyan'''....''buffet'' ::* '''makyuijarsemes'''....''switchboard'' ::* '''novzyiar semes'''....''ironing board'' ::* '''raduzar semes'''....''keyboard, piano keyboard'' :* '''semog'''....''shelf, slate'' ::* '''ensemog'''....''diptych'' :* '''seym'''....''desk, small table, stand'' ::* '''abseym'''....''desktop'' ::* '''buxnufseym'''....''keypad'' ::* '''dalseym'''....''dais, podium, pulpit'' :::* '''dodalseym'''....''dais, rostrum, speaker's platform'' ::* '''dyeutseym'''....''lectern'' ::* '''fyadalseym'''....''pulpit'' ::* '''ilukseym'''....''drainboard'' ::* '''manar seym'''....''lamp stand'' ::* '''uka seym'''....''tabula rasa'' ::* '''mojseym'''....''nightstand'' ::* '''syagnasiut seym'''....''cashier desk'' ::* '''dyeutseym'''....''lectern'' ::* '''zyadalseym'''....''pulpit'' ::* '''zyiseym'''....''platter'' :* '''seymog'''....''bar'' ::* '''seymog bi katefyel'''....''bar of chocolate'' ::* '''seymog bi vyixyel'''....''bar of soap'' ==== SIM Words ==== : The root word '''sim''' means ''chair''. The word '''siim''' means ''bench''. Here are some derivatives: :* '''agsim'''....''armchair'' :* '''ekpetsim'''....''saddle'' ::* '''nyufekpetsim'''....''packsaddle'' ::* '''ekpetsimaper'''....''to saddle up'' :* '''aybsimper'''....''preside over'' :* '''bokatsim'''....''sickbed'' :* '''buxsim'''....''push chair, pushchair'' :* '''doyevsim'''....''bench'' :* '''eatsim'''....''pillion'' :* '''ebmep sim'''....''aisle seat'' :* '''edebsim'''....''throne'' :** '''edebsimber'''....''enthrone, install on the throne'' :** '''edebsimober'''....''dethrone'' :* '''entoba sim'''....''love seat, loveseat'' :* '''eynsim'''....''bar stool, footstool, stool'' ::* '''tilam eysim'''....''bar stool'' ::* '''tyoyab eysim'''....''footstool'' :* '''faobsim'''....''wooden chair'' :* '''fyadilsim'''....''pew'' :* '''izzonsim'''....''straight-back chair'' :* '''kua gon sim'''....''side section seat'' :* '''kuapetsim'''....''sidesaddle'' :* '''amar sim'''....''deck chair'' :* '''maka sim'''....''electric chair'' :* '''mimkum sim'''....''beach chair'' :* '''mugsim'''....''metal chair'' :* '''nyemsim'''....''box seat'' :* '''ofyujea sim'''....''camp chair, folding chair'' :* '''oyebema yagsim'''....''chaise lounge, deck chair'' :* '''oyebsim'''....''deck chair'' :* '''parsim'''....''shay'' :* '''ponsim'''....''chaise lounge'' :* '''purexuta sim'''....''driver's seat'' :* '''pursim'''....''car seat, coach seat'' :* '''sim'''....''chair, seat'' :* '''sim zetif'''....''seat belt'' :* '''simaper'''....''to sit down'' :* '''simbelar'''....''chairlift'' :* '''simber'''....''assign a seat'' :* '''simbeser'''....''remain seated, sit'' :* '''simbexer'''....''reserve a seat'' :* '''simbiya'''....''seated, sitting'' :* '''simbier'''....''have a seat, occupy a seat oneself, sit down, take a seat'' :* '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat, usher'' :** '''simbuut'''....''usher'' :* '''simim'''....''sitting room'' :* '''simober'''....''de-seat, take away one's seat'' :* '''simoker'''....''lose a seat, lose one's seat'' :* '''simoper'''....''abdicate, get up from a chair'' :* '''simper'''....''have a seat, sit down'' :* '''simpier'''....''get up from one's seat'' :* '''simpya'''....''seated'' :* '''simyag'''....''daybed'' :* '''teadutsim'''....''witness box, witness chair'' :* '''toj sim'''....''death chair'' :* '''tubsim'''....''armchair'' :* '''tudetsim'''....''highchair'' :* '''tuj yagsim'''....''sleep sofa'' :* '''tumsimyan'''....''loge'' :* '''tyal yigsim'''....''dining room chair'' :* '''uka sim'''....''vacant seat'' :* '''utsimber'''....''seat oneself'' :* '''faveel nyev sim'''....''beanbag chair'' :* '''uzzonsim'''....''bucket seat'' :* '''yabzona sim'''....''high-back chair'' :* '''yagpen sim'''....''lounge chair'' :* '''yagsim'''....''bench, settee'' :* '''yagyigsim'''....''bench, divan'' :* '''yagyugsim'''....''couch, divan, sofa'' :* '''yansimbien'''....''synod'' :* '''yaopsim'''....''seesaw'' :* '''yexsimyag'''....''workbench'' :* '''yigzonsim'''....''hard back chair'' :* '''yobeysim'''....''taboret, tabouret, tabret'' :* '''yobzonsim'''....''low-back chair'' :* '''yugsim'''....''easy chair'' :* '''zana sim'''....''front seat'' :* '''zaobasea sim'''....''rocker, rocking chair'' :* '''zaopsim'''....''swing'' :* '''zea gon sim'''....''center section seat'' :* '''zona sim'''....''back seat'' :* '''zoykixea sim'''....''recliner, reclining chair'' :* '''zyasim'''....''armchair'' :* '''zyuksim'''....''wheel chair, wheelchair'' :* '''zyupsim'''....''swivel chair'' :* '''siim'''....''bench'' :* '''yevdibutsiim'''....''bench in a court of law'' ==== SUM Words ==== :* '''sum'''....''bed'' ::* '''suam'''....''pillow, cushion'' :::* '''suaf'''....''slipcover'' :::* '''suav'''....''pillowcase'' ::* '''suem'''....''mattress, pad'' :::* '''absuemof'''....''comforter'' :::* '''absuef'''....''bedspread'' :::* '''suemof'''....''blanket'' :::* '''gyosuef'''....''duvet'' :::* '''suemov'''....''sheet'' :::* '''suim'''....''bed springs'' : Here are some different types of beds: :* '''abof sum'''....''canopy bed'' :* '''antoba sum'''....''single bed'' :* '''zaobassum'''....''cradle'' :* '''belsum'''....''litter, stretcher'' :* '''tudetsum'''....''crib'' :* '''bokam sum'''....''hospital bed'' :* '''byoxwa sum'''....''hammock'' :* '''entoba sum'''....''twin bed'' :* '''eynsum'''....''day bed'' :* '''faosum'''....''coffin, casket'' :* '''gaba sum'''....''extra bed'' :* '''gyoumvibsum'''....''palliasse'' :* '''igsum'''....''cot'' :* '''intoba sum'''....''queen-size bed'' :* '''kapetsum'''....''dogbed'' :* '''koxwa sum'''....''hide-a-bed'' :* '''kusum'''....''bun, cot, side bed'' :* '''malsum'''....''airbed'' :* '''massum'''....''murphy bed, wall bed, banquette'' :* '''milsum'''....''water bed'' :* '''mimparsum'''...''bunk'' :* '''nyaxwa sum'''....''bunk bed'' :* '''oyebixwa sum'''....''murphy bed, truckle bed'' :* '''pata vubsum'''....''bird's nest'' :* '''patayeybsum'''....''featherbed'' :* '''pop sum'''....''berth'' :* '''potsum'''....''lair'' :* '''simsum'''....''sofabed'' :* '''tadsum'''....''nuptial bed, bridal bed'' :* '''tamofsum'''....''cot bed, sleeping bag'' :* '''teluarsum'''....''crib, creche'' :* '''tojsum'''....''deathbed'' :* '''tyoyasum'''....''ottoman'' :* '''ujpon belsum'''....''bier'' :* '''umvib tudetsum'''....''bassinet'' :* '''umvibsum'''....''paillasse, pallet'' :* '''unaomuf sum'''....''fourposter'' :* '''untoba sum'''....''king-size bed'' :* '''vubsum'''....''nest'' :* '''yabwa sum'''....''loft bed'' :* '''yantada sum'''....''conjugal bed'' :* '''yaobsum'''....''bunk bed'' :* '''yobsum'''....''divan'' :* '''yomkipur sum'''....''sleigh bed'' :* '''zaobassum'''....''cradle'' :* '''zyinedsum'''....''platform bed'' :* '''zyua sum'''....''round bed'' :* '''zyuksum'''....''trundle bed, truckle bed, rollaway bed'' :* '''zyukbelsum'''....''gurney'' === '''SON''' ''matter, issue'' === : The base word '''son''' means ''(abstract) thing, matter, issue''. ::* '''son'''....''matter, issue'' ::* '''san'''....''shape, form'' :::* '''saun'''....''kind, type'' ::* '''sen'''....''essence'' ::* '''sin'''....''image, picture'' :::* '''siyn'''....''mark'' :::* '''siun'''....''sign'' ::* '''sun'''....''thing'' ::* '''suan'''....''element'' ::* '''syan'''....''class'' ::* '''syen'''....''style'' ::* '''syin'''....''subject'' ::* '''syun'''....''object'' : Here are some derivatives of '''son''': :* '''son'''....''matter, issue, affair'' ::* '''avson'''....''sake'' :::* '''av ha avson bi'''....''for the sake of'' ::* '''dalson'''....''topic, issue, subject'' ::* '''dolson'''....''hush-hush affair, mystery'' ::* '''doyevson'''....''court case'' ::* '''efkason'''....''plight'' ::* '''efson'''....''matter of necessity'' ::* '''eson'''....''state'' ::* '''ifonson'''....''love affair'' ::* '''igefson'''....''crisis, emergency'' ::* '''ivson'''....''good time, happy affair'' ::* '''jeson'''....''conjuncture'' ::* '''kason'''....''situation'' :::* '''vaka kason'''....''dangerous situation'' :::* '''pesen kason'''....''limbo'' :::* '''gyua kason'''....''declicate situation'' :::* '''efla kason'''....''dire straits'' ::* '''keson'''....''experience'' ::* '''koson'''....''secret'' ::* '''kuson'''....''side issue'' ::* '''kyenson'''....''matter of luck'' ::* '''kyeson'''....''case, circumstance'' :::* '''kyuxea kyeson'''....''attenuating circumstance'' :::* '''be kyeson bi'''....''in case of'' ::* '''kyison'''....''grave matter, problem'' ::* '''kyoson'''....''status quo'' ::* '''kyuson'''....''trivial matter'' ::* '''nyafson'''....''intrigue'' ::* '''ogson'''....''minor issue, trivium'' ::* '''oson'''....''non-issue'' ::* '''ovson'''....''the contrary'' ::* '''teojson'''....''matter of life and death'' ::* '''venson'''....''condition'' :::* '''tepvenson'''....''mental condition, psychosis'' ::* '''tyenara son'''....''technical issue'' ::* '''vonson'''....''no-no'' ::* '''vyanson'''....''matter of fact'' ::* '''vyaoson'''....''mystery'' ::* '''vyeson'''....''circumstance'' ::* '''yevson'''....''case'' ::* '''yikkyeson'''....''predicament'' ::* '''yikson'''....''problem, difficult matter'' ::* '''yokson'''....''sensation'' ::* '''yontexson'''....''controversy'' ::* '''yukson'''....''levity'' ::* '''yuzkason'''....''context'' ::* '''zeson'''....''central theme, keynote, crux'' :::* '''oybzeson'''....''subtopic'' ==== SAN, SAUN, SYAN, SUAN words ==== :* '''san'''....''shape, form, figure'' ::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' ::* '''sanser'''....''to form, to develop'' ::* '''dosana'''....''formal'' :::* '''odosana'''....''informal'' ::* '''sandras'''....''formula'' ::* '''sandrer'''....''to formulate'' ::* '''saun'''....''type, kind, taxon'' :::* '''asaun'''....''model, paragon, example'' ::::* '''asauna'''....''exemplary'' ::::* '''asauntob'''....''mannekin'' ::::* '''asaunder'''....''to specify'' ::::* '''asaunxer'''....''to exemplify'' :::* '''aasaun'''....''archetype'' :::* '''aynsaun'''....''holotype'' :::* '''dunsaun'''....''part of speech'' :::* '''ejnasaun'''....''neotype'' :::* '''gelsaun'''....''copy'' :::* '''ijsaun'''....''pattern'' :::* '''jwasaun'''....''prototype'' :::* '''kyasaun'''....''version'' :::* '''kyesaun'''....''sample'' :::* '''kyosaun'''....''formula, template, matrix, boilerplate, convention, mold, pattern, stereotype'' :::* '''potsaun'''....''animalia, fauna'' :::* '''tabsaun'''....''body type'' :::* '''tobsaun'''....''humankind, mankind'' :::* '''todaunsaun'''....''genotype'' :::* '''yansauna'''....''common'' :::* '''yonsauna'''....''peculiar, particular, special'' :::* '''visauna'''....''classic'' :::* '''vyasauna'''....''original'' :::* '''zyasauna'''....''general, generic'' :::* '''zyosauna'''....''specific'' ::* '''syan'''....''class (of objects)'' :::* '''syanxer'''....''to classify'' ::* '''suan'''....''element'' :::* '''suana'''....''elementary'' :::* '''suankyaser'''....''to mutate'' :::* '''asuana'''....''unary'' :::* '''esuana'''....''binary'' :::* '''isuana'''....''trinary'' :::* '''suanmultun'''....''chemistry'' ::::* '''suanmultut'''....''chemist'' :::* '''suanmul'''....''chemical (substance)'' ::::* '''suanmula'''....''chemical'' ::::* '''suanmulbek'''....''chemotherapy'' ::::* '''suanmulk'''....''chemical element'' :::* '''suanyanxer'''....''to synthesize'' ::::* '''suanyanxen'''....''synthesis'' :::* '''suanyonxer'''....''to analyze'' ::::* '''suanyonxen'''....''analysis'' ::* '''asuan'''....''urelement'' ::* '''hyimsuan'''....''isotope'' ::* '''filsuan'''....''enzyme'' ::* '''sinsuan'''....''chemical'' :::* '''sinsuanxer'''....''to pixelate'' ::* '''yansuan'''....''constituent'' :::* '''yansuanser'''....''to constitute'' ::* '''yonsuana'''....''disparate'' : In botanical and zoological taxonomies or nomenclatures, the following taxons are used: :* '''asaun'''....''domain'' :* '''esaun'''....''kingdom'' :* '''isaun'''....''phylum, division'' :* '''usaun'''....''class'' :* '''yosaun'''....''order'' :* '''yasaun'''....''family'' :* '''yesaun'''....''genus'' :* '''yisaun'''....''species'' : The prefixes '''ab-''' (''super-'') and '''ob-''' (''sub'') are used with the above taxons, eg.: '''abyasaun''' equates to '''superfamily''' and '''obyesaun''' refers to ''subgenus''. : The word '''division''' is used rather than '''phylum''' in botanical nomenclature. : The word '''saun''' is used in the following deictic adjectives: ::* '''duhosauna?'''....''what kind of?'' ::* '''hasauna'''....''the kind of'' ::* '''hesauna'''....''some kind of'' ::* '''hisauna'''....''this kind of'' ::* '''husauna'''....''that kind of'' ::* '''hyosauna'''....''no kind of'' ::* '''hyasauna'''....''every kind of'' ::* '''hyesauna'''....''any kind of, whatever kind of'' ::* '''hyisauna'''....''the same kind of'' ::* '''hyusauna'''....''another kind of'' ==== SIN, SIYN, SIUN, and SYIN words ==== :* '''sin'''....''image, picture'' ::* '''domsin'''....''cityscape'' ::* '''drasin'''....''drawing'' :::* '''exdrasin'''....''diagram'' ::* '''dresin'''....''design'' ::* '''dyunsin'''....''logo'' ::* '''fyasin'''....''icon'' ::* '''fyesin'''....''specter'' ::* '''gelsin'''....''likeness'' ::* '''hihisin'''....''cartoon'' ::* '''innagsin'''....''hologram'' ::* '''izonsin'''....''arrow'' ::* '''josin'''....''afterimage'' ::* '''mansin'''....''photograph'' :::* '''yibmansin'''....''telephoto'' ::* '''massin'''....''mural'' ::* '''memsin'''....''landscape'' ::* '''mimsin'''....''seascape'' ::* '''pansin'''....''movie'' ::* '''tabsin'''....''figure'' ::* '''tebsin'''....''face'' ::* '''teubsin'''....''expression'' ::* '''teasin'''....''view'' ::* '''tepsin'''....''mental image'' :::* '''tepsinier'''....''to imagine'' :::* '''tepsinuer'''....''to pretend'' :::* '''vyotepsin'''....''illusion, hallucination'' :::* '''fyetepsin'''....''fantasy'' ::* '''topsin'''....''phantom'' ::* '''totsin'''....''idol'' ::* '''vyusin'''....''dirty picture'' :::* '''vyusinyan'''....''pornography'' ::* '''vyomsin'''....''illusion'' ::* '''yibsin'''....''television'' :::* '''yibsinibar'''....''television set'' ::* '''zasin'''....''foreground'' ::* '''zesin'''....''vignette'' ::* '''zosin'''....''backdrop, background'' ::* '''zoysin'''....''reflection'' :* '''siyn'''....''mark'' ::* '''aysiyn'''....''ampersand'' ::* '''aybsiyn'''....''superscript'' ::* '''balsiyn'''....''stamp'' ::* '''buksiyn'''....''brand, stigma'' ::* '''dresiyn'''....''letter'' :::* '''dresiynay'''....''literally'' :::* '''dresiynyan'''....''alphabet'' ::::* '''tuyub dresiynyan'''....''finger alphabet'' :::* '''andresiyn'''....''monograph'' :::* '''endresiyn'''....''digraph'' :::* '''aybdresiyn'''.....''superscript'' :::* '''agdresiyn'''....''uppercase letter, majuscule'' ::::* '''agdresiyndyun'''....''acronym'' ::::* '''agdresiynxer'''....''to capitalize'' :::* '''ogdresiyn'''....''lowercase letter, miniscule'' ::::* '''ogdresiynxer'''....''to lowercase'' :::* '''sagdresiyn'''....''cipher'' :::* '''sindresiyn'''....''ideogram'' :::* '''ijdresiyn'''....''initial'' ::::* '''ijdresiynxer'''....''to initialize'' ::::* '''zea ijdresiyn'''....''middle initial'' ::::* '''zeydresiynxer'''....''to transliterate'' ::::* '''kodresiynyan'''....''code'' :::::* '''kodresiynxer'''....''to encode'' ::::* '''kindresiyni'''....''italics'' :::::* '''kindresiynxer'''....''to italicize'' ::* '''drursiyn'''....''character'' ::* '''ebnaydsiyn'''....''hyphen'' ::* '''finsiyn'''....''grade, mark'' ::* '''fyasiyn'''....''emblem'' ::* '''gabsiyn'''....''plus sign'' ::* '''gesiyn'''....''equal sign'' ::* '''gedsiyn'''....''quotation mark'' ::* '''gobsiyn'''....''minus sign'' ::* '''grunsiyn'''....''comma'' ::* '''jobsiyn'''....''time mark'' ::* '''josiyn'''....''trace'' ::* '''kodresiyn'''....''cipher'' ::* '''kyidsiyn'''....''stress mark, accent'' ::* '''magsiyn'''....''brand'' ::* '''memsiyn'''....''landmark'' ::* '''milsiyn'''....''watermark'' ::* '''oybsiyn'''....''subscript'' ::* '''nodsiyn'''....''punctuation mark'' ::* '''tajsiyn'''....''birthmark'' ::* '''todsiyn'''....''herald'' ::* '''yonsiyn'''....''diacritic'' ::* '''vasiyn'''....''checkmark'' ::* '''yovsiyn'''....''mark of shame'' :* '''siun'''....''sign'' ::* '''boksiun''''....''symptom'' ::* '''drursiun'''....''dingbat'' ::* '''jwadsiun'''....''warning sign'' ::* '''mugsiun'''....''token'' ::* '''ojsiun'''....''harbinger'' :::* '''fiojsiun'''....''good omen'' :::* '''fuojsiun'''....''bad omen'' ::* '''siunar'''....''signal'' ::* '''tesiun'''....''symbol, tag'' :::* '''tesiuna'''....''symbolic'' :::* '''tesiunin'''....''symbolism'' :::* '''tosiun'''....''cross'' ::* '''ujaksiun'''....''trophy'' :* '''syin'''....''subject'' ::* '''syina'''....''subjective'' ==== SUN, SUAN, SYUN, -UN words ==== :* '''sun'''....''thing'' ::* '''ansun'''....''singleton'' ::* '''sunxer'''....''to reify'' :* '''suan'''....''element'' ::* '''sinsuan'''....''pixel'' :::* '''sinsuanxer'''....''to pixelate'' ::* '''filsuan'''....''enzyme'' ::* '''hyimsuan'''....''isotope'' ::* '''suana'''....''elementary'' ::* '''asuan'''....''urelement, domain'' :::* '''asuana'''....''unary'' :::* '''esuana'''....''binary'' :::* '''isauna'''....''trinary'' ::* '''suanmul'''....''chemical (substance)'' :::* '''suanmultun'''....''chemisty'' :::* '''suanmultut'''....''chemist'' ::* '''suankyaxer'''....''to mutate'' ::* '''suanyanxer'''....''to synthesize'' ::* '''suanyonxer'''....''to analyze'' :* '''syun'''....''object'' ::* '''syuna'''....''objective'' :* '''-un'''....''thing (stub suffix for many "thing" words)'' ::* '''zyiun'''....''disk'' (flat thing) ::* '''abun'''....''cover'' (on-top-of thing) : The stub suffix '''-un''' is also used for the result of actions, eg.: :* '''drer'''....''to write'' ::* '''drun'''....''writ, graph'' :* '''beler'''....''to carry'' ::* '''belun'''....''cargo, freight'' :* '''ayser'''....''to have'' ::* '''aysun'''....''possession'' :* '''dodrurer'''....''to publish'' ::* '''dodrurun'''....''publication, edition'' ==== SYEN, -YEN words ==== :* '''syen'''....''style, mode'' ::* '''visyen'''....''fashion'' ::* '''dalsyen'''....''language, speaking style'' :* '''-yen''' (stub suffix) ::* '''byen'''....''manner'' :::* '''tejbyen'''....''way of life'' :::* '''vibyen'''....''decor'' :::* '''yukbyen'''....''comfort, convenience'' ::* '''dalyen'''....''idiom'' ::* '''dreyen'''....''writing style'' ::* '''dyen'''....''expression'' :::* '''vidyen'''....''euphemism'' ::* '''exyen'''....''procedure'' ::* '''kyayen'''....''version'' ::* '''napyen'''....''discipline'' ::* '''pyen'''....''gait, allure, pace, stride'' ::* '''sexyen'''....''structure'' ::* '''tabyen'''....''posture, poise, attitude'' ::* '''teasyen'''....''aspect'' ::* '''tejyen'''....''lifestyle'' ::* '''texyen'''....''opinion'' ::* '''teyen'''....''idea'' ::* '''tipyen'''....''mood'' ::* '''tosyen'''....''mood'' ::* '''tyen'''....''skill, know-how, craft'' ::* '''yabdoutbyen'''....''courtliness'' ::* '''yanbyen'''....''harmony'' ::* '''yixyen'''....''usage'' ::* '''yugfyen'''....''tact, smooth style, finesse'' ::* '''xyen'''....''profession'' ::* '''zeyen'''....''means, wherewithal'' === '''TOB''' ''human'' === : The stem of words in this family begin with the consonant '''t''', designating ''human'', and end in '''b''', meaning ''organism, body, or organ'' or '''p''', having to do with the non-corporeal aspects of man, such as ''mind'' and ''emotion''. ==== Principal Derivatives ==== {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ TOB, TOP principal derivatives |- ! -B !! -P |- | '''tob'''....''human, man'' || '''top'''....''soul, psyche'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''tap'''....''physique'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tep'''....''mind'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''tip'''....''sentiment, emotion'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm'' || '''tup'''....''limb'' |- | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || |} {{small/end}} ::[[File:Regions of Human Body.jpg|thumb|Regions_of_Human_Body]] : All the names of the parts of the body are derived from these core words in a hierarchical fashion using stem vowel scalarization, as can be seen from the sample chart below of the body parts relating to ''arm'' and ''leg'' (note the parallelism): {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Parts of the Body |- valign=top | '''tub'''<br>arm || '''tuab'''<br> shoulder || '''tueb'''<br> upper arm || '''tuib'''<br> elbow || '''tuub'''<br> forearm || '''tuyob'''<br> ''wrist'' || '''tuyab'''<br> hand || '''tuyeb'''<br> fist || '''tuyib'''<br> palm || '''tuyub'''<br> finger || '''tulob'''<br> fingernail |- | '''tyob'''<br> leg || '''tyoab'''<br> hip || '''tyoeb'''<br> thigh || '''tyoib'''<br> knee || '''tyoub'''<br> tibia || '''tyoyob'''<br> ankle || '''tyoyab'''<br> foot || '''tyoyeb'''<br> heel || '''tyoyib'''<br> sole || '''tyoyub'''<br> toe || '''tyolob'''<br> toenail |} {{small/end}} ==== TOB and TOOB Words ==== ::* '''tob'''....''person, human being'' :::* '''twob'''....''man''♂ ::::* '''twobet'''....''boy'' :::* '''toyb'''....''woman''♀ ::::* '''toybet'''....''girl'' ::* '''toob'''....''gender'' :::* '''twoob'''....''male'' :::* '''tooyb'''....''female'' :::* '''geltoobifat'''....''homosexual'' (short: '''gelt''') :::* '''logeltoobifat'''....''heterosexual'' (short: '''logelt''') :::* '''hyaewatoobifat'''....''bisexual'' (short: '''hyaewat''') : Here are words derived from '''tob''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aajtobtun'''....''paleo-anthropology'' *'''abtob'''....''kingpin, super human, superman'' *'''afyapattob'''....''seraph'' *'''agtobtojber'''....''assassin, assassinate'' *'''antoba mimpur'''....''skiff'' *'''antoba sum'''....''single bed'' *'''antobnad'''....''single file'' *'''arpeltob'''....''spiderman'' *'''kipayetob'''....''batman'' *'''asauntob'''....''mannequin'' *'''atobij'''....''germ, seed'' *'''domep tobyog'''....''street urchin'' *'''ega tob'''....''average joe'' *'''ektobet'''....''doll, puppet'' *'''entoba sim'''....''love seat, loveseat'' *'''eyntoba'''....''half-human'' *'''eyntobekpet'''....''centaur'' *'''fitob'''....''fine fellow, fine gentleman, good guy'' *'''futob'''....''bad guy, ruffler, villain'' *'''fyatob'''....''holy person, saint'' *'''fyefutob'''....''gremlin, puck, leprechaun, ouphe'' *'''fyefutobag'''....''orc, ogre'' *'''fyegyutob'''....''elf'' *'''fyeiftob'''....''pixie'' *'''fyetob'''....''elf'' *'''fyetobag'''....''giant'' *'''fyetobapyot'''....''sphinx'' *'''fyetobekpet'''....''minotaur'' *'''fyetobet'''....''elfin, pixie'' *'''fyetobog'''....''dwarf, sprite'' *'''fyetobtelut'''....''ogre, orc'' *'''fyetobteluyt'''....''ogress'' *'''fyetobyog'''....''goblin'' *'''fyoektob'''....''poppet'' *'''fyutob'''....''pest, annoying person'' *'''iftob'''....''playboy'' *'''intob'''....''triumvir'' *'''intoba sum'''....''queen-size bed'' *'''intobyan'''....''triumvirate'' *'''jogtob'''....''young man'' *'''jogtobet'''....''younker'' *'''jwatob'''....''protohuman'' *'''lotobxer'''....''dehumanize, unperson'' *'''malyomtob'''....''snowman'' *'''malztob'''....''honky, whitey'' *'''meimtob'''....''yokel'' *'''mestob'''....''janitor'' *'''miektob'''....''sandman'' *'''moibtob'''....''caveman'' *'''momtob'''....''spaceman'' *'''nyaztob'''....''nabob'' *'''nyifbixwa ektobet'''....''marionette'' *'''ogtob'''....''minim'' *'''otoba'''....''inhuman, nonhuman, unhuman'' *'''oybtoba'''....''subhuman'' *'''pattob'''....''angel, birdman'' *'''sirtob'''....''automaton, robot'' *'''suztob'''....''mannequin'' *'''syaagirtob'''....''cyborg'' *'''teaztob'''....''prodigy'' *'''tob'''....''human being, man, person'' *'''tobava'''....''humane, humanitarian'' *'''tobavin'''....''humanism, humanitarianism'' *'''tobbixwa belir'''....''tuk-tuk'' *'''tobbixwa par'''....''ricksha'' *'''tobet'''....''chap, chit, juvenile, youth'' *'''tobetdal'''....''prattle'' *'''tobetekem'''....''sandlot'' *'''tobetel'''....''pap'' *'''tobetifek zyunog'''....''pewee'' *'''tobetog'''....''tot'' *'''tobeytyena'''....''maidenly, girlish'' *'''tobfyabuun'''....''human sacrifice'' *'''tobif'''....''buster, chap, dude'' *'''tobifin'''....''philanthropy'' *'''tobij'''....''fetus'' *'''tobijabnyeb'''....''amnion'' *'''tobijber'''....''impregnate, ovulate'' *'''tobijbler'''....''gestate'' *'''tobijbwa'''....''impregnated, ovulated, pregnant'' *'''tobijer'''....''ovulate'' *'''tobijien'''....''conception'' *'''tobijnyem'''....''womb'' *'''tobijnyemoben'''....''hysterectomy'' *'''tobijoga'''....''ovular'' *'''tobijovar'''....''contraceptive'' *'''tobijovben'''....''contraception'' *'''tobijuer'''....''impregnate'' *'''tobijuf'''....''oviduct'' *'''tobijum'''....''ovum'' *'''tobijumog'''....''ovule'' *'''tobijyem'''....''ovary'' *'''tobin'''....''humanism'' *'''tobion'''....''triumvirate'' *'''tobkex'''....''bounty-hunt, manhunt'' *'''tobnyan'''....''crowd, group'' *'''tobog'''....''grig, little person, midget, pewee'' *'''toboyt'''....''female child, female infant'' *'''tobpixler'''....''kidnap'' *'''tobsan'''....''manikin, mannikin'' *'''tobsana'''....''anthropomorphic'' *'''tobsaun'''....''humankind, mankind'' *'''tobsaxwa'''....''man-made, manmade'' *'''tobsayna'''....''android, anthropoid'' *'''tobsaynat'''....''android, anthropoid'' *'''tobtelut'''....''cannibal'' *'''tobtod'''....''mankind, family of man'' *'''tobtojber'''....''kill, murder, slay'' *'''tobtun'''....''anthropology'' *'''tobuer'''....''man'' *'''tobkapyot'''....''werewolf'' *'''tobwot'''....''male infant'' *'''tobxer'''....''humanize'' *'''tobyafon'''....''human power, manpower'' *'''tobyan'''....''humanity, humankind, mankind'' *'''tobyen'''....''manliness, virility'' *'''tobyenat'''....''humanoid'' *'''tobyenay'''....''manfully'' *'''tobyentaf'''....''costume'' *'''tobyog'''....''kid, pigmy, pygmy, urchin'' *'''tobyogif'''....''kiddie'' *'''tobzena'''....''anthropocentric'' *'''umvib tob'''....''scare crow, straw man'' *'''untoba sum'''....''king-size bed'' *'''vatob'''....''yes-man'' *'''vutob'''....''troll'' *'''vutobag'''....''ogre'' *'''vyotob'''....''dummy'' *'''vyutobet'''....''ragamuffin'' *'''yextob'''....''workingman'' *'''yivtob'''....''freeman'' *'''yiztob'''....''superman'' *'''yomtob'''....''iceman'' *'''yuftob'''....''boogeyman, boogie man'' *'''yugtob'''....''softling'' *'''zatob'''....''foreperson'' *'''zetob'''....''arbiter, arbitrager, arbitrageur, arbitrator, medium, middleman, middle man, intermediary'' *'''zyuktob'''....''wheelman'' </div> {{small/end}} : Words derived from '''twob''' (''man''): {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''asauntwob'''....''male mannequin'' *'''deuzutyan twobet'''....''choirboy'' *'''diztwob'''....''jackass'' *'''ektwobet'''....''boy doll'' *'''fyatwob'''....''male saint'' *'''fyepitwob'''....''merman'' *'''fyevutwobog'''....''troll'' *'''jaga twob'''....''old man'' *'''mimpurtwobet'''....''ship's boy'' *'''momtwob'''....''spaceman'' *'''tamtwobet'''....''houseboy'' *'''tamyuxtwobet'''....''knave'' *'''tistam twobet'''....''schoolboy'' *'''twob'''....''bloke, fellow, guy, man'' *'''twoba eftim'''....''men's room, men’s lavatory'' *'''twoba tof'''....''menswear'' *'''twoban'''....''manhood'' *'''twobet'''....''boy, lad'' *'''twobetog'''....''laddie'' *'''twobetyena'''....''boyish, puerile'' *'''twobgon'''....''male member, penis, dick'' *'''twobog'''....''little fellow, young man'' *'''twobyen'''....''machismo, mannishness'' *'''vutwobog'''....''gnome'' *'''vyutwob'''....''sloven'' *'''yuxtwobet'''....''knave, boy servant, jack, swain'' </div> {{small/end}} : Words derived from '''toyb''' (''woman''): {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''asauntoyb'''....''female mannequin'' *'''aztoybet'''....''chit'' *'''beaxtoyb'''....''duenna'' *'''dalovekyea jagtoyb'''....''termagant'' *'''deuztoyb'''....''songstress'' *'''ebtoyba'''....''woman-to-woman'' *'''ektoybet'''....''girl doll'' *'''futoyb'''....''jade, tramp'' *'''futoybyena'''....''jadish'' *'''fyatoyb'''....''female saint'' *'''fyepitoyb'''....''mermaid'' *'''fyetoybag'''....''giantess'' *'''ifwa toyb'''....''ladylove'' *'''jaga toyb'''....''matron, old lady, old woman'' *'''joga toyb'''....''young woman'' *'''jogtoyb'''....''young lady, young woman'' *'''momtoyb'''....''spacewoman'' *'''nuxiftoyb'''....''hooker'' *'''ofwimtoyb'''....''odalisk, odalisque'' *'''otoybyena'''....''unladylike'' *'''pitoyb'''....''siren'' *'''tamtoyb'''....''woman of the house'' *'''tezika fitixwa toyb'''....''bluestocking'' *'''tistam toyb'''....''schoolgirl'' *'''toyb tofabim'''....''boudoir'' *'''toyb vyoekdezen'''....''female impersonation, playing a drag queen'' *'''toyb vyoekdezun'''....''drag queen show'' *'''toyb vyoekdezut'''....''drag queen, female impersonator'' *'''toyb'''....''woman'' *'''toyba'''....''womanhood'' *'''toybbaktun'''....''gynecology'' *'''toybbaktuna'''....''gynecologic, gynecological'' *'''toybbaktunay'''....''gynecologically'' *'''toybbaktut'''....''gynecologist'' *'''toybbik'''....''obstetrics'' *'''toybbika'''....''obstetric, obstetrical'' *'''toybbikut'''....''obstetrician'' *'''toybboktun'''....''gynecopathy'' *'''toybboktuna'''....''gynecopathic'' *'''toybboktut'''....''gynecopath'' *'''toybdab'''....''gynecocracy gynarchy'' *'''toybdaba'''....''gynarchic, gynecocratic'' *'''toybdeb'''....''gynarch, gynecocrat'' *'''toybet'''....''gal, girl, lass, lassie, maiden'' *'''toybetan'''....''girlhood, maidenhood'' *'''toybetyena'''....''girlish, girly'' *'''toybetyenan'''....''girlishness'' *'''toybetyenay'''....''girlishly, maidenly'' *'''toybeymir'''....''demimonde'' *'''toybeymirayt'''....''demimondaine'' *'''toybi'''....''womenfolk'' *'''toybifa'''....''feminist, pro-woman'' *'''toybifin'''....''feminism'' *'''toybifina'''....''feminist, pro-woman'' *'''toybifinut'''....''feminist'' *'''toybifoneken'''....''philandering'' *'''toybifoneker'''....''philander'' *'''toybifonekut'''....''philanderer'' *'''toybifut'''....''womanizer'' *'''toybil'''....''human milk, mothers milk'' *'''toybin'''....''feminism'' *'''toybina'''....''feminist'' *'''toybinut'''....''feminist'' *'''toybkexea'''....''woman-seeking'' *'''toybkexen'''....''seeking out women'' *'''toybkexut'''....''woman-seeker'' *'''toybkof'''....''purdah'' *'''toybnoyv'''....''sanitary napkin'' *'''toybob'''....''infant girl'' *'''toybot'''....''infant daughter'' *'''toybtwobsana'''....''gynandromorphous'' *'''toybtwobyena'''....''gynandrous'' *'''toybuf'''....''futz, misogyny'' *'''toybufa'''....''misogynous, woman-hating'' *'''toybufen'''....''woman-hating'' *'''toybufin'''....''misogyny'' *'''toybufina'''....''misogynistic'' *'''toybufinut'''....''misogynist'' *'''toybufut'''....''misogynist'' *'''toybyan'''....''womankind'' *'''toybyekuen'''....''womanizing'' *'''toybyekuer'''....''womanize'' *'''toybyekuut'''....''womanizer'' *'''toybyena'''....''feminine, ladylike, queeny, sissified, womanish, womanlike'' *'''toybyenan'''....''femininity, womanliness'' *'''toybyenay'''....''womanly'' *'''toybyig'''....''virago'' *'''toybyog'''....''molly'' *'''toybzoigpen'''....''woman-chasing, womanizing'' *'''toybzoigput'''....''woman-chaser'' *'''tuuxen bi twobi ay toybi'''....''coeducation'' *'''tuxtoyb'''....''schoolmarm'' *'''tuxtoybyena'''....''schoolmarmish'' *'''utoybdaber'''....''kowtow, submit'' *'''utoybdabyean'''....''submissiveness'' *'''vuftoyb'''....''fishwife'' *'''vujagtoyb'''....''hag'' *'''vujagtoybyena'''....''haggish'' *'''vutoybag'''....''ogress'' *'''yextoyb'''....''workingwoman'' *'''yiztoyb'''....''superwoman'' *'''yuktoyb'''....''strumpet'' *'''zuza toybwet'''....''hobbledehoy'' </div> {{small/end}} : Here are words derived from '''toob''' (''gender'' ), '''twoob''' (''male'') or '''tooyb''' (''female''): {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''antooba'''....''unisex, unisexual'' *'''avhyitoobifa'''....''pro-gay'' *'''avhyitoobifan'''....''pro-gayness'' *'''bay twoobi ay tooybi'''....''co-ed, coed'' *'''duhotooba?'''....''of what gender?'' *'''ebtooba'''....''cross-gendered, intersex'' *'''ebtooban'''....''androgyny'' *'''ebtoobat'''....''intersex person'' *'''egtooba'''....''cisgender'' *'''entooba'''....''bi-gendered, hermaphroditic'' *'''entoobat'''....''bi-gendered person, hermaphrodite'' *'''entoobifa'''....''bisexual'' *'''entoobifan'''....''bisexuality'' *'''entoobinfay'''....''bisexually'' *'''evtooba'''....''epicene, gender-neutral, neuter'' *'''geltoobifa'''....''homophile, homosexual'' *'''geltoobifan'''....''homophily, homosexuality'' *'''geltoobifanufa'''....''homophobic'' *'''geltoobifanufan'''....''homophobia'' *'''geltoobifanufut'''....''homophobe'' *'''geltoobifin'''....''homophilism'' *'''geltoobifina'''....''homophilic'' *'''geltoobifinut'''....''homophile'' *'''geltoobifut'''....''homosexual'' *'''getoobifa'''....''gay, homosexual'' *'''getoobifan'''....''gayness, homosexuality'' *'''getoobifut'''....''gay person, homosexual'' *'''getoobifuyt'''....''lesbian, female homosexual'' *'''getoobifwut'''....''gay male homosexual'' *'''getoobiyfa'''....''lesbian, female homosexual'' *'''getoobwifa'''....''gay male homosexual'' *'''glatooba'''....''multi-gendered'' *'''hitooba'''....''this gender'' *'''hutooba'''....''that gender'' *'''hyaewatooba'''....''ambigendered'' *'''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' *'''hyatooba'''....''omni-sexual, pan-sexual'' *'''hyatoobifa'''....''pan-sexual'' *'''hyatoobifan'''....''pan-sexuality'' *'''hyatoobifut'''....''pan-sexual'' *'''hyetooba'''....''any gender-fluid, of any gender, of whatever gender, whatever gender'' *'''hyetoobat'''....''person of whatever gender'' *'''hyitooba tadan'''....''same-sex marrage'' *'''hyitooba'''....''same gender'' *'''hyitoobifa'''....''homophile, homosexual, same-sex'' *'''hyitoobifan'''....''homosexuality'' *'''hyitoobifayt'''....''lesbian'' *'''hyitoobifaytan'''....''lesbianism'' *'''hyitoobifaytin'''....''lesbianism'' *'''hyitoobifinut'''....''homophile'' *'''hyitoobifut'''....''fag, faggot, homosexual'' *'''hyotooba'''....''genderless, of no gender, ungendered'' *'''hyotoobat'''....''person of no gender'' *'''hyotoobifa'''....''asexual'' *'''hyotoobifan'''....''asexuality'' *'''hyotoobifay'''....''asexually'' *'''hyutoob'''....''alternative gender'' *'''hyutooba'''....''alternatively gendered, different-gendered'' *'''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual, straight'' *'''hyutoobifan'''....''heterosexuality, straightness'' *'''hyutoobifut'''....''heterosexual, straight person'' *'''kwatooyb'''....''trans female, trans woman'' *'''kyatooba'''....''of variable gender, transgender, transgendered'' *'''kyatoobasea'''....''transitioning'' *'''kyatoobasen'''....''transitioning gender'' *'''kyatoobaser'''....''transition gender'' *'''kyatoobat'''....''transgender person'' *'''kyatoobaxwa'''....''transitioned'' *'''kyatooyb'''....''trans female, trans woman'' *'''kyatooyba'''....''trans female'' *'''kyatooybser'''....''transition to a female'' *'''kyatwoob'''....''trans male, trans man'' *'''kyatwooba'''....''trans male'' *'''kyatwoobsen'''....''transitioning to a male'' *'''kyatwoobser'''....''transition to a male'' *'''kyetooba'''....''of any gender, of whatever gender, random-gender'' *'''kyetooban'''....''gender fluidity'' *'''kyotooba'''....''cisgendered, fixed-gender, of fixed gender'' *'''kyotoobat'''....''cisgendered person'' *'''logeltooba'''....''different-gendered'' *'''lotoobaxen'''....''gender-nullification'' *'''lotoobaxer'''....''gender-nullify'' *'''lotoobaxwa'''....''gender-nullified'' *'''lotoobxer'''....''unman'' *'''otooba'''....''gender-neutral, neuter, sexless, ungendered, unsexed'' *'''otoobaxen'''....''neutering'' *'''otoobaxer'''....''neuter'' *'''otoobaxwa'''....''neutered'' *'''otoobifa'''....''non-sexual, nonsexual'' *'''otoobina'''....''nonsexist'' *'''otooybyena'''....''unfeminine'' *'''otooybyenan'''....''unfemininity'' *'''ovhyitoobifa'''....''anti-gay'' *'''ovhyitoobifan'''....''anti-gayness'' *'''oytooba'''....''genderless'' *'''oytoobat'''....''genderless person'' *'''toob'''....''gender, sex'' *'''tooba tiibilnad tyed'''....''agnate'' *'''tooba'''....''gender-related, sexual'' *'''toobika'''....''sexed'' *'''toobin'''....''sexism'' *'''toobina'''....''sexist'' *'''toobinut'''....''sexist'' *'''toobvia'''....''hunky'' *'''toobyena'''....''butch'' *'''tooyb'''....''female'' *'''tooyba teuzuen'''....''female suffrage'' *'''tooyba'''....''female, feminine'' *'''tooyban'''....''femaleness'' *'''tooybay'''....''femininely'' *'''tooybyena twob'''....''cockney'' *'''tooybyena'''....''effeminate, female-ish, feminine'' *'''tooybyenan'''....''effeminacy, femininity'' *'''tooybyenay'''....''effeminately'' *'''tooybyenwat'''....''sissy'' *'''twoob'''....''male'' *'''twooba'''....''male'' *'''twooban'''....''maleness'' *'''twoobin'''....''male chauvinism'' *'''twoobina'''....''male chauvinistic'' *'''twoobinut'''....''male chauvinist'' *'''twoobyena'''....''male-ish, masculine'' *'''twoobyenan'''....''masculinity'' *'''twoobyenay'''....''masculinely'' *'''twoobyenoben'''....''emasculation'' *'''twoobyenober'''....''emasculate'' *'''twoobyenobwa'''....''emasculated'' *'''twooyba'''....''hermaphroditic'' *'''twooybat'''....''hermaphrodite'' *'''twooybsana'''....''gynandromorph'' *'''twooybsanat'''....''gynandromorph'' *'''yiija hyitoobifut'''....''flamer'' *'''zetooba'''....''middle-gender'' *'''zeytooba'''....''trans, transsexual'' *'''zeytoobat'''....''trans, transsexual'' *'''zeytoobin'''....''transsexualism'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TAB Words ==== ::* '''tab'''....''body'' : Words derived from '''tab''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''ebtabif'''....''coitus, intercourse, sex'' '''ebtabifer'''....''have intercourse, have sex, make love, shag'' *'''ebtabifon'''....''eros'' *'''etabij'''....''larva'' *'''gyotaba'''....''lank, scrawny'' *'''itabij'''....''pupa'' *'''kyitaba'''....''heavyset'' *'''loyebtabxer'''....''disembody'' *'''ogratab'''....''corpuscle'' *'''ovtabes'''....''antibody'' *'''tab'''....''body, corpus'' *'''tabaga'''....''burly, corpulent, stout'' *'''tabaka'''....''healthy, physically sound'' *'''tabaza'''....''strong-bodied'' *'''tabes'''....''corpuscle'' *'''tabgon'''....''body part'' *'''tabgoni'''....''viscera'' *'''tabgontix'''....''autopsy'' *'''tabgontun'''....''anatomy'' *'''tabij'''....''embryo'' *'''tabil'''....''body fluid, humor'' *'''tabkum'''....''flank'' *'''tabkyin'''....''bodyweight'' *'''tabmegnyeb'''....''sarcophagus'' *'''tabmeluk'''....''tomb'' *'''tabmelukem'''....''graveyard, saree'' *'''tabmelzyeg'''....''tomb'' *'''tabnuniam'''....''bordello'' *'''tabnyaun'''....''body mass'' *'''tabnyef'''....''body bag, cyst'' *'''tabnyem'''....''casket'' *'''tabobelun'''....''corpse'' *'''taboka'''....''ill, physically unwell, sick'' *'''tabos'''....''organ'' *'''tabosober'''....''eviscerate'' *'''tabosok'''....''atrophy'' *'''tabosyan'''....''organism'' *'''taboza'''....''tired, weak-bodied'' *'''tabsan'''....''body shape'' *'''tabsaun'''....''body type'' *'''tabsin'''....''figure'' *'''tabteax'''....''autopsy'' *'''tabum'''....''cell'' *'''tabummul'''....''cytoplasm'' *'''tabumtun'''....''cytology'' *'''tabuzler'''....''squirm, writhe'' *'''tabvyavyek'''....''bodycheck'' *'''tabyekler'''....''wrestle'' *'''tabyen'''....''poise, posture, attitude'' *'''tabyigsa'''....''catatonic'' *'''tabyuz'''....''tegument'' *'''tabzyoa'''....''skintight'' *'''teptaba'''....''psychosomatic'' *'''tojtab'''....''cadaver, corpse'' *'''tojpotab'''....''carcass'' *'''tojtabteliut'''....''ghoul'' *'''tumtabes'''....''organelle'' *'''uktabmelzyeg'''....''cenotaph'' *'''utabij'''....''imago'' *'''vitaba'''....''buff'' *'''volztabog'''....''chromosome'' *'''yantabxer'''....''incorporate'' *'''yebtabosyan'''....''offal, viscera'' </div> {{small/end}} : From this root word are formed all the parts of the body that relate to the body as a whole: ::* '''taob'''....''flesh, tissue'' :::* '''taol'''....''meat'' ::* '''taab'''....''lymph node'' ::* '''taeb'''....''muscle'' ::* '''taib'''....''bone'' :::* '''takib'''....''vertebra'' ::* '''taub'''....''cartilage'' ::* '''tayob'''....''skin, hide'' ::* '''tayab'''....''fat'' :::* '''tayal'''....''lard, grease, fat (edible)'' ::* '''tayeb'''....''hair'' ::* '''tayib'''....''nerve'' ::* '''tayub'''....''gland'' : The word '''tayob''' (''skin'') or its stub suffix '''ayob''' have the following derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtayob'''....''epidermis'' *'''apetayob'''....''horsehide'' *'''apyitayob'''....''sharkskin'' *'''bifayob'''....''banana peel'' *'''epeytayob'''....''cowhide'' *'''fatayob'''....''hull'' *'''fayob'''....''bark, rind, tree bark'' *'''fevol fayob'''....''onion peel'' *'''gapyotayob'''....''bearskin'' *'''gyotayob'''....''pellicle'' *'''kaduzarayob'''....''drumhead, tympan, tympanum'' *'''kyipotayob'''....''coonskin'' *'''lavol fayob'''....''potato peel'' *'''magelwa yeb piitayob'''....''scalloped'' *'''mapiyetayob'''....''carapace, shell, tortoise shell, turtle shell'' *'''mapyetayob'''....''tortoiseshell'' *'''meir abayob'''....''earth's crust'' *'''meir ebayob'''....''earth's mantle'' *'''meylzaxfayob'''....''tanbark'' *'''mofayob'''....''nutshell'' *'''nofebayob'''....''nutshell'' *'''oabunwa tayob'''....''buff'' *'''omeylzaxwa petayob'''....''kip'' *'''omeylzaxwa tayob'''....''rawhide'' *'''oyebtayob'''....''cuticle'' *'''patijayob'''....''egg shell, eggshell'' *'''piitayob'''....''conk, scallop, sea scallop, seashell, shell'' *'''potayob'''....''animal hide, animal skin'' *'''sipotayob'''....''moleskin'' *'''tayob'''....''hide, pellicle, rind, skin'' *'''upetayob'''....''sheepskin'' *'''upetubayob'''....''lambskin'' *'''vafayob'''....''grape skin'' *'''vapyetayob'''....''cochlea'' *'''vayob'''....''hull, husk'' *'''veebayob'''....''bur'' *'''veeybayob'''....''shuck'' *'''vipotayob'''....''deerskin'' *'''vosayob'''....''sepal'' *'''vyupotayob'''....''buckskin, suede, doeskin'' *'''yapetayob'''....''pigskin'' *'''yebikxer potayob'''....''stuff an animal hide'' *'''yebtayob'''....''endoderm'' *'''yobtayob'''....''cortex'' *'''yoepetayob'''....''Angora goat, angora'' *'''yopetayob'''....''goatskin'' *'''yopetud tayob'''....''kidskin'' *'''yuztayob'''....''periderm'' *'''zatayob'''....''carapace, foreskin, prepuce, shell'' *'''zetayob'''....''epithelium'' </div> {{small/end}} : Similarly, the word '''tayeb''' (''hair''), along with its stub suffix '''ayeb''' have many derived words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''absayeb'''....''upper layer'' *'''alilkayeb'''....''aluminum foil'' *'''apetayeb'''....''horsehair'' *'''apwatayeb'''....''cockscomb'' *'''bafayeb'''....''palm leaf'' *'''caulkayeb'''....''copper foil'' *'''ebsayeb'''....''layer in-between, mantle'' *'''enymolza tayeb'''....''grizzle'' *'''epatayeb'''....''eiderdown'' *'''fayeb'''....''blade, foil, leaf'' *'''gapyotayeb'''....''fuzz'' *'''gepiatayeb'''....''swansdown'' *'''gipotayeb'''....''camel hair, camelhair'' *'''givofayeb'''....''tobacco leaf'' *'''goblaruxer ota tayeb'''....''get one's hair cut'' *'''iklaxwa vafayeb'''....''stuffed grape leaves'' *'''infayeb'''....''clover, club, shamrock'' *'''kelupotayeb'''....''sable'' *'''masof tayeb'''....''carpet pile'' *'''patayeb'''....''feather, plume'' *'''petayeb'''....''fur, animal hair'' *'''pitayeb'''....''fish scale'' *'''potayeb'''....''animal hair'' *'''safayeb'''....''tea leaf'' *'''savayeb'''....''frond'' *'''sayeb'''....''foil, layer, sheet, spathe'' *'''sevobayeb'''....''thistledown'' *'''sonilkayeb'''....''tin foil, tin plate, tin-plate, tinfoil, tin-foil, tinplate'' *'''tab tayeb'''....''body hair'' *'''tabijayeb'''....''cotyledon'' *'''tayeb'''....''hair, pile'' *'''teb tayeb'''....''hair on the head'' *'''tebzan tayeb'''....''scruff'' *'''teubayeb'''....''mustache'' *'''tiab tayeb'''....''chest hair'' *'''upatayeb'''....''down, goose down'' *'''upetayeb'''....''fleece'' *'''utayefa vyotayeb'''....''jasey'' *'''uvosayeb'''....''rose petal'' *'''vafayeb'''....''blade of grass'' *'''vipatayeb'''....''panache'' *'''vobilzayeb'''....''xanthophyll'' *'''vosayeb'''....''petal'' *'''vyotayeb'''....''peruke, wig'' *'''yagzotayeb'''....''mullet'' *'''yipetayeb'''....''cat fur, cat hair'' *'''zatayeb'''....''forelock'' </div> {{small/end}} : The '''tayib''' (''nerve'') family is quite rich: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abektun bi tayib'''....''neurosurgery'' *'''ejna tayib tum'''....''neuroblast'' *'''tayib bosaxul'''....''sedative'' *'''tayib boxen'''....''nerve block'' *'''tayib buk'''....''nerve damage'' *'''tayib fab'''....''dendrite'' *'''tayib fib'''....''nerve trunk'' *'''tayib fub'''....''axon'' *'''tayib fyob'''....''nerve root'' *'''tayib igbux'''....''nerve impulse'' *'''tayib mayl'''....''nerve gas'' *'''tayib nif'''....''nerve fiber'' *'''tayib tum'''....''nerve cell'' *'''tayib ujun'''....''nerve ending'' *'''tayib zen'''....''nerve center'' *'''tayib'''....''nerve'' *'''tayib-'''....''neuro-'' *'''tayiba naap'''....''nervous system'' *'''tayiba'''....''nerve-related, nervous, neural'' *'''tayibabaxreay'''....''irritatingly, exasperatingly'' *'''tayibabaxren'''....''irritation, exasperation'' *'''tayibabaxrer'''....''irritate, exasperate'' *'''tayibabaxrus'''....''irritant'' *'''tayibabaxryafway'''....''irritably'' *'''tayibabaxyafwa'''....''irritable'' *'''tayibabaxyyafwan'''....''irritability'' *'''tayib-abektut'''....''neurosurgeon'' *'''tayibabxrawa'''....''irritated'' *'''tayibabxrea'''....''irritating'' *'''tayibaun'''....''neuron'' *'''tayibauna'''....''neuronal'' *'''tayibay'''....''neurally'' *'''tayibaya'''....''nervous'' *'''tayibayan'''....''nervosity, nervousness'' *'''tayibbekkultunay'''....''neuropharmacological'' *'''tayibbekultun'''....''neuropharmacology'' *'''tayibbekultuna'''....''neuropharmacological'' *'''tayibbekultut'''....''neuropharmacologist'' *'''tayibbok'''....''neurosis'' *'''tayibboka'''....''neurotic'' *'''tayibbokan'''....''neuroticism'' *'''tayibbokat'''....''neurotic person'' *'''tayibbokay'''....''neurotically'' *'''tayibboktun'''....''neuropathology'' *'''tayibboktuna'''....''neuropathological'' *'''tayibboktunay'''....''neuropathologically'' *'''tayibboktut'''....''neuropathologist'' *'''tayibbokul'''....''neurotoxin'' *'''tayibbokuluyea'''....''neurotoxic'' *'''tayibbokuluyean'''....''neurotoxicity'' *'''tayibbook'''....''neurasthenia'' *'''tayibbooka'''....''neurasthenic'' *'''tayibbyisea'''....''neurogenic'' *'''tayibbyuk'''....''neuralgia'' *'''tayibbyuka'''....''neuralgic'' *'''tayibdalzeyntun'''....''neurolinguistics'' *'''tayibdalzeyntuna'''....''neurolinguistic'' *'''tayibdalzeyntunay'''....''neurolinguistically'' *'''tayibdalzeyntut'''....''neurolinguist'' *'''tayibgyas'''....''neuroma'' *'''tayibika'''....''nervous'' *'''tayibikan'''....''nervosity, nervousness'' *'''tayibmavxen'''....''neuritic'' *'''tayibnifyaz'''....''ganglion'' *'''tayibnifyaza'''....''ganglionic'' *'''tayibnyan'''....''peduncle'' *'''tayiboex'''....''neurolysis'' *'''tayiboexa'''....''neurolytic'' *'''tayiboya'''....''nerveless'' *'''tayiboyan'''....''nervelessness'' *'''tayiboyegoblen'''....''neurotomy'' *'''tayibtaeba'''....''neuromuscular'' *'''tayibtejtun'''....''neurobiology'' *'''tayibtejtuna'''....''neurobiological'' *'''tayibtejtunay'''....''neurobiologically'' *'''tayibtejtut'''....''neurobiologist'' *'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology'' *'''tayibteptuna'''....''neuropsychological'' *'''tayibteptunay'''....''neuro-psychological'' *'''tayibteptut'''....''neuro-psychologist, neuropsychologist'' *'''tayibtiibilufa'''....''neurovascular'' *'''tayibtun'''....''neurology'' *'''tayibtuna'''....''neurological'' *'''tayibtunay'''....''neurologically'' *'''tayibtut'''....''neurologist'' *'''tayibubar'''....''neurotransmitter'' *'''tayibuea'''....''innervating'' *'''tayibuen'''....''innervation'' *'''tayibuer'''....''innervate'' *'''tayibujnod'''....''synapse'' *'''tayibujnoda'''....''synaptic'' *'''tayibuka'''....''nerveless'' *'''tayibukan'''....''nervelessness'' *'''tayibukay'''....''nervelessly'' *'''tayibyan'''....''nervous system'' *'''tayibyok'''....''neuralgia'' *'''tayibyoka'''....''neuralgic'' *'''teatayibbok'''....''glaucoma'' *'''tyoaba tayib'''....''sciatic nerve'' *'''tyoaba tayibbyok'''....''sciatica'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEB Words ==== : The parts of the head are: :* '''teb'''....''head'' ::* '''teab'''....''eye'' ::* '''teeb'''....''ear'' ::* '''teib'''....''nose'' ::* '''teub'''....''mouth'' ::* '''teob'''....''cheek'' ::* '''teyob'''....''neck'' :::* '''zateyob'''....''throat'' :::* '''zoteyob'''....''nape'' ::* '''teyub'''....''horn'' ::* '''abteb'''....''scalp'' ::* '''yobteb'''....''chin'' ::* '''zateb'''....''forehead'' ::* '''tebzan'''....''face'' : But also some mnemonically derived words: ::* '''tyeb'''....''brain'' ::* '''tyep'''....''intellect'' ::* '''tep'''....''mind'' :::* '''tepier'''....''to take note of'' :::* '''tepuer'''....''to mention, to point out'' ::* '''tes'''....''meaning'' :::* '''teser'''....''to mean'' :::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' ::::* '''testier'''....''to realize'' ::::* '''testuer'''....''to explain'' ::* '''tex'''....''thought'' :::* '''texier'''....''to conceive'' :::* '''texuer'''....''to persuade'' ::::* '''vyatexuer'''....''to convince'' ::::* '''vyotexuer'''....''to deceive'' : Here are words built from the root '''teb''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''teb'''....''head'' :*'''abteb'''....''scalp'' :*'''yobteb'''....''chin'' :*'''zateb'''....''forehead'' :*'''zoteb'''....''occiput, back of the head'' ::*'''zoteba zyub'''....''occipital lobe'' :*'''tebkun'''....''side of the head'' :*'''tebnyem'''....''cranium, skull'' ::* '''tebnyema'''....''cranial'' ::* '''tebnyemsantun'''....''phrenology'' :*'''tebsin'''....''countenance'' :*'''tebzan'''....''face'' :*'''tebuz'''....''crown'' ::*'''eyntebuz'''....''diadem'' ::*'''eyntebuyz'''....''tiara'' :*'''yabteb'''....''brow, forehead'' ::*'''tebzanuer'''....''to face, to confront'' :*'''tyeb'''....''brain'' ::*'''tyeb num'''....''brain cell'' ::*'''tyeb pyaon'''....''brain wave'' ::*'''tyeb zyub'''....''brain lobe'' ::*'''tyeba'''....''cerebral'' :::*'''tyeba oyebmoys'''....''cerebral cortex'' ::*'''tyebib'''....''brain stem'' ::*'''zatyeb'''....''cerebrum'' ::*'''zotyeb'''....''cerebellum'' :*'''tebabun'''....''pate'' :*'''tep'''....''mind'' ::* '''tepa'''....''mental'' :::* '''tepan'''....''mentality'' ::* '''tepier'''....''to take note of'' ::* '''tepuer'''....''to mention, to point out'' ::* '''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' :::* '''tepuzraser'''....''to go crazy'' ::* '''boktepa'''....''mentally ill'' ::* '''teptun'''....''psychology'' ::*'''tyep'''....''intellect'' :::* '''tyepa'''....''intellectual'' ::::* '''gityepa'''....''shrewd, witty, keen'' ::::* '''kotyepa'''....''sly'' ::::* '''kyutyepa'''....''harebrained'' ::::* '''tyepagra'''....''genius'' ::::* '''teypograt'''....''nitwit'' :*'''tex'''....''thought'' ::*'''texer'''....''to think'' :::* '''texier'''....''to conceive'' :::* '''texuer'''....''to persuade'' ::::* '''vyatexuer'''....''to convince'' ::::* '''vyotexuer'''....''to deceive'' :*'''tes'''....''meaning'' ::*'''teser'''....''to mean'' :::*'''tester'''....''to understand'' ::::* '''testier'''....''to realize'' ::::* '''testuer'''....''to explain'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEAB, TEA- , and -EA- Words ==== : The word '''teab''' means ''eye''. Many words are built on this prolific root along with its truncated stub roots '''tea-''' and '''-ea-''': : First off, physical words pertaining to the ''eye'': : The main parts of the eye are: ::* '''teabzyun'''....''eyeball'' ::* '''teabyeg'''....''eye socket'' ::* '''teabab'''....''eyelid'' :::* '''ateabab'''....''upper eyelid'' :::* '''oteabab'''....''lower eyelid'' ::* '''teabyeb'''....''eyelash'' :::* '''ateabyeb'''....''upper eyelash'' :::* '''oteabyeb'''....''lower eyelash'' ::* '''abteabyeb'''....''eyebrow'' ::* '''zateab'''....''cornea'' ::* '''zeteab'''....''pupil'' ::* '''teabnyed'''....''retina'' ::* '''teabil'''....''tear'' : The main things eyes do are: ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' :::* '''teatier'''....''to catch sight of, to perceive'' ::::* '''vyoteatier'''....''to misperceive'' :::* '''teatuer'''....''to show'' :::* '''yonteater'''....''to discern'' :::* '''jateater'''....''to foresee'' :::* '''kyeteater'''....''to happen to see'' :::* '''ojteater'''....''to envisage'' :::* '''oteater'''....''to miss, to fail to see'' :::* '''zyeteater'''....''to see through'' :::* '''eynteater'''....''to barely make out'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' :::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to retrospect'' :::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' :::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to overlook, to supervise'' :::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint'' :::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect'' :::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect'' :::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review'' :::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek'' :::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle'' :::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance'' :::* '''izteaxer'''....''to confront'' :::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview'' :::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review'' :::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan'' :::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance at'' :::* '''koaybteaxer'''....''to surveil'' :::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep'' :::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe'' :::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse'' :::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare'' :::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to auspicate'' :::* '''ubteaxer'''....''to consider'' :::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze'' :::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glower'' :::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to inspect, to check'' :::* '''vyuzteaxer'''....''to leer'' :::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, to ogle'' :::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar, to telescope'' :::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, to pretermit, to overlook'' :::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glimpse'' :::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to gawp, to do a double-take'' :::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry'' :::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to look closely at, to examine'' :::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, to circumspect'' :::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, to confront, to look head on at'' :::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back, to reflect'' :::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all about, to survey'' :::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, to peruse'' :::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint, to peer'' : Also: ::* '''teabyuijer'''....''to blink'' ::* '''teabaxer'''....''to wink, to bat an eye'' ::* '''teabiler'''....''to weep, to lachrimate'' :::* '''teabilier'''....''to tear up'' :::* '''teabiluer'''....''to bring to tears'' ::* '''teabuzyuber'''....''to roll one's eyes'' ::* '''teabeynyujber'''....''to squint'' ::* '''teabixer'''....''to attract'' :::* '''teabixwer'''....''to be attracted'' ::* '''teabsiuner'''....''to wink'' ::* '''teabyexer'''....''to bat an eye, to flirt'' ::* '''teabbexler'''....''to keep an eye on'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abteabyeb'''....''eyebrow'' *'''abteabyexer'''....''frown, furl one's eyebrows'' *'''anteaba'''....''monocular, one-eyed'' *'''anteabar'''....''monocle'' *'''ateabvolzvyon'''....''protanopia'' *'''ateabyeb'''....''upper eyelash'' *'''azteabiler'''....''bawl, sob, wail'' *'''be teabneg'''....''at eye level'' *'''enteabar'''....''binoculars'' *'''giteaba'''....''eagle-eyed, hawk-eyed, keen-eyed, sharp-eyed'' *'''igteabyujer'''....''blink'' *'''ivteabil'''....''tear of joy'' *'''jagteabbok'''....''presbyopia'' *'''kiteaba'''....''epicanthic, slant-eyed'' *'''kyopotteaba'''....''beady-eyed'' *'''mazteaba'''....''bright-eyed'' *'''molzteab'''....''shiner'' *'''molzteaba'''....''black-eyed'' *'''mozteaba'''....''sloe-eyed'' *'''oteabyeb'''....''lower eyelash'' *'''oteabzen'''....''astigmatism'' *'''oteabzena'''....''astigmatic, non-focal'' *'''pitteaba'''....''fish-eyed, walleyed'' *'''teab byus'''....''eye contact'' *'''teab draf'''....''eye chart'' *'''teab malz'''....''white of the eye, whites of the eyes'' *'''teab'''....''eye, oculus'' *'''teaba'''....''eye-related, ocular, ophthalmic, optic'' *'''teabab ambok'''....''sty'' *'''teabab'''....''eyelid'' *'''teababer'''....''blink'' *'''teabar'''....''eyeglass, eyeglasses, glasses, spectacles'' *'''teabarut'''....''optician'' *'''teabaxer'''....''bat an eye, wink'' *'''teabbektyen'''....''optometry'' *'''teabbektyena'''....''optometric'' *'''teabbektyenut'''....''optometrist'' *'''teabbok'''....''ophthalmia'' *'''teabgos'''....''floater'' *'''teabil'''....''tear'' *'''teabiler'''....''cry, shed tears, weep'' *'''teabiles'''....''tear drop'' *'''teabilier'''....''tear up'' *'''teabiluer'''....''bring to tears'' *'''teabiluus'''....''tear-jerker'' *'''teabilzyun'''....''tear drop, teardrop'' *'''teabilzyunuar'''....''eye dropper'' *'''teabix'''....''attraction, visual attraction'' *'''teabixer'''....''visually attract'' *'''teabixyea'''....''conspicuous, egregious'' *'''teabizer'''....''aim'' *'''teabkof'''....''blindfold'' *'''teabkunadbok'''....''conjunctivitis'' *'''teabnyed'''....''retina'' *'''teabnyedbok'''....''retinopathy'' *'''teabober'''....''gouge out one's eyes'' *'''teabofyuja'''....''epicanthic'' *'''teabog'''....''eyelet'' *'''teabovar'''....''eye protector, visor'' *'''teabpixea'''....''eye-catching'' *'''teabtun'''....''ophthalmology'' *'''teabtyen'''....''optics'' *'''teabulza'''....''green-eyed'' *'''teabuzyuber'''....''roll one's eyes'' *'''teabvixul'''....''eye shadow'' *'''teabvos'''....''iris'' *'''teabvyixil'''....''eyewash'' *'''teabyeb'''....''cilia, eyelash'' *'''teabyelzbok'''....''pinkeye'' *'''teabyija'''....''eyes wide open, fully aware, wide-eyed'' *'''teabyuijber'''....''wink'' *'''teabyunxar'''....''sight'' *'''teazexer''''....''to focus'' *'''teabzyaa'''....''wide-eyed'' *'''teabzyeg'''....''eye orbit, eye socket'' *'''teabzyun'''....''eyeball, orb'' *'''tujteaba'''....''sleepy-eyed'' *'''uvteabiler'''....''cry, sob, weep'' *'''vakteabar'''....''goggles'' *'''vyuyteaba'''....''bleary-eyed'' *'''yazteaba'''....''bug-eyed'' *'''yokteabilier'''....''burst into tears'' *'''yolzteaba'''....''blue-eyed'' *'''yuibteabar'''....''bifocals'' *'''zateab'''....''cornea'' *'''zateabmafnod'''....''leucoma'' *'''zeteab'''....''pupil'' *'''zeysteaba'''....''crosseyed'' *'''zyateaba'''....''wide-eyed'' *'''zyeva teab'''....''glass eye'' *'''zyoteaba'''....''squint-eyed, strabismic'' *'''zyuteaba'''....''round-eyed'' </div> {{small/end}} : Now, words related to ''seeing'' with the eye, the principal ones being: ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' :::* '''fyeteater'''....''to fantasize'' :::* '''ojteater'''....''to envisage'' :::* '''teatier'''....''to perceive'' :::* '''teatuer'''....''to show, to demonstrate'' :::* '''teatyaf'''....''eyesight, vision'' :::* '''teatyofa'''....''blind'' ::::* '''teatyofxer'''....''to blind'' ::* '''teaser'''....''to seem, to appear'' ::* '''teasier'''....''to come into view, to show up'' :::* '''gelteaser'''....''to ressemble'' ::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' :::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch'' ::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' ::* '''teader'''....''to witness, to testify'' ::* '''teazexer'''....''to focus'' ::* '''teazuer'''....''to amaze'' ::* '''tepeazer'''....''to imagine'' ::* '''tujeazer'''....''to dream'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aateatwa'''....''first-seen'' *'''abteaxer'''....''overlook'' *'''aglateatbok'''....''macropsia'' *'''aglateaxara'''....''macroscopic'' *'''aglateaxen'''....''macroscopy'' *'''Ajna Fyatead'''....''Old Testament'' *'''ajteax'''....''retrospect, retrospective'' *'''ajteaxea'''....''retrospective'' *'''ajteaxeay'''....''retrospectively'' *'''ajteaxen'''....''retrospection'' *'''ajteaxer'''....''retrospect'' *'''alpkaxen teaxar'''....''radar scope'' *'''alpkaxen yibteaxir'''....''radar telescope'' *'''apeteaxuen'''....''dressage'' *'''aybteas'''....''overview, survey, synopsis'' *'''aybteasa'''....''synoptic, synoptical'' *'''aybteasdid'''....''survey'' *'''aybteasdiden'''....''surveying'' *'''aybteasdider'''....''conduct a survey, do a survey'' *'''aybteasdidier'''....''take a survey'' *'''aybteasdidiut'''....''survey-taker'' *'''aybteasdiduen'''....''giving a survey'' *'''aybteasdiduer'''....''give a survey'' *'''aybteasdiduut'''....''survey-giver, surveyor'' *'''aybteasdidwa'''....''surveyed'' *'''aybteax'''....''oversight, overview, survey'' *'''aybteaxea'''....''overlooking, overseeing, supervising'' *'''aybteaxen'''....''invigilation, overseeing, superintendence, supervising, supervision, watching over'' *'''aybteaxena'''....''supervisory'' *'''aybteaxer'''....''invigilate, oversee, superintend, supervise'' *'''aybteaxut'''....''intendant, invigilator, overseer, superintendent, supervisor'' *'''aybteaxutan'''....''superintendency'' *'''aybteaxwa'''....''overseen, supervised'' *'''baktean'''....''health awareness, health consciousness'' *'''be ijna igteat'''....''at first blush, at first glance'' *'''be ijna teat'''....''at first sight'' *'''be teaxuyea if'''....''in flagrante delicto'' *'''be yogteasi'''....''snatchy'' *'''bekteap'''....''checkup'' *'''bi hyua teasgun'''....''from another perspective, on the other hand'' *'''bi oujyena teatyen'''....''imperfective'' *'''bixpurteaxut'''....''anorak'' *'''bookteasa'''....''haggard'' *'''bookteasan'''....''haggardness'' *'''bookteasay'''....''haggardly'' *'''dezekut teas'''....''curtain-call'' *'''dezteaxun'''....''show, spectacle, theatrical show'' *'''dezteaxut'''....''spectator, theater spectator'' *'''dodutteaxut'''....''flasher'' *'''dota abteaxut'''....''chaperon'' *'''dota abteaxutyan'''....''chaperonage'' *'''dota abteaxuyt'''....''chaperone'' *'''dotay abteaxwa'''....''chaperoned'' *'''doteada'''....''notarial'' *'''doteaden'''....''notarization, notarizing'' *'''doteader'''....''notarize'' *'''doteadut'''....''notary'' *'''doteadwa'''....''notarized'' *'''dresiynteatuar'''....''charactron'' *'''ebteaxer'''....''look between'' *'''Ejna Fyatead'''....''New Testament'' *'''ennagteaxa'''....''stereoscopic'' *'''ennagteaxar'''....''stereoscope'' *'''enteazexa'''....''bifocal'' *'''enteazexar'''....''bifocals'' *'''enyibteaxar'''....''binoculars'' *'''Et tease trawa bu at.'''....''You look familiar to me.'' *'''eynteaten'''....''glimpsing, making out'' *'''eynteater'''....''glimpse, make out'' *'''eynteatwa'''....''glimpsed, made out'' *'''eynteatyofa'''....''purblind'' *'''eynteaxen'''....''squinting'' *'''eynteaxer'''....''squint'' *'''eynzyeteasa'''....''semitransparent'' *'''eynzyeteatuwa'''....''semi-opaque'' *'''finteatuyea duz'''....''toccata'' *'''fitean'''....''expertise, expertness'' *'''fiteapya'''....''well-attended'' *'''fiteas nod'''....''vantage point'' *'''fiteas'''....''nice appearance, vantage'' *'''fiteasa'''....''good-looking, handsome, nice-looking'' *'''fiteasea'''....''good-looking, handsome, nice-looking'' *'''fiteaser'''....''look good'' *'''fiteat'''....''keen sight'' *'''fiteater'''....''see keenly, see well'' *'''fiteay'''....''expertly'' *'''fiteazexwa'''....''well-focused'' *'''fiyuzteaxpurwa'''....''well-patrolled'' *'''fizteaxer'''....''look up to'' *'''fluzteax'''....''disrespect'' *'''fluzteaxen'''....''disrespecting'' *'''fluzteaxer'''....''disrespect'' *'''fluzteaxwa'''....''disrespected'' *'''frutipteax'''....''tantrum'' *'''futeapibyuj'''....''overbite'' *'''futeasa'''....''hard-to-see, obscure'' *'''futeasan'''....''obscurity'' *'''futeasaxer'''....''obscure'' *'''futeasaxwa'''....''obscured'' *'''futeasea'''....''bad-looking'' *'''futeat'''....''bad vision, poor sight'' *'''futeata'''....''poor-sighted'' *'''futeater'''....''see poorly'' *'''futeax'''....''contempt'' *'''futeaxea'''....''contemptuous'' *'''futeaxean'''....''contemptuousness'' *'''futeaxeay'''....''contemptuously'' *'''futeaxen'''....''expostulation'' *'''futeaxer'''....''expostulate'' *'''futeaxyefwa'''....''contemptible'' *'''futeaxyefway'''....''contemptibly'' *'''futeazexwa'''....''ill-focused'' *'''fuzteaxer'''....''look down at'' *'''fyatead'''....''gospel, holy witnessing, testament'' *'''fyateada'''....''testamentary'' *'''fyateader'''....''give holy testimony, preach, spread the gospel'' *'''fyateadut'''....''holy witness, preacher, spreader of the gospel'' *'''fyateadyan'''....''gospels, hadith'' *'''fyateaz'''....''miracle, thaumaturgy'' *'''fyateaza'''....''miraculous, thaumaturgical'' *'''fyateazay'''....''miraculously'' *'''fyateazen'''....''thaumaturgy'' *'''fyateazena'''....''thaumaturgical'' *'''fyateazer'''....''perform a miracle'' *'''fyateazun'''....''miracle'' *'''fyateazuna'''....''miraculous'' *'''fyateazunxer'''....''work a miracle'' *'''fyateazunxut'''....''miracle-worker'' *'''fyateazut'''....''thaumaturge, thaumaturgist'' *'''fyavyadwa tead'''....''sworn testimony'' *'''fyoteasa'''....''sinister'' *'''fyoteasay'''....''sinisterly'' *'''fyteaza'''....''thaumaturgic'' *'''gaaybteaxer'''....''resurvey'' *'''gateasa'''....''reappeared'' *'''gateasea'''....''reappearing'' *'''gateasen'''....''reappearance, reappearing'' *'''gateaser'''....''reappear'' *'''gateatuer'''....''reshow'' *'''gateax'''....''review'' *'''gateaxuer'''....''reshow'' *'''gateaxut'''....''reviewer'' *'''gateaxwa'''....''reflected, reviewed'' *'''gateazexen'''....''re-focusing'' *'''gateazexer'''....''re-focus, refocus'' *'''gateazexwa'''....''refocused'' *'''gayubteaxea'''....''reexamining'' *'''gayubteaxen'''....''reexamination, reexamining'' *'''gayubteaxer'''....''reexamine'' *'''gayubteaxwa'''....''reexamined'' *'''gelteas'''....''resemblance'' *'''gelteasat'''....''lookalike'' *'''gelteasea'''....''resembling, resembling'' *'''gelteasen'''....''resembling'' *'''gelteaser'''....''look alike, look like, look similar, resemble, resemble'' *'''geylteasea'''....''similar in appearance'' *'''giteasa'''....''sharp-sighted'' *'''giteat'''....''keen sight'' *'''giteata'''....''keen-sighted'' *'''giteatan'''....''keenness'' *'''giteatiyea'''....''perspicacious'' *'''giteatiyean'''....''perspicacity'' *'''giteatiyeay'''....''perspicaciously'' *'''glasteat'''....''cognoscente'' *'''glatean'''....''knowledgeableness'' *'''glateapen'''....''frequenting'' *'''glateaper'''....''frequent'' *'''glateaput'''....''frequenter'' *'''glateapya'''....''frequented'' *'''glateasgona'''....''multi-aspect'' *'''gloteatwa'''....''little-seen, not-often-seen'' *'''gra teatyikwa'''....''oversubtle'' *'''granoxteazun'''....''extravaganza'' *'''grateatwas'''....''eyeful'' *'''gratijtean'''....''hyper-consciousness'' *'''hyastean'''....''omniscience'' *'''hyasteat'''....''omniscient person'' *'''hyasteaxuea'''....''hardcore'' *'''hyasteay'''....''omnisciently'' *'''hyostean'''....''ignorance'' *'''hyosteat'''....''nitwit'' *'''hyuitteaxer'''....''look at one another'' *'''hyuityegteater'''....''see one another again'' *'''hyuteasea'''....''different-looking'' *'''hyuteaser'''....''look different'' *'''ibteaxea'''....''nonchalant'' *'''ibteaxeay'''....''nonchalantly'' *'''ibteaxen'''....''ignoring, looking away, nonchalance'' *'''ibteaxer'''....''ignore, look away'' *'''ifteaxen'''....''ogling'' *'''ifteaxer'''....''ogle'' *'''ifteaxin'''....''voyeurism'' *'''ifteaxina'''....''voyeuristic'' *'''ifteaxut'''....''ogler, voyeur'' *'''igteas'''....''cameo'' *'''igteax'''....''eyebeam, glance, glimpse, quick look'' *'''igteaxen'''....''glancing, glimpsing'' *'''igteaxer'''....''glance, glimpse'' *'''igteaxwa'''....''glimpsed'' *'''ijteasen'''....''sprouting'' *'''ijteaser'''....''sprout'' *'''ijteasya'''....''sprouted'' *'''ijteatien'''....''distinguishing, recognition'' *'''ijteatier'''....''begin to make out, discern, distinguish, recognize'' *'''ijteatiwa'''....''discerned'' *'''ijteatiyaf'''....''discernment'' *'''ijteatiyafwa'''....''discernible'' *'''ijteatiyafwan'''....''discernibility'' *'''ijteatiyafway'''....''discernibly'' *'''ijteatiyea'''....''discerning'' *'''ijteatiyeay'''....''discerningly'' *'''ikteas'''....''panorama'' *'''ikteasa sin'''....''panoramic view'' *'''ikteasa'''....''panoramic'' *'''ikteaxea'''....''contemplative'' *'''ikteaxen'''....''contemplation'' *'''ikteaxer'''....''contemplate'' *'''ikteaxwa'''....''contemplated'' *'''ikxer aybteasdid'''....''complete a survey, fill out a survey'' *'''iteat'''....''major archbishop'' *'''izteas'''....''line of sight, straight-shot view'' *'''izteatuen'''....''indication, pointing out'' *'''izteatuer'''....''indicate, point out'' *'''izteatuwa'''....''indicated, pointed out'' *'''izteatuyea'''....''indicative'' *'''izteaxen'''....''aiming, looking at direction'' *'''izteaxer'''....''aim, look at directly'' *'''izteaxun'''....''aim'' *'''izteaxwa'''....''aimed'' *'''jaghyasteat'''....''whippersnapper'' *'''jaigteax'''....''foreglimpse'' *'''jatean'''....''prescience'' *'''jateas'''....''prevision'' *'''jateat'''....''foresight, providence'' *'''jateata'''....''providential'' *'''jateatay'''....''providentially'' *'''jateatea'''....''clairvoyant, provident'' *'''jateatean'''....''clairvoyance'' *'''jateateat'''....''clairvoyant'' *'''jateateay'''....''clairvoyantly'' *'''jateater'''....''foresee'' *'''jateatut'''....''foreseer'' *'''jateatwa'''....''foreseen'' *'''jateatyafwa'''....''foreseeable'' *'''jateax'''....''preview'' *'''jateaxen'''....''previewing'' *'''jateaxer'''....''preview'' *'''jateaxut'''....''previewer'' *'''jateaxwa'''....''previewed'' *'''jateay'''....''presciently, providently'' *'''jeeba teaput'''....''summer visitor'' *'''jeteax'''....''observance, vigil, wake, watch'' *'''jeteaxen'''....''observation, observing, watching'' *'''jeteaxena'''....''observational'' *'''jeteaxenay'''....''observationally'' *'''jeteaxer'''....''observe, watch'' *'''jeteaxut'''....''bystander, observer, watcher'' *'''jeteaxwa'''....''watched over'' *'''jeteaxyafwa'''....''observable'' *'''jeteaxyafway'''....''observably'' *'''jeteaxyea'''....''observant, vigilant, watchful'' *'''jeteaxyean'''....''vigilance, watchfulness'' *'''jeteaxyeay'''....''observantly, watchfully'' *'''joteat'''....''hindsight'' *'''joteax'''....''post-review'' *'''joteaxen'''....''reviewing'' *'''joteaxer'''....''review'' *'''joteaxut'''....''reviewer'' *'''joteaxwa'''....''reviewed'' *'''Ju van yat hyuityegteatwo!'''....''Until we see one another again!'' *'''Ju yata yegteat'''....''Until we see one another again'' *'''Ju yegteat!'''....''Au revoir!'' *'''ju yegteat'''....''au revoir'' *'''jwobir kyoteaxut'''....''clock watcher'' *'''jwobirteaxut'''....''clock-watcher, clockwatcher'' *'''kateaxer'''....''find, locate'' *'''keteax'''....''scan'' *'''keteaxar'''....''scanner'' *'''keteaxer'''....''scan for'' *'''keteaxun'''....''scan'' *'''kexunteaxar'''....''scope'' *'''kexunteaxen'''....''scoping'' *'''kexunteaxwa'''....''scoped'' *'''kiteatay'''....''keenly'' *'''kiteaxen'''....''looking askance at'' *'''kiteaxer'''....''look askance at'' *'''koteasyen'''....''guise'' *'''koteatyofwasen'''....''decampment'' *'''koteatyofwaser'''....''decamp'' *'''koteatzyeg'''....''peephole'' *'''koteaxen'''....''espionage, peeking, sneaking, spying'' *'''koteaxer'''....''peek, sneak a look, spy'' *'''koteaxlen'''....''peeping'' *'''koteaxler'''....''peep'' *'''koteaxlut'''....''peeper, peeping tom'' *'''koteaxut'''....''peeker, sneaker, spy'' *'''kozyeteaxen'''....''peeping'' *'''kozyeteaxer'''....''peep'' *'''kozyeteaxut'''....''peeper'' *'''kozyoteaxer'''....''peer'' *'''kuteas'''....''profile, sideview'' *'''kuteatyofxar'''....''winker'' *'''kuteax bem'''....''observation post'' *'''kuteax yabtom'''....''observation tower'' *'''kuteax'''....''observance'' *'''kuteaxen'''....''observation, observing'' *'''kuteaxena'''....''observational'' *'''kuteaxenay'''....''observationally'' *'''kuteaxer'''....''observe'' *'''kuteaxut'''....''bystander, observer'' *'''kuteaxwa'''....''observed'' *'''kuteaxyafwa'''....''observable'' *'''kuteaxyafway'''....''observably'' *'''kuteaxyea'''....''observant'' *'''kuteaxyeay'''....''observantly'' *'''kuteaxyofwa'''....''unobservable'' *'''kyavolzteatar'''....''kaleidoscope'' *'''kyavolzteatara'''....''kaleidoscopic'' *'''kyavolzteataray'''....''kaleidoscopically'' *'''kyeojteay'''....''presciently'' *'''kyeteaten'''....''noticing'' *'''kyeteater'''....''happen to see, notice'' *'''kyeteatwa'''....''noticed'' *'''kyeteaxar'''....''browser'' *'''kyeteaxen'''....''browsing'' *'''kyeteaxer'''....''browse'' *'''kyoteaxen'''....''fixing one's eyes on, glaring, staring'' *'''kyoteaxer'''....''glare, glom, keep one's eyes fixed on, stare at, train one's eye on'' *'''kyoteaxun'''....''aim, object of attention'' *'''kyoteaxut'''....''rubbernecker'' *'''logelteasea'''....''different-looking'' *'''maarteaxar'''....''helioscope'' *'''magteaz'''....''pyrotechny'' *'''magteazun'''....''firework'' *'''magteazuna'''....''pyrotechnic, pyrotechnical'' *'''magteazuni'''....''fireworks, pyrotechnics'' *'''makteaxar'''....''electroscope'' *'''makteaxara'''....''electroscopic'' *'''mamteas'''....''bird's-eye view'' *'''mansin gwogteaxaren'''....''photomicrography'' *'''manteazun'''....''glitz'' *'''manteazunaya'''....''glitzy'' *'''manteazunika'''....''glitzy'' *'''marteaxam'''....''observatory'' *'''marteaxen'''....''star-gazing'' *'''marteaxer'''....''gaze at the stars, stargaze'' *'''marteaxut'''....''stargazer'' *'''mepteaxea mar'''....''lodestar'' *'''mepteaxuer'''....''guide'' *'''mepteaxuus'''....''guide, guidebook'' *'''mepteaxuwa'''....''guided'' *'''merteaxam'''....''planetarium'' *'''mialteaxar'''....''hygroscope'' *'''mialteaxara'''....''hygroscopic'' *'''mirteasyen'''....''Weltanschau, world view'' *'''moteata'''....''dim-sighted'' *'''muarteas'''....''moonscape'' *'''nabyanteaxar'''....''spectroscope'' *'''nabyanteaxara'''....''spectroscopic'' *'''nabyanteaxaren'''....''spectroscopy'' *'''nunteatuem'''....''merchandise display'' *'''oabteaxwa dotay'''....''unchaperoned'' *'''oaybteaxwa'''....''unsupervised'' *'''ofavyatean'''....''unfaithfulness'' *'''ofiteay'''....''inexpertly'' *'''oglateapya'''....''unfrequented'' *'''oglateaxar'''....''microscope'' *'''oglateaxara'''....''microscopical'' *'''oglateaxaray'''....''microscopically'' *'''oglateaxaren'''....''microscopy'' *'''oglateaxarer'''....''examine by microscope, train a microscope on'' *'''oglateaxarwa mansin'''....''photomicrograph'' *'''ogteasaxea'''....''overshadowing'' *'''ogteasaxer'''....''overshadow'' *'''ogteasaxwa'''....''overshadowed'' *'''ojaateatwa'''....''never-before-seen'' *'''ojateatwa'''....''groundbreaking, unforeseen'' *'''ojateatwas'''....''something unforeseen'' *'''ojateatyafwa'''....''unforeseeable'' *'''ojteadena'''....''pythonic'' *'''ojtean'''....''foresightedness'' *'''ojteas'''....''prospect, prospects'' *'''ojteasa'''....''prospective'' *'''ojteasay'''....''prospectively'' *'''ojteater'''....''envision, see into the future'' *'''ojteatut'''....''seer, visionary'' *'''ojteatuta zyun'''....''crystal ball'' *'''ojteatwas'''....''future vision'' *'''ojteaxea'''....''expectant'' *'''ojteaxeay'''....''expectantly'' *'''ojteaxen'''....''expectation, future gazing, peering into the future'' *'''ojteaxer'''....''expect, peer into the future'' *'''ojteaxwa'''....''expected'' *'''ojteaxway'''....''expectedly'' *'''okuteaxwa'''....''unobserved'' *'''okuteaxyea'''....''unobservant'' *'''okyeteatwa'''....''unnoticed'' *'''onaxtean'''....''ingratitude'' *'''otayotean'''....''numbness'' *'''oteagixwa'''....''unfocused'' *'''oteabexlawa'''....''unguarded, unmonitored'' *'''oteabiwa'''....''unconsidered'' *'''oteabixea tob'''....''unattractive person'' *'''oteabixea'''....''unappealing, unattractive'' *'''oteabixean'''....''unattractiveness'' *'''oteabixeay'''....''unappealingly'' *'''oteabixyea'''....''inconspicuous'' *'''oteabixyean'''....''inconspicuousness'' *'''oteabixyeay'''....''inconspicuously'' *'''oteabiyea'''....''inconsiderate'' *'''oteabiyean'''....''inconsiderateness'' *'''oteabiyeay'''....''inconsiderately'' *'''oteabizwa'''....''unfocused'' *'''otean'''....''ignorance, unawareness'' *'''oteasea'''....''unapparent'' *'''oteasen'''....''nonappearance'' *'''oteat'''....''ignorant person'' *'''oteatea'''....''unseeing'' *'''oteateay'''....''unseeingly'' *'''oteater'''....''overslip'' *'''oteatiwa'''....''unnoticed, unperceived'' *'''oteatiyea'''....''unperceptive'' *'''oteatwa'''....''unseen'' *'''oteatwas'''....''something unseen'' *'''oteatzenbwa'''....''unfocused'' *'''oteaxer'''....''pretermit'' *'''oteaxiyea'''....''unobservant'' *'''oteaxuwa'''....''unshown'' *'''oteaxuyea'''....''unspectacular'' *'''oteaxwa'''....''unregarded'' *'''oteay'''....''ignorantly, unknowingly, unwittingly'' *'''oteaza'''....''unremarkable'' *'''oteazexwa'''....''out of focus, unfocused'' *'''oteazika'''....''unspectacular'' *'''otesteay'''....''uncomprehendingly'' *'''otijtean'''....''unawareness'' *'''ovyamteasea'''....''fake-looking, illusory'' *'''ovyamteater'''....''have illusions'' *'''ovyatean'''....''imprudence, lack of wisdom'' *'''ovyateay'''....''uninsightfully, unwisely'' *'''oybgwogteaxara'''....''submicroscopic'' *'''oyebteas'''....''outward appearance'' *'''oyebteaxer'''....''look out'' *'''oyebteaxuea'''....''manifesting'' *'''oyebteaxuen'''....''manifestation, manifesting'' *'''oyebteaxuer'''....''manifest'' *'''oyebteaxuwa'''....''manifested'' *'''oyebteaxuwer'''....''manifest itself'' *'''oyuxwa teat'''....''naked eye, unaided vision'' *'''pansin jateax'''....''trailer'' *'''pat teatwas'''....''bird's eye view'' *'''pat teaxen'''....''bird watching'' *'''pat teaxut'''....''bird watcher'' *'''patteaxut'''....''birder, birdwatcher'' *'''per teasteaten'''....''go sightseeing'' *'''pyaonteaxar'''....''oscilloscope'' *'''seuxteaxar'''....''sonogram'' *'''tabteax'''....''autopsy'' *'''tabteaxer'''....''autopsy, do an autopsy'' *'''tabteaxwa'''....''autopsied'' *'''talabteaxa'''....''arthroscopic'' *'''talabteaxar'''....''arthroscope'' *'''tamsonabteaxut'''....''chamberlain'' *'''tea pitpixut'''....''sharpie, sharpy'' *'''teabexlar'''....''monitor'' *'''teabexlawa'''....''guarded, monitored, watched'' *'''teabexlen'''....''guarding, keeping an eye on, monitoring, watching'' *'''teabexler'''....''guard, keep an eye on, monitor, watch'' *'''teabexlun job'''....''vigil, watch'' *'''teabexlun yabtom'''....''guard tower, watch tower'' *'''teabexlun'''....''guard, wake'' *'''teabexlut'''....''guard, guardian, monitor'' *'''teabexlutan'''....''guardianship'' *'''teabexlutum'''....''guard booth, guard post, guard booth'' *'''teaden'''....''testification, testifying, testimony, witnessing'' *'''teader'''....''testify, witness'' *'''teadeyn'''....''testimonial, eyewitness account'' *'''teadun'''....''testimony'' *'''teadut'''....''eyewitness, testifier, witness'' *'''teadutduden'''....''recross'' *'''teadutsim'''....''witness box, witness chair'' *'''teadwa'''....''testified, witnessed'' *'''teadwas'''....''eyewitness account, testimony'' *'''teadyafwa'''....''testifiable'' *'''teadyafway'''....''testifiably'' *'''teadyof'''....''misprision'' *'''teaf'''....''blinder'' *'''teagia'''....''sharp'' *'''teagian'''....''visual sharpness'' *'''teagixer'''....''sharpen'' *'''teagixwa'''....''in focus'' *'''teagua'''....''fuzzy, out of focus'' *'''teaguan'''....''dullness, fuzziness, lack of focus'' *'''teaguxwa'''....''fuzzied'' *'''teakaxen'''....''spotting'' *'''teakaxer'''....''spot'' *'''teakaxut'''....''spotter'' *'''teakaxwa'''....''spotted'' *'''teakyax'''....''parallax'' *'''teakyes'''....''phenomenon'' *'''teakyesa'''....''phenomenal'' *'''teakyesay'''....''phenomenally'' *'''teakyestun'''....''phenomenology'' *'''teakyestuna'''....''phenomenological'' *'''teakyestunay'''....''phenomenologically'' *'''teamalz'''....''white of the eye'' *'''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' *'''teamelza'''....''brown-eyed'' *'''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' *'''teamelzat'''....''brown-eyed person'' *'''teamolz'''....''black eye'' *'''teamolz'''....''black-eye'' *'''teamolza'''....''black-eyed'' *'''teamolzier'''....''get a black eye'' *'''teamolzuer'''....''give a black eye to'' *'''tean'''....''awareness'' *'''teap'''....''visit'' *'''teapem'''....''stopover'' *'''teapen'''....''visitation, visiting'' *'''teaper baktut'''....''consult a doctor'' *'''teaper'''....''drop by, drop in, drop over, go see, visit'' *'''teapim'''....''visiting room'' *'''teapixea'''....''eye-catching'' *'''teapixer'''....''be noticed, catch the eye'' *'''teapopen'''....''sight-seeing, sightseeing'' *'''teapoper'''....''sight-see'' *'''teapoput'''....''sight-seer, sightseer'' *'''teaput'''....''visitant, visitor'' *'''teapwem'''....''port of call'' *'''teapya midom'''....''port of call'' *'''teapya'''....''visited'' *'''teapyefwa'''....''worth visiting'' *'''teas yegvixen'''....''facelift'' *'''teas'''....''appearance, aspect, sight, view'' *'''teasa'''....''aspectual, visual'' *'''teasdyeer'''....''sightread'' *'''teasea'''....''apparent, appearing, seeming'' *'''teaseay'''....''apparently, seemingly'' *'''teaser'''....''appear, look like, seem'' *'''teasgon'''....''feature'' *'''teasgonoya'''....''featureless'' *'''teasgonuka'''....''featureless'' *'''teasgun'''....''aspect, perspective, standpoint'' *'''teasguna'''....''aspectual'' *'''teasien'''....''appearance'' *'''teasier be dezyem'''....''appear on the stage'' *'''teasier'''....''come into view, appear'' *'''teasifwa'''....''fetching'' *'''teasin'''....''scene, sight, view, vista'' *'''teasina'''....''scenic'' *'''teasinay'''....''scenically'' *'''teasinyan'''....''scenery'' *'''teaskovyoxen'''....''camouflage, camouflaging'' *'''teaskovyoxer'''....''camouflage'' *'''teaskovyoxun'''....''camouflage'' *'''teaskovyoxwa'''....''camouflaged'' *'''teasnabyan'''....''visual spectrum'' *'''teasnod'''....''standpoint'' *'''teasoya'''....''viewless'' *'''teasuer'''....''afford a view, present'' *'''teasuka'''....''viewless'' *'''teasvyoxen'''....''dissimulation'' *'''teasvyoxer'''....''dissimulate'' *'''teasvyoxut'''....''dissimulator'' *'''teasvyoxwa'''....''dissimulated'' *'''teasyen'''....''aspect, guise, semblance'' *'''teasyena'''....''aspectual'' *'''teasyuibar'''....''zoom'' *'''teasyuiben'''....''zoom, zooming'' *'''teasyuiber'''....''zoom'' *'''teat'''....''sight, vision, vista'' *'''teata'''....''optical, visional, visual'' *'''teatar'''....''eyepiece'' *'''teatay'''....''visually'' *'''teatayibbok'''....''glaucoma'' *'''teatea'''....''seeing, viewing'' *'''teaten'''....''seeing, sighting, viewing'' *'''teater'''....''descry, see, view'' *'''teatgun'''....''opinion, perspective, viewpoint'' *'''teatiea'''....''perceiving'' *'''teatien'''....''apparition, appearance, appearing, noticing, noting, perceiving, perception'' *'''teatiena'''....''perceptional'' *'''teatier'''....''catch sight of, espy, notice, perceive'' *'''teatiut'''....''perceiver'' *'''teatiwa'''....''noticed, perceived'' *'''teatiyafwa'''....''noticeable, perceivable, perceptible'' *'''teatiyafwan'''....''perceptibly'' *'''teatiyafway'''....''noticeably, perceivably'' *'''teatiyea'''....''perceptive, percipient'' *'''teatiyean'''....''perceptiveness, percipience'' *'''teatiyikwa'''....''faint'' *'''teatiyofa'''....''imperceptive'' *'''teatiyofwa'''....''imperceivable, imperceptible, unnoticeable'' *'''teatiyofwan'''....''imperceptibility'' *'''teatiyofway'''....''imperceptibly'' *'''teatizon'''....''perspective, viewing direction'' *'''teatkin'''....''opinion, viewpoint'' *'''teatmis'''....''viewport'' *'''teatnad'''....''line of sight, vista'' *'''teatnazea'''....''worth seeing'' *'''teatnig'''....''eyeshot, field of view, viewing range'' *'''teatnod'''....''perspective'' *'''teatos'''....''sense of sight'' *'''teatpuxar'''....''diascope'' *'''teatu'''....''qv'' *'''teatuar'''....''index'' *'''teatuem'''....''exhibition site'' *'''teatuen'''....''demo, demonstration, display, displaying, exhibit, exhibiting, exhibition, show, showing'' *'''teatuena'''....''indexical'' *'''teatuer'''....''demonstrate, display, evince, exhibit, let see, run by, show'' *'''teatunyem'''....''diorama'' *'''teatut'''....''eyer'' *'''teatuun'''....''muster'' *'''teatuut'''....''demonstrator, exhibitioner, exhibitor'' *'''teatuwa'''....''demonstrated, displayed, exhibited, shown'' *'''teatuxyea nyaz'''....''bling'' *'''teatuyafwa'''....''demonstrable'' *'''teatuyafwan'''....''demonstrability'' *'''teatuyafway'''....''demonstrably'' *'''teatuyea'''....''demonstrative'' *'''teatuyean'''....''demonstrativeness'' *'''teatuyeay'''....''demonstratively'' *'''teatuyefas'''....''showpiece'' *'''teatuyofwa'''....''indemonstrable'' *'''teatwa'''....''seen, viewed'' *'''teatwas'''....''sight, something seen'' *'''teatwer'''....''be seen, be viewed'' *'''teatyaf'''....''ability to see, eyesight, sight, vision'' *'''teatyafa'''....''able to see, sighted'' *'''teatyafan'''....''sightfulness'' *'''teatyafat'''....''seeing person, sighted person'' *'''teatyafwa ayb ha memnad je yuzpen'''....''circumpolar'' *'''teatyafwa'''....''evident, manifest, visible'' *'''teatyafwan'''....''evidence, visibility'' *'''teatyafwaxen'''....''exposing, exposure, making visible'' *'''teatyafwaxer'''....''expose, make visible'' *'''teatyafwaxwa'''....''exposed, made visible'' *'''teatyafway'''....''manifestly, visibly'' *'''teatyen'''....''outlook'' *'''teatyiban'''....''range of vision, visual distance'' *'''teatyika'''....''nearly blind, sight-impaired'' *'''teatyikwa'''....''hard to see, obscure'' *'''teatyikwan'''....''difficulty to see'' *'''teatyikwaxen'''....''obscuring'' *'''teatyikwaxer'''....''obscure'' *'''teatyikwaxwa'''....''obscured'' *'''teatyof'''....''blindness, inability to see'' *'''teatyofa'''....''blind, sightless, unsighted'' *'''teatyofan'''....''blindness'' *'''teatyofat'''....''blind person'' *'''teatyofay'''....''blindly'' *'''teatyofer'''....''be blind'' *'''teatyofsea'''....''disappearing, going blind'' *'''teatyofsen'''....''disappearance'' *'''teatyofser'''....''become unable to see, go blind'' *'''teatyofvabien'''....''superstition'' *'''teatyofvabiyea'''....''superstitious'' *'''teatyofwa kum'''....''blindside'' *'''teatyofwa'''....''invisible'' *'''teatyofwan'''....''invisibility'' *'''teatyofwaser'''....''disappear'' *'''teatyofway'''....''invisibly'' *'''teatyofxar'''....''blinder'' *'''teatyofxea mapil'''....''whiteout'' *'''teatyofxea'''....''blinding'' *'''teatyofxeay'''....''blindingly'' *'''teatyofxer'''....''blind'' *'''teatyofxwa'''....''blinded, disappeared'' *'''teatyofxwat'''....''disappeared person'' *'''teatyofxwaxer'''....''make disappear'' *'''teatyofxwaxwat'''....''desaparecido'' *'''teatyuka'''....''obvious'' *'''teatyukan'''....''obviousness'' *'''teatyukay'''....''obviously'' *'''teatyukwa'''....''clear, glaring, sightly, evident'' *'''teatyukwan'''....''clearness'' *'''teatyukwas'''....''evidence'' *'''teatyukwaser'''....''become evident'' *'''teatyukway'''....''evidently, glaringly'' *'''teatzyeg'''....''peephole'' *'''teatzyegdez'''....''peepshow'' *'''teav'''....''blindfold'' *'''teaves'''....''eye patch'' *'''teavolz'''....''eye color'' *'''teavolzil'''....''eyeliner'' *'''teavuer'''....''blindfold'' *'''teax'''....''look, regard'' *'''teaxam'''....''theater'' *'''teaxar'''....''viewing device'' *'''teaxem'''....''arena'' *'''teaxen'''....''beholding, looking, observation, viewing'' *'''teaxer yibsin'''....''watch t.v.'' *'''teaxer'''....''behold, eye, look at, regard, view'' *'''teaxgun'''....''viewing angle'' *'''teaxien'''....''observance, observation, observing, watching'' *'''teaxier'''....''look at, observe, take in, watch'' *'''teaxim'''....''theater, viewing room'' *'''teaxiut'''....''observer, watcher'' *'''teaxiwa'''....''observed'' *'''teaxiyea'''....''observant'' *'''teaxiyeay'''....''observantly'' *'''teaxlawa'''....''watched'' *'''teaxlea'''....''watching'' *'''teaxlen'''....''watching'' *'''teaxler'''....''watch'' *'''teaxlut'''....''watcher'' *'''teaxnod'''....''outlook'' *'''teaxtyoper'''....''sashay'' *'''teaxu'''....''lo'' *'''teaxuar'''....''pointer'' *'''teaxuen'''....''spectacle'' *'''teaxuena'''....''spectacular'' *'''teaxuer'''....''show'' *'''teaxut'''....''beholder, looker, observer, viewer, watcher'' *'''teaxutyan'''....''viewing audience'' *'''teaxuun'''....''show, spectacle'' *'''teaxuunpoxus'''....''show-stopper'' *'''teaxuutyen'''....''showmanship'' *'''teaxuwa'''....''shown'' *'''teaxuyea'''....''flagrant, flashy, ostentatious, showy, specatacular'' *'''teaxuyean'''....''flagrance, flagrancy, ostentation, showiness'' *'''teaxuyeay'''....''flagrantly, ostentatiously, showily'' *'''teaxwa'''....''regarded, viewed'' *'''teaxyafwa'''....''viewable'' *'''teaxyeyfwa'''....''outstanding'' *'''teaxyikwa'''....''unsightly'' *'''teaxyikwan'''....''unsightliness'' *'''teaxzyefyem'''....''showcase'' *'''teay'''....''knowingly, wittingly'' *'''teayofwaxer'''....''make invisible'' *'''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' *'''teayolzat'''....''blue-eyed person'' *'''teaz'''....''awe, dazzle, marvel, spectacle, wonder'' *'''teaza'''....''geegaw'' *'''teazaya'''....''marvelous, remarkable, showy, spectacular, wondrous'' *'''teazayan'''....''showiness, wondrousness'' *'''teazdalea'''....''grandiloquent'' *'''teazdalean'''....''grandiloquence'' *'''teazdat'''....''backslapper'' *'''teazdatsen'''....''backslapping'' *'''teazek'''....''geegaw'' *'''teazen'''....''aim, bullseye, focus'' *'''teazena nod'''....''focal point'' *'''teazena'''....''focal'' *'''teazev'''....''lens'' *'''teazexar'''....''focus mechanism'' *'''teazexen'''....''aiming, focusing, paying attention'' *'''teazexer be'''....''focus on'' *'''teazexer'''....''aim at, focus'' *'''teazexoker'''....''go out of focus'' *'''teazexwa'''....''aimed, focused, in focus'' *'''teazfyus'''....''gimcrack'' *'''teazien'''....''being amazed, being awed, being awestruck, being dazzled, being stunned, marveling'' *'''teazier'''....''be amazed, be awed, be awestruck, be dazzled, be stunned, marvel'' *'''teazika'''....''marvelous, remarkable, showy, spectacular, wondrous'' *'''teazikan'''....''showiness, wondrousness'' *'''teazikay'''....''marvelously, remarkably, showily, spectacularly, wondrously'' *'''teaziper'''....''flounce'' *'''teaziwa'''....''amazed, astonished, awed, dazzled, stunned'' *'''teazmem'''....''wonderland'' *'''teaznixbuut'''....''huckster'' *'''teazpas'''....''stunt'' *'''teazpaser'''....''flounce'' *'''teazpasut'''....''stunt man, stuntman'' *'''teazpasuyt'''....''stuntwoman'' *'''teaztob'''....''prodigy'' *'''teaztof'''....''get-up, getup'' *'''teazuen'''....''amazement, astonishment, dazzling'' *'''teazuer teeputyan'''....''grandstand'' *'''teazuer'''....''amaze, awe, dazzle, stun'' *'''teazun'''....''show, spectacle'' *'''teazunaya'''....''amazing, awesome, dazzling, show, spectacular, stunning, wondrous'' *'''teazunika'''....''amazing, awesome, dazzling, show, spectacular, stunning, wondrous'' *'''teazunikan'''....''razzle-dazzle, wondrousness'' *'''teazunikay'''....''amazingly, astonishingly, awesomely, awesomeness, spectacularly, stunningly'' *'''teazuus'''....''stunner, showstopper'' *'''teazuut'''....''dazzler, show artist, showman'' *'''teazuwa'''....''amazed, astonished, awed, awestricken, awestruck, dazzled, stunned'' *'''teazuwan'''....''wonderment'' *'''teazuyea'''....''amazing, astonishing, awesome, dazzling, redoubtable, remarkable, stunning, wonderful'' *'''teazuyean'''....''remarkableness, wonderfulness'' *'''teazuyeay'''....''amazingly, astonishingly, awesomely, dazzlingly, redoubtably, stunningly, wonderfully'' *'''teazyef'''....''eyeglass'' *'''teazyen'''....''showmanship'' *'''teazzyigiaren'''....''swashbuckling'' *'''teazzyigiarut'''....''swashbuckler'' *'''tebos zyateax'''....''brain scan'' *'''teeteata'''....''audio-visual, audiovisual'' *'''tepteas'''....''phantasy'' *'''testeay'''....''understandingly'' *'''teypteas'''....''phantom'' *'''tojat jeteax'''....''vigil'' *'''topteas'''....''specter, spectre'' *'''topteasa'''....''spectral'' *'''tostea saxwat'''....''sentient creature'' *'''tostea sut'''....''sentient being'' *'''tostean'''....''sentience'' *'''totteas'''....''epiphany'' *'''ufranteas'''....''look of scorn'' *'''ufteaxer'''....''glare, leer, look meanly at'' *'''ugteax'''....''gaze'' *'''ugteaxen'''....''gazing'' *'''ugteaxer'''....''gaze'' *'''utteatut'''....''showoff'' *'''utteatuut'''....''exhibitionist'' *'''utteatuyea'''....''exhibitionist'' *'''utteatuyean'''....''exhibitionism'' *'''utteaxuut'''....''showoff'' *'''uyfteaxea'''....''glowering'' *'''uyfteaxen'''....''glowering'' *'''uyfteaxer'''....''glower'' *'''uzper ay kyoteaxer'''....''rubberneck'' *'''Van Tot su ata teadut.'''....''Let God be my witness.'' *'''viteasa'''....''picturesque, sightly'' *'''viteasan'''....''picturesqueness'' *'''viteasay'''....''picturesquely'' *'''viteaza'''....''snazzy'' *'''viteazay'''....''snazzily'' *'''vlatean'''....''certainty'' *'''volzteatyofa'''....''colorblind'' *'''volzteatyofan'''....''colorblindness'' *'''vomul gwogteaxar'''....''electron microscope'' *'''vomula gwogteaxar'''....''electron microscope'' *'''voyteater'''....''see again'' *'''voyteaxen'''....''looking back, reflected, reviewing'' *'''voyteaxer'''....''look back, reflect, review'' *'''vuteas'''....''eye-sore, eyesore, ugly sight'' *'''vuyateaten'''....''repulsion'' *'''vuyateater'''....''be repulsed, consider vile'' *'''vuyateatut'''....''reviler'' *'''vuyteasea'''....''frowsy, frowzy'' *'''vuyteasean'''....''frowziness'' *'''vuyteaseay'''....''frowzily'' *'''vyaduwa teadut'''....''deponent'' *'''vyamteasea'''....''real-looking, seemingly real, verisimilar'' *'''vyamteaser'''....''ring true, seem real, seem true'' *'''vyamteatyofa'''....''blind to reality, superstitious'' *'''vyamteatyofan'''....''blindness to reality, superstition'' *'''vyaotean'''....''acumen, discernment, insight'' *'''vyaoteat'''....''insightful person'' *'''vyaoteay'''....''discerningly'' *'''vyatea jdin'''....''true life story'' *'''vyatean'''....''sagacity, sapience'' *'''vyateay'''....''sagaciously, sagely'' *'''vyidteata'''....''clear-sighted'' *'''vyidteatan'''....''clear-sightedness'' *'''vyiteasaxen'''....''clearing'' *'''vyiteasaxwa'''....''cleared'' *'''vyiteaten'''....''clarity'' *'''vyomteas'''....''phantasm'' *'''vyomteasa'''....''phantasmal'' *'''vyomteasyan'''....''phantasmagoria'' *'''vyomteasyana'''....''phantasmagorical'' *'''vyomteatea'''....''having illusions, illusional, seeing things'' *'''vyomteaten'''....''be illusional, having illuions, seeing things'' *'''vyomteater'''....''be illusional, have illusion, see things'' *'''vyotean'''....''illusion'' *'''vyoteas'''....''affectation, illusion, mirage, trompe-l'oeil'' *'''vyoteasa'''....''illusory, make-believe'' *'''vyoteatien'''....''delusion, misperception'' *'''vyoteatier'''....''be deluded, misperceive'' *'''vyoteatiwa'''....''misperceived'' *'''vyoteatuea'''....''misleading'' *'''vyoteatuen'''....''delusion, feigning, misdirection'' *'''vyoteatuer'''....''delude, feign, mislead'' *'''vyoteatuwa'''....''deluded, feigned, misled'' *'''vyoteatuyea'''....''delusive'' *'''vyoteatuyeay'''....''delusively'' *'''vyoteaxyea'''....''geegaw'' *'''vyoteaz'''....''fake miracle, razzmatazz'' *'''vyoteazexwa'''....''misfocused'' *'''vyoteazut'''....''charlatan'' *'''vyuteasa'''....''slovenly'' *'''vyuteasan'''....''slovenliness'' *'''xaer teazpas'''....''perform a stunt'' *'''xunaudteaxen'''....''radioscopy'' *'''yabteasem'''....''lookout'' *'''yabteaxer'''....''look up'' *'''yagteata'''....''longsighted'' *'''yagteax'''....''stare, watch, glare'' *'''yagteaxen'''....''staring, watching, glaring, gawking'' *'''yagteaxer'''....''gape, gawk, glare, stare, watch, stare'' *'''yantada teap'''....''conjugal visit'' *'''yanteatien'''....''confusion, mixup'' *'''yanteatier'''....''confuse'' *'''yanteatiwa'''....''confused'' *'''yanteatuer'''....''confound'' *'''yanteatuyea'''....''confusing'' *'''yateat'''....''metropolitan bishop'' *'''yebteas'''....''cutaway'' *'''yebteaxar'''....''endoscope'' *'''yebteaxea'''....''introspective, inward-looking'' *'''yebteaxeay'''....''introspectively'' *'''yebteaxen'''....''endoscopy, inspection, introspection'' *'''yebteaxena'''....''endoscopic'' *'''yebteaxer'''....''inspect, introspect, look in'' *'''yebteaxut'''....''inspector'' *'''yibsin teaxutyan'''....''t.v. audience'' *'''yibsin teaz'''....''t.v. show, television show'' *'''yibsinteaxer'''....''teleview'' *'''yibsinteaxut'''....''televiewer'' *'''yibteasintyenut'''....''veejay'' *'''yibteat'''....''remote vision'' *'''yibteata'''....''far-sighted, farsighted'' *'''yibteatan'''....''far-sightedness, farsightedness'' *'''yibteatay'''....''sagely'' *'''yibteatea'''....''farseeing, sagacious'' *'''yibteatean'''....''sagacity'' *'''yibteateay'''....''sagaciously'' *'''yibteatut'''....''sage'' *'''yibteatyaf'''....''far-sightedness, farsightedness'' *'''yibteatyafa'''....''far-sighted, farsighted'' *'''yibteaxar'''....''spyglass, telescope'' *'''yibteaxara'''....''telescopic'' *'''yibteaxaray'''....''telescopically'' *'''yibteaxarer'''....''view through a telescope'' *'''yibteaxarwa'''....''telescoped, viewed through a telescope'' *'''yibteaxen'''....''distant viewing, telescoping'' *'''yibteaxer'''....''view from afar'' *'''yibteaxwa'''....''viewed from afar'' *'''yigteat'''....''acumen'' *'''yizgwogteaxar'''....''ultramicroscope'' *'''yobkyoteaxer'''....''glop'' *'''yobteaxen'''....''looking down'' *'''yobteaxer'''....''look down'' *'''yogjateas'''....''teaser'' *'''yogteata'''....''myopic'' *'''yogteatan'''....''myopia'' *'''yogteatay'''....''myopically'' *'''yogteatea'''....''shortsighted'' *'''yogteatean'''....''shortsightedness'' *'''yogteateay'''....''shortsightedly'' *'''yogteatut'''....''myope'' *'''yogteax'''....''glance'' *'''yogteaxen'''....''glancing'' *'''yogteaxer'''....''glance at'' *'''yogxwa teas'''....''cropped view'' *'''yokteas'''....''sudden appearance'' *'''yokteaser'''....''suddenly appear'' *'''yokteatier'''....''appear out of nowhere'' *'''yokteaxen'''....''peeking'' *'''yokteaxer'''....''peek'' *'''yokteaxut'''....''peeker'' *'''yoneateay'''....''discerningly'' *'''yonteatwa'''....''outstanding'' *'''yonteatwan'''....''outness'' *'''yonteatway'''....''outstandingly'' *'''yoteat'''....''primate'' *'''yubketeaxen'''....''prying'' *'''yubketeaxer'''....''pry'' *'''yubketeaxut'''....''pryer'' *'''yubteas'''....''close-up view, closeup'' *'''yubteata'''....''near-sighted, nearsighted'' *'''yubteatan'''....''nearsightedness'' *'''yubteaxea'''....''scrutinizing'' *'''yubteaxen'''....''examination, inspection, scrutinizing, scrutiny'' *'''yubteaxer'''....''examine, inspect, look closely at, parse, scrutinize'' *'''yubteaxut'''....''examiner, inspector'' *'''yubteaxwa'''....''parsed'' *'''yuibteaxen'''....''looking near and far'' *'''yuibteaxer'''....''look near and far'' *'''yuznada teat'''....''peripheral vision'' *'''yuzteax'''....''look-around'' *'''yuzteaxar'''....''periscope'' *'''yuzteaxeay'''....''circumspectly'' *'''yuzteaxen'''....''circumspection, looking around, patrolling, reconnaissance'' *'''yuzteaxer'''....''circumspect, look around, patrol, reconnoiter'' *'''yuzteaxpur'''....''patrol car, reconnaissance vehicle'' *'''yuzteaxpuren'''....''patrolling, reconnaissance'' *'''yuzteaxpurer'''....''patrol, reconnoiter'' *'''yuzteaxwa'''....''circumspected, patrolled, reconnoitered'' *'''zateaxer'''....''face, look at head-on'' *'''zayteax'''....''lookahead'' *'''zayteaxea'''....''expectant, forward-looking'' *'''zayteaxen'''....''expectation, looking ahead'' *'''zayteaxer'''....''expect, look ahead, look forward to'' *'''zayteaxwa'''....''expected'' *'''zeyteaxer'''....''look across, survey'' *'''ziteaxea'''....''facing right'' *'''ziteaxer'''....''face right, look right'' *'''zoteas'''....''rearview'' *'''zoteatar'''....''hindsight'' *'''zoyteas sinzyef'''....''rear-view mirror'' *'''zuteaxea'''....''facing left'' *'''zuteaxer'''....''face left, look left'' *'''zyateas'''....''wide-angle view'' *'''zyateasin'''....''panorama'' *'''zyateasina'''....''panoramic'' *'''zyateatuen'''....''exhibiting, exhibition'' *'''zyateatuer'''....''exhibit, show widely'' *'''zyateatuwa'''....''exhibited'' *'''zyateax'''....''scan'' *'''zyateaxar'''....''monitor, scanner'' *'''zyateaxem'''....''range, scan zone, scanning area'' *'''zyateaxen'''....''scanning'' *'''zyateaxer'''....''look all about, monitor, scan, survey'' *'''zyateaxuea'''....''flaunting'' *'''zyateaxueay'''....''flauntingly'' *'''zyateaxuen'''....''flaunting'' *'''zyateaxuer'''....''flaunt'' *'''zyateaxuwa'''....''flaunted'' *'''zyeteasa'''....''limpid, lucent, transparent'' *'''zyeteasan'''....''limpidity, limpidness, transparence, transparency'' *'''zyeteasay'''....''limpidly, transparently'' *'''zyeteata'''....''sheer'' *'''zyeteater'''....''see through'' *'''zyeteatyafwa'''....''hyaline, transparent'' *'''zyeteatyafwan'''....''transparence, transparency'' *'''zyeteatyikwa'''....''opaque'' *'''zyeteatyikwan'''....''opacity, opaqueness'' *'''zyeteatyikway'''....''opaquely'' *'''zyeteatyofwa'''....''non-see-through, nontransparent, opaque'' *'''zyeteatyofwan'''....''opacity'' *'''zyeteatyofway'''....''opaquely'' *'''zyeteatyukwa'''....''transparent'' *'''zyeteatyukwan'''....''transparency'' *'''zyeteatyukway'''....''transparently'' *'''zyeteaxea'''....''perusing'' *'''zyeteaxen'''....''peeping, perusal, perusing'' *'''zyeteaxer'''....''look through, peep, peruse'' *'''zyeteaxut'''....''peeper, peruser'' *'''zyeteaxwa'''....''perused'' *'''zyoteas'''....''cropped view, narrow view'' *'''zyoteaxen'''....''peering, prying, squinting'' *'''zyoteaxer'''....''peer, pry, squint'' *'''zyoteaxut'''....''pryer'' </div> {{small/end}} : Here are words that use the mnemonic stub '''ea''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abeater'''....''survey, oversee'' *'''abeaxer'''....''survey'' *'''beaxer'''....''guard, keep watch, monitor, protect, ward off, watch over'' *'''ejeater'''....''envisage'' *'''fuzeater'''....''disdain'' *'''ganeaxer'''....''re-aim'' *'''gavyabeaxer'''....''reinspect'' *'''gineaxer'''....''hone in on'' *'''ijeater'''....''catch sight of, glimpse'' *'''izeaxer'''....''demonstrate, designate, point out, point to, show'' *'''keaxer'''....''scan, scope out'' *'''neaxer'''....''aim'' *'''nodeaxer'''....''aim, demonstrate, show'' *'''ojeater'''....''envisage'' *'''oseaser'''....''disappear'' *'''oseaxer'''....''make disappear'' *'''ovbeaxer'''....''guard against'' *'''ovyoneaxer'''....''contradistinguish'' *'''oyebeaser'''....''become exposed'' *'''oyebeaxer'''....''expose, express'' *'''seater'''....''note, state, take note of'' *'''tojbeaxer'''....''do a wake'' *'''tuyubizeaxer'''....''indicate'' *'''utejeaser'''....''represent'' *'''vakbeaxer'''....''safeguard'' *'''veaxer'''....''make possible'' *'''vyabeaxer'''....''examine, inspect'' *'''vyaleaxer'''....''check, inspect, examine'' *'''yaneater'''....''confuse'' *'''yaneaxer'''....''confuse, flummox'' *'''yoneater'''....''discern, discriminate, distinguish, make out'' *'''yoneaxer'''....''distinguish'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEEB and TEE- Words ==== : The root word '''teeb''' (''ear'') and its stub word form '''tee-''' produce many terms relating to the ear, hearing, and acoustics: : The principal verbs are: ::* '''teeter'''....''to hear'' ::* '''teeser'''....''to sound like'' ::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' ::* '''teeper'''....''to attend'' ::* '''teeder'''....''to quote'' ::* '''yuvteeter'''....''to obey'' : Here are many words built on '''teeb''' or '''tee-''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aateetwa'''....''first-heard'' *'''amez teebuz'''....''diamond earring'' *'''anteeba'''....''monaural'' *'''Ata teeb tuloxefwe.'''....''My ear itches.'' *'''byoyk bi teeb byoyk'''....''earache'' *'''dita oyuvteexen'''....''civil disobedience'' *'''ennagteexa'''....''stereophonic'' *'''ennagteexar'''....''stereophones'' *'''fitees'''....''melody, nice sound, sweet sound'' *'''fiteesa'''....''melodious, nice-sounding, sweet-sounding'' *'''fiteesea'''....''nice-sounding'' *'''fiteeser'''....''sound nice, sound sweet'' *'''fiteexegwa'''....''well-rehearsed'' *'''frunteexen'''....''hearing confession'' *'''frunteexer'''....''hear confession'' *'''futees'''....''cacophony'' *'''futeesea'''....''bad-sounding, cacophonous, ugly-sounding'' *'''futeet'''....''bad hearing'' *'''futeeta'''....''hard of hearing'' *'''fyoxunteexer'''....''hear confession'' *'''gelteesa'''....''homophonous, sound-alike'' *'''gelteeser'''....''sound alike'' *'''gelteesun'''....''homophone'' *'''giteeba'''....''sharp-eared'' *'''glateetwa'''....''much-heard, oft-heard, often-heard'' *'''gloteetwa'''....''rarely-heard, seldom-heard'' *'''grateetwa'''....''shopworn'' *'''gyateebbok'''....''mumps'' *'''ikay teetyofa'''....''stone-deaf'' *'''ikteepya'''....''plenary'' *'''kodteexut'''....''confessor'' *'''koteeten'''....''overhearing'' *'''koteeter'''....''overhear'' *'''koteetwa'''....''overheard'' *'''koteexar'''....''bug, listening device, wiretap'' *'''koteexen'''....''eavesdropping, listening in on, snooping, wiretapping'' *'''koteexer'''....''eavesdrop, listen in on, snoop'' *'''koteexut'''....''eavesdropper, snooper, wiretapper'' *'''koteexyea'''....''snoopy'' *'''mansinteesdrar'''....''camcorder'' *'''mansinteesdrarer'''....''camcorder'' *'''oglateexar'''....''mic, microphone, mike'' *'''oteedrawa'''....''unreported'' *'''oteepea'''....''not attending'' *'''oteepen tistam'''....''hookey, hooky'' *'''oteepen'''....''absence, failure to attend, nonattendance'' *'''oteeper tisun'''....''miss a class'' *'''oteeper'''....''absent, be absent, fail to attend'' *'''oteeput'''....''absentee'' *'''oteeputyen'''....''absenteeism'' *'''oteetwa'''....''unheard of, unheard-of'' *'''oteetwas'''....''something unheard of, unheard-of'' *'''oteexean'''....''inattentiveness'' *'''oteexegwa'''....''unrehearsed'' *'''oteexwa'''....''unaudited'' *'''oteexyea'''....''inattentive'' *'''oyebteeb'''....''ear pavillon'' *'''oyuvteexea'''....''disobedient, disobeying'' *'''oyuvteexean'''....''disobedience'' *'''oyuvteexeay'''....''disobediently'' *'''oyuvteexen'''....''disobedience'' *'''oyuvteexer'''....''disobey'' *'''oyuvteexwa'''....''disobeyed'' *'''oyuvteexyean'''....''contumacy'' *'''oyuvteexyeay'''....''contumaciously'' *'''poteexen'''....''sniffing'' *'''seuzteefyofa'''....''tone deaf, tone-deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofan'''....''tone deafness'' *'''seuzteefyofser'''....''become tone deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofxen'''....''rendering tone deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofxer'''....''render tone deaf'' *'''seuzteefyofxwa'''....''rendered tone deaf'' *'''teazuer teeputyan'''....''grandstand'' *'''teeb byoyk'''....''ear ache'' *'''teeb kaduzar'''....''ear drum, eardrum'' *'''teeb-'''....''auri-, oto-'' *'''teeb'''....''auricle, ear'' *'''teeba'''....''aural, auricular, otic'' *'''teebar'''....''audio device, earphone, earpiece'' *'''teebay'''....''aurally'' *'''teebbekut'''....''aurist'' *'''teebden'''....''whisper, whispering'' *'''teebder'''....''whisper'' *'''teebdut'''....''whisperer'' *'''teebdwa'''....''whispered'' *'''teebeib'''....''earlobe'' *'''teebik'''....''earful'' *'''teebil'''....''cerumen, earwax'' *'''teebiyub'''....''ear lobe'' *'''teebsiynxen'''....''earmarking'' *'''teebsiynxer'''....''earmark'' *'''teebsiynxwa'''....''earmarked'' *'''teebuz'''....''earing, earring'' *'''teebuzun'''....''stapes, stapedes'' *'''teebyel'''....''ear wax'' *'''teebyuba'''....''parotid'' *'''teebyujar'''....''earplug'' *'''teed'''....''hear-say, hearsay, quotation'' *'''teeden'''....''quoting, rumoring'' *'''teeder'''....''quote'' *'''teedras'''....''report'' *'''teedrawa'''....''reported'' *'''teedren'''....''reporting'' *'''teedrenyan'''....''reportage'' *'''teedrer'''....''report'' *'''teedrun'''....''report'' *'''teedrut'''....''reporter'' *'''teedrutyan'''....''press pool'' *'''teedwa'''....''hear-say, hearsay, quoted, rumored'' *'''teedwe van'''....''hearsay has it that'' *'''teef'''....''earmuff, headgear'' *'''teeiyob-bektut'''....''otorhinolaryngologist'' *'''teepea'''....''attending, in attendance'' *'''teepen'''....''attendance'' *'''teeper dyez'''....''attend a film'' *'''teeper fyaxam'''....''attend mass, attend services'' *'''teeper totifram'''....''attend church'' *'''teeper yaniv'''....''attend a party'' *'''teeper'''....''attend'' *'''teeput'''....''attendee, member of the audience'' *'''teeputsag'''....''turnout'' *'''teeputyan'''....''attendance, audience'' *'''tees-'''....''audio-'' *'''tees'''....''audio, sound'' *'''teesa'''....''sonic'' *'''teesag'''....''noise'' *'''teesaza'''....''loud, noisy'' *'''teesazan'''....''loudness, noisiness'' *'''teesazay'''....''loudly, noisily'' *'''teesdras'''....''sonogram'' *'''teeser'''....''sound like'' *'''teesnabyan'''....''sound spectrum'' *'''teesnaga'''....''audiometric'' *'''teesnagar'''....''audiometer'' *'''teesnagen'''....''audiometry'' *'''teesnyov'''....''audiotape'' *'''teestaxdras'''....''phonogram'' *'''teestaxdren'''....''audiorecording'' *'''teestun'''....''audiology'' *'''teestuna'''....''audiological'' *'''teestut'''....''audiologist'' *'''teet-'''....''audio-'' *'''teet'''....''audio, hearing'' *'''teeta'''....''auditive, auditory, aural'' *'''teetay'''....''aurally'' *'''teeteata'''....''audio-visual, audiovisual'' *'''tee-tei-teyob-bektut'''....''ear-nose-throat doctor'' *'''teetem'''....''auditorium'' *'''teeten'''....''audition, hearing'' *'''teeter'''....''hear'' *'''teetien'''....''get word, getting wind of, hearing'' *'''teetier'''....''get wind of, get word, hear'' *'''teetifwa'''....''mellifluent, mellifluous'' *'''teetifwan'''....''mellifluousness'' *'''teetifway'''....''mellifluously'' *'''teetim'''....''sound studio'' *'''teetnazea'''....''worth hearing'' *'''teetos'''....''sense of hearing'' *'''teetuen'''....''informing, letting it be heard, notification, notifying'' *'''teetuer'''....''inform, let it be heard, notify'' *'''teetum'''....''sound booth'' *'''teetut'''....''hearer'' *'''teetuut'''....''notifier'' *'''teetuwa'''....''notified'' *'''teetyaf'''....''ability to hear'' *'''teetyafa'''....''able to hear, hearing'' *'''teetyafnogar'''....''sonometer'' *'''teetyafok'''....''hearing loss'' *'''teetyafokea'''....''suffering from hearing loss'' *'''teetyafwa yiban'''....''earshot'' *'''teetyafwa'''....''audible'' *'''teetyafwan'''....''audibility'' *'''teetyafway'''....''audibly'' *'''teetyekea'''....''clued in'' *'''teetyeker'''....''attempt to hear, try to hear'' *'''teetyika'''....''hard of hearing'' *'''teetyikat'''....''hearing-challenged person'' *'''teetyiken'''....''having a hard time hearing, straining to hear'' *'''teetyiker'''....''have a hard time hearing, strain to hear'' *'''teetyikwa vyod'''....''howler'' *'''teetyikwa vyos'''....''howler'' *'''teetyikwa xeus'''....''faint noise'' *'''teetyikwa'''....''hard to hear, hard-to-hear'' *'''teetyof'''....''deafness, inability to hear'' *'''teetyofa'''....''deaf'' *'''teetyofan'''....''deafness'' *'''teetyofat'''....''deaf person'' *'''teetyofsea'''....''going deaf'' *'''teetyofser'''....''go deaf'' *'''teetyofwa'''....''inaudible, unaudible'' *'''teetyofwan'''....''inaudibility'' *'''teetyofwaser'''....''become inaudible'' *'''teetyofwaxer'''....''make inaudible'' *'''teetyofway'''....''inaudibly'' *'''teetyofxer'''....''deafen'' *'''teetyofxyea'''....''deafening, ear-splitting, earsplitting'' *'''teetyofxyeay'''....''deafeningly'' *'''teetyukwa'''....''easy to hear'' *'''teetyuxar'''....''hearing aid'' *'''teex-'''....''audio-'' *'''teex'''....''audition, hearing'' *'''teexar'''....''headphone, listening device, microphone'' *'''teexdras'''....''audiogram'' *'''teexdren'''....''audiography'' *'''teexdyes'''....''audiobook'' *'''teexea'''....''hearkening, listening'' *'''teexegen'''....''rehearsing'' *'''teexeger '''....''rehearse'' *'''teexegut'''....''rehearser'' *'''teexegwa'''....''rehearsed'' *'''teexen'''....''hearkening, listening'' *'''teexer doyevson'''....''hear a case, try a case'' *'''teexer yevson'''....''hear a case'' *'''teexer'''....''audit, audition, harken, hearken, listen'' *'''teexien'''....''auditing, auditioning'' *'''teexier'''....''audit, audition'' *'''teexifut'''....''audiophile'' *'''teexir'''....''headset'' *'''teexiut'''....''auditor'' *'''teexiwat'''....''person being auditioned'' *'''teexu'''....''hark'' *'''teexuen'''....''audition, letting it be heard, pointing out'' *'''teexuer'''....''audition, let it be heard, point out, try out'' *'''teexut'''....''auditor, listener'' *'''teexutyan'''....''audience'' *'''teexuut'''....''auditioner'' *'''teexuwa'''....''auditioned, pointed out'' *'''teexwa'''....''hearkened'' *'''tiba gwogteexar'''....''lavalier'' *'''voyteexer'''....''listen to again, run over'' *'''vyoteeten'''....''mishearing'' *'''vyoteeter'''....''mishear'' *'''vyoteetwa'''....''misheard'' *'''yapeteeb'''....''pig's ear, pigs ear'' *'''yeb teetyafwa yiban'''....''within earshot'' *'''yekteex'''....''hearing'' *'''yekteexen'''....''audit, audition, auditioning, trying'' *'''yekteexer'''....''audit, audition, hear'' *'''yekteexim'''....''hearing chamber'' *'''yekteexut'''....''auditor'' *'''yekteexwa'''....''audited, tried'' *'''yevsonteex'''....''hearing'' *'''yevsonteexer'''....''hear a case'' *'''yevsonteexwa'''....''on trial, tried'' *'''yevsonteexwat'''....''person on trial'' *'''yobteeb'''....''ear lobe'' *'''yubteexar'''....''stethoscope'' *'''yubteexen'''....''auscultation'' *'''yubteexer'''....''auscultate, examine aurally, listen closely'' *'''yubteexwa'''....''auscultated'' *'''yuvteexea'''....''docile, obedient, obeying'' *'''yuvteexean'''....''docility, obedience'' *'''yuvteexeay'''....''docilely, obediently'' *'''yuvteexen'''....''obedience'' *'''yuvteexer'''....''obey'' *'''yuvteexwa'''....''obeyed'' *'''zoteebaiba'''....''mastoid'' *'''zyateetuen'''....''rumor-mongering, rumoring'' *'''zyateetuer'''....''rumor'' *'''zyateetuun'''....''rumor'' *'''zyateetuut'''....''rumormonger'' *'''zyateetuwa'''....''rumored'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEIB and TEI- Words ==== : The root word '''teib''' (''nose'') and its stub word form '''tei-''' are incorporated in many words having to do with the nose and smelling. : The main verbs are: ::* '''teiter'''....''to smell'' ::* '''teixer'''....''to sniff'' ::* '''teiser'''....''to smell like'' ::* '''futeiser'''....''to stink, reek'' : Here is a fuller list of derivations: {{small/top}} <hr color=blue> <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abektun bi teib'''....''rhinoplasty'' *'''azfuteisa'''....''rancid'' *'''azfuteisan'''....''rancidity, rancidness'' *'''azteisyel'''....''musk'' *'''azteisyelyena'''....''musky'' *'''azteisyelyenan'''....''muskiness'' *'''azteixer'''....''snuffle'' *'''beer mulikxwa teib'''....''have a stuffed-up nose'' *'''ebteibea'''....''interfering'' *'''ebteiben'''....''interference, interfering, meddling'' *'''ebteiber'''....''interfere, meddle, nose in'' *'''ebteibut'''....''busybody, meddler'' *'''ebteibwa'''....''interfered'' *'''ebteibyea'''....''meddlesome, nosey, nosy'' *'''ebteibyean'''....''nosiness'' *'''ebteibyeay'''....''nosily'' *'''faosyebteisa'''....''fusty'' *'''faosyebteisan'''....''fustiness'' *'''fiteis'''....''aroma, fragrance, nice aroma, nice smell, scent'' *'''fiteisa'''....''aromatic, fragrant, good-smelling, palatable, redolent, sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisan'''....''redolence'' *'''fiteisaser'''....''become sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisaxea'''....''aromatizing, making sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisaxen'''....''aromatization, making sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisaxer'''....''aromatize, make sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisay'''....''fragrantly'' *'''fiteisea'''....''aromatic, nice-smelling, sweet-smelling'' *'''fiteisen'''....''smelling good'' *'''fiteiser'''....''smell good'' *'''fiteisika'''....''scented'' *'''fiteisoya'''....''scentless'' *'''fiteisuka'''....''scentless'' *'''futeis'''....''bad smell, foul odor, foul smell, odor, reek, stench, stink'' *'''futeisa'''....''bad-smelling, bad-tasting, fetid, malodorous, niffy, rank, stinky'' *'''futeisan'''....''fetidness, rankness'' *'''futeisaser'''....''become stinky'' *'''futeisaxea'''....''stinking up, yucky'' *'''futeisaxen'''....''stinking up'' *'''futeisaxer'''....''stink up'' *'''futeisaxwa'''....''stunk up'' *'''futeisayan'''....''smelliness'' *'''futeisea'''....''bad-smelling, foul, odorous, stinking, stinky'' *'''futeisean'''....''odorousness'' *'''futeiseay'''....''odorously'' *'''futeiser'''....''niff, reek, smell bad, stink'' *'''futeisikan'''....''smelliness'' *'''futeiskoxul'''....''elixir'' *'''futeismov'''....''funk'' *'''futeisobar'''....''deodorizer'' *'''futeisobea'''....''deodorizing'' *'''futeisoben'''....''deodorization'' *'''futeisober'''....''deodorize'' *'''futeisobul'''....''deodorant, deodorizer'' *'''gapoteib'''....''elephant trunk'' *'''giteiba'''....''sharp-nosed'' *'''givobteixut'''....''snuffer'' *'''ilokyea teib'''....''runny nose'' *'''jwofteisa'''....''fusty, musty'' *'''jwofteisan'''....''fustiness, mustiness'' *'''koyebteiben'''....''snooping'' *'''koyebteiber'''....''snoop'' *'''mogteizber'''....''cense'' *'''mogteizbut'''....''censer'' *'''myekber ota teib'''....''powder one’s nose'' *'''ofiteisa'''....''unpalatable'' *'''otein'''....''agnosticism'' *'''oteizuwa'''....''unscented'' *'''ovteibukxil'''....''cough medicine, cough syrup'' *'''pateib'''....''beak, bill, neb'' *'''poteib'''....''snout'' *'''poteif'''....''muzzle'' *'''poteifben'''....''muzzling'' *'''poteifber'''....''muzzle'' *'''poteifbwa'''....''muzzled'' *'''poteixen'''....''sniffing'' *'''poteixer'''....''sniff'' *'''poteixus'''....''sniffer'' *'''poteixut'''....''sniffer'' *'''poteixwa'''....''sniffed'' *'''tee-tei-teyob-bektut'''....''ear-nose-throat doctor'' *'''tei-'''....''nasal, nose, rhino-'' *'''teib'''....''nose, proboscis, schnoz, schnozz, smeller, snoot, snout'' *'''teiba yujteuzun'''....''nasal consonant'' *'''teiba'''....''nasal, rhinal'' *'''teibag'''....''schnozzle'' *'''teibalegien'''....''sniffling'' *'''teibalegier'''....''sniffle'' *'''teibalien'''....''sniffing'' *'''teibalier'''....''sniff'' *'''teibalufa'''....''tracheal'' *'''teibaluier'''....''breathe'' *'''teiban'''....''nasality'' *'''teibaxen'''....''nasalization, nuzzling'' *'''teibaxer'''....''nasalize, nuzzle'' *'''teibaxut'''....''nuzzler'' *'''teibay'''....''nasally'' *'''teibaysea'''....''proboscidate'' *'''teibbok'''....''rhinitis'' *'''teibdaler'''....''snuffle'' *'''teibginid'''....''nose cone, nosecone'' *'''teibil'''....''mucus, snot'' *'''teibila'''....''mucal'' *'''teibilay'''....''snottily'' *'''teibilaya'''....''mucus-filled, snot-nosed, snotty'' *'''teibilayan'''....''snottiness'' *'''teibilea'''....''running at the nose'' *'''teibilen'''....''rhinorrhea, running at the nose'' *'''teibiler'''....''run at the nose'' *'''teibilika'''....''mucus-filled, snot-nosed, snotty'' *'''teibilikan'''....''snottiness'' *'''teibilikay'''....''snottily'' *'''teibiloker'''....''run at the nose'' *'''teibilun'''....''boogie'' *'''teibixun'''....''something chewable'' *'''teibnyef'''....''nosebag'' *'''teibok'''....''cold, rhume'' *'''teiboksen'''....''catching a cold'' *'''teibokser'''....''catch a cold'' *'''teibtiibiluen'''....''nosebleed'' *'''teibtun'''....''rhinology'' *'''teibtuna'''....''rhinological'' *'''teibtut'''....''rhinologist'' *'''teibukxen'''....''blowing one's nose'' *'''teibukxer'''....''blow one's nose'' *'''teibuz'''....''nose ring'' *'''teibuzuk'''....''sinus'' *'''teibuzukbok'''....''sinusitis'' *'''teibyeg'''....''nostril'' *'''teibyeger'''....''flare at the nostrils'' *'''teibyena'''....''nose-like, rhinoid'' *'''teibzoteyob'''....''nasopharynx'' *'''teibzoteyoba'''....''nasopharyngeal'' *'''teif'''....''muffler'' *'''teifober'''....''unmuffle, unmuzzle'' *'''teikyebzyobus'''....''sphincter'' *'''teipyeux'''....''achoo, sneeze'' *'''teipyos'''....''nose-dive, nosedive'' *'''teipyosea'''....''nose-diving'' *'''teipyosen'''....''nose-diving'' *'''teipyoser'''....''nose-dive, nosedive'' *'''teipyuxlen'''....''sneezing, sternutation'' *'''teipyuxlena'''....''sternutative, sternutatory'' *'''teipyuxler'''....''sneeze'' *'''teipyuxloa'''....''about to sneeze'' *'''teis gel teliwa pot'''....''gaminess'' *'''teis'''....''aroma, odor, scent, smell, whiff'' *'''teisaya'''....''aromatic, odorous, smelly'' *'''teisea gel teiliwa pot'''....''gamey'' *'''teisea'''....''ostensible'' *'''teiseay'''....''ostensibly'' *'''teiser'''....''smell like'' *'''teisika'''....''aromatic, odorous, smelly'' *'''teisoya'''....''odorless'' *'''teisuka'''....''odorless'' *'''teisukan'''....''gimcrackery'' *'''teit'''....''sense of smell'' *'''teita'''....''olfactory'' *'''teitayub'''....''adenoid'' *'''teitayuba'''....''adenoidal'' *'''teiter'''....''smell'' *'''teitier'''....''get a whiff of, savor'' *'''teitiwa'''....''savored'' *'''teitos'''....''sense of smell'' *'''teituen'''....''giving off a smell'' *'''teituer'''....''give off a smell'' *'''teityaf'''....''ability to smell, olfactory sense of smell'' *'''teityafa'''....''able to smell'' *'''teityafwa'''....''able to be smelled'' *'''teityafwan'''....''ability to be smelled'' *'''teityof'''....''anosmia, inability to smell'' *'''teityofa'''....''suffering from anosmia, unable to smell'' *'''teityofser'''....''lose the ability to smell'' *'''teityofwa'''....''impossible to smell, odorless'' *'''teityofwan'''....''inability to be smelled, odorlessness'' *'''teiv'''....''handkerchief, hankie, hanky, snot rag'' *'''teixar'''....''smeller'' *'''teixen'''....''olfaction, smelling'' *'''teixena'''....''olfactory'' *'''teixer'''....''smell, sniff, whiff'' *'''teixeusen'''....''snoring'' *'''teixeuser'''....''snore'' *'''teixeusut'''....''snorer'' *'''teixgivob'''....''snuff'' *'''teixgivoben'''....''snuffing'' *'''teixgivober'''....''snuff'' *'''teixgivobnyem'''....''snuffbox'' *'''teixun'''....''whiff'' *'''teixut'''....''smeller'' *'''teixwa'''....''smelled'' *'''teixyofxen'''....''smothering'' *'''teixyofxer'''....''smother'' *'''teixyofxwa'''....''smothered'' *'''teiz'''....''aroma, perfume'' *'''teizaya'''....''aromatic, perfumy'' *'''teizayan'''....''perfuminess'' *'''teizbar'''....''aromatizer, perfumer'' *'''teizbek'''....''aromatherapy'' *'''teizbekut'''....''aromatherapist'' *'''teizben'''....''aromatization, perfuming'' *'''teizber'''....''aromatize, perfume'' *'''teizbwa'''....''aromatized, perfumed'' *'''teizika'''....''aromatic, perfumy'' *'''teizikan'''....''perfuminess'' *'''teiznam'''....''perfumery'' *'''teiznamut'''....''perfumer'' *'''teizuka'''....''aroma-free, perfume-free'' *'''teizxam'''....''perfume factory'' *'''teizyeb'''....''vial of perfume'' *'''teizyun'''....''pomander'' *'''viteis'''....''fragrance, nice aroma, perfume, scent'' *'''viteisa'''....''fragrant'' *'''viteisea'''....''aromatic'' *'''viteiser'''....''smell fragrant'' *'''viteisuer'''....''perfume'' *'''viteizuwa'''....''perfumed'' *'''vobier gel futeisa'''....''disrelish'' *'''vuteisa'''....''mephitic'' *'''vuteisea'''....''putrid, stinky'' *'''vuteiser'''....''smell foul, stink'' *'''vuteisobul'''....''deodorant'' *'''vuteixen'''....''putrefaction, stinking up'' *'''vuteixer'''....''stink up'' *'''vuteixwa'''....''putrefied, stunk up'' *'''vyuteis'''....''nasty smell'' *'''yavilteisea'''....''beery'' *'''yeybteiba'''....''intranasal'' *'''yeybteibay'''....''intranasally'' *'''zoteiba'''....''postnasal'' *'''zoteis'''....''spoor'' </div> <hr style="color: blue"> {{small/end}} ==== TEUB and TEU- Words ==== : The root word '''teub''' and the related stub form '''teu-''' are used in numerous derived words having to do with ''mouth, tasting, shouting, vocalizing''. : The main words to know are: ::* '''teub'''....''mouth'' ::* '''teuter'''....''to taste'' ::* '''teuser'''....''to taste like'' ::* '''teuxer'''....''to take a taste'' ::* '''teubiluer'''....''to spit'' ::* '''ivteuber'''....''to smile'' ::* '''uvteuber'''....''to frown'' ::* '''teubab'''....''tongue'' :::* '''teubaxer'''....''to lick'' ::* '''teubob'''....''lip'' :::* '''teuboxer'''....''to kiss'' ::* '''teupib'''....''tooth'' :::* '''teupixer'''....''to bite'' ::* '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' ::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' ::* '''teuz'''....''voice'' : The mneumonic stub '''eu''' forms words having to do with the vocalization or sounds in general, eg.: ::* '''deuz'''....''song'' ::* '''seux'''....''sound'' ::* '''xeus'''....''noise'' : Here is a more complete list: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abaxrea yujteuzun'''....''fricative consonant'' *'''abteuba yujteuzun'''....''alveolar consonant'' *'''abteuba'''....''alveolar'' *'''abteubbok'''....''alveolitis'' *'''abteubob'''....''upper lip'' *'''abteupimul'''....''enamel'' *'''abteupimulxen'''....''enameling'' *'''abteupimulxut'''....''enameler'' *'''abteupimulxwa'''....''enameled'' *'''abteupimulxwasyan'''....''enamelware'' *'''abteuz'''....''voice-over'' *'''agivteub'''....''big smile, wide grin'' *'''agivteuben'''....''grinning widely, smiling bigly'' *'''agivteuber'''....''grin widely, smile bigly'' *'''agivteud'''....''cackle, guffaw'' *'''agivteudea'''....''cackling, guffawing'' *'''agivteuden'''....''cackling, guffawing'' *'''agivteuder'''....''cackle, guffaw'' *'''aglateuzubar'''....''megaphone'' *'''agteuboba'''....''lippy'' *'''anteuza'''....''unanimous'' *'''anteuzan'''....''unanimity'' *'''anteuzay'''....''unanimously'' *'''anteuzuna'''....''monophonic'' *'''apateusoz'''....''cackle'' *'''apateusozen'''....''cackling'' *'''apateusozer'''....''cackle'' *'''ateubob'''....''upper lip'' *'''ateupib'''....''central incisor'' *'''aynteubien'''....''swallowing whole'' *'''aynteubier'''....''swallow whole'' *'''aynteubiwa'''....''swallowed whole'' *'''azivteud'''....''belly laugh, cheer, gleeful yelp, guffaw, loud laughter'' *'''azivteuden'''....''cheering, guffawing, laughing out loud, shouting out with glee, yelping gleefully'' *'''azivteuder'''....''cheer, guffaw, laugh out loud, laugh raucously, laugh riotously, laugh uproariously, shout out with glee, yelp gleefully'' *'''azteud'''....''clamor, exclamation, holler, scream, shout'' *'''azteuden'''....''clamoring, exclaiming, exclamation, screaming, shouting, vociferation, yelling'' *'''azteudena'''....''exclamatory'' *'''azteuder'''....''clamor, exclaim, holler, scream, shout, vociferate'' *'''azteudut'''....''screamer, shouter'' *'''azteudwa'''....''clamored, exclaimed, screamed, shouted'' *'''azteudyea'''....''vociferously'' *'''azteudyeay'''....''vociferousness'' *'''azteuzar'''....''loudhailer'' *'''azufteuden'''....''carping, loud complaining'' *'''azufteudut'''....''carper'' *'''azuvteud'''....''cry out loud, groan, moan, sob, wail'' *'''azuvteuden'''....''bawling, crying out loud, groaning, lamentation, moaning, railing, sobbing, wailing'' *'''azuvteuder'''....''bawl, complain loudly, cry out loud, groan, lament loudly, moan, rail, sob, wail, waul'' *'''azuvteudut'''....''railer, wailer'' *'''baosteuz'''....''twang'' *'''baosteuzyena'''....''twangy'' *'''be aza teuz'''....''aloud'' *'''bokuluyea teupixun'''....''poisonous bite'' *'''dizteudyefwa'''....''ludicrous'' *'''dizteudyefwan'''....''ludicrousness'' *'''dizteudyefway'''....''ludicrously'' *'''dopteud'''....''battle cry'' *'''doteudafxer'''....''enfanchise'' *'''doteudafxwa'''....''enfranchised'' *'''doteudofxer'''....''disenfranchise'' *'''doteudofxwa'''....''disenfranchised'' *'''doteudut'''....''crier'' *'''doteudyiva'''....''free to vote'' *'''doteuzdref nyem'''....''ballot box'' *'''doteuzdref'''....''ballot'' *'''doteuziem'''....''poll, polling site'' *'''doteuzien'''....''polling'' *'''doteuzier'''....''poll'' *'''doteuziut'''....''poll-taker, pollster'' *'''doteuziwa'''....''polled'' *'''doteuzkyaxut'''....''swinger'' *'''doteuzsager'''....''canvass'' *'''doteuzsagut'''....''canvasser'' *'''doteuzsagwa'''....''canvassed'' *'''doteuzuaf'''....''permission to vote'' *'''doteuzuar'''....''voting machine'' *'''doteuzuem'''....''poll, voting place'' *'''doteuzuen tum'''....''voting booth'' *'''doteuzuen'''....''voting'' *'''doteuzuer'''....''cast a vote'' *'''doteuzuun'''....''vote'' *'''doteuzuut'''....''voter'' *'''doteuzuwa'''....''voted'' *'''doteuzuyofxen'''....''disenfranchisement'' *'''doteuzuyofxer'''....''disenfranchise'' *'''doteuzuyofxwa'''....''disenfranchised'' *'''doteuzyiv'''....''franchise, right to vote'' *'''doteuzyivan'''....''freedom to vote'' *'''douvteud'''....''gravamen'' *'''doyiv bi teuzer'''....''right to vote, suffrage, voting right'' *'''doymteudut'''....''town crier'' *'''dropek teud'''....''war cry'' *'''dyafel-teuxuwa'''....''vanilla-flavored'' *'''ebyijteuzuna'''....''intervocalic'' *'''enteuboba'''....''bilabial'' *'''enyijteuzun'''....''diphthong'' *'''eteupib'''....''lateral incisor'' *'''evyijteuz'''....''schwa'' *'''eynabaxrea yujteuzun'''....''affricative consonant'' *'''eynteubier'''....''half-swallow'' *'''eynteusoz'''....''snicker, titter'' *'''eynteusozen'''....''snickering, tittering'' *'''eynteusozer'''....''snicker, titter'' *'''eynyijteuzun'''....''semivowel'' *'''eynyujteuzun'''....''semi-consonant'' *'''fiteud'''....''acclamation, cheer, howl of approval, praise'' *'''fiteudea'''....''acclaiming'' *'''fiteuden'''....''acclamation, cheering, howling, laudation, lauding, ovation, praising'' *'''fiteuder'''....''acclaim, cheer, howl, laud, praise'' *'''fiteuduer'''....''arouse applause'' *'''fiteudut'''....''praiser'' *'''fiteuduyea'''....''cheer-inducing, cheerful'' *'''fiteudwa'''....''acclaimed, cheered, howled, lauded, praised'' *'''fiteudyea'''....''laudatory, praiseful'' *'''fiteudyeay'''....''laudatorily, praisingly'' *'''fiteudyefwa'''....''worthy of applause'' *'''Fiteus!'''....''Yum!'' *'''fiteus'''....''flavor, good taste'' *'''fiteusa'''....''delicious, lush, mouthwatering, nice-tasting, sapid, tasty, toothsome, yum, yummy'' *'''fiteusan'''....''deliciousness, lushness, sapidity'' *'''fiteusay'''....''deliciously, lushly'' *'''fiteusaya'''....''delicious, flavored, flavorful, flavorsome, luscious'' *'''fiteusayan'''....''deliciousness, lusciousness, savoriness, tastiness'' *'''fiteusea'''....''flavorful, good-tasting, savory'' *'''fiteuser'''....''taste good'' *'''fiteusika'''....''delicious, flavored, flavorful, flavorsome, luscious'' *'''fiteusikan'''....''deliciousness, lusciousness, savoriness'' *'''fiteusikay'''....''deliciously, lusciously'' *'''fiteusoya'''....''flavorless'' *'''fiteusuka'''....''flavorless'' *'''fiteuxer'''....''flavor'' *'''fiteuxul'''....''flavoring'' *'''fiteuxwa'''....''flavored'' *'''fuivteub'''....''smirk, sneer'' *'''fuivteubea'''....''smirking, sneering'' *'''fuivteuben'''....''smirking, sneering'' *'''fuivteuber'''....''smirk, sneer'' *'''fuivteud'''....''ridicule, satire, snide laugh, twit'' *'''fuivteudea'''....''satiric, satirical'' *'''fuivteuden'''....''ridicule, ridiculing, satirization, snidely laughing'' *'''fuivteuder'''....''laugh snidely, make fun of, ridicule, satirize, twit'' *'''fuivteudut'''....''satirist'' *'''fuivteudwa'''....''ridiculed, satirized, sneered'' *'''fuivteudyafwa'''....''ridiculous'' *'''fuivteudyafwan'''....''ridiculousness'' *'''fuivteudyafway'''....''ridiculously'' *'''fuivteudyea'''....''satirical, sneering'' *'''fuivteudyeay'''....''satirically, sneeringly'' *'''futeud'''....''denunciation'' *'''futeuden'''....''decrying, denouncement, denouncing, denunciation, philippic, shouting down'' *'''futeuder'''....''decry, denounce, denunciate, shout down'' *'''futeudwa'''....''decried, denounced, denunciated, shouted down'' *'''futeus'''....''bad taste'' *'''futeusa'''....''bad-tasting, brackish, flyblown, foul-tasting, unsavory'' *'''futeusan'''....''brackishness, foul taste, unsavoriness'' *'''futeusaya'''....''nasty, unsavory'' *'''futeusayan'''....''nastiness, unsavoriness'' *'''futeusea'''....''bad-tasting, nasty, unsavory'' *'''futeuser'''....''taste bad'' *'''futeusika'''....''nasty, unsavory'' *'''futeusikan'''....''nastiness, unsavoriness'' *'''gapoteupib'''....''elephant tusk'' *'''gapoteupibul'''....''ivory'' *'''gateubier'''....''regorge'' *'''gateupib'''....''tusk'' *'''gateupibika'''....''tusked'' *'''gateupibog'''....''tush'' *'''gateuzer'''....''reecho'' *'''giteubaba'''....''sharp-tongued'' *'''giteud'''....''screak, scream, screech'' *'''giteudea'''....''screaming, screeching, shrieking, squealing'' *'''giteuden'''....''screaming, screeching, shrieking, squealing'' *'''giteuder'''....''screak, scream, screech, shriek, squeal'' *'''giteudut'''....''screamer, squealer'' *'''giteudwa'''....''screamed'' *'''giteudyea'''....''screechy'' *'''giteus'''....''tang, zest'' *'''giteusa'''....''tangy, zestful'' *'''giteusan'''....''zestfulness'' *'''giteusay'''....''zestfully'' *'''giteusaya'''....''zesty'' *'''giteusika'''....''zesty'' *'''giyufteud'''....''screak'' *'''giyufteuder'''....''screak'' *'''glagla ivteuduyea'''....''sidesplitting'' *'''groteusa'''....''insipid'' *'''groteusan'''....''insipidity, insipidness'' *'''groteusay'''....''insipidly'' *'''ibteubixer'''....''gnaw away'' *'''ifteuduer'''....''razz'' *'''igteubien'''....''gulping down'' *'''igteubier'''....''gulp down, quickly swallow'' *'''igteubiwa'''....''gulped down'' *'''igteupixyafa'''....''snappish'' *'''igteupixyafan'''....''snappishness'' *'''igteupixyafay'''....''snappishly'' *'''ijmola teud'''....''primal scream'' *'''ikay teutyofa'''....''stone-blind'' *'''ikteubien'''....''swallowing up'' *'''ikteubier'''....''ingurgitate, swallow up, swallow whole'' *'''ikteubiwa'''....''swallowed up'' *'''ikteubixegwa'''....''gnawed away, gnawed off'' *'''ikteubixer'''....''chew up'' *'''ikteubixwa'''....''chewed up'' *'''ila yuzteuzun'''....''liquid consonant'' *'''inyijteuzun'''....''triphthong'' *'''inyujteuzuna'''....''tri-consonantal'' *'''iteupib'''....''canine tooth'' *'''ivteub'''....''grin, smile'' *'''ivteubea'''....''grinning, smiley, smiling'' *'''ivteuben'''....''grinning, smiling'' *'''ivteuber'''....''grin, smile'' *'''ivteubsin'''....''smiley'' *'''ivteubuer'''....''cause to grin, make grin'' *'''ivteubuyea'''....''grin-inducing'' *'''ivteubxen'''....''amusement'' *'''ivteubxer'''....''amuse, make smile'' *'''ivteubxwa'''....''amused'' *'''ivteubyeay'''....''smilingly'' *'''ivteud'''....''laugh'' *'''ivteudea'''....''laughing'' *'''ivteuden'''....''laughing, laughter'' *'''ivteuder'''....''laugh'' *'''ivteudog'''....''giggle'' *'''ivteudogen'''....''giggling'' *'''ivteudoger'''....''giggle'' *'''ivteudogyea'''....''giggly'' *'''ivteuduen'''....''amusing, entertainment, tickling'' *'''ivteuduer'''....''amuse, entertain, tickle'' *'''ivteuduwa'''....''amused, entertained, tickled'' *'''ivteuduyea'''....''funny'' *'''ivteudxea'''....''amusing, funny'' *'''ivteudxeay'''....''amusingly'' *'''ivteudxer'''....''amuse, make laugh'' *'''ivteudyafwa'''....''laughable, ridiculous'' *'''ivteudyafwan'''....''ridiculousness'' *'''ivteudyafway'''....''laughably, ridiculously'' *'''ivteudyeay'''....''laughingly'' *'''ivteusoz'''....''chortle'' *'''ivteusozen'''....''chortling'' *'''ivteusozer'''....''chortle'' *'''ivteusozut'''....''chortler'' *'''izteupibtyen'''....''orthodontia, orthodontics'' *'''izteupibtyena'''....''orthodontic'' *'''izteupibtyenut'''....''orthodontist'' *'''jateux'''....''foretaste'' *'''jateuxen'''....''pre-taste'' *'''jateuxer'''....''pre-taste'' *'''jateuxut'''....''pre-taster'' *'''joteus'''....''after-taste, aftertaste'' *'''joteuzben'''....''dubbing'' *'''joteuzber'''....''dub'' *'''joteuzbut'''....''dubber'' *'''joteuzbwa'''....''dubbed'' *'''joyujteuzuna'''....''postconsonantal'' *'''koda doteuzdref'''....''secret ballot'' *'''loteuboxer'''....''unmuffle'' *'''loteuzuwa'''....''unvoiced'' *'''malpoxea yujteuzun'''....''stop consonant'' *'''Mas bi Yaguvteuden'''....''Wailing Wall'' *'''muyfyeg bi teupib vyixyel'''....''tube of toothpaste'' *'''teuzdyeer'''....''read aloud'' *'''bay teuz'''....''out loud, aloud'' *'''obteubixer'''....''gnaw off'' *'''obteuzwas'''....''something whispered'' *'''odoteuzea'''....''nonvoting'' *'''odoteuzut'''....''nonvoter'' *'''ofiteusayxwa'''....''unflavored'' *'''ofteudyut'''....''grump'' *'''oglateuzibar'''....''microphone'' *'''ogovteud'''....''quibble'' *'''ogovteuden'''....''quibbling'' *'''ogovteuder'''....''quibble'' *'''ogovteudut'''....''quibbler'' *'''ogteupixen'''....''nibbling'' *'''ogteupixer'''....''nibble'' *'''ogteupixut'''....''nibbler'' *'''ogteupixwa'''....''nibbled'' *'''oivteubea'''....''unsmiling'' *'''oluvteudea'''....''uncomplaining'' *'''oluvteudeay'''....''uncomplainingly'' *'''olyebteupibwa'''....''unindented'' *'''opasteurxwa'''....''unpasteurized'' *'''oteubaxwa'''....''unlicked'' *'''oteubob'''....''lower lip, underlip'' *'''oteuda'''....''mute'' *'''oteudan'''....''muteness'' *'''oteudser'''....''go mute'' *'''oteudxen'''....''muting'' *'''oteudxer'''....''mute'' *'''oteudxwa'''....''muted'' *'''oteuxwa'''....''untasted'' *'''oteuza'''....''nonvocal'' *'''oteuzan'''....''voicelessness'' *'''oteuzsagen'''....''canvassing'' *'''oteuzwa'''....''voiceless'' *'''oteuzwy'''....''voicelessly'' *'''ovteuz'''....''antiphony'' *'''oybteuzen'''....''sub-vocalization'' *'''oybteuzer'''....''sub-vocalize'' *'''oybteuzwa'''....''sub-vocalized'' *'''oyebier teupib'''....''extract a tooth'' *'''oyebixer teupib'''....''extract a tooth'' *'''oyebteubilpuxen'''....''spitting out'' *'''oyebteubilpuxer'''....''spit out'' *'''oyebteubwa'''....''spat out'' *'''oyteupiba'''....''toothless'' *'''ozivteuden'''....''chuckling'' *'''ozivteuder'''....''chuckle'' *'''ozteuder'''....''whimper'' *'''ozuvteud'''....''mewl, moan, sigh, whimper'' *'''ozuvteudea'''....''moaning, sighing, whimpering'' *'''ozuvteuden'''....''moaning, sighing, whimpering'' *'''ozuvteuder'''....''mewl, moan, sigh, weep, whimper'' *'''ozuvteudut'''....''moaner, weeper, whimperer'' *'''pasteurxar'''....''pasteurizer'' *'''pasteurxen'''....''pasteurization'' *'''pasteurxer'''....''pasteurize'' *'''pasteurxwa'''....''pasteurized'' *'''pateub'''....''beak, bill'' *'''pateuxen'''....''pecking'' *'''pateuxer'''....''peck'' *'''pateuxut'''....''pecker'' *'''pateuxwa'''....''pecked'' *'''pelt teupixun'''....''bug bite, insect bite'' *'''pelteux'''....''buzz'' *'''pelteuxea'''....''buzzing'' *'''pelteuxen'''....''buzzing'' *'''pelteuxer'''....''buzz'' *'''pelteuxyea'''....''buzzy'' *'''pelteuxyean'''....''buzziness'' *'''pobalkber teupib'''....''fill a tooth'' *'''pobokul teupixun'''....''venom bite'' *'''poteub yignyef'''....''muzzle'' *'''poteub'''....''mug'' *'''seuxaza ovteud'''....''uproar'' *'''seuz bi teuz'''....''tone of voice'' *'''sopyedea yujteuzun'''....''sibilant consonant'' *'''sopyet teupixun'''....''snakebite'' *'''teiba yujteuzun'''....''nasal consonant'' *'''teub vyixil'''....''mouthwash'' *'''teub'''....''bazoo, gab, mouth, orifice'' *'''teuba byak'''....''oral hygiene'' *'''teuba byaktun'''....''oral hygienics'' *'''teuba byaktuna'''....''oral hygienic'' *'''teuba byaktut'''....''oral hygienist'' *'''teuba'''....''buccal, oral, parol'' *'''teubab yobalar'''....''tongue depressor'' *'''teubab'''....''tongue'' *'''teubaba'''....''lingual'' *'''teubaber'''....''tongue'' *'''teubaboya'''....''tongueless'' *'''teubabuka'''....''tongueless'' *'''teubabwa'''....''tongued'' *'''teubabyoxer'''....''loll'' *'''teubaoxer'''....''wag the tongue'' *'''teubap'''....''tang'' *'''teubaxen'''....''embouchure, licking'' *'''teubaxer'''....''lick'' *'''teubaxut'''....''licker'' *'''teubaxwa'''....''licked'' *'''teubay'''....''orally'' *'''teubayeb'''....''mustache'' *'''teubayebag'''....''mustachio'' *'''teubayebagika'''....''mustachioed'' *'''teubayebika'''....''mustached'' *'''teubeb'''....''gum'' *'''teubeba'''....''gingival'' *'''teubebbok'''....''gingivitis, gum disease'' *'''teubebyaz'''....''gumboil'' *'''teubexar'''....''snaffle'' *'''teubexarer'''....''snaffle'' *'''teubib'''....''jaw, mandible'' *'''teubiba funadxen'''....''malocclusion'' *'''teubiba'''....''mandibular'' *'''teubibaib'''....''jawbone, maxilla'' *'''teubibaiba'''....''maxillary'' *'''teubibaibi'''....''maxillae'' *'''teubien'''....''swallowing'' *'''teubier bekzyunog'''....''swallow a pill'' *'''teubier'''....''swallow'' *'''teubik'''....''gag, mouthful'' *'''teubikber'''....''cram into the mouth'' *'''teubil'''....''saliva, slobber, spit'' *'''teubila tayub'''....''salivary gland'' *'''teubila'''....''salivary'' *'''teubilen'''....''salivation'' *'''teubiler'''....''salivate'' *'''teubilien'''....''sucking'' *'''teubilier'''....''suck'' *'''teubilokegea'''....''dribbling, driveling'' *'''teubilokegen'''....''dribbling, driveling'' *'''teubilokeger'''....''dribble, drivel'' *'''teubilokegyea'''....''dribbly, drively'' *'''teubiloken'''....''drooling, slavering, slobbering'' *'''teubiloker'''....''drool, slabber, slaver'' *'''teubilokyea'''....''slobbery'' *'''teubiloyeben'''....''expectoration'' *'''teubiloyeber'''....''expectorate'' *'''teubiloyebun'''....''expectorant'' *'''teubiloyebwa'''....''expectorated'' *'''teubilpuxegen'''....''sputtering'' *'''teubilpuxeger'''....''sputter'' *'''teubilpuxen'''....''expectoration, spewing, spitting'' *'''teubilpuxer'''....''expectorate, spew, spit'' *'''teubilpuxun'''....''expectorant, spit'' *'''teubilpuxwa'''....''expectorated, spewed, spitted'' *'''teubilsom'''....''spittoon'' *'''teubiluen'''....''expectoration'' *'''teubiluer'''....''expectorate'' *'''teubilun'''....''spittle'' *'''teubiluxen'''....''tantalization'' *'''teubiluxer'''....''tantalize'' *'''teubiluxut'''....''tantalizer'' *'''teubiluxyea'''....''tantalizing'' *'''teubiluxyeay'''....''tantalizingly'' *'''teubiwa'''....''swallowed'' *'''teubix zyunog'''....''cud'' *'''teubixazer'''....''chomp'' *'''teubixegea'''....''ruminant'' *'''teubixegen'''....''gnawing, grazing, rumination'' *'''teubixeger'''....''graze, ruminate'' *'''teubixegut'''....''ruminant'' *'''teubixegwa'''....''gnawed'' *'''teubixen'''....''chewing, mastication'' *'''teubixer givob'''....''chew tobacco'' *'''teubixer yuigofel'''....''chew gum'' *'''teubixer'''....''champ, champing, chew, manducate, masticate'' *'''teubixut'''....''masticator'' *'''teubixwa dref'''....''papier mache, papier mâché'' *'''teubixwa'''....''chewed, masticated'' *'''teubixyafwa'''....''chewable'' *'''teubixyea'''....''chewy, mouthy'' *'''teubixyean'''....''chewiness, mouthiness'' *'''teubiyik'''....''difficulty swallowing'' *'''teubiyika'''....''hard of swallowing'' *'''teubiyikwa'''....''hard to swallow'' *'''teubiyl'''....''spittle'' *'''teubiyxen'''....''munching'' *'''teubiyxer'''....''munch'' *'''teubiyxun'''....''munchable, snack'' *'''teubiyxut'''....''muncher'' *'''teubiyxwa'''....''munched'' *'''teubnuf'''....''bit'' *'''teubob volz'''....''lip color, lip gloss, lipstick'' *'''teubob'''....''labium, lip, valve'' *'''teuboba yujteuzun'''....''labial consonant'' *'''teuboba'''....''labial'' *'''teubobdyeen'''....''lipreading'' *'''teubobdyeer'''....''lipread'' *'''teubobdyeut'''....''lipreader'' *'''teubobsan'''....''labrum'' *'''teubobyeben'''....''sucking'' *'''teubobyeber'''....''suck'' *'''teubobyebwa'''....''sucked'' *'''teubov'''....''facial covering, mask, mouth cover'' *'''teubox'''....''buss, kiss'' *'''teuboxegen'''....''smooching'' *'''teuboxeger'''....''smooch'' *'''teuboxen'''....''bussing, kissing, osculation'' *'''teuboxer'''....''buss, kiss, osculate'' *'''teuboxwa'''....''bussed'' *'''teuboxyafwa'''....''kissable'' *'''teuboyxer'''....''give a peck on the cheek'' *'''teubsar'''....''mouthpiece'' *'''teubsin'''....''expression'' *'''teubsinen'''....''making an expression'' *'''teubsiner'''....''make an expression'' *'''teubsinoya'''....''deadpan, expressionless, glassy'' *'''teubsinuka'''....''deadpan, expressionless, glassy'' *'''teubsun'''....''mouthpiece'' *'''teubukxwul'''....''sputum'' *'''teubvyixul'''....''mouthwash'' *'''teubyijea'''....''yawning'' *'''teubyijen'''....''yawning'' *'''teubyijer'''....''yawn'' *'''teubyijuyeas'''....''yawner'' *'''teubyijyea'''....''yawny'' *'''teubyujar'''....''gag'' *'''teubyujben'''....''gagging'' *'''teubyujber'''....''gag, gagged'' *'''teubzoteyob'''....''oropharynx'' *'''teubzoteyoba'''....''oropharyngeal'' *'''teubzyayijben'''....''gaping'' *'''teubzyayijber'''....''gape'' *'''teud'''....''call, cry, exclamation'' *'''teudaz'''....''yell'' *'''teudazer'''....''yell'' *'''teudazut'''....''yeller'' *'''teudazwa'''....''yelled'' *'''teuden'''....''calling, crying out, exclaiming'' *'''teudena'''....''exclamatory'' *'''teuder'''....''call, cry out, exclaim'' *'''teudnuf'''....''call button'' *'''teudut'''....''crier'' *'''teudwa'''....''called, cried out, exclaimed'' *'''teuf'''....''muzzle'' *'''teufuen'''....''muzzling'' *'''teufuer'''....''muzzle'' *'''teufuwa'''....''muzzled'' *'''teumib'''....''palate'' *'''teumiba'''....''palatal'' *'''teumibxen'''....''palatalization'' *'''teumibxer'''....''palatalize'' *'''teumibxwa'''....''palatalized'' *'''teupib ebzyan'''....''bridgework'' *'''teupib gimuf'''....''toothpick'' *'''teupib megyel'''....''cementum'' *'''teupib oyebixen'''....''tooth extraction'' *'''teupib vyixar'''....''toothbrush'' *'''teupib vyixyel'''....''toothpaste'' *'''teupib yigabmul'''....''tooth enamel'' *'''teupib yilemikun'''....''tooth filling'' *'''teupib yonmulsen'''....''tooth decay'' *'''teupib yugzen'''....''pulp'' *'''teupib zyeg'''....''tooth cavity'' *'''teupib'''....''tooth'' *'''teupiba yujteuzun'''....''dental consonant'' *'''teupiba'''....''dental'' *'''teupibaga'''....''toothy'' *'''teupibagay'''....''toothily'' *'''teupibaosen'''....''teeth chattering'' *'''teupibaoser'''....''teeth chatter'' *'''teupibbek'''....''dental care, dental hygiene, dentistry'' *'''teupibbekam'''....''dental clinic, dentist office'' *'''teupibbekut'''....''dental hygienist'' *'''teupibbyok'''....''dental pain, odontalgia'' *'''teupibbyoyk'''....''toothache'' *'''teupiben'''....''toothing'' *'''teupibgoblar'''....''hob'' *'''teupibien'''....''teething'' *'''teupibier'''....''teethe'' *'''teupibika'''....''dentate, indented, serrated, toothed'' *'''teupibilz'''....''tartar'' *'''teupibniv'''....''floss'' *'''teupibniven'''....''flossing'' *'''teupibniver'''....''floss'' *'''teupibok'''....''tooth loss'' *'''teupiboya'''....''toothless'' *'''teupiboyan'''....''toothlessness'' *'''teupibsen'''....''dentition, odontiasis'' *'''teupibsiynxen'''....''denting'' *'''teupibsiynxwa'''....''dented'' *'''teupibtun'''....''dentistry, odontology'' *'''teupibtuna'''....''dental, odontological'' *'''teupibtut'''....''dentist, odontologist'' *'''teupibuka'''....''toothless'' *'''teupibukan'''....''toothlessness'' *'''teupibut'''....''dentist'' *'''teupibutam'''....''dentists office'' *'''teupibvyixyel'''....''dentifrice'' *'''teupibwa'''....''indented, notched, serrated'' *'''teupibxen'''....''dentition, teething'' *'''teupibxer'''....''teethe'' *'''teupibyan'''....''denture'' *'''teupibyena'''....''odontoid, tooth-like'' *'''teupimul'''....''dentin, dentine'' *'''teupip'''....''fang'' *'''teupipika'''....''fanged'' *'''teupipoben'''....''defanging'' *'''teupipober'''....''defang'' *'''teupipobwa'''....''defanged'' *'''teupixegen'''....''gnashing'' *'''teupixeger'''....''gnash'' *'''teupixen'''....''biting'' *'''teupixer'''....''bite'' *'''teupixun'''....''bite, morsel'' *'''teupixwa'''....''bitten'' *'''teupixyea'''....''biting, mordant'' *'''teupixyean'''....''mordancy'' *'''teupixyeay'''....''bitingly, mordantly'' *'''teus'''....''taste'' *'''teusa'''....''gustatory'' *'''teusaya'''....''full of taste, savory, tasty'' *'''teusayan'''....''savoriness, tastiness'' *'''teusayxer'''....''make tasty'' *'''teusea'''....''tasting like'' *'''teusen'''....''tasting like'' *'''teuser'''....''taste like'' *'''teusgab'''....''seasoning, spice, taste supplement'' *'''teusgaben'''....''seasoning, spicing'' *'''teusgaber'''....''season, spice up, supplement with taste'' *'''teusgabwa'''....''spiced'' *'''teusibar'''....''taste bud, taste receptor'' *'''teusifien'''....''degustation'' *'''teusifier'''....''degust'' *'''teusika'''....''full of taste, savory, tasty'' *'''teusikan'''....''savoriness, tastiness'' *'''teusikxer'''....''fill up with taste, imbue with taste'' *'''teusoya'''....''insipid, tasteless'' *'''teusoyan'''....''insipidness, tastelessness'' *'''teusoyxen'''....''depriving of taste'' *'''teusoyxer'''....''deprive of taste'' *'''teusoyxwa'''....''deprived of taste'' *'''teusufer'''....''be disgusted'' *'''teusufxyika'''....''easily disgusted'' *'''teusufxyikwa'''....''squeamish'' *'''teusufxyikwan'''....''squeamishness'' *'''teusufxyikway'''....''squeamishly'' *'''teusuka'''....''insipid, tasteless'' *'''teusukan'''....''insipidness, tastelessness'' *'''teusukxer'''....''remove the taste'' *'''teusyiga'''....''acerbic, astringent, bitter'' *'''teusyigan'''....''acerbity, astringency, bitterness'' *'''teusyigay'''....''astringently'' *'''teusyigser'''....''become astringent, become bitter'' *'''teusyigxer'''....''embitter, make astringent'' *'''teusyigxwa'''....''embittered'' *'''teut'''....''sense of taste'' *'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' *'''teuter'''....''taste'' *'''teutien tul'''....''sample dish'' *'''teutien'''....''sampling, savoring, tasting'' *'''teutier'''....''sample, take a taste'' *'''teutiun'''....''sample, sampler, taste'' *'''teutiut'''....''sampler, taster'' *'''teutiwa'''....''sampled'' *'''teutos'''....''sense of taste'' *'''teutuer'''....''give a taste to, offer a sample, offer to taste'' *'''teutuwa'''....''offered a taste'' *'''teutyaf'''....''ability to taste, sense of taste'' *'''teutyafwa'''....''tastable'' *'''teutyof'''....''inability to taste'' *'''teutyofa'''....''unable to taste'' *'''teutyofwa'''....''unable to be tasted'' *'''teutyofwan'''....''inability to be tasted, vapidity'' *'''teuv'''....''mask'' *'''teuvdazag'''....''masked ball'' *'''teuvien'''....''mummery, putting on a mask'' *'''teuvier'''....''put on a mask'' *'''teuviut'''....''mummer'' *'''teuvuen'''....''masquerade'' *'''teuvuer'''....''mask'' *'''teuvuutyan'''....''masquerade'' *'''teuvuwa'''....''masked'' *'''teuvuwat'''....''masker'' *'''teuxen'''....''tasting'' *'''teuxer'''....''taste'' *'''teuxuen'''....''flavoring'' *'''teuxuer'''....''flavor'' *'''teuxuwa'''....''flavored'' *'''teuxwa'''....''tasted'' *'''teuz'''....''voice'' *'''teuza'''....''vocal'' *'''teuzagxar'''....''megaphone, microphone, mike'' *'''teuzaun'''....''phoneme'' *'''teuzauna'''....''phonemic'' *'''teuzaunay'''....''phonemically'' *'''teuzauntun'''....''phonemics'' *'''teuzauntut'''....''phonemicist'' *'''teuzaxen'''....''vocalization'' *'''teuzaxer'''....''vocalize'' *'''teuzaxut'''....''vocalizer'' *'''teuzaxwa'''....''vocalized'' *'''teuzay'''....''vocally'' *'''teuzaza'''....''loud, loudmouthed'' *'''teuzazar'''....''loudspeaker, mic'' *'''teuzazat'''....''loudmouth'' *'''teuzazay'''....''in a loud voice, loudly'' *'''teuzdriren'''....''phonotypy'' *'''teuzdrirena'''....''phonotypical'' *'''teuzdrirsiyn'''....''phonotype'' *'''teuzea'''....''uttering'' *'''teuzebden'''....''voicemail'' *'''teuzen'''....''uttering, vocalization, voicing, phonation'' *'''teuzer'''....''phonate, vocalize'' *'''teuzijuna'''....''glottal'' *'''teuzneyef'''....''voiceband'' *'''teuznyem'''....''larynx, voice box'' *'''teuznyema'''....''laryngeal'' *'''teuzoza'''....''soft-spoken'' *'''teuzozay'''....''in a low voice, in a soft voice'' *'''teuztisyen'''....''phonics'' *'''teuztun'''....''phonology'' *'''teuztuna'''....''phonological'' *'''teuztunay'''....''phonologically'' *'''teuztut'''....''phonologist'' *'''teuzun'''....''phone, sound, utterance'' *'''teuzuna saen'''....''phoneticism'' *'''teuzuna'''....''phonetic, phonic'' *'''teuzunay'''....''phonetically, phonically'' *'''teuzuntun'''....''phonetics'' *'''teuzuntuna'''....''phonetic'' *'''teuzuntut'''....''phoneticist'' *'''teuzuntyenut'''....''phonetician'' *'''teuzut'''....''voicer'' *'''teuzwa'''....''sonant, uttered, voiced'' *'''teuzyan'''....''chorus'' *'''teuzyana'''....''choral'' *'''teuzyantixar'''....''vocoder'' *'''teuzyanut'''....''choral singer'' *'''teuzyigfa'''....''hoarse'' *'''teuzyigfan'''....''hoarseness'' *'''teuzyigfaser'''....''hoarsen'' *'''teuzyigfaxer'''....''hoarsen'' *'''teuzyigfay'''....''hoarsely'' *'''teyobufa yujteuzun'''....''guttural consonant'' *'''tikyebteubaxen'''....''analingus'' *'''tojteuv'''....''death mask'' *'''tooyba teuzuen'''....''female suffrage'' *'''tudet teupib'''....''baby tooth'' *'''tyoyafteubaxut'''....''brown noser'' *'''uateupib'''....''molar'' *'''ufteub'''....''frown, grimace, sneer'' *'''ufteubea'''....''frowning, grimacing, sneering'' *'''ufteuben'''....''frowning, grimacing, sneering scowling'' *'''ufteuber'''....''frown, grimace, lour, mug, sneer'' *'''ufteubsin'''....''glower, hateful expression'' *'''ufteubuer'''....''make frown'' *'''ufteud'''....''gripe, grouch, grouse, grumble, scorn, scowl'' *'''ufteudea'''....''griping, grouching, grousing, grumbling, scowling'' *'''ufteuden'''....''griping, grouching, grousing, grumbling, scorning, scowling, snarling'' *'''ufteuder'''....''gripe, grouch, grouse, grumble, grump, scorn, scowl, snarl, whine'' *'''ufteuduer'''....''make groan'' *'''ufteudut'''....''griper, grouser, scorner, whiner'' *'''ufteuduyea'''....''groan-inducing'' *'''ufteudwa'''....''scorned'' *'''ufteudyea jagat'''....''codger'' *'''ufteudyea'''....''grouchy, grumpy, scornful, snarly'' *'''ufteudyean'''....''grouchiness, grumpiness'' *'''ufteudyeay'''....''grouchily, grumpily, scornfully'' *'''uteupib'''....''premolar, wisdom tooth'' *'''utivteubeay'''....''simperingly'' *'''utivteuber'''....''simper'' *'''uvteub'''....''frown, grimace, long face, pouty face'' *'''uvteubea'''....''frowning, grimacing, pouting'' *'''uvteuben'''....''frowning, grimacing, making a long face, moping, pouting, sulking'' *'''uvteuber'''....''be sad-faced, frown, grimace, lour, make a long face, mope, pout, sulk'' *'''uvteubsin'''....''sad expression, sad face'' *'''uvteubsinea'''....''making a sad face, pouting'' *'''uvteubsinen'''....''making a sad face, pouting'' *'''uvteubsiner'''....''make a sad face, pout'' *'''uvteubut'''....''moper'' *'''uvteud'''....''complaint, moan, outcry, plaint, wail'' *'''uvteuden'''....''beefing, complaining, crying out, groaning, moaning, wailing'' *'''uvteuder'''....''complain, cry out, groan, moan, wail'' *'''uvteuduer'''....''make cry, make groan, make moan'' *'''uvteudut'''....''complainant, complainer'' *'''uvteuduyea'''....''groan-inducing, moan-inducing'' *'''uvteudyea'''....''grumbling, mournful, peevish, plaintive, querulous'' *'''uvteudyean'''....''peevishness, querulousness'' *'''uvteudyeay'''....''peevishly, plaintively, querulously'' *'''uvteudyefwa'''....''groan-worthy'' *'''uvteudyen'''....''plangency'' *'''uvteudyena'''....''plangent'' *'''vadoteuz'''....''yes vote'' *'''vadoteuzea'''....''voting yes'' *'''vadoteuzer'''....''vote yes'' *'''vadoteuzut'''....''yes voter'' *'''vadoteuzwa'''....''voted in'' *'''vafil teuxen'''....''wine tasting'' *'''vateuyea'''....''telling'' *'''vateuyeay'''....''tellingly'' *'''vateuz'''....''aye, yes vote'' *'''vateuzer'''....''say aye, vote affirmatively, vote yes'' *'''vateuzut'''....''yes voter'' *'''viteus'''....''good taste'' *'''viteusa'''....''scrumptious'' *'''viteusay'''....''scrumptiously'' *'''viteusea'''....''savory, tasty'' *'''vodoteuzuea'''....''voting no'' *'''vodoteuzuer'''....''vote no'' *'''vodoteuzuut'''....''no voter'' *'''vodoteuzuwa'''....''voted down'' *'''voteud'''....''disclaimer'' *'''voteuder'''....''disclaim'' *'''voteudwa'''....''disclaimed'' *'''voteuz'''....''nay, no vote'' *'''voteuzer'''....''vote down, vote no'' *'''voteuzut'''....''no voter'' *'''voteuzwa'''....''voted down'' *'''vyosaxwa teupibi'''....''false teeth'' *'''vyuteuba'''....''foul-mouthed, foulmouthed, ribald'' *'''vyuteuban'''....''ribaldry'' *'''vyuteubat'''....''foul-mouthed person, foulmouth, ribald'' *'''yaba yijteuzun'''....''high vowel'' *'''yagteubixea'''....''gnawing'' *'''yagteubixen'''....''gnawing'' *'''yagteubixer'''....''gnaw'' *'''yagteubixwa'''....''gnawed'' *'''yaguvteud'''....''lament, wail, whine'' *'''yaguvteudea'''....''lamenting, moaning, wailing, whining'' *'''yaguvteuden'''....''lamentation, lamenting, moaning, wailing, whining'' *'''yaguvteuder'''....''kvetch, lament, moan, wail, whine, whinge'' *'''yaguvteudut'''....''whiner, whinger'' *'''yaguvteudyea'''....''whiny'' *'''yaguvteudyefwa'''....''lamentable'' *'''yaguvteudyefway'''....''lamentably'' *'''yanyujber teubobi'''....''pucker, purse the lips'' *'''yazabteupib'''....''bucktooth'' *'''yazabteupibika'''....''bucktoothed'' *'''yeba teuz'''....''conscience, inner voice'' *'''yeber doteuzdref'''....''cast a ballot, cast a vote'' *'''yebteuboben'''....''sucking'' *'''yebteubober'''....''suck'' *'''yebteubobun'''....''suction'' *'''yebteubobwa'''....''sucked'' *'''yebteupiben'''....''indentation, indenting'' *'''yebteupiber'''....''indent'' *'''yebteupibun'''....''dent, indentation'' *'''yebteupibwa'''....''indented'' *'''yembiara teupibbek'''....''prosthodontics'' *'''yembiara teupibbeka'''....''prosthodontic'' *'''yembiara teupibbekut'''....''prosthodontist'' *'''yepeteupib'''....''cuspid'' *'''yigteupix seux'''....''graunch'' *'''yigteupixen'''....''crunching'' *'''yigteupixer'''....''crunch'' *'''yigteupixwa'''....''crunched'' *'''yigteupixyea'''....''crunchy'' *'''yigteupixyean'''....''crunchiness'' *'''yijteuza'''....''vocalic'' *'''yijteuzun yanseuz'''....''vowel harmony'' *'''yijteuzun'''....''vowel'' *'''yijteuzyan'''....''vocalism'' *'''yiteupib'''....''wisdom tooth'' *'''yizdoteuzuer'''....''outvote'' *'''yizdoteuzuwa'''....''outvoted'' *'''yizteuder'''....''outshout'' *'''yoba yijteuzun'''....''low vowel'' *'''yokteud'''....''exclamation, outburst'' *'''yokteuda siyn'''....''exclamation mark, exclamation point'' *'''yokteuda'''....''exclamatory'' *'''yokteuden'''....''exclamation'' *'''yokteudena'''....''exclamatory'' *'''yokteuder'''....''exclaim'' *'''yokteudwa'''....''exclaimed'' *'''yokteudyea'''....''exclamatory'' *'''yolzteuboba'''....''blue-lipped'' *'''yonteuzika'''....''dissonant'' *'''yonteuzikan'''....''dissonance'' *'''yopelat teupixun'''....''mosquito bite'' *'''yoteupib'''....''molar'' *'''yufteud'''....''growl, roar'' *'''yufteudea'''....''growling, roaring'' *'''yufteuden'''....''growling, roaring'' *'''yufteuder'''....''growl, roar'' *'''yugteumib'''....''soft palate, velum'' *'''yugteumiba yujteuzun'''....''velar consonant'' *'''yugteumiba'''....''velar'' *'''yugteumibxer'''....''velarize'' *'''yujteuzun glal'''....''consonant cluster'' *'''yujteuzun'''....''consonant'' *'''yujteuzuna'''....''consonantal'' *'''yupleteubob'''....''harelip'' *'''yupleteuboba'''....''harelipped'' *'''yuzteupiba'''....''periodontal'' *'''yuzteupibut'''....''periodontist'' *'''zaa yijteuzun'''....''front vowel'' *'''zateupib'''....''foretooth'' *'''zateyoba yuzteuzun'''....''laryngeal consonant'' *'''zea yijteuzun'''....''mid vowel'' *'''zoa yijteuzun'''....''back vowel'' *'''zoyteuz'''....''echo'' *'''zoyteuza emkaxen'''....''echolocation'' *'''zoyteuza'''....''echoic'' *'''zoyteuzen'''....''echoing'' *'''zoyteuzer'''....''echo'' *'''zoyteuzim'''....''echo chamber'' *'''zoyteuzuka'''....''anechoic'' *'''zoyteuzwa'''....''echoed'' *'''zyaa yijteuzun'''....''open vowel'' *'''zyaivteub'''....''beaming grin, wide grin'' *'''zyaivteubea'''....''beaming, grinning widely'' *'''zyaivteuben'''....''grinning widely'' *'''zyaivteuber'''....''be all grins, beam, grin widely'' *'''zyateuba ilyebag'''....''ewer'' *'''zyateuba'''....''widemouthed'' *'''zyoa yijteuzun'''....''close vowel'' *'''zyoyujben teubobi'''....''puckering, pursing the lips'' *'''zyoyujber teubobi'''....''pucker, purse the lips'' *'''zyuteuba'''....''orthant'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TIB (''trunk'') Words ==== : The root word '''tib''' means ''trunk (of the body)'' The meronymic elements are: ::* '''zotib'''....''back'' ::* '''zetib'''....''waist'' ::* '''zatib'''....''lap'' ::* '''tibuj'''....''tail'' :::* '''tibujaib'''....''tailbone, coccyx'' ::* '''tibaib'''....''rib'' :::* '''tibaibyan'''....''ribcage'' ::* '''tibyob'''....''groin'' ::* '''tiab'''....''bosom'' :::* '''tilab'''....''chest'' ::::* '''twilab'''....''pectoral'' ::::* '''tilayb'''....''breast'' :::* '''tilabeib'''....''teat, nipple'' ::* '''tieb'''....''lung'' ::* '''tiib'''....''heart'' ::* '''tiub'''....''belly'' :::* '''tiuyb'''....''abdomen'' :::* '''zotiub'''....''buttock'' :::* '''zetiub'''....''belly button'' ::* '''tiyob'''....''kidney'' ::* '''tiyab'''....''bladder'' ::* '''tiyeb'''....''prostate'' ::* '''twiyib'''....''testical'' ::* '''tiyiyb'''....''ovary'' ::* '''tiyub'''....''genitals'' :::* '''twiyub'''....''penis'' :::* '''tiyuyb'''....''vagina'' ::* '''tikab'''....''esophagus'' ::* '''tikeb'''....''stomach'' ::* '''tikib'''....''liver'' ::* '''tikub'''....''pancreas'' ::* '''tikyob'''....''small intestine'' ::* '''tikyab'''....''large intestine'' ::* '''tikyeb'''....''anus'' : Here is a set of words derived from '''tib''': {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtaf tibuj'''....''coattail'' *'''aomuftib'''....''scape'' *'''apetibuj tayebsyen'''....''ponytail'' *'''apetibuj'''....''horsetail, ponytail'' *'''byoyk bi zotib'''....''backache'' *'''ebtibaiba'''....''intercostal'' *'''entibuj yagtif'''....''swallowtail'' *'''entibuj'''....''swallowtail'' *'''eopetibiil-volz'''....''oxblood'' *'''eopetibiil-volza'''....''oxblood'' *'''eopetibuj'''....''oxtail'' *'''epeytibuj'''....''cow tail'' *'''gibarer be ha zotib'''....''backstab'' *'''hyutibuja'''....''heterocercal'' *'''iztibsea'''....''erect, standing up, standing up straight, upright'' *'''iztibsen'''....''erection, standing up, standing up straight'' *'''iztibser'''....''stand erect, stand up, stand up straight'' *'''iztibsya'''....''erect, standing straight, upright'' *'''jogat datibam'''....''youth hostel'' *'''kapeltiblen'''....''nitpicking'' *'''kapeltibler'''....''nitpick'' *'''marmeg tibuj'''....''comet tail'' *'''nyiftibuf'''....''shoelace tag'' *'''obtibgun'''....''crotch'' *'''obzatib syaagir'''....''laptop computer'' *'''obzatib'''....''lap'' *'''obzatibfaof'''....''laptop'' *'''obzatibik'''....''lapful'' *'''odatibyena'''....''inhospitable'' *'''odatibyenay'''....''inhospitably'' *'''pitibuj'''....''fishtail'' *'''tib'''....''torso, trunk'' *'''tiba gwogteexar'''....''lavalier'' *'''tiba pyosuz'''....''lavaliere'' *'''tibaib'''....''rib'' *'''tibaiba'''....''costal'' *'''tibaibika'''....''ribbed'' *'''tibaibuer'''....''rib'' *'''tibaibyan'''....''rib cage'' *'''tibal'''....''distress'' *'''tibalea'''....''distressing'' *'''tibalwa'''....''distressed'' *'''tibalyea'''....''distressful'' *'''tibalyeay'''....''distressingly'' *'''tibiilgran'''....''plethora'' *'''tibuf'''....''dragnet, tassel, train'' *'''tibufika'''....''tasseled'' *'''tibuj oybsiyn'''....''cedilla'' *'''tibuj'''....''tail'' *'''tibuja'''....''caudal'' *'''tibujika'''....''tailed'' *'''tibujoya'''....''tailless'' *'''tibujuka'''....''tailless'' *'''tibujyog'''....''bobtail'' *'''tibupea'''....''dragging behind, lagging'' *'''tibupen'''....''dragging behind, lagging'' *'''tibuper'''....''drag behind, lag'' *'''tibuxegen'''....''tail wagging'' *'''tibuxeger'''....''wag the tail'' *'''tibuzasen'''....''bending over, bowing'' *'''tibuzaser'''....''bend over, bow'' *'''tibuzogxen'''....''curtsy'' *'''tibyeym'''....''poke, pouch'' *'''atikeb'''....''rumen'' *'''byoyk bi tikeb'''....''bellyache, stomachache'' *'''eopetuda tikib'''....''calf's liver'' *'''jatikabier'''....''predigest'' *'''jatikabiwa'''....''predigested'' *'''meylztikibbok'''....''cirrhosis'' *'''meylztikibboka'''....''cirrhotic'' *'''otikabiwa'''....''indigested'' *'''otikabyebniwa'''....''undigested'' *'''patikeb'''....''gizzard'' *'''peltiktojbut'''....''exterminator, bug exterminator'' *'''potikexb'''....''craw'' *'''pottikyebil'''....''scat'' *'''pyuer ha nod bi tikebiloken'''....''gag'' *'''tikab'''....''esophagus'' *'''tikaba'''....''esophageal'' *'''tikabien'''....''digesting, digestion'' *'''tikabiena'''....''digestive, peptic'' *'''tikabier'''....''digest'' *'''tikabiwa'''....''digested'' *'''tikabiyafwa'''....''digestible'' *'''tikabiyik'''....''dyspepsia, indigestion, liverish'' *'''tikabiyika'''....''dyspepsic, dyspeptic'' *'''tikabiyikwa'''....''hard to digest'' *'''tikabiyofwa'''....''indigestible'' *'''tikeb'''....''gut, maw, stomach'' *'''tikeba'''....''gastric, stomach-related, stomachic'' *'''tikeba-tikyaba'''....''gastrointestinal'' *'''tikebbok'''....''gastritis'' *'''tikebbyoyk'''....''stomach ache'' *'''tikebien'''....''ingestion'' *'''tikebier'''....''ingest'' *'''tikebiil'''....''gastric juice'' *'''tikebikxen'''....''stuffing'' *'''tikebikxer'''....''fill the stomach, stuff'' *'''tikebikxwa'''....''stuffed'' *'''tikebikxwas'''....''stuffing'' *'''tikebil'''....''chyme'' *'''tikebiloken'''....''puking, regurgitation, throwing up, vomiting'' *'''tikebiloker'''....''barf, disgorge, keck, puke, regorge, regurgitate, throw up, upchuck, vomit'' *'''tikebilokuer'''....''gag'' *'''tikebilokun'''....''puke, vomit'' *'''tikebilokwa'''....''vomited'' *'''tikebilokxea'''....''vomitive'' *'''tikebilokyeker'''....''retch'' *'''tikebiokxus'''....''vomitory'' *'''tikebiwa'''....''ingested'' *'''tikebukxar'''....''stomach pump'' *'''tikebukxen'''....''stomach pumping'' *'''tikebukxer'''....''pump the stomach'' *'''tikebukxil'''....''emetic'' *'''tikebyijben'''....''gutting'' *'''tikebyijber'''....''gut'' *'''tikebyijbwa'''....''gutted'' *'''tikebyik'''....''indigestion'' *'''tikebzyaoxen'''....''peristalsis'' *'''tikebzyaoxena'''....''peristaltic'' *'''tikebzyubaoxea'''....''stomach-churning'' *'''tikib'''....''liver'' *'''tikiba'''....''hepatic, liver-'' *'''tikibbok'''....''hepatitis, liver disease'' *'''tikibil'''....''bile'' *'''tikibila'''....''biliary, bilious'' *'''tikibilan'''....''biliousness'' *'''tikibtaolfuyf'''....''liverwurst'' *'''tikibtun'''....''hepatology'' *'''tikibtuna'''....''hepatological'' *'''tikibtunay'''....''hepatologically'' *'''tikibtut'''....''hepatologist'' *'''tikibul'''....''heparin'' *'''tikub'''....''pancreas'' *'''tikuba'''....''pancreatic'' *'''tikubbok'''....''pancreatitis'' *'''tikyab'''....''large intestine'' *'''tikyaba'''....''enteric'' *'''tikyabbok'''....''colic'' *'''tikyabboka'''....''colicky'' *'''tikyabbokmula'''....''coliform'' *'''tikyabujgoblen'''....''colostomy'' *'''tikyeb'''....''anus, bung, pooper'' *'''tikyeba'''....''anal'' *'''tikyebal'''....''fart, flatulence, wind'' *'''tikyebaluen'''....''breaking wind, farting, flatulence'' *'''tikyebaluer'''....''break wind, fart'' *'''tikyebaluyea'''....''flatulent'' *'''tikyebay'''....''anally'' *'''tikyebteubaxen'''....''analingus'' *'''tikyebuj'''....''rectum'' *'''tikyebuja tayoxen'''....''rectal palpation'' *'''tikyebuja'''....''rectal'' *'''tikyebujay'''....''rectally'' *'''tikyebul'''....''dung, feces, shit, slop'' *'''tikyebula'''....''fecal'' *'''tikyebulif'''....''scat'' *'''tikyebultuna'''....''scatological, scatology'' *'''tikyebuluen'''....''defecation, shitting'' *'''tikyebuluena'''....''defecatory'' *'''tikyebuluer'''....''defecate, shit'' *'''tikyebzoytalobbok'''....''hemorrhoids, piles'' *'''tikyob'''....''bowel, intestine, small intestine'' *'''tikyoba'''....''intestinal'' *'''tikyobbok'''....''dysentery, enteritis'' *'''tikyobi'''....''bowels'' *'''tikyobien'''....''ingesting, ingestion'' *'''tikyobier'''....''ingest'' *'''tikyobij'''....''duodenum'' *'''tikyobija'''....''duodenal'' *'''tikyobil'''....''chyle'' *'''tikyobilp'''....''diarrhea'' *'''tikyobiwa'''....''ingested'' *'''tikyobobeer'''....''unbowel'' *'''tikyoboben'''....''disemboweling, disembowelment'' *'''tikyobober'''....''disembowel, embowel'' *'''tikyobobwa'''....''disemboweled'' *'''tikyobuien'''....''digestion'' *'''tikyobuier'''....''digest'' *'''tikyobuiwa'''....''digested'' *'''ujtikyob'''....''ileum'' *'''zetikyob'''....''jejunum'' *'''tibyobyoz'''....''groin'' *'''yanzotibaxen'''....''spooning'' *'''yanzotibaxer'''....''spoon'' *'''yapetibuj'''....''pigtail'' *'''yapetzotib'''....''pig's back'' *'''yapiitibuj'''....''shrimp tail'' *'''yetetib'''....''lay ministry'' *'''yipetibuj'''....''cattail'' *'''yobtibsea'''....''crouched, crouching'' *'''yobtibsen'''....''crouching'' *'''yobtibser'''....''crouch, hunker, scrooch, scrootch, scrouge'' *'''yobzotib'''....''lumbago, sirloin'' *'''yobzotiba'''....''lumbar'' *'''yupetibuj'''....''scut'' *'''zaobasea tibuj'''....''wagging tail'' *'''zetib'''....''midriff, waist'' *'''zetibnad'''....''waistline'' *'''zetibneyef'''....''waistband'' *'''zotib nyef'''....''backpack, rucksack'' *'''zotib ponyef'''....''travel backpack'' *'''zotib'''....''back'' *'''zotiba'''....''dorsal'' *'''zotibabaxlun'''....''back massage'' *'''zotibabwa'''....''supine'' *'''zotibabway'''....''supinely'' *'''zotibar'''....''back'' *'''zotibay'''....''dorsally'' *'''zotibbelwa'''....''pickaback'' *'''zotibnyef'''....''backpack, knapsack, rucksack'' *'''zotibnyefen'''....''backpacking'' *'''zotibnyefut'''....''backpacker'' *'''zotibpyex'''....''backstroke'' *'''zotibyaza'''....''hunchbacked, humpbacked'' *'''zotibyazat'''....''hunchback'' *'''zotibyokbas'''....''wrick'' *'''zotib-yonpyexea'''....''backbreaking'' *'''zyatibsen'''....''stretching'' *'''zyatibser'''....''stretch'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TUB and TUP Words ==== : The root word '''tub''' means ''arm''. The word '''tup''' means ''limb'' in general. : The meronyms of '''tub''' are: ::* '''tuab'''....''shoulder'' ::* '''tueb'''....''upper arm'' ::* '''tuib'''....''elbow'' ::* '''tuub'''....''forearm'' :::* '''tuubaib'''....''ulna'' ::* '''tuyob'''....''wrist'' :::* '''tuyobaib'''....''carpal, wrist bone'' ::::* '''atuyobaib'''....''scaphoid'' ::::* '''etuyobaib'''....''lunate'' ::::* '''ituyobaib'''....''triquetrum'' ::::* '''utuyobaib'''....''pisiform'' ::::* '''yotuyobaib'''....''trapezium'' ::::* '''yatuyobaib'''....''trapezoid'' ::::* '''yetuyobaib'''....''capitate'' ::::* '''yituyobabi'''....''hamate'' ::* '''tuyab'''....''hand'' ::* '''tuyeb'''....''fist'' ::* '''tuyib'''....''palm'' ::* '''tuyub'''....''finger'' ::* '''tulob'''....''fingernail'' : Words containing '''tub''' and '''tup''' are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''anpatuba'''....''single-wing, single-winged'' *'''anpatubeon'''....''monoplane'' *'''antuba'''....''one-armed'' *'''antubat'''....''one-armed person'' *'''apatub'''....''chicken wing'' *'''bay oyebzyabwa tupi'''....''spreadeagled, akimbo, sprawled out'' *'''byoxtub'''....''gibbet'' *'''byuxtub'''....''tentacle'' *'''byuxtubika'''....''tentacled'' *'''enbirtub'''....''tongs'' *'''enpatuba mampur'''....''biplane'' *'''enpatuba'''....''bi-wing'' *'''fyepatubatem'''....''fairyland'' *'''glapituba'''....''finny'' *'''inpatuba mampur'''....''triplane'' *'''kyoaxea patubes'''....''canard'' *'''lotupxen'''....''ouster'' *'''lotupxer'''....''oust from the membership'' *'''mapatub mampur'''....''prop plane, propeller aircraft, propeller plane'' *'''mapatub'''....''fan, propeller'' *'''mapitub'''....''weather vane'' *'''milatub'''....''hydrofoil'' *'''otupdyundrawa'''....''unregistered'' *'''oybtuba'''....''underarm'' *'''patub'''....''aileron, airfoil, fan, flapper, pinion, wing'' *'''patubas'''....''flap, flutter'' *'''patubasar'''....''flapper, valve'' *'''patubasea mes'''....''flapper, shutter, valve'' *'''patubasea'''....''aflutter, flapping, fluttering'' *'''patubasen'''....''flapping, fluttering'' *'''patubaser'''....''flap, flutter'' *'''patubes'''....''winglet'' *'''patubgin'''....''wingtip'' *'''patubier'''....''fledge'' *'''patubika'''....''winged'' *'''patuboya'''....''wingless'' *'''patubuer'''....''fledge'' *'''patubuj'''....''flexure'' *'''patubuka'''....''wingless'' *'''patubuwa'''....''fledged'' *'''patubuzan'''....''camber'' *'''patubyena'''....''winglike'' *'''patubyuj'''....''flap, volet'' *'''patubzen'''....''hub'' *'''patubzyab'''....''wingspread'' *'''patubzyag'''....''wingspan'' *'''patupea'''....''flitting'' *'''patupen'''....''flitting'' *'''patuper'''....''flit'' *'''peitub'''....''flipper'' *'''pitub'''....''fin'' *'''potub'''....''paw'' *'''potuben'''....''pawing'' *'''potuber'''....''paw'' *'''potubwa'''....''pawed'' *'''pyatub'''....''poult'' *'''seuztub'''....''tonearm'' *'''suza tup'''....''prosthesis, prosthetic'' *'''talabtupet'''....''arthropod'' *'''tostub'''....''antenna'' *'''tostubi'''....''antennae'' *'''tostubsyob'''....''scape'' *'''tub yuznof'''....''armband'' *'''tub'''....''arm, brace'' *'''tuba'''....''brachial'' *'''tubalk'''....''terbium, Tb'' *'''tubaxen'''....''flailing, swinging'' *'''tubaxer'''....''flail'' *'''tubazyuj'''....''hammerlock'' *'''tubbol'''....''armrest'' *'''tubglan'''....''armful'' *'''tubkyiun'''....''armload'' *'''tubsim'''....''armchair'' *'''tubuken'''....''winging'' *'''tubuker'''....''wing'' *'''tubyog'''....''stub, stump'' *'''tubyujlen'''....''keylock'' *'''tubyuxok'''....''paraplegia'' *'''tubyuxokya'''....''paraplegic'' *'''tubyuxokyat'''....''paraplegic'' *'''tubyuzen'''....''cuddling, embracing, hugging'' *'''tubyuzer'''....''cuddle, embrace, hug'' *'''tubyuzwa'''....''cuddled'' *'''tubyuzyea'''....''cuddly'' *'''tubyuzyuben'''....''folding one's arms'' *'''tubyuzyuber'''....''fold one's arms'' *'''tubzyeg'''....''armhole, armpit'' *'''tubzyus'''....''armlet'' *'''tup'''....''limb, member, outgrowth, appendage'' *'''tupoben'''....''amputation, dismemberment'' *'''tupober'''....''amputate, dismember, remove a limb'' *'''tupobwa'''....''amputated, dismembered'' *'''tupot'''....''tarsier'' *'''tupoya'''....''limbless'' *'''tupoza'''....''rickety'' *'''tupuka'''....''limbless'' *'''tupuzren'''....''wrench'' *'''tupyaga'''....''rangy'' *'''tupyagan'''....''ranginess'' *'''tupyugxer'''....''unlimber'' *'''ummagelwa patub'''....''baked chicken'' *'''untuppasyof'''....''quadriplegia'' *'''untuppasyofa'''....''quadriplegic'' *'''untuppasyofat'''....''quadriplegic'' *'''upetubayob'''....''lambskin'' *'''upetubayof'''....''lambskin'' *'''uztub'''....''crank'' *'''uztuben'''....''crank, cranking'' *'''uztubmuf'''....''crankshaft'' *'''uztubmufyem'''....''crankcase'' *'''uzyupatub mampur'''....''helicopter'' *'''uzyupatub'''....''chopper, copter, helical wing, helicopter wing, screw wing'' *'''uzyupatupur'''....''helicopter'' *'''uzyupatupurem'''....''heliport'' *'''yantubyuzen'''....''snuggling'' *'''yantubyuzer'''....''snuggle'' *'''yijtup'''....''raglan'' *'''yuztuben'''....''embrace, embracing'' *'''yuztuber'''....''embrace'' *'''zatup'''....''forelimb'' *'''zotup'''....''backlimb'' *'''zyubmapatub'''....''turboprop'' *'''zyuptub'''....''turnstile'' </div> {{small/end}} : Words containing sub-elements of '''tub''' are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''amez tuyobuz'''....''diamond bracelet'' *'''antuyaba'''....''single-handed'' *'''antuyabay'''....''single-handedly, singlehanded'' *'''atulob'''....''thumbnail'' *'''atuyub abaxlun'''....''shiatsu'' *'''atuyub'''....''thumb'' *'''atuyubek zyun'''....''marble'' *'''atuyuben'''....''thumbing'' *'''atuyuber'''....''thumb'' *'''aybtuyaba'''....''overhanded'' *'''baoxer tuyabi'''....''shake hands'' *'''beker kyituyabay'''....''treat heavy-handedly'' *'''bekwa kyituyabay'''....''treated heavy-handedly'' *'''bey tuyab'''....''by hand'' *'''buktulob'''....''hangnail'' *'''daztuyabnaad'''....''barre'' *'''ebtuabuz'''....''epaulet'' *'''etuyub'''....''index finger'' *'''fituyabwa'''....''well-handled'' *'''futuyaben'''....''mishandling'' *'''futuyaber'''....''mishandle'' *'''futuyabwa'''....''mishandled'' *'''iatuyub'''....''right hand thumb'' *'''ietuyub'''....''right hand index finger'' *'''igtuyubtyen'''....''legerdemain'' *'''ituyub'''....''middle finger'' *'''iyotuyub'''....''right hand pinkie'' *'''iza tuyabel'''....''express delivery'' *'''kyituyaba'''....''heavy-handed'' *'''kyituyaban'''....''heavy-handedness'' *'''kyituyabay'''....''heavy-handedly'' *'''kyituyaben'''....''mauling, treat heavy-handedly'' *'''kyituyaber'''....''maul, treat heavy-handedly'' *'''kyituyabwa'''....''mauled, treated heavy-handedly'' *'''lotuyaber'''....''unhand'' *'''mes tuyabar'''....''door handle'' *'''nyivtulobeay'''....''pizzicato'' *'''patulob'''....''claw, gripper'' *'''patulobar'''....''grip, gripper'' *'''patuloben'''....''gripping'' *'''patulober'''....''grip'' *'''patulobwa'''....''gripped'' *'''potulob'''....''claw'' *'''pyex bay zoa tuyab'''....''backhander'' *'''pyotuyaben'''....''pawing'' *'''pyotuyaber'''....''paw'' *'''pyotuyabwa'''....''pawed'' *'''sartuyabar'''....''haft, helve'' *'''sepetulob'''....''spine'' *'''tuab dopar'''....''shoulder gun, shoulder weapon'' *'''tuab'''....''humerus, shoulder'' *'''tuaba'''....''humeral'' *'''tuababeler dudyef'''....''shoulder responsibility'' *'''tuababeler'''....''carry on one’s shoulders, shoulder'' *'''tuababwa'''....''piggyback, piggybacked'' *'''tuabaoxen'''....''shimmying'' *'''tuabaoxer'''....''shimmy'' *'''tuabapen'''....''piggybacking'' *'''tuabexen'''....''shouldering'' *'''tuabexer'''....''hold on one's shoulders, shoulder'' *'''tuabexwa'''....''shouldered'' *'''tuabnyef'''....''satchel, shoulder bag'' *'''tuabof'''....''tippet'' *'''tuabtaol'''....''chuck'' *'''tuabzogon'''....''scapula'' *'''tuabzogona'''....''scapular'' *'''tueb'''....''upper arm, biceps'' *'''tuebaeb'''....''bicep, biceps'' *'''tuib yanar'''....''elbow joint'' *'''tuib'''....''elbow'' *'''tuibaxen'''....''elbowing, nudging'' *'''tuibaxer'''....''elbow, nudge'' *'''tuibaxwa'''....''elbowed, nudged'' *'''tulob goyblar'''....''nail clipper'' *'''tulob goyblun'''....''nail clipping'' *'''tulob yivtayobes'''....''agnail'' *'''tulob yugfar'''....''nail file'' *'''tulob yugfaxil'''....''nail polish'' *'''tulob'''....''fingernail, nail'' *'''tulobar'''....''file, manicure device, nail cutter, nail scissor, plectrum'' *'''tulobaryan'''....''manicure set'' *'''tulobbek'''....''manicure'' *'''tulobbekam'''....''manicure salon, nail salon'' *'''tulobbeken'''....''manicuring'' *'''tulobbekut'''....''manicurist'' *'''tulobbekwa'''....''manicured'' *'''tulobseuxen'''....''scrooping'' *'''tulobseuxer'''....''scroop'' *'''tulobtayebar'''....''nailbrush'' *'''tulobul'''....''keratin'' *'''tulobula'''....''keratinous'' *'''tulobulxer'''....''keratinize'' *'''tulobyog'''....''dewclaw'' *'''tuub'''....''forearm, tendril'' *'''tuubaib'''....''ulna'' *'''tuubaiba'''....''ulnar'' *'''tuubnak'''....''cubit'' *'''tuyab adopar'''....''hand gun, handgun, pistol'' *'''tuyab belar'''....''hand truck, handbarrow, handcart'' *'''tuyab dopar'''....''hand weapon'' *'''tuyab ektobet'''....''hand puppet'' *'''tuyab kotyen'''....''sleight of hand'' *'''tuyab manar'''....''flashlight'' *'''tuyab milnov'''....''hand towel, napkin'' *'''tuyab ponyeb'''....''valise'' *'''tuyab umxar'''....''hand dryer'' *'''tuyab yaozgoblar'''....''handsaw'' *'''tuyab yibdalir'''....''hand phone, handset'' *'''tuyab'''....''hand'' *'''tuyaba yex'''....''manual labor'' *'''tuyaba yexut'''....''manual laborer'' *'''tuyaba yibdalir'''....''cell phone, hand phone'' *'''tuyaba'''....''manual'' *'''tuyabaox'''....''handshake'' *'''tuyabaoxen'''....''handshaking'' *'''tuyabaoxer'''....''shake hands'' *'''tuyabar'''....''handle'' *'''tuyabay'''....''manually'' *'''tuyabaypux'''....''handspring'' *'''tuyabbek'''....''manicure'' *'''tuyabbeken'''....''manicuring'' *'''tuyabbektuna'''....''chiropractic'' *'''tuyabbektut'''....''chiropractor'' *'''tuyabbekut'''....''manicurist'' *'''tuyabbekwa'''....''manicured'' *'''tuyabel'''....''delivery'' *'''tuyabelar'''....''briefcase, hand cart, satchel'' *'''tuyabelawa'''....''delivered'' *'''tuyabelen'''....''delivery, hand-carrying'' *'''tuyabeler'''....''deliver, hand-carry'' *'''tuyabelut'''....''deliverer'' *'''tuyabelwa'''....''delivered, hand-carried'' *'''tuyaben'''....''handling'' *'''tuyaber'''....''handle'' *'''tuyabexar'''....''handle, pommel'' *'''tuyabexen'''....''hand-holding, handling, holding hands, manipulating, manipulation'' *'''tuyabexer'''....''clasp, grab onto, handhold, handle, hold hands, manipulate'' *'''tuyabexler'''....''grip hands'' *'''tuyabexlun'''....''handgrip'' *'''tuyabexun'''....''handhold'' *'''tuyabexut'''....''handler, manipulator'' *'''tuyabexwa teabaar'''....''lorgnette'' *'''tuyabexwa'''....''handheld, handled, manipulated'' *'''tuyabexyafwa'''....''manipulable, manipulatable'' *'''tuyabexyafwan'''....''manipulability'' *'''tuyabexyea'''....''manipulative'' *'''tuyabibler'''....''handpick'' *'''tuyabibllawa'''....''hand-picked, handpicked'' *'''tuyabien'''....''grabbing, taking by the hand, taking hold of'' *'''tuyabier'''....''grab, take by the hand, take hold of'' *'''tuyabik'''....''fistful, handful'' *'''tuyabilyeb'''....''flask'' *'''tuyabirar'''....''clamp'' *'''tuyabirea'''....''grasping'' *'''tuyabireay'''....''graspingly'' *'''tuyabiren'''....''clamping, grabbing, grasping, wrestling'' *'''tuyabirer'''....''clamp, grab, grasp'' *'''tuyabirut'''....''grabber, grasper'' *'''tuyabirwa'''....''clamped, grabbed, grasped'' *'''tuyabiryafwa'''....''graspable'' *'''tuyabiwa'''....''grabbed, taken by the hand, taken hold'' *'''tuyabuen'''....''delivery, presentation, handing'' *'''tuyabuer'''....''deliver, hand out, present, hand over'' *'''tuyabugar'''....''handbrake'' *'''tuyabuun'''....''delivery, handout, presentation'' *'''tuyabuut'''....''presenter'' *'''tuyabuwa'''....''delivered, handed out, presented, handed over'' *'''tuyabwa'''....''handled'' *'''tuyabyanx'''....''handclasp, handshake, joining of hands'' *'''tuyabyanxen'''....''handshaking, joining of hands'' *'''tuyabyanxer'''....''join hands, shake hands'' *'''tuyabyaoxen'''....''waving'' *'''tuyabyaoxer av nuxpur'''....''hail a taxi, wave down a taxi'' *'''tuyabyaoxer'''....''wave'' *'''tuyabyas'''....''handstand'' *'''tuyabyexen'''....''ovation, clapping'' *'''tuyabyexer'''....''clap hands, clap'' *'''tuyabyexut'''....''clapper'' *'''tuyabyexwa'''....''clapped'' *'''tuyabyuxen'''....''groping'' *'''tuyabyuxer'''....''grope'' *'''tuyabyuxwa'''....''groped'' *'''tuyabzyun ekem'''....''handball court'' *'''tuyabzyun ifek'''....''game of handball'' *'''tuyabzyun'''....''hand ball, handball'' *'''tuyeb'''....''fist'' *'''tuyebaoxen'''....''shaking one's fist'' *'''tuyebaoxer'''....''shake one's fist'' *'''tuyebepyex'''....''fistfight'' *'''tuyebepyexen'''....''fistfighting, pugilism'' *'''tuyebepyexer'''....''fistfight'' *'''tuyebepyexut'''....''fistfighter, pugilist'' *'''tuyebepyexyea'''....''pugilistic'' *'''tuyebexyea'''....''manipulatory'' *'''tuyebovek'''....''fist fight, fist-fight, fistfight'' *'''tuyeboveken'''....''fist-fighting'' *'''tuyeboveker'''....''box, fist-fight'' *'''tuyebovekut'''....''boxer, fist-fighter, pug'' *'''tuyeboveyk'''....''fisticuff'' *'''tuyeboveyker'''....''fisticuff'' *'''tuyebyujen'''....''clenching one's fist'' *'''tuyebyujer'''....''clench one's fist'' *'''tuyib'''....''palm'' *'''tuyibabax'''....''pat, caress'' *'''tuyibabaxen'''....''patting, caressing'' *'''tuyibabaxer'''....''pat, caress'' *'''tuyibabaxwa'''....''patted, caressed'' *'''tuyibaben'''....''laying palms on, palming'' *'''tuyibaber'''....''lay palms on, palm'' *'''tuyibaiba'''....''metacarpal'' *'''tuyibaibi'''....''metacarpi'' *'''tuyibbyokuar'''....''palmer'' *'''tuyibdyeen'''....''palm reading'' *'''tuyibdyeer'''....''read palms'' *'''tuyibdyeut'''....''palmist, palm reader'' *'''tuyibelwas'''....''palmtop'' *'''tuyibier'''....''palm'' *'''tuyibiwa'''....''palmed'' *'''tuyiblen'''....''palming'' *'''tuyibuen'''....''palming off'' *'''tuyibuer'''....''palm off'' *'''tuyibuwa'''....''palmed off'' *'''tuyob jwobar'''....''wrist watch, wristwatch'' *'''tuyob neyef'''....''wrist band, wristband, wristlet'' *'''tuyob yuvar'''....''manacle'' *'''tuyob'''....''wrist'' *'''tuyoba mup boksiunyan'''....''carpal tunnel syndrome'' *'''tuyoba'''....''carpal'' *'''tuyobbok'''....''psora'' *'''tuyobuz'''....''bracelet'' *'''tuyub milyeb'''....''finger bowl'' *'''tuyub tel'''....''finger food'' *'''tuyub uzyumuv'''....''thumb'' *'''tuyub vyun'''....''fingermark'' *'''tuyub'''....''finger'' *'''tuyuba'''....''digital'' *'''tuyubab'''....''palp'' *'''tuyubaben'''....''palpating, palpation'' *'''tuyubaber'''....''palpate'' *'''tuyubabwa'''....''palpated'' *'''tuyubaib'''....''phalange'' *'''tuyubaosen'''....''finger wagging'' *'''tuyubaoxer'''....''wag one's finger'' *'''tuyubarar'''....''thumbscrew'' *'''tuyubaxen'''....''fiddling, fingering'' *'''tuyubaxer'''....''fiddle, finger'' *'''tuyubaxwa'''....''fiddled, fingered'' *'''tuyubbal'''....''fingerprint'' *'''tuyubbalen'''....''fingerprinting'' *'''tuyubbaler'''....''fingerprint'' *'''tuyubbalun'''....''fingerprint'' *'''tuyubgin'''....''fingertip'' *'''tuyubifxar'''....''tickler'' *'''tuyubifxen'''....''tickling'' *'''tuyubifxer'''....''tickle'' *'''tuyubifxwa'''....''tickled'' *'''tuyubiga'''....''nimble-fingered'' *'''tuyubigek'''....''prestidigitation, magic'' *'''tuyubigeker'''....''prestidigitate'' *'''tuyubigekut'''....''prestidigitator, magician'' *'''tuyubizden'''....''indication'' *'''tuyubizder'''....''indicate'' *'''tuyubizdyea'''....''indicative'' *'''tuyubizeaxen'''....''indicating'' *'''tuyubizeaxer'''....''indicate'' *'''tuyubizeaxwa'''....''indicated'' *'''tuyubuz'''....''ring'' *'''tuyubyex'''....''fillip, rap, strum, tap'' *'''tuyubyexen'''....''rapping, strumming, tapping'' *'''tuyubyexer'''....''rap, strum, tap'' *'''tuyubyexun'''....''rap, tap'' *'''tuyubyexut'''....''rapper, strummer, tapper'' *'''tuyubyexwa'''....''rapped, tapped, strummed'' *'''tuyubyig'''....''corn'' *'''uatuyub'''....''left hand thumb'' *'''uetuyub'''....''left hand index finger'' *'''uituyub'''....''left hand middle finger'' *'''utuyub'''....''ring finger'' *'''uutuyub'''....''left hand ring finger'' *'''uyotuyub'''....''left hand pinkie'' *'''uztuyubeken'''....''twiddling'' *'''uztuyubeker'''....''twiddle'' *'''uztuyubekyafwa'''....''twiddly'' *'''vyotuyabyuxen'''....''groping'' *'''vyotuyabyuxer'''....''grope'' *'''vyotuyabyuxut'''....''groper'' *'''yantuyabexen'''....''clasping hands'' *'''yantuyabexer'''....''clasp hands'' *'''yiba tuyubaib'''....''distal phalange'' *'''yigtuyobuz'''....''bangle'' *'''yijtuyaba'''....''openhanded'' *'''yijtuyaban'''....''openhandedness'' *'''yivtuyaba'''....''freehand'' *'''yivtuyaber'''....''freehand'' *'''yotuyub'''....''pinkie, pinky'' *'''yuba tuyubaib'''....''proximal phalange'' *'''zatuyub'''....''forefinger'' *'''zea tuyub'''....''middle finger'' *'''zea tuyubaib'''....''intermediate phalange'' *'''zituyaba'''....''right-handed'' *'''zituyaban'''....''right-handedness'' *'''zotuyab'''....''backhand'' *'''zotuyaba'''....''backhanded'' *'''zuituyaba'''....''ambidextrous'' *'''zuituyub'''....''right hand ring finger'' *'''zutuyaba'''....''left-handed'' *'''zutuyaban'''....''left-handed'' *'''zutuyabat'''....''southpaw'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TYOB (''leg'') Meronyms ==== : The root word '''tyob''' means leg. Some meronyms are as follows: ::* '''tyob'''....''leg'' :::* '''tyoab'''....''hip, haunch'' ::::* '''tyoabaib'''....''hip bone'' :::::* '''atyoabaib'''....''ilium'' :::::* '''etyoabaib'''....''ischium'' :::::* '''ityoabaib'''....''pubic'' ::::* '''tyoabalab'''....''hip joint, coxa, coxofemoral joint'' ::::* '''tyoabaeb'''....''hip muscle'' :::* '''tyoeb'''....''thigh'' ::::* '''tyoebaib'''....''femur, thigh bone'' ::::* '''tyoebaeb'''....''thigh muscle'' :::::* '''atyoebaeb'''....''adductor'' :::::* '''etyoebaeb'''....''hamstring'' :::::* '''ityoebaeb'''....''extension'' :::* '''tyoib'''....''knee'' ::::* '''tyoibab'''....''kneecap, patella'' ::::* '''tyoibalab'''....''knee joint'' ::::* '''tyoibnyef'''....''bursa'' :::* '''tyoub'''....''shin'' ::::* '''tyoubaib'''....''tibia, shin bone'' :::* '''tyoyob'''....''ankle'' ::::* '''tyoyobaib'''....''talus, ankle bone'' :::* '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' :::* '''tyoyeb'''....''heel'' ::::* '''tyoyebaib'''....''heel bone, calcaneus, metatarsus'' :::::* '''tyoyebaiba'''....''metatarsal'' :::* '''tyoyib'''....''sole, plantar aspect'' ::::* '''tyoyiba'''....''plantar'' :::* '''tyoyub'''....''toe'' ::::* '''atyoyub'''....''big toe, hallux'' ::::* '''etyoyub'''....''index toe, pointer toe'' ::::* '''ityoyub'''....''middle toe'' ::::* '''utyoyub'''....''fore toe, ring toe'' ::::* '''yotyoyub'''....''baby toe, little toe, pinky toe'' :::* '''tyolob'''....''toenail'' : Some common verbs built on these words: ::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' ::* '''tyoaper'''....''to sit'' ::* '''tyoibuzer'''....''to kneel'' ::* '''tyoipaser'''....''to crawl on one's knees'' ::* '''tyoyeber'''....''to supplant'' ::* '''tyoyabarer'''....''to trample'' ::* '''tyoyaper'''....''to walk'' ::* '''tyoyuper'''....''to tiptoe'' : Here are words derived from '''tyob''' and its sub-elements: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abektun bi tyoyab'''....''foot surgery'' *'''apetyoub'''....''fetlock'' *'''apetyoyab'''....''hoof'' *'''apetyoyaba'''....''ungulate'' *'''atyoyub'''....''big toe'' *'''bay awa yoba tyoab'''....''hipshot'' *'''be tyoyab'''....''on foot, standing'' *'''bey tyoyab'''....''on foot'' *'''buktyolob'''....''hangnail'' *'''entyoyaba'''....''biped, bipedal'' *'''entyoyabat'''....''biped'' *'''epetyoyabwa'''....''hoofed'' *'''euntyoyuba'''....''artiodaktylos, even-toed'' *'''feelktyoyab'''....''cobbler's last'' *'''gipotyoyub'''....''camel toe'' *'''glatyoyaba'''....''multipede'' *'''ibtyoyabaren'''....''stamping out'' *'''ibtyoyabarer'''....''stamp out'' *'''ibtyoyabarwa'''....''stamped out'' *'''iztyoyaba zetif'''....''orthopedic corset'' *'''iztyoyaba'''....''orthopaedic, orthopedic'' *'''iztyoyabtyen'''....''orthopedics'' *'''iztyoyabtyena'''....''orthopaedic, orthopedic'' *'''iztyoyabtyenut'''....''orthopaedist, orthopedist'' *'''kyityoyabaler'''....''tromp'' *'''kyityoyabwa'''....''trodden'' *'''kyotyoyabyex'''....''placekick'' *'''kyuparer bey hyaewa tyoyabi byuxea ha yom'''....''scull'' *'''neaftyoyab'''....''webfoot'' *'''neattyoyaba'''....''webfooted'' *'''olesuntyoyuba'''....''odd-toed, perrisodaktylos'' *'''oyb ota tyoyabi'''....''underfoot'' *'''oybtyolobbak'''....''whitlow'' *'''oybtyoyaba'''....''underfoot'' *'''oyebzyityoyab'''....''splayfoot'' *'''oyebzyityoyaba'''....''splayfooted'' *'''repatyoyab'''....''crowfoot, crowsfoot'' *'''tyoab yanar'''....''hip joint'' *'''tyoab'''....''haunch, hip, huckle'' *'''tyoaba tayib'''....''sciatic nerve'' *'''tyoaba tayibbyok'''....''sciatica'' *'''tyoaba'''....''sciatic'' *'''tyoabaib'''....''hipbone, ilium'' *'''tyoabaibyan'''....''sacroiliac'' *'''tyoaper'''....''move on the hips'' *'''tyoeb'''....''thigh'' *'''tyoebaib'''....''thighbone'' *'''tyoib yanar'''....''knee joint'' *'''tyoib'''....''knee'' *'''tyoibab'''....''kneecap, patella'' *'''tyoibaxen'''....''kneeing'' *'''tyoiben'''....''genuflection'' *'''tyoiber'''....''genuflect'' *'''tyoibsom'''....''kneeler'' *'''tyoibuza'''....''kneeling'' *'''tyoibuzben'''....''squat, squatting'' *'''tyoibuzber'''....''squat'' *'''tyoibuzer'''....''kneel'' *'''tyoibyank'''....''hock'' *'''tyoipasea'''....''crawling on one's knees'' *'''tyoipasen tyoipasea'''....''crawling'' *'''tyoipasen'''....''crawling on one's knees'' *'''tyoipaser'''....''crawl on one's knees'' *'''tyolob goyblar'''....''toenail clipper'' *'''tyolob'''....''toenail'' *'''tyoub'''....''leg, lower leg, tibia'' *'''tyouba'''....''tibial'' *'''tyoubog'''....''fibula'' *'''tyouboga'''....''fibular'' *'''tyoyab abaxlun'''....''foot massage'' *'''tyoyab bolar'''....''foot rest, footrest'' *'''tyoyab buyk'''....''footsore'' *'''tyoyab depat'''....''foot soldier'' *'''tyoyab depatyan'''....''infantry'' *'''tyoyab eysim'''....''footstool'' *'''tyoyab ifonek'''....''footsie'' *'''tyoyab josiyn'''....''footprint, footrace'' *'''tyoyab nog'''....''footstep'' *'''tyoyab poyxar'''....''foot rest'' *'''tyoyab sam'''....''footlocker'' *'''tyoyab sansiyn'''....''footprint'' *'''tyoyab tyod'''....''rank and file'' *'''tyoyab zyin'''....''footplate'' *'''tyoyab'''....''foot, pod'' *'''tyoyaba'''....''foot-related'' *'''tyoyababuz'''....''instep'' *'''tyoyabalen'''....''treading'' *'''tyoyabaler'''....''tread, treadle'' *'''tyoyabamof'''....''muff'' *'''tyoyabar mimpar'''....''pedalo'' *'''tyoyabar'''....''pedal'' *'''tyoyabaren'''....''trampling'' *'''tyoyabarer'''....''stomp, trample, trampled'' *'''tyoyabarut'''....''trampler'' *'''tyoyabbek'''....''pedicure'' *'''tyoyabbektun'''....''chiropody, podiatry'' *'''tyoyabbektuna'''....''podiatric'' *'''tyoyabbektut'''....''chiropodist, foot specialist, podiatrist'' *'''tyoyabbekut'''....''pedicurist'' *'''tyoyabdeput'''....''footman'' *'''tyoyabex'''....''foothold'' *'''tyoyaboya'''....''footless'' *'''tyoyabuka'''....''footless'' *'''tyoyabuzun'''....''foot loop, stirrup'' *'''tyoyabzyun ekun'''....''football match, soccer match'' *'''tyoyabzyun ekut'''....''football player, footballer, soccer player'' *'''tyoyabzyun ifek'''....''game of football, soccer'' *'''tyoyabzyun ifekam'''....''football arena, soccer arena'' *'''tyoyabzyun ifekem'''....''football field, soccer field'' *'''tyoyabzyun'''....''football, soccer ball'' *'''tyoyeb'''....''heel'' *'''tyoyebaeba'''....''sartorial'' *'''tyoyebaib'''....''femur'' *'''tyoyebaiba'''....''femoral, metatarsal'' *'''tyoyebaibi'''....''metatarsi'' *'''tyoyeben'''....''spurn, spurning'' *'''tyoyeber'''....''spurn'' *'''tyoyebwa'''....''spurned'' *'''tyoyib taib'''....''anklebone'' *'''tyoyib yuvar'''....''ankle bracelet, ankle chain'' *'''tyoyib'''....''ankle'' *'''tyoyibaib'''....''talus'' *'''tyoyibaibi'''....''tali'' *'''tyoyob'''....''sole'' *'''tyoyoba'''....''plantar'' *'''tyoyobaren'''....''squashing, stomping'' *'''tyoyobarer'''....''squash, stomp'' *'''tyoyobarwa'''....''squashed, stomped'' *'''tyoyoben'''....''supplanting'' *'''tyoyober'''....''supplant'' *'''tyoyobwa'''....''supplanted'' *'''tyoyub'''....''toe'' *'''tyoyubaib'''....''phalange'' *'''tyoyubaoxen'''....''wiggling one's toe'' *'''tyoyubaoxer'''....''wiggle one's toe'' *'''tyoyubexar'''....''toehold'' *'''tyoyubuken'''....''stubbing one's toe'' *'''tyoyubuker'''....''stub one's toe'' *'''tyoyubyaz'''....''bunion'' *'''tyoyubyex dazen'''....''tap dancing'' *'''tyoyubyex'''....''tap, toe tap'' *'''tyoyubyexen'''....''toe tapping'' *'''tyoyubyexer'''....''tap, toe tap'' *'''tyoyubyexut'''....''toe tapper'' *'''tyoyubyigun'''....''toecap'' *'''tyoyupen'''....''tiptoeing'' *'''tyoyuper'''....''tiptoe'' *'''ugar tyoyabar'''....''brake pedal'' *'''ugtyoyapen'''....''ambling'' *'''ugtyoyaper'''....''amble'' *'''untyoyaba'''....''quadruped, quadrupedal'' *'''untyoyabat'''....''quadruped'' *'''untyoyabnyafxer'''....''hog-tie, hogtie'' *'''uzratyoyabbok'''....''clubfoot'' *'''uzratyoyabboka'''....''clubfooted'' *'''yapetyoyab'''....''pig's foot'' *'''yobkixwa tyoyub'''....''hammertoe'' *'''yobtyoyabwa'''....''downtrodden'' *'''zatyoub beaxar'''....''shinguard'' *'''zatyoub'''....''shin'' *'''zatyoubaib'''....''shinbone'' *'''zatyoyab'''....''forefoot, forehoof'' *'''zatyoyaba pyex'''....''forehand'' *'''zotyoib'''....''calf, hock'' *'''zotyoibof'''....''puttee'' *'''zyatyoyabea'''....''bestridden'' *'''zyatyoyaber'''....''bestride'' *'''zyityoyaba'''....''flatfooted'' *'''zyityoyabat'''....''flatfoot'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TOP TAP TEP TYEP TIP TUP ==== : These roots are the non-physical counterparts of '''tob''' (''human being''), '''tab''' (''body''), '''teb''' (''head''), '''tyeb''' (''brain''), and '''tib''' (''trunk of the body''), plus a generalized word for the arm or leg. ::* '''top'''....''soul, animus, spirit'' ::* '''tap'''....''physique'' ::* '''tep'''....''mind'' :::* '''tyep'''....''intellect'' ::* '''tip'''....''emotion, mood, sentiment'' ::* '''tup'''....''limb'' : Some words built on '''top''' (''soul'') are the following: :*'''top'''....''spirit, animus, soul, ghost, geist'' ::*'''topa'''....''spiritual'' ::*'''agala top'''....''great soul, great spirit'' ::*'''dotop'''....''ethos'' :::*'''dotopa'''....''ethical'' :::*'''dotoptun'''....''ethics'' ::*'''fitopa'''....''good-hearted, magnanimous'' ::*'''fufyetop'''....''puck'' ::*'''futop'''....''dybbuk'' ::*'''futopoben'''....''exorcism'' :::*'''futopobut'''....''exorcist'' ::*'''futopot'''....''hobgoblin'' :::*'''futopyena'''....''puckish'' ::*'''fyatop'''....''holy spirit, holy ghost'' ::*'''fyefutopog'''....''goblin'' ::*'''fyemaltop'''....''sprite'' ::*'''fyetop'''....''phantom, ghost, specter'' ::*'''fyotop'''....''daemon, ghoul'' ::*'''ipya top'''....''departed soul'' ::*'''jobtop'''....''zeitgeist'' ::*'''otopa'''....''nonspiritual'' ::*'''tamfutop'''....''poltergeist'' ::*'''tojfyetop'''....''wraith'' ::*'''topa'''....''spiritual, unworldly'' ::*'''topagala'''....''magnanimous'' ::*'''topika'''....''soulful, animated'' ::*'''topin'''....''animism, spiritism, spiritualism'' ::*'''topotyena'''....''ghostly, spooky'' ::*'''topteas'''....''specter'' ::*'''topuka'''....''soulless'' ::*'''xeusfyetop'''....''poltergeist'' ::*'''yivtopat'''....''free-spirit'' ::*'''yuftopot'''....''spook'' : Some words built on '''tap''' (''physique'') are the following: :* '''tap'''....''phsique'' ::*'''fitapa'''....''fit'' :::*'''fitapxem'''....''fitness center, gym'' :::*'''fitapxer'''....''to work out'' ::*'''maltapa'''....''aerobic'' ::*'''mertaptun'''....''geophysics'' ::*'''tapaza'''....''brawny, hardy, physically strong, sturdy'' ::*'''tapef'''....''libido'' ::*'''tapflan'''....''lustfulness, lust'' :::*'''tapfler'''....''lust after'' :::*'''uttapifla'''....''auto-erotic'' ::*'''tapifek'''....''sport, sports'' :::*'''intapifek'''....''triathlon'' :::*'''yoontapifek'''....''pentathon'' :::*'''tapifekam'''....''sports arena, stadium'' :::*'''tapifekem'''....''sports field'' :::*'''tapifekim'''....''locker room'' :::*'''tapifektof'''....''sportswear'' :::*'''tapifektyoper'''....''to jog'' :::*'''tapifekun'''....''match, sports game'' :::*'''tapifekut'''....''sports player, athlete'' :::*'''tapifekutyan'''....''sports team'' :::*'''tapifekutyen'''....''sportsmanship'' ::*'''tapiga'''....''vivacious'' ::*'''tapnag'''....''analog'' ::*'''tapoza'''....''feeble, frail, physically weak'' ::*'''tapsexut'''....''body-builder'' ::*'''taptun'''....''physiology'' ::*'''taptyenier'''....''work out, to train physically'' ::*'''tapuer'''....''to embody'' ::*'''tapuga'''....''lethargic, shiftless, slothful, sluggish'' ::*'''tapyaf'''....''physical ability, physical strength'' ::*'''tapyen'''....''attitude, bearing, constitution, physical stance, posture, stance'' ::*'''tapyexer'''....''to work out, to exercise'' ::*'''tapyiga'''....''physically tough'' ::*'''tapyof'''....''handicap, physical disability, weakness of body'' ::*'''tapyuga'''....''delicate, soft-bodied'' ::*'''tejtapa'''....''biophysical'' :::*'''tejtaptut'''....''biophysicist'' ::*'''vitapat'''....''hunk'' ::*'''yiztapa'''....''metaphysical'' : Some words built on '''tep''' (''mind, psyche'') are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> ::*'''antepkyoxwan'''....''monomania'' ::*'''antepyena'''....''obstinate, single-minded'' ::*'''anyentepat'''....''idiot'' ::*'''attep'''....''ego'' ::*'''attepzena'''....''egocentric'' ::*'''aybattep'''....''superego'' ::*'''eotepyex'''....''duel'' ::*'''esyen bi tep'''....''state of mind'' ::*'''eyntepat'''....''halfwit'' ::*'''eynteptija'''....''semi-alert, semi-conscious'' ::*'''fiojtepa'''....''bullish'' ::*'''fitepa'''....''intelligent, mentally sound, of sound mind, psychologically o.k., sane'' ::*'''fitepbak'''....''good mental health, sanity'' ::*'''fitepkisea'''....''propitious'' ::*'''fitepyen'''....''alacrity, cheer, good disposition, good humor, good mood, good temperament'' ::*'''fitepyena'''....''cheerful, in a good humor, in a good mood, upbeat, well-disposed'' ::*'''futepyena'''....''foul-tempered, ill-disposed, in a bad mood, in a lousy mood'' ::*'''futepyenser'''....''grow angry'' ::*'''fyotepa'''....''evilminded'' ::*'''geltepa'''....''like-minded'' ::*'''gitepa'''....''astute, keen, mentally sharp-witted, shrewd, witty'' ::*'''gyatepa'''....''thickheaded'' ::*'''gyitepa'''....''tough-minded, tough-spirited'' ::*'''ittep'''....''id'' ::*'''ivtepyen'''....''cheerful mood'' ::*'''jateptijan'''....''foreconscious, preconsciousness'' ::*'''javyatepa'''....''prudent'' ::*'''jwogtepa'''....''senile'' ::*'''kas bi tep'''....''state of mind'' ::*'''kotep'''....''subconscious mind'' ::*'''kyatepa'''....''flexible-minded, flexible'' ::*'''kyatepan'''....''flexibility'' ::*'''kyaxer ota tepyen'''....''change one's mind, have change of heart'' ::*'''kyetepyena'''....''given to swing moods, volatile'' ::*'''kyitepa'''....''earnest, serious-minded, uptight, heavy-hearted'' '''kyos bi tep'''....''state of mind'' ::*'''kyotepa'''....''boneheaded, bullheaded, diligent, dogged, lock-headed, mulish, painstaking, stalwart, steadfast, stubborn, tenacious'' ::*'''kyutepa'''....''dizzy, dopey, frivolous, lighthearted'' ::*'''logitepat'''....''airhead, dullard'' ::*'''lojavyatepa'''....''imprudent, unwise'' ::*'''maztepa'''....''bright'' ::*'''moztepa'''....''dimwitted'' ::*'''miap bi tijtep'''....''stream of consciousness'' ::*'''oyban tepyen'''....''inferiority complex'' ::*'''obostepxea'''....''disquieting, worrisomed, bothersome'' ::*'''oker teptijan'''....''lose consciousness'' ::*'''okitepa'''....''unbiased'' ::*'''otepava'''....''unfavorable'' ::*'''otepooxea'''....''troublesome'' ::*'''otepooxeay'''....''troublesomely'' ::*'''otepooxer'''....''aguish, cause concern'' ::*'''otepooxwa'''....''troubled'' ::*'''oteppaxwa'''....''shiftless, unmotivated'' ::*'''oteppaxwan'''....''shiftlessness'' ::*'''oteppaxway'''....''shiftily, shiftlessly'' ::*'''otepsinyafwa'''....''unimaginable'' ::*'''oteptija'''....''insentient, unalert, unattentive, unconscious'' ::*'''otepzexyea'''....''inattentive, unattentive'' ::*'''oujteptija'''....''unselfconscious'' ::*'''ovyatepa'''....''irrational, unreasonable, unreasoned'' ::*'''oybtijtep'''....''subconscious'' ::*'''tayibteptun'''....''neuropsychology'' ::*'''tep'''....''mind, psyche'' ::*'''tepa'''....''mental, psychical'' ::*'''tepaga'''....''broad-minded, broadminded'' ::*'''tepaxlea'''....''psychoactive'' ::*'''tepaza'''....''clever, intelligent, keen, mentally strong, smart'' ::*'''tepbaka'''....''mentally sound, of sound mind, psychologically fit, sane'' ::*'''tepbek'''....''psychiatric care, psychiatric treatment, psychiatry, psychotherapy'' ::*'''tepbekdez'''....''psychodrama'' ::*'''tepbektultun'''....''psychopharmacology'' ::*'''tepbektun'''....''psychiatry'' ::*'''tepbik'''....''heed'' ::*'''tepbikea'''....''caring, mindful, paying attention'' ::*'''tepbiken'''....''being mindful, heeding, paying attention'' ::*'''tepbiker'''....''be concerned, be mindful, care, heed'' ::*'''tepbikier'''....''become concerned, become mindful of, become worried, heed'' ::*'''tepbikiwa'''....''heeded'' ::*'''tepbikuea'''....''concerning'' ::*'''tepbikuen'''....''bring attention to'' ::*'''tepbikuer'''....''bring attention to, give cause for concern'' ::*'''tepbikuka'''....''blithesome, carefree, not worried, unconcerned'' ::*'''tepbikukan'''....''carefreeness'' ::*'''tepbikuyea'''....''considerate'' ::*'''tepbikuyean'''....''considerateness'' ::*'''tepbikuyeay'''....''considerately'' ::*'''tepbiwa'''....''borne in mind'' ::*'''tepbix'''....''mental engagement'' ::*'''tepbixea'''....''mentally captivating'' ::*'''tepbixen'''....''drawing attention'' ::*'''tepbixer'''....''draw attention to, grab attention, mentally attract'' ::*'''tepbixwa'''....''mentally captivated'' ::*'''tepbixwer'''....''be mentally engaged'' ::*'''tepbok'''....''mental illness, psychopathy, psychosis'' ::*'''tepboka'''....''crazy, insane, mentally ill, psychopathic, sicko'' ::*'''tepbokam'''....''asylum, insane asylum, madhouse, mental hospital, mental institution'' ::*'''tepbokan'''....''craziness, insanity, madness, mental illness'' ::*'''tepbokay'''....''crazily, insanely, madly'' ::*'''tepboksea'''....''becoming mentally ill, going insane'' ::*'''tepbokser'''....''become mentally ill, go crazy, go insane, go mad'' ::*'''tepboktun'''....''psychopathology'' ::*'''tepboktuna'''....''psychopathological'' ::*'''tepbokxer'''....''cause to be mentally ill, make crazy'' ::*'''tepbokxwa'''....''crazed'' ::*'''tepbos'''....''composure'' ::*'''tepbosea'''....''seething'' ::*'''tepboser'''....''be unconcerned, seethe'' ::*'''tepboxer'''....''put at ease, calm'' ::*'''tepboxwa'''....''calmed'' ::*'''tepbukuen'''....''traumatization'' ::*'''tepbukuer'''....''traumatize'' ::*'''tepbukuwa'''....''traumatized'' ::*'''tepbukuyea'''....''traumatic'' ::*'''tepbukuyeay'''....''traumatically'' ::*'''tepbyisea'''....''psychogenic'' ::*'''tepdinen'''....''dreaming'' ::*'''tepdota'''....''psychosocial'' ::*'''tepdottun'''....''psychosociology'' ::*'''tepdottuna'''....''psychosociological'' ::*'''tepdun'''....''mantra'' ::*'''tepdyeen'''....''divination, divining, mentalism, mind-reading'' ::*'''tepdyeer'''....''divine, read minds'' ::*'''tepdyewa'''....''divined'' ::*'''tepeaz'''....''vision'' ::*'''tepeazen'''....''envisioning'' ::*'''tepeazer'''....''envision'' ::*'''tepeazwa'''....''envisioned'' ::*'''tepebtiyaba'''....''psychosexual'' ::*'''tepega'''....''mentally normal, sane'' ::*'''tepegan'''....''mental normality, saneness'' ::*'''tepegay'''....''sanely'' ::*'''tepeja'''....''aware, mentally present'' ::*'''tepejan'''....''awareness, presence of mind'' ::*'''tepek'''....''gimmick, mind game, mind-game, puzzle'' ::*'''tepekaya'''....''wily'' ::*'''tepekika'''....''wily'' ::*'''tepekyan'''....''gimmickry'' ::*'''tepekyena'''....''gimmicky'' ::*'''tepelad'''....''chirrup'' ::*'''tepeladen'''....''chirping'' ::*'''tepelader'''....''chirp, chirrup'' ::*'''tepengonxwa'''....''schizoid'' ::*'''tepengonxwanbok'''....''schizophrenia'' ::*'''tepengonxwanboka'''....''schizophrenic'' ::*'''tepex'''....''cognition, functioning of the mind, mental operation'' ::*'''tepexa'''....''cognitive'' ::*'''tepexen'''....''cognition'' ::*'''tepfean'''....''pretending'' ::*'''tepfen'''....''pretending, pretense, pretension'' ::*'''tepfer'''....''pretend'' ::*'''tepfwa'''....''pretended'' ::*'''tepfyea'''....''pretentious'' ::*'''tepfyean'''....''pretentiousness'' ::*'''tepfyeay'''....''pretentiously'' ::*'''tepibay'''....''dentally'' ::*'''tepibixen'''....''distraction'' ::*'''tepibkuway'''....''worriedly'' ::*'''tepiboya'''....''toothless'' ::*'''tepiboyan'''....''toothlessness'' ::*'''tepibuka'''....''toothless'' ::*'''tepibukan'''....''toothlessness'' ::*'''tepiea van...'''....''considering that...'' ::*'''tepiea'''....''considering, bearing in mind, mindful, considerate'' ::*'''tepien'''....''consideration, considering, recalling, consideration, bearing in mind'' ::*'''tepier'''....''bear in mind, consider, keep in mind, take into account, recall, consider, bear in mind'' ::*'''tepiga dun'''....''bon mot'' ::*'''tepiga ebdal'''....''repartee'' ::*'''tepiga'''....''alert, clever, pert, quick-minded, quick-on-the-draw, quick-witted, sharp-witted, smart, witty'' ::*'''tepigan'''....''alertness, cleverness, pertness, quick-wittedness, sharp-wittedness, smartness, wit, wittiness'' ::*'''tepigay'''....''cleverly, pertly, quick-mindedly, quick-wittedly, smartly, wittily'' ::*'''tepigfud'''....''zing'' ::*'''tepika'''....''mindful'' ::*'''tepikan'''....''mindfulness'' ::*'''tepikay'''....''mindfully'' ::*'''tepivxer'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''tepiwa van...'''....''considering that...'' ::*'''tepiwa'''....''considered, borne in mind, taken into account'' ::*'''tepiwa'''....''considered, kept in mind, taken into account, borne in mind'' ::*'''tepiyea'''....''considerate, mindful'' ::*'''tepiyefwa'''....''worthy of consideration, considerable'' ::*'''tepiza'''....''sharp, straight-minded'' ::*'''tepizan'''....''straight-mindedness'' ::*'''tepizber'''....''steer the mind'' ::*'''tepizbyea'''....''mentally focused'' ::*'''tepizra'''....''sane'' ::*'''tepizran'''....''saneness, sanity'' ::*'''tepizraser'''....''regain one's sanity'' ::*'''tepizraxer'''....''bring sanity to'' ::*'''tepizray'''....''sanely'' ::*'''tepizuen'''....''drawing attention'' ::*'''tepkis'''....''tendency'' ::*'''tepkixea'''....''psychedelic, psychotropic'' ::*'''tepkixeay'''....''psychedelically'' ::*'''tepkixena'''....''psychedelic'' ::*'''tepkixenay'''....''psychedelically'' ::*'''tepkixwa'''....''tendentious'' ::*'''tepkixwan'''....''tendentiousness'' ::*'''tepkixway'''....''tendentiously'' ::*'''tepkyaa'''....''distracted'' ::*'''tepkyaay'''....''distractedly'' ::*'''tepkyax'''....''flip-flop, flipflop, turnabout'' ::*'''tepkyaxea'''....''entrancing, mind-altering'' ::*'''tepkyaxean'''....''persuasiveness'' ::*'''tepkyaxen'''....''blandishment, conversion, distraction, entrancement, entrancing, flip-flopping, persuading, proselytization, proselytizing'' ::*'''tepkyaxer'''....''blandish, change minds, convert, distract, flip-flop, flipflop, persuade, proselytize'' ::*'''tepkyaxwa'''....''converted, entranced, persuaded, proselytized'' ::*'''tepkyaxyea'''....''persuasive'' ::*'''tepkyaxyeay'''....''persuasively'' ::*'''tepkyaxyen'''....''proselytism'' ::*'''tepkyaxyuka'''....''easily proselytizable, easily-convertible'' ::*'''tepkyexen'''....''persuasion'' ::*'''tepkyinxea. tepkyinxen'''....''considering'' ::*'''tepkyinxen'''....''consideration'' ::*'''tepkyinxer'''....''consider'' ::*'''tepkyinxwa'''....''considered'' ::*'''tepkyiun'''....''weight on one's mind'' ::*'''tepkyoa'''....''mentally fixed, attentive, focused'' ::*'''tepkyox'''....''attention, fixation, mental focus, obsession'' ::*'''tepkyoxea'''....''obsessive'' ::*'''tepkyoxean'''....''obsessiveness'' ::*'''tepkyoxeay'''....''obsessively'' ::*'''tepkyoxen'''....''attention, determination, fixation, obsession, paying attention to'' ::*'''tepkyoxena'''....''obsessional'' ::*'''tepkyoxenay'''....''obsessionally'' ::*'''tepkyoxer bu'''....''pay attention to'' ::*'''tepkyoxer'''....''fixate, obsess, pay attention'' ::*'''tepkyoxwa'''....''attentive, determined, fixated, obsessed, rapt'' ::*'''tepkyoxwan'''....''attentiveness, obsession, raptness'' ::*'''tepkyoxway'''....''attentively, determinedly, raptly'' ::*'''tepkyoxwer'''....''be obsessed'' ::*'''tepkyoxyea'''....''attentive'' ::*'''tepkyoxyean'''....''attentiveness, obsessiveness'' ::*'''tepkyoxyeay'''....''attentively'' ::*'''tepmanxen'''....''clearing up'' ::*'''tepmanxer'''....''clear up'' ::*'''tepnaga'''....''psychometric'' ::*'''tepnagdren'''....''psychometrics'' ::*'''tepobos'''....''angst, concern'' ::*'''tepoboser'''....''be concerned, be ill at ease, become concerned, care, grow anxious, worry'' ::*'''tepobosuka'''....''serene'' ::*'''tepobosukan'''....''sereneness'' ::*'''tepobosukay'''....''serenely'' ::*'''tepoboxea'''....''bothersome, concerning'' ::*'''tepoboxen'''....''preoccupation, worriment'' ::*'''tepoboxer'''....''bother, concern, preoccupy'' ::*'''tepoboxwa'''....''bothered, concerned, worried'' ::*'''tepoboxway'''....''worriedly'' ::*'''tepoboxyea'''....''bothersome, worrisome, worrying'' ::*'''tepoegsea'''....''becoming weird'' ::*'''tepoga'''....''narrow-minded, petty, silly, small-minded'' ::*'''tepogan'''....''cretinism, narrow-mindedness, pettiness, silliness, small-mindedness'' ::*'''tepogay'''....''pettily, small-mindedly'' ::*'''tepogia'''....''doltish, dull-minded, dull-witted, sottish'' ::*'''tepogian'''....''doltishness, dull-wittedness, dullness'' ::*'''tepogiat'''....''dullard, dull-witted person'' ::*'''tepogiay'''....''doltishly'' ::*'''tepoiza'''....''mentally off, not right in the mind'' ::*'''tepoizan'''....''mental aberration'' ::*'''tepokay'''....''crazily'' ::*'''tepokea'''....''losing one’s mind'' ::*'''tepoker av'''....''go ape over'' ::*'''tepoker'''....''lose one’s mind'' ::*'''tepokya'''....''crazy, out of one's mind'' ::*'''tepokyan'''....''craziness'' ::*'''tepolega'''....''mentally aberrant, mentally abnormal'' ::*'''tepolegan'''....''mental aberration, mental abnormality'' ::*'''tepolegsea'''....''going insane'' ::*'''tepolegser'''....''become weird, go insane'' ::*'''tepolegxen'''....''making insane'' ::*'''tepolegxer'''....''make insane'' ::*'''tepolegxwa'''....''make insane'' ::*'''teponap'''....''mania, mental disorder'' ::*'''teponapa'''....''crazy, deranged, maniacal, manic, mentally deranged, mentally disordered, psychotic'' ::*'''teponapan'''....''craziness, mental disturbance'' ::*'''teponapay'''....''crazily, maniacally, psychotically'' ::*'''teponapsea'''....''become mentally disturbed, going crazy'' ::*'''teponapser'''....''become mentally disturbed, go crazy'' ::*'''teponapxen'''....''making crazy, mental disturbance'' ::*'''teponapxer'''....''make crazy'' ::*'''teponapxwa'''....''crazed, deranged, mentally disturbed'' ::*'''tepot'''....''marmoset'' ::*'''tepotyan'''....''sloth of bears'' ::*'''tepova'''....''con, contrarian, unfavorable'' ::*'''tepovan'''....''contrarianism'' ::*'''tepovay'''....''unfavorably'' ::*'''tepovyida'''....''addled, confused'' ::*'''tepovyidxea'''....''befuddling, confusing'' ::*'''tepovyidxen'''....''befogging, befuddlement'' ::*'''tepovyidxer'''....''addle, befog, befuddle, confuse'' ::*'''tepovyidxwa'''....''addled, befogged, befuddled, confused'' ::*'''tepoya'''....''air-headed, anserine, empty-headed, fatuous, feather-brained, featherbrained, mindless, moony, rattlebrained, spacy, vapid'' ::*'''tepoyan'''....''empty-headedness, fatuity, fatuousness, mindlessness, spaciness, vapidity, vapidness'' ::*'''tepoyeba'''....''out of one’s mind, luny'' ::*'''tepoyeban'''....''lunacy'' ::*'''tepoyza'''....''daft, foolish, silly'' ::*'''tepoyzan'''....''daftness, foolishness, silliness'' ::*'''tepoyzay'''....''daftly, foolishly'' ::*'''tepoza'''....''birdbrained, dull-witted, dumb, feeble-minded, idiotic, klutzy, mentally weak, moronic, muddleheaded, of weak intelligence, stupid'' ::*'''tepozan'''....''dull-wittedness, dumbness, feeble-mindedness, klutziness, weak intelligence'' ::*'''tepozay'''....''dumbly, idiotically, moronically, stupidly'' ::*'''tepozea'''....''wacko, wacky'' ::*'''tepozebwa'''....''mentally unbalanced, unhinged'' ::*'''tepozebwaser'''....''become mentally unbalanced, become unhinged'' ::*'''tepozepa'''....''crazy, mad'' ::*'''tepozepan'''....''craziness'' ::*'''tepozepay'''....''crazily'' ::*'''tepozeta'''....''mentally abnormal, mentally unbalanced, weird'' ::*'''tepozetan'''....''mental abnormality, mentally unbalanced state, weirdness'' ::*'''tepozetay'''....''weirdly'' ::*'''tepozta'''....''bored'' ::*'''tepoztan'''....''boredom'' ::*'''tepoztaxea'''....''boring'' ::*'''tepoztaxer'''....''bore'' ::*'''tepoztaxyea'''....''yawny'' ::*'''teppaxea'''....''motivating'' ::*'''teppaxen'''....''motivation'' ::*'''teppaxena'''....''motivational'' ::*'''teppaxenay'''....''motivationally'' ::*'''teppaxer'''....''motivate'' ::*'''teppaxus'''....''motive'' ::*'''teppaxusoya'''....''motiveless'' ::*'''teppaxusuka'''....''motiveless'' ::*'''teppaxwa'''....''motivated'' ::*'''teppoos'''....''peace of mind, serenity'' ::*'''teppooxer'''....''give peace of mind, quell'' ::*'''teppooxwa'''....''relieved, serene'' ::*'''teppoys'''....''relief'' ::*'''teppoyxen'''....''relieving'' ::*'''teppoyxer'''....''relieve'' ::*'''teppoyxwa'''....''relieved'' ::*'''tepsan'''....''schema, scheme'' ::*'''tepsana'''....''schematic'' ::*'''tepsanay'''....''schematically'' ::*'''tepsani'''....''schemata'' ::*'''tepsaxen'''....''devising'' ::*'''tepsaxer'''....''devise'' ::*'''tepsaxwa'''....''devised'' ::*'''tepsin'''....''imagination, mental image'' ::*'''tepsina'''....''imaginary'' ::*'''tepsinien'''....''imagination, imagining'' ::*'''tepsinier'''....''imagine'' ::*'''tepsiniwa yuf'''....''bug-a-boo, bugaboo'' ::*'''tepsiniwa'''....''imaginary, imagined'' ::*'''tepsiniyafwa'''....''imaginable'' ::*'''tepsiniyafway'''....''imaginably'' ::*'''tepsiniyea'''....''imaginative'' ::*'''tepsiniyean'''....''imaginativeness'' ::*'''tepsiniyeay'''....''imaginatively'' ::*'''tepsiniyofwa'''....''ludicrous, unimaginable'' ::*'''tepsiniyofwan'''....''ludicrousness'' ::*'''tepsiniyofway'''....''ludicrously, unimaginably'' ::*'''tepsinuer'''....''make see in the mind'' ::*'''tepsinuka'''....''unimaginative'' ::*'''tepsinuyea'''....''lysergic'' ::*'''teptaba'''....''psychosomatic'' ::*'''teptapa'''....''psycho-physical'' ::*'''teptaptun'''....''psychophysics, psychophysiology'' ::*'''teptaptuna'''....''psychophysiological'' ::*'''teptayosobxea'''....''mind-numbing'' ::*'''tepteas'''....''phantasy'' ::*'''teptejtun'''....''psychobiology'' ::*'''teptija'''....''alert, aware, conscious, mentally alert, wakeful'' ::*'''teptijan'''....''alertness, awareness, consciousness, sentience, wakefulness'' ::*'''teptijaxen'''....''consciousness-raising'' ::*'''teptijay tayotier'''....''sentient'' ::*'''teptijay'''....''consciously, wakefully'' ::*'''teptijber'''....''bring around to consciousness'' ::*'''teptijier'''....''become alerted, become conscious'' ::*'''teptijper'''....''come to, regain consciousness'' ::*'''teptijuer'''....''alert, call attention to'' ::*'''teptoluus'''....''pabulum'' ::*'''teptuj'''....''blackout'' ::*'''teptuja'''....''insensate, insentient, unconscious'' ::*'''teptujan'''....''insentience, unconsciousness'' ::*'''teptujay'''....''unconsciously'' ::*'''teptujben'''....''k.o., knock-out, knockout'' ::*'''teptujber'''....''knock out, render unconscious'' ::*'''teptujbwa'''....''knocked out, rendered unconscious'' ::*'''teptujpen'''....''fainting'' ::*'''teptujper'''....''black out, faint, go unconscious, pass out'' ::*'''teptujpoa'''....''faint, about to pass out'' ::*'''teptun'''....''psychology'' ::*'''teptuna yikon'''....''hang-up, hangup'' ::*'''teptuna'''....''psychological'' ::*'''teptunay'''....''psychologically'' ::*'''teptundal'''....''psychobabble'' ::*'''teptut'''....''psychologist, shrink'' ::*'''teptuyj'''....''stupor'' ::*'''teptuyjea'''....''stuporous'' ::*'''tepuen'''....''mentioning'' ::*'''tepuer'''....''mention, bring to mind, recall, point out'' ::*'''tepuga'''....''dull-minded, dumb, lumpish, mentally slow, moronic, slow of mind, slow-witted, stupid, witless'' ::*'''tepugan'''....''dullness, dumbness, mental dullness, slow-wittedness, witlessness'' ::*'''tepugay'''....''dumbly, moronically, slow-wittedly, stupidly, witlessly'' ::*'''tepuka dal'''....''blarney'' ::*'''tepuka'''....''air-headed, anserine, empty-headed, fatuous, feather-brained, featherbrained, mindless, moony, rattlebrained, spacy, vapid'' ::*'''tepukan'''....''empty-headedness, fatuity, fatuousness, mindlessness, spaciness, vapidity, vapidness'' ::*'''tepukay'''....''fatuously, mindlessly, vapidly'' ::*'''tepul'''....''fodder'' ::*'''tepuwa'''....''mentioned'' ::*'''tepuxen'''....''suasion'' ::*'''tepuxlan'''....''impression'' ::*'''tepuxlawa'''....''impressed'' ::*'''tepuxlen'''....''having an impression, impressing'' ::*'''tepuxler'''....''have an impression of, impress, influence intellectually'' ::*'''tepuxlyaf'''....''ability to impress, impressiveness'' ::*'''tepuxlyafwa'''....''impressible, impressionable, possible to impress'' ::*'''tepuxlyafwan'''....''impressibility, impressionableness, impressiveness'' ::*'''tepuxlyea'''....''impressive'' ::*'''tepuxlyean'''....''impressiveness'' ::*'''tepuxlyeay'''....''impressively'' ::*'''tepuyefwa'''....''notable, worth mentioning, worth mentioning'' ::*'''tepuyefwan'''....''notability'' ::*'''tepuyefway'''....''notably'' ::*'''tepuz'''....''crank'' ::*'''tepuza'''....''cooky, deluded, irrational'' ::*'''tepuzan'''....''cookiness, irrationality'' ::*'''tepuzasea'''....''going crazy'' ::*'''tepuzaser'''....''go crazy'' ::*'''tepuzaxer'''....''make crazy'' ::*'''tepuzbea'''....''attention-diverting, mind-bending'' ::*'''tepuzben'''....''distraction, diversion of attention'' ::*'''tepuzber'''....''distract, divert attention'' ::*'''tepuzbwa'''....''distracted, distrait'' ::*'''tepuzbway'''....''distractedly'' ::*'''tepuzbyea'''....''attention-diverting, diversionary'' ::*'''tepuzra'''....''barmy, batty, certifiable, crazy, daffy, delirious, demented, gaga, gonzo, kooky, loco, loony, loopy, lunatic, mentally twisted, meshuga, meshugga, nutty, screwball, screwy, wack'' ::*'''tepuzram'''....''bedlam'' ::*'''tepuzran'''....''craziness, daffiness, deliriousness, delirium, lunacy, madness, mental twistedness, nuttiness, screwiness, wackiness'' ::*'''tepuzraser'''....''go bezerk, go crazy, go daffy, go insane, go made, go nuts'' ::*'''tepuzratam'''....''mental institution, nuthouse'' ::*'''tepuzraxer'''....''drive crazy, make crazy'' ::*'''tepuzraxwa'''....''crazed, distraught'' ::*'''tepuzray'''....''crazily, deliriously, dementedly, madly, nuttily'' ::*'''tepuzrea'''....''woozy'' ::*'''tepuzrean'''....''wooziness'' ::*'''tepuzreay'''....''woozily'' ::*'''tepvyox'''....''con, mind trick, ruse, trick'' ::*'''tepvyoxen'''....''conning, fooling, trickery, tricking'' ::*'''tepvyoxer'''....''con, fool, play a ruse on, trick'' ::*'''tepvyoxwa'''....''conned, fooled, tricked'' ::*'''tepvyoxyea'''....''crafty, tricky'' ::*'''tepvyoxyean'''....''craftiness, trickiness'' ::*'''tepyaf'''....''brainpower, cunning, intelligence, mental ability'' ::*'''tepyafa'''....''cunning, intelligence, intelligent, mentally capable, mentally-gifted, smart, witty'' ::*'''tepyafan'''....''wittiness'' ::*'''tepyafay'''....''cunningly, intelligently, smartly, wittily'' ::*'''tepyaga'''....''gaga'' ::*'''tepyanpyex'''....''clash of wits'' ::*'''tepyansen'''....''communion'' ::*'''tepyaza'''....''cavalier, cocksy, cocky, fustian, haughty, huffish, huffy, insolent, pompous, supercilious, swellheaded'' ::*'''tepyazan'''....''cavalierness, cockiness, haughtiness, huffiness, insolence, pomposity, pompousness, superciliousness'' ::*'''tepyazay'''....''cavalierly, cockily, pompously, superciliously'' ::*'''tepyegan'''....''sanity'' ::*'''tepyek'''....''enigma, mind-test'' ::*'''tepyekier'''....''puzzle over'' ::*'''tepyekuer'''....''challenge the mind'' ::*'''tepyekuus'''....''puzzle, puzzler'' ::*'''tepyekuwa'''....''puzzled'' ::*'''tepyekuwan'''....''puzzlement'' ::*'''tepyekuyea'''....''enigmatic, puzzling'' ::*'''tepyekuyeay'''....''enigmatically'' ::*'''tepyen'''....''attitude, frame of mind, mental framework, mentality, mindset, mood, morale, state of mind'' ::*'''tepyena'''....''attitudinal'' ::*'''tepyenyiga'''....''acerbic'' ::*'''tepyenyigan'''....''acerbity'' ::*'''tepyenyigay'''....''acerbically'' ::*'''tepyeva'''....''even-tempered, fair-minded, judicious, level-headed, levelheaded'' ::*'''tepyevan'''....''even temper, fair-mindedness, judiciousness, level-headedness, levelheadedness'' ::*'''tepyexer'''....''mull'' ::*'''tepyexwa'''....''mulled'' ::*'''tepyibixer'''....''draw away attention'' ::*'''tepyiga'''....''hard-minded, intolerant, obdurate, severe, stern, strict, stringent, stubborn, tough-minded'' ::*'''tepyigan'''....''obduracy, obdurateness, severeness, severity, sternness, strictness, stringency, stubbornness, tough-mindedness'' ::*'''tepyigay'''....''obdurately, severely, sternly, stringently'' ::*'''tepyigraxlea'''....''raving'' ::*'''tepyigraxler'''....''rave'' ::*'''tepyija'''....''open-minded, tolerant'' ::*'''tepyijan'''....''open-mindedness, tolerance'' ::*'''tepyikon'''....''brainteaser, headache, problem'' ::*'''tepyikxea'''....''bewildering'' ::*'''tepyikxeay'''....''bewilderingly'' ::*'''tepyikxen'''....''bewilderment'' ::*'''tepyikxer'''....''bewilder'' ::*'''tepyikxwa'''....''bewildered'' ::*'''tepyiva'''....''free-spirited, liberal-minded, progressive'' ::*'''tepyivan'''....''free-spiritedness, liberal-mindedness, liberality, liberalness, progressiveness'' ::*'''tepyivay'''....''liberally'' ::*'''tepyoban'''....''malaise'' ::*'''tepyoden'''....''growling'' ::*'''tepyoder'''....''growl'' ::*'''tepyof'''....''mental disability, mental incapacity'' ::*'''tepyofa'''....''dumb, mentally disabled, stupid'' ::*'''tepyofay'''....''stupidly'' ::*'''tepyofxen'''....''besotting, stupefaction'' ::*'''tepyofxer'''....''besot, gowk, stupefy'' ::*'''tepyofxwa'''....''besotted, stupefied'' ::*'''tepyokla'''....''dazed, dizzy, scatter-brained, scatterbrained'' ::*'''tepyoklan'''....''dizziness'' ::*'''tepyoklaxen'''....''confusion'' ::*'''tepyoklaxer'''....''confuse, make dizzy'' ::*'''tepyoklaxwa'''....''confused, dizzy, rattled'' ::*'''tepyoklay'''....''dizzily'' ::*'''tepyoklea'''....''dizzying'' ::*'''tepyokleay'''....''dizzyingly'' ::*'''tepyonpyos'''....''breakdown'' ::*'''tepyontixa'''....''psychoanalytic'' ::*'''tepyontixen'''....''psychoanalysis'' ::*'''tepyontixena'''....''psychoanalytical'' ::*'''tepyontixer'''....''psychoanalyze'' ::*'''tepyonzyabwa'''....''ditsy'' ::*'''tepyopoos'''....''anguish'' ::*'''tepyopoosen'''....''anguishing'' ::*'''tepyopooxea'''....''anguishing'' ::*'''tepyopooxwa'''....''anguished, mentally anguished'' ::*'''tepyot'''....''orangutan'' ::*'''tepyufonap'''....''paranoia'' ::*'''tepyufonapa'''....''paranoid'' ::*'''tepyufonapat'''....''paranoiac'' ::*'''tepyuga'''....''indulgent, kind, lax, lenient, merciful, soft-hearted, softhearted, tolerant'' ::*'''tepyugan'''....''kindness, laxity, laxness, lenience, leniency, lenity, lexness, mercifulness, mercy, soft-heartedness, softheartedness, tolerance'' ::*'''tepyugay'''....''kindly, laxly, leniently, mercifully, softheartedly'' ::*'''tepyugra'''....''lenient'' ::*'''tepyugran'''....''leniency'' ::*'''tepyugray'''....''leniently'' ::*'''tepyugsea'''....''indulging'' ::*'''tepyugser'''....''be lenient, go easy, indulge'' ::*'''tepyuja'''....''close-minded, closed-minded, conservative, intolerant'' ::*'''tepyujan'''....''close-mindedness, closed-mindedness'' ::*'''tepyujatyena'''....''fogyish'' ::*'''tepyukla'''....''naive, naïve, simple-minded, simpleminded'' ::*'''tepyuklan'''....''naiveness, naivety, naiveté, naïvete, simple-mindedness'' ::*'''tepyuklay'''....''naively, naïvely, simple-mindedly'' ::*'''tepyuva'''....''close-minded, conservative'' ::*'''tepyuvaxea'''....''captivating'' ::*'''tepyuvraxea'''....''captivating'' ::*'''tepyuvraxwa'''....''captivated'' ::*'''tepyuvxer'''....''captivate'' ::*'''tepzeta'''....''sane'' ::*'''tepzetan'''....''saneness, sanity'' ::*'''tepzetay'''....''sanely'' ::*'''tepzex'''....''attention, concentration, mental focus'' ::*'''tepzexea'''....''attention-focusing, attention-getting, attention-grabbing, concentrating'' ::*'''tepzexen'''....''attention, concentrating, concentration, focusing attention'' ::*'''tepzexer be'''....''concentrate on, focus attention on, focus on, focus one's mind on, pay attention to'' ::*'''tepzexer'''....''be attentive, concentrate, focus attention, focus the mind, pay attention'' ::*'''tepzexuen'''....''drawing attention, drawing attention to'' ::*'''tepzexuer'''....''draw attention, draw attention to'' ::*'''tepzexuyea'''....''flashy'' ::*'''tepzexwa'''....''attentive, earnest, mentally focused'' ::*'''tepzexwan'''....''attentiveness, earnestness'' ::*'''tepzexway'''....''attentively, earnestly'' ::*'''tepzexyea'''....''attentive'' ::*'''tepzexyean'''....''attentiveness'' ::*'''tepzexyeay'''....''attentively'' ::*'''tepzyapuxwa'''....''ditsy, ditzy'' ::*'''tepzyonzyabwa'''....''ditzy'' ::*'''tijtep'''....''conscious mind'' ::*'''toftepkyoxwat'''....''clotheshorse'' ::*'''tojbea tepruzan'''....''amok'' ::*'''tojbea tepuzran'''....''amuck'' ::*'''tojtepat'''....''numbskull, numskull'' ::*'''tujtep'''....''subconscious mind'' ::*'''tujtepa'''....''subconscious'' ::*'''tujtepan'''....''oblivion'' ::*'''tujtepay'''....''subconsciously'' ::*'''uizgoblar tepyek'''....''jigsaw puzzle'' ::*'''ujteptija'''....''self-conscious, selfconscious'' ::*'''ujteptijan'''....''self-consciousness, selfconsciousness'' ::*'''uka tep'''....''blank mind'' ::*'''uttepaza'''....''self-willed'' ::*'''utvlatep'''....''poise'' ::*'''utvlatepa'''....''poised'' ::*'''uztepyaf'''....''guile'' ::*'''uztepyafa'''....''guileful'' ::*'''uztepyafoya'''....''guileless'' ::*'''uztepyafoyan'''....''guilelessness'' ::*'''uztepyafuka'''....''guileless'' ::*'''uztepyafukan'''....''guilelessness'' ::*'''uztepyafukay'''....''guilelessly'' ::*'''vaktepan'''....''confidence'' ::*'''vaktepay'''....''confidently'' ::*'''vatepa'''....''positive, upbeat'' ::*'''vatepan'''....''positiveness'' ::*'''vatepat'''....''positive person'' ::*'''vatepin'''....''positivism'' ::*'''vatepina'''....''positivist'' ::*'''vatepinut'''....''positivist'' ::*'''vitep'''....''beautiful mind'' ::*'''vitepa dizapyex'''....''lampoon'' ::*'''vitepa'''....''witty'' ::*'''vitepan'''....''wittiness'' ::*'''vitepay'''....''wittily'' ::*'''vitepdrez'''....''epigram'' ::*'''vitepdreza'''....''epigrammatic'' ::*'''vlatepa'''....''certain, sure, surefooted'' ::*'''vlatepan'''....''certainty, conviction, sureness'' ::*'''votepa'''....''negative-minded'' ::*'''votepin'''....''negativism'' ::*'''votepina'''....''negativistic'' ::*'''votepinut'''....''negativist'' ::*'''votepyena'''....''negatively-disposed'' ::*'''Voy tepoboxe at.'''....''I don't care., It doesn't bother me.'' ::*'''vutepa'''....''wretched'' ::*'''vutepan'''....''wretchedness'' ::*'''vutepat'''....''wretch'' ::*'''vyatep'''....''seat of reason'' ::*'''vyatepa'''....''rational'' ::*'''vyatepan'''....''rationality, wisdom, wise man'' ::*'''vyatepat'''....''rational person, wise person'' ::*'''vyatepay'''....''rationally, wisely'' ::*'''vyatepser'''....''be reasonable, wise up'' ::*'''vyatepxen'''....''rationalization, streamlining, tempering'' ::*'''vyatepxer'''....''rationalize, streamline, temper, wizen'' ::*'''vyatepxwa'''....''streamlined, tempered, wizened'' ::*'''vyatepyena'''....''rational'' ::*'''vyatepyenay'''....''rationally'' ::*'''vyatepzem'''....''seat of reason'' ::*'''vyetepa'''....''subjective'' ::*'''vyetepan'''....''subjectivity'' ::*'''vyetepay'''....''subjectively'' ::*'''vyetepin'''....''subjectivism'' ::*'''vyetepina'''....''subjectivistic'' ::*'''vyetepinut'''....''subjectivist'' ::*'''vyetepxen'''....''subjectification'' ::*'''vyetepxer'''....''subjectify'' ::*'''vyetepxwa'''....''subjectified'' ::*'''vyidtepa'''....''clear-headed, clear-minded, clearheaded, lucid'' ::*'''vyidtepan'''....''clarity of mind, clear-mindedness, lucidity, lucidness'' ::*'''vyidtepay'''....''lucidly'' ::*'''vyifxer ha tep'''....''clear the mind'' ::*'''vyitepan'''....''clear-headedness'' ::*'''vyoktepa'''....''mistaken, wrong-headed, wrongheaded'' ::*'''vyoktepan'''....''wrongheadedness'' ::*'''vyoktepay'''....''mistakenly, wrongheadedness, wrongheadedly'' ::*'''vyotepa'''....''fallacious, fool-hardy, foolhardy, foolish, hare-brained, harebrained, unwise'' ::*'''vyotepan'''....''fallaciousness, folly, foolishness'' ::*'''vyotepat'''....''cockamamie, fool'' ::*'''vyotepay'''....''foolishly'' ::*'''vyotepsin'''....''hallucination, illusion'' ::*'''vyotepsina'''....''hallucinatory, illusory'' ::*'''vyotepsinen'''....''hallucination'' ::*'''vyotepsiner'''....''hallucinate'' ::*'''vyotepsinier'''....''imagine wrongly'' ::*'''vyotepsinuer'''....''give the illusion'' ::*'''vyotepsinwa'''....''hallucinatory, illusory'' ::*'''vyotepsinxea'''....''hallucinogenic'' ::*'''vyotepsinxul'''....''hallucinogen'' ::*'''vyutepa'''....''dirty-minded, foul-minded, smutty'' ::*'''vyutepan'''....''dirty-minded, foul-minded, smuttiness'' ::*'''vyutepat'''....''foul-minded person'' ::*'''yeper tojbea tepruzan'''....''go amok'' ::*'''yexer tepzexway'''....''work earnestly'' ::*'''yiztepekwa'''....''foxed'' ::*'''yoktepkyax'''....''freak'' ::*'''yuktepa'''....''easy-minded, forgiving, lenient'' ::*'''yuktepan'''....''easy-mindedness, leniency'' ::*'''zen bi tepkyox'''....''center of attention'' ::*'''zyatepa'''....''broad-minded, broadminded, expansive, mentally expansive, open-minded'' ::*'''zyatepan'''....''broad-mindedness, expansiveness'' ::*'''zyatepat'''....''broad-minded person'' ::*'''zyatepay'''....''broad-mindedly, expansively'' ::*'''zyeper tep'''....''run through one's head'' ::*'''zyotepa'''....''bigoted, hidebound, narrow-minded, petty'' ::*'''zyotepan'''....''bigotry, narrow-mindedness, pettiness'' ::*'''zyotepat'''....''bigot, narrow-minded person, petty person'' ::*'''zyotepay'''....''narrow-mindedly'' </div> {{small/end}} : Some words built on '''tip''' (''emotion, mood'') are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> ::*'''agratipa'''....''megamaniacal'' ::*'''avtip'''....''goodwill'' ::*'''booktipiva'''....''slaphappy'' ::*'''boy yantipuv'''....''without pity'' ::*'''dofinay tipyuga'''....''latitudinarian'' ::*'''ekutyan tip'''....''team spirit'' ::*'''epyextip'''....''anger, rage, wrath'' ::*'''epyextipa'''....''angry, mad, rageful, wrathful'' ::*'''epyextipan'''....''angriness'' ::*'''epyextipay'''....''angrily, wrathfully'' ::*'''epyextipuea'''....''enraging'' ::*'''epyextipuen'''....''angering, enragement'' ::*'''epyextipuer'''....''anger, enrage, madden'' ::*'''epyextipuwa'''....''angered, enraged'' ::*'''epyextipuyea'''....''maddening'' ::*'''epyextipuyeay'''....''maddeningly'' ::*'''eyntipa'''....''half-hearted, halfhearted'' ::*'''eyntipay'''....''halfheartedly'' ::*'''eyntipin'''....''halfheartedness'' ::*'''fitip'''....''gentleness, good humor, good mood, kindness, mettle'' ::*'''fitipa'''....''cheerful, genial, gentle, good-hearted, good-humored, good-natured, goodhearted, in a good mood, kind, kindhearted, nice, well-tempered'' ::*'''fitipan'''....''geniality, gentleness, good-heartedness, kindheartedness, kindness, niceness'' ::*'''fitipat'''....''generous person, good soul, good-hearted person, good-natured person, kind person, sweetheart'' ::*'''fitipay'''....''genially, kindheartedly'' ::*'''fitipsen'''....''showing kindness'' ::*'''fitipser'''....''show kindness'' ::*'''fitipyena'''....''upbeat'' ::*'''flutip'''....''choler, ire'' ::*'''flutipa'''....''cross, irate, livid'' ::*'''flutipan'''....''crossness, irateness, madness'' ::*'''flutipat'''....''crosspatch'' ::*'''flutipay'''....''crossly, irately, lividly'' ::*'''flutipaya'''....''ireful'' ::*'''flutipika'''....''ireful'' ::*'''flutipser'''....''grow irate'' ::*'''fritipa'''....''blithe, cheery, gay, gleeful, merry'' ::*'''fritipan'''....''cheeriness, gayness, gleefulness, merriment, merriness'' ::*'''fritipay'''....''merrily'' ::*'''fritipier'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''fritipser'''....''be delighted, become amused, cheer up'' ::*'''fritipuer'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''fritipxea'''....''cheer'' ::*'''fritipxer'''....''cheer up'' ::*'''fritipxwa'''....''cheered'' ::*'''fruitipa'''....''wroth'' ::*'''fruitipaya'''....''rageful, raging'' ::*'''fruitipika'''....''rageful, raging'' ::*'''fruitipikay'''....''furiously, ragingly'' ::*'''frutip'''....''furor, fury, outrage, rage, wrath'' ::*'''frutipa'''....''rageful, wrathful'' ::*'''frutipay'''....''wrathfully'' ::*'''frutipaya'''....''furious, wrathful'' ::*'''frutipika'''....''furious, wrathful'' ::*'''frutipikay'''....''wrathfully'' ::*'''frutipsea'''....''raging'' ::*'''frutipser'''....''be enraged, be incensed, be outraged, become enraged, become infuriated, become outraged, get enraged, get infuriated'' ::*'''frutipteax'''....''tantrum'' ::*'''frutipuea'''....''enraging'' ::*'''frutipuen'''....''enragement'' ::*'''frutipuer'''....''enrage'' ::*'''frutipuwa'''....''enraged'' ::*'''frutipxea'''....''infuriating, outrageous'' ::*'''frutipxeay'''....''infuriatingly, outrageously'' ::*'''frutipxen'''....''infuriation'' ::*'''frutipxer'''....''incense, infuriate, outrage'' ::*'''frutipxwa'''....''furious, incensed, infuriated, outraged, unraged'' ::*'''frutipxway'''....''furiously'' ::*'''frutipxyikwa'''....''irascible'' ::*'''frutipxyikwan'''....''irascibility'' ::*'''frutipxyikway'''....''irascibly'' ::*'''fuitipay'''....''moodily'' ::*'''futip'''....''bad mood, dudgeon, foul temper, indisposition, lousy mood, snit'' ::*'''futipa'''....''cantankerous, crabby, curmudgeonly, foul-tempered, fussy, grumpy, hotheaded, ill-disposed, ill-humored, ill-tempered, in a bad mood, jag, lousy, mad, peevish, pettish, petulant, snotty, splenetic, sullen, surly'' ::*'''futipan'''....''bad mood, cantankerousness, crabbiness, foul temper, hotheadedness, ill disposition, lousiness, peevishness, pettishness, petulance, snottiness, sullenness, surliness'' ::*'''futipat'''....''curmudgeon, foul-tempered person, grump, hothead, surly person'' ::*'''futipay'''....''cantankerously, crabbily, lousily, peevishly, pettishly, petulantly, snottily, sullenly'' ::*'''futipayt'''....''shrew'' ::*'''futipaytyena'''....''shrewish'' ::*'''futipika'''....''grouty, hot-blooded, mad'' ::*'''futipixwa'''....''disgruntled, maddened'' ::*'''futipsea'''....''becoming angry, getting angry, getting mad'' ::*'''futipsen'''....''getting angry, getting mad'' ::*'''futipser'''....''be mad, become angry, become ill-tempered, chafe, get angry, get mad, grow angry'' ::*'''futipsut'''....''sorehead'' ::*'''futipuer'''....''madden'' ::*'''futipxea'''....''dispiriting, maddening'' ::*'''futipxeay'''....''maddeningly'' ::*'''futipxen'''....''disgruntlement'' ::*'''futipxer'''....''disgruntle, empurple, exasperate, indispose, make angry, make mad, put in a foul mood'' ::*'''futipxwa'''....''dispirited, exasperated, hotblooded, indisposed, pissed'' ::*'''futipxwan'''....''dispiritedness'' ::*'''futipxway'''....''dispiritedly'' ::*'''gayoban tipyen'''....''inferiority complex'' ::*'''glatip'''....''exeunt'' ::*'''glatipika'''....''exuberant'' ::*'''glatipikan'''....''exuberance'' ::*'''glatipikay'''....''exuberantly'' ::*'''gratip'''....''hokum, hysteria, schmaltz, schmalz'' ::*'''gratipa duz'''....''schmaltz'' ::*'''gratipa eyntuj'''....''hysterical trance'' ::*'''gratipa'''....''bathetic, hysterical, schmaltzy, sentimental'' ::*'''gratipan'''....''mawkishness'' ::*'''gratipat'''....''mawkish, sentimentalist'' ::*'''gratipay'''....''hysterically, mawkishly, sentimentally'' ::*'''gratipaya'''....''hokey, overemotional, soppy'' ::*'''gratipazta'''....''overenthusiastic'' ::*'''gratipdal'''....''treacle'' ::*'''gratipdalaya'''....''treacly'' ::*'''gratipdalika'''....''treacly'' ::*'''gratipika'''....''hokey, overemotional, soppy'' ::*'''gratippaax'''....''hysterics'' ::*'''gratipyen'''....''sentimentalism, sentimentality'' ::*'''iftip'''....''pleasant mood'' ::*'''iftipa'''....''in a pleasant mood'' ::*'''kyatipa'''....''fickle, moody, volatile'' ::*'''kyatipan'''....''fickleness, moodiness, volatility'' ::*'''kyatipaxer'''....''volatilize'' ::*'''kyatipay'''....''moodily'' ::*'''kyetipa'''....''arbitrary, capricious, whimsical'' ::*'''kyetipan'''....''arbitrariness, capriciousness, whimsicality, whimsy'' ::*'''kyetipas'''....''whim'' ::*'''kyetipay'''....''arbitrarily, on a whim, whimsically'' ::*'''kyitip'''....''gloom'' ::*'''kyitipa'''....''crestfallen, downcast, downhearted, gloomy, heavy-hearted, heavyhearted'' ::*'''kyitipan'''....''downheartedness, gloominess, gravity'' ::*'''kyitipay'''....''downheartedly, with a heavy heart'' ::*'''kyitipxer'''....''dispirit'' ::*'''kyiuvtipa'''....''melancholic, melancholy'' ::*'''kyiuvtipan'''....''melancholia'' ::*'''kyotipa'''....''steadfast, stubborn'' ::*'''kyotipan'''....''steadfastness, stubbornness'' ::*'''kyotipay'''....''steadfastly'' ::*'''kytipser'''....''be dispirited'' ::*'''kyutipa'''....''blithe, giddy, goofy, goosy, light-hearted, lighthearted, silly, winsome, frivolous'' ::*'''kyutipan'''....''blitheness, giddiness, goofiness, light-heartedness, lightheartedness, silliness, winsomeness'' ::*'''kyutipat'''....''flibbertigibbet, goosy'' ::*'''kyutipay'''....''blithely, giddily, in a silly fashion, light-heartedly, lightheartedly, winsomely'' ::*'''kyutipkyes'''....''idyll'' ::*'''kyutipkyesa'''....''idyllic'' ::*'''kyutipkyesay'''....''idyllically'' ::*'''mep frutip'''....''road rage'' ::*'''ofitipa'''....''ungentle'' ::*'''okyatipa'''....''nonvolatile'' ::*'''otipika'''....''unsentimental'' ::*'''otipikan'''....''unsentimentality'' ::*'''otipiva'''....''cheerless'' ::*'''otipivan'''....''cheerlessness'' ::*'''otipivay'''....''cheerlessly'' ::*'''otipuva'''....''pitiless'' ::*'''otipuvan'''....''pitilessness'' ::*'''otipuvay'''....''pitilessly'' ::*'''otipyabea'''....''unedifying'' ::*'''otipyija'''....''disingenuous'' ::*'''ovtipayt'''....''battleax, battleaxe'' ::*'''ovuvtipul'''....''antidepressant'' ::*'''ovyatipa'''....''backhanded, insincere, unfaithful'' ::*'''ovyatipan'''....''insincerity, unfaithfulness'' ::*'''ovyatipay'''....''backhandedly, insincerely, unfaithfully'' ::*'''ovyatipuwa'''....''untrusted'' ::*'''oyantipuviyea'''....''unmerciful'' ::*'''oyantipuviyeay'''....''unmercifully'' ::*'''ser frutipa'''....''be mad'' ::*'''ser frutipxwa'''....''be enraged, be incensed'' ::*'''teaxer frutip'''....''have a tantrum'' ::*'''tip'''....''fettle, heart, humor, mood, pathos, sentiment, spirit, temper'' ::*'''-tip'''....''-pathy'' ::*'''tipa byoyk'''....''heartache'' ::*'''-tipa'''....''-humored'' ::*'''tipa'''....''sentimental, temperamental'' ::*'''tipaasaya'''....''delirious'' ::*'''tipaasayan'''....''deliriousness, delirium'' ::*'''tipaasika'''....''delirious'' ::*'''tipaasikan'''....''deliriousness, delirium'' ::*'''tipaasikay'''....''deliriously'' ::*'''tipaga'''....''big-hearted, bighearted, cordial, generous, genial, greathearted, largehearted, magnanimous'' ::*'''tipagan'''....''big-heartedness, bigheartedness, cordiality, generosity, generousness, geniality, magnanimity'' ::*'''tipagay'''....''big-heartedly, cordially, generously, magnanimously'' ::*'''tipama'''....''hot-blooded, hotblooded'' ::*'''tipan'''....''sentimentality'' ::*'''tipaser'''....''become sentimental'' ::*'''tipava'''....''agreeable, favorable, favorably disposed, favorably-disposed'' ::*'''tipavan'''....''agreeableness'' ::*'''tipavay'''....''favorably'' ::*'''tipaxen'''....''sentimentalization'' ::*'''tipaxlawa'''....''thrilled'' ::*'''tipaxlea dyes'''....''thriller'' ::*'''tipaxlea dyezun'''....''thriller'' ::*'''tipaxlea'''....''thrilling, vibrant'' ::*'''tipaxlean'''....''vibrancy'' ::*'''tipaxleay'''....''thrillingly, vibrantly'' ::*'''tipaxlen'''....''thrilling'' ::*'''tipaxler'''....''sentimentalize, thrill'' ::*'''tipaxlus'''....''thriller'' ::*'''tipay'''....''sentimentally, temperamentally'' ::*'''tipayan'''....''fieriness'' ::*'''tipayma'''....''hearty, warmhearted'' ::*'''tipayman'''....''heartiness, warmheartedness'' ::*'''tipaymxea'''....''heartwarming'' ::*'''tipaz'''....''oomph, zeal'' ::*'''tipazan'''....''zealotry, zealousness'' ::*'''tipazaxea'''....''heartening'' ::*'''tipazaxer'''....''hearten'' ::*'''tipazay'''....''zealously'' ::*'''tipazaya'''....''fired up, frantic, on edge, wired, zesty'' ::*'''tipazdez'''....''melodrama'' ::*'''tipazdeza'''....''melodramatic'' ::*'''tipazdezaxer'''....''melodramatize'' ::*'''tipazdezay'''....''melodramatically'' ::*'''tipazier'''....''be moved grow frantic, get excited, get impassioned, run high'' ::*'''tipazika'''....''fired up, frantic, on edge, wired, zesty'' ::*'''tipazikay'''....''frantically'' ::*'''tipazpyex'''....''meltdown'' ::*'''tipazraser'''....''grow furious'' ::*'''tipazta'''....''enthusiastic, vehement, zestful'' ::*'''tipaztan ifgian'''....''zestfulness'' ::*'''tipaztan'''....''enthusiasm, vehemence, vehemency, verve, vim, zest'' ::*'''tipaztaser'''....''become passionate, get excited'' ::*'''tipaztaxer'''....''enthuse'' ::*'''tipaztaxwa'''....''enthused'' ::*'''tipaztay'''....''enthusiastically, vehemently, zestfully'' ::*'''tipazuer'''....''fire up'' ::*'''tipazuka'''....''dispassionate, unemotional, unexcited, unpassionate'' ::*'''tipazukan'''....''dispassion'' ::*'''tipazukay'''....''dispassionately, unemotionally, unexcitedly'' ::*'''tipazuwa'''....''atwitter, fired up'' ::*'''tipbyok'''....''heartache'' ::*'''tipbyokea'''....''heart-broken'' ::*'''tipbyoken'''....''feeling heartache'' ::*'''tipbyoker'''....''feel heartache'' ::*'''tipden'''....''expression of emotion, sentimentalization'' ::*'''tipder'''....''express emotion, sentimentalize'' ::*'''tipelad'''....''chirr'' ::*'''tipelader'''....''chirr'' ::*'''tipi'''....''teepee'' ::*'''tipif'''....''amiability, kindness'' ::*'''tipifa'''....''amiable, frivolous, fun-spirited, gay, jocular, kind'' ::*'''tipifan'''....''amiability, frivolity, frivolousness, fun-spiritedness, gayness, kindness'' ::*'''tipifay'''....''amiably, frivolously'' ::*'''tipiga'''....''snippy'' ::*'''tipigan'''....''snippiness'' ::*'''tipigay'''....''snippily'' ::*'''tipika'''....''fiery, spirited, temperamental'' ::*'''tipikan'''....''fieriness'' ::*'''tipikay'''....''moodily, spiritedly'' ::*'''tipin'''....''sentimentalism'' ::*'''tipina'''....''sentimentalist'' ::*'''tipiva deup'''....''lilt'' ::*'''tipiva'''....''cheerful, cheery, gay, jocund, light-hearted, lighthearted, merry, sprightly'' ::*'''tipivan'''....''cheerfulness, cheeriness, gayness, jocundity, light-heartedness, lightheartedness, merriment, merriness, sprightliness'' ::*'''tipivay'''....''cheerily, gayly, jocundly, light-heartedly, lightheartedly, merrily'' ::*'''tipivxul'''....''depressant'' ::*'''tipkyaa'''....''flexible'' ::*'''tipkyaan'''....''flexibility'' ::*'''tipkyin'''....''albatross'' ::*'''tipkyoa'''....''stubborn'' ::*'''tipkyoan'''....''stubbornness'' ::*'''tipoboxwa'''....''unstrung'' ::*'''tipoga'''....''small-minded, stingy'' ::*'''tipogan'''....''small-mindedness, stinginess'' ::*'''tipot'''....''tamarin'' ::*'''tipova'''....''antipathetic, antipathy, contrary, hostile'' ::*'''tipovan'''....''animosity, contrariety, contrariness, hostility'' ::*'''tipoyxer'''....''moped user'' ::*'''tipoza'''....''lackadaisical, weak-hearted'' ::*'''tipozan'''....''weak-heartedness'' ::*'''tipozay'''....''lackadaisically'' ::*'''tipozta'''....''bored, low-key, unenthusiastic, weak-hearted'' ::*'''tipoztan'''....''boredom, ennui, lack of enthusiasm, weak-heartedness'' ::*'''tipoztaser'''....''grow bored'' ::*'''tipoztaxea'''....''boring'' ::*'''tipoztaxer'''....''bore'' ::*'''tipoztaxwa'''....''bored'' ::*'''tippaax'''....''excitement, passion'' ::*'''tippaaxien'''....''getting excited, getting riled up, being moved'' ::*'''tippaaxier'''....''get excited, get riled up, be moved, get impassioned'' ::*'''tippaaxuen'''....''piquing, exciting, impassioning'' ::*'''tippaaxuer'''....''pique, excite, impassion'' ::*'''tippaaxuwa'''....''piqued, excited, impassioned'' ::*'''tippanaya'''....''incendiary'' ::*'''tippanika'''....''incendiary'' ::*'''tiptyentexen'''....''sentimentalization'' ::*'''tiptyentexer'''....''sentimentalize'' ::*'''tiptyentexwa'''....''sentimentalized'' ::*'''tipuea'''....''inspiriting'' ::*'''tipuer'''....''inspirit'' ::*'''tipufxer'''....''roil'' ::*'''tipuka'''....''empty-hearted, unspirited'' ::*'''tipukan'''....''empty-heartedness, unspiritiedness'' ::*'''tipukay'''....''empty-heartedly, unspiritedly'' ::*'''tipukxer'''....''frazzle'' ::*'''tipukxwa'''....''frazzled'' ::*'''tipuv'''....''heartbreak, pall, sorrow'' ::*'''tipuva'''....''depressed, dour, down, downcast, morose, overcast, pitiful, sad-spirited, solemn, sorrowful, spleeny, somber'' ::*'''tipuvan'''....''depression, dourness, heartsickness, languor, mercy, misery, pity, solemnity, sorrow, sorrowfulness, somberness'' ::*'''tipuvay'''....''dourly, languorously, pitifully, somberly'' ::*'''tipuviea'''....''pitying'' ::*'''tipuvieay'''....''pityingly'' ::*'''tipuvien'''....''having mercy on, having pity on, taking pity on'' ::*'''tipuvier'''....''have mercy on, have pity on, pity, take pity on'' ::*'''tipuviyea'''....''merciful'' ::*'''tipuvra'''....''miserable'' ::*'''tipuvran'''....''miserableness, moroseness'' ::*'''tipuvrary'''....''miserably'' ::*'''tipuvray'''....''morosely'' ::*'''tipuvser'''....''being sorry for, pity, taking mercy on, taking pity on'' ::*'''tipuvsyika'''....''depressive'' ::*'''tipuvuyea'''....''piteously'' ::*'''tipuvuyean'''....''piteousness'' ::*'''tipuvxea'''....''arousing pity, depressing, heartbreaking, pitiful'' ::*'''tipuvxeay'''....''depressingly'' ::*'''tipuvxen'''....''depressing'' ::*'''tipuvxer'''....''arouse pity, depress'' ::*'''tipuvxwa'''....''heartbroken, woebegone'' ::*'''tipuvxyea'''....''depressive'' ::*'''tipuwa'''....''inspirited'' ::*'''tipuyfa'''....''miffed'' ::*'''tipyaba'''....''ebullient, upbeat'' ::*'''tipyaban'''....''ebullience'' ::*'''tipyabay'''....''ebulliently'' ::*'''tipyen'''....''attitude, disposition, temperament, mood, complex'' ::*'''tipyena'''....''attitudinal, temperamental'' ::*'''tipyenay'''....''sentimentally, temperamentally'' ::*'''tipyenxen'''....''sentimenalization'' ::*'''tipyenxer'''....''sentimentalize'' ::*'''tipyenxwa'''....''sentimentalized'' ::*'''tipyifa'''....''brave-hearted, impudent, spunky'' ::*'''tipyifan'''....''impudence, spunk, brave-heartedness'' ::*'''tipyifay'''....''impudently, brave-heartedly, spunkily'' ::*'''tipyiga'''....''callous, flinty, hard-nosed, hardhearted, rigid, severe, stern-hearted, stouthearted, visceral'' ::*'''tipyigan'''....''callosity, callousness, flintiness, hardheartedness, stern-heartedness, sternness'' ::*'''tipyigay'''....''callously, hardheartedly, stoutly, viscerally'' ::*'''tipyigazaxea'''....''galling'' ::*'''tipyigla'''....''rude'' ::*'''tipyiglan'''....''rudeness'' ::*'''tipyiglay'''....''rudely'' ::*'''tipyigra'''....''violent-tempered'' ::*'''tipyigraser'''....''grow angry, grow enraged, become infuriated'' ::*'''tipyigraxen'''....''riling up, enraging, infuriation'' ::*'''tipyigraxer'''....''rile up, enrage, infuriate, outrage'' ::*'''tipyigraxwa'''....''riled up, enraged, infuriated, outraged'' ::*'''tipyigray'''....''in a rough manner, furiently, outrageously'' ::*'''tipyigza'''....''acrimonious'' ::*'''tipyigzan'''....''acrimoniousness, acrimony'' ::*'''tipyigzay'''....''acrimoniously'' ::*'''tipyija'''....''liberal, open-minded, openhearted, tolerant'' ::*'''tipyijan'''....''liberality, open-mindedness, tolerance'' ::*'''tipyiva'''....''liberal-minded, open-minded'' ::*'''tipyivan'''....''liberal-mindedness, liberality, liberalness, open-mindedness'' ::*'''tipyoba'''....''downbeat'' ::*'''tipyos'''....''tailspin'' ::*'''tipyot'''....''gorilla'' ::*'''tipyotyan'''....''flange'' ::*'''tipyuba'''....''intimate'' ::*'''tipyuban'''....''intimacy'' ::*'''tipyubay'''....''intimately'' ::*'''tipyuga'''....''easy-going, easygoing, flexible, gentle, lenient'' ::*'''tipyugan'''....''flexibility, gentleness of spirit, lenience'' ::*'''tipyugra'''....''gentle, kind, kindhearted, mild-mannered'' ::*'''tipyugran'''....''gentleness, kindheartedness, kindliness, kindness'' ::*'''tipyugray'''....''gently, kindheartedly, kindly'' ::*'''tipyuja'''....''close-minded, intolerant'' ::*'''tipyujan'''....''close-mindedness, intolerance'' ::*'''tipyuva'''....''conservative'' ::*'''tipyuvan'''....''conservativeness'' ::*'''tipzen'''....''emotional center, heart and soul'' ::*'''tipzyabixobea'''....''cathartic'' ::*'''totipyijay'''....''disingenuously'' ::*'''uftipyen'''....''complex'' ::*'''uttipuvxea'''....''maudlin'' ::*'''uvtipa'''....''downbeat'' ::*'''vatipa'''....''positive-minded'' ::*'''vatipan'''....''positive-minded, positive-mindedness, positivity'' ::*'''vatipat'''....''positive person'' ::*'''vitipa'''....''blithe, cheery, chipper, in a lovely mood, jaunty, winsome'' ::*'''votipa'''....''cynical, negative-minded'' ::*'''votipan'''....''negative-mindedness, negativism'' ::*'''votipat'''....''cynic, naysayer'' ::*'''votipay'''....''cynically'' ::*'''votipin'''....''cynicism'' ::*'''vutipa'''....''crotchety, frumpy, grouchy, grouty, in a foul mood, mean-spirited, surly'' ::*'''vutipan'''....''mean-spiritedness, meanness'' ::*'''vutipat'''....''frump, mean person'' ::*'''vutipatyena'''....''frumpish'' ::*'''vutipay'''....''mean-spiritedly, meanly'' ::*'''vyatip'''....''faith, fealty, loyalty, trust'' ::*'''vyatipa'''....''faithful, loyal, sincere, true-minded, trusty, underhanded'' ::*'''vyatipan'''....''faithfulness, loyalty, sincerity, true-mindedness, trustiness, underhandedness'' ::*'''vyatipay'''....''faithfully, sincerely, underhandedly'' ::*'''vyatipier'''....''gain the trust of'' ::*'''vyatipin'''....''loyalism'' ::*'''vyatipinut'''....''loyalist'' ::*'''vyatipuer'''....''be loyal to, be true in spirit to, have faith in, trust'' ::*'''vyatipuwa'''....''trusted'' ::*'''vyotipa'''....''unfaithful'' ::*'''vyotipan'''....''unfaithfulness'' ::*'''vyoytipika'''....''maudlin'' ::*'''xeyn bi fitip'''....''act of kindness'' ::*'''yantip'''....''sympathy'' ::*'''yantipa'''....''sympathetic'' ::*'''yantipan'''....''sympathy'' ::*'''yantipat'''....''sympathizer'' ::*'''yantipay'''....''sympathetically'' ::*'''yantipika'''....''sympathetic'' ::*'''yantipikay'''....''sympathetically'' ::*'''yantipoya'''....''heartless'' ::*'''yantipoyan'''....''heartlessness'' ::*'''yantipsea'''....''commiserate, sympathetic'' ::*'''yantipsen'''....''commiseration, sympathizing'' ::*'''yantipser'''....''commiserate, sympathize'' ::*'''yantipsyea'''....''agreeable, commiserative, sympathetical'' ::*'''yantipsyeay'''....''agreeably, sympathetically'' ::*'''yantiptoj'''....''euthanasia'' ::*'''yantiptojben'''....''euthanasia, euthanize'' ::*'''yantiptojbwa'''....''euthanized'' ::*'''yantipueay'''....''heartrendingly'' ::*'''yantipuka'''....''heartless'' ::*'''yantipukan'''....''heartlessness'' ::*'''yantipukay'''....''heartlessly'' ::*'''yantipuv'''....''clemency, mercy, misery, pity, sorrow'' ::*'''yantipuvan'''....''sorriness'' ::*'''yantipuvien'''....''commiseration, feeling sorry for, having mercy on, having pity on'' ::*'''yantipuvier'''....''commiserate, feel sorry for, have mercy on, pity'' ::*'''yantipuviwa'''....''pitied'' ::*'''yantipuviyea'''....''clement, commiserative, merciful, pitiful'' ::*'''yantipuviyeay'''....''clemently'' ::*'''yantipuviyefwa'''....''pitiable'' ::*'''yantipuviyefway'''....''pitiably'' ::*'''yantipuvuer'''....''arouse compassion, arouse mercy, arouse pity'' ::*'''yantipuvuyea'''....''miserable, pitiful'' ::*'''yantipuvuyean'''....''miserableness'' ::*'''yantipuvuyeay'''....''pitifully'' ::*'''yantipxyofwa'''....''irreconcilable'' ::*'''yantipxyofwan'''....''irreconcilability'' ::*'''yantipxyofway'''....''irreconcilably'' ::*'''yiztipaz'''....''super excitement'' ::*'''yiztipaza'''....''frantic, super-excited'' ::*'''yiztipazay'''....''frantically'' ::*'''yoka tipa yonpyex'''....''ebullition'' ::*'''yokfutipxen'''....''conniption'' ::*'''yontipsen'''....''being at odds'' ::*'''yontipser'''....''be at odds'' ::*'''yontipxea'''....''antagonizing'' ::*'''yontipxen'''....''antagonism'' ::*'''yontipxer'''....''antagonize'' ::*'''yontipxwa'''....''antagonized'' ::*'''yontipxyea'''....''antagonistic'' ::*'''yonxer vyatip bay'''....''be disloyal to, break faith with'' ::*'''yuzemtip'''....''ambiance'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TOS, TOOS ==== ::* '''tos'''....''feeling, sensation'' ::* '''toos'''....''instinct'' : Some words built on '''tos''' are the following: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px;{{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''toser'''....''to feel'' *'''fitoser'''....''to feel good'' *'''futoser'''....''to feel bad'' *'''yantoser'''....''to assent'' *'''yontoser'''....''to dissent'' *'''vitos'''....''aesthetics'' *'''vaotosa'''....''ambivalent'' *'''uvtos'''....''grief, sorrow'' *'''uvtosder'''....''to apologize'' *'''vyotos'''....''bathos'' *'''yanivtosder'''....''to congratulate'' *'''yanuvtos'''....''compassion'' *'''yibtosa'''....''aloof'' *'''yizivtos'''....''ecstasy'' *'''yovtos'''....''embarrassment'' *'''zoyuvtoser'''....''to express remorse'' *----------------- *'''toosa'''....''instinctual'' *'''toosyea'''....''instinctive'' *'''toosa zoyaxlen'''....''gut reaction'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== Bodily Functions and Gestures ==== : The following chart shows how gestural and bodily movements and functions are derived from body parts: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow" |+ Body Gestures |- ! BODY PART !! GESTURES, MOVEMENTS, FUNCTIONS |- | '''tob'''....''human''<br>'''tobij'''....''embryo''||'''tobser'''....''become human'', '''tobxer'''....''humanize'', '''tobtojber'''....''murder'', '''tobij'''....''embryo '', '''tobijier'''....''conceive'', '''tobijuer'''....''impregnate'', '''tobijer'''....''ovulate'', '''tobijbeler'''....''gestate'' |- | '''tab'''....''body ''|| '''tabazaxer'''....''work out'', '''tabmelukxer'''....''entomb'', '''tabteaxer'''....''autopsy'', '''dazer'''....''dance'', '''yebtabxer'''...''embody'' |- | '''tayeb'''....''hair ''|| '''tayebarer'''....''comb'', '''tayeboker'''....''go bald'', '''tayefarer'''....''brush'', '''tayegobler'''....''shave'', '''tayelber'''....''shampoo'', '''tayevarer'''....''mop'' |- | '''tayib'''....''nerve'' || '''tayixuer'''....''to get on one's nerves'' |- | '''tayob'''....''skin ''|| '''tayobiler'''....''sweat'', '''tayobober'''....''flay'', '''tayoboser'''....''itch'', '''tayoser'''....''feel like'', '''tayoter'''....''feel'', '''tayoxer'''....''palpate'', '''tayobdriler'''....''tattoo'', '''tayotyofxer'''....''numb'' |- | '''teb'''....''head''<br>'''tebabun'''....''scalp''<br>'''tebzan'''....''face ''|| '''tebabunober'''....''scalp'', '''tebbaxer'''....''nod'', '''tebober'''....''decapitate'', '''tebzaner'''....''face'' |- | '''teab'''....''eye''<br>'''teababun'''....''eyelid''<br>'''teabyeb'''....''eyelash''<br>'''abteabyeb'''....''eyebrow''<br>'''teabil'''....''tear''||'''teabyuijer'''....''wink'', '''teabyebaxer'''....''blink'', '''teabiler'''....''tear up'', '''teaser'''....''seem'', '''teater'''....''see'', '''teatyofxer'''....''blind'', '''teaxer'''....''look'', '''jeteaxer'''....''watch'', '''teabexler'''....''guard'', '''teaxuer'''....''show'', '''teazuer'''....''amaze'', '''teabizer'''....''aim'', '''teaper'''....''visit'', '''teazexer'''....''to focus'' |- | '''teeb'''....''ear ''|| '''teeter'''....''hear'', '''teeser'''....''sound like'', '''teeper'''....''attend'', '''teeder'''....''rumor'', '''teeyofxer'''....''deafen'', '''teexer'''....''listen'', '''teeder'''....''quote'', '''teedrer'''....''report'', '''teebder'''....''whisper'', '''teeper'''....''attend'', '''teetier'''....''get wind of'' |- | '''teib'''....''nose ''<br>'''teibyeg'''....''nostril''|| '''teiter'''....''smell'', '''teiser'''....''smell like'', '''teitier'''....''take a whiff of'', '''teituer'''....''reek'', '''teixer'''....''smell'', '''teiseuxer'''....''snore'', '''teizber'''....''perfume'', '''teipyuxler'''....''sneeze'', '''teibalier'''....''sniff'', '''teibalegier'''....''sniffle'', '''teibiler'''....''run at the nose'', '''teibukxer'''....''blow the nose'', '''teibyeger'''....''flare'' |- | '''teub'''....''mouth''<br>'''teubil'''....''saliva''<br>'''teubsin'''....''expression''<br>'''deuz'''....''song''<br>'''seux'''....''sound''<br>'''seuz'''....''tone''<br>'''teuz'''....''voice''<br>'''toleuz'''....''taste ''<br>'''teuv'''....''mask''<br>'''teuf'''....''muzzle''|| '''teubier'''....''swallow'', '''yijteuber'''....''yawn'', '''teuser'''....''taste like'', '''teuter'''....''taste'', '''teutier'''....''sample'', '''teutuer'''....''offer a taste'', '''teuxer'''....''taste'', '''teuder'''....''shout'', '''ivteuder'''....''laugh'', '''uvteuder'''....''groan'', '''ivteuber'''....''smile'', '''uvteuber'''....''frown'','''vyoivteuder'''....''mock'', '''ufteuber'''....''scowl'', '''uvseuxer'''....''grumble'''''teubiler'''....''salivate'', '''teubilier'''....''suck'', '''teubiloker'''....''drool'', '''teubilokeger'''....''dribble'', '''teubiloyeber'''....''expectorate'', '''teubilpuxer'''....''spew'', '''teubiluer'''....''spit'', '''xeustilier'''....''slurp'''''teubsiner'''....''grimace'''''deuzer'''....''sing'', '''yandeuzer'''....''harmonize'', '''yagdeuzer'''....''chant'''''seuxer'''....''ring'', '''seuxder'''.... ''pronounce'', '''voyseuxder'''....''mispronounce'','''zoyteuzer'''....''echo'', '''uvseuxer'''....''sigh'', '''teuzuer'''....''vote'', '''teuzier'''....''poll'', '''teuzibarer'''....''telephone'', '''toleuser'''....''taste like'', '''toleuter'''....''taste'', '''toleuxer'''....''savor'', '''fitoleuser'''....''taste good'', '''futoleuser'''....''taste bad'' '''teuvuer'''....''mask'', '''teufuer'''....''muzzle'', '''bilier'''....''milk'' |- | '''teubab'''....''tongue ''|| '''teubabyexer'''....''give a tongue lashing'', '''teubaxer'''....''lick'' |- | '''teubib'''....''gum ''|| '''teubixer'''....''chew'', '''teubixeger'''....''ruminate'' |- | '''teupib'''....''tooth ''|| '''teupixer'''....''bite'', '''teupixeger'''....''nibble'', '''yebteupixer'''....''crunch'' |- | '''teubob'''....''lip ''|| '''teuboxer'''....''kiss'', '''teuboxeger'''....''smooch'', '''teubobaxer'''....''smack the lips'' |- | '''teyob'''....''neck ''|| '''teyobabaxer'''....''neck'', '''teyopixer'''....''collar'', '''teyozyoxrer'''....''choke'' , '''teyopyoxer'''....''hang'', '''teyozyagber'''....''crane one's neck'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk''<br>'''zotib'''....''back''<br>'''tibuj'''....''tail''|| '''tibuzer'''....''bow'', '''zotib'''....''back'', '''zotibuzber'''....''turn one's back'', '''tibuj'''....''tail''<br>'''tibuf'''....''train '', '''tibujbaxrer'''....''wag'', '''tibujper'''....''lag'' |- | '''tieb'''....''lung''<br>'''tiebal'''....''breath''<br>'''tiebbok'''....''cold ''|| '''tiexer'''....''breath'', '''tieyujber'''....''suffocate'', '''tiebukxer'''....''cough''<br>'''tiebalier'''....''inhale'', '''tiebaluer'''....''exhale'', '''tiebaloker'''....''belch, burp''<br>'''tiebbokier'''....''catch a cold '' |- | '''tiib'''....''heart''<br>'''tiibil'''....''blood ''||'''tiibiler'''....''bleed'', '''tiibiloker'''....''bleed out'', '''tiibilglalser'''....''clot'', '''tiibilier'''....''suck blood'', '''tiibiluer'''....''let blood'' |- | '''tikeb'''....''stomach''<br>'''tikebil'''....''chyme ''|| '''tikebier'''....''digest'', '''tikebukxer'''....''vomit'' |- | '''tikyeb'''....''anus''<br>'''tikyebal'''....''flatulence''<br>'''tikyebil'''....''feces ''||'''tikyebaler'''....''fart'', '''tikyebiler'''....''defecate'' |- | '''tikyob'''....''bowels ''|| '''tikyobier'''....''ingest'', '''tikyobober'''....''disembowel'' |- | '''tub'''....''arm ''|| '''yuztubier'''....''embrace'', '''tubaxer'''....''wave'', '''tubyuzyuber'''....''fold one's arms'', '''tubuzraxer'''....''supinate'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand ''|| '''tuyaxer'''....''handle'', '''tuyaber'''....''handle'', '''tuyabaxler'''....''shake hand'', '''tuyabexer'''....''manipulate'', '''tuyabier'''....''grab'', '''tuyabirer'''....''wrestle'', '''tuyasiuner'''....''wave'', '''tuyabuer'''....''hand out'', '''tuyadrer'''....''write out longhand'', '''tuyapixer'''....''clasp'', '''tuyapyexer'''....''clap'' |- | '''tuyeb'''....''fist ''|| '''tuyepeker'''....''fistfight'', '''tuyebalxer'''....''shake one''''''s'''....''fist'', '''tuyepyexluer'''....''pound'', '''tuyepyexer'''....''box'' |- | '''tuyib'''....''palm ''|| '''tuyibabaxer'''....''pat'', '''tuyibaber'''....''palm'', '''tuyibuer'''....''palm off'', '''tuyipyexer'''....''slap'' |- | '''tuyob'''....''wrist ''<br>'''tuyoyuvar'''....''handcuff''|| '''tuyoxer'''....''wave'', '''tuyoyuvarer'''....''handcuff'', '''tuyobier'''....''take by the wrist'' |- | '''tuyub'''....''finger ''|| '''tuyubaxler'''....''wag one's finger'', '''tuyubifeker'''....''fiddle'', '''tuyubizder'''....''point out'', '''tuyubeaxer'''....''indicate'', '''tuyugiber'''....''poke'', '''tuyupyexer'''....''tap'', '''tuyuxer'''....''palpate'' |- | '''tulob'''....''fingernail''<br>'''patulob'''....''claw ''|| '''tuloxer'''....''scratch'', '''tuloxefer'''....''itch'''''patuloxer'''....''claw'', '''patulober'''....''grip'' |- | '''tyoab'''....''hip''|| '''tyoaper'''....''to sit'', '''tyoaber'''....''to seat'' |- | '''tyoib'''....''knee ''|| '''tyoixer'''....''kneel'', '''tyoiper'''....''crawl'' |- | '''tyoyab'''....''foot ''|| '''tyoyaper'''....''walk'', '''igtyoyaper'''....''run'', '''tyoyabarer'''....''stomp'', '''tyoyakyeper'''....''hobble'', '''tyoyapyexer'''....''kick'', '''tyoyabaper'''....''stand on one's feet'' |- | '''tyoyeb'''....''heel ''|| '''tyoyeber'''....''spurn'' |- | '''tyoyib'''....''sole ''|| '''tyoyiber'''....''supplant'' |- | '''tyoyub'''....''toe ''|| '''tyoyubaoxer'''....''wiggle one&apos;s toe'', '''tyoyuzyuper'''....''pirouette'', '''tyoyuper'''....''tiptoe'' |} {{small/end}} === '''TOD''' ''family'' === [[File:Family Concept - Paper Cut Out Against Blue Sky - 48412252331.jpg|thumb|]] :Stems in this family begin with '''t''' for ''human'' and end in '''d''' for ''society'' and have to do with families and family relationships. ==== Core Words ==== :: Notice that kinship terms are gender-neutral unless there is a '''w''' before the root syllable vowel (indicating male-specific) or a '''y''' following the root syllable vowel (indicating female-specific). {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ T-D Words |- ! '''tod'''....''family'' !! MALE !! FEMALE |- | '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''twad'''....''husband'' || '''tayd'''....''wife'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent'' || '''twed'''....''father'' || '''teyd'''....''mother'' |- | '''tid'''....''sibling'' || '''twid'''....''brother'' || '''tiyd'''....''sister'' |- | '''tud'''....''child'' || '''twud'''....''son'' || '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' |- | '''tyod'''....''people'' || || |- | '''tood'''....''race'' || || |} {{small/end}} ==== Genealogical Prefixes ==== : Prefixes or word elements used to modify the above core words: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Genealogical Prefixes |- | '''to-'''....''god-'' (as in ''godson'') |- | '''ta-'''....''-in-law, through marriage'' |- | '''te-'''....''father's'' |- | '''ti-'''....''sibling's'' |- | '''tu-'''....''child's'' |- | '''taj-'''....''birth-, real'' |- | '''otaj-, ifbi-'''....''foster, adopted'' |- | '''ij-'''....''first, original'' |- | '''aj-'''....''ex-, former'' |- | '''ej-'''....''current, step-, half-'' |- | '''oj-'''....''future, -to-be'' |- | '''aa'''....''first'' |- | '''ea'''....''second'' |- | '''yiba'''....''distant'' |- | '''aa yiba'''....''first-removed'' |- | '''ea yiba'''....''second-removed'' |- | '''ota-'''....''out-of-wedlock, bastard'' |- | '''oyted-'''....''orphan(ed), without parents'' |- | '''oytad-'''....''unmarried, without spouse'' |- | '''oytud-'''....''childless, without child, barren'' |- | '''tiibil-'''....''blood-'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Kinship Terms ==== : Kinship Terms Formed from the Above Core Words and Prefixed Elements {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Kinship Terms |- valign=top ! GENDER-NEUTRAL !! MALE !! FEMALE |- | '''tad'''....''spouse''<br>'''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse''<br>'''ijtad'''....''first spouse''<br>'''ejtad'''....''current spouse, step spouse''<br>'''ojtad'''....''spouse-to-be, fiance''<br>'''oytadat'''....''bachelor'' ||'''twad'''....''husband''<br>'''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband''<br>'''ijtwad'''....''first husband''<br>'''ejtwad'''....''current husband, step husband''<br>'''ojtwad'''....''husband-to-be, fiance''<br>'''oytwadat'''....''bachelor'' || '''tayd'''....''wife''<br>'''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife''<br>'''ijtayd'''....''first wife''<br>'''ejtayd'''....''current wife, step-wife''<br>'''ojtayd'''....''wife-to-be, fiancee''<br>'''oytadayt'''....''spinster'' |- | '''ted'''....''parent''<br>'''tajted'''....''birth parent''<br>'''ejted'''....''step parent, foster parent''<br>'''ojted'''....''parent-to-be''<br>'''teted'''....''grand-parent''<br>'''teteted'''....''great-grandparent''<br>'''tated'''....''parent-in-law''<br>'''toted'''....''godparent''<br>'''oytedat'''....''orphan''<br>'''ifbited'''....''foster parent''|| '''twed'''....''father''<br>'''tajtwed'''....''birth father''<br>'''ejtwed'''....''step-father, foster father''<br>'''ojtwed'''....''father-to-be''<br>'''tetwed'''....''grand-father''<br>'''tetetwed'''....''great-grandfather''<br>'''tatwed'''....''father-in-law''<br>'''totwed'''....''godfather''<br>'''oytwedat'''....''male orphan''<br>'''ifbitwed'''....''foster father''||'''teyd'''....''mother''<br>'''tajteyd'''....''birth mother''<br>'''ejteyd'''....''stepmother, foster mother''<br>'''ojted'''....''mother-to-be''<br>'''teteyd'''....''grandmother''<br>'''teteteyd'''....''great-grandmother''<br>'''tateyd'''....''mother-in-law''<br>'''toteyd'''....''godmother''<br>'''oytedayt'''....''female orphan''<br>'''ifbiteyd'''....''foster mother'' |- | '''tid'''....''sibling''<br>'''ejtid'''....''step-sibling''<br>'''tatid'''....''sibling-in-law''<br>'''tetid'''....''parent's sibling''<br>'''tetetid'''....''great parent's sibling''<br>'''eontid'''....''twin''||'''twid'''....''brother''<br>'''ejtwid'''....''step-brother''<br>'''tatwid'''....''brother-in-law''<br>'''tetwid'''....''uncle''<br>'''tetetwid'''....''great uncle''<br>'''eontwid'''....''twin brother''|| '''tiyd'''....''sister''<br>'''ejtiyd'''....''stepsister''<br>'''tatiyd'''....''sister-in-law''<br>'''tetiyd'''....''aunt''<br>'''tetetiyd'''....''great aunt''<br>'''eontiyd'''....''twin sister'' |- | '''tud'''....''child''<br>'''tatud'''....''child-in-law''<br>'''ijtud'''....''first-born child''<br> '''ejtud'''....''stepchild''<br>'''otada tud'''....''bastard child''<br>'''titud'''....''sibling's child''<br>'''totud'''....''godchild''<br>'''tutud'''....''grandchild''<br>'''titutud'''....''sibling's grandchild''<br>'''tetitud'''....''cousin''<br>'''aa tetitud'''....''first cousin''<br>'''ea tetitud'''....''second cousin''<br>'''aa yiba tetitud'''....''cousin first removed''||'''twud'''....''son''<br>'''tatwud'''....''son-in-law''<br>'''ijtwud'''....''first-born son''<br> '''ejtwud'''....''stepson''<br>'''otada twud'''....''bastard son''<br>'''titud'''....''nephew''<br>'''totwud'''....''godson''<br>'''tutwud'''....''grandson''<br>'''titutwud'''....''grandnewphew''<br>'''tetitwud'''....''cousin''<br>'''aa tetitwud'''....''first male cousin''<br>'''ea tetitwud'''....''second male cousin''<br>'''aa yiba tetitwud'''....''male cousin first removed''||'''tuyd'''....''daughter''<br>'''tatuyd'''....''daughter-in-law''<br>'''ijtuyd'''....''first-born-daughter''<br>'''ejtuyd'''....''stepdaughter''<br>'''otada tuyd'''....''bastard daughter''<br>'''tituyd'''....''niece''<br>'''totuyd'''....''goddaughter''<br>'''tutuyd'''....''granddaughter''<br>'''titutuyd'''....''grandniece''<br>'''tetituyd'''....''(female) cousin''<br>'''aa tetituyd'''....''first female cousin''<br>'''ea tetituyd'''....''second female cousin''<br>'''aa yiba tetituyd'''....''female cousin first removed'' |} {{small/end}} : Suffixed '''-if''' gives you affectionate equivalents: ::* '''twadif'''....''hubby'' ::* '''taydif'''....''darling wife, wifey-poo'' ::* '''twedif'''....''daddy, papa'' ::* '''teydif'''....''mommy, mama'' ::* '''twidif'''....''bro'' ::* '''tiydif'''....''sis'' ::* '''twudif'''....''sonny, kid'' ::* '''tuydif'''....''darling daughter'' ==== TOD, TOOD, TYOD, TYOOD Words ==== ::* '''tod'''....''family'' :::* '''tood'''....''race'' :::* '''tyod'''....''people'' ::::* '''tyoyd'''....''folk'' ::::* '''tyood'''....''population'' {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''azontod'''....''dynasty'' * '''bapeittoda'''....''cetacean'' * '''doyovtod'''....''crime family, mafia, mob'' * '''doyovtodat'''....''mobster'' * '''doyovtoddat'''....''crony'' * '''doyovtodeb'''....''godfather, mafia boss'' * '''doyovtodin'''....''gangsterism'' * '''doyovtodutyan'''....''gang, mafia gang'' * '''ebtodepyex'''....''vendetta'' * '''getoda'''....''cognate'' * '''glatoda melukbam'''....''mausoleum'' * '''glatoda'''....''multifamily'' * '''iztodnad'''....''lineage'' * '''oybtod'''....''subfamily'' * '''tobtod'''....''mankind'' * '''tod'''....''family'' * '''toda poptam'''....''pension'' * '''todam'''....''household'' * '''todameb'''....''head of the household, master'' * '''todameyb'''....''mistress'' * '''todamut'''....''housekeeper'' * '''todan'''....''kinship'' * '''todana dyun'''....''familiar name, nickname, sobriquet'' * '''todana'''....''familiar'' * '''todat'''....''relative, sib'' * '''todatyan'''....''clan, kindred, kinfolk'' * '''todbyim'''....''homestead'' * '''toddyun'''....''family name, last name, surname'' * '''todepyex'''....''family fued'' * '''todeyb'''....''mater familias'' * '''todgonut'''....''family member'' * '''todim'''....''living room, living-room, parlor, salon, sitting room'' * '''todmempur'''....''station wagon'' * '''todnad'''....''family line'' * '''todnada'''....''genetic'' * '''todnadanyan'''....''genome'' * '''todnadaun'''....''gene'' * '''todnadkyaxus'''....''mutagen'' * '''todnadtun'''....''genetics'' * '''todnam'''....''mom-and-pop store'' * '''todtamyan'''....''homestead'' * '''todtaxyandyes'''....''scrapbook'' * '''todtun'''....''genealogy'' * '''todweb'''....''pater familias'' * '''yebtoda tadxen'''....''incest'' <hr> * '''antooda'''....''ethnically pure, racially pure'' * '''duhotooda?'''....''of what race?'' * '''ebtooda tadxen'''....''interracial marriage'' * '''ebtooda tadyan'''....''interracial couple'' * '''ebtooda'''....''interracial'' * '''entooda'''....''biracial'' * '''eybtooda'''....''intra-racial'' * '''getooda'''....''ethnically similar, of like race, of the same race'' * '''glatooda'''....''multiracial, of mixed ethnicity, racially mixed'' * '''hyetooda'''....''of any race, of either race, of mixed race, of mixed-race, racially mixed, racially-mixed'' * '''hyitooda'''....''co-racial, of the same race'' * '''hyutooda'''....''of a different race, racially different'' * '''logeltooda'''....''ethnically different, of a different race'' * '''otooda'''....''nonracial'' * '''otoodina'''....''non-racist'' * '''ovtoodina'''....''anti-racist'' * '''tood'''....''ethnic group, race'' * '''tooda'''....''ethnic, racial'' * '''toodaajuntun'''....''ethnoarchaeology'' * '''toodan'''....''ethnicity'' * '''toodat'''....''member of a race'' * '''toodfobtun'''....''ethnobotany'' * '''toodin'''....''racialism, racism'' * '''toodindren'''....''ethnography'' * '''toodinut'''....''racialist, racist'' * '''toodmeltun'''....''ethnogeography'' * '''toodtejtun'''....''ethnobiography'' * '''toodtun'''....''ethnology'' * '''toodzena'''....''ethnocentric'' <hr> * '''ajtyodyen'''....''tradition'' * '''domtyod'''....''city folk'' * '''doymtyod'''....''townsfolk, townspeople'' * '''ebtyoda'''....''internecine'' * '''eyntyodaba'''....''semi-democratic'' * '''gawtyodxer'''....''repopulate'' * '''gratyodikxer'''....''overpopulate'' * '''grotyodikxer'''....''underpopulate'' * '''ha tyod...'''....''the people...'' * '''igtyodifwas'''....''fad'' * '''kebiwa tyod'''....''chosen people'' * '''lotyodikxer'''....''depopulate'' * '''meimtyod'''....''country folk'' * '''obtyodeb'''....''veep, vice-president, vice president'' * '''onaptyod'''....''mob'' * '''otyodifwa'''....''unpopular'' * '''otyodxwa'''....''unpopulated'' * '''ovtyodaba'''....''anti-democratic, antidemocratic'' * '''tyod'''....''people, population'' * '''tyoda'''....''demotic, gentile, people's'' * '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' * '''tyodabava'''....''pro-democratic'' * '''tyodabova'''....''anti-democratic'' * '''tyodabxer'''....''democratize'' * '''tyodalzyen'''....''vernacular'' * '''tyodaya'''....''populous'' * '''tyodbyen'''....''custom'' * '''tyodbyena'''....''customary'' * '''tyodbyenier'''....''get used to, grow accustomed'' * '''tyodbyenuer'''....''accustomize'' * '''tyoddin'''....''saga'' * '''tyodeb'''....''president of the republic, president'' * '''tyodeber'''....''preside, serve as president'' * '''tyodel'''....''ad, advertisement, publication, publicity'' * '''tyodifwa'''....''popular'' * '''tyodik'''....''population'' * '''tyodika'''....''populous'' * '''tyodikxer'''....''populate'' * '''tyodikxwa'''....''populated'' * '''tyodin'''....''populism'' * '''tyodkebien'''....''plebiscite'' * '''tyodnad'''....''lineage'' * '''tyodob'''....''republic'' * '''tyodobin'''....''republicanism'' * '''tyodpaaxut'''....''demagog, demagogue'' * '''tyodsagdren'''....''demographics, demography'' * '''tyodtojben'''....''genocide, progrom'' * '''tyodufalx'''....''pogrom'' * '''tyoduka'''....''deserted'' * '''tyoduz'''....''pop music'' * '''tyodyen'''....''custom, more'' * '''tyodyeni'''....''mores'' * '''tyodyenxer'''....''customize'' * '''vityod'''....''beautiful people, gentry'' * '''vityodxer'''....''gentrify'' * '''vutyod'''....''commoners, rabble, unwashed masses, scum, vulgus'' * '''vutyodat'''....''commoner, scumbag'' * '''yabtyod'''....''gentry, nobility'' * '''yabtyodat'''....''noble, nobleman'' * '''yobtyod'''....''hoi polloi, plebs'' * '''yobtyodat'''....''commoner, pleb, plebeian'' <hr> * '''tyood'''....''populace, vulgate, population, populace'' * '''tyooda'''....''common, vulgar'' * '''tyoodat'''....''commoner'' * '''tyoodtun'''....''demographics'' * '''tyoodtuna'''....''demographic'' * '''tyoodtut'''....''demographer'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TAD and TAAD Words ==== ::* '''tad'''....''spouse'' :::* '''tayd'''....''wife'' :::* '''twad'''....''husband'' :::* '''taad'''....''mate'' (used in many sexual terms) : Here are some derivations of the above roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aa tad'''....''first husband, first spouse'' * '''ajtad'''....''ex-spouse'' * '''antada'''....''monogamous'' * '''antadan'''....''monogamy'' * '''antaday'''....''monogamously'' * '''antadin'''....''monogamy'' * '''antadina'''....''monogamist'' * '''antadinut'''....''monogamist'' * '''bey tadien'''....''by marriage'' * '''dita tadien'''....''civil marriage'' * '''ebtada'''....''between spouses, marital'' * '''ebtadien'''....''intermarriage'' * '''ebtadier'''....''intermarry'' * '''ebtaduwa'''....''intermarried'' * '''ebtooda tadien'''....''miscegenation'' * '''ebtooda tadxen'''....''interracial marriage'' * '''ebtooda tadyan'''....''interracial couple'' * '''edebtad'''....''consort'' * '''ejnatadpop'''....''honeymoon'' * '''ejnatadpopea'''....''on a honeymoon'' * '''ejnatadpopen'''....''honeymooning'' * '''ejnatadpoper'''....''go on a honeymoon'' * '''ejnatadpoput'''....''honeymooner'' * '''ejtad'''....''current spouse, step-spouse'' * '''entada'''....''bigamous'' * '''entadan'''....''bigamy'' * '''entadin'''....''bigamy'' * '''entadina'''....''bigamist'' * '''entadinut'''....''bigamist'' * '''entadumyank'''....''zygote'' * '''entadumyanka'''....''zygotic'' * '''gatadien'''....''remarriage'' * '''gatadier'''....''get remarried, marry again, re-wed, remarry, rewed'' * '''gatadsen'''....''remarriage'' * '''gatadser'''....''remarry'' * '''gataduwa'''....''re-married, re-wedded, remarried'' * '''gatadxwa'''....''remarried'' * '''genegtadiwayt'''....''peeress'' * '''glatada'''....''polygamous'' * '''glatadan'''....''polygamy'' * '''glatadin'''....''polygamy'' * '''glatadina'''....''polygamist'' * '''glatadinut'''....''polygamist'' * '''gwe taduwa'''....''just married'' * '''gwej taduwa'''....''just married'' * '''hyijatada'''....''consanguine, consanguineous'' * '''hyijatadan'''....''consanguinity'' * '''hyitooba tadan'''....''same-sex marrage'' * '''ijtad'''....''first husband, first spouse, original spouse'' * '''jaga otaduwayt'''....''old maid'' * '''jatad'''....''fiance'' * '''jatadek'''....''courtship'' * '''jatadiena'''....''premarital'' * '''jatadienxela'''....''prenuptial'' * '''jatadsen'''....''engagement'' * '''jatadser'''....''affiance, become betrothed, become engaged'' * '''jatadxen'''....''betrothal'' * '''jatadxer'''....''affiance, betroth'' * '''jatadxwa'''....''affianced, betrothed, engaged'' * '''jay taduwa'''....''already married'' * '''jogtad'''....''newly-wed, newlywed'' * '''jogtaduwa'''....''newly-married, newly-wed'' * '''jogtaduwat'''....''newly-wed groom'' * '''jogtaduwayt'''....''newly-wed bride'' * '''jotadiena'''....''postmarital, postnuptial'' * '''jwaa tadien'''....''shotgun wedding'' * '''jwatadier'''....''marry early'' * '''jwotadier'''....''marry late'' * '''ojtad'''....''fiance, future husband, future spouse'' * '''otad'''....''bachelor, celibate person'' * '''otada'''....''celibate'' * '''otadan'''....''celibacy'' * '''otadier'''....''get divorced'' * '''otadiwa'''....''unmarried'' * '''otadiwat'''....''bachelor, unmarried person'' * '''otadiwayt'''....''spinster, unmarried woman'' * '''otadsat'''....''bachelor, unmarried person'' * '''otadsayt'''....''spinster'' * '''otadsya'''....''unmarried'' * '''otaduwa'''....''unwed'' * '''otadxwa jogayt'''....''colleen'' * '''otadxwayt'''....''unmarried female'' * '''ovyatadwa'''....''unjustified'' * '''oyebebtada'''....''extramarital'' * '''oyeybtadiena'''....''extramarital'' * '''tad'''....''spouse'' * '''tada'''....''spousal'' * '''tadan'''....''marital state, marriage'' * '''tadana'''....''marital'' * '''tadanay'''....''maritally'' * '''tadansum'''....''nuptial bed'' * '''tadat'''....''in-law'' * '''tadayt'''....''female in-law'' * '''tadbuer'''....''endow'' * '''tadbun'''....''dowry, endowment'' * '''tadbuwa'''....''endowed'' * '''taddxut'''....''fornicator'' * '''taddyun'''....''married name'' * '''tadiea'''....''marrying'' * '''tadien tayf'''....''wedding dress'' * '''tadien'''....''espousal, marriage, marrying, matrimony, wedding'' * '''tadiena'''....''matrimonial'' * '''tadienuf'''....''misogamy'' * '''tadienufut'''....''misogamist'' * '''tadienxel'''....''nuptials, wedding'' * '''tadienxela'''....''nuptial'' * '''tadier'''....''espouse, get married, marry, wed'' * '''tadifbuen'''....''dotation'' * '''tadiwa'''....''married, wedded'' * '''tadiwat'''....''married person'' * '''tadkexen'''....''matchmaking'' * '''tadkexut'''....''courter, matchmaker'' * '''tadnadxem'''....''breeding ground'' * '''tadnaxut'''....''breeder'' * '''tadnux'''....''alimony'' * '''tadoken'''....''being widowed, losing a spouse'' * '''tadoker'''....''be widowed, lose a spouse'' * '''tadokya'''....''widowed'' * '''tadokyayt'''....''widow'' * '''tadokyaytan'''....''widowhood'' * '''tadon'''....''marriage'' * '''tadsen'''....''marriage, wedding'' * '''tadsenxel'''....''wedding'' * '''tadser'''....''get married, wed'' * '''tadsya'''....''married, wedded'' * '''tadtayuba'''....''gonadal'' * '''taduen'''....''marriage, marrying'' * '''taduer'''....''give away in marriage, marry off, officiate at a marriage'' * '''taduka'''....''unmarried'' * '''taduut'''....''justice of the peace, marriage official'' * '''taduwa'''....''married'' * '''taduyafa'''....''nubile'' * '''taduyafwa'''....''marriageable'' * '''taduyafwan'''....''marriageability'' * '''tadwat'''....''male in-law'' * '''tadxen'''....''marriage, marrying'' * '''tadxer'''....''marry'' * '''tadxut'''....''marriage officiator'' * '''tadxwa'''....''married'' * '''tadxwan'''....''wedlock'' * '''tadxwena'''....''connubial'' * '''tadyan'''....''couple, husband and wife, married couple'' * '''tadyiv'''....''consortium'' * '''tadyovxea'''....''adulterous'' * '''tadyovxeay'''....''adulterously'' * '''tadyovxen'''....''adultery'' * '''tadyovxut'''....''adulterer'' * '''tadyovxuyt'''....''adulteress'' * '''tadyoxwa'''....''adulterated'' * '''tadyuv'''....''marital bond, wedlock'' * '''tadyuvlaxen'''....''engagement'' * '''tadyuvlaxwa'''....''engaged'' * '''Vyetad'''....''Vietnamese'' * '''xaber be taduen'''....''officiate at a marriage'' * '''xaler tadyovxen'''....''commit adultery'' * '''yagja tad'''....''long-time spouse'' * '''yagtaduwa'''....''long-time married'' * '''yantada teap'''....''conjugal visit'' * '''yantada'''....''conjugal'' * '''yantadan'''....''conjugality'' * '''yantaday'''....''conjugally'' * '''yantadsen'''....''mating'' * '''yantadser'''....''mate'' * '''yantadxen'''....''conjugation, mating'' * '''yantadxer'''....''conjugate, mate'' * '''yantadxwa'''....''conjugated, mated'' * '''yebtoda tadxen'''....''incest'' * '''yontad'''....''divorced person'' * '''yontadsen'''....''divorce, divorcing'' * '''yontadser'''....''break up, break up, break up a marriage, divorce, get divorced'' * '''yontadxen'''....''breaking up, breaking up a marriage, breakup, divorce'' * '''yontadxer'''....''break up, break up a marriage, divorce'' * '''yontadxut'''....''homebreaker'' * '''yontadxwa'''....''divorced'' <hr> * '''aa tayd'''....''first wife'' * '''ajtayd'''....''ex-wife'' * '''dropek tayd'''....''war bride'' * '''ejtayd'''....''current wife, step-wife'' * '''ijtayd'''....''first wife, original wife'' * '''jatayd'''....''fiancee, foremother'' * '''jogtayd bunyan'''....''trousseau'' * '''jogtayd'''....''bride, newly-wed wife, young wife'' * '''jogtayda'''....''bridal'' * '''kutayd'''....''concubine'' * '''kutaydan'''....''concubinage'' * '''ojtayd'''....''bridesgroom, bridesmaid, fiancee, future wife'' * '''ojtayddwat'''....''bridesman'' * '''ojtayddwet'''....''groomsman'' * '''otayd'''....''unmarried female'' * '''rajahtayd'''....''ranee, rani'' * '''tamtayd'''....''housewife'' * '''tamtayda'''....''housewifely'' * '''tayd'''....''female spouse, wife'' * '''tayda'''....''wifely'' * '''taydan'''....''wifehood'' * '''taydibwasyan'''....''jointure'' * '''taydier'''....''wive'' * '''taydif'''....''darling wife, wifey-poo'' * '''taydoken'''....''becoming a widower, being widowed, losing one's wife'' * '''taydoker'''....''be widowed, become a widower, lose a wife, lose one's wife'' * '''taydokyat'''....''widower'' * '''taydovyayuvan'''....''cuckoldry'' * '''taydoya'''....''wifeless'' * '''taydoyat'''....''bachelor'' * '''taydoyatan'''....''bachelorhood'' * '''taydtojben'''....''uxoricide'' * '''tayduka'''....''wifeless'' * '''taydurer'''....''henpeck'' * '''taydurwa'''....''henpecked'' * '''vitayd'''....''nymph'' * '''vitaydet'''....''nymphet'' * '''yontayd'''....''divorcée'' <hr> * '''ajtwad'''....''ex-husband'' * '''ejtwad'''....''current husband, step-husband'' * '''glatwada'''....''polyandrous'' * '''glatwadan'''....''polyandry'' * '''jogtwad'''....''newly-wed husband'' * '''ojtwad'''....''bridegroom, groom'' * '''otwad'''....''bachelor'' * '''otwadan'''....''bachelorhood'' * '''oytwadan'''....''spinsterhood'' * '''oytwadayt'''....''spinster'' * '''oytwadaytan'''....''spinsterhood'' * '''oytwadaytyena'''....''spinsterish'' * '''oytwadsen'''....''becoming widowed'' * '''oytwadser'''....''become widowed'' * '''tamtwad'''....''househusband'' * '''twad'''....''husband'' * '''twadif'''....''hubby'' * '''twadokayta joibwas'''....''dower'' * '''twadoken'''....''being widowed'' * '''twadoker'''....''be widowed, lose a husband, lose one's husband'' * '''twadokya'''....''widowed'' * '''vatwaden'''....''saying for sure'' * '''vatwader'''....''say for sure'' * '''vyotexuwa twad'''....''cuckold'' * '''yontwad'''....''divorced man, divorcé, male divorcé'' <hr> * '''byarer taadxenay'''....''sexually arouse'' * '''ebtaadfa'''....''ruttish, rutty'' * '''ebtaadxen'''....''rutting'' * '''ebtaadxer'''....''rut'' * '''ebtaadxut'''....''fornicator, copulator'' * '''grataadxyea'''....''promiscious'' * '''grataadxyean'''....''promiscuity'' * '''grataadxyeay'''....''promiscuously'' * '''iftaad'''....''playmate'' * '''iftaad'''....''sex mate'' * '''potaadxen'''....''bestiality'' * '''taad'''....''mate, sex partner'' * '''taadebkyaxut'''....''swinger'' * '''taadif'''....''sex, sexual pleasure, eros'' * '''taadifa'''....''sexual, erotic'' * '''taadifan'''....''sexuality, eroticism'' * '''taadifaxen'''....''sexualization, eroticization'' * '''taadifaxer'''....''sexualize, eroticize'' * '''taadifaxwa'''....''sexualized, eroticized'' * '''taadifaya'''....''sexed, sexy'' * '''taadifika'''....''sexed, sexy'' * '''taadifla'''....''horny'' * '''taadiflan'''....''horniness'' * '''taadifler'''....''be horny'' * '''taadifluen'''....''arousal'' * '''taadifluer'''....''arouse'' * '''taadifluwa'''....''aroused'' * '''taadifra'''....''lustful, voluptuous'' * '''taadifran'''....''lustfulness, voluptuousness'' * '''taadifren'''....''lechery, lusting'' * '''taadifrer'''....''lust after'' * '''taadifrut'''....''sexpot, lecher'' * '''taadifxea'''....''sexy'' * '''taadifxen'''....''having sex, copulation, intercourse'' * '''taadifxer'''....''have sex, copulate, have intercourse'' * '''taadkex'''....''courtship'' * '''taadkexen'''....''courting'' * '''taadkexer'''....''court'' * '''taadser'''....''couple, mate'' * '''taadtayub'''....''gonad'' * '''taadxen ekar'''....''sex toy'' * '''taadxen ifek'''....''sex game, sex game, sex play, mating game'' * '''taadxen jeb'''....''mating season'' * '''taadxen mansin'''....''sex photo'' * '''taadxen yebux'''....''sex drive'' * '''taadxen yexut'''....''sex worker'' * '''taadxen'''....''copulation, fornication, love-making, lovemaking, mating, sex, sexuality'' * '''taadxena byaren'''....''sexual arousal'' * '''taadxena if'''....''sexual pleasure'' * '''taadxena'''....''copulative, copulatory, erotic, sexual'' * '''taadxenay byarea'''....''sexually arousing'' * '''taadxenay byarwa'''....''sexually aroused'' * '''taadxenay'''....''sexually'' * '''taadxentun'''....''sexology'' * '''taadxentut'''....''sexologist'' * '''taadxer'''....''copulate, fornicate, have sex, mate'' * '''taadxif'''....''sex, eros'' * '''taadxifa'''....''sexual, erotic'' * '''taadxwa'''....''coupled, mated'' * '''xer taadxif'''....''to have sex'' * '''yabtaadxer'''....''overmatch'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TED, TYED Words ==== ::* '''ted'''....''parent'' :::* '''teyd'''....''mother'' :::* '''twed'''....''father'' ::* '''tyed'''....''relative, kin'' : The above roots are used to form the following words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ajted'''....''ancestor, ascendant, ascendent'' * '''ajtedyan'''....''ancestors, ancestry'' * '''ajtedyana'''....''ancestral'' * '''anteda'''....''uniparental'' * '''ejted'''....''step-parent, stepparent'' * '''gaifbiteder'''....''readopt'' * '''ifbited'''....''foster father'' * '''ifbiteden'''....''adoption'' * '''ifbiteder'''....''adopt'' * '''ifbitedut'''....''adopter'' * '''ifbitedwa'''....''adopted'' * '''ifbitedwat'''....''adopted child, foster child'' * '''ifbitedyafwa'''....''adoptable'' * '''ijjated'''....''primogenitor'' * '''ijjatedan'''....''primogeniture'' * '''jated'''....''forebear, forefather, forerunner, progenitor'' * '''jatedyan'''....''forefathers, ancestry'' * '''jatedyana'''....''ancestral'' * '''Morted'''....''God'' * '''morted'''....''god, progenitor of the universe'' * '''morteda'''....''divine'' * '''mortedan'''....''divinity'' * '''morteday'''....''divinely'' * '''ojted'''....''future parent'' * '''ojtedyan'''....''progeny'' * '''otajted'''....''adopting parent'' * '''otajteder'''....''adopt'' * '''otajtedwa'''....''adopted'' * '''syembea ted'''....''founding father'' * '''tajted'''....''birth father, birth parent'' * '''tamted'''....''houseparent'' * '''tated'''....''parent-in-law'' * '''ted'''....''parent, progenitor'' * '''teda'''....''parental'' * '''tedan'''....''parentage, parenthood, progeniture'' * '''tedbikuea'''....''fostering'' * '''tedbikuen'''....''fostering'' * '''tedbikuer'''....''foster'' * '''tedbikuut'''....''foster parent'' * '''tedbikuwa'''....''fostered'' * '''tedeba'''....''patriarchal'' * '''tedeban'''....''patriarchy'' * '''tedebyena'''....''patriarchal'' * '''teden'''....''raising'' * '''teder'''....''raise'' * '''tedi'''....''parents'' * '''tedif'''....''pa'' * '''tedokan'''....''orphanhood'' * '''tedokat'''....''orphan'' * '''tedokatam'''....''orphanage'' * '''tedokayt'''....''female orphan'' * '''tedoken'''....''being orphaned, losing one's parents'' * '''tedoker'''....''be orphaned, lose a parent, lose one's parents'' * '''tedokxen'''....''orphaning'' * '''tedokxer'''....''orphan'' * '''tedokxwa'''....''orphaned'' * '''tedokya'''....''orphan, orphaned'' * '''tedotyeut'''....''founder'' * '''tedoyat'''....''orphan'' * '''tedoyatam'''....''orphanage'' * '''tedoyatan'''....''orphanage'' * '''tedoyayt'''....''female orphan'' * '''tedoywat'''....''male orphan'' * '''tedpet dyes'''....''stud book, studbook'' * '''tedpet'''....''stud'' * '''tedsen'''....''parenting'' * '''tedser'''....''parent'' * '''tedtojben'''....''patricide'' * '''tedtojbena'''....''patricidal'' * '''tedtojbut'''....''patricide'' * '''teduer'''....''sire'' * '''teduwa'''....''sired'' * '''tedwa'''....''parented, raised'' * '''tedyan'''....''mother and father, parents'' * '''tedyanoker'''....''be orphaned'' * '''teted'''....''grandparent'' * '''tetedyan'''....''grandparents'' * '''teteted'''....''great grandparent'' * '''toted'''....''godparent'' * '''yantoted'''....''cosponsor'' <hr> * '''ajteyd'''....''ancestress, female ancestor'' * '''dibteyd'''....''matron'' * '''dibteydyena'''....''matronly'' * '''ejteyd'''....''step-mother, stepmother'' * '''Fizuu eta twed gel eta teyd.'''....''Honor thy father as they mother.'' * '''ojteyd'''....''expectant mother, future mother'' * '''tajna teyd'''....''natural mother'' * '''tajteyd'''....''birth mother'' * '''tamteyd'''....''housemother'' * '''tateyd'''....''mother-in-law'' * '''teteteyd'''....''great grandmother'' * '''teteyd'''....''grandmother'' * '''teteydif'''....''grandma, grannie, granny'' * '''teteydyena'''....''grandmotherly'' * '''teyd'''....''mother'' * '''teyda'''....''maternal'' * '''teydab'''....''matriarchy'' * '''teydan'''....''maternity, motherhood'' * '''teyday'''....''maternally'' * '''teydeb'''....''matriarch'' * '''teydeba'''....''matriarchal'' * '''teydgibut'''....''motherfucker'' * '''teydif'''....''ma, mama, mom, momma, mommy, mum, old lady'' * '''teydom'''....''metropolis'' * '''teydoma'''....''metropolitan'' * '''teydoya'''....''motherless'' * '''teydoyan'''....''motherlessness'' * '''teydsen'''....''becoming a mother'' * '''teydser'''....''become a mother'' * '''teydsoa'''....''pregnant'' * '''teydsoan'''....''pregnancy'' * '''teydtojben'''....''matricide'' * '''teydtojbena'''....''matricidal'' * '''teydtojbut'''....''matricide, mother-killer'' * '''teyduka'''....''motherless'' * '''teydukan'''....''motherlessness'' * '''teydxen'''....''mothering'' * '''teydxer'''....''mother'' * '''teydxwa'''....''mothered'' * '''teydyena'''....''motherly'' * '''teydyenan'''....''motherliness'' * '''toteyd'''....''godmother'' * '''yakea teyd'''....''expectant mother'' * '''yiga teyd'''....''dura'' * '''yizteydif'''....''supermom'' <hr> * '''ajtwed'''....''male ancestor'' * '''doyovtwed'''....''godfather, mafia boss'' * '''ejtwed'''....''step-father, stepfather'' * '''Fizuu eta twed gel eta teyd.'''....''Honor thy father as they mother.'' * '''fyaa twed'''....''holy father'' * '''fyatwed'''....''priest'' * '''jatwed'''....''forefather'' * '''jatwedyan'''....''forefathers'' * '''oytweda'''....''fatherless'' * '''oytwedan'''....''fatherlessness'' * '''tajna twed'''....''natural father'' * '''tatwed'''....''father-in-law'' * '''tetetwed'''....''great grandfather'' * '''tetwed'''....''granddad, grandfather'' * '''tetwedif'''....''granddaddy, grandpa'' * '''tetwedyena'''....''grandfatherly'' * '''totwed'''....''godfather'' * '''twed'''....''father, pater'' * '''tweda'''....''paternal'' * '''twedan'''....''fatherhood, paternity'' * '''tweday'''....''paternally'' * '''twedbyixwa'''....''patronymic'' * '''twedbyixway'''....''patronymically'' * '''twedeb'''....''patriarch'' * '''twedeb'''....''patriarch'' * '''twedeba'''....''patriarchal'' * '''twedeban'''....''patriarchy'' * '''twedif'''....''dad, daddy, old man, papa, poppa'' * '''twedin'''....''paternalism'' * '''twedina'''....''paternalistic'' * '''twedinut'''....''paternalistic'' * '''twedoum'''....''patrimony'' * '''twedouma'''....''patrimonial'' * '''twedsen'''....''become a father'' * '''twedser'''....''become a father'' * '''twedtojben'''....''parricide, patricide'' * '''twedtojbena'''....''parricidal, patricidal'' * '''twedtojber'''....''kill one's father'' * '''twedtojbut'''....''parricide, patricide'' * '''twedxen'''....''fathering'' * '''twedxer'''....''father'' * '''twedxwa'''....''fathered'' * '''twedyena'''....''fatherly'' * '''twedyenan'''....''fatherliness'' <hr> * '''tiibil tyed'''....''blood relation'' * '''tooba tiibilnad tyed'''....''agnate'' * '''tyed'''....''kin, kinsman, related person, relative'' * '''tyeda'''....''kin, kindred, related'' * '''tyedan'''....''affinity, kinship, relatedness, relationship'' * '''tyedser'''....''become related'' * '''tyedxer'''....''bring together as related'' * '''tyedxwa'''....''akin, related'' * '''tyedyan'''....''ethnicity, kin, kindred, kinfolk, kinsfolk, kith, relations'' * '''tyedyana ibvyixen'''....''ethnic cleansing'' * '''yubtyed'''....''next of kin'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TID Words ==== ::* '''tid'''....''sibling'' :::* '''tiyd'''....''sister'' ♀ :::* '''twid'''....''brother'' ♂ : These roots are used to form the following words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ejtid'''....''half sibling'' * '''eontid'''....''twin'' * '''eontwid'''....''twin brother'' * '''eontiyd'''....''twin sister'' * '''fyatid'''....''friar'' * '''fyatidam'''....''friary'' * '''fyatidyan'''....''friary'' * '''glatidat'''....''person with many siblings'' * '''histidiyn'''....''histidine'' * '''kariatid'''....''caryatid'' * '''otidipat'''....''bustard'' * '''tatid'''....''sibling-in-law'' * '''tetetid'''....''great uncle or aunt'' * '''tetid'''....''uncle or aunt'' * '''tid'''....''brother or sister, sibling'' * '''tida dropek'''....''internecine war'' * '''tida'''....''brotherly, fraternal'' * '''tiday'''....''fraternally'' * '''tidif'''....''fraternal love'' * '''tidoyat'''....''person with no siblings'' * '''tidtojben'''....''fratricide'' * '''tidtojbena'''....''fratricidal'' * '''tidtojber'''....''commit fratricide, kill one's sibling'' * '''tidtojbut'''....''fratricide'' * '''tidxer'''....''fraternize'' * '''tidxut'''....''fraternizer'' * '''tidyan'''....''fraternity'' * '''tidzen'''....''fraternization'' * '''xaler tidtojben'''....''commit fratricide'' <hr> * '''ejtiyd'''....''half sister, stepsister'' * '''fyatiydam'''....''priory'' * '''fyatiydameyb'''....''prioress'' * '''tatiyd'''....''sister-in-law'' * '''tetetiyd'''....''great aunt, great-aunt, great-great-aunt'' * '''tetiyd'''....''aunt, grandaunt, great-aunt'' * '''tetiydif'''....''auntie'' * '''tiyd'''....''sister'' * '''tiyda'''....''sisterly, sororal'' * '''tiydan'''....''sisterliness'' * '''tiydif'''....''sis'' * '''tiydoyat'''....''person with no sisters'' * '''tiydyan'''....''sisterhood, sorority'' * '''tiydyen'''....''sisterliness'' * '''tiydyena'''....''sisterly'' * '''tututiyd'''....''grandniece'' <hr> * '''ejtwid'''....''half brother, stepbrother'' * '''oytwidat'''....''person with no brothers'' * '''tatwid'''....''brother-in-law'' * '''tetetwid'''....''granduncle, great uncle, great-great-uncle'' * '''tetwid'''....''great-uncle'' * '''tetwida'''....''avuncular'' * '''tetwidyena'''....''avuncular'' * '''tututwid'''....''grandnephew'' * '''twid'''....''brother'' * '''twida'''....''brotherly, fraternal'' * '''twiday'''....''fraternally'' * '''twidi'''....''brethren, brothers'' * '''twidif'''....''bro'' * '''twidyan'''....''brotherhood, fraternity'' * '''twidyena'''....''brotherly'' * '''twidyenan'''....''brotherliness'' * '''yantwid'''....''confrère'' * '''yantwidan'''....''confraternity'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TUD Words ==== :* '''tud'''....''child'' :* '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' :* '''twud'''....''son'' : An important diminutive is '''tudet'''....''baby, infant''. : The above roots are used to generate the following words: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aa tetitud'''....''first cousin'' * '''aa yiba tetitud'''....''cousin first removed'' * '''Amerinda apetud'''....''cayuse'' * '''apatud'''....''chick, chickadee'' * '''apatuden'''....''cheeping'' * '''apatuder'''....''cheep'' * '''apaytud'''....''chick'' * '''apetud'''....''colt, foal'' * '''apetudog'''....''foal'' * '''apyatud'''....''eaglet'' * '''apyotud'''....''lion cub'' * '''balokxer tudet'''....''burp a baby'' * '''belyafwa tudetsum'''....''carrycot'' * '''ea tetitud'''....''second cousin'' * '''ejtud'''....''stepchild'' * '''ejtudi'''....''stepchildren'' * '''ejtudyan'''....''stepchildren'' * '''eopetud tayof'''....''calfskin'' * '''eopetud'''....''calf, cowling, yeanling'' * '''eopetuda tikib'''....''calf's liver'' * '''eopetudxen'''....''calving'' * '''eopetudxer'''....''calve, yean'' * '''epatud'''....''duckling, baby duck'' * '''epetud'''....''bullock, calf, bullock, veal'' * '''epeytud'''....''heifer'' * '''epyotud'''....''tiger cub, whelp'' * '''epyoytud'''....''tiger cub'' * '''fitajtud'''....''childe'' * '''gapiatud'''....''gosling'' * '''gapotud'''....''baby elephant'' * '''gapyotud'''....''bear cub, bear cub, baby bear'' * '''gepiatud'''....''cygnet'' * '''ijtud'''....''first-born child'' * '''ipatud'''....''chick, poult'' * '''ipetud'''....''ass's foal, donkey, foal, little ass, chick, poult, foal'' * '''ipetudog'''....''burro'' * '''ipyotud'''....''fox cub, fox cub, kit, pup'' * '''jogtudet'''....''new-born baby, newborn baby'' * '''jwatud'''....''love child, lovechild'' * '''kapetud'''....''young mouse'' * '''kapotud'''....''young rat, pup, kitten'' * '''lipitud'''....''fingerling'' * '''magyelwa epetud gyogol'''....''schnitzel'' * '''mamzertud'''....''mamzer'' * '''maolztud'''....''mulatto'' * '''nepiatud'''....''chick, crane chick'' * '''otajtud'''....''adopted child, adopted son'' * '''otatud'''....''bastard, out-of-wedlock child'' * '''otatudan'''....''bastardy'' * '''otatudxen'''....''bastardization'' * '''otatudxer'''....''bastardize'' * '''ovyaba tud'''....''mamzer'' * '''oytuda'''....''childless'' * '''oytudan'''....''childlessness'' * '''patud'''....''chick, poult, squab'' * '''patudel'''....''squab'' * '''petud'''....''chit'' * '''potud'''....''cub, yearling'' * '''potudyan'''....''animal offspring, brood'' * '''tajber yapetudyan'''....''farrow'' * '''tetitud'''....''cousin'' * '''tijber eopetud'''....''calve'' * '''tistam tud'''....''schoolchild'' * '''titud'''....''nephew or niece'' * '''titudi'''....''nephews and nieces'' * '''titudin'''....''nepotism'' * '''titudina'''....''nepotistic'' * '''titudinut'''....''nepotist'' * '''totud'''....''godchild'' * '''tud'''....''child, offspring, scion'' * '''tuda'''....''filial'' * '''tudagxen'''....''raising children'' * '''tudagxer'''....''raise children'' * '''tudal'''....''exposé'' * '''tudalen'''....''expounding'' * '''tudaler'''....''expound'' * '''tudalut'''....''expounder'' * '''tudalwa'''....''expounded'' * '''tudbeka'''....''pediatric'' * '''tudbekut'''....''pediatrician'' * '''tudbikuuyt'''....''nanny'' * '''tudet apaxov'''....''baby wipe'' * '''tudet belar'''....''baby buggy, pram'' * '''tudet dal'''....''baby talk'' * '''tudet dyes'''....''baby book'' * '''tudet dyun'''....''baby name, pet name'' * '''tudet igzyax'''....''baby boom'' * '''tudet igzyaxat'''....''baby-boomer'' * '''tudet ilbiov'''....''baby diaper'' * '''tudet ilyeb'''....''nursing bottle'' * '''tudet sim'''....''high chair'' * '''tudet tel'''....''baby food'' * '''tudet teupib'''....''baby tooth'' * '''tudet tof'''....''baby clothes, baby wear'' * '''tudet tojnag'''....''infant mortality'' * '''tudet tyopas'''....''baby step'' * '''tudet zateb'''....''baby face'' * '''tudet'''....''baby, infant, toddler, tyke'' * '''tudeta bok'''....''infant disease'' * '''tudeta'''....''infantile'' * '''tudetan'''....''infancy, babyhood'' * '''tudetbelea'''....''childbearing'' * '''tudetbik'''....''infant care'' * '''tudetbikam'''....''infant care facility, nursery'' * '''tudetbiken'''....''babysitting'' * '''tudetbiker'''....''babysit'' * '''tudetbikut'''....''baby-sitter, babysitter'' * '''tudetbikuuyt'''....''nursemaid'' * '''tudeten'''....''babying'' * '''tudeter'''....''baby'' * '''tudeteyof'''....''bib'' * '''tudetog'''....''bambino, little baby'' * '''tudetpar'''....''baby buggy, pram'' * '''tudetpixlawa'''....''kidnapped'' * '''tudetpixlen'''....''baby snatching, kidnapping'' * '''tudetpixler'''....''kidnap'' * '''tudetpixlut'''....''baby snatcher, kidnapper'' * '''tudetsim'''....''highchair'' * '''tudetsum'''....''baby bed'' * '''tudettajben'''....''childbirth'' * '''tudettojben'''....''infanticide'' * '''tudettojbena'''....''infanticidal'' * '''tudettojbut'''....''baby-killer, infanticide'' * '''tudetvaka'''....''baby-proof, baby-safe'' * '''tudetwa'''....''babied'' * '''tudetyena'''....''baby-like, babyish, infantile'' * '''tudetyenan'''....''infantility'' * '''tudetyenay'''....''like a baby'' * '''tudi'''....''children'' * '''tudifekem'''....''children’s playground'' * '''tudifon'''....''pederasty'' * '''tudifut'''....''pederast'' * '''tudika'''....''prolific'' * '''tudikay'''....''prolifically'' * '''tudoya'''....''childless'' * '''tudoyan'''....''childlessness'' * '''tudufxut'''....''bogeyman'' * '''tuduka'''....''childless'' * '''tudukan'''....''childlessness'' * '''tudvaka'''....''child-proof, child-safe, childproof'' * '''tudxen'''....''procreation'' * '''tudxena'''....''procreational'' * '''tudxenay'''....''procreationally'' * '''tudxer'''....''procreate'' * '''tudxut'''....''procreator'' * '''tudxwa'''....''procreated'' * '''tudxyea'''....''procreative'' * '''tudyanxyofwa'''....''irreproducible'' * '''tudyanxyofwan'''....''irreproducibility'' * '''tudyena'''....''childish, childlike'' * '''tudyenan'''....''childishness'' * '''tutud'''....''grandchild'' * '''tututud'''....''great grandchild'' * '''tyopyotud'''....''chimp'' * '''umvib tudetsum'''....''bassinet'' * '''upatud'''....''gosling'' * '''upetud'''....''lamb, lambkin'' * '''upetudyena'''....''lamblike'' * '''upyotud'''....''cub, wolf cub, wolf cub, pup'' * '''vapitud'''....''elver'' * '''vapotud'''....''fawn'' * '''vepotud'''....''reindeer calf'' * '''vipotud'''....''fawn'' * '''yapetud'''....''piggy, piglet'' * '''yapetudyan'''....''farrow'' * '''yepetud'''....''pup'' * '''yepetudan'''....''puppydom, puppyhood'' * '''yepetudif'''....''puppy'' * '''yepetudyan'''....''litter of pups'' * '''yipetud'''....''kitten, kitty, pussy cat'' * '''yipetudif'''....''kitty'' * '''yipetudyan'''....''litter of cats'' * '''yipetudyena'''....''kittenish'' * '''yonxwa eopetud'''....''dogie'' * '''yopetud tayob'''....''kidskin'' * '''yopetud'''....''kid'' * '''yuapotud'''....''leveret'' * '''yupetud'''....''bunny, kit'' <hr> * '''aa tetituyd'''....''first female cousin'' * '''aa yiba tetituyd'''....''cousin first removed'' * '''apetuyd'''....''filly'' * '''ea tetituyd'''....''second cousin'' * '''ejtuyd'''....''stepdaughter'' * '''gapyotuyd'''....''female bear cub'' * '''ijtuyd'''....''first-born daughter'' * '''ipetuyd'''....''jennet'' * '''otajtuyd'''....''adopted daughter'' * '''otatuyd'''....''out-of-wedlock daughter'' * '''tatuyd'''....''daughter-in-law'' * '''tetituyd'''....''cousin, female cousin'' * '''titutuyd'''....''grand niece'' * '''tituyd'''....''niece'' * '''totuyd'''....''goddaughter'' * '''tututuyd'''....''great granddaughter'' * '''tutuyd'''....''granddaughter'' * '''tuyd'''....''daughter'' * '''tuydet'''....''baby girl'' * '''tuydyena'''....''daughterly'' <hr> * '''aa tetitwud'''....''first male cousin'' * '''aa yiba tetitwud'''....''cousin first removed, male cousin first removed'' * '''edeb atwud'''....''dauphin'' * '''ejtwud'''....''stepson'' * '''gapyotwud'''....''male bear cub'' * '''ijtwud'''....''first-born son'' * '''ipetwud'''....''jackass'' * '''slavedebtwud'''....''czarevitch'' * '''tatwud'''....''son-in-law'' * '''tetitwud'''....''cousin, male cousin'' * '''titutwud'''....''grand nephew'' * '''titwud'''....''nephew'' * '''Tottwud'''....''Son of God'' * '''totwud'''....''godson'' * '''tututwud'''....''great grandson'' * '''tutwud'''....''grandson'' * '''twud'''....''son'' * '''twuda'''....''filial'' * '''twudan'''....''sonhood'' * '''twudet'''....''baby boy'' * '''twudif'''....''sonny'' * '''twudog'''....''little son'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''TOF''' ''clothing'' === : The stems in this family of words begin with '''t''' for ''human'' and end in '''f''' or '''v''', which are reminiscent of '''nof'''....''cloth'' and '''nov'''....''lingerie''. The words have to do with clothing. Post-y-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates to women. Pre-w-gliding the semantic stem vowel produces something that relates specifically to men. [[File:Clothing store downtown Boston.jpg|thumb|]] {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Forming Words for Clothes |- ! BODY PART !! CLOTHING ITEM !! FOR WOMEN |- | '''tob'''....''human'' || '''tof'''....''outfit'' || '''toyf'''....''female outfit'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''taf'''....''suit''<br>'''tav'''....''overalls''<br>'''abtaf'''....''coat'' || '''tayf'''....''dress, robe, gown''<br>'''abtayf'''....''pinafore''<br>'''abtayv'''....''work blouse'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tef'''....''hat''<br>'''tev'''....''headscarf''|| '''teyf'''....''woman's hat'' |- | '''teyob'''....''neck'' || '''teyof'''....''necktie''|| '''teyoyf'''....''cravate'' |- | '''tuab'''....''shoulder'' || '''tuaf'''....''shoulder pad''<br>'''tuav'''....''shawl''|| '''tuayv'''....''scarf'' |- | '''tib'''....''trunk'' || '''tif'''....''vest''|| |- | '''zetib'''....''waist'' || '''zetif'''....''belt''|| |- | '''tiab'''....''chest'' || '''tiav'''....''shirt'' || '''tiayv'''....''blouse'' |- | '''tilab'''....''breast'' || || '''tilayv'''....''bra'' |- | '''tiub'''....''belly'' || '''tiuv'''....''undershorts'' || '''tiuyf'''....''corset''<br>'''tiuyv'''....''panties'' |- | '''tuyab'''....''hand'' || '''tuyaf'''....''glove''|| |- | '''tyob'''....''leg'' || '''tyof'''....''pants'' || '''tyoyf'''....''skirt'' |- |- '''tyoyab'''....''foot'' || '''tyoyaf'''....''shoe''<br>'''tyoyav'''....''sock''|| '''tyoyayf'''....''slipper, high heel''<br>'''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TOF, TOOF Words ==== : The base word '''tof''' is the top element of a whole hierarchy of clothing terms based on the body part it pertains to. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtof'''....''coverall, outerwear'' *'''ansantof'''....''uniform'' *'''diptof'''....''crackerjack'' *'''dopektof'''....''battledress'' *'''ektobetof'''....''moppet'' *'''eynoytofa'''....''halfnaked, semi-nude'' *'''feelktofwa'''....''ironclad'' *'''fitofsyena'''....''fashionable, nicely-dressed, stylishly-dressed'' *'''fitofwa'''....''well-dressed'' *'''fumaalyentof'''....''weatherwear'' *'''futofer'''....''slatter'' *'''futofsyena'''....''poorly-dressed, unfashionable, unstylishly-dressed'' *'''fyatofober'''....''unfrock'' *'''gawtofuer'''....''reclothe'' *'''gedatof'''....''plaid'' *'''jatofuwa'''....''pre-worn, previously-worn'' *'''kotof'''....''disguise'' *'''lotofier'''....''disrobe'' *'''lotofuer'''....''disrobe'' *'''mamiltof'''....''rain gear, rain wear'' *'''obyextof'''....''armature, body armor, protective gear'' *'''otofier'''....''go nude'' *'''otofuer'''....''strip'' *'''oybtof'''....''underclothing'' *'''oytofa'''....''bare, going naked, going nude, in the buff, naked, nude, unclad, unclothed'' *'''oytofdazam'''....''strip club'' *'''oytofdazut'''....''stripper'' *'''oytofin'''....''naturism, nudism'' *'''oytofinut'''....''naturist, nudist'' *'''oytofmilyeper'''....''skinny-dip'' *'''oytofser'''....''get naked, strip naked'' *'''sumtof'''....''bedclothes, pajamas'' *'''tapifektof'''....''sportswear'' *'''teaztof'''....''get-up, getup'' *'''tof'''....''apparel, clothes, clothing, garment, item of clothing'' *'''tofaber'''....''be dressed in, wear, clothe, don, dress, endue, get dressed, put on'' *'''tofabim'''....''dressing room'' *'''tofabyoxar'''....''clothes hanger'' *'''tofbexlim'''....''coat check'' *'''tofbyoxgrun'''....''hanger'' *'''tofgrun'''....''clothing hook, tag'' *'''tofier'''....''dress, get dressed, put on clothes'' *'''tofum'''....''closet, clothes closet'' *'''tofkexer'''....''frisk'' *'''tofkyaxam'''....''clothes alternation shop, tailor shop'' *'''tofkyaxer'''....''alter clothes, tailor'' *'''tofmazaxul'''....''bluing'' *'''tofnam'''....''clothes store'' *'''tofnamut'''....''clothes salesperson'' *'''tofnav'''....''furbelow'' *'''tofnixbuut'''....''clothier'' *'''tofnyeb'''....''clothes hamper, laundry basket'' *'''tofnyif'''....''clothesline'' *'''tofober'''....''denude, disrobe, strip, take off, uncase, unclothe, undress'' *'''tofoper'''....''get undressed, undress'' *'''tofsam'''....''chest of drawers, dresser, wardrobe'' *'''tofsaxam'''....''tailor shop'' *'''tofsaxer'''....''make clothes, tailor'' *'''tofsyen'''....''fashion, style of dress'' *'''toftepkyoxwat'''....''clotheshorse'' *'''toftim'''....''vestry'' *'''tofuer'''....''clothe, dress, put clothes on'' *'''tofyan'''....''clothes, clothing, gear, raiment, set of clothes, wardrobe'' *'''tofyen'''....''garb'' *'''toyb tofabim'''....''boudoir'' *'''uttofaber'''....''dress oneself'' *'''utvitofaber'''....''prink'' *'''vitof'''....''caparison'' *'''vitofaber'''....''dress up'' *'''zoytofaber'''....''put clothes back on, re-dress, reclothe, redress'' *'''zoytofier'''....''get dressed again, put clothes on again, reclothe oneself'' *'''vutofa'''....''frumpish, frumpy'' *'''yextof'''....''work attire, work dress'' *'''yivjobtof'''....''leisurewear'' <hr> * '''aybtoof'''....''overgarments, tracksuit'' * '''oybtoof'''....''knickers, under gear, underwear'' * '''toof'''....''attire, vestment, vesture, clothes'' * '''toofsam'''....''clothes dresser'' * '''toofum'''....''clothes closet'' * '''toofyan'''....''clothing'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TAF, TAV Words ==== : These clothing items refer to the body as a whole. Words where the ordinal vowel is post-y-glided, refer to women. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtaf pyoxar'''....''coat hanger'' *'''abtaf tibuj'''....''coattail'' *'''abtaf'''....''coat, overcoat, topcoat'' *'''abtafsom'''....''coat hanger, coat rack, portmanteau'' *'''abtaves'''....''apron, overalls, smock'' *'''angostaf'''....''bodysuit'' *'''antaf'''....''singlet'' *'''bokamtaf'''....''hospital gown'' *'''deztaf'''....''costume'' *'''deztafen'''....''costuming'' *'''deztafut'''....''costumer, costumier'' *'''deztafwa'''....''costumed'' *'''doptaf'''....''armor'' *'''fyuztav'''....''sackcloth'' *'''fyuztava'''....''sackcloth'' *'''gedattaf'''....''kilt'' *'''gratafer'''....''overdress'' *'''gratafwa'''....''overdressed'' *'''gwayagtaf'''....''maxi'' *'''gyoa tavyul'''....''scutter'' *'''gyonaidtaf'''....''pinstripe'' *'''hyutafinoxbier'''....''freeload'' *'''hyutafinoxbiut'''....''freeloader'' *'''Imera yagtaf'''....''caftan'' *'''imtaf'''....''wetsuit'' *'''jipotaf'''....''kimono'' *'''jwamaj taf'''....''housecoat'' *'''kyaabtaf'''....''parka'' *'''kyitaf'''....''cloak, tog'' *'''kyitafim'''....''cloakroom, coat check'' *'''leotard taf'''....''leotard'' *'''malyomtaf'''....''snowsuit'' *'''mamiltaf'''....''mackintosh, raincoat'' *'''mamiltav'''....''poncho'' *'''mapovarea kyuabtaf'''....''parka'' *'''mazutetaf'''....''rochet'' *'''milvaka kyuabtaf'''....''cagoule'' *'''milyep taf'''....''bath robe'' *'''mojtaf'''....''nightwear'' *'''momtaf'''....''space suit, spacesuit'' *'''movientaf'''....''dinner jacket'' *'''mugtaf'''....''hauberk'' *'''oybabtaf'''....''undercoat'' *'''oybtaf'''....''undergarment'' *'''oyebfyaxeltaf'''....''chasuble'' *'''oyepustaf'''....''jumpsuit'' *'''patavyul'''....''birdlime'' *'''pontav'''....''nightshirt'' *'''romataf'''....''toga'' *'''romatafwa'''....''togaed'' *'''sentavo'''....''centavo'' *'''sumtaf'''....''bedgown'' *'''taf bi mojob'''....''dress suit'' *'''taf'''....''outfit, suit'' *'''tafaben'''....''enrobing, suiting up, putting a suit on'' *'''tafaber'''....''enrobe, get suited up'' *'''tafabwa'''....''enrobed, suited up'' *'''tafbexlum'''....''hatcheck'' *'''tafbexlumut'''....''hatcheck employee'' *'''tafen'''....''cladding'' *'''taffi'''....''taffy'' *'''tafien'''....''dressing, suiting up, putting on clothes'' *'''tafier'''....''dress, suit up, put on clothes'' *'''tafiwa'''....''clad, clothed, dressed, suited up'' *'''tafnof'''....''suiting'' *'''tafnyef'''....''portmanteau'' *'''tafoben'''....''unsuiting, taking off a suit, disrobing'' *'''tafober'''....''unsuit, take of a suit, disrobe'' *'''tafobwa'''....''unsuited, disrobed'' *'''tafoybnadar'''....''hemmer'' *'''taftyoyf'''....''pantsuit'' *'''tafuer'''....''enrobe, dress, suit up, clothe, outfit'' *'''tafut'''....''couturier'' *'''tafuwa'''....''outfitted, clothed, enrobed, dressed, suited up, clad'' *'''tafyijun'''....''placket'' *'''tamtaf'''....''housecoat'' *'''tapifek engontaf'''....''sweatsuit'' *'''tav'''....''overalls, smock'' *'''taves'''....''apron'' *'''tayeza abtaf'''....''fur coat'' *'''tettaf'''....''cassock, frock'' *'''tobyentaf'''....''costume'' *'''tobyentafwa'''....''costumed'' *'''totava'''....''pro-god'' *'''tuj taf'''....''dressing-gown'' *'''tujtaf'''....''pajamas, pyjama, sleepwear'' *'''tujtav'''....''nightshirt, undershirt'' *'''tultav'''....''apron'' *'''ulster abtaf'''....''ulster'' *'''utafxen'''....''affording'' *'''utafxer'''....''afford'' *'''utafxyafwa'''....''affordable'' *'''utafxyofwa'''....''unaffordable'' *'''utxw tafnam'''....''outfitter'' *'''utxwa tafut'''....''outfitter'' *'''vitaf'''....''dress suit'' *'''yagtaf'''....''kaftan'' *'''yanotay oytafa igput'''....''streaker'' *'''yiztafaben'''....''outwearing'' *'''yiztafaber'''....''outwear'' *'''yiztafabwa'''....''outworn'' *'''yuxlentaf'''....''uniform'' *'''zeytafin'''....''transvestism'' *'''zeytafut'''....''transvestite'' *'''zuittaf'''....''zoot suit'' <hr> * '''abtayf'''....''pinafore'' * '''abtayv'''....''work blouse'' * '''alptayf'''....''dirndl'' * '''eynyaga tayf'''....''midi'' * '''kyutayf'''....''mantilla'' * '''milyep tayf'''....''bathrobe'' * '''mojtayf'''....''nightdress, nightgown, nightie'' * '''otufa tayv'''....''halter top'' * '''tadien tayf'''....''wedding dress'' * '''tayf'''....''dress, gown, outfit, robe'' * '''vidaztayf'''....''ballgown'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TEF, TEV Words ==== : These clothing items are worn on the head ('''teb'''). The y-glided words '''teyf''' and '''teyv''' refer to women's apparel. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''aber tef'''....''put on a hat'' *'''atef'''....''baseball cap'' *'''aybtev'''....''headdress, scarf, veil'' *'''balaklava tef'''....''balaclava'' *'''beler tef'''....''wear a hat'' *'''boy tef'''....''bareheaded'' *'''diztef'''....''foolscap'' *'''dotef'''....''coif'' *'''enzyukpor yigtef'''....''motorcycle helmet'' *'''etef'''....''beret'' *'''etefog'''....''biretta'' *'''Feroma dopa tef'''....''kepi'' *'''Feroma tef'''....''chapeau'' *'''feztef'''....''fez'' *'''fyatef'''....''mitre'' *'''fyatefwa'''....''mitred'' *'''gatefuxea'''....''intriguing'' *'''gatefuxeay'''....''intriguingly'' *'''gatefuxwa'''....''intrigued'' *'''gimufyeg tef'''....''cone hat, dunce cap'' *'''gyitef'''....''cassette'' *'''itef'''....''bonnet'' *'''itefbwa'''....''bonneted'' *'''Juda tef'''....''yarmulke'' *'''kotefober'''....''unhood'' *'''koxtef'''....''cowl'' *'''kyapotef'''....''castor'' *'''maartef'''....''sunhat, sunbonnet'' *'''malyomtef'''....''toboggan'' *'''mamiltef'''....''rain hat'' *'''milyep tef'''....''bathing cap'' *'''mukibluta yigtef'''....''miner's hardhat, mining helmet'' *'''noygentef'''....''mortarboard'' *'''ober tef'''....''take off a hat'' *'''otefa'''....''bareheaded'' *'''oteflawa'''....''inadvertent'' *'''oteflawan'''....''inadvertence'' *'''oteflaway'''....''inadvertently'' *'''poteotef jib'''....''rutting season'' *'''puix tef'''....''baseball cap, baseball hat'' *'''purexuta tef'''....''driver's cap'' *'''stetsontef'''....''stetson'' *'''tamtef'''....''tam'' *'''tef byoxar'''....''hat rack, hat stand, hat tree'' *'''tef nivar'''....''hatpin'' *'''tef nyoov'''....''hat band'' *'''tef vyoek'''....''hat trick'' *'''tef yazkunad'''....''hat brim'' *'''tef'''....''hatband'' *'''tefbexar'''....''hat rack'' *'''tefnam'''....''haberdashery, hat shop, hat store'' *'''tefnamut'''....''haberdasher, hat seller, hatter'' *'''tefnyem'''....''hatbox'' *'''tefnyoov'''....''hat'' *'''tefnyov'''....''cockade'' *'''tefober'''....''unhat'' *'''tefobwa'''....''bareheaded'' *'''tefoya'''....''bareheaded, hatless'' *'''tefuka'''....''bareheaded, hatless'' *'''tefyig'''....''casque, hardhat'' *'''tev'''....''headscarf, scarf'' *'''tulxebtef'''....''toque, chef’s hat'' *'''umvib tef'''....''straw hat'' *'''utayeftef'''....''karakul'' *'''utef'''....''top hat, topper'' *'''xakotef'''....''shako'' *'''yabtev'''....''headband'' *'''yabyaga tef'''....''top hat'' *'''yatef'''....''shapka, turban, wimple'' *'''yatefabwa'''....''turbaned'' *'''yetef'''....''kepi, sombrero, toque'' *'''yexutefa'''....''shorthanded'' *'''yeztef'''....''cap'' *'''yigtef'''....''helmet'' *'''yigtefxwa'''....''helmeted'' *'''yitef'''....''trilby'' *'''yobtef'''....''chin bandage, chin brace, shin strap'' *'''yobtev'''....''chinstrap'' *'''yotef'''....''beanie, derby hat'' *'''zapatayebtef'''....''busby'' *'''zotef'''....''hood'' *'''zotefwa'''....''hooded'' *'''zyakuntef'''....''wide-brimmed hat'' <hr> * '''ateyf'''....''caul'' * '''aybteyv'''....''fichu'' * '''teyf'''....''headpiece, woman's hat'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TIF, TIV Words ==== : These clothing items are worn on the trunk of the body ('''tib'''). The words '''tiyf''' and '''tiyv''' refer to women's apparel. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''adopar zetif'''....''gun belt'' *'''aybzetif'''....''surcingle'' *'''bak zetif'''....''medical belt'' *'''bol zetif'''....''truss'' *'''doparzyunvaka oybtif'''....''bullet-proof vest'' *'''dopek tif'''....''battle jacket'' *'''dopzyunyan zetif'''....''bandileer'' *'''eyntif'''....''plastron'' *'''fyatif'''....''alb'' *'''fyuzetif'''....''shingle'' *'''Gelima tif'''....''anorak'' *'''iztyoyaba zetif'''....''orthopedic corset'' *'''malzfyatif'''....''surplice'' *'''mamiltif'''....''rain jacket, raincoat'' *'''mapebea gyatif'''....''windcheater'' *'''mapebea gyotif'''....''windbreaker'' *'''movienobtif'''....''tux, tuxedo'' *'''nas zetif'''....''money belt'' *'''obtif'''....''cardigan, jacket, vest, waistcoat'' *'''obzatifaof'''....''lapboard'' *'''opyexar zetif'''....''buckler'' *'''puxrun zetif'''....''cartridge belt'' *'''puxrunogvaka oybtif'''....''bullet-proof vest'' *'''puxrunova obtif'''....''flak jacket'' *'''romtif'''....''tunic'' *'''sim zetif'''....''seat belt'' *'''simzetif'''....''seatbelt'' *'''tif'''....''blazer, jacket, suit coat, waist coat'' *'''tifes'''....''jacket, vest'' *'''tifwa'''....''jacketed'' *'''tufuka tif'''....''jerkin'' *'''ulza zetif'''....''green belt'' *'''vak tif'''....''life vest'' *'''vak zetif'''....''life vest, lifebelt, safety belt'' *'''vakan zetif'''....''safety belt'' *'''vyitan zetif'''....''chastity belt'' *'''yagzom mojtif'''....''tailcoat'' *'''yzetif mugnyaf'''....''belt buckle'' *'''zetif'''....''band, belt, corset, girdle, hoop, sash'' *'''zetifben'''....''belting'' *'''zetifber'''....''belt'' *'''zetifbut'''....''hooper'' *'''zetifbwa'''....''belted'' *'''zetifen'''....''banding, girdling, sashing'' *'''zetifer'''....''band, girdle, sash'' *'''zetifober'''....''unbelt, ungird'' *'''zetifwa'''....''banded, girdled, sashed'' *'''zetiv'''....''cummerbund, sash'' *'''zynogyan zetif'''....''bandoleer'' *'''zyoxtif'''....''straitjacket'' *'''zyoxtifaber'''....''straitjacket'' *'''zyunogyan zetif'''....''bandolier'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TUF, TUV, TUAF, TUAV, TUYAF, TUYAV, TUYOF, TUYOV Words ==== : These clothing items are word on the arms ('''tub''') and other parts of the arm. If the ordinal vowel ends in a '''y''', then the clothing item refers to a woman. {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''aybtuaf'''....''epaulette, shoulder pad, shoulder strap'' * '''eyntuaf'''....''sash, sling'' * '''eyntuyaf'''....''mit, mitt, mitten'' * '''fyotuyaf'''....''gauntlet'' * '''mamil yagtuaf'''....''raincape'' * '''pixtuyaf'''....''catcher's mitt, pitcher's mitt'' * '''puix tuyaf'''....''baseball glove, baseball mitt'' * '''puxuta tuyaf'''....''pitcher's '' * '''tuaf'''....''shoulder pad'' * '''tuav'''....''shawl'' * '''tuayv'''....''shawl'' * '''tuf'''....''shirtsleeve, sleeve'' * '''tuyaf'''....''glove'' * '''tuyav'''....''mitten'' * '''tuyepyex tuyaf'''....''boxing glove'' * '''tuyof'''....''cuff'' * '''tuyov'''....''cuff'' * '''tuyuf'''....''fingerstall, thimble'' * '''yagtuayf'''....''cape'' * '''zatuf'''....''foresleeve'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== TYOF, TYOV, TYOYAF, TYOYAV Words ==== : These clothing items are worn on the legs ('''tyob''') and feet ('''tyoyab'''). Those words ending in '''-v''' refer to softer clothes items (such as ''socks'' instead of ''shoes''). {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''abtyof'''....''overalls, trousers'' *'''abtyoyaf nyives'''....''bootlace'' *'''abtyoyaf zyunyiov'''....''bootstrap'' *'''abtyoyaf'''....''boot, rubber'' *'''apetyoyaf'''....''horse shoe, horseshoe'' *'''apetyoyafeus'''....''clop'' *'''atyoyaf'''....''patent leather shoe'' *'''aybtyoyaf'''....''overshoe'' *'''aza oxford tyoyaf'''....''brogue'' *'''bapeitayob abtyoyaf'''....''mukluk'' *'''depabtyoyaf'''....''jackboot'' *'''eopetaput tyoyaf'''....''buckaroo'' *'''Eskimo abtyoyaf'''....''mukluk'' *'''etyoyaf'''....''tennis shoe'' *'''eyabtyoyaf'''....''buskin'' *'''eynteatyofa'''....''purblind'' *'''eyntyoyav'''....''no show sock, slip on padding, slip sock'' *'''faotyoyaf'''....''clog, sabot, wooden shoe'' *'''feelktyoyaf'''....''skidpan'' *'''gwotyoyf'''....''miniskirt'' *'''gyatyoyav'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''gyotyoyof'''....''patten'' *'''ityoyaf'''....''sandal'' *'''iztyoyaba zetif'''....''orthopedic corset'' *'''kyia yex tyoyaf'''....''brogan'' *'''kyiabtyoyaf'''....''clodhopper'' *'''kyinayofa tyof'''....''dungaree'' *'''malyomtyoyaf'''....''snowshoe'' *'''mapil abtyoyaf'''....''galosh'' *'''mapil abtyoyafi'''....''galoshes'' *'''maptyoyav'''....''windsock'' *'''nayoftyofi'''....''bluejeans, jeans'' *'''nyifobema tyoyaf'''....''espadrille'' *'''otyoyafa'''....''barefoot, barefooted, shoeless'' *'''oybtyoyf'''....''pantyliner, slip'' *'''tabetyoyaf'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''taftyoyf'''....''pantsuit'' *'''tamtyoyaf'''....''house slipper'' *'''tayoftyof'''....''leggin'' *'''tufuka tyoyf'''....''gymslip'' *'''tyobnof'''....''legging'' *'''tyoev'''....''hose, thigh-length sock'' *'''tyoevut'''....''hosier'' *'''tyoevyan'''....''hosiery'' *'''tyof'''....''culotte, pants, trouser, trousers'' *'''tyofabyoxar'''....''suspender'' *'''tyofyag'''....''long pants'' *'''tyofyog'''....''bermudas, cutoff, cutoffs, shorts'' *'''tyoif'''....''kneepad'' *'''tyoiv'''....''knee sock'' *'''tyouf'''....''puttee'' *'''tyouv'''....''stocking'' *'''tyouvbexar'''....''garter'' *'''tyouyv nef'''....''stockinet, stockinette'' *'''tyouyv'''....''hose'' *'''tyouyvyan'''....''hosiery'' *'''tyoyabamof'''....''muff'' *'''tyoyaf'''....''shoe'' *'''tyoyafabof'''....''bootee, bootie'' *'''tyoyafaof'''....''footboard'' *'''tyoyafber'''....''shoe'' *'''tyoyafbwa'''....''shod, shodden, shoed'' *'''tyoyafes'''....''flat shoe, walking shoe'' *'''tyoyafeus'''....''clomp'' *'''tyoyafeyub'''....''shoe horn'' *'''tyoyafibaxrawa'''....''scuffed'' *'''tyoyafibaxren'''....''scuffing'' *'''tyoyafibaxrer'''....''scuff'' *'''tyoyafibaxrun'''....''scuff'' *'''tyoyafobwa'''....''barefoot, barefooted, unshod, unshodden'' *'''tyoyafoya'''....''barefoot, barefooted, shoeless'' *'''tyoyafsaxam'''....''shoemaker'' *'''tyoyafsaxem'''....''shoemaking factory'' *'''tyoyafsaxer'''....''cobble'' *'''tyoyafsaxut'''....''cobbler, shoemaker'' *'''tyoyaftilar'''....''shoehorn'' *'''tyoyafub'''....''flipper'' *'''tyoyafuka'''....''barefoot, barefooted, shoeless'' *'''tyoyafut'''....''cobbler, shoemaker'' *'''tyoyafyan'''....''footwear'' *'''tyoyav ektobet'''....''sock puppet'' *'''tyoyav zyeg'''....''spud'' *'''tyoyav'''....''sock'' *'''tyoyayf'''....''slipper'' *'''tyoyayv'''....''stockings'' *'''tyoyayvbexar'''....''garter'' *'''tyoyef'''....''heel, shoe heel, spur, talon'' *'''tyoyefoya'''....''heelless'' *'''tyoyefuka'''....''heelless'' *'''tyoyeyf'''....''high heel'' *'''tyoyf'''....''pantyhose, skirt'' *'''tyoyfes'''....''petticoat, waist petticoat'' *'''tyoyib yuvar'''....''ankle bracelet, ankle chain'' *'''tyoyiv'''....''ankle sock'' *'''tyoyof'''....''platform, shoe sole'' *'''tyoyuvar'''....''gyve'' *'''tyoyv'''....''pantywaist, slip, underskirt, waist petticoat'' *'''ugar tyoyaf'''....''brake shoe'' *'''utyoyaf'''....''brogan, flip-flop, flipflop'' *'''uynyaga tyoyav'''....''quarter length sock'' *'''vidaz tyoyaf'''....''ballet slipper'' *'''vidaz tyoyf'''....''tutu'' *'''vityof'''....''dress slacks'' *'''Wellington yuigof abtyoyaf'''....''gumboot'' *'''yagtyop tyoyafi'''....''hiking boots'' *'''yagtyoyav'''....''knee sock'' *'''yeba tyoyof'''....''innersole'' *'''yebtyoyof'''....''insole'' *'''yugfabwa tyoyaf'''....''slipper'' *'''yuigof abtyoyaf'''....''gumshoe, rubber boot, galoshes'' *'''yuigof tyoyaf'''....''thong'' *'''zatyoyaf'''....''vamp'' *'''zotyoibof'''....''puttee'' *'''zotyoiv'''....''calf length sock'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''TOL''' ''nutrition'' === : The stems of the words in this family begin with '''t''' for ''human'' and '''l''' for ''liquid'' or in this case, drinkable or edible substances. The words have to do with food, food preparation, eating and drinking. [[File:Foods (cropped).jpg|thumb|]] ==== TOL and -OL Words ==== : The base word '''tol''' means ''nutrition''. Many derived words end in a stub form of this word, '''-ol'''. :* '''tol'''....''nutrition'' ::* '''tolnam'''....''grocery store'' ::* '''toltun'''....''dietetics'' ::* '''tolvyaab'''....''diet'' ::* '''toluer'''....''feed'' ::* '''tolsam'''....''food buffet'' ::* '''toleus'''....''taste'' :::* '''toleusgab'''....''relish'' ::* '''tolmek'''....''spice'' ::* '''tolsyeb'''....''casserole'' ::* '''gafapatol'''....''chicken feed'' ::* '''toyl'''....''nutrient'' :::* '''toyluer'''....''nourish'' ==== TAOL and -AOL Words ==== : From '''taob''' (''flesh''), we get: ::* '''taol'''....''meat'' :::* '''abtyoyaol'''....''tenderloin'' :::* '''supetaol'''....''pork'' ::::* '''supetyol'''....''ham'' :::* '''tiabaol'''....''brisket'' :::* '''tuabaol'''....''chuck'' :::* '''tyoibyozaol'''....''hock'' :::* '''zuikuntaol'''....''flank'' :::* '''bopetaol'''....''beef'' ==== TEL, -EL, -YEL, and -EIL Words ==== : The root word '''tel''' means ''food'' and has at least three stub suffixes, '''-el''' for foods/fruit juices, '''-yel''' for viscous edible substances like oils, creams, and syrups, and '''-eil''' for soups. :* '''tel'''....''food'' ::* '''telier'''....''eat'' ::* '''teluer'''....''feed'' ::* '''telam'''....''restaurant'' ::* '''telar'''....''fork'' ::* '''telyeb'''....''plate'' ::* '''telefa'''....''hungry'' ::* '''telifut'''....''gourmet'' ::* '''gratelut'''....''glutton'' ::* '''teltun'''....''gastronomy'' ::* '''oteliwas'''....''leftover'' ::* '''igtel'''....''fast food, snack'' :::* '''igtelum'''....''fast food stand'' ::* '''kapetel'''....''dogfood'' ::* '''pextel'''....''bait'' : The stub '''-el''' is used mostly to form the juices from fruit words, eg: ::* '''sicirufeb'''....''orange'' :::* '''sicirufel'''....''orange juice'' : The stub '''-yel''' is used primarily to form oily, creamy, or syrupy substances, eg: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Some -YEL Words |- ! SUBSTANCE !! ROOT |- |'''abyel'''....''dressing''||'''ab'''....''over'' |- |'''rewmpolivyel'''....''sorghum''||'''rewmpolivol'''....''rhubarb '' |- |'''amaegyel'''....''paraffin''||'''amaeg'''....''anthracite'' |- |'''appelatyel'''....''beeswax''||'''appelat'''....''bee'' |- |'''cepeityel'''....''spermaceti''||'''cepeit'''....''whale'' |- |'''lisovyel'''....''ketchup''||'''lisovol'''....''tomato'' |- |'''bekyel'''....''ointment''||'''bek'''....''treatment'' |- |'''kokarfyel'''....''coconut oil''||'''kokarfeb'''....''coconut'' |- |'''kukuvyel'''....''tzatziki''||'''kukuvol'''....''cucumber'' |- |'''olfyel'''....''olive oil''||'''olfeb'''....''olive'' |- |'''dopmavyel'''....''napalm''||'''dop'''....''military'' + '''mav'''...''flame'' |- |'''jukufyel'''....''turpentine''||'''jukufeb'''....''juniper berry'' |- |'''katefyel'''....''chocolate''||'''katefeb'''....''cocoa bean'' |- |'''fabyel'''....''sap''||'''fab'''....''tree'' |- |'''febyel'''....''jam''||'''feb'''....''fruit'' |- |'''zepovyel'''....''corn oil''||'''zepovob'''....''corn'' |- |'''sicirufyel'''....''molasses''||'''sicirufeb'''....''orange'' |- |'''sakvyel'''....''jelly''||'''sakvob'''....''sugarcane'' |- |'''acfyel'''....''maple syrup''||'''maple tree'''....''acfab'' |- |'''maegyel'''....''tar''||'''maeg'''....''coal'' |- |'''magyel'''....''oil''||'''mag'''....''fire'' |- |'''megyel'''....''cement''||'''meg'''....''stone'' |- |'''alcurofyel'''....''blackberry jam''||'''alcurofeyb'''....''blackberry'' |- |'''satalvyel'''....''aioli''||'''satalvol'''....''garlic'' |- |'''taibyel'''....''ossein, marrow''||'''taib'''....''bone'' |- |'''tayefyel'''....''pomade''||'''tayef'''....''bristle'' |- |'''tayel'''....''shampoo''||'''taye(b)'''....''hair'' |- |'''tayoyugfyel'''....''dubbin''||'''tayo(f)'''....''leather'' + '''yugf(a)'''...''smooth'' |- |'''teebyel'''....''ear wax''||'''teeb'''....''ear'' |- |'''tiebyel'''....''phlegm''||'''tieb'''....''lung'' |- |'''veebyel'''....''semen''||'''veeb'''....''seed'' |- |'''vyixyel'''....''soap''||'''vyix(er)'''....''to clean'' |- |'''glifavyel'''....''soy paste''||'''glifaveel'''....''soybeen'' |- |'''yomyel'''....''glaze''<sup>*</sup>||'''yom'''....''ice'' |- |'''cifavyel'''....''humus''||'''cifaveel'''....''chickpea'' |- |'''arvyel'''....''peanut oil''||'''arveel'''....''peanut'' |- |'''yugfyel'''....''polish''||'''yugf(a)'''....''smooth'' |- |'''yugyel'''....''lotion''||'''yug(a)'''....''soft'' |- |'''arpovyel'''....''oatmeal''||'''yuvob'''....''oat'' |} :<sup>*</sup> ''Ice cream'' is ''yombiel''. : The hybrid word '''teil''' means ''soup'' and the stub '''-eil''' suffix is used for soups: :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Some -EIL Words |- ! SUBSTANCE !! ROOT |- |'''kapsoveil'''....''chili stew''||'''kapsovol'''....''chili pepper'' |- |'''pifaveil'''....''pea soup''||'''pifaveel'''....''pea'' |- |'''gyateil'''....''chowder, bisque'' || '''gyaa'''....''thick'' |- |'''gyoteil'''....''broth'' || '''gyoa'''....''thin'' |- |'''piteil'''....''fish soup'' || '''pit'''....''fish'' |- |'''lisoveil'''....''tomato'' || '''lisovol'''....''tomato'' |- |'''abmalveil'''....''gumbo'' || '''abmalvol'''....''okra, gumbo'' |- |'''vyifeil'''....''consommé'' || '''vyifa'''....''clear'' |- |'''arpoveil'''....''porridge'' || '''arpovob'''....''oats'' |} {{small/end}} ==== TIL, -IL, and -UIL Words ==== : The root word '''til''' means ''drink, beverage''. The stub suffix '''-il''' is an abbreviation of either '''mil'''....''water'' or '''til'''....''drink''. There are hundreds of words ending in this suffix. :* '''til-'''....''drink'' || '''tilsem'''....''bar'' ::* '''tilier'''....''drink'' ::* '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink'' ::* '''tilef'''....''thirst'' ::* '''tilgronag'''....''drought'' ::* '''gratilut'''....''drunk'' ::* '''tilyeb'''....''glass'' ::* '''tilar'''....''spoon'' ::* '''tilarog'''....''teaspoon'' ::* '''tilarag'''....''ladle'' ::* '''tilsyeb'''....''c''? ::* '''teilsyeb'''....''soup bowl'' ::* '''kyitilsyeb'''....''mug, stein'' : Here are a few words formed by suffixing '''-il''': ::* '''bil'''....''milk'' ::* '''fil'''....''alcohol'' ::* '''povil'''....''beer'' ::* '''vifil'''....''wine'' ::* '''teabil'''....''tear'' ::* '''tiibil'''....''blood'' : The hybrid suffix '''-uil''' is used to form sauces: ::* '''tuil'''....''sauce'' ::* '''pituil'''....''fish sauce'' ::* '''tolmekuil'''....''curry'' ::* '''ipyeituil'''....''clam sauce'' ::* '''lisovuil'''....''ketchup, catsup'' ==== TUL Words ==== :* '''tul'''....''dish'' ::* '''jatul'''....''appetizer'' ::* '''jotul'''....''dessert'' ::* '''agtul'''....''main dish, entree'' ::* '''ogtul'''....''tapa'' ::* '''igtul'''....''snack'' ::* '''atulyan'''....''first course'' ::* '''etulyan'''....''second course'' ::* '''tular'''....''dish'' :::* '''tularsam'''....''china cabinet'' :::* '''tularvyixar'''....''dishwasher'' ::* '''tulur'''....''stove'' ::* '''tulxer'''....''to cook, to prepare food'' :::* '''tulxut'''....''cook'' :::* '''tulxim'''....''kitchen'' :::* '''tulxeb'''....''chef'' ::* '''tuluer'''....''to serve a dish'' :::* '''tuluut'''....''server'' ::* '''tultuna'''....''culinary'' ::* '''tultav'''....''apron'' ::* '''tulim'''....''dining room'' :::* '''tulimag'''....''banquet hall'' ::* '''vitultun'''....''gastronomy'' ::* '''tuldras'''....''menu'' ::* '''tulyuxut'''....''waiter'' ::* '''tulyeb'''....''platter'' ==== TYAL Words ==== :* '''tyal'''....''meal'' : The meals of the day are numbered: :* '''atyal'''....''breakfast'' ::* '''atyalier'''....''to have breakfast'' :* '''etyal'''....''lunch'' ::* '''etyalier'''....''to have lunch'' :* '''aetyal'''....''brunch'' (hybrid) ::* '''aetyalier'''....''to have brunch'' :* '''ityal'''....''dinner'' ::* '''ityalier'''....''to have dinner'' :* '''utyal'''....''supper'' ::* '''utyalier'''....''to have supper'' :* '''tyalier'''....''to have a meal'' :* '''tyaluer'''....''to serve a meal'' ::* '''tyaluut'''....''server, waiter'' :::* '''tyaluuyt'''....''waitress'' :* '''nyem etyal'''....''box lunch'' :* '''tyalag''' or '''vityal'''....''banquet'' :* '''vabemtyal''' or '''oyebtyal'''....''picnic, outdoor meal'' :* '''yomxwa tyal'''....''frozen dinner'' :* '''igtyal''' or '''ebtyal'''....''snack, quick meal'' :* '''utyuxlentyal'''....''buffet, smorgasbord'' :* '''nyuxwa tyal'''....''takeout'' :* '''ivtyal'''....''feast'' :* '''agala tyal'''....''main meal'' :* '''gonuwa tyal'''....''potluck, shared meal'' :* '''telam tyal'''....''restaurant meal'' :* '''uwa tul tyal'''....''four-course meal'' :* '''tammagxwa tyal'''....''home-cooked meal'' === '''TOM''' ''building'' === : Related to '''nom''' is the base word '''tom''' meaning ''building''. ::* '''tom'''....''building, edifice'' :::* '''toom'''....''habitat'' :::* '''toam'''....''apartment building'' :::* '''toem'''....''domicile'' :::* '''yabtom'''....''tower'' ::::* '''mamyabtom'''....''skyscraper'' ==== TAM, -AM Words ==== :* '''tam'''....''house'' ::* '''mef tam'''....''brick house'' ::* '''tamag'''....''mansion'' :::* '''vitamag'''....''palace'' ::* '''tamaz'''....''castle'' ::* '''taam'''....''home'' ::* '''taym'''....''cottage'' ::* '''tamog'''....''cabin'' :::* '''fauftamog'''....''log cabin'' :::* '''vutamog'''....''hovel'' ::* '''tamof'''....''tent'' :::* '''tamofag'''....''pavilion'' ::* '''tamoyg'''....''hut'' ::* '''akpyatam'''....''eagle's nest'' ::* '''fabtam'''....''tree house'' ::* '''vutam'''....''shanty, shack'' ::* '''saxam'''....''factory'' ::* '''zyaubam'''....''broadcast station'' ::* '''posam'''....''station'' ::* '''telam'''....''restaurant'' :::* '''telamog'''....''diner'' ::* '''dezam'''....''theater'' ::* '''dyestam'''....''library'' ::* '''ekpetam'''....''stable'' ::* '''fepyotam'''....''tiger's den'' ::* '''zyef tam'''....''glass house'' ::* '''viteastam'''....''belvedere'' ::* '''ujpontam'''....''funeral home'' ::* '''twidyan tam'''....''fraternity house'' ::* '''tiydyan tam'''....''sorority'' ::* '''pontam'''....''hotel'' ::* '''sumtam'''....''boarding house'' ::* '''nabtam'''....''rowhouse'' ::* '''melyex tam'''....''farm house'' ::* '''meimpoptam'''....''lodge'' ::* '''malyomtam'''....''igloo'' ::* '''memyaztam'''....''chalet'' ::* '''manurtam'''....''lighthouse'' ::* '''magpoxutam'''....''firehouse'' ::* '''nam'''....''store'' :::* '''naym'''....''shop'' :::* '''namag'''....''department store'' :::* '''namog'''....''boutique'' ::* '''kyapa tam'''....''mobile home, trailer'' ::* '''kapetam'''....''doghouse'' ::* '''jeebtam'''....''dacha'' ::* '''ibdatam'''....''hostel, inn, guesthouse'' ::* '''gafatam'''....''chicken coop'' ::* '''domtam'''....''townhouse'' ::* '''anlatam'''....''hermitage'' ::* '''doptam'''....''barracks'' ::* '''filtam'''.....''alehouse, bar'' ::* '''anmostam'''....''single-story house, rambler, ranch home, bungalow'' ::* '''enmostam'''....''duplex'' ::* '''inmostam'''....''triplex'' ::* '''eotifnunuam'''....''bordello, brothel'' ==== TEM, TYEM, SYEM, -YEM, -EM, -M Words ==== ::* '''tem'''....''hall, gallery'' :::* '''sintem'''....''picture gallery'' :::* '''tuztem'''....''art gallery'' ::* '''tyem'''....''residence'' ::* '''syem'''....''establishment'' :::* '''asyem'''....''foundation'' :::* '''ijsyem'''....''foundation'' :::* '''dosyem'''....''institution'' :::* '''jesyem'''....''institution'' :::* '''nunsyem'''....''company, firm'' ::* '''-yem'''....''enclosed space'' :::* '''dezyem'''....''stage'' :::* '''byem'''....''position'' :::* '''nyem'''....''box, case'' :::* '''duzyem'''....''music hall'' :::* '''ekpetyem'''....''corral'' :::* '''taibyem'''....''ossuary'' :::* '''teatunyem'''....''diorama'' :::* '''tuyafyem'''....''pocket'' :::* '''ujponyem'''....''coffin, casket'' :::* '''vabyem'''....''lawn, yard'' :::* '''ujponyem'''....''coffin, casket'' :::* '''vabyem'''....''lawn, yard'' :::* '''yabvakyem'''....''perch'' ::* '''-em'''....''open space'' :::* '''vabem'''....''pasture, prairie'' :::* '''yubem'''....''vicinity'' :::* '''yujem'''....''courtyard'' :* '''-m''' (used in deictics of place) ::* '''duhom?'''....''where?'' ::* '''hom'''....''where'' ::* '''him'''....''here'' ::* '''hum'''....''there'' ::* '''huim'''....''here and there'' ::* '''hem'''....''somewhere'' ::* '''hyam'''....''everywhere'' ::* '''hyom'''....''nowhere'' ::* '''hyem'''....''anywhere, wherever'' ::* '''hyim'''....''the same place'' ::* '''hyum'''....''elsewhere'' ==== TIM, -IM Words ==== ::* '''tim'''....''room, chamber'' :::* '''aybtim'''....''attic'' :::* '''eftim'''....''restroom, the "necessary"'' :::* '''oybtim'''....''basement, cellar'' :::* '''zatim'''....''anteroom, front room'' :::* '''pontim'''....''restroom'' :::* '''deztim'''....''theater salon'' :::* '''dyetim'''....''den, reading room'' :::* '''sartim'''....''toolshed'' :::* '''sumtim'''....''bedroom'' :::* '''teetim'''....''auditorium'' :::* '''zyutim'''....''rotunda'' ::* '''-im'''....stub for ''room'' :::* '''magelim'''....''kitchen'' :::* '''yexim'''....''office'' :::* '''datim'''....''guest room'' ==== TUM, -UM Words ==== ::* '''tum'''....''cell, compartment, closet'' :::* '''beaxutum'''....''sentry box, guard post'' :::* '''bopetum'''....''bullpen'' :::* '''dyestum'''....''bookstall'' :::* '''mastum'''....''cabinet'' :::* '''miltum'''....''washroom, water closet'' :::* '''mumtum'''....''dungeon'' :::* '''mustum'''....''stairwell'' :::* '''sumtum'''....''bed bunk, couchette'' :::* '''yontum'''....''compartment'' ::* '''-um'''....''(stub) compartment, cell, stall'' :::* '''izbum'''....''cockpit'' :::* '''yibdalirum'''....''telephone booth'' :::* '''yuvbexum'''....''holding cell'' :::* '''yexum'''....''cubicle'' :::* '''tujum'''....''berth, sleeping compartment'' :::* '''telum'''....''food kiosk, food stall'' === '''TOT''' ''god'' === : The base word ''tot'' means ''god''. The one sub-element is: ::* '''tat'''....''angel'' ==== TOT Words ==== : The root word '''tot''' means ''god''. : Some important derivatives: ::* '''totin'''....''religion, theism'' ::* '''totmir'''....''heaven'' ::* '''totdab'''....''theocracy'' ::* '''tottun'''....''theology'' ::* '''totsin'''....''idol'' ::* '''eyntot'''....''demigod'' ::* '''totifram'''....''church, house of worship'' ::* '''totxwa'''....''deified'' ::* '''ototina'''....''secular'' : Different ''theisms'': ::* '''antotin'''....''monotheism'' ::* '''evtotin'''....''atheism'' ::* '''glatotin'''....''polytheism'' ::* '''hyatotin'''....''pantheism'' ::* '''multotin'''....''hylotheism'' ::* '''uttotin'''....''authotheism'' : The stub prefix '''to-''' is used to form kinship terms preceded in English with '''god''': ::* '''totwed'''....''godfather'' ::* '''totuyd'''....''goddaughter'' ==== TAT Words ==== : The root word '''tat''' means ''angel''. There is a hierarchy of angels, as follows: ::* '''Ataat'''....''Seraph'' ::* '''Ataet'''....''Cherub'' ::* '''Atait'''....''Throne'' ::* '''Etaat'''....''Dominion'' ::* '''Etaet'''....''Stronghold'' ::* '''Etait'''....''Power'' ::* '''Itaat'''....''Principality'' ::* '''Itaet'''....''Archangel'' ::* '''Itait'''....''Angel'' : The devil is the "wicked angel", eg.: ::* '''fyotat'''....''devil, satan'' :::* '''fyotata'''....''diabolical'' :::* '''fyotatmir'''....''hell'' ::::* '''fyotatmira'''....''infernal'' === '''TUZ''' ''art'' === : This family includes words having to do with the arts, such as theater, sculpture, music, poetry, etc. Word stems ending in '''-z''' refer to something that is precious or artful. Stems with '''eu''' are mnemonic for '''teub'''....''mouth'' and refer to sound, singing, noises, etc. [[File:Im Atelier deutsch um 1800.jpg|thumb|]] : Summary: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Artsy Words |- ! ART || PIECE || PERSON |- | '''tuz'''....''art'' || '''tuzun'''....''art object'' || '''tuzut'''....''artist'' |- |'''taz'''....''portraiture'' || '''tazun'''....''portrait'' || '''tazut'''....''portrait artist'' |- |'''tez'''....''culture'' || '''tezun'''....''more'' || |- |'''tyez'''....''magic''<br>'''fyatyez'''....''charm''<br>'''fyotyez'''...''sorcery'' || '''tyezun'''....''magic act''<br>'''fyatyezun'''....''charm''<br>'''fyotyezun'''....''spell'' || '''tyezut'''....''magician''<br>'''fyatyezut'''....''hieromancer''<br>'''fyotyezut'''....''sorcerer'' |- |'''teyz'''....''cult''<br>'''fyateyz'''....''religion'' || '''teyzun'''....''cult service''<br>'''fyateyzun'''....''religious service'' || '''teyzut'''....''cultist''<br>'''fyateyzut'''....''priest'' |- |'''tuyz'''....''artisanship'' || '''tuyzun'''....''artisanal piece'' || '''tuyzut'''....''artisan'' |- |'''tyen'''....''craft, skill'' || '''tyenun'''....''piece of craftsmanship'' || '''tyenut'''....''craftsman'' |- |'''teaz'''....''spectacle, showmanship''<br>'''fyateaz'''....''miracle-working'' || '''teazun'''....''show''<br>'''fyateazun'''....''miracle'' || '''teazut'''....''showman''<br>'''fyateazut'''....''miracle-worker'' |- | '''siz'''....''painting'' || '''sizun'''....''a painting'' || '''sizut'''....''painter'' |- | '''dresiz'''....''engravure'' || '''dresizun'''....''an engraving'' || '''dresizut'''....''engraver'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture''<br>'''mansin'''....''photo''<br>'''pansin'''...''motion picture'' || || '''sindrut'''....''illustrator''<br>'''mansinut'''....''photographer''<br>'''pansinut'''....''movie-maker'' |- | '''dresin'''....''design'' || '''dresin'''....''a design'' || '''dresinut'''....''designer'' |- | '''sindren'''....''drawing'' || '''sindras'''....''a drawing'' || '''sindrut'''....''draftsman'' |- |'''saz'''....''sculpture'' || '''sazun'''....''piece of sculpture, statue'' || '''sazut'''....''sculptor'' |- |'''suz'''....''display art'' || '''suzun'''....''artifact'' || '''suzyanamut'''....''museum director'' |- |'''volz'''....''color'' || || |- | '''daz'''....''dance''|| '''dazun'''....''a dance''|| '''dazut'''....''dancer'' |- | '''dyaz'''....''ballet'' || '''dyazun'''....''ballet performance'' || '''dyazut'''....''danseur''<br>'''dyazuyt'''....''ballerina'' |- |'''dez'''....''theater, performance art''<br>'''aztosdez'''....''melodrama''<br>'''vyamdez'''....''drama''<br>'''ivdez'''....''comedy''<br>'''uvdez'''....''tragedy''||'''dezun'''....''play''||'''dezut'''....''actor, performer'' |- | '''diz'''....''comedy''|| '''dizun'''....''comedy act'' || '''dizut'''....''comedian'' |- | '''podiz'''....''circus performing'' || '''podizun'''....''circus act'' || '''podizut'''....''clown'' |- |'''duz'''....''music'' || '''duzun'''....''music piece'' <br>'''duzdin'''....''operetta''<br>'''duzdinag'''....''opera''|| '''duzut'''....''musician'' |- |'''dyez'''....''cinema''||'''dyezun'''....''movie'' || '''dyezut'''....''film actor'' |- |'''drez'''....''poetry'' || '''drezun'''....''poem'' || '''drezut'''....''poet'' |- |'''vidrenyan'''....''literature, belles lettres'' || '''vidras'''....''piece of literature'' ||'''drut'''....''writer'' |- |'''teuz'''....''voice'' || || |- |'''deuz'''....''singing''||'''deuzun'''....''song'' || '''deuzut'''....''singer'' |- |'''seux'''....''sound'' || || |- |'''xeus'''....''noise'' || || |- |'''seuz'''....''tone'' || || |} === '''VOB''' ''crop'' === : The baseword '''vob''' is the top-level of a family of words having to do with crops, plants, grains, and flowers. {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Crops |- | '''vob'''....''crop''<br>----'''vol'''....''vegetable''<br>----'''vos'''....''flower'' |- | '''vab'''....''grass''<br>----'''umvab'''....''hay''<br>----'''fuvab'''....''weed''<br>----'''vabij'''....''germ'' |- | '''veb'''....''tuft, cob, ear, head, spike''<br>----'''veel'''....''bean, legume''<br>----'''veeb'''....''seed''<br>----'''veeyb'''....''grain'' |- | '''vib'''....''stem'' |- | '''vub'''....''shoot, blade, twig''<br>----'''vulob'''....''thorn'' |- | '''vyob'''....''tuber'' |} {{small/end}} [[File:New World Domesticated plants.JPG|thumb|]] ==== VOB/VAB/VEB/VIB/VUB/VEEB/VEEYB/VYOB Words ==== : Here is a list of crops with their Linnaean taxonomic designations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :'''vob''': ''crop'' :'''mefavob''': ''alfalfa'', spec=''Fabaceae Medicago sativa'' :'''lamvob''': ''sage family plants'', spec=''Lamiaceae'' :*'''basoclamvob''': ''basil'', spec=''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' :*'''rossallamvob''': ''rosemary'', spec=''Lamiaceae Salvia rosmarinus'' :*'''purlamvob''': ''white dead-nettle'', spec=''Lamiaceae Lamium purpureum'' :'''bravob''': ''mustard plants'', spec=''Brassicaceae'' :*'''nabravob''': ''rutabaga, colza, rape seed, rapeseed'', spec=''Brassicaceae Brassica napus'' :'''agvob''': ''mushroom, champignon, agaric'', spec=''Agaricaceae Agaricus bisporus'' :'''livob''': ''flax, linen, linseed'', spec=''Linaceae Linum usitatissimum'' :'''polivob''': ''buckwheat crops'', spec=''Polygonaceae'' :*'''fapolivob''': ''buckwheat'', spec=''Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentum'' :'''nivob''': ''tobacco'', spec=''Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum'' :'''sakvob''': ''sugarcane'', spec=''Saccharum'' :'''malvob''': ''mallow'', spec=''Malvaceae'' :*'''kormalvob''': ''canvas, jute'', spec=''Malvaceae Corchorus olitorius'' :*'''gosmalvob''': ''cotton'', spec=''Malvaceae Gossypium'' :'''satalvob''': ''garlic'', spec=''Alium sativum'' :'''polvob''': ''fern'', spec=''Polypodiophyta'', old=ryuvob :'''kanvob''': ''hash, hasheesh, hashish, hemp, cannabis, marijuana, pot'', spec=''Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa'' :*'''celkanvob''': ''hackberry'', spec=''Cannabaceae Celtis'' :*'''hukanvob''': ''hop'', spec=''Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus'' :'''povob''': ''cereal, grain'', spec=''Poaceae '' :*'''frapovob''': ''reed, thatch'', spec=''Poaceae Phragmites austsralis'' :*'''papovob''': ''millet'', spec=''Poaceae Paniceae'' :*'''sepovob''': ''rye'', spec=''Poacea Secale cereale'' :*'''zepovob''': ''corn, maize, Indian corn'', spec=''Poaceae Zea mays'' :*'''tripovob''': ''wheat'', spec=''Poaceae Triticum aestivum'' :*'''bampovob''': ''bamboo'', spec=''Poaceae Bambuseae'' :*'''bropovob''': ''brome grass'', spec=''Poaceae Bromus'' :*'''orpovob''': ''rice'', spec=''Poaceae Oryza sativa'' :*'''horpovob''': ''barley'', spec=''Poaceae Hordeum vulgare'' :*'''sorpovob''': ''sorghum'', spec=''Poaceae Sorghum'' :*'''avpovob''': ''oat'', spec=''Poaceae Avena sativa'' :'''arvob''': ''goober, peanut'', spec=''Arachis hypogaea'' :'''urvob''': ''nettle, stinging nettle'', spec=''Urticaceae Urtica dioica'' :'''asvob''': ''daisy family'', spec=''Asteraceae'' :*'''helasvob''': ''sunflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Helianthus annuus'' :*'''arasvob''': ''wormwood'', spec=''Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium'' :*'''karasvob''': ''thistle'', spec=''Asteraceae Carduus'' </div> {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Crop Derivatives |- ! CROP !! DERIVATIVES |- | '''povob'''....''cereal, grain'' || '''povel'''....''bread'' |- | '''tripovob'''....''wheat'' || '''tripovol'''....''flour'' |- | '''sepovob'''....''rye'' || '''sepovel'''....''rye bread'' |- | '''hukanvob'''....''hop'' || '''hukanvil'''....''beer'' |- | '''orpovob'''....''rice'' || '''orpovil'''....''sake'' |- | '''avpovob'''....''oat'' || '''avpoveil'''....''oatmeal'' |- | '''kanvob'''....''hemp'' || '''kanvol'''....''hashish'' |- | '''helasvob'''....''sunflower'' || '''helasveeb'''....''sunflower seed'' |- | '''zepovob'''....''corn, maize'' || '''zevofil'''....''whiskey, bourbon'' |- | '''nivob'''....''tobacco'' || '''nivol'''....''nicotine'' |- | '''sakvob'''....''sugarcane''|| '''sakol'''....''sugar'' |- | '''luvob'''....''reed, thatch''|| '''luvobwa'''....''thatched'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VOL''' ''vegetable'' === {{small/top}} :*'''vol''': ''vegetable'' ::*'''kavol''': ''honeysuckle'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae'' :::*'''valkavol''': ''corn salad, lamb's lettuce'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Valerianella locusta'' ::*'''lamvol''': spice spec=Lamiaceae :::*'''tilamvol''': ''thyme'', spec=''Lamiaceae Thymus vulgarus'' :::*'''soklamvol''': ''basil'', spec=''Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum'' :::*'''orlamvol''': ''oregano'', spec=''Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare'' :::*'''sallamvol''': ''rosemary'', spec=''Lamiaceae Salvia rosmarinus'' :::*'''ollavol''': ''English pea, garden pea, sweet pea'', spec=''Lathyrus oleraceus'' ::*'''aspavol''': ''asparagus'', spec=''Asparagaceae Asparagus officialis'' :::*'''agaspavol''': ''agave'', spec=''Asparagaceae Agave americana'' :::*'''tekagaspavol''': ''blue agave'', spec=''Asparagaceae Agave tequilana'' :::*'''yukaspavol''': ''yucca'', spec=''Asparagaceae Yucca filamentosa'' ::*'''bravol''': ''cabbage, mustard, crucifer'', spec=''Brassicaceae'' :::*'''nabravol''': ''rutabaga, turnip'', spec=''Brassica napus'' :::*'''rabravol''': ''turnip'', spec=''Brassica rapa'' :::*'''rafbravol''': ''radish'', spec=''Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus'' :::*'''narabravol''': ''tasoi, tat toi, spoon cabbage, rosette bok choy'', spec=''Brassica Rapa narinosa'' :::*'''olbravol''': ''cabbage, cole'', spec=''Brassica oleracea'' :::*'''sabolbravol''': ''kale, collard greens'', spec=''Brassica oleracea sabellica'' :::*'''gemolbravol''': ''Brussels sprout'', spec=''Brassica oleracea gemmifera'' :::*'''kapolbravol''': ''red cabbage'', spec=''Brassica Oleracea capitata'' :::*'''itolbravol''': ''broccoli'', spec=''Brassica oleracea italica'' :::*'''botolbravol''': ''cauliflower'', spec=''Brassica oleracea botrytis'' :::*'''erbravol''': ''arugula'', spec=''Brassicaceae Eruca vesicaria'' :::*'''nasbravol''': ''watercress'', spec=''Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale'' :::*'''encivol''': ''escarole, endive, chicory'', spec=''Cichorium endivia'' ::*'''divol''': ''yam'', spec=''Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea old''=kavol ::*'''polivol''': ''buckwheat'', spec=''Polygonaceae'' :::*'''rewmpolivol''': ''rhubard'', spec=''Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum'' :::*'''rupolivol''': ''sorrel'', spec=''Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa'' ::*'''alvol''': ''scallion, green onion, herb'', spec=''Allium'' :::*'''amalvol''': ''leek'', spec=''Allium ampeloprasum'' :::*'''skoynalvol''': ''chive'', spec=''Allium schoenoprasum'' :::*'''cepalvol''': ''onion'', spec=''Allium cepa'' :::*'''asalvol''': ''shallot'', spec=''Alium ascalonicum'' :::*'''satalvol''': ''garlic'', spec=''Allium sativum'' ::*'''abmalvol''': ''okra, gumbo'', spec=''Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus'' ::*'''amvol''': ''amaranth'', spec=''Amaranthaceae'' :::*'''spinamvol''': ''spinach'', spec=''Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea'' :::*'''betamvol''': ''beet'', spec=''Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris'' ::*'''menvol''': ''mint'', spec=''Mentheae'' :::*'''spimenvol''': ''spearmint, garden mint'', spec=''Mentheae Mentha spicata'' ::*'''zinvol''': ''ginger'', spec=''Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale'' :::*'''kurzinvol''': ''turmeric'', spec=''Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa'' ::*'''cimpovol''': ''lemongrass'', spec=''Poaceae Cymbopogon'' ::*'''sovol''': ''nightshade'', spec=''Solanaceae'' :::*'''mesovol''': ''aubergine, eggplant, brinjal, baigan'', spec=''Solanaceae Solanum melongena'' :::*'''lisovol''': ''tomato'', spec=''Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum'' :::*'''kapsovol''': ''pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum'' :::*'''akapsovol''': ''chili pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''ekapsovol''': ''bell pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''ikapsovol''': ''cayenne pepper'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''ukapsovol''': ''jalapeno'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum annuum'' :::*'''frukapsovol''': ''tabasco'', spec=''Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens'' :::*'''tusovol''': ''potato, spud, tater'', spec=''Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum'' ::*'''apvol''': ''umbellifer'', spec=''Apiaceae'' :::*'''makonapvol''': ''hemlock'', spec=''Apiaceae Conium maculatum'' :::*'''foynapvol''': ''fennel'', spec=''Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare'' :::*'''korapvol''': ''coriander, cilantro'', spec=''Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum'' :::*'''pasapvol''': ''parsnip'', spec=''Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa'' :::*'''krispetapvol''': ''parsley'', spec=''Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum'' :::*'''gravapvol''': ''celery'', spec=''Apiaceae Apium graveolens'' :::*'''kadawapvol''': ''carrot'', spec=''Apiaceae Daucus carota'' ::*'''kokarvol''': ''heart of palm, swamp cabbage'', spec=''Arecaceae Cocos'' :::*'''eskolaravol''': ''taro'', spec=''Araceae Colocasia esculenta'' ::*'''asvol''': ''sunflower, aster, daisy family'', spec=''Asteraceae'' :::*'''lakasvol''': ''lettuce, salad, garden lettuce'', spec=''Asteraceae Lactuta sativa'' :::*'''lonsalakasvol''': ''romaine lettuce'', spec=''Asteraceae Lactuta sativa longifolia'' :::*'''cikasvol''': ''chicory'', spec=''Asteraceae Cichorium intybus'' :::*'''incikasvol''': ''radicchio'', spec=''Asteraceae Cichorium intybus'' :::*'''helasvol''': ''Jerusalem artichoke, sunroot, sunchoke, topinambur'', spec=''Asteraceae Helianthus tuberosus'' :::*'''cinasvol''': ''artichoke'', spec=''Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus'' :::*'''tarasvol''': ''dandelion, mustard greens'', spec=''Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale'' :::*'''brasasvol''': ''cruciferous vegetable'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica'' :::*'''nabrasasvol''': ''rutabaga'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica napus'' :::*'''rabrasasvol''': ''turnip'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica rapa'' :::*'''olbrasasvol''': ''cabbage'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea'' :::*'''awaolbrasasvol''': ''cauliflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea var''. one :::*'''gonolbrasasvol''': ''kohlrabi, turnip cabbage'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea Gongylodes'' :::*'''virolbrasasvol''': ''collard greens'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea var''. viridis :::*'''itolbrasasvol''': ''broccoli'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica oleracea var''. italica :::*'''yunbrasasvol''': ''canola,'', spec=''Asteraceae Brassica juncea'' ::*'''kuvol''': ''squash, gourd, cucurbit'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Curcurbita'' :::*'''lakuvol''': ''calabash'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria'' :::*'''makuvol''': ''pumpkin'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima'' :::*'''sakuvol''': ''cucumber'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus'' :::*'''bekuvol''': ''wax gourd'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Curcurbita Benincasa'' :::*'''mekuvol''': ''honeydew, muskmelon, melon'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melom'' :::*'''pekuvol''': ''gourd, squash, pepo'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo'' :::*'''cikuvol''': ''watermelon'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus'' :::*'''praykuvol''': ''Indian squash'', spec=''Cucurbitaceae Curcurbita Praecitrullus'' ::*'''lawvol''': ''laurel family'', spec=''Lauraceae'' :::*'''perlawvol''': ''avocado'', spec=''Lauraceae Persea americana'' {{small/end}} === '''VEEL''' ''Legume'' === {{small/top}} :*'''veel''': ''legume'' ::*'''faveel''': ''bean, legume'', spec=''Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris'' ::*'''odlafaveel''': ''sweat pea'', spec=''Fabaceae Lathyrus odoratus'' ::*'''ollafaveel''': ''pea'', spec=''Fabaceae Lathyrus oleraceus'' ::*'''vigfaveel''': ''black-eyed pea'', spec=''Faseolus Vigna unguiculata'' :::*'''ravigfaveel''': ''mung bean, green gram, maash, monggo, pesalu, munggo'', spec=''Fabaceae Vigna radiata'', old=gyeveel ::*'''cifaveel''': ''chickpea'', spec=''Fabaceae Cicer arietinum'' ::*'''glifaveel''': ''soybean, soy'', spec=''Fabaceae Glycine max'' ::*'''pifaveel''': ''sugar snap pea, snap pea, pea'', spec=''Fabaceae Pisum sativum'' ::*'''lupifaveel''': ''lima bean, runner bean'', spec=''Fabaceae Pisum lunatus'' ::*'''vifaveel''': ''vetch, broad bean, fava bean, Vicia faba, faba bean'', spec=''Fabaceae Vicia faba'' :::*'''ervifaveel''': ''bitter vetch'', spec=''Fabaceae Vicia ervilia'' ::*'''kokfaveel''': ''green bean, string bean, runner bean, butter bean'', spec=''Fabaceae Phaseolus coccineus'' ::*'''lensfaveel''': ''lentil'', spec=''Fabaceae Lens culinaris'' ::*'''arveel''': ''peanut'', spec=''Arachis hypogaea'' {{small/end}} === '''VOS''' ''flower'' === : Summary: ==== Flower Parts ==== [[File:Madeira-flowers hg.jpg|thumb|]] : These are the main parts of a flower: :* '''vos'''....''flower, blossom, bloom'' ::*'''vayeb'''....''petal'' :::*'''bolvayeb'''....''sepal'' :::*'''vayebzyus'''....''whorl'' ::::*'''oyebvayebzyus'''....''calyx'' ::*'''jwavos'''....''bud, early bloom'' ::*'''vosyeb'''....''receptacle'' ::*'''vosmek'''...''pollen'' :::*'''vosmekyem'''....''anther'' :::*'''vosmekibar'''....''stigma'' :::*'''vosmek muyfyeg'''....''pollen tube'' :::*'''vosmek veeyb'''....''pollen grain'' ::*'''tooybgon'''....''pistil'' ::*'''vosij'''....''ovule'' :::*'''vosijyem'''....''ovary'' ::*'''twoobgon'''....''stamen'' :::*'''twoobgoniyf'''....''filament'' ::*'''vib'''....''peduncle, stem'' ==== Flower Words ==== : Some general flower words: :* '''voses'''....''floweret, floret'' :* '''vosyan'''....''inflorescence, bouquet'' :* '''vosmekuer'''....''to pollinate'' :* '''vosyijer'''....''to bloom, to blossom, to flower, to bud'' :* '''vosuer'''....''to bloom, to effloresce, to bud, to blossom'' :* '''vosber'''....''to deck out with flowers'' :* '''vosdrer'''....''to paraph'' ::* '''vosdrun'''....''flourish, paraph, rubric'' :* '''vosnam'''....''florist shop'' ::* '''vosnamut'''....''florist'' :* '''vostebuz'''....''wreath'' :* '''vostejben'''....''horticulture, floriculture'' :* '''voszyeb'''....''vase'' :* '''vossyeb'''....''flowerpot'' :* '''vosdeym'''....''flower garden'' :* '''vosyem'''....''flower bed'' ==== Types of Flowers ==== {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> :'''vos''': ''flower'' :'''favos''': ''pea flower'', spec=''Fabaceae'' :*'''klifavos''': ''clianthus, kakabeak'', spec=''Fabaceae Clianthus'' :*'''mifavos''': ''mimosa'', spec=''Fabaceae Mimosa pudica'' :*'''infavos''': ''indigo flower'', spec=''Fabaceae Indigofera'' :'''lokavos''': ''honeysuckle'', spec=''Caprifoliaceae Lonicera'' :'''lavos''': ''lavender'', spec=''Lamiaceae Lavandula'' :'''anplavos''': ''snapdragon'', spec=''Plantadinaceaa Antirrhinum'' :'''pavos''': ''poppy'', spec=''Papaver'' :*'''sompavos''': ''opium poppy'', spec=''Papaver somniferum'' :'''hiaspavos''': ''bluebell flower'', spec=''Asparagaceae Hyacinthoides'' :'''gevos''': ''geranium'', spec=''Geraniaceae'', Geranium :'''nevos''': ''lotus'', spec=''Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo'' :'''magvos''': ''magnolia'', spec=''Magnoliaceae Magnolia'' :'''hivos''': ''hydrangea'', spec=''Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea'' :'''livos''': ''lily'', spec=''Liliaceae Lilium'' :*'''tulivos''': ''tulip'', spec=''Liliaceae Tulipa'' :'''privos''': ''primrose'', spec=''Primulaceae Primula'' :'''vivos''': ''viola, violet'', spec=''Violaceae Viola'' :*'''horvivos''': ''pansy'', spec=''Violaceae Viola hortensis'' :'''akvos''': ''acanthus mollis'', spec=''Acanthaceae Acanthus mollis'' :'''balvos''': ''balsam, touch-me-not'', spec=''Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina'' :'''himalvos''': ''hibiscus'', spec=''Malvaceae Hibiscus'' :'''sirolvos''': ''lilac'', spec=''Oleaceae Syringa'' :'''amarvos''': ''amaranth'', spec=''Amaranthaceae Amaranthus'' :'''naramvos''': ''daffodil, narcissus, jonquil'', spec=''Amaryllidaceae Narcissus'' :'''nimvos''': ''waterlily'', spec=''Nymphaeaceae'' :'''linvos''': ''flax'', spec=''Linaceae Linum'' :'''mibovos''': ''forget-me-not'', spec=''Boraginaceae Mysotis'' :'''rovos''': ''rose'', spec=''Rosaceae Rosa'' :'''rodovos''': ''rhododendron'', spec=''Ericaceae Rhododendron'' :'''apvos''': ''umbellifer'', spec=''Apiaceae'' :*'''anapvos''': ''angelica'', spec=''Apiaceae Angelica'' :*'''erapvos''': ''sea holly'', spec=''Apiaceae Eryngium maritimum'' :*'''korapvos''': ''coriander'', spec=''Apiaceae Coriandrum'' :*'''kasapovos''': ''yellow oleander'', spec=''Apocynaceae Cascabela thevetia'' :'''arvos''': ''aroid, arum'', spec=''Araceae'' :*'''lemarvos''': ''bayroot'', spec=''Araceae Lemnoideae '' :*'''potarvos''': ''peace lily'', spec=''Araceae Pothoideae'' :'''kardivos''': ''carnation, clove pink'', spec=''Caryophyillaceae Dianthus caryophyllus'' :'''irvos''': ''iris'', spec=''Irideae Iris'' :*'''krokirvos''': ''crocus, saffron'', spec=''Iridaceae Crocus'' :'''orvos''': ''orchid'', spec=''Orchidaceae Orchis'' :*'''vanorvos''': ''vanilla'', spec=''Orchidaceae Vanilla planifolia'', dyafab :'''asvos''': ''star-shaped flow'', spec=''Asteraceae'' :*'''dahasvos''': ''dahlia'', spec=''Asteraceae'', Dahlia :*'''kalasvos''': ''marigold, yellow marigold'', spec=''Asteraceae Calendula'' :*'''pebelasvos''': ''daisy'', spec=''Asteraceae Bellis perennis'' :*'''helasvos''': ''sunflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Helianthus annuus'' :*'''kamasvos''': ''chamomile'', spec=''Asteraceae Chamaemelum nobile'' :*'''cicenasvos''': ''blueberry, cornflower'', spec=''Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus'' :*'''konasvos''': ''lily of the valley'', spec=''Asparagacea Convallaria'' :*'''girasvos''': ''purple passion'', spec=''Asteraceae Gynura aurantiaca'' :*'''krisasvos''': ''chrysanthemum'', spec=''Asteraceae Chrysanthemum'' :'''aspavos''': ''asparagus'', spec=''Asparagaceae'' :*'''danaspavos''': ''laurel'', spec=''Asparagaceae Danae racemosa'' :*'''hiaspavos''': ''hyacinth'', spec=''Asparagaceae Hyancinthus'' :'''oljasvos''': ''jasmine'', spec=''Oleaceae Jasminum'' :'''akisvos''': ''columbine'', spec=''Isopyroideae Aquilegia'' :'''dikruvos''': ''dittany'', spec=''Rutaceae Dictamnus'' :'''karawvos''': ''periwinkle'', spec=''Rauvolfioideae Catharanthus roseus'' :'''payvos''': ''peony'', spec=''Paeoniaceae Paeonia'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''VOLZ''' ''color'', '''-LZ''' === : The root word '''volz''' means ''color, hue'' and has a stub form, '''-lz'''. : The basic colors are based numerically on the natural color spectrum: :* '''olza'''....''blank - 0'' :* '''alza'''....''red - 1'' :* '''elza'''....''orange - 2'' :* '''ilza'''....''yellow - 3'' :* '''ulza'''....''green - 4'' :* '''yolza'''....''blue - 5'' :* '''yalza'''....''purple - 6'' :* '''yelza'''....''indigo - 7'' : Other important colors are: :* '''malza'''....''white'' :* '''molza'''....''black'' :* '''maolza'''....''gray'' :* '''melza'''....''brown'' :* '''aolza'''....''pink'' : Some strength-modifying prefixes: :* '''oz-''' (''light-, pale-, -ish'') ::* '''ozyolza'''....''light blue'' ::* '''ozilza'''....''blond, pale yellow'' :* '''az-''' (''dark-'') ::* '''azmelza'''....''dark brown'' :* '''maz-''' (''bright-'') ::* '''mazilza'''....''bright yellow'' :* '''moz-''' (''dim-, dull-'') ::* '''mozmalza'''....''dull-white'' :* '''eyn-''' (''semi-'') ::* '''eynilza'''.... ''semi-yellow'' :* '''gwa-''' or '''ik-''' (''pure, absolutely, as x as can be'') ::* '''gwaulza'''....''pure green'' ::* '''ikmalza'''....''pure white'' ::* '''ikalza'''....''as red as can be'' ::* '''ikmolza'''....''jet black'' :* '''yiz-''' (''ultra'') ::* '''yizuilza'''....''ultramarine'' : Color strengths can also be modified by the prefixes '''-ayna''' (''strong'') or '''-oyna''' (''weak''), or even '''-yena''' (''like, -ish''). :* '''alz<u>ayna</u>'''....''bright red'' :* '''alz<u>oyna</u>'''....''reddish'' :* '''yulz<u>yena</u>'''....''blueish, blue-like'' : Here are some hybrid colors: :* '''aolza'''....''pink'' (red + white) :* '''uilza'''....''marine, blue-green'' :* '''maolza'''....''gray'' (white + black) : Colors can be modified by prefixed/hyphenated nouns: :* '''mef-alza'''....''brick red'' :* '''rovos-aolza'''....''rose pink'' :* '''imez-alza'''....''ruby red'' :* '''caulk-yolza'''....''cobalt blue'' : Colors referring to hair, skin complexion, or eyes are prefixed with '''taye(b)-''', '''tayo(b)-''', and '''tea(b)-''', respectively. The final '''b''' is retained before colors beginning with a vowel, but dropped otherwise. :* '''tayebozilza'''....''blond-haired'' :* '''tayemolza'''....''brunette'' :* '''tayebalza'''....''red-headed'' :* '''tayomelza'''....''brown-skinned'' :* '''tayomalza'''....''white(-skinned)'' :* '''tayomolza'''....''black(-skinned)'' :* '''teayolza'''....''blue-eyed'' :* '''teayulza'''....''green-eyed'' : Colors can be verbalized: :* '''alzaser'''....''to turn red, to blush'' :* '''molzaxer'''....''to blacken (tr.)'' :* '''Ata tyep olzasa.'''....''My brain went blank.'' :* '''Eta tayob yulzaso.'''....''Your skin will bruise.'' : Keep the following color terms distinct: :* '''maolza'''....''gray'' :* '''malza-molza'''....''black & white (t.v.)'' :* '''volza'''....''color (t.v.)'' :* '''ovolza'''....''achromatic'' :* '''olza'''....''blank'' : A few other color derivatives: :* '''anvolza'''....''monochromatic'' :* '''dip-yolza'''....''navy blue'' :* '''drur-aolza'''....''magenta'' :* '''patijilz'''....''egg yolk'' :* '''patijmalz'''....''egg white'' :* '''eynmolza'''....''grizzled'' :* '''dril-molza'''....''ink black'' :* '''duhovolza?'''....''what color?'' :* '''hyevolza'''....''any color'' :* '''gelvolza'''....''homochromatic'' :* '''involza'''....''tricolor'' :* '''omalzat''' (or) '''otayomalzat'''....''non-white (person)'' :* '''tebsinalza'''....''red-faced'' :* '''tayebolzat'''....''albino'' :* '''Malyom-malzayt'''....''Snow White'' :* '''teobalza'''....''flushed, blushing'' (= ''cheek-red'') :* '''alzaxwa teabi'''....''blood-shot eyes'' :* '''alzmelza'''....''sepia'' :* '''alztiiba'''....''red-blooded'' :* '''alztiibum'''....''red blood cell'' ::* '''alztiibumgron'''....''anemia'' ::* '''alztiibummul'''....''hemoglobin'' === '''XOB''' ''organization'' === : The word '''xob''' refers to any kind of hierarchical organization that has a staff, departments, and branches. :* '''xob'''....''organization, company, firm, body'' ::* '''xab'''....''staff, management'' ::* '''xeb'''....''boss, leader, manager, chief'' (stub = '''-eb''') ::* '''xib'''....''department, bureau, office'' ::* '''xub'''....''branch'' ::* '''xyob'''....''headquarters, base'' : The church is an organization with the following hierarchy: :* '''fyaxob'''....''church'' ::* '''fyaxab'''....''clergy'' :::* '''fyaxeb'''....''priest'' ::::* '''yabfyaxeb'''....''high priest, prelate'' ::::* '''afyaxeb'''....''pope'' :::::* '''obafyaxeb'''....''cardinal'' ::::* '''efyaxeb'''....''bishop'' :::::* '''abefyaxeb'''....''archbishop'' ::::* '''ifyaxeb'''....''parish priest'' :::::* '''abifyaxeb'''....''monseignor'' :::::* '''obifyaxeb'''....''deacon'' ==== XAB Words ==== : The word '''xab''' refers to the staff of an organization, eg.: :* '''fyaxab'''....''clergy'' :* '''pontam xab'''....''hotel staff'' :* '''zyasauna xab'''....''general staff'' :* '''doxab'''....''public office'' :* '''dabxab'''....''government office'' ==== XEB Words ==== : The root word '''xeb''' means ''boss, chief, head''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :*'''xeb'''....''boss'' ::*'''abxeb'''....''foreman'' ::*'''afxeb'''....''authority'' ::*'''afyaxeb'''....''metropolitan, patriarch, pontiff, pope, primate'' :::*'''afyaxeba'''....''papal'' ::*'''beaxeb'''....''head watchman, warden'' ::*'''dokexeb'''....''principal investigator'' ::*'''efyaxeb'''....''bishop'' :::*'''efyaxeba'''....''episcopal'' ::::*'''efyaxeban'''....''episcopate'' ::::*'''efyaxebina'''....''episcopalian'' ::*'''exeb'''....''chief of operations'' ::*'''ifyaxeb'''....''curate, imam, parish priest, parson, preacher, priest, rabbi, vicar'' :::*'''romifyaxeb'''....''monsignor'' :::*'''obifyaxeb'''....''deacon'' :::*'''ifyaxeba'''....''priestly, sacerdotal'' :::*'''ifyaxebam'''....''rectory'' :::*'''ifyaxeban'''....''priesthood'' :::*'''ifyaxebem'''....''parish'' ::::*'''ifyaxebema'''....''parochial'' ::*'''izonkexeb'''....''scoutmaster'' ::*'''koexeb'''....''spymaster'' ::*'''obxeb'''....''inferior, sous-chef, sub-officer'' ::*'''oybxeb'''....''underling'' ::*'''sexeb'''....''master builder'' ::*'''tulxeb'''....''chef'' ::*'''tulyuxeb'''....''head waiter'' ::*'''vafilyuxeb'''....''sommelier, wine steward'' ::*'''xeber'''....''boss, run'' ::*'''xebyan'''....''officialdom'' ::*'''xebyea'''....''bossy'' ::*'''yexeb'''....''boss, task master'' ::*'''yibnyuxeb'''....''postmaster'' ::*'''yufxeber'''....''browbeat'' {{small/end}} ==== XIB Words ==== : The root word '''xib''' means ''department''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} ::*'''xib'''....''department'' :::*'''xiba'''....''departmental, official'' :::*'''xibut'''....''official, officer'' :::*'''ebxiba'''....''interdepartmental'' :::*'''obxib'''....''subdepartment'' {{small/end}} ==== XUB Words ==== : The root word '''xub''' means ''branch, subsidiary''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :*'''xub'''....''branch, subsidiary, affiliate'' ::*'''xuba'''....''subsidiary, succursal'' ::*'''xubser'''....''branch out'' ::*'''xubxwa'''....''branched out, affiliated'' ::*'''abxub'''....''head office'' ::*'''ayba xub'''....''superior department'' ::*'''obxub'''....''subbranch, subsidiary'' {{small/end}} ==== XYOB Words ==== : The root word '''xyob''' means ''headquarters, base''. {{small/top}} :* '''xyob'''....''headquarters, base'' ::* '''xyoba'''....''ground-floor, rank-and-file'' :::* '''xyobat'''....''clerk, rank-and-file'' ::* '''xyober'''....''to headquarter, to base'' :::* '''xyobwa'''....''headquartered, based'' {{small/end}} === '''A''' ''one'', '''O''' ''zero'' === ==== A words ==== : The root word '''a''' means ''one''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :* '''a'''....''one'' (cardinal number) :* '''awa'''....''one'' (numeric adjective) :* '''ajod'''....''once'' :* '''anapa'''....''first'' :* '''anoga'''....''primary'' :* '''aa'''....''first'' ::* '''aas'''....''first thing'' ::* '''aat'''....''first person'' :* '''an-'''....''mono-, uni-'' ::* '''ana'''....''single, lone, only'' :::* '''anay'''....''only'' ::* '''angala'''....''simple'' ::* '''angon'''....''monomer'' ::* '''anyan'''....''series'' ::* '''ankuna'''....''unilateral'' ::* '''anla'''....''alone'' :::* '''anlat'''....''loner, hermit'' ::::* '''anlatam'''....''hermitage'' ::* '''anmeg'''....''monolith'' ::* '''ansaga'''....''singular'' ::* '''ansaun'''....''species'' ::* '''anseuza'''....''monotone'' ::* '''antada'''....''monogamous'' ::* '''anteuza'''....''unanimous'' ::* '''andeb'''....''monarch'' ::* '''anteabar'''....''monacle'' ::* '''antima'''....''unicameral'' ::* '''antotin'''....''monotheism'' ::* '''anvolza'''....''monochrome'' ::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' ::* '''anyan'''....''set, series'' ::* '''anyen'''....''quirk, oddity, character'' ::* '''anzyukpar'''....''unicycle'' :* '''aot'''....''individual, person'' ::* '''aota'''....''personal, individual'' :::* '''aotan'''....''personality, individuality'' :* '''anot'''....''private individual'' ::* '''anota'''....''private'' :::* '''anotan'''....''privacy'' :* '''aon'''....''unit, entity'' ::* '''aona'''....''unitary'' :* '''aun'''....''component, item, monad'' ::* '''aunxer'''....''itemize'' :::* '''aunxwa'''....''itemized'' :* '''ayn'''....''a whole'' ::* '''ayna'''....''entire, whole'' :::* '''aynan'''....''entirety, wholeness'' :::* '''aynay'''....''wholly, entirely'' ::* '''aynxer'''....''to integrate'' :::* '''aynxen'''....''integration'' :::* '''aynxwa'''....''integrated'' {{small/end}} ==== O Words ==== : The root word '''o''' means ''zero''. Here are some derived words: {{small/top}} :* '''o'''....''zero, null'' :* '''o-'''....''not-, un-'' ::* '''oa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''onapa'''....''zeroth'' ::* '''owa'''....''zero, null'' :* '''oun'''....''nil, nonentity, null'' ::* '''ounxer'''....''anihilate, nullify'' :::* '''ounxwa'''....''anihilated, nullified'' {{small/end}} === '''YAN''' ''together'', '''YON''' ''apart'' === : The base morpheme '''yan''' (''together'') contrasts with '''yon''' (''apart''). The following chart demonstrates this polarity: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAN vs YON Family | '''yana'''....''joint'' || '''yona'''....''separate'' |- | '''yan bi'''....''together with'' || '''yon bi'''....''apart from'' |- | '''yanxer'''....''to join'' || '''yonxer'''....''to separate'' |- | '''yanxwa'''....''joint'' || '''yonxwa'''....''separate'' |- | '''yantadser'''....''to mate'' || '''yontadser'''....''to divorce'' |- | '''yantos'''....''compassion'' || '''yontos'''....''antipathy'' |- | '''yanav'''....''party, bloc'' || '''yonav'''....''sect, faction'' |- | '''yanuzper'''....''to converge'' || '''yonuzper'''....''to diverge'' |- | '''yanota'''....''communal'' || '''yonota'''....''private'' |- | '''yansauna'''....''common'' || '''yonsauna'''....''distinct'' |- | '''yanber'''....''assemble'' || '''yonber'''....''take apart'' |- | '''yank'''....''link'' || '''yonk'''....''rift'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Collective Nouns ==== : The suffix '''-yan''' is used to form collective nouns. Here are some examples: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Collective Nouns with -YAN |- ! SINGLETON !! COLLECTION |- | '''fab'''....''tree'' || '''fabyan'''....''forest'' |- | '''vyab'''....''rule'' || '''vyabyan'''....''regimen, system'' |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || '''vosyan'''....''bouquet'' |- | '''uzun'''....''ring'' || '''uzunyan'''....''chain'' |- | '''aot'''....''person'' || '''aotyan'''....''group'' |- | '''teyen'''....''idea'' || '''teyenyan'''....''ideology'' |- | '''tyenar'''....''tool of the trade'' || '''tyenyan'''....''technology'' |- | '''tixut'''....''student'' || '''tixutyan'''....''class'' |- | '''telar'''....''eating utensil'' || '''telaryan'''....''cutlery'' |- | '''sir'''....''machine'' || '''siryan'''....''machinery'' |- | '''pat'''....''bird'' || '''patyan'''....''flock'' |} {{small/end}} : An extension of '''yan''' is '''nyan''', meaning ''stack, pile, accumulation, crowd,'' and so is a bit more intensive: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Collective Nouns with -NYAN |- ! SINGLETON !! COLLECTION |- | '''pet'''....''land animal'' || '''petnyan'''....''herd'' |- | '''aot'''....''person'' || '''aotnyan'''....''crowd'' |- | '''dit'''....''citizen'' || '''ditnyan'''....''populace'' |- | '''taib'''....''bone'' || '''taibnyan'''....''skeleton'' |- | '''dun'''....''word'' || '''dunnyan'''....''list'' |- | '''vaob'''....''hay'' || '''vaobnyan'''....''haystack'' |- | '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magnyan'''....''pyre'' |- | '''draf'''....''card'' || '''drafnyan'''....''deck of cards'' |- | '''ao-'''....''vertical'' || '''aonyan'''....''list'' |- | '''ovbopet'''....''sheep'' || '''ovbopetnyan'''....''flock of sheep'' |- | '''taib'''....''bone'' || '''taibnyan'''....''skeleton'' |- | '''feb'''....''fruit'' || '''febnyan'''....''bunch (of fruit)'' |- | '''fyus'''....''scrap'' || '''fyusnyan'''....''scrapheap'' |} {{small/end}} : The following confusing terms should be kept distinct: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Collective Words |- ! NOUN !! ADJECTIVE |- | '''aot'''....''individual, person'' || '''aota'''....''personal'' |- | '''aut'''....''myself'' || '''auta'''....''my own'' |- | '''anot'''....''individual'' || '''anota'''....''private'' |- | '''aotyan'''....''group'' || '''aotyana'''....''collective'' |- | '''aotnyan'''....''crowd'' || |- | '''tyod'''....''people'' || '''tyoda'''....''popular'' |- | '''tyodin'''....''populism'' || '''tyodina'''....''populist'' |- | '''ditdab'''....''republic'' || '''ditdaba'''....''republican'' |- | '''tyodab'''....''democracy'' || '''tyodaba'''....''democratic'' |- | '''yaut'''....''ourselves'' || '''yauta'''....''our own'' |- | '''yanot'''....''constituent, commoner'' || '''yanota'''....''common, collective, public'' |- | '''yanotyan'''....''community, constituency, public'' || '''yanotyana'''....''communitarian'' |- | '''yanotnyan'''....''commune, collective'' || '''yanotnyana'''....''communal, collective'' |- | '''yanotin'''....''communism'' || '''yaotina'''....''communist'' |- | '''dityan'''....''citizenry'' || '''dityana'''....''of the citizenry'' |- | '''ditnyan'''....''populace'' || '''ditnyana'''....''popular'' |- | '''ditnyanin'''....''populism'' || '''ditnyanina'''....''populist'' |- | '''yanav'''....''party'' (political) || '''yanava'''....''partisan'' |- | '''yaniv'''....''party'' (fun) || '''yaniva'''....''festive'' |- | '''yanutyan'''....''partnership'' || '''yanutyana'''....''partnership'' |} {{small/end}} : More collectives: {{small/top}} ::{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ More collective Words |- ! NOUN |- | '''detyan'''....''association'' |- | '''nundetyan'''....''company, firm'' |- | '''xalutyan'''....''commission, committee'' |- | '''ekutyan'''....''team'' |- | '''ublawatyan'''....''delegation'' |- | '''tyenutyan'''....''guild'' |- | '''niutyan'''....''clientele'' |- | '''tuunyan'''....''information'' |- | '''anyan'''....''series'' |- | '''tyunyan'''....''ideology'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AB''' ''on'', '''EB''' ''between'', '''OB''' ''off'' === : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AB-EB-OB Family |- valign=top | '''ab'''....''on''<br>'''ayb'''....''over''<br>'''aba'''....''superior''<br>'''abem'''....''top''<br>'''aber'''....''put on''<br>'''aper'''....''get on''<br>'''ayber'''....''to go over'' || '''eb'''....''between''<br>'''eyb'''....''among''<br>'''eba'''....''in-between''<br>'''ebem'''....''interval''<br>'''eber'''....''block''<br>'''eper'''....''intervene'' || '''ob'''....''off''<br>'''oyb'''....''under''<br>'''oba'''....''inferior''<br>'''obem'''....''bottom''<br>'''ober'''....''remove''<br>'''oper'''....''get off''<br>'''oyper'''....''to go under'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAB''' ''up'', '''YEB''' ''in'', '''YOB''' ''down'', '''OYEB''' ''out'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAB-YEB-YOB-OYEB Family |- valign=top |'''yab'''....''up''<br>'''yaber'''....''raise''<br>'''yaper'''....''rise''<br>'''yabna'''....''superior''<br>'''yaiba'''....''high''<br>'''yabaga'''....''tall''<br>'''yaboga'''....''short''<br>'''yabem'''....''upstairs'' ||'''yeb'''....''in''<br>'''yeber'''....''put in''<br>'''yeper'''....''get in''<br>'''yeba'''....''inner''<br>'''yeiba'''....''deep inside''<br>'''yebna'''....''interior''<br>'''yebem'''....''indoors''<br>'''oyepem'''....''entrance'' || '''yob'''....''down''<br>'''yober'''....''lower''<br>'''yoper'''....''descend''<br>'''yobna'''....''inferior''<br>'''yoba'''....''low''<br>'''youba'''....''shallow''<br>'''yoiba'''....''deep''<br>'''yobem'''....''downstairs'' |- | ||'''oyeb'''....''out''<br>'''oyeber'''....''put out''<br>'''oyeper'''....''get out''<br>'''oyeba'''....''outer''<br>'''oyebna'''....''exterior''<br>'''oyebem'''....''outdoors''<br>'''oyepem'''....''exit'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AM''' ''heat'', '''OM''' ''cold'', '''IM''' ''wet'', '''UM''' ''dry'' === : These root words are all related to thermal conditions. Here are some derivations: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Thermal Conditions |- | '''am'''....''heat'' || '''om''' ....''cold''|| '''im'''....''moisture''||'''um'''....''drought'' |- | '''ama'''....''hot'' || '''oma''' ....''cold''|| '''ima'''....''wet''|| '''uma'''....''dry'' |- | '''ayma'''....''warm'' || '''oyma''' ....''cool'' ||'''iyma'''....''humid''||'''uyma'''....''a little dry'' |- | '''amxer'''....''to heat'' || '''omxer''' ....''to cool''|| '''imxer'''....''to wet''|| '''umxer'''....''to dry'' |- | '''amxar'''....''heater'' || '''omxar''' ....''refrigerator'' ||'''imxar'''....''irrigator''||'''umxar'''....''dryer'' |} {{small/end}} : Note these derivatives: :* '''aoma'''....''lukewarm'' :* '''amana'''....''thermal'' :* '''amnag'''....''temperature'' ::* '''amnagar'''....''thermometer'' :* '''amnak'''....''degree of temperature'' === '''YAM''' ''fire'', '''YOM''' ''ice'', '''YIM'''....''flood'', '''YUM''' ''drought'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Thermal Conditions |- | '''yam''' ....''fire'' || '''yom'''....''ice''||'''yim'''....''flood'' ||'''yum'''....''drought'' |- | '''yama''' ....''fiery'' || '''yoma'''....''frozen'' || '''yima'''....''diluvian'' || '''yuma'''....''drought-ridden'' |- | '''yayma'''....''cozy'' || '''yoyma'''...''frosty''|| || |- | '''yamxer''' ....''to burn'' || '''yomxer'''....''to freeze'' || '''yimxer'''....''to flood'' || '''yumxer'''....''to cause a drought'' |- | '''yamxar'''....''burner'' || '''yomxar''' ....''freezer'' || || |} {{small/end}} : Note these derivative: : Note also: '''yam''' is a synonym of '''mag''' and '''yim''' is a synonym of '''ilik'''. === '''IB''' ''away'', '''UB''' ''toward''=== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IB-UB Family |- valign=top |'''ib'''....''away, away from''<br>'''iber'''....''receive''<br>'''iper'''....''leave''<br>'''ibler'''....''reap''<br>'''iblir'''....''reaper''<br>'''datiber'''....''to host''||'''ub'''....''toward''<br>'''uber'''....''send''<br>'''uper'''....''come''<br>'''uber'''....''to send''<br>'''ubun'''....''mission''<br>'''ubwatyan'''....''mission, delegation'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIB''' ''far'', '''YUB''' ''near'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIB-YUB Family |- valign=top |'''yib'''....''far''<br>'''yiber'''....''remove''<br>'''yiper'''....''go far away''<br>'''yiba'''....''remote''<br>'''yibaja'''....''ancient''<br>'''yibsin'''....''television''<br>'''yibem'''....''distance''|| '''yub'''....''near''<br>'''yuber'''....''bring''<br>'''yuper'''....''approach''<br>'''yuba'''....''distant''<br>'''yubaja'''....''recent''<br>'''yubge'''....''almost''<br>'''yubem'''....''vicinity'' |} {{small/end}} === '''BI''' ''from'', '''BE''' ''at'', '''BU''' ''to'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ BI-BE-BU family Family |- valign=top |'''bi'''....''from''<br>'''bier'''....''take''<br>'''biler'''....''obtain''<br>'''birer'''....''to grab''<br>'''bixer'''....''pull''<br>'''bixler'''....''yank''<br>'''bixrer'''....''ravage, rape''<br>'''bim'''....''origin'' ||'''be'''....''at''<br><br>'''beler'''....''carry''<br><br>'''bexer'''....''hold, have''<br>'''bexler'''....''keep''<br>'''bexrer'''....''preserve''<br>'''bem'''....''location''||'''bu'''....''to''<br>'''buer'''....''give''<br>'''buler'''....''grant''<br>'''burer'''....''yield''<br>'''buxer'''....''push''<br>'''buxler'''....''drive''<br>'''buxrer'''....''to pump''<br>'''bum'''....''destination''<br> |} {{small/end}} === '''BYI''' ''since'', '''BYU''' ''up to'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ BYI-BYU family Family |- valign=top |'''byi'''....''from''<br>'''byiser'''....''emanate''<br>'''byixer'''....''derive''<br>'''byiper'''....''originate''<br>'''byin'''....''source'' ||'''byu'''....''up to''<br>'''byuser'''....''come into contact with''<br>'''byuxer'''....''touch''<br>'''byuper'''....''head for''<br>'''byun'''....''target''<br> |} {{small/end}} === '''FER''' ''to want'' === [[File:I want you.jpg|thumb|]] : The verb '''fer''' means ''to want'' and is following by a noun or pronoun, an infinitive, or an entire clause, eg.: ::* '''At voy <u>fe</u> hyea yux.'''....''I do not <u>want</u> any help.'' ::* '''Yat <u>fa</u> iyt poser.'''....''We <u>wanted</u> her to stop.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fe</u> per bay at?'''....''Do you <u>want</u> to go with me?'' ::* '''Yit voy <u>fe</u> hos at fe.'''....''They do not <u>want</u> what I want.'' ::* '''At <u>fe</u> et iper.'''....''I <u>want</u> you to leave.'' : Use of the verb '''fer''' in the hypothetical mood (conditional) means ''would like'', eg.: ::* '''At <u>fu</u> beser him.'''....''I <u>would like</u> to stay here.'' ::* '''Duven et <u>fu</u> til?'''....''<u>Would</u> you <u>like</u> a drink?'' : Two more intense versions of '''fer''' are: :* '''fler'''....''to desire'' :* '''frer'''....''to crave'' : Other derivatives: ::* '''fon'''....''will, volition'' ::* '''fwa'''....''wanted'' ::* '''fler'''....''to desire, be fond of'' ::* '''flon'''....''desire, fondness'' ::* '''frer'''....''to crave, to yearn'' ::* '''fron'''....''craving, yearning'' ::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish, aspire'' ::* '''ojfon'''....''wish'' ::* '''vafer'''....''to resolve'' ::* '''vaf'''....''resolution'' ::* '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well, mean well'' ::* '''fiojfoni'''....''well wishes'' ::* '''fifon'''....''goodwill, benevolence'' ::* '''fuojfer'''....''to wish bad for'' ::* '''fufon'''....''ill will, malevolence'' ::* '''fuojfon'''....''bad wish'' ::* '''fonder'''....''to volunteer'' ::* '''grafer'''....''have a craving for, be addicted to'' ::* '''graf'''....''addiction, craving'' ::* '''gafer'''....''to prefer'' ::* '''kofer'''....''to covet'' ::* '''kofler'''....''to envy'' ::* '''kofrer'''....''to be jealous of'' ::* '''tepfer'''....''to pretend'' ::* '''dwafer'''....''to mean, intend'' : The verb '''fer''' can be followed by an infinitive or a dependent clause in the hypothetical mood: ::* '''At fe <u>et ser</u> iva.'''....''I want <u>you to be</u> happy.'' ::* '''At fe <u>van et su</u> iva.'''....''I want <u>that you be</u> happy.'' === '''FI''' ''good'', '''FU''' ''bad'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ FI-FU Family |- | valign=top|'''fia'''....''good''<br>'''fila'''....''delightful''<br>'''fira'''....''excellent''<br>'''fika'''.....''perfect''<br>'''fiza'''....''honorable''<br>'''fizta'''....''noble''<br>'''fizda'''....''honest''<br>'''flia'''....''superb''<br>'''fria'''....''exquisite'' ||valign=top| '''fua'''....''bad''<br>'''fula'''....''grim''<br>'''fura'''....''rotten''<br>'''fuka'''....''defective''<br>'''fuza'''....''dishonorable''<br>'''fuzta'''....''ignoble''<br>'''fuzda'''....''dishonest''<br>'''flua'''....''terrible''<br>'''frua'''...''atrocious'' |- | valign=top|'''fin'''....''virtue''<br>'''dofin'''....''morality''<br>'''fiuj'''....''success''||'''fun'''....''vice''<br>'''dofun'''....''crime''<br>'''fuuj'''....''failure'' |- | valign=top|'''fider'''....''praise''<br>'''fizuer'''....''respect''||'''fuder'''....''malign''<br>'''fuzuer'''....''disrespect'' |} {{small/end}} === '''FYI''' ''useful'', '''FYU''' ''harmful'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ FYI-FYU Family |- |valign=top| '''fyia'''....''useful''<br>'''fyin'''....''asset''<br>'''fyiz'''....''award''<br>'''fyiyz'''....''reward''<br>'''fyis'''....''benefit''<br>'''fyixer'''....''utilize''<br>'''fyider'''....''complement''<br>'''fyidaluer'''....''advise'' ||valign=top| '''fyua'''....''harmful''<br>'''fyun'''....''liability''<br>'''fyuz'''....''punishment''<br>'''fyuyz'''....''penalty''<br>'''fyus'''....''waste''<br>'''fyuxer'''....''ruin, abuse''<br>'''fyuder'''....''insult''<br>'''fyudaluer'''....''misadvise'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IF''' ''love'', '''UF''' ''hate'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IF-UF Family |- | valign=top| '''ifer'''....''love''<br>'''iyfer'''....''like''<br>'''ifuer'''....''to please''<br>'''ifler'''....''be affectionate for''<br>'''ifrer'''....''worship''<br>'''ifon'''....''love''<br>'''ifwa'''....''beloved''<br>'''tobifa'''....''humane'' || valign=top|'''ufer'''....''hate''<br>'''uyfer'''....''dislike''<br>'''ufuer'''....''to spite''<br>'''ufler'''...''loath''<br>'''ufrer'''....''despise''<br>'''ufon'''....''hate''<br>'''ufwa'''....''odious''<br>'''tobufa'''....''misanthropic'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIF''' ''brave'', '''YUF''' ''afraid'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIF-YUF Family |- | valign=top|'''yifa'''....''brave''<br>'''yiflan'''....''valor''<br>'''yifrat'''....''hero''<br>'''yifer'''....''dare''<br>'''yifxer'''....''to encourage''<br>'''jeubyifa'''....''winterhardy'' ||valign=top| '''yufa'''....''afraid''<br>'''yuflan'''....''cowardice''<br>'''yufrat'''....''scaredy-cat''<br>'''yufer'''....''fear''<br>'''yufxer'''....''to frighten''<br>'''milyufa'''....''hydrophobic'' |} {{small/end}} : Note that the suffixes '''-if''' and '''-uf''' are used to translate words in English meaning ''-philia'' and ''-phobia'', respectively, eg. '''tiibilif'''....''hemophilia'' and '''hyutuf'''....''xenophobia''. Also, words with the prefix ''miso-'' meaning ''hatred of'' use the Mirad suffix '''-uf''' ('''toybuf'''....''misogyny''). === '''AF''' ''permission'', '''EF''' ''need'', '''OF''' ''prohibition'' === : Summary: {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AF-EF-OF Family |- valign=top ! '''af'''....''permission'' !! '''ef'''....''need/necessity'' !! '''of'''....''prohibition'' |- | '''afer'''....''may''<br>'''afa'''....''allowed''<br>'''afwa'''....''permissable''<br>'''afxer'''....''allow''<br>'''dalafa'''....''authorized to speak'' || '''efer'''....''need''<br>'''efa'''....''in need of''<br>'''efwa'''....''necessary''<br>'''efxer'''....''necessitate''<br>'''telefa'''....''hungry'' || '''ofer'''....''be prohibited''<br>'''ofa'''....''not allowed''<br>'''ofwa'''....''prohibited''<br>'''ofxer'''....''prohibit''<br>'''yepofa'''....''prohibited from entering'' |} {{small/end}} As a prefix, '''of''' is used to form verbs relating to prohibited actions: :* '''bier'''....''to take'' --> '''ofbier'''....''to steal'' :* '''boyxer'''....''to deprive'' --> '''ofboyxer'''....''to rob'' :* '''buier'''....''to exchange'' --> '''ofbuier'''....''to fence'' :* '''fer'''....''to want'' --> '''offer'''....''to covet'' :* '''gelxer'''....''to imitate'' --> '''ofgelxer'''....''to plagiarize'' :* '''nuier'''....''to market'' --> '''ofnuier'''....''to smuggle'' :* '''pier'''....''to leave'' --> '''ofpier'''....''to desert'' :* '''potkexer'''....''to hunt'' --> '''ofpotkexer'''....''to poach'' :* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' --> '''ofteexer'''....''to eavesdrop'' === '''YAF''' ''ability'', '''YEF''' ''obligation'', '''YOF''' ''inability'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAF-YEF-YOF Family |- valign=top ! '''yaf'''....''ability'' !! '''yef'''....''duty'' !! '''yof'''....''inability'' |- | '''yafer'''....''can''<br>'''yafa'''....''able''<br>'''yafwa'''....''possible''<br>'''yafxer'''....''enable''<br>'''teatyafwa'''....''visible''<br>'''yafon'''....''power'' || '''yefer'''....''must''<br>'''yefa'''....''obliged''<br>'''yefwa'''....''obligatory''<br>'''yefxer'''....''oblige''<br>'''vatexyefwa'''....''trustworthy''<br>'''yefon'''....''duty'' || '''yofer'''....''cannot''<br>'''yofa'''....''unable''<br>'''yofwa'''....''impossible''<br>'''yofxer'''....''incapacite''<br>'''teatyofwa'''....''invisible''<br>'''yofon'''....''inability'' |} {{small/end}} : These words can be suffixed to verb roots to form many modal verbs, adjectives, and nouns: ::* '''teater'''....''to see'' :::* '''teatyofa'''....''blind'' :::* '''teatyofwa'''....''invisible'' ::* '''azufer'''....''to detest'' :::* '''azufyefa'''....''detestable'' ::* '''doteuder'''....''to vote'' :::* '''doteudafxer'''....''to franchise'' :::* '''doteudofxwati'''....''the disenfranchised'' ::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' :::* '''testyafwan'''....''comprehensibility'' ::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' :::* '''fidyefwa'''....''praiseworthy'' === '''FYA''' ''holy'', '''FYE''' ''mythical'', '''FYO''' ''profane''=== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ FYA-FYE-FYO Family |- | '''fyaa'''....''holy'' || '''fyea'''....''fantastical, mythological, magical'' || '''fyoa'''....''profane, evil'' |- | '''fyamir'''....''heaven'' || '''fyemir'''....''fantasia'' || '''fyomir'''....''hell'' |- | '''fyax'''....''sacrament'' || '''fyex'''....''magic'' || '''fyox'''....''sin, sacrilege'' |- | '''fyaz'''....''grace'' || '''fyez'''....''charm'' || '''fyoz'''....''disgrace'' |- | '''fyaxin'''....''religion''<br>'''fyatez'''....''cult'' || '''fyexin'''....''sorcery'' || '''fyoxin'''....''witchcraft'' |- | '''fyaxel'''....''liturgy'' || '''fyexel'''....''ritual'' || '''fyoxel'''....''occult'' |- | '''fyaxam'''....''church'' || || |- | '''fyaxob'''....''church hierarchy'' || || |- | '''fyaxeb'''....''clergyman'' || '''fyexeb'''....''wizard'' || '''fyoxeb'''....''occult leader'' |- | '''afyaxeb'''....''pope'' || || |- | '''efyaxeb'''....''cardinal'' || || |- | '''abifyaxeb'''....''archbishop'' || || |- | '''ifyaxeb'''....''bishop'' || || |- | '''ufyaxeb'''....''parish priest'' || || |- | '''obufyadeb'''....''deacon'' || || |- | '''fyatob'''....''saint'' || '''fyetob'''....''fairy'' || '''fyotob'''....''demon'' |- | '''fyatop'''....''holy spirit'' || '''fyetop'''....''ghost, sprite'' || '''fyotop'''....''ghoul'' |- | '''fyat'''....''saint'' || '''fyet'''....''elf, pixy'' || '''fyot'''....''gremlin, imp, goblin, troll, ogre'' |- | '''fyavyad'''....''oath'' || || |- | '''fyavatex'''....''faith'' || || |- | '''fyatyez'''....''hieromancy'' || '''fyetyez'''....''magic'' || '''fyotyez'''....''witchcraft'' |- | '''fyatyezmuv'''....''miter''|| '''fyetyezmuv'''....''magic wand'' || '''fyetyezmuv'''....''jinx'' |- | '''fyadresiyn'''....''hieroglyph'' || || |- | '''fyatead'''....''testament'' || |- | '''fyad'''....''blessing''|| '''fyed'''....''incantation'' || '''fyod'''....''curse'' |- | '''fyasin'''....''icon'' || '''fyesin'''....''charm'' || '''fyosin'''....''pornography'' |- | '''fyasyun'''....''idol'' || '''fyesyun'''....''talisman'' || '''fyosyun'''....''fetish, taboo'' |- | '''fyaifrer'''....''worship'' || || |- | '''fyadil'''....''prayer'' || '''fyedil'''....''spell'' || '''fyodil'''....''curse'' |- | '''fyapop'''....''crusade'' || || |- | '''fyamilber'''....''baptize'' || || |- | '''fyaojdun'''....''prophesy'' || ||'''fyoojdun'''....''ill omen'' |- | '''fyaxyel'''....''holy unction'' || || |- | '''fyateaz'''....''miracle'' || '''fyeteaz'''....''wonderment'' || '''fyoteaz'''....''pox'' |- | '''fyasem'''....''altar'' || || |- | '''fyasim'''....''throne''|| || |- | '''fyakosin'''....''mysticism''|| || |- | '''fyakosut'''....''hermit''|| || |- | '''fyajub'''....''feast day''|| || |- | '''fyadyes'''....''bible''|| || |- | '''fyadrenyan'''....''scriptures''|| || |- | '''fyadin'''....''gospel'' || '''fyedin'''....''myth, legend, fairytale'' || |- | '''fyadun'''....''blessing''|| '''fyedun'''....''magic spell''||'''fyodun'''....''curse'' |- | '''fyadot'''....''religious order''|| '''fyedot'''....''mystical cult'' || '''fyodot'''....''occult society'' |- | '''fyaantinat'''....''monk''|| || |- | '''fyatwid'''....''friar'' || || |- | '''fyabuler'''....''consecrate''|| || |- | '''fyabyena'''....''moral''|| || |- | '''fyadal'''....''sermon''|| || |- | '''fyadalsem'''....''pulpit''|| || |- | '''fyadalzyabut'''....''evangelist''|| || |} {{small/end}} === '''AG''' ''big'', '''EG''' ''normal'', '''OG''' ''small'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AG-EG-OG Family |- | valign= top | '''aga'''....''big''<br>'''agan'''....''size''<br>'''agaxer'''....''magnify''<br>'''agser'''....''grow''<br>'''aaga'''....''main''<br>'''agla'''....''huge''<br>'''agra'''....''gigantic, mega-''<br>'''agsa'''....''adult''<br>'''agta'''....''great''<br>'''agala'''....''major''|| valign=top|'''ega'''....''normal''<br>'''egan'''....''normalcy''<br>'''egaxer'''....''normalize''<br>'''egon'''....''standard''<br>'''egonxer'''....''standardize'' ||valign=top|'''oga'''....''little''<br>'''ogan'''....''smallness''<br>'''ogaxer'''....''minimize''<br>'''ogser'''....''shrink''<br>'''ooga'''....''minor''<br>'''ogla'''....''tiny''<br>'''ogra'''....''microscopic''<br>'''ogala'''...''minor'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAG''' ''long'' '''YOG''' ''short'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAG-YOG Family |- | valign=top|'''yaga'''....''long''<br>'''yagan'''....''length''<br>'''yagaxer'''....''lengthen''<br>'''yagxer'''....''stretch''<br>'''yagteja'''....''long-lived'' ||'''yoga'''....''short''<br>'''yogan'''....''shortness''<br>'''yogaxer'''....''abbreviate''<br>'''yogxer'''....''contract''<br>'''yogteja'''....''short-lived'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GA''' ''more'', '''GE''' ''equal'', '''GO''' ''less'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GA-GE-GO Family |- | valign=top| '''ga'''....''more''<br>'''gay'''....''also''<br>'''gaj'''....''still''<br>'''gaxer'''....''increase''<br>'''gab'''....''plus''<br>'''gal'''....''times, multiplied by''<br>'''gar'''....''to the power of''<br>'''gan'''....''whole'' || '''ge'''....''equal''<br>'''gey'''....''even''<br>'''gel'''....''as''<br>'''gexer'''....''equalize''<br>'''geber'''....''equate''<br>'''gedrer'''....''copy''<br>'''gegon'''....''equity''<br>'''geder'''....''quote''<br>'''gelder'''....''echo''<br>'''gelxer'''....''imitate''<br>'''geltxer'''....''identify''<br>'''geyla'''....''similar'' || valign=top|'''go'''....''less''<br>'''goy'''....''except''<br>'''goj'''....''no longer''<br>'''goxer'''....''decrease''<br>'''gob'''....''minus, subtracted by''<br>'''gol'''....''divided by''<br>'''gor'''....''to the minus power of''<br>'''gon'''....''part''<br>'''gos'''....''piece''<br>'''gobler'''....''cut'' |- | valign=top |'''gla'''....''much, many, very''<br>'''glan'''....''quantity''<br>'''glagon'''....''plurality''<br>'''glal'''....''cluster''<br>'''glatwa'''....''famous''<br>'''duhogla?'''....''how much?'' ||valign=top| '''gle'''....''some, rather'' ||valign=top| '''glo'''....''little, few, slightly''<br>'''glon'''....''paucity''<br>'''glogon'''....''minority'' |- | valign=top | '''gra'''....''too much, too''<br>'''gran'''....''excess'' || valign=top|'''gre'''....''enough''<br>'''gren'''....''quorum'' || valign=top|'''gro'''....''too little, not enough''<br>'''gron'''....''shortage'' |- | valign=top|'''gwa'''....''most''<br>'''gwafua'''....''worst''<br>'''gwaifer'''...''prefer'' ||valign=top| '''gwe'''....''just'' || valign=top|'''gwo'''....''least''<br>'''gwomul'''....''atom''<br>'''gwos'''....''particle'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GI''' ''point'' '''GU''' ''angle'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GI-GU Family |- | valign=top|'''gia'''....''sharp''<br>'''gin'''....''point''<br>'''grin'''....''blade''<br>'''giber'''....''poke''<br>'''ginod'''....''peak''<br>'''ginid'''....''cone''<br>'''gixer'''....''sharpen''<br>'''ogia'''....''dull''<br>'''giseux'''....''shriek''<br>'''gitep'''....''wit''<br>'''giteus'''....''zest''<br>'''gidud'''....''quip''|| valign=top|'''gua'''....''angular''<br>'''gun'''....''angle''<br>'''grun'''....''hook''<br>'''gum'''....''corner''<br>'''ungun'''....''quadrangle''<br>'''ingun'''....''triangle''<br>'''unizgun'''....''rectangle''<br>'''ungekun'''....''square''<br>'''yagunid'''....''cube''<br>'''mepgun'''....''fork in the road''<br>'''gunid'''....''wedge''<br>'''gupnod'''....''turning point, verge'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GYA''' ''fat'', '''GYO''' ''thin'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GYA-GYO Family |- | valign=top|'''gyaa'''....''fat, thick''<br>'''gyaan'''....''girth''<br>'''gyala'''....''massive''<br>'''glata'''....''obese''<br>'''gyaya'''....''pudgy''<br>'''gyagina'''....''blunt''<br>'''gyagoblun'''....''slab''<br>'''gyagol'''....''hunk''<br>'''gyaxer'''....''thicken, fatten'' || valign=top|'''gyoa'''....''thin''<br>'''gyoan'''....''slenderness''<br>'''gyola'''....''fine, sheer''<br>'''gyota'''....''lean''<br>'''gyoya'''....''puny''<br>'''gyofa'''....''gaunt''<br>'''gyogoblun'''....''thin slice''<br>'''gyogol'''....''cutlet''<br>'''gyoxer'''....''streamline'' |} {{small/end}} === '''GYI''' ''solid'', '''GYU''' ''fragile'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ GYI-GYU- Family |- | valign=top|'''gyia'''....''solid''<br>'''gyila'''....''firm''<br>'''gyita'''....''robust''<br>'''gyifa'''....''stiff''<br>'''gyitef'''....''helmet''<br>'''gyitepa'''....''tough-minded''<br>'''gyixer'''...''solidify''<br>'''gyifxer'''....''to stiffen''|| valign=top|'''gyua'''....''fragile''<br>'''gyula'''....''supple''<br>'''gyusa'''....''delicate''<br>'''gyufa'''....''flimsy''<br>'''gyuka'''....''scant''<br>'''gyuya'''....''dainty''<br>'''gyuta'''....''frail''<br>'''gyutelam'''....''delicatessen'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IG''' ''fast'', '''UG''' ''slow'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IG-UG- Family |- | '''iga'''....''fast''<br>'''igra'''....''frenetic''<br>'''igar'''....''accelerator''<br>'''igper'''....''run''<br>'''tepiga'''....''quick-witted''<br>'''igxer'''....''to speed up'' || '''uga'''....''slow''<br>'''igra'''....''sluggish''<br>'''ugar'''....''brake''<br>'''ugper'''....''amble''<br>'''tepuga'''....''slow-witted''<br>'''ugxer'''....''to slow down'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIG''' ''hard'', '''YUG''' ''soft'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIG-YUG- Family |- | '''yiga'''....''hard''<br>'''yigla'''....''rude''<br>'''yigra'''....''violent''<br>'''yigta'''....''tense''<br>'''yigza'''....''sharp, sour''<br>'''yigsa'''....''rigid''<br>'''yigfa'''....''rough''<br>'''yigaza'''....''bitter''<br>'''bilyig'''....''cheese'' || '''yuga'''....''soft''<br>'''yugla'''....''polite''<br>'''yugra'''....''gentle''<br>'''yugta'''....''lax''<br>'''yugza'''....''mild, sweet''<br>'''yugsa'''....''supple, flexible''<br>'''yugfa'''....''smooth''<br>'''yugsra'''....''elastic''<br>'''bilyug'''....''butter'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AJ''' ''past'', '''EJ''' ''present'', '''OJ''' ''future'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AJ-EJ-OJ Family |- valign=top | '''aj'''....''past''<br>'''ajna'''....''old''<br>'''ajyena'''....''old-fashioned''<br>'''yibaj'''....''distant past''<br>'''ajber'''....''to pass'' || '''ej'''....''present''<br>'''ejna'''....''new''<br>'''ejyena'''....''modern''<br>'''yubej'''....''here-and-now''<br>'''ejber'''....''to present'' || '''oj'''....''future''<br>'''ojna'''....''to-be''<br>'''ojyena'''....''futuristic''<br>'''yiboj'''....''distant future''<br>'''ojber'''....''to postpone'' |} {{small/end}} === '''TAJ''' ''birth'', '''TEJ''' ''life'', '''TOJ''' ''death'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ TAJ-TEJ-TOJ Family |- valign=top | '''taj'''....''birth''<br>'''tajer'''....''be born''<br>'''tajber'''....''give birth''<br>'''taja'''....''natal''<br>'''bostajya'''....''stillborn'' || '''tej'''....''life''<br>'''tejer'''....''live''<br>'''tejber'''....''bring to life''<br>'''teja'''....''vital''<br>'''tejea'''....''alive'' || '''toj'''....''death''<br>'''tojer'''....''die''<br>'''tojber'''....''kill''<br>'''toja'''....''mortal''<br>'''tojya'''....''dead'' |} {{small/end}} === '''JA''' ''before'', '''JE''' ''during'', '''JO''' ''after'', '''JI''' ''since'', '''JU''' ''until'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ JA-JE-JO-JI-JU Family |- | valign=top|'''ja'''....''before''<br>'''jaa'''....''anterior''<br>'''jana'''....''previous''<br>'''jay'''....''already''<br>'''jater'''....''presage''<br>'''japer'''....''precede''<br>'''jader'''....''predict''<br>'''jafyunder'''....''warn''<br>'''jaovber'''....''prevent''<br>'''jaxer'''....''prepare''<br>'''jatuer'''....''train''<br>'''jabikier'''....''take precautions''<br>'''jaexdrer'''....''plan''<br>'''jateaxer'''....''preview''<br>'''jateater'''....''foresee''<br>'''janapder'''....''preordain''<br>'''janap'''....''priority''<br>'''jatex'''....''forethought''<br>'''jatul'''....''antipasto'' || valign=top|'''je'''....''during''<br>'''jea'''....''on-going''<br>'''jena'''....''current, on-going''<br>'''jey'''....''meanwhile''<br>'''jes'''....''course''<br>'''jeper'''....''to keep going''<br>'''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''<br>'''jeser'''....''to continue'' ||valign=top| '''jo'''....''after''<br>'''joa'''....''posterior''<br>'''jona'''....''next''<br>'''joy'''....''then, next, afterwards''<br>'''joxwas'''....''aftermath''<br>'''joper'''....''follow''<br>'''joteaxer'''....''review''<br>'''joiber'''....''inherit''<br>'''joigper'''....''pursue''<br>'''jouper'''....''succeed''<br>'''jois'''....''after-effect''<br>'''jotul'''....''dessert''<br>'''jotej'''....''afterlife''<br>'''jotex'''....''afterthought''<br>||valign=top|'''ji'''....''since''<br>'''ji huj'''....''since then''||valign=top|'''ju'''....''until''<br>'''ju hij'''....''until now'' |} {{small/end}} === '''JWA''' ''early'', '''JWE''' ''on time'', '''JWO''' ''late'' === {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ JWA-JWE-JWO Family |- | valign=top|'''jwa'''....''early''<br>'''jwaa'''....''pre-mature''<br>'''jwapuer'''....''arrive early''<br>'''jwaxer'''....''preempt''<br>'''jwaber'''....''prepare''<br>'''jwatuer'''....''warn''<br>'''jwayeker'''....''experiment''<br>'''jwadrer'''....''draft''<br>'''jwayivxer'''....''parole'' ||valign=top| '''jwe'''....''on time''<br>'''jwea'''....''ready, timely, ripe''<br>'''jwepuer'''....''arrive on time''<br>'''jwexer'''....''prepare''<br>'''jweder'''....''prompt'' ||valign=top| '''jwo'''....''late''<br>'''jwoa'''....''tardy, mature, stale''<br>'''jwopuer'''....''arrive late''<br>'''jwoxer'''....''delay''<br>'''jwovosut'''....''late-bloomer'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ JWA-JWE-JWO Parallels |- | '''jwa'''....''early''|| '''jwe'''....''in time'' || '''jwo'''....''late'' |- | '''jwata'''....''underaged'' || '''jweta'''....''pubescent'' || '''jwota'''....''mature, adult'' |- | '''jwafa'''....''green, unripe'' ||'''jwefa'''....''fresh'' || '''jwofa'''....''stale'' |- | '''jwaja'''....''ancient'' || '''jweja'''....''contemporary'' || '''jwoja'''....''modern, latter-day'' |- | '''jwasa'''....''premature'' || '''jwesa'''....''new'' || '''jwosa'''....''mature'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IJ''' ''beginning'', '''UJ''' ''end'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top" |+ IJ-UJ Family |- | '''ijer'''....''begin''|| '''ujer'''....''end, finish'' |- |'''ijper'''....''start up''||'''ujper'''....''come to an end'' |- |'''ijber'''....''start up''|| '''ujber'''....''bring to an end'' |- |'''ijna'''....''initial'' || '''ujna'''....''final'' |- |'''ijar'''....''on switch''|| '''ujar'''....''off switch'' |- |'''ijem'''....''origin''|| '''ujem'''....''endpoint'' |- |'''vabij'''....''seed'' || '''kyeuj'''....''fate'' |- |'''tabij'''....''embryo'' || '''dinuj'''....''denouement'' |- |'''patij'''....''egg'' || '''mepuj'''....''deadend'' |- |'''texij'''....''concept'' || '''jobuj'''....''eternity'' |- |'''milij'''....''spring''||'''tibuj'''....''tail'' |- |'''manij'''....''glimmer''||'''byuuj'''....''goal'' |- |'''majij'''....''dawn''|| '''fabuj'''....''tree stump'' |- |'''mojij'''....''dusk'' || '''fiuj'''....''success'' |- |'''vosij'''....''bud'' ||'''fuuj'''....''failure'' |- |'''peltij'''....''pupa'' || '''tiavuj'''....''shirttail'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIJ''' ''open'', '''YUJ''' ''close'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top" |+ YIJ-YUJ Family |- valign=top | '''yija'''....''open''<br>'''yijer'''....''open''<br>'''yijper'''....''come open''<br>'''yijber'''....''open up''<br>'''yijlar'''....''key''<br>'''yuijar'''....''valve'''''ebyij'''....''hiatus''<br>'''mimyij'''....''cove'' || '''yuja'''....''closed''<br>'''yujer'''....''close''<br>'''yujper'''....''come to a close''<br>'''yujber'''....''bring to a close''<br>'''yujlar'''....''lock''<br>'''yobyuj'''....''timeout''<br>'''manyujar'''....''dimmer switch'' |} {{small/end}} === '''TIJ''' ''awake'', '''TUJ''' ''asleep'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow; valign:top" |+ TIJ-TUJ Family |- valign=top | '''tija'''....''awake''<br>'''tijer'''....''be awake''<br>'''tijper'''....''wake up''<br>'''tijber'''....''waken''<br>'''tijtepa'''....''conscious''<br>'''iktija'''....''wide awake''<br>'''yoktijer'''....''to wake up suddenly''<br>'''tijyea'''....''vigilent'' ||'''tuja'''....''asleep''<br>'''tujer'''....''sleep''<br>'''tujper'''....''fall asleep''<br>'''tujber'''....''put to sleep''<br>'''tujtepa'''....''unconscious''<br>'''yogtuj'''....''nap''<br>'''eyntuj'''....''trance''<br>'''kyujujer'''....''to snooze''<br>'''tujbok'''....''sleep disorder''<br>'''tujefa'''....''sleepy''<br>'''tujtyoper'''....''sleepwalk'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AK''' ''win'', '''EK''' ''play'', '''OK''' ''lose'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AK-EK-OK Family |- valign=top | valign=top|'''aker'''....''win, gain''<br>'''akut'''....''winner''<br>'''akun'''....''win''<br>'''akler'''....''defeat''<br>'''akrer'''....''triumph''<br>'''akbun'''....''award''<br>'''nasak'''....''windfall''<br>'''aknas'''....''profit''<br>'''ujak'''....''success'' || valign=top|'''eker'''....''play, risk''<br>'''ekut'''....''player''<br>'''ekun'''....''game''<br>'''ifek'''....''play''<br>'''dopek'''....''battle''<br>'''dropek'''....''war''<br>'''tapek'''....''sport''<br>'''nasek'''....''gamble''<br>'''yanek'''....''competition''<br>'''ovek'''....''contest''<br>'''dalovek'''....''debate''<br>'''dunek'''....''pun''<br>'''eksag'''....''score''<br>'''geeksag'''....''tie'' ||valign=top| '''oker'''....''lose''<br>'''okut'''....''loser''<br>'''okun'''....''loss''<br>'''tejok'''....''loss of life''<br>'''nasok'''....''bankrupty''<br>'''oknas'''....''deficit''<br>'''ujok'''....''failure'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAK''' ''expect'', '''YEK'''....''try'', '''YOK''' ''surprise'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAK-YEK-YOK Family |- valign=top |valign=top|'''yaker'''....''expect''<br>'''fiyak'''....''hope''<br>'''fuyak'''....''despair''<br>'''fiyakuer'''....''inspire''<br>'''fuyakuer'''....''discourage''<br>'''akyakwa'''....''expected to win''<br>'''oyakway'''....''unexpectedly'' || valign=top|'''yeker'''....''try''<br>'''finyeker'''....''test''<br>'''aayeker'''....''experiment''<br>'''yekuer'''....''challenge''<br>'''fuyekuer'''....''tempt''<br>'''yekun'''....''goal''<br>'''doyevyek'''....''trial''<br>'''yanyek'''....''contest''<br>'''yekrer'''....''to struggle'' || valign=top|'''yoker'''....''be surprised''<br>'''yokdun'''....''exclamation''<br>'''yokxeus'''....''sudden noise, boom''<br>'''yoktoj'''....''sudden death''<br>'''yokay'''....''unexpectedly''<br>'''yokyim'''....''flashflood''<br>'''yokay'''....''suddenly''<br>'''yokbas'''....''spasm, jerk'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IK''' ''full'', '''UK''' ''empty'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IK-UK Family |- | valign=top| '''ika'''....''full''||'''uka'''....''empty'' |- |'''iliker'''....''to flood''||'''to iluker'''....''drain'' |- |'''ikber'''....''to fill''||'''ukber'''....''to empty'' |- |'''ikxer'''....''complete''||'''ukxer'''....''to deplete'' |- |'''melik'''....''dirt pile''|| '''meluk'''....''pit'' |- |'''ikza'''....''rich''|| '''ukza'''....''poor'' |- |'''ikra'''....''saturated'' || '''ukla'''....''hollow'' |- |'''iksag'''....''sum'' || '''uktoser'''....''to miss'' |} {{small/end}} : The prefixes '''-ika''' (''-ful'') and '''-uka''' (''-less'') can form many adjectives, such as: ::* '''tejika'''....''lively'' ::* '''tuilika'''....''saucy'' ::* '''tesika'''....''meaningful'' ::* '''tezuka'''....''cultureless'' ::* '''tayebuka'''....''hairless'' ::* '''maruka'''....''starless'' === '''YIK''' ''difficult'', '''YUK''' ''easy'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIK-YUK Family |- | '''yika'''....''difficult''<br>'''yikla'''....''complicated''<br>'''yikom'''....''hardship''<br>'''yikson'''....''problem''<br>'''yikun'''....''hindrance'' || '''yuka'''....''easy''<br>'''yukla'''....''simple''<br>'''yukom'''....''comfort''<br>'''yukson'''....''easy matter''<br>'''yukun'''....''convenience'' |} {{small/end}} : Forms of '''-yik-''' and '''-yuk-''' can be suffixed to verb stems as a modal meaning ''hard to'' and ''easy to'', respectively: ::* '''testyikwa'''....''hard to understand'' ::* '''teetyika'''....''hard of hearing'' ::* '''dudyikwa'''....''hard to answer, enigmatic'' ::* '''teatyiker'''....''have a hard time seeing'' ::* '''pesyuka'''....''patient (easy to wait)'' ::* '''vatexyuka'''....''gullible (easy to believe)'' ::* '''testyukwa'''....''comprehensible (easy to understand)'' ::* '''datxyuker'''....''find it easy to make friends'' === '''KA''' ''find'', '''KE''' ''search'', '''KO''' ''hide'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KA-KE-KO Family |- |valign=top| '''kaxer'''....''find''<br>'''kaxun'''....''trove''<br>'''kaxon'''....''solution''<br>'''kader'''....''reveal''<br>'''kater'''....''realize''<br>'''kap'''....''adventure''<br>'''ijkaxer'''....''invent''<br>'''kyekaxer'''....''discover, stumble on''<br>'''katepa'''....''conscious''<br>'''kas'''....''status''||valign=top|'''kexer'''....''seek''<br>'''kexun'''....''goal''<br>'''kexon'''....''quest''<br>'''keder'''....''question''<br>'''keter'''....''wonder, be curious about''<br>'''kep'''.....''mission''<br>'''kebier'''....''choose''<br>'''kebider'''....''vote''<br>'''tunkexer'''....''research''<br>'''zyakexer'''....''search''<br>'''keteaxer'''....''scan''<br>'''pokexut'''....''hunter''<br>'''nazkexut'''....''treasure hunter''<br>'''kyeojkexut'''....''fortune-seeker''||valign=top| '''koxer'''....''hide''<br>'''koxun'''....''stash''<br>'''koxon'''....''problem, quandary''<br>'''kod'''....''secret''<br>'''koter'''....''belie''<br>'''kop'''....''going into hiding''<br>'''kobier'''....''steal''<br>'''koem'''....''hideaway''<br>'''koembier'''....''take refuge''<br>'''koembuer'''....''provide shelter''<br>'''kof'''....''cover''<br>'''koexut'''....''spy''<br>'''kodyun'''....''coverword''<br>'''kodin'''....''myth''<br>'''kodrentun'''....''cryptography''<br>'''teabkof'''....''blindfold''<br>'''koxof'''....''cloak''<br>'''koxov'''....''veil''<br>'''koifer'''....''covet''<br>'''kopier'''....''elope''<br>'''kopuer'''....''sneak up to''<br>'''kotepa'''....''subconscious''<br>'''kotofxer'''....''disguise''<br>'''kotes'''....''subtext''<br>'''koteexer'''....''wiretap''<br>'''koteaxer'''....''spy, peep''<br>'''kosag'''....''cipher'' |} {{small/end}} === '''KYA''' ''variable'', '''KYE''' ''random'', '''KYO''' ''fixed'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KYA-KYE-KYO Family |- |valign=top| '''kyaa'''....''variable''<br>'''kyaser'''....''vary''<br>'''kyanaz'''....''variable''<br>'''kyanaztun'''....''algebra''<br>'''kyadun'''....''variable''<br>'''kyasun'''....''variant''<br>'''kyasea'''....''variant''<br>'''kyayukwa'''....''versatile''<br>'''kyaxer'''....''change''<br>'''ebkyaxer'''....''exchange''<br>'''kyaper'''....''fluctuate, slide''<br>'''kyasanier'''....''mutate''<br>'''tepkyaxer'''....''persuade, motivate'' ||valign=top|'''kyea'''....''haphazard''<br>'''kyeser'''....''happen''<br>'''kyenaz'''....''parameter''<br>'''kyes'''....''event, happening, incident''<br>'''kyeoj'''....''fate, destiny''<br>'''kyen'''....''luck, chance''<br>'''fikyen'''....''good luck''<br>'''fukyen'''....''bad luck''<br>'''fukyes'''....''accident''<br>'''kyenek'''....''game of chance''<br>'''kyenekam'''....''casino''<br>'''kyenekar'''....''gaming machine''<br>'''kyeson'''....''circumstance''<br>'''yankyeson'''....''coincidence''<br>'''kyeper'''....''waver''<br>'''kyebuk'''....''danger''<br>'''kyeteater'''....''notice''<br>'''kyeyanuper'''....''happen to meet''<br>'''kyeon'''....''case''<br>'''kyexej'''....''adventure''<br>'''fukyeoj'''....''misfortune''<br>'''fikyeoj'''....''good fortune'' ||valign=top| '''kyoa'''....''fixed, static, still''<br>'''kyoser'''....''stay, stand''<br>'''kyonaz'''....''constant''<br>'''kyos'''....''status, state''<br>'''kyosa'''....''static''<br>'''kyoejea'''....''constant, permanent''<br>'''kyoaxer'''....''stabilize''<br>'''kyoxer'''....''fix, park''<br>'''purkyoxam'''....''parking garage''<br>'''kyoteaxer'''....''stare''<br>'''kyotepier'''....''pay attention''<br>'''kyotexer'''....''obsess'' |} {{small/end}} === '''KI''' ''oblique'', '''KU''' ''lateral'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KI-KU Family |- |valign=top| '''kia'''....''oblique''<br>'''kim'''....''slope''<br>'''kin'''....''slant'' <br>'''kixer'''....''bend''<br>'''kipar'''....''skate''<br>'''kitex'''....''bias''<br>'''kinad'''....''diagonal''<br>'''kisyen'''....''trend''<br>'''kiper'''....''slide''<br>'''texkin'''....''opinion''<br>'''toskin'''....''penchant''<br>'''eynkin'''....''radius''<br>'''yobkiser'''....''to decline''<br>'''jakixwa'''....''predisposed''<br>'''kinadsiyn'''....''slash''<br>'''kined'''....''slope, wedge''<br>'''kinnog'''....''pitch''<br>'''tepkin'''....''bias''<br>'''ovkin'''....''anticline''<br>'''syenkin'''....''trend''<br>'''teaskin'''....''perspective''<br>'''yabkim'''....''upslope''||valign=top| '''kua'''....''lateral''<br>'''kum'''....''side''<br>'''kunad'''....''edge''<br>'''kuber'''....''set aside''<br>'''kumas'''....''embankment''<br>'''kuder'''....''remark''<br>'''kuber'''....''set aside''<br>'''kugon'''....''flank''<br>'''kumep'''....''sidewalk''<br>'''abkun'''....''topside''<br>'''zakun'''....''bow''<br>'''zokun'''....''stern''<br>'''mimkum'''....''coast, seaside''<br>'''ungekun'''....''square'' |} {{small/end}} === '''KYI''' ''heavy'', '''KYU''' ''light'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ KYI-KYU Family |- |valign=top| '''kyia'''....''heavy''<br>'''kyiper'''....''gravitate''<br>'''kyisona'''....''grave'' <br>'''kyid'''....''emphasis''<br>'''kyin'''....''weight''<br>'''kyis'''....''freight''<br>'''kyitipa'''....''solemn''<br>'''kyitexer'''....''ponder''<br>'''kyitesa'''....''serious''<br>'''kyibal'''....''stress''<br>'''kyibix'''....''gravity''||valign=top| '''kyua'''....''light''<br>'''kyuper'''....''levitate, float''<br>'''kyusona'''....''trivial''<br>'''kyutipa'''....''silly''<br>'''kyutebseer'''....''swoon''<br>'''kyun'''....''ballast''<br>'''kyutesa'''....''frivolous''<br>'''kyuzyun'''....''balloon''<br>'''kyutujer'''....''doze''<br>'''kyubaser'''....''glide''<br>'''kyuar'''....''buoy'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VA''' ''yes'', '''VE''' ''maybe'', '''VO''' ''no'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VA-VE-VO Family |- | '''va'''....''yes'' || '''ve'''....''maybe'' || '''vo'''....''no'' |- | '''vaa'''....''affirmative'' || '''vea'''....''possible'' || '''voa'''....''negative'' |- | '''vay'''....''indeed'' || '''vey'''....''possibly'' || '''voy'''....''not'' |- | '''vlaa'''....''certain'' || '''vlea'''....''probable'' || '''vloa'''....''uncertain'' |- | '''van'''....''that'' || '''ven'''....''whether, if'' || '''von'''....''don&apos;t'' |- | '''vaka'''....''safe'' || '''veka'''....''at risk'' || '''voka'''....''in danger'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Factive Adverbs ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Factive Adverbs |- ! FACTIVE ADVERB !! EXAMPLE |- |'''vay'''....''indeed, really, do/does ''||'''Aat <u>vay</u> tide et.'''....''We <u>really do</u> understand you.'' <br>'''<u>Vay</u> upu gajod.'''....''<u>Do</u> come again.'' |- |'''vlay'''....''certainly''||'''At <u>vlay</u> zoypo hum.'''....''I will <u>certainly</u> go back there.'' |- |'''vey'''....''may, maybe, perhaps, might ''||'''<u>Vey</u> mamilo.'''....''It <u>may</u> rain.'' |- |'''vley'''....''probably, likely'' || '''Et se <u>vley</u> vyaka.'''....''You are <u>probably</u> right.'' |- |'''voy'''....''not''||'''Et <u>voy</u> se ata xeb.'''....''You are <u>not</u> my boss.'' |- |'''vloy'''....''most assuredly not'' || '''Iyt <u>vloy</u> yiztejo.'''....''She <u>most assuredly</u> will <u>not</u> survive.'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Factive Responses ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Factive Responses |- ! FACTIVE RESPONSE !! EXAMPLE |- |'''va'''....''yes''||'''<u>Va</u>, at tide.'''....''<u>Yes</u>, I understand.'' |- |'''vla'''....''certainly'' ||'''Duven et upo? <u>Vla</u>!'''....''Will you come? <u>Certainly</u>!'' |- |'''ve'''....''maybe, perhaps''||'''<u>Ve</u>. At voy te.'''....''<u>Maybe</u>, I don't know.'' |- |'''vle'''....''probably'' ||'''Duven sa fukyes? <u>Vle</u>.'''....''Was it an accident. <u>Probably</u>.'' |- |'''vo'''....''no''||'''<u>Vo.</u> Et yofe ayser has.'''....''<u>No</u>. You can't have it.'' |- |'''vlo'''....''absolutely not'' || '''Buu eta nas. <u>Vlo</u>!'''....''Give me your money. Absolutely <u>not</u>!'' |- |'''vao'''....''yes or no''||'''Et se tadxwa, vao?''''....''You are married, <u>yes or no</u>?'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Complementizers ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Complementizers |- ! COMPLEMENTIZER !! EXAMPLE |- |'''van'''....''that''||'''At ta <u>van</u> et upo.'''....''I knew (<u>that</u>) you would come.''<br>'''<u>Van</u> yat fyadilu.'''....''<u>Let's</u> pray.'' |- |'''ven'''....''if, whether''||'''<u>Ven</u> et peso, at pio.'''....''<u>If</u> you stay, I will leave.''<br>'''<u>Ven</u> at su et, at peso.'''....''If I were you, I'd stay.''<br>'''At voy te <u>ve</u>n mamilo.'''....''I don't know <u>whether</u> it will rain.'' |- |'''von'''....''lest, that...not, don&apos;t''|| '''At yufa <u>von</u> it toju.'''....''I feared <u>lest</u> he die.''<br>'''At ojfe <u>von</u> et piu.'''....''I wish you wouldn't (=<u>that</u> you <u>not</u>)go.''<br>'''<u>Von</u> su huyen!'''....''<u>Don't</u> be that way!'' |- |'''duven'''....''Do...?, Say whether...?''||'''<u>Duven</u> et tre huyt?'''....''<u>Do</u> you know her?'' |} {{small/end}} ==== Correlative Conjunctions ==== {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Correlative Conjunctions |- ! CONJUNCTION !! EXAMPLE |- |'''ay'''....''and ''||'''Et <u>ay</u> at po hum.'''....''You <u>and</u> I will go there.'' |- |'''ey'''....''or ''||'''Yat yake mamil <u>ey</u> mamyoym.'''....''We expect rain <u>or</u> snow.'' |- |'''oy'''....''but ''||'''At po <u>oy</u> at voy beso glaj.'''....''I will go <u>but</u> I won't stay long.'' |- |'''ay/ey'''....''and/or''||'''Ha duzun yebio X <u>ay/ey</u> Y.'''....''The concert will include X <u>and/or</u> Y.'' |- |'''hyaewa...ay'''....''both...and ''||'''<u>Hyaewa</u> et <u>ay</u> at voduda.'''....''<u>Both</u> you <u>and</u> I answered no.''<br>'''<u>Hyaewati</u> voduda.'''....''Both answered no.'' |- |'''Hyeawa...ey'''....''either...or ''||'''<u>Hyeawa</u> et <u>ey</u> at ako.'''....''<u>Either</u> you <u>or</u> I will win.''<br>'''<u>Hyeawat</u> ako.'''....''Either will win.'' |- |'''Hyoewa...ey'''....''neither...nor ''||'''Hyoewa et <u>ey</u> at ako.'''....''<u>Neither</u> you <u>nor</u> I will win.''<br>'''<u>Hyoewat</u> (bi ha ewati) ako.'''....''<u>Neither</u> (of the two) will win.'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VYA''' ''true'', '''VYE''' ''relative'', '''VYO''' ''false'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VYA-VYE-VYO Family |- | '''vyaa'''....''true''<br>'''vyan'''....''truth''<br>'''vyaama'''....''virtual''<br>'''vyaba'''....''regular''<br>'''vyadea'''....''honest''<br>'''vyafa'''....''precise''<br>'''vyala'''....''authentic''<br>'''vyalma'''....''objective''<br>'''vyalva'''....''proper''<br>'''vyama'''....''real''<br>'''vyamsa'''....''substantial''<br>'''vyaka'''....''correct''<br>'''vyava'''....''exact''<br>'''vyayaba'''....''systematic''<br>'''vyasauna'''....''genuine''<br>'''vyasma'''....''concrete''<br>'''vyayma'''....''effective''<br>'''vyayuxea'''....''faithful''<br>'''vyatepa'''....''rational''<br>'''vyatesa'''....''reasonable''<br>'''vyatexa'''....''logical''<br>'''vyatina'''....''orthodox''<br>'''vyatipa'''....''loyal''<br>'''vyanaba'''....''adjusted''<br>'''vyaotea'''....''wise''<br>'''vyantina'''....''dogmatic''<br>'''vyayuva'''....''trusty''<br>'''vyankexer'''....''investigate''<br>'''vyanyeker'''....''prove''<br>'''vyantixer'''....''research''<br>'''vyatexer'''....''believe''<br>'''vyayab'''....''system''<br>'''dovyab'''....''law''<br>'''vyavader'''....''determine''<br>'''vyatisika'''....''sagacious''<br>'''vyateja'''....''true-to-life''<br>'''vyao'''...''right or wrong'' ||valign=top| '''vyea'''....''relative''<br>'''vyean'''....''relativity''<br>'''vyenaz'''....''coefficient''<br>'''vyenxer'''...''relate''<br>'''vyesag'''....''ratio''<br>'''vyeson'''....''subject''<br>'''vyel'''....''relative to, than''<br>'''vyesun'''....''object''<br>'''vyet'''...''kin''<br>'''vyetepa'''....''subjective''<br>'''vyetexer'''....''consider''<br>'''vyexeon'''....''circumstance''<br>'''vyexer'''....''relate''<br>'''vyeder'''....''to relate''<br>'''vyedrer'''....''to correspond''<br>'''vyel'''....''than, as, relative to''<br>'''vyegedun'''....''analogy''<br>'''vyegelser'''....''to match''<br>'''vyegexer'''....''to compare''<br>'''vyegon'''....''proportion, quota''<br>'''vyein'''....''relativism''<br>'''vyen'''....''relation''||valign=top| '''vyoa'''....''false''<br>'''vyoka'''....''wrong''<br>'''vyom'''....''fiction''<br>'''vyomdin'''....''fairy tale''<br>'''vyomeper'''....''err''<br>'''vyomepxer'''....''misroute''<br>'''vyomsin'''....''illusion''<br>'''vyomvatex'''....''superstition''<br>'''vyon'''...''fault''<br>'''vyonap'''...''disorder''<br>'''vyonder'''....''lie''<br>'''vyonober'''....''excuse''<br>'''vyons'''....''failure''<br>'''vyonxer'''...''transgress''<br>'''vyosauna'''....''counterfeit''<br>'''vyosyen'''....''artifice''<br>'''vyotepa'''....''foolish''<br>'''vyotesier'''....''misinterpret''<br>'''vyotester'''....''misunderstand''<br>'''vyotex'''....''fallacy''<br>'''vyotipan'''....''treason''<br>'''vyoxler'''....''traffic''<br>'''vyoyeker'''...''debunk''<br>'''vyoyixler'''....''betray'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AV''' ''for'', '''EV''' ''neutral'', '''OV''' ''against'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AV/EV/OV Family |- | valign=top|'''av'''....''for''<br>'''ava'''....''favorable''<br>'''avan'''....''behalf, behest''<br>'''avon'''....''asset, advantage''<br>'''avun'''....''favor, benefit''<br>'''avder'''....''advocate''<br>'''avejter'''....''represent''<br>'''yanav'''....''party''<br>'''avson'''....''sake''<br>'''av duhos?'''....''why, what for?''<br>'''avaxler'''....''represent''<br>'''avdalut'''....''advocate''<br>'''avdopekut'''....''champion''<br>'''avunkexer'''....''fawn over'' || valign=top|'''eva'''....''neutral''<br>'''evan'''....''neutrality''<br>'''evder'''....''equivocate''<br>'''evxer'''....''neutralize''<br>'''evdofina'''....''amoral''<br>'''eveotifa'''....''asexual''<br>'''evkuma'''....''impartial''<br>'''evtooba'''....''gender-neutral''<br>'''evtos'''....''apathy''<br>'''evtotina'''....''atheist'' || valign=top|'''ov'''....''against''<br>'''ova'''....''contrary''<br>'''ovon'''....''liability, handicap, disadvantage''<br>'''ovun'''....''obstacle''<br>'''yanov'''....''opposition''<br>'''ovar'''....''shield''<br>'''ovaxler'''...''counteract, defy''<br>'''ovber'''...''to block''<br>'''ovbyaser'''....''to resist''<br>'''ovbyekul'''....''antidote''<br>'''ovdaler'''....''protest''<br>'''ovdat'''....''enemy'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAV''' ''innocent'', '''YEV''' ''just'', '''YOV''' ''guilty'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAV/YEV/YOV Family |- | valign=top|'''yava'''....''innocent''<br>'''yavder'''....''acquit''<br>'''yavla'''....''proud''<br>'''yavra'''....''arrogant''<br>'''yavandier'''....''to plead innocent''<br>'''yavankexut'''....''defense attorney''<br>'''yavdeler'''...''to exonerate''<br>'''yavkaxer'''....''to find innocent''<br>'''yavlader'''....''boast, flaunt''<br>'''yavlanyober'''...''to humiliate''<br>'''yavalatyoper'''....''strut''<br>'''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in'' || valign=top|'''yeva'''....''fair''<br>'''yevder'''....''judge''<br>'''doyevan'''....''justice''<br>'''doyevdut'''....''judge''<br>'''doyevon'''....''court case''<br>'''doyevam'''....''court''<br>'''finyevut'''....''critic'' || valign=top|'''yova'''....''guilty''<br>'''yovder'''....''indict, accuse''<br>'''yovla'''....''ashamed''<br>'''yovra'''....''mortified''<br>'''vayovder'''....''convict''<br>'''doyov'''....''crime''<br>'''yovbyok'''....''penalty''<br>'''yovbyokam'''....''prison''<br>'''yovober'''....''pardon'' |} {{small/end}} === '''VI''' ''beautiful'', '''VU''' ''ugly'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VI-VU Family |- | '''via'''....''beautiful'' || '''vua'''....''ugly'' |- | '''viya'''....''pretty'' || '''vuya'''....''nasty'' |- | '''vila'''....''magnificent'' || '''vudal'''....''foul language'' |- | '''vira'''....''marvelous'' ||'''vudun'''....''swear word'' |- | '''vria'''....''glamorous'' ||'''vukaxer'''....''to revile'' |- | '''vifa'''....''elegant'' || '''vufa'''....''vulgar'' |- | '''vita'''....''classy'' || '''vuta'''....''wretched'' |- | '''vioga'''....''cute'' || |- | '''viaga'''....''sumptuous'' || |} {{small/end}} === '''VYI''' ''clean'', '''VYU''' ''dirty'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ VYI-VYU Family |- | '''vyia'''....''clean'' || '''vyua'''....''dirty'' |- | '''vyida'''....''clear'' || '''vyuda'''....''muddled'' |- | '''vyina'''....''pure'' || '''vyuna'''....''stained'' |- | '''vyita'''....''chaste'' || '''vyuta'''....''sleazy'' |- | '''vyiya'''....''neat'' || '''vyuya'''....''foul'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IV''' ''happy'', '''UV''' ''sad'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IV-UV Family |- valign=top | '''iva'''....''happy''<br>'''ivla'''....''glad, content''<br>'''ivra'''....''excited, thrilled''<br>'''iv'''....''fun''<br>'''ivtax'''....''gratitude''<br>'''ivder'''....''cheer''<br>'''ivteuber'''....''smile''<br>'''ivdeuxer'''....''laugh''<br>'''ivseuz'''....''sigh of relief''<br>'''yaniv'''....''party''<br>'''yanivtosder'''....''congratulate''<br>'''ivek'''....''game, play''<br>'''ivuj'''....''happy ending''||'''uva'''....''sad''<br>'''uvla'''....''disappointed''<br>'''uvra'''....''morose, dejected''<br>'''uv'''....''sorrow''<br>'''uvtax'''....''regret''<br>'''uvder'''....''complain''<br>'''uvteuber'''....''frown''<br>'''uvdeuxer'''....''moan''<br>'''uvseuz'''....''sigh of sorrow''<br>'''yanuv'''....''dirge''<br>'''yanuvtosder'''....''commiserate''<br>'''uvdin'''....''tragedy''<br>'''uvuj'''....''sad ending'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIV''' ''free'', '''YUV''' ''bound'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIV-YUV Family |- | valign=top |'''yiva'''....''free''<br>'''yivla'''....''loose''<br>'''yivina'''....''liberal''<br>'''yivtexa'''....''libertarian''<br>'''doyiv'''....''right''<br>'''yivdras'''....''license''<br>'''yivxer'''....''liberate'' ||valign=top| '''yuva'''....''bound, captive''<br>'''yuvla'''....''subject, dependent''<br>'''yuvrat'''....''slave''<br>'''loyuvratxen'''....''emancipation''<br>'''doyuv'''....''duty''<br>'''yuv'''....''bond, lien''<br>'''yuvdraf'''....''bond''<br>'''nasyuv'''....''debt''<br>'''oyuvlan'''....''independence''<br>'''yuvar'''....''chain'' |} {{small/end}} === '''AZ''' ''strong'', '''EZ''' ''moderate'', '''OZ''' ''weak'' === : Summary: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ AZ-EZ-OZ Family |- | valign=top |'''aza'''....''strong''<br>'''azla'''....''intense''<br>'''azra'''....''violent''<br>'''azaxer'''....''strenghten''<br>'''azon'''....''power''<br>'''aztob'''....''strongman''<br>'''bakaza'''....''hardy''<br>'''fonaza'''....''resolute'' || valign=top| '''eza'''....''moderate''<br>'''ezaxer'''....''moderate''<br>'''ezama'''....''temperate, moderately hot''<br>'''eztilea'''....''temperate (in drinking)''<br>'''ezaga'''....''moderate-sized''<br>'''ezyen'''....''modesty'' ||valign=top| '''oza'''....''weak''<br>'''ozta'''....''tired''<br>'''ozaxer'''....''weaken''<br>'''ozbaxler'''....''jiggle''<br>'''ozdaler'''....''mutter, mumble''<br>'''ozduer'''....''hint''<br>'''ozder'''....''whisper''<br>'''fonoza'''....''weak-willed'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YAZ''' ''convex'', '''YEZ''' ''flush'', '''YOZ''' ''concave'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YAZ-YEZ-YOZ Family |- | valign=top |'''yaza'''....''convex''<br>'''yaz'''....''mound''<br>'''memyaz'''...''mountain''<br>'''mimyaz'''....''surf''<br>'''milyaz'''....''wave''<br>'''mimolyaz'''....''saltdome''<br>'''nedyaz'''....''bump''<br>'''yagyaz'''....''ridge''<br>'''tayeyaz'''....''pimple''<br>'''melyaz'''....''tomb''<br>'''tayobyaz'''....''tumor'' || valign=top|'''yeza'''....''flush''<br>'''yez'''....''along, flush with''<br>'''memyez'''....''plain''<br>'''mimolyez'''....''salt flat''<br>'''obyez'''....''platform'' ||valign=top|'''yoza'''....''concave''<br> '''yoz'''....''depression''<br>'''memyoz'''....''valley''<br>'''nedyoz'''....''dip''<br>'''yagyoz'''....''groove''<br>'''kuyoz'''....''cave''<br>'''melyoz'''....''pit'' |} {{small/end}} === '''IZ''' ''straight'', '''UZ''' ''curve'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ IZ-UZ Family |- | valign=top|'''iza'''....''straight''<br>'''izber'''....''direct, steer''<br>'''izper'''....''go straight, head for''<br>'''izmep'''....''straight shot, beeline''<br>'''izon'''....''direction''<br>'''iznad'''....''vector, straight line''<br>'''iznod'''....''target''<br>'''izteser'''....''denote'' <br>'''iztex'''....''logic''<br>'''iztesten'''....''intuition''<br>'''izgun'''....''right angle''<br>'''izeaxer'''....''indicate, point out''<br>'''izbyen'''....''maneuver''<br>'''iztin'''....''orthodoxy''<br>'''izbeb'''....''pilot, driver''<br>'''izbex'''....''control''<br>'''izbus'''....''index, guide''<br>'''izdalea'''....''forthright''<br>'''izdar'''....''indicator, pointer''<br>'''izdin'''....''prose''<br>'''izduer'''....''prompt''<br>'''izeaxer'''....''to point out''<br>'''izfin'''....''rectitude''<br>'''izhij'''....''just now''<br>'''izjuba'''....''adjacent''<br>'''izmagaler'''....''sear''||valign=top| '''uza'''....''curved, crooked''<br>'''uzber'''....''turn''<br>'''uzper'''....''deviate, curve''<br>'''uzmep'''....''detour''<br>'''uznad'''....''curve''<br>'''uznod'''....''turning point''<br>'''uzteser'''....''connote''<br>'''uztex'''....''irrationality''<br>'''uzun'''....''ring''<br>'''uzyus'''....''spriral, coil''<br>'''uzabmas'''....''arch''<br>'''uzmem'''....''bay''<br>'''ulz'''....''twist''<br>'''mapulz'''....''tornado''<br>'''uzmuv'''....''screw''<br>'''tuyobuz'''....''bracelet''<br>'''tuyubuz'''....''ring''<br>'''teebuz'''....''earing''<br>'''teibuz'''....''nosering''<br>'''teyobuz'''....''necklace''<br>'''tiabuz'''....''broche''<br>'''tilabuz'''....''tit ring, nipple ring''<br>'''ebtuabuz'''....''epaulette''<br>'''mamiluz'''....''rainbow ''<br>'''dopuz'''....''bow, arch, bow-and-arrow''<br>'''tepuzra'''....''crazy'' |} {{small/end}} === '''YIZ''' ''beyond'', '''YUZ''' ''around'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ YIZ-YUZ Family |- | valign=top|'''yiz'''....''beyond''<br>'''yiza'''....''ulterior''<br>'''yizper'''....''surpass''<br>'''yiznod'''....''extremity''<br>'''yiztapa'''....''metaphysical''<br>'''yizmola'''....''supernatural''<br>'''yizoga'''....''ultra-small''<br>'''yizyivyalza'''....''ultraviolet''<br>'''yiztoba'''....''superhuman''<br>'''yizimera'''....''extra-terrestrial'' ||valign=top| '''yuz'''....''around''<br>'''yuza'''....''circular''<br>'''yuzper'''....''circulate''<br>'''yuzmep'''....''periphery''<br>'''sinyuz'''....''frame''<br>'''nidyuz'''....''envelope''<br>'''yuznad'''....''border''<br>'''yuzmas'''....''fence''<br>'''yuznag'''....''girth''<br>'''yuzmimper'''....''circumnavigate''<br>'''yuzkof'''....''blanket, wrap''<br>'''yuznof'''....''bandage''<br>'''yuzdom'''....''suburb''<br>'''yuzem'''....''environment''<br>'''yuzbexer'''....''hug'' |} {{small/end}} === '''ZI''' ''right'', '''ZU''' ''left'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZI-ZU Family |- | valign=top|'''zia'''....''right''<br>'''ziinut'''....''rightist''<br>'''zikum'''....''right side''<br>'''zimera'''....''east''<br>'''ziper'''....''to turn right'' | valign=top|'''zua'''....''left''<br>'''zuinut'''....''leftist''<br>'''zukum'''....''left side''<br>'''zumera'''....''west''<br>'''zuper'''....''to turn left'' |} {{small/end}} === '''ZYI''' ''flat'', '''ZYU''' ''round'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZYI-ZYU Family |- | valign=top|'''zyia'''....''flat''<br>'''zyida'''....''platitudinous, trite''<br>'''zyifa'''....''smooth, even''<br>'''zyima'''....''level, even''<br>'''zyina'''....''level, even''<br>'''zyiaxer'''....''flatten''<br>'''zyiber'''....''lay''<br>'''zyiper'''....''lie, lie flat'' <br>'''zyiem'''....''plaza''<br>'''zyifar'''....''file''<br>'''zyifir'''....''plane''<br>'''zyifub'''....''paddle''<br>'''zyigos'''....''flake''<br>'''zyim'''....''plane''<br>'''zyimem'''....''plain''<br>'''zyin'''....''plate''<br>'''zyined'''....''platform''<br>'''zyiun'''....''plaque''<br>'''zyisemes'''....''platter''<br>'''zyipovol'''....''flatbread, pizza, pita''<br>'''novzyiar'''....''iron''<br>'''zyityoyaba'''....''flat-footed''<br>'''zyigiar'''....''sword''<br>'''zyipyexer'''....''smack, slap''<br>'''zyipyoser'''...''to fall flat''<br>'''zyimelyaz'''....''plateau''<br>'''zyimipar'''....''flatboat'' ||'''zyua'''....''round''<br>'''zyuabtamas'''....''dome''<br>'''zyub'''....''spindle''<br>'''zyuber'''....''to rotate, to turn''<br>'''zyubler'''....''spin, twirl, twist''<br>'''zyubmagyelwa'''...''stir-fried''<br>'''zyubolnod'''....''hinge, pivot''<br>'''zyubrar'''....''turbine''<br>'''zyubrea'''....''turbulent''<br>'''zyudaz'''....''waltz''<br>'''zyudezam'''....''theater in the round''<br>'''zyues'''....''ring''<br>'''zyufub'''....''rudder''<br>'''zyug'''....''tire''<br>'''zyuipea'''....''swirling''<br>'''zuisa'''...''elliptical, oval''<br>'''zyuj'''....''round, turn''<br>'''zyujer'''....''to cycle''<br>'''zyuk'''....''wheel''<br>'''zyukmuf'''....''axle''<br>'''zyuktam'''....''mobile home''<br>'''zyul'''....''drop''<br>'''zyum'''....''sphere''<br>'''zyun'''....''ball''<br>'''zyunes'''....''bead, pellet, pill, buller''<br>'''zyus'''....''circle''<br>'''zyuyk'''....''reel''<br>'''zyuyoz'''....''cup, cupola'' |} {{small/end}} ==== How ZYU, YUZ, and UZ Differ ==== : The following three root morphemes can be confused: :* the root '''zyu-''' refers to ''roundness'', ''round objects'' and ''rotation/rolling''. :* the root '''yuz-''' refers to ''around'', ''circling'', and ''surrounding'' :* the root '''uz-''' refers to ''curves'', ''arcs'', ''bows'', and ''bends''. === '''ZA''' ''front'', '''ZE''' ''middle'', '''ZO''' ''back'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZA- ZE- ZO- Family |- | valign=top|'''za'''....''in front of''<br>'''zaa'''....''front''<br>'''zam'''....''front''<br>'''zabun'''....''prefix''<br>'''zajab'''....''next year''<br>'''zaper'''....''to lead'' | valign=top|'''ze'''....''in the middle of''<br>'''zea'''....''middle''<br>'''zem'''....''middle''<br>'''zebun'''....''infix''<br>'''zejab'''....''mid-year''<br>'''zeper'''....''to balance oneself'' | valign=top|'''zo'''....''behind''<br>'''zoa'''....''rear''<br>'''zom'''....''back''<br>'''zobun'''....''suffix''<br>'''zojab'''....''last year''<br>'''zoper'''....''to lag'' |} {{small/end}} === '''ZYA''' ''wide'', '''ZYE''' ''through'', '''ZYO''' ''narrow'' === {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ ZYA- ZYE- ZYO- Family |- | valign=top|'''zyaa'''....''wide''<br>'''zyan'''....''span''<br>'''zyaxer'''....''to broaden''<br>'''zyaber'''....''to spread''<br>'''zyabuer'''....''to distribute''<br>'''zyabixer'''....''stretch, strain''<br>'''zyadaler'''....''preach''<br>'''zyader'''....''announce, broadcast''<br>'''zyadin'''....''report''<br>'''zyadrer'''....''post, report''<br>'''zyaguna'''....''obtuse, wide-angle''<br>'''zyagofler'''....''slash''<br>'''zyagosber'''....''sprinkle''<br>'''zyaija'''....''wide-open''<br>'''zyama'''....''vast''<br>'''zyakexer'''....''to scan''<br>'''zyanig'''....''expanse'' |valign=top|'''zye'''....''through''<br>'''zyeper'''....''to go through''<br>'''zyemep'''....''thoroughfare''<br>'''zyebuxer'''....''push through, ram''<br>'''zyedyeer'''....''peruse''<br>'''zyega'''....''hollow''<br>'''zyeg'''....''hole''<br>'''zyegar'''....''drill''<br>'''zyegir'''....''derrick''<br>'''zyeglar'''....''spear''<br>'''zyegoblar'''....''dagger''<br>'''zyeguna'''....''diagonal''<br>'''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''<br>'''zyegur'''....''excavator''<br>'''zyeilber'''....''to soak''<br>'''zyeimber'''....''imbue''<br>'''zyel'''....''enamel, glaze'' |valign=top|'''zyoa'''....''narrow''<br>'''zyoxer'''....''narrow, constrict''<br>'''zyoafxer'''....''restrict''<br>'''zyoapexlar'''....''squeegee''<br>'''zyobaler'''....''squeeze''<br>'''zyobar'''....''filter''<br>'''zyobexer'''....''clutch''<br>'''zyobexar'''....''wrench''<br>'''zyobixer'''....''strain''<br>'''zyoebmem'''....''isthmus''<br>'''zyogofler'''....''to slice thinly''<br>'''zyogun'''....''acute angle''<br>'''zyoilpuxer'''....''squirt''<br>'''zyoiluar'''....''funnel''<br>'''zyokebier'''....''to single out''<br>'''zyom'''....''confines''<br>'''zyomelyoz'''....''furrow'' |} : The root morpheme '''zye''' means ''through, trans-, per-'' and is at the base of many words. The following key words have to do with transparency and piercing: ::* '''zyef'''....''pane of glass'' ::* '''zyev'''....''glass'' ::* '''zyeb'''....''bottle'' ::* '''zyeg'''....''hole'' (and the stub suffix '''-yeg''') ::* '''zyek'''....''pore'' ::* '''zyel'''....''glaze, enamel'' {{small/end}} === '''HO''' ''which'' === : The root morpheme '''ho-''' and its scalar variants are prefixes that categorize deictic determiner adjectives, substantives, or adverbs. ::* '''duho-'''....''what?, which?'' (interrogative) ::* '''ho-'''....''which'' (relative) ::* '''ha-'''....''the'' (definite) ::* '''he-'''....''some'' (indefinite) ::* '''hi-'''....''this'' (proximate) ::* '''hii-'''....''the following'' (post-proximate) ::* '''hu-'''....''that'' (remote) ::* '''huu-'''....''such a'' (emphatic) ::* '''hyo-'''....''no'' (negative) ::* '''hya-'''....''all, every'' (universal) ::* '''hye-'''....''any, whatever'' (indeterminate) ::* '''hyi-'''....''the same'' (identical) ::* '''hyu-'''....''the other'' (non-identical) : Both '''ho''' and '''ha''' can act as independent words; all the others are always prefixes. Eg.: :* '''Ha toyb ho at tadia.'''....''The woman that I married.'' ==== HO Words ==== : The prefixes '''ho''' and '''duho''' are used to form relative and interrogative determiners, respectively. Here are the most common ones: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ho-'''....''which'' * '''ho'''....''which, who, whom, that'' * '''hoa'''....''which'' * '''hogi'''....''hoagie, hoagy'' * '''hogla'''....''how much, how much/many'' * '''hoglas'''....''how much'' * '''hoglasi'''....''how many'' * '''hoglati'''....''how many (people)'' * '''hoj'''....''the time that, the time when'' * '''hojaga'''....''how old, of the age that'' * '''hojagat'''....''person of what age'' * '''hojagati'''....''people of what age'' * '''hom'''....''the place that, the place where'' * '''honog'''....''to the degree that'' * '''hos'''....''that which, the thing that, what'' * '''hosav'''....''why, because'' * '''hosi'''....''what things'' * '''hot'''....''he who, the person who, who, whom'' * '''hota'''....''whose'' * '''hotan'''....''identity'' * '''hotander'''....''i.d.'' * '''hotandier'''....''card, i.d.'' * '''hotandraf'''....''i.d., identification badge, identification card'' * '''hotantuen'''....''identification, identifying'' * '''hotantuus'''....''identifier'' * '''hotantuwa'''....''identified'' * '''hotantuyafwa'''....''identifiable'' * '''hotantuyafwan'''....''identifiability'' * '''hotantuyafway'''....''identifiably'' * '''hotas'''....''whose'' * '''hotasi'''....''whose things'' * '''hoti'''....''who, whom'' * '''hoxag'''....''how often'' * '''hoxaga'''....''how frequent'' * '''hoyen'''....''as, how, which way, which kind'' * '''hoyena'''....''of the kind that, what kind of'' * '''hoyenas'''....''what kind of thing'' * '''hoyenasi'''....''what kind of things'' * '''hoyenat'''....''what kind of person'' * '''hoyenati'''....''what kind of people'' * '''hoyuxun'''....''which means'' <br> * '''duho'''....''what'' * '''duho?'''....''which?'' * '''duhoawa?'''....''which one?'' * '''duhoawas?'''....''which one?'' * '''duhoawat?'''....''which one?'' * '''duhobyen'''....''how something is'' * '''duhoetdyuehas'''....''whatchamacallit'' * '''duhoewa?'''....''which two?'' * '''duhoewasi?'''....''which two things?'' * '''duhoewati?'''....''which two people?'' * '''duhogel'''....''like what'' * '''duhogel?'''....''what kind?'' * '''duhogela?'''....''what kind of?, what manner of?'' * '''duhogelas?'''....''what kind of thing?, what sort of thing?'' * '''duhogelasi?'''....''what kind of things?, what sort of things?'' * '''duhogelat?'''....''what kind of person?'' * '''duhogelati?'''....''what kind of people?'' * '''duhogelayt?'''....''what kind of girl?'' * '''duhogelayti?'''....''what kind of girls?'' * '''duhogelwat?'''....''what kind of guy?'' * '''duhogelwati?'''....''what kind of guys?'' * '''duhogla job'''....''as much time as, how long'' * '''duhogla jodi'''....''how frequently, how many times, how often'' * '''duhogla'''....''how many, how much how, to no extent'' * '''duhoglajodi'''....''on how many occasions'' * '''duhoglani'''....''quanta'' * '''duhoglas'''....''how much'' * '''duhoglasi'''....''how many things'' * '''duhoglati'''....''how many people'' * '''duhogyugela?'''....''what other kind of?'' * '''duhohyua?'''....''what other?'' * '''duhohyuj?'''....''when else?'' * '''duhohyum?'''....''where else?'' * '''duhohyus?'''....''what else?'' * '''duhohyusauna?'''....''what other kind of?'' * '''duhohyusav?'''....''why else?'' * '''duhohyut?'''....''who else?'' * '''duhohyuyen'''....''how else'' * '''duhohyuyena?'''....''what other kind of?'' * '''duhoizon?'''....''which way?'' * '''duhoj?'''....''when...?, when?'' * '''duhojag?'''....''what age?'' * '''duhojaga'''....''how old'' * '''duhojagati'''....''people of what age?'' * '''duhojob?'''....''when...?, when?'' * '''duhojod'''....''at what point, on what occasion, on which occasion'' * '''duhojod?'''....''which time?'' * '''duhojodi'''....''at which times, on what occasions, on which occasions'' * '''duhojuab?'''....''which Monday?'' * '''duhojub?'''....''which day?'' * '''duhojwap'''....''at what moment'' * '''duhom'''....''whereabouts'' * '''duhomep?'''....''which way?, which way?'' * '''duhomi'''....''at what places'' * '''duhonog'''....''how, to what extent, to what degree, to what extent'' * '''duhoowa?'''....''which single?'' * '''duhos?'''....''what thing?, what?'' * '''duhosag'''....''how many'' * '''duhosan'''....''quiddity'' * '''duhosaun?'''....''what kind?'' * '''duhosauna?'''....''what kind of?, what manner of?'' * '''duhosaunas?'''....''what kind of thing?, what sort of thing?'' * '''duhosaunasi?'''....''what kind of things?, what sort of things?'' * '''duhosaunat?'''....''what kind of person?'' * '''duhosaunati?'''....''what kind of people?'' * '''duhosaunayt?'''....''what kind of girl?'' * '''duhosaunayti?'''....''what kind of girls?'' * '''duhosaunwat?'''....''what kind of guy?'' * '''duhosaunwati?'''....''what kind of guys?'' * '''duhosav?'''....''why?, for what reason?, wherefore?'' * '''duhosi?'''....''what things?, what?'' * '''duhosun?'''....''what thing?, what?'' * '''duhosuni?'''....''what things?, what?'' * '''duhot'''....''who?'' * '''duhot?'''....''what person?, whom'' * '''duhota?'''....''whose?'' * '''duhotandien'''....''carding, i.d.'ing'' * '''duhotandiwa'''....''carded, i.d.'ed'' * '''duhotandraf'''....''identity card'' * '''duhotantuea'''....''identifying'' * '''duhotantuer'''....''identify'' * '''duhotas?'''....''whose thing?'' * '''duhotasi?'''....''whose things?'' * '''duhotayovolza?'''....''of what skin color?'' * '''duhoteyovolza?'''....''of what hair color?'' * '''duhoti'''....''who?'' * '''duhoti?'''....''what persons?, who all?, whom'' * '''duhotob'''....''who?'' * '''duhotob?'''....''what person?, whom'' * '''duhotobi?'''....''what persons?'' * '''duhotooba?'''....''of what gender?'' * '''duhotooda?'''....''of what race?'' * '''duhotxahas '''....''whodunit'' * '''duhotxahas'''....''whodunnit'' * '''duhovolza?'''....''of what color?, what color?'' * '''duhoxag?'''....''how frequently?, how often?'' * '''duhoyen'''....''in what manner, in what way, like what'' * '''duhoyen?'''....''what kind?, what way?'' * '''duhoyena?'''....''like what?, what kind of?, what manner of?'' * '''duhoyenas?'''....''what kind of thing?, what sort of thing?'' * '''duhoyenasi?'''....''what kind of things?, what sort of things?'' * '''duhoyenat?'''....''what kind of person?'' * '''duhoyenati?'''....''what kind of people?'' * '''duhoyenayt?'''....''what kind of girl?'' * '''duhoyenayti?'''....''what kind of girls?'' * '''duhoyeni?'''....''which ways?'' * '''duhoyenwat?'''....''what kind of guy?'' * '''duhoyenwati?'''....''what kind of guys?'' * '''duhoyt'''....''who?'' * '''duhoyt?'''....''which girl?, whom'' * '''duhoyta?'''....''which girl's?, whose?'' * '''duhoytas?'''....''which girl's?, whose thing?'' * '''duhoytasi?'''....''which girl's?, whose things?'' * '''duhoyti'''....''who?'' * '''duhoyti?'''....''which girls?, whom'' * '''duhoyuxun'''....''by what means'' * '''duhoyuxun?'''....''with what means?'' * '''duhozeyen?'''....''by what means?'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HA Words ==== :: This deictic prefix can be joined to other elements to form the definite determiners. Also, as a shortened form of the adjective '''haa''', it can act as the definite article ''the''. Here a list of '''ha-''' determiners: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''ha'''....''the'' * '''habyen'''....''how, the kind, the manner, the way'' * '''habyeni'''....''ho the kinds of, the ways that'' * '''hagan'''....''as much, the amount'' * '''hagela'''....''the kind of'' * '''hagla'''....''as many, as much, to the degree, of the amount'' * '''haglas'''....''how much, the amount'' * '''haglasi'''....''how many, the number of things'' * '''haglati'''....''how many (people), the number of people'' * '''haglayti'''....''the number of women'' * '''hahyia'''....''the same'' * '''hahyij'''....''the same time'' * '''hahyis'''....''the same thing'' * '''hahyisi'''....''the same things'' * '''hahyit'''....''the same person'' * '''hahyita'''....''the same person's'' * '''hahyiti'''....''the same people'' * '''hahyua'''....''the other'' * '''hahyuas'''....''the other one'' * '''hahyuat'''....''the other one, the other person'' * '''hahyuj'''....''the other time'' * '''hahyum'''....''that other place, the same place'' * '''hahyus'''....''the other thing'' * '''hahyusauna'''....''the other kind of, this same kind of'' * '''hahyut'''....''the other person'' * '''hahyuyen'''....''the other way, the same way'' * '''haj'''....''the time'' * '''hajaga'''....''of the age'' * '''hajagat'''....''person of the age'' * '''hajagati'''....''people of what age'' * '''hajob'''....''the time'' * '''hajod'''....''on the occasion'' * '''hajodi'''....''at the times, at the times that, on the occasions'' * '''ham'''....''the place'' * '''hami'''....''the places'' * '''hanog'''....''to the degr'' * '''has'''....''it, the thing, what'' * '''hasa'''....''its, the thing's'' * '''hasag'''....''as many, how many, the number of...that'' * '''hasauna'''....''the kind of'' * '''hasaunas'''....''the kind of thing'' * '''hasaunasi'''....''the kinds of things'' * '''hasaunat'''....''the kind of person'' * '''hasaunati'''....''the kind of people'' * '''hasaunayti'''....''the kind of women'' * '''hasaunwat'''....''the kind of man'' * '''hasaunwati'''....''the kind of men'' * '''hasav'''....''for the reason, the reason'' * '''hasi'''....''the things, them, they, what (things)'' * '''hason'''....''it, the matter, the thing'' * '''hasoni'''....''the matters, the things, them, they'' * '''hasun'''....''it, the thing'' * '''hasuni'''....''the things, them, they'' * '''hat'''....''he, him, the person, who(m)/who'' * '''hata'''....''his, the person's'' * '''hatas'''....''his, the person's thing, the person’s, whose'' * '''hatasi'''....''his, the person's things, whose (things)'' * '''hati'''....''the ones, the people, them, they, who, whom'' * '''hawa'''....''the one, the only, the single'' * '''hawajod'''....''the only time'' * '''hawam'''....''the only place'' * '''hawas'''....''the only one, the only thing'' * '''hawasi'''....''the only ones, the only things'' * '''hawat'''....''the only one, the only person'' * '''hawatas'''....''the only one's, the only one's thing'' * '''hawatasi'''....''the only one's, the only one's things'' * '''hawati'''....''the only ones, the only people'' * '''haway'''....''only'' * '''hawayen'''....''the only way'' * '''hawayt'''....''the only female person'' * '''hawayti'''....''that only females, the only ones'' * '''haxag'''....''the frequency'' * '''haxaga'''....''of the frequency'' * '''hayen'''....''the kind, the manner, the way, the way'' * '''hayena'''....''how, the kind of, the manner of, the way of the kind'' * '''hayenas'''....''the kind of thing'' * '''hayenasi'''....''the kind of things'' * '''hayenat'''....''the kind of person, what kind of person'' * '''hayenati'''....''the kind of people, what kind of people'' * '''hayenayt'''....''the kind of woman'' * '''hayenayti'''....''the kind of women'' * '''hayeni'''....''in ways that, the kinds that'' * '''hayenwat'''....''the kind of guy'' * '''hayenwati'''....''the kind of men'' * '''hayt'''....''her, she, the girl'' * '''hayta'''....''her, the girl's'' * '''haytas'''....''hers, the girl's'' * '''haytasi'''....''her things, hers, the girl's'' * '''hayti'''....''the girls, them, they'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HE Words ==== : This prefix is used to form indefinite determiners meaning ''some, a certain''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hea'''....''a certain, an, some'' * '''heawa'''....''a certain'' * '''heawas'''....''a certain thing'' * '''heawat'''....''a certain person, someone'' * '''hegan'''....''a certain amount, a certain amount, some'' * '''hegla'''....''how much/many, somewhat, to a certain extent, to some degree, to what extent'' * '''heglas'''....''a certain amount, some of it, some (amount)'' * '''heglasi'''....''certain things, some things, some things'' * '''heglati'''....''certain people, some people, some people'' * '''hehyua'''....''some other'' * '''hehyuas'''....''some other one'' * '''hehyuj'''....''some other time'' * '''hehyum'''....''somewhere else'' * '''hehyus'''....''some other thing'' * '''hehyusauna'''....''some other kind of'' * '''hehyut'''....''some other person, someone else'' * '''hehyuyen'''....''somehow other'' * '''hej'''....''at a certain time, sometime, when'' * '''hejaga'''....''how old'' * '''hejagat'''....''person of some age'' * '''hejagati'''....''people of the following age, people of this age'' * '''heji'''....''at certain times, at times, sometimes'' * '''hejob'''....''at a certain time, sometime'' * '''hejod'''....''at a certain time, at some point, on some occasion, sometime'' * '''hejoday'''....''occasionally'' * '''hejodi'''....''at some points, at times, on occasion, on some occasions'' * '''hejuab'''....''some Monday'' * '''hejub'''....''some day, someday'' * '''hejwapi'''....''at certain moments'' * '''hem'''....''somewhere, where'' * '''hemi'''....''some places'' * '''hemules'''....''higgs particle'' * '''henog'''....''somewhat, to a certain extent, to some degree'' * '''heoja'''....''eventual'' * '''heojan'''....''eventuality'' * '''heojay'''....''eventually'' * '''hes'''....''something'' * '''hesag'''....''a certain number, some'' * '''hesana'''....''a certain form of, some form of'' * '''hesauna'''....''a certain kind of, some kind of, some type of'' * '''hesav'''....''for some reason, why'' * '''hesi'''....''certain things, some things, some things'' * '''hesun'''....''something'' * '''hesuni'''....''some things'' * '''het'''....''a certain person, somebody, someone'' * '''heta'''....''a certain person's, somebody's, someone's, whose'' * '''hetas'''....''some person’s, somebody's, someone's thing'' * '''hetasi'''....''someboyd's, someone's thing, someone’s (things)'' * '''heti'''....''certain people, some people, some people'' * '''hetob'''....''a certain person, somebody, someone'' * '''hetoba'''....''a certain person's, somebody's, someone's'' * '''hetobas'''....''somebody's thing, someone's'' * '''hetobasi'''....''somebody's things, someone's'' * '''hetobi'''....''some people'' * '''hetoyb'''....''some woman'' * '''hetoyba'''....''some woman's'' * '''hetoybas'''....''some woman's'' * '''hetoybasi'''....''some woman's things'' * '''hetoybi'''....''some women'' * '''hetwob'''....''some guy, some man'' * '''hetwoba'''....''some man's'' * '''hetwobas'''....''some man's'' * '''hetwobasi'''....''some man's things'' * '''hetwobi'''....''some men'' * '''hexag'''....''how often, sometimes, with some frequency'' * '''hexaga'''....''how frequent'' * '''heyen'''....''how, in some fashion, in some way, somehow, someway'' * '''heyena'''....''a certain kind of, some kind of, what kind of'' * '''heyenas'''....''some kind of thing'' * '''heyenasi'''....''some kind of things, some kinds of things'' * '''heyenat'''....''some kind of person'' * '''heyenata'''....''some kind of person's'' * '''heyenati'''....''some kind of people, some kinds of people'' * '''heyenayt'''....''some kind of girl'' * '''heyenayta'''....''some kind of girl's'' * '''heyenayti'''....''some kinds of girls'' * '''heyeni'''....''in certain ways, in some ways'' * '''heyenwat'''....''some kind of guy'' * '''heyenwata'''....''some kind of guy's'' * '''heyenwati'''....''some kinds of guys'' * '''heyt'''....''a certain female, some girl, someone'' * '''heyta'''....''a certain female's, some girl's, someone's'' * '''heytas'''....''some girl's, someone's thing'' * '''heytasi'''....''some girl's, someone's someone's thing'' * '''heyti'''....''some females, some girls'' * '''heytia'''....''some females'' * '''heytias'''....''some female's thing'' * '''heytiasi'''....''some female's things'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HI, HII, and HIY Words ==== ::* '''hi-'''....''this'' ::* '''hii-'''....''the following'' ::* '''hiy'''....''here is, voici'' : The deictic prefix '''hi-''' is used to form proximal demonstratives with the meaning ''this''. The variant '''hii-''' is used to form demonstratives meaning ''the following''. The word '''hiy''' means ''here is, voici''. : Here is a list of the most common words with these deictic roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hia'''....''these, this'' * '''hias'''....''this one'' * '''hiat'''....''the one over here, this one, this person'' * '''hiati'''....''the people over here, these'' * '''hiawa'''....''this one, this particular'' * '''hiawas'''....''this one, this one thing'' * '''hiawat'''....''this particular person'' * '''hiayt'''....''this female'' * '''hiayta'''....''this female's'' * '''hiayti'''....''these females'' * '''hiewa'''....''these two'' * '''hiewasi'''....''these two things'' * '''hiewati'''....''these two people'' * '''higel'''....''like this way'' * '''higela'''....''this kind of'' * '''higla'''....''this many, this much, this much, to this degree'' * '''higlas'''....''this much'' * '''higlasi'''....''this many'' * '''higlati'''....''this many people'' * '''hihyia'''....''this same'' * '''hihyij'''....''this same time'' * '''hihyis'''....''this same thing'' * '''hihyisi'''....''this same things'' * '''hihyit'''....''this same person'' * '''hihyita'''....''this same person's'' * '''hihyiti'''....''this same people'' * '''hihyua'''....''this other, this other person'' * '''hihyuj'''....''this other time'' * '''hihyum'''....''this other place, this same place'' * '''hihyus'''....''this other thing'' * '''hihyusauna'''....''that other kind of, this same kind of'' * '''hihyusav'''....''for this other reason'' * '''hihyusi'''....''these other things'' * '''hihyuti'''....''these other people'' * '''hihyuyen'''....''this other way, this same way'' * '''hiia'''....''foregoing, forthcoming, the following, the following'' * '''hiigela'''....''the following kind of'' * '''hiigla'''....''to the following degree, to this degree'' * '''hiiglas'''....''the following amount'' * '''hiiglasi'''....''the following number of things'' * '''hiiglati'''....''the following number of people'' * '''hiijaga'''....''of the following age'' * '''hiijagat'''....''person of the following age'' * '''hiimep'''....''the following way'' * '''hiis'''....''the following'' * '''hiisav'''....''for the following reason, for this reason'' * '''hiisi'''....''the following (things)'' * '''hiit'''....''the following person'' * '''hiita'''....''the follow person's, the following person's'' * '''hiitas'''....''the following person's, the following person's'' * '''hiitasi'''....''the following person's things, the following person's'' * '''hiiti'''....''the following people'' * '''hiixag'''....''this often'' * '''hiixaga'''....''of the following frequency'' * '''hiiyen'''....''in the following way, as follows, like the following, the following way'' * '''hiiyena'''....''the following kind of'' * '''hiiyenas'''....''the following kind of thing'' * '''hiiyenasi'''....''the following kinds of things'' * '''hiiyenat'''....''the following kind of person'' * '''hiiyenati'''....''the following kind of people'' * '''hiiyt'''....''the following girl'' * '''hiiyta'''....''the following girl's'' * '''hiiytas'''....''the following girl's'' * '''hiiytasi'''....''the following girl's'' * '''hiiyti'''....''the following guys'' * '''hiizon'''....''this way, this direction'' * '''hij'''....''at this time, now, presently, now'' * '''hijab'''....''this year'' * '''hijaga'''....''this old'' * '''hijagat'''....''person of this age'' * '''hiji'''....''nowadays'' * '''hijob'''....''at this time, now'' * '''hijoba'''....''current'' * '''hijobi'''....''nowadays, these days'' * '''hijod'''....''this time'' * '''hijodi'''....''at these times, on these occasions'' * '''hijuab'''....''this Monday'' * '''hijub'''....''today'' * '''hijuba'''....''today's'' * '''him'''....''here, hither, this place'' * '''himem'''....''the homeland, this country'' * '''himep'''....''this way'' * '''himi'''....''hereabouts, these parts, these places'' * '''himirat'''....''worldling'' * '''himoj'''....''tonight'' * '''hinog'''....''so, this, to this degree, to this extent'' * '''hipi'''....''hippie, hippy'' * '''his'''....''it, this thing, this'' * '''hisauanasi'''....''such things, these kind of things'' * '''hisaun'''....''this kind'' * '''hisauna'''....''such, this kind of'' * '''hisaunas'''....''such a thing, this kind of thing'' * '''hisaunat'''....''such a person, this kind of person'' * '''hisaunati'''....''such people, these kind of people'' * '''hisaunayt'''....''this kind of girl'' * '''hisaunayti'''....''these kinds of girls'' * '''hisaunwat'''....''this kind of guy'' * '''hisaunwati'''....''these kinds of guys'' * '''hisav'''....''for this reason, for this reason, therefore'' * '''hisi'''....''them, these things, they, these (things)'' * '''hison'''....''this issue'' * '''hisun'''....''it, this thing'' * '''hisuni'''....''these things'' * '''hit'''....''he, him, this person, this person'' * '''hita'''....''his, this person's, this person’s'' * '''hitas'''....''his, this person's, this person’s'' * '''hitasi'''....''his, this person's things, this person’s things'' * '''hiti'''....''them, these people, they, these people'' * '''hitia'''....''their'' * '''hitob'''....''this person'' * '''hitoba'''....''this person's'' * '''hitobi'''....''these people'' * '''hitooba'''....''this gender'' * '''hitoyb'''....''this woman'' * '''hitoyba'''....''this woman's'' * '''hitoybi'''....''these women'' * '''hitwob'''....''this man'' * '''hitwoba'''....''this man's'' * '''hitwobi'''....''these men'' * '''hiusauna'''....''this or that kind of, various kinds of'' * '''hivolza'''....''of this color, this color of'' * '''hixag'''....''this often'' * '''hixaga'''....''this often'' * '''hiy'''....''ecce, here is, see here, voici, behold'' * '''hiyen'''....''herewith, like this, so, this way, thus, this way'' * '''hiyena'''....''like this, such, this kind of, this kind of'' * '''hiyenas'''....''such a thing, this kind of thing, this kind of thing'' * '''hiyenasi'''....''these kinds of things'' * '''hiyenat'''....''such a person, this kind of person, this kind of person'' * '''hiyenati'''....''such people, these kinds of people, these kind of people'' * '''hiyenayt'''....''this kind of woman'' * '''hiyenayta'''....''this kind of woman's'' * '''hiyenayti'''....''these kinds of women'' * '''hiyenwat'''....''this kind of man'' * '''hiyenwata'''....''this kind of man's'' * '''hiyenwati'''....''these kinds of men'' * '''hiyt'''....''her, she, this girl'' * '''hiyta'''....''her, this girl's'' * '''hiytas'''....''her thing, hers, this girl's'' * '''hiytasi'''....''her things, hers, this girl's'' * '''hiyti'''....''them, these girls, they'' * '''hiyuxun'''....''this way, with this means'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HU, HUU, HUY, HUI- Words ==== ::* '''hu-'''....''that'' ::* '''huu-'''....''such a, the foregoing'' ::* '''huy'''....''voil&agrave;, there is, see there'' ::* '''hui-'''....''this and that'' : Here are the most common words using the above roots: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hua'''....''that, yon, yonder'' * '''huati'''....''those people'' * '''huawa'''....''that one, that particular'' * '''huawas'''....''that one, that one thing'' * '''huawat'''....''that particular person'' * '''huawayt'''....''that particular girl'' * '''huewa'''....''those two'' * '''huewasi'''....''those two things'' * '''huewati'''....''those two people'' * '''huewayti'''....''those two girls'' * '''hugel'''....''like that way'' * '''hugela'''....''that kind of'' * '''hugla'''....''that many, that much, that much/many, to that extent'' * '''huglas'''....''how much, that much, that much of it'' * '''huglasi'''....''how many, that many, that many things'' * '''huglati'''....''that many, that many, that many people'' * '''huglayti'''....''that many girls'' * '''huhyia'''....''that same'' * '''huhyij'''....''that same time'' * '''huhyis'''....''that same thing'' * '''huhyisi'''....''that same things'' * '''huhyit'''....''that same person'' * '''huhyita'''....''that same person's'' * '''huhyiti'''....''that same people'' * '''huhyiyen'''....''that same way'' * '''huhyua'''....''that other'' * '''huhyuj'''....''that other time'' * '''huhyum'''....''that other place, that same place'' * '''huhyus'''....''that other thing'' * '''huhyusauna'''....''that other kind of, that same kind of'' * '''huhyusi'''....''those other things'' * '''huhyut'''....''that other person'' * '''huhyuta'''....''that other person's'' * '''huhyuti'''....''those other people'' * '''huhyuyen'''....''that other way'' * '''huij'''....''now and then'' * '''huijoda'''....''sporadic'' * '''huijoday'''....''sporadically'' * '''huim'''....''here and there, passim'' * '''huimigper'''....''run about, run here and there'' * '''huimkexer'''....''search high and low'' * '''huimpaper'''....''fly here and there'' * '''huimpea'''....''going here-and-there, rambling, wandering'' * '''huimpen'''....''going here-and-there, rambling, wandering'' * '''huimper'''....''go here-and-there, ramble, wander'' * '''huimpoper'''....''travel about, travel here-and-yon'' * '''huimput'''....''gadabout, rambler, wanderer'' * '''huimtyopea'''....''ambulant'' * '''huimtyopen'''....''ambulation'' * '''huimtyoper'''....''ambulate'' * '''huis'''....''this-and-that, whatnot'' * '''huisder'''....''mutter something, say this-and-that'' * '''huisyexer'''....''do odd jobs, work this-and-that job'' * '''huittojben'''....''murder-suicide'' * '''huizon'''....''that direction, that way'' * '''huj'''....''then'' * '''huja'''....''quondam'' * '''hujab'''....''that year'' * '''hujaga'''....''of that age, that old'' * '''hujagat'''....''person of that age'' * '''hujagati'''....''people of that age'' * '''hujob'''....''at that time, then'' * '''hujobi'''....''in those days, in those times'' * '''hujod'''....''on that occasion, that time'' * '''hujodi'''....''at those times, on those occasions'' * '''hujuab'''....''that Monday'' * '''hujub'''....''that day'' * '''hulazyukxut'''....''hooper'' * '''hum'''....''at that place, yonder, there'' * '''humep'''....''that way'' * '''humi'''....''those places'' * '''hunog'''....''so, that, to that degree, to that extent'' * '''hus'''....''that thing, that'' * '''husaun'''....''that kind'' * '''husauna'''....''such, that kind of'' * '''husaunas'''....''such a thing, that kind of thing'' * '''husaunasi'''....''such things, those kinds of things'' * '''husaunat'''....''such a person, that kind of person'' * '''husaunati'''....''those kind of people'' * '''husav'''....''for that reason, for that reason, thence, therefore, thus'' * '''husi'''....''those (things), those things'' * '''hut'''....''he, him, that person, that person'' * '''huta'''....''his, that person's, that person's'' * '''hutas'''....''his, that person's, that person's'' * '''hutasi'''....''that person’s'' * '''huti'''....''them, they, those people, those people'' * '''hutia'''....''their, those people's'' * '''hutias'''....''theirs'' * '''hutiasi'''....''their things, theirs'' * '''hutooba'''....''that gender'' * '''huua'''....''such a, such a, the foregoing, the latter'' * '''huugel'''....''in such a way, like so'' * '''huugela'''....''such a'' * '''huugla'''....''so many, so much, so very, so much/many, to such an extent/so'' * '''huuglas'''....''so much'' * '''huuglasi'''....''so many, so many (things)'' * '''huuglati'''....''so many (people), so many, so many people'' * '''huuj'''....''at such a time, such a time'' * '''huujab'''....''such a year'' * '''huujag'''....''at such an age'' * '''huujaga'''....''of such an age'' * '''huujagat'''....''person of such an age'' * '''huujagati'''....''people of such an age'' * '''huujob'''....''at such a time'' * '''huujod'''....''at such a time'' * '''huujodi'''....''at such times'' * '''huujub'''....''such a day'' * '''huujubi'''....''in such days'' * '''huum'''....''at such a place, such a place'' * '''huumep'''....''such a way'' * '''huumi'''....''at such places'' * '''huunog'''....''so, to such a degree, to such an extent'' * '''huus'''....''such (a thing), such a thing, the former'' * '''huusauna'''....''such a, such a kind of'' * '''huusav'''....''for such a reason, for such a reason, for the former reason'' * '''huusi'''....''such things, such things, the former things'' * '''huut'''....''such a person, such a person, the former, the former person'' * '''huuta'''....''such a person’s, such a person's, the former's'' * '''huutas'''....''such a person’s, such a person's'' * '''huutasi'''....''such a person’s, such a person's'' * '''huuti'''....''such a people, the former, such people'' * '''huuvolza'''....''of such a color'' * '''huuxag'''....''so often'' * '''huuxaga'''....''so often'' * '''huuyen'''....''in such a manner, in such a way, like so, thus, thusly, such a way'' * '''huuyena'''....''like so, such a, such a kind of, such kind of'' * '''huuyenas'''....''such kind of thing'' * '''huuyenasi'''....''such kinds of things'' * '''huuyenat'''....''such a person'' * '''huuyenati'''....''such kinds of people'' * '''huuyenjo'''....''et cetera, etc.'' * '''huuyensu'''....''amen'' * '''huuyt'''....''such a girl'' * '''huuyta'''....''such a girl's'' * '''huuytas'''....''such a girl's'' * '''huuytasi'''....''such a girl's'' * '''huuyti'''....''such a guys'' * '''huvolza'''....''of that color'' * '''huxag'''....''that frequently, that often, that often'' * '''huy'''....''ecce, presto, see there, there is, voila'' * '''huyen'''....''in that manner, like that, so, that way, thus, that way'' * '''huyena'''....''like that, such, that kind of, that kind of'' * '''huyenam'''....''such a place'' * '''huyenami'''....''in such places'' * '''huyenas'''....''such a thing, that kind of thing, that kind of thing'' * '''huyenasi'''....''those kinds of things'' * '''huyenat'''....''such a person, that kind of person, that kind of person'' * '''huyenati'''....''such people, those kinds of people, those kind of people'' * '''huyengla'''....''so many, so much'' * '''huyenglas'''....''so much'' * '''huyenglasi'''....''so many'' * '''huyenglati'''....''so many people'' * '''huyeni'''....''in such ways, in those ways'' * '''huyenjo'''....''etc.'' * '''huyenjob'''....''at a time like that, at such a time'' * '''huyenjobi'''....''at such times, at times like those'' * '''huyenjod'''....''at such a time, on such an occasion'' * '''huyenjodi'''....''at such times, on such occasions'' * '''huyennog'''....''so, to a degree like that'' * '''huyenxag'''....''so often'' * '''huyt'''....''her, she, that female person, that girl'' * '''huyta'''....''her, that female person's, that female's, that girl's'' * '''huytas'''....''her thing, hers, that female person's, that girl's'' * '''huytasi'''....''her things, hers, that girl's'' * '''huyti'''....''they, those girls'' * '''huytia'''....''their, those females''' * '''huytias'''....''their thing, theirs, those females''' * '''huytiasi'''....''their things, theirs, those females''' * '''huyuxun'''....''that way, with that means'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYO Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hyo-''' forms determiners that begin with ''no-''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hyo ea job'''....''nevermore'' * '''hyo ea jod'''....''never again'' * '''hyo-'''....''no-, not'' * '''hyoa yovtos vyel'''....''no qualms about'' * '''hyoa'''....''nary, no, not a, not a single, no, not a single'' * '''hyoawa jod'''....''never, not a single time, not one time, on no occasion'' * '''hyoawa'''....''not a, not a single'' * '''hyoawas'''....''not a single one, not a single thing'' * '''hyoawat'''....''not a single person'' * '''hyoawata'''....''not a single person's'' * '''hyoema'''....''utopian'' * '''hyoeman'''....''utopia'' * '''hyogel'''....''how, in no way'' * '''hyogela'''....''no kind of'' * '''hyogla job'''....''never, no amount of time, no time'' * '''hyogla jodi'''....''as often as, never, zero times'' * '''hyogla'''....''hardly, no amount/number of, no, not any, not at all, not at all, not at all, no'' * '''hyoglas'''....''none at all, not any whatever, none of it, not any'' * '''hyoglasi'''....''how many, none'' * '''hyoglat'''....''nobody at all'' * '''hyoglati'''....''how many, no people, none of them, no people at all, none'' * '''hyohyua'''....''no other'' * '''hyohyuj'''....''no other time'' * '''hyohyum'''....''nowhere else'' * '''hyohyus'''....''nothing else'' * '''hyohyut'''....''nobody else'' * '''hyohyuyen'''....''no other way'' * '''hyohyuyena'''....''no other kind of'' * '''hyoj'''....''at no time, ever, never, never at all'' * '''hyojaga'''....''of no age'' * '''hyojagat'''....''person of no age'' * '''hyojagati'''....''people of no age'' * '''hyojebdalwa'''....''never-discussed'' * '''hyojeser'''....''last no time'' * '''hyojkyesya'''....''never-before-happened, unprecedented'' * '''hyojob'''....''at no time, never'' * '''hyojod'''....''at no point in time, at no time, never, not once'' * '''hyojodi'''....''at no times, never, not ever'' * '''hyojtofbwa'''....''never-worn'' * '''hyom'''....''nowhere at all'' * '''hyomep'''....''no way'' * '''hyomi'''....''in no places'' * '''hyonixea'''....''zero-earning'' * '''hyonog'''....''in no way, in no wise, to no extent, not at all, not at all'' * '''hyos'''....''anything, naught, nothing whatsoever, nought, zilch, zip, nothing at all'' * '''hyosaser'''....''fizzle'' * '''hyosaun'''....''no kind'' * '''hyosauna'''....''no kind of'' * '''hyosaunas'''....''no kind of thing'' * '''hyosaunasi'''....''no kind of things'' * '''hyosav'''....''for no reason, for no reason whatever'' * '''hyosaxwa'''....''fizzled'' * '''hyosbexea'''....''destitute'' * '''hyosbexean'''....''destitution'' * '''hyoshotoser'''....''experience apathy'' * '''hyosi'''....''no things, no things, nothing'' * '''hyoskadea'''....''tight-lipped'' * '''hyosnazat'''....''good-for-nothing person'' * '''hyoson'''....''nil, nothing, zilch'' * '''hyostayotea'''....''feeling nothing, numb'' * '''hyostea'''....''ignorant'' * '''hyostean'''....''ignorance'' * '''hyosteat'''....''nitwit'' * '''hyosteser'''....''matter not, mean nothing'' * '''hyostosen'''....''experiencing apathy'' * '''hyosun'''....''nihil, nothing'' * '''hyosunxen'''....''annihilation'' * '''hyosunxer'''....''annihilate, nix, raze'' * '''hyosunxwa'''....''annihilated'' * '''hyot'''....''nobody at all'' * '''hyota'''....''nobody's'' * '''hyotas'''....''nobody's'' * '''hyotasi'''....''nobody's'' * '''hyotesea'''....''meaning nothing'' * '''hyoti'''....''no people, those who'' * '''hyotooba'''....''genderless, of no gender, ungendered'' * '''hyotoobat'''....''person of no gender'' * '''hyotoobifa'''....''asexual'' * '''hyotoobifan'''....''asexuality'' * '''hyotoobifay'''....''asexually'' * '''hyovolza'''....''blank, of no color'' * '''hyoxag'''....''never'' * '''hyoxaga'''....''of zero frequency'' * '''hyoxen'''....''abolishing, abolishment'' * '''hyoxer'''....''abolish'' * '''hyoxier'''....''come to naught'' * '''hyoxut'''....''abolisher'' * '''hyoxwa'''....''abolished'' * '''hyoyen'''....''in no way whatever, in no wise'' * '''hyoyena'''....''how, no kind of, no such, no kind of'' * '''hyoyenas'''....''no kind of thing, no kind of thing, no such thing'' * '''hyoyenasi'''....''no kind of things, no such things, no kinds of things'' * '''hyoyenat'''....''no kind of person, no kind of person, no such person'' * '''hyoyenati'''....''no kind of people, no kind of people, no such people'' * '''hyoyt'''....''no girl, nobody'' * '''hyoyta'''....''no girl's, nobody's'' * '''hyoytas'''....''no girl's, nobody's thing'' * '''hyoytasi'''....''no girl's, nobody's things'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYA Words ==== : The deitic prefix '''hya-''' forms determiners and other words that begin with ''every, all''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hya ea juab'''....''every other Monday, every second Monday'' * '''hya ea'''....''every other, every second'' * '''hya elu jwobi'''....''around the clock'' * '''hya juyeb'''....''every Sunday'' * '''hya oy'''....''all but, almost'' * '''hya yea jab'''....''septennial'' * '''hya zyag'''....''all along'' * '''hya'''....''all, every'' * '''hya-'''....''all-, holo-, omni-, pan-, tot-'' * '''hya'''....''every'' * '''hyaa'''....''livelong, total'' * '''hyabelus'''....''holdall'' * '''hyadoiba'''....''countywide'' * '''hyadoma'''....''citywide'' * '''hyadooba'''....''pan-national'' * '''hyadoobay'''....''pan-nationally'' * '''hyadoobin'''....''pan-nationalism'' * '''hyadoobina'''....''pan-nationalist'' * '''hyadoobinut'''....''pan-nationalist'' * '''hyaekundrawa'''....''opisthographic'' * '''hyaesea'''....''omnipresent'' * '''hyaesen'''....''omnipresence'' * '''hyaewa jodi'''....''all two times, both times, on both instances'' * '''hyaewa...ay'''....''both...and'' * '''hyaewa-'''....''ambi-'' * '''hyaewa'''....''both'' * '''hyaewasi'''....''both of them, both things'' * '''hyaewatesa'''....''ambiguous'' * '''hyaewatesan'''....''ambiguity'' * '''hyaewatesay'''....''ambiguously'' * '''hyaewati'''....''both of them, both people, both persons'' * '''hyaewatooba'''....''ambigendered'' * '''hyaewatoobifa'''....''ambi-sexual'' * '''hyaewayafwan'''....''toss-up, tossup'' * '''hyaewayti'''....''both girls, both of them'' * '''hyafua'''....''abject'' * '''hyafuay'''....''abjectly'' * '''hyagekunsan'''....''rhomboid, rhombus'' * '''hyagekunsana'''....''rhomboidal'' * '''hyagel'''....''in every way'' * '''hyagela'''....''every kind of'' * '''hyagla job'''....''all the time'' * '''hyagla jodi'''....''all the time, always, at all times'' * '''hyagla'''....''all of, totally, wholly'' * '''hyaglan'''....''totality'' * '''hyaglas'''....''all of it, all of it, the whole thing'' * '''hyaglasi'''....''all of them, every one of them'' * '''hyaglati'''....''all of them'' * '''hyaglayti'''....''all of the women, all of them'' * '''hyagonuta yanup'''....''plenum'' * '''hyaha jub'''....''all day, all the day, the entire day, the whole day'' * '''hyaha mep'''....''all the way, the entire way, the whole way'' * '''hyaha mir'''....''all the world, the entire world, the whole world'' * '''hyaha pati'''....''all the birds'' * '''hyaha'''....''all the entire, the whole, all the'' * '''hyahyua'''....''all other, every other'' * '''hyahyuj'''....''every other time'' * '''hyahyum'''....''every over place'' * '''hyahyus'''....''everything else'' * '''hyahyut'''....''everybody else'' * '''hyaika'''....''integral, whole'' * '''hyaikan'''....''integrality, integrity, wholeness'' * '''hyaikay'''....''integrally, wholly'' * '''hyaikser'''....''integrate'' * '''hyaikxen'''....''integration'' * '''hyaikxer'''....''integrate'' * '''hyaikxwa'''....''integrated'' * '''hyaiwa'''....''all three'' * '''hyaiwasi'''....''all three of them, all three things'' * '''hyaiwati'''....''all three of them, all three people'' * '''hyaiwayti'''....''all these women, all three of them'' * '''hyaizon'''....''in every direction'' * '''hyaizona'''....''omnidirectional'' * '''hyaj vyayuva'''....''semper fi'' * '''hyaj'''....''all the time, always, evermore, always'' * '''hyaja taxrunloxus'''....''all-time record, all-time record-breaker'' * '''hyajab'''....''every year'' * '''hyajaba'''....''perennial'' * '''hyajabay'''....''perennially'' * '''hyajaga'''....''of every age'' * '''hyajagat'''....''person of every age'' * '''hyajagati'''....''people of every age'' * '''hyaje ho'''....''as long as'' * '''hyaje'''....''all during, all through, throughout'' * '''hyajesea okon'''....''headcrash'' * '''hyajesea'''....''everlasting, permanent, sempiternal'' * '''hyajeseaa'''....''lasting'' * '''hyajesean'''....''permanence, permanency'' * '''hyajeseay'''....''everlastingly, permanently'' * '''hyajeyay'''....''forever'' * '''hyaji'''....''always, at all times'' * '''hyajib'''....''monthly'' * '''hyajob'''....''all the time, always, eternity, forever'' * '''hyajoba'''....''eternal'' * '''hyajoban'''....''eternalness'' * '''hyajobay'''....''eternally'' * '''hyajobi'''....''always, at all times, forever'' * '''hyajod'''....''always, at every instance, each time, every time'' * '''hyajodi'''....''all the time, always, at all times, in all cases, on all occasions'' * '''hyajpopea'''....''peripatetic'' * '''hyajuab'''....''Mondays, every Monday'' * '''hyajub'''....''every day'' * '''hyajuba'''....''daily, everyday, mundane, quotidian'' * '''hyajubay'''....''daily'' * '''hyajubyena'''....''workaday'' * '''hyam'''....''allover, everyplace, everywhere'' * '''hyama'''....''rife'' * '''hyaman'''....''rifeness, ubiquity'' * '''hyamay'''....''ubiquitously'' * '''hyamema'''....''country-wide, countrywide'' * '''hyamep'''....''all along, every way, the whole way'' * '''hyamerbok'''....''pandemic'' * '''hyamesea'''....''prevailing, prevalent'' * '''hyameseay'''....''prevalently'' * '''hyamesen'''....''prevalence'' * '''hyameser'''....''prevail'' * '''hyami'''....''all over, everywhere, in all places'' * '''hyamira bokzyab'''....''pandemic'' * '''hyamira'''....''ecumenical, global, world-wide, worldwide'' * '''hyamiray'''....''ecumenically'' * '''hyamirin'''....''ecumenicism, ecumenism'' * '''hyamkexer'''....''scour, search high and low, ransack'' * '''hyamojdaz'''....''rave'' * '''hyamojdazer'''....''rave'' * '''hyamojdazut'''....''raver'' * '''hyamtayopelper'''....''itch all over'' * '''hyamtujer'''....''whore'' * '''hyamtujut'''....''whore'' * '''hyamtujutyan'''....''whoredom'' * '''hyamtujyea'''....''whoreish, whorish'' * '''hyamzyapea'''....''pervading'' * '''hyamzyapen'''....''pervading, pervasion'' * '''hyamzyaper'''....''pervade'' * '''hyamzyapya'''....''pervaded'' * '''hyamzyapyea'''....''pervasive'' * '''hyamzyapyean'''....''pervasiveness'' * '''hyanaxgob'''....''closeout'' * '''hyanog'''....''completely, totally'' * '''hyaoyutyan'''....''claque'' * '''hyas oy'''....''everything except'' * '''hyas-'''....''all-, omni-, pan-, panto-'' * '''hyas'''....''everything'' * '''hyasauna'''....''every kind of, generic'' * '''hyasav'''....''for every reason'' * '''hyasbelar'''....''carryall, catch-all, catchall, hodgepodge'' * '''hyasbiut'''....''gadfly'' * '''hyasbyekul'''....''elixir, nostrum'' * '''hyasi'''....''all things'' * '''hyaskader'''....''reveal everything, tell all'' * '''hyasnyef'''....''ragbag'' * '''hyaSoliada'''....''pan-Slavic'' * '''hyastea'''....''all-knowing, omniscient'' * '''hyastean'''....''omniscience'' * '''hyasteat'''....''omniscient person'' * '''hyasteaxuea'''....''hardcore'' * '''hyasteay'''....''omnisciently'' * '''hyastelea'''....''omnivore'' * '''hyastelean'''....''omnivorousness'' * '''hyasteleay'''....''omnivorously'' * '''hyaster'''....''be omniscient, know everything'' * '''hyastoxut'''....''scatterbrain'' * '''hyastoxyea'''....''scatter-brained, scatterbrained'' * '''hyastundyes'''....''encyclopedia'' * '''hyastundyesa'''....''encyclopedic'' * '''hyastut'''....''wiseacre'' * '''hyasufa'''....''splenetic'' * '''hyasun'''....''everything'' * '''hyasuni'''....''all things'' * '''hyasunxut'''....''factotum'' * '''hyasyafla'''....''almighty'' * '''hyasyebexea'''....''comprehensive'' * '''hyasyebexean'''....''comprehensiveness'' * '''hyasyebexeay'''....''comprehensively'' * '''hyat goy et'''....''everyone except you'' * '''hyat ho'''....''everyone that, everyone who'' * '''hyat ovabiwa et'''....''everyone except you'' * '''hyat oy et'''....''everyone except you'' * '''hyat'''....''everyone'' * '''hyata'''....''everybody&apos;s, everybody's, everyone's'' * '''hyata-'''....''panto-'' * '''hyatama nunuut'''....''door-to-door salesman, doorstep salesman'' * '''hyatama'''....''door-to-door'' * '''hyatas'''....''everyboyd&apos;s'' * '''hyatasi'''....''everybody&apos;s'' * '''hyatayovollzati'''....''people of all '' * '''hyateja dat'''....''life-long friend'' * '''hyateja'''....''life-long, lifelong'' * '''hyatepyex'''....''free-for-all'' * '''hyati!'''....''All aboard!'' * '''hyati'''....''all (people), all of them, all people'' * '''hyatob'''....''every man, every person, everybody'' * '''hyatobi'''....''all men, all people'' * '''hyatooba'''....''omni-sexual, pan-sexual'' * '''hyatoobifa'''....''pan-sexual'' * '''hyatoobifan'''....''pan-sexuality'' * '''hyatoobifut'''....''pan-sexual'' * '''hyatotin'''....''pantheism'' * '''hyatotina'''....''pantheistic'' * '''hyatotinut'''....''pantheist'' * '''hyatotyan'''....''pantheon'' * '''hyatoyb'''....''every woman'' * '''hyatoyba'''....''every woman's'' * '''hyatoybas'''....''every woman's'' * '''hyatoybasi'''....''every woman's things'' * '''hyatoybi'''....''all women'' * '''hyatrawadut'''....''name-dropper'' * '''hyattojben'''....''holocaust'' * '''hyattrawaden'''....''name-dropping, namedropping'' * '''hyattrawader'''....''name-drop, namedrop'' * '''hyatwob'''....''every man'' * '''hyatwoba'''....''every man's'' * '''hyatwobas'''....''every man's'' * '''hyatwobasi'''....''every man's things'' * '''hyatwobi'''....''all men'' * '''hyavolza'''....''of every color, panchromatic'' * '''hyawa jod ho'''....''each time that, every time'' * '''hyawa jod'''....''each time, every time, on each occasion'' * '''hyawa jwap'''....''at each moment'' * '''hyawa'''....''each single, every, each'' * '''hyawas'''....''each one, each thing'' * '''hyawat'''....''each one, each person'' * '''hyawata'''....''each one's, each person's'' * '''hyawatas'''....''each one's'' * '''hyawatasi'''....''each one's things'' * '''hyawayt'''....''each woman'' * '''hyawayta'''....''each woman's'' * '''hyawaytas'''....''each woman's'' * '''hyawaytasi'''....''each woman's things'' * '''hyaxag'''....''always'' * '''hyaxaga'''....''always'' * '''hyayafa'''....''all-powerful, omnipotent'' * '''hyayafan'''....''all-powerfulness, omnipotence'' * '''hyayafat'''....''omnipotent one'' * '''hyayebexea'''....''overall'' * '''hyayegsaxen'''....''overhauling'' * '''hyayegsaxer'''....''overhaul'' * '''hyayen'''....''completely, everyway, in every way, in every way'' * '''hyayena'''....''every kind of, every kind of every type'' * '''hyayenas'''....''every kind of thing'' * '''hyayenasi'''....''all kinds of things, all types of things'' * '''hyayenat'''....''every kind of person, everybody’s'' * '''hyayenati'''....''all kinds of people'' * '''hyayeni'''....''in all ways'' * '''hyayivyenat'''....''everything-goes-person'' * '''hyaysiyn'''....''high-five'' * '''hyayt'''....''every girl'' * '''hyayta'''....''every girl's everyone's'' * '''hyaytas'''....''every girl's, everyone's thing'' * '''hyaytasi'''....''every girl's, everyone's things'' * '''hyayti'''....''all girls, all of them'' * '''hyayubay'''....''mundanely'' * '''hyayzyun'''....''pompom, pompon'' * '''hyazbyekus'''....''panacea'' * '''hyazye ota tej'''....''throughout ones life'' * '''hyazye'''....''throughout'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYE Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hye-''' is used to form indeterminate determiners that begin '''any-, whichever-'''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hye-'''....''-ever, any, whatever, whichever'' * '''hyea'''....''any, whatever, whichever/any'' * '''hyeas'''....''whichsoever'' * '''hyeawa...ey'''....''either...or'' * '''hyeawa'''....''any one, either, whichever'' * '''hyeawas'''....''any one, either one, either thing, whichever one'' * '''hyeawat'''....''either one, either person, whichever one person'' * '''hyeawata'''....''either ones, either persons'' * '''hyeawatas'''....''not a single person's'' * '''hyeawatasi'''....''not a single person's things'' * '''hyeawayt'''....''either woman'' * '''hyeawayta'''....''either woman's'' * '''hyeawaytas'''....''either woman's'' * '''hyeawaytasi'''....''either woman's things'' * '''hyeewa'''....''any two, whichever two'' * '''hyeewasi'''....''any two, any two things, whichever two'' * '''hyeewati'''....''any two, any two people, whichever two'' * '''hyeewayti'''....''whichever two women'' * '''hyegel'''....''however, whatever kind'' * '''hyegela'''....''any kind of, whatever kind of'' * '''hyegla job'''....''for whatever amount of time, however long'' * '''hyegla jodi'''....''any number of times, however often, on any number of occasions'' * '''hyegla'''....''any, however many, however much, umpteen, however much/many, to whatever extent'' * '''hyeglas'''....''any of it, however much, however much'' * '''hyeglasi'''....''any of them, however many, however many'' * '''hyeglati'''....''any of them, however many, however many (people)'' * '''hyehyua'''....''any other, whatever other'' * '''hyehyuj'''....''any other time'' * '''hyehyum'''....''any other place'' * '''hyehyus'''....''anything else, whatever else'' * '''hyehyusauna'''....''any other kind of'' * '''hyehyuyen'''....''any other way'' * '''hyeizon'''....''any way, any which way, in any direction, in whatever direction, whatever direction'' * '''hyej ho'''....''at whatever time, whenever'' * '''hyej'''....''any time, anytime, ever'' * '''hyejaga'''....''however old'' * '''hyejagat'''....''person of whatever age'' * '''hyejagati'''....''people of whatever age'' * '''hyejob ho'''....''anytime that, whenever'' * '''hyejob'''....''any time, anytime, at whatever time'' * '''hyejod ho'''....''any time that, anytime that, on any occasion when, whenever'' * '''hyejod'''....''any time, anytime, at any point, on any occasion, on whatever occasion'' * '''hyejodi'''....''any time, at whatever times, on any occasions, whenever'' * '''hyejuab'''....''any Monday'' * '''hyejub'''....''any day, whatever day'' * '''hyejwap'''....''at any moment'' * '''hyem ho'''....''anywhere that, wherever'' * '''hyem'''....''anyplace, anywhere, someplace, wherever'||'' * '''hyemep'''....''any way, any which way'' * '''hyemi'''....''anywhere, at whatever places'' * '''hyempea'''....''erratic'' * '''hyempeay'''....''erratically'' * '''hyenapa'''....''umpteenth'' * '''hyenog ho'''....''to any extent that, to whatever degree'' * '''hyenog'''....''however, in any degree, to any extent, to whatever extent'' * '''hyeowa...oey'''....''neither...nor'' * '''hyeowa'''....''neither'' * '''hyeowas'''....''neither thing'' * '''hyeowat'''....''neither one, neither person'' * '''hyes ho'''....''anything that, whatever'' * '''hyes'''....''any, anything, whatever/anything'' * '''hyesaun'''....''any kind, genre, whatever kind'' * '''hyesauna'''....''any kind of, whatever kind of'' * '''hyesaunas'''....''any kind of thing, whatever kind of thing'' * '''hyesaunasi'''....''whatever kinds of things'' * '''hyesaunat'''....''any kind of person, whatever kind of person'' * '''hyesaunati'''....''any kind of people, whatever kind of people, whatever kinds of people'' * '''hyesaunayt'''....''any kind of woman'' * '''hyesaunayta'''....''any kind of woman's'' * '''hyesaunayti'''....''whatever kind of women'' * '''hyesaunwat'''....''any kind of man'' * '''hyesaunwata'''....''any kind of man's'' * '''hyesaunwati'''....''whatever kind of men'' * '''hyesav ho'''....''for whatever reason that'' * '''hyesav van'''....''for whatever reason that'' * '''hyesav'''....''for whatever/any reason'' * '''hyesi'''....''any, whatever things, whatever (things)'' * '''hyesun ho'''....''anything that'' * '''hyesun'''....''anything, whatever'' * '''hyesundraf'''....''wildcard'' * '''hyesuni'''....''any, whatever things'' * '''hyet ho'''....''anybody that, anybody who, anyone that, anyone who, whoever, whomever, whomsoever, whosesoever, whosoever'' * '''hyet'''....''anybody, anyone, whoever/anybody'' * '''hyeta'''....''whoever's, whosever'' * '''hyetas'''....''whoever's, whosoever's thing, whosever’s'' * '''hyetasi'''....''whoever's, whosoever's things, whosoever’s (things)'' * '''hyetayolza'''....''of any skin-color'' * '''hyetebtabifayt'''....''demimondaine'' * '''hyetesa dref'''....''wild card'' * '''hyeti ho'''....''any people that, whoever, whomever'' * '''hyeti'''....''any people, whoever (pl.)'' * '''hyetooba'''....''any gender-fluid, of any gender, of whatever gender, whatever gender'' * '''hyetoobat'''....''person of whatever gender'' * '''hyetooda'''....''of any race, of either race, of mixed race, of mixed-race, racially mixed, racially-mixed'' * '''hyetoodat'''....''mulatto, person of mixed-race'' * '''hyevolza'''....''of any color, of whatever color'' * '''hyexag ho'''....''however often'' * '''hyexag'''....''how everoften'' * '''hyexaga'''....''however frequent'' * '''hyeyen ho'''....''anyway that'' * '''hyeyen'''....''any which way, anyhow, anyway, anywise, however, in any manner, in whatever way, like whatever, no matter how, whatever kind, however'' * '''hyeyena'''....''any kind of, like whatever kind of, whatever/any kind of'' * '''hyeyenas'''....''any kind of thing, any kind, whatever kind of thing'' * '''hyeyenasi'''....''any kinds of things, whatever kinds of things'' * '''hyeyenat'''....''any kind of person, whatever kind of person, whatever kind of person'' * '''hyeyenati'''....''any kind of people, any kinds of people, whatever kind of people, whatever kinds of people'' * '''hyeyenayti'''....''whatever kind of women'' * '''hyeyeni ho'''....''in any ways that'' * '''hyeyeni'''....''however, in whatever ways'' * '''hyeyenwati'''....''whatever kind of men'' * '''hyeyt ho'''....''any woman who, whichever woman'' * '''hyeyt'''....''any woman, whoever, whomever'' * '''hyeyta'''....''any girl's, whosever'' * '''hyeytas'''....''any girl's, whosoever's thing'' * '''hyeytasi'''....''any girl's, whosoever's things'' * '''hyeyti'''....''any girls, whatever girls, whoever, whomever'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYI Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hyi-''' forms identical determiners that begin with '''(the) same'''. Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hyi-'''....''homo-, like-'' * '''hyia'''....''selfsame, the same, the very, the same'' * '''hyias'''....''the same one'' * '''hyiasi'''....''the same ones'' * '''hyiat ho'''....''that same one who'' * '''hyiat'''....''the same one, the same person'' * '''hyiati ho'''....''that same ones who'' * '''hyiati'''....''the same ones, the same people'' * '''hyiawa'''....''the same one'' * '''hyiawas'''....''the same one'' * '''hyiawat'''....''the same one'' * '''hyidyunat'''....''namesake'' * '''hyiema'''....''endemic'' * '''hyiemay'''....''endemically'' * '''hyiewa'''....''the same two'' * '''hyiewasi'''....''the same two things'' * '''hyiewati'''....''the same two people'' * '''hyigel'''....''in the same way as'' * '''hyigela'''....''the same kind of'' * '''hyigla jodi vyel'''....''as many times as'' * '''hyigla jodi'''....''as often, the same number of times'' * '''hyigla x vyel y'''....''as x as y'' * '''hyigla'''....''as many, as much, the same amount of, the same number of, just as, to the same extent'' * '''hyiglas'''....''as much, the same amount, just as much'' * '''hyiglasi ho'''....''as many as'' * '''hyiglasi'''....''as many, as many things, the same number of things'' * '''hyiglati ho'''....''as many as'' * '''hyiglati'''....''as many, as many people, the same number of people, just as many people'' * '''hyigloti vyel'''....''as many people as'' * '''hyihyut'''....''one another'' * '''hyiizon'''....''the same direction, the same way'' * '''hyij ho'''....''at the same time that'' * '''hyij'''....''at the same time, at the very time, at the same time'' * '''hyijaga'''....''chronologically the same, of the same age, just as old'' * '''hyijagat'''....''person of the same age'' * '''hyijagati'''....''people of the same age'' * '''hyijatada'''....''consanguine, consanguineous'' * '''hyijatadan'''....''consanguinity'' * '''hyijob ho'''....''at the same time that'' * '''hyijob'''....''at the same time'' * '''hyijoba'''....''contemporaneous'' * '''hyijoban'''....''contemporaneity, contemporaneously'' * '''hyijod'''....''at the same time, on the same occasion'' * '''hyijodi'''....''at the same times, on the same occasions'' * '''hyijuab'''....''the same Monday'' * '''hyijub'''....''the same day'' * '''hyikan'''....''altogether'' * '''hyi-m gel-'''....''semel-'' * '''hyim ho'''....''at the same place that'' * '''hyim'''....''at the same place, ibid, ibidem, the same place'' * '''hyimema'''....''home-grown, internal'' * '''hyimematser'''....''get naturalized'' * '''hyimematxen'''....''naturalization'' * '''hyimematxer'''....''naturalize'' * '''hyimematxwa dit'''....''naturalized citizen'' * '''hyimematxwa'''....''naturalized'' * '''hyimemut'''....''countryman'' * '''hyimep'''....''the same way'' * '''hyimer'''....''our own planet, this planet'' * '''hyimera'''....''of our own planet'' * '''hyimerat'''....''person of our planet'' * '''hyimi'''....''at the same places'' * '''hyinema'''....''homotopic'' * '''hyinog ho'''....''as much as, just as, to the same degree that'' * '''hyinog'''....''as, to the same degree, to the same extent'' * '''hyis'''....''idem, itself, the same, the same thing, the same thing'' * '''hyisag ho'''....''as many as'' * '''hyisandyofwa'''....''unidentifiable'' * '''hyisaun'''....''the same kind'' * '''hyisauna'''....''homogeneous, the same kind of'' * '''hyisaunan'''....''homogeneity, homogeneousness'' * '''hyisaunay'''....''homogeneously'' * '''hyisaunxen'''....''homogenization'' * '''hyisaunxer'''....''homogenize'' * '''hyisaunxwa'''....''homogenized'' * '''hyisav ho'''....''for the same reason that'' * '''hyisav van'''....''for the same reason that'' * '''hyisav'''....''for the same reason'' * '''hyisi'''....''the same things'' * '''hyisun'''....''the same, the same thing'' * '''hyisuni'''....''the same things'' * '''hyisunxen'''....''copying'' * '''hyisunxwa'''....''copied'' * '''hyit'''....''oneself, self, the same one, the same person, the very same, the same person'' * '''hyita'''....''one's own, the same person’s'' * '''hyitas'''....''one's own, one's own thing, the same person’s'' * '''hyitasi'''....''the same person’s'' * '''hyitbukifa'''....''masochistic'' * '''hyitbukifan'''....''masochism'' * '''hyitbukifat'''....''masochist'' * '''hyitbukifay'''....''masochistically'' * '''hyitepa'''....''like-minded'' * '''hyitepan'''....''like-mindedness'' * '''hyiteser'''....''mean the same'' * '''hyiti'''....''selves, the same ones, the same people, the very same ones, the same people'' * '''hyitooba tadan'''....''same-sex marrage'' * '''hyitooba'''....''same gender'' * '''hyitoobifa'''....''homophile, homosexual, same-sex'' * '''hyitoobifan'''....''homosexuality'' * '''hyitoobifayt'''....''lesbian'' * '''hyitoobifaytan'''....''lesbianism'' * '''hyitoobifaytin'''....''lesbianism'' * '''hyitoobifinut'''....''homophile'' * '''hyitoobifut'''....''fag, faggot, homosexual'' * '''hyitooda'''....''co-racial, of the same race'' * '''hyitoodat'''....''co-racial, person of the same race'' * '''hyitoodin'''....''co-racialism'' * '''hyitoodina'''....''co-racialistic'' * '''hyitoodinut'''....''co-racialist'' * '''hyitooodat'''....''co-racial'' * '''hyitos'''....''sense of connectedness'' * '''hyivolza'''....''of the same color'' * '''hyixag vyel'''....''as many times as'' * '''hyixag'''....''as often, just as often'' * '''hyixaga'''....''just as often'' * '''hyiyen ho'''....''in the same way that, just as'' * '''hyiyen'''....''as, in the same way, likewise, so, likewise'' * '''hyiyena'''....''like-mannered, such, the same kind of, the same kind of'' * '''hyiyenas'''....''the same kind of thing'' * '''hyiyenasi'''....''the same kinds of things'' * '''hyiyenat'''....''the same kind of person'' * '''hyiyenati'''....''the same kind of people'' * '''hyiyt'''....''herself, the same girl, the same one, this very person'' * '''hyiyta'''....''the same girl's, the same one's'' * '''hyiytas'''....''the same girl's, the same one's things'' * '''hyiyti'''....''the same girls, the same ones'' * '''hyizena'''....''homocentric'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYU and HYUI Words ==== : The deictic prefix '''hyu-''' is used to form non-identical determiners beginning with ''(the) other''. The hybrid prefix '''hyui-''' is used to form words referring to reciprocity (''one another''). Here are the most common: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hyu vyel'''....''other than'' * '''hyu-'''....''alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-'' * '''hyua job'''....''the other time, some other time, another time'' * '''hyua jodi'''....''on other occasions'' * '''hyua'''....''another, other, alternate, the other'' * '''hyuawa job'''....''another time, some other time'' * '''hyuawa jod'''....''one more time, again'' * '''hyuawa juab'''....''another Monday, some other Monday'' * '''hyuawa'''....''another'' * '''hyuawas'''....''another one'' * '''hyuawat'''....''another person, someone else'' * '''hyuawata'''....''another person's, another's, someone else's'' * '''hyuawatas'''....''another's'' * '''hyuawatasi'''....''another's things'' * '''hyuaxen'''....''alienation'' * '''hyuaxer'''....''alienate'' * '''hyuaxwa'''....''alienated'' * '''hyuay'''....''differently, otherwise'' * '''hyudalzeynxen'''....''translating, translation'' * '''hyudalzeynxer'''....''translate'' * '''hyudalzeynxut'''....''translator'' * '''hyudalzeynxwa'''....''translated'' * '''hyudyuen'''....''aliasing'' * '''hyudyun'''....''alias, allonym, alternate name, by-name, handle'' * '''hyudyuna'''....''allonymous'' * '''hyudyundrawa'''....''ghostwritten'' * '''hyudyundrer'''....''ghostwrite'' * '''hyudyundrut'''....''ghostwriter'' * '''hyudyuwa'''....''a.k.a., aliased, otherwise known as'' * '''hyuewa'''....''the other two'' * '''hyuewasi'''....''the other two things'' * '''hyuewati'''....''the other two people'' * '''hyugel'''....''in a different way than, otherwise'' * '''hyugela'''....''a different kind of'' * '''hyugla jodi'''....''a different number of times'' * '''hyugla'''....''a different amount of, a different number of, not as, not as much/many, to another degree'' * '''hyuglas'''....''a different amount, some other amount of, not as much'' * '''hyuglasi'''....''a different number, some other number of things, not as many'' * '''hyuglati'''....''a different number of people, some other number of people, not as many people'' * '''hyuha'''....''the other'' * '''hyuhas'''....''the other thing'' * '''hyuhasi'''....''the others'' * '''hyuhat'''....''the other person'' * '''hyuhata'''....''the other&apos;s'' * '''hyuhati'''....''the others, the other people'' * '''hyuhatia'''....''the others&apos;, the other people&apos;s'' * '''hyuis-'''....''cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal'' * '''hyuisa'''....''between one thing and another, mutual'' * '''hyuit-'''....''cross-, inter-, mutual, one another, reciprocal'' * '''hyuit'''....''one to another'' * '''hyuita oyebyujbean'''....''mutual exclusivity'' * '''hyuita'''....''between one person and another, mutual, one another's, reciprocal, respective'' * '''hyuitan'''....''mutuality, reciprocity'' * '''hyuitas'''....''one another's'' * '''hyuitasi'''....''one another's, one another's things'' * '''hyuitay oyebiyea'''....''mutually exclusive'' * '''hyuitay'''....''mutually, reciprocally, respectively'' * '''hyuitbuina'''....''sadomasochistic'' * '''hyuitbukuin'''....''sadomasochism'' * '''hyuitbukuinut'''....''sadomasochist'' * '''hyuitdal'''....''conversation, dialog, dialogue'' * '''hyuitdala'''....''conversational'' * '''hyuitdalay'''....''conversationally'' * '''hyuitdalen'''....''dialoguing'' * '''hyuitdaler'''....''converse, dialog, talk to one another'' * '''hyuitder'''....''say to one another'' * '''hyuitfizuen'''....''mutual respect'' * '''hyuitflizuer'''....''respect one another'' * '''hyuitif'''....''mutual love'' * '''hyuitifer'''....''love one another'' * '''hyuitteaxer'''....''look at one another'' * '''hyuittojber'''....''kill one another'' * '''hyuitvekek'''....''parimutuel'' * '''hyuitvikaxen'''....''mutual admiration'' * '''hyuitxen'''....''reciprocating, reciprocation'' * '''hyuitxer'''....''reciprocate'' * '''hyuitxwa'''....''reciprocated'' * '''hyuityegteater'''....''see one another again'' * '''hyuixen'''....''reciprocating, reciprocation'' * '''hyuixer'''....''reciprocate'' * '''hyuixwa'''....''reciprocated'' * '''hyuizon'''....''a different direction, alternate course'' * '''hyuj'''....''another time, another time, at another time, some other time, some other time, at a different time'' * '''hyujaga'''....''of another age, of different ages'' * '''hyujagat'''....''person of a different age'' * '''hyujagati'''....''people of a different age'' * '''hyuji'''....''other times'' * '''hyujod drurunes'''....''rain check'' * '''hyujod'''....''again, another time'' * '''hyujoeba'''....''anachronistic'' * '''hyujoeban'''....''anachronism'' * '''hyujoebay'''....''anachronistically'' * '''hyujub'''....''another day, some other day, the other day'' * '''hyukum'''....''opposition, other side'' * '''hyukuma ekutyan'''....''opposite team, opposition team'' * '''hyukuma yanav'''....''opposition party'' * '''hyukuma'''....''opposite'' * '''hyukuman'''....''oppositeness'' * '''hyukumay'''....''oppositely, on the other hand'' * '''hyukumpea'''....''opposing'' * '''hyukumpen'''....''opposing'' * '''hyukumper'''....''oppose'' * '''hyukumxe'''....''opposing'' * '''hyukumxen'''....''opposing, opposition'' * '''hyukumxer'''....''oppose'' * '''hyukumxwa'''....''opposed'' * '''hyum'''....''elsewhere, somewhere else'' * '''hyumat'''....''stranger'' * '''hyumdin'''....''alibi'' * '''hyumeg'''....''xenolith'' * '''hyumem'''....''abroad, alien land'' * '''hyumema'''....''alien'' * '''hyumemat'''....''alien, person from another country'' * '''hyumemif'''....''xenophilia'' * '''hyumemifa'''....''xenophile, xenophilic'' * '''hyumemifut'''....''xenophile'' * '''hyumemuben'''....''repatriation, sending abroad'' * '''hyumemuber'''....''repatriate, send abroad'' * '''hyumemubwa'''....''repatriated, sent abroad'' * '''hyumemubwat'''....''repatriate'' * '''hyumemuf'''....''xenophobia'' * '''hyumemufa'''....''xenophobic'' * '''hyumemufut'''....''xenophobe'' * '''hyumep'''....''a different way, runaround'' * '''hyumer'''....''alien planet'' * '''hyumera'''....''alien, extra-terrestrial, from another planet'' * '''hyumerat'''....''alien, extra-terrestrial, person from another planet'' * '''hyumertejtun'''....''exobiology'' * '''hyumi'''....''at other places, elsewhere, other places'' * '''hyumira'''....''unworldly'' * '''hyumiran'''....''unworldliness'' * '''hyumiryena'''....''exotic, otherworldly'' * '''hyumiryenan'''....''exoticism'' * '''hyumiryenay'''....''exotically'' * '''hyumyefdyuen'''....''secondment'' * '''hyunaga'''....''differently-sized'' * '''hyunog'''....''to a different degree, to a different extent'' * '''hyuowa'''....''no other'' * '''hyuowas'''....''no other's'' * '''hyuowat'''....''nobody else'' * '''hyuowata'''....''nobody else's'' * '''hyuowatas'''....''nobody else's'' * '''hyuowatasi'''....''nobody else's things'' * '''hyus'''....''alternate, another thing, something else, the other thing, something else'' * '''hyusan'''....''allomorph'' * '''hyusana'''....''allomorphic'' * '''hyusanxer'''....''estrange'' * '''hyusanxwa'''....''estranged'' * '''hyusanxwen'''....''estrangement'' * '''hyusaun'''....''another kind'' * '''hyusauna'''....''a different kind of, allogenic, another kind of, heterogeneous, strange'' * '''hyusaunan'''....''heterogeneity, heterogeneousness, strangeness'' * '''hyusaunas'''....''strange thing'' * '''hyusaunat'''....''stranger'' * '''hyusaunay'''....''curiously, heterogeneously, strangely'' * '''hyusaunxen'''....''making heterogeneous, variegation'' * '''hyusaunxer'''....''make heterogeneous, variegate'' * '''hyusaunxwa'''....''made to be heterogeneous, variegated'' * '''hyusav'''....''for a different reason, for some other reason, for another reason'' * '''hyuseux'''....''allophone'' * '''hyuseuxa'''....''allophonic'' * '''hyusi'''....''alia, cetera, other things, the other things, other things'' * '''hyusun'''....''alternate, another thing, something else'' * '''hyusuna'''....''alternate, alternative'' * '''hyusunay'''....''alternately, alternatively'' * '''hyut'''....''alien, another, different person, someone else, stranger, the other, the other person, someone else'' * '''hyuta'''....''alien, alternate, another's, other, some else's, the other's, someone else's'' * '''hyutafinoxbier'''....''freeload'' * '''hyutafinoxbiut'''....''freeloader'' * '''hyutakovtos'''....''jealousy'' * '''hyutan'''....''alienness, difference, otherness'' * '''hyutas'''....''someone else's'' * '''hyutasbier'''....''mooch'' * '''hyutasbiut'''....''moocher'' * '''hyutasi'''....''someone else&apos;s (things)'' * '''hyutbukuin'''....''sadism'' * '''hyutbukuina'''....''sadistic'' * '''hyutbukuinay'''....''sadistically'' * '''hyutbukuinut'''....''sadist'' * '''hyuteasea'''....''different-looking'' * '''hyuteaser'''....''look different'' * '''hyutesdin'''....''allegory'' * '''hyutesdina'''....''allegoric, allegorical'' * '''hyutesdinay'''....''allegorically'' * '''hyutesdinut'''....''allegorist'' * '''hyutesea'''....''meaning something different'' * '''hyuteser'''....''mean something different'' * '''hyutesyob'''....''alibi'' * '''hyutexea'''....''on a different wavelength'' * '''hyutexen'''....''thinking differently'' * '''hyutexer'''....''think differently'' * '''hyuti'''....''other people, others, the others'' * '''hyutibuja'''....''heterocercal'' * '''hyutifa'''....''altruistic'' * '''hyutifan'''....''altruism'' * '''hyutifin'''....''altruism'' * '''hyutifina'''....''altruistic'' * '''hyutifinay'''....''altruistically'' * '''hyutifinut'''....''altruist'' * '''hyutifut'''....''altruist'' * '''hyutin'''....''heterodoxy'' * '''hyutina'''....''heterodox'' * '''hyutoob'''....''alternative gender'' * '''hyutooba'''....''alternatively gendered, different-gendered'' * '''hyutoobifa'''....''heterosexual, straight'' * '''hyutoobifan'''....''heterosexuality, straightness'' * '''hyutoobifut'''....''heterosexual, straight person'' * '''hyutooda'''....''of a different race, racially different'' * '''hyutoodat'''....''person of a different race'' * '''hyutos'''....''alienation'' * '''hyutosea'''....''alienated'' * '''hyutoser'''....''feel alienated'' * '''hyutosuen'''....''alienation'' * '''hyutosuer'''....''alienate'' * '''hyutosuwa'''....''alienated'' * '''hyutosuyea'''....''alienating'' * '''hyutoyb'''....''minx'' * '''hyuttejwa'''....''vicarious'' * '''hyuttejwan'''....''vicariousness'' * '''hyuttejway'''....''vicariously'' * '''hyutuf'''....''xenophobia'' * '''hyutufa'''....''xenophobic'' * '''hyutufut'''....''xenophobe'' * '''hyutxen'''....''alienation'' * '''hyutxer'''....''alienate'' * '''hyutxwa'''....''alienated'' * '''hyuvolza'''....''different-colored, of a different color'' * '''hyuxag'''....''at some other frequency, not as frequently, not so often, not as often'' * '''hyuxaga'''....''not as often'' * '''hyuyen'''....''elsewise, in another manner, otherwise, some other way, somehow other, strangely'' * '''hyuyena'''....''a different sort of, alien, another kind of, another sort of, different, fey, of another kind, queer, some other kind of, strange, another kind of'' * '''hyuyenan'''....''queerness, strangeness'' * '''hyuyenas'''....''a different sort of thing, a strange thing, some other kind of thing, another kind of thing'' * '''hyuyenasi'''....''other kinds of things'' * '''hyuyenat'''....''a different sort of person, alien, some other kind of person, stranger, another kind of person'' * '''hyuyenati'''....''aliens, other kinds of people, other kinds of people'' * '''hyuyenay'''....''queerly, strangely'' * '''hyuyeni'''....''in alternate ways, in other ways'' * '''hyuyt'''....''some other female'' * '''hyuyta'''....''some other female's'' * '''hyuytas'''....''some other female's thing'' * '''hyuytasi'''....''some other female's things'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''HAY''' ''hello'', '''HEY''' ''hey'', '''HOY''' ''goodbye'' === ::* '''hay'''....''hello, hi'' ::* '''hey'''....''hey, o'' ::* '''hoy'''....''goodbye'' {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ HAY HEY HOY Family |- | valign=top|'''hay'''....''hello''<br>'''hayder'''....''to say hi''<br>'''hayd'''....''greeting'' | valign=top|'''hey'''....''hey''<br>'''heyder'''....''to address''<br>'''heyd'''....''address'' | valign=top|'''hoy'''....''goodbye''<br>'''hoyder'''....''to say farewell''<br>'''hoyd'''....''farewell'' |} {{small/end}} === '''HYAY''' ''thank-you'', '''HYEY''' ''please'', '''HYOY''' ''sorry'' === ::* '''hyay'''....''thank-you'' ::* '''hyey'''....''please'' ::* '''hyoy'''....''sorry'' : These roots are used to form exclamatory words of politeness. ==== HYAY Words ==== : Here are examples of '''hyay''', which refer to exclamations of thanks, appreciation, etc.: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hyay bu'''....''thanks to'' *'''hyay hyay!'''....''Thank-you very much!, Thanks a lot!'' *'''hyay!'''....''thanks!, thank-you!'' *'''hyayd'''....''a thank-you, a word of thanks'' *'''hyaydres'''....''thank-you note'' *'''hyayden'''....''thanking, thanksgiving'' *'''hyayder'''....''thank, say thank-you, express gratitude'' *'''hyaydraf'''....''thank-you card'' *'''hyayduka'''....''thankless'' *'''hyaydukay'''....''thanklessly'' *'''hyayduken'''....''thanklessness'' *'''hyaydwa'''....''thanked'' *'''hyaydyea'''....''thankful'' *'''hyaydyean'''....''thankfulness'' *'''hyaydyeay'''....''thankfully'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HYEY Words ==== : The word '''hyey''', which means ''please'', only has one derived word: '''hyeyder'''....''to say please''. ==== HYOY Words ==== : The word '''hyoy''' means ''sorry, excuse me'' and is used in the following expressions: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hyoy'''....''sorry, excuse me, woops, woe is me, alas'' *'''hyoyd'''....''excuse, apology'' *'''hyoydea'''....''apologetic'' *'''hyoyden'''....''apologizing, saying sorry, apology'' *'''hyoyder'''....''apologize, be sorry, boo, excuse oneself, express woe'' *'''hyoydraf'''....''sympathy card'' *'''hyoydres'''....''apology note, sympathy note'' *'''hyoydyea'''....''apologetic'' *'''hyoydyeay'''....''apologetically'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''HWAY''' ''bravo'', '''HWEY''' ''good luck'', '''HWOY''' ''boo''=== ::* '''hway'''....''bravo, congratulations, cheers'' (pronounced like English ''why'') ::* '''hwey'''....''good luck'' (pronounced like English ''whey'') ::* '''hwoy'''....''boo, down with, what a shame'' ==== HWAY Words ==== : This exclamatory word means ''bravo!, congratulations!, cheers!, well done!'' and has the following derivations: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hway!'''....''alleluia!, bravo!, cheerio!, cheers!, congratulations!, goodie!, hooray!, hurrah!, kudo!, rah!, right on!, skoal!, whoopee!, great!, way to go!'' *'''hway!'''....''Thank-you!, Thanks!'' *'''hwayd'''....''congratulations, cheer, toast'' *'''hwayden'''....''congratulation, cheering, toasting'' *'''hwayder'''....''congratulate, cheer on, express kudos, say bravo, toast, root for'' *'''hwaydeux'''....''applause, cheer'' *'''hwaydeuxen'''....''applauding, applause, cheering, ovation'' *'''hwaydeuxer'''....''applaud, cheer'' *'''hwaydeuxut'''....''applauder, cheerer'' *'''hwaydeuxwa'''....''applauded, cheerer'' *'''hwaydraf'''....''congratulations card'' *'''hwaydut'''....''cheerleader, fan, rooter, whooper'' *'''hwaydutyan'''....''cheering squad, cheerleading team, fan base'' *'''hwaydwa'''....''congratulated, cheered on, toasted'' *'''hwaydwa'''....''thanked'' *'''hwaydyea'''....''thankful, grateful'' *'''hwaydyefwa'''....''applause-worthy'' *'''hwaydyefwan'''....''applause-worthiness'' *'''hwaysiyn'''....''high-five'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HWEY Words ==== : This exclamatory word means ''good luck!'' and has the following derivatives: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hweyd'''....''ackowledgement'' *'''hweyder'''....''wish luck, express best wishes'' *'''hweydraf'''....''best wishes card'' </div> {{small/end}} ==== HWOY Words ==== : This exclamatory word means ''boo!, hiss!, for shame!'' and has the following derivatives: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> *'''hwoy'''....''boo, bah, bummer, down with, too bad, what a pity'' *'''hwoyd'''....''boo, heckle, expression of shame'' *'''hwoyden'''....''booing, heckling, shaming'' *'''hwoyder'''....''boo, heckle, shame'' *'''hwoydeux'''....''hiss, heckle'' *'''hwoydeuxen'''....''hissing, heckling'' *'''hwoydeuxer'''....''hiss, heckle'' *'''hwoydeuxut'''....''hisser, heckler'' *'''hwoydeuxwa'''....''hissed, heckled'' *'''hwoydut'''....''booer, heckler'' *'''hwoydwa'''....''booed'' *'''hwoyteaxer'''....''look at with pity, regard with shame'' </div> {{small/end}} === '''HIHI''' ''ha ha'', '''HUHU''' ''boo hoo'' === : The morpheme '''hihi''' is used to form words having to do with laughing, while the opposite morpheme '''huhu''' is used for words referring to crying. Here are some '''hihi''' examples: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''hihi'''....''haha, teehee'' * '''hihid'''....''laugh'' * '''hihiden'''....''laughing, laughter, ridiculing, teeheeing'' * '''hihider'''....''laugh, ridicule, teehee'' * '''hihidez'''....''comedy'' * '''hihidezen'''....''performing comedy, doing comedy'' * '''hihidezer'''....''do comedy, perform comedy'' * '''hihidezun'''....''comedy act'' * '''hihidezut'''....''comedian'' * '''hihidier'''....''amuse oneself'' * '''hihidin yekun'''....''butt of a joke'' * '''hihidin'''....''farce, joke'' * '''hihidina'''....''farcical, jocular'' * '''hihidinay'''....''farcically, jocularly'' * '''hihidinen'''....''joke-telling, joking'' * '''hihidiner'''....''joke'' * '''hihidinut'''....''joke-teller, joker, jokester, comedian, comic'' * '''hihidinyea'''....''joky'' * '''hihidinyeay'''....''jokingly'' * '''hihidog'''....''giggle'' * '''hihidrasin drev'''....''cartoon page'' * '''hihidrasin'''....''cartoon'' * '''hihidrasinut'''....''cartoonist'' * '''hihidrasinyena'''....''cartoonish'' * '''hihiduea'''....''laugh-provoking'' * '''hihiduen'''....''amusement, hilarity, making laugh, tickling'' * '''hihiduer'''....''amuse, make laugh, tickle'' * '''hihiduut'''....''joker, entertainer'' * '''hihiduwa'''....''amused, tickled'' * '''hihiduyea'''....''amusing, funny, hilarious'' * '''hihiduyean'''....''hilariousness'' * '''hihiduyeay'''....''amusingly, hilariously'' * '''hihidwa'''....''ridiculed'' * '''hihidwat'''....''bozo, laughingstock'' * '''hihidxeay'''....''teasingly, ticklingly'' * '''hihidxen'''....''teasing, tickling'' * '''hihidxer'''....''tease, tickle'' * '''hihidxut'''....''teaser, tickler'' * '''hihidxwa'''....''teased, tickled'' * '''hihidyeay'''....''laughingly'' * '''hihidyefwa'''....''laughable, ridiculous, risible, funny'' * '''hihidyefwan'''....''ridiculousness, risibility, funniness'' * '''hihidyefway'''....''laughably, ridiculously, funnily'' * '''hihidyezun'''....''cartoon, flicker'' * '''hihisin'''....''caricature, comic, cartoon'' * '''hihisinut'''....''caricaturist, cartoonist'' * '''hihisinxen'''....''caricaturing'' * '''hihisinxer'''....''caricature'' * '''hihisinxwa'''....''caricatured'' </div> {{small/end}} : Here are some '''huhu''' examples: {{small/top}} <div style="background: lightyellow; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|2}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}}";> * '''huhu'''....''boo hoo'' * '''huhud'''....''boo hoo, booboo, boohoo, cry, whimper, whine'' * '''huhudea'''....''boo-hooing, crying, chining'' * '''huhuden'''....''boo-hooing, whimpering, crying'' * '''huhuder'''....''booboo, boohoo, cry, whimper, whine'' * '''huhudut'''....''booer, cry-baby, crybaby, whimperer, whiner'' </div> {{small/end}} == Charts of Words Showing Mnemonic Parallelism == : The words in the following charts share some commonality, which is evident in their similar phonetics: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ Mnemonic Parallels |- ! '''tob''' !! '''tab''' !! '''teb''' !! '''tib''' !! '''tub''' !! '''tyob''' !! '''tayob''' !! '''tayeb''' |- | ''man'' || body || ''head'' || ''trunk (of body)'' || ''arm'' || ''leg'' || ''skin'' || ''hair'' |- ! '''fob''' !! '''fab''' !! '''feb''' !! '''fib''' !! '''fub''' !! '''fyob''' !! '''fayob''' !! '''fayeb''' |- | ''plant'' || ''tree'' || ''fruit'' || ''trunk (of tree)'' || ''branch'' || ''root'' || ''bark'' || ''leaf'' |- ! '''vob''' !! '''vab''' !! '''veb''' !! '''vib''' !! '''vub''' !! '''vyob''' !! '''vayob''' !! '''vayeb''' |- | ''crop'' || ''grass'' || ''tuft'' || ''stem'' || ''twig'' || ''root'' || ''peel'' || ''petal'' |- ! '''pat''' !! !! !! !! '''patub''' !! !! !! '''patayeb''' |- | ''bird'' || || || || ''wing'' || || || ''feather'' |- ! '''pit''' !! !! '''piteb''' !! !! '''pitub''' !! !!'''pitayob''' !! '''pitayeb''' |- | ''fish'' || || ''fishhead'' || || ''fin'' || || ''shell''|| ''scale'' |- ! '''dob''' !! '''dab''' !! '''deb''' !! '''dib''' !! '''dub''' !! !! !! |- | ''state'' || ''government'' || ''leader'' || ''administration'' || ''minister'' || || || |- ! '''xob''' || '''xab''' !! '''xeb''' !!'''xib''' !! '''xub''' !! '''xyob''' || || |- |''organization'' || ''staff'' ||''boss'' || ''department''|| ''subdidiary'' || ''base'' || || |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -eu- Mnemonic Parallels |- ! teub !! teus !! teud !! seux !! xeus !! deuz !! seuz !! xeuz |- | ''mouth'' || ''voice'' || ''shout'' || ''sound'' || ''noise'' || ''song'' || ''tone'' || ''tune'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -ayo- Mnemonic Parallels |- ! tayob !! fayob !! vayob !! tayof !! |- | ''skin'' || ''bark'' || ''peel'' || ''leather'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -ub/-uf Mnemonic Parallels |- |- ! tub !! fub !! vub !! sub !! xub !! semub !! mifub !! mub !! muf !! tiibuf !! gimuf !! manuf !! fauf |- | arm || branch || twig || protuberance || subsidiary || flap || oar || promontory || rod || artery || skewer || candle || log |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -ea- Mnemonic Parallels |- ! '''teab''' !! ''eye'' |- | '''teater''' || ''see'' |- | '''teaxer''' || ''look'' |- | '''jeteaxer''' || ''watch'' |- | '''teaser''' || ''seem'' |- | '''teaper''' || ''visit'' |- | '''gawteaper''' || ''revisit'' |- | '''teader''' || ''witness'' |- | '''teatier''' || ''perceive'' |- | '''teatuer''' || ''show'' |- | '''beaxer''' || ''watch'' |- | '''neaxer''' || ''aim'' |- | '''vyateaxer''' || ''examine'' |- | '''vyabeaxer''' || ''inspect'' |- | '''vyaleaxer''' || ''check'' |- | '''izteader''' || ''indicate'' |- | '''izteatuer''' || ''point out'' |- | '''izteaxer''' || ''focus'' |- | '''abteaxer''' || ''survey'' |- | '''yagteaxer''' || ''stare'' |- | '''igteaxer''' || ''glance'' |- | '''gawteaser''' || ''reappear'' |- | '''yozteatuer''' || ''display, expose'' |- | '''jateater''' || ''foresee'' |- | '''jeteaxer''' || ''watch'' |- | '''yonteater''' || ''distinguish'' |- | '''oteaser''' || ''disappear'' |- | '''vyateatuer''' || ''prove'' |- | '''ofteaxer''' || ''peek'' |- | '''zyoteaxer''' || ''peer'' |- | '''ugteaxer''' || ''gaze'' |- | '''yuzteaxer''' || ''look around'' |- | '''yubteaxer''' || ''scrutinize'' |- | '''kyoteaxer''' || ''glare'' |- | '''yogteaxer''' || ''glimpse'' |- | '''joteaxer''' || ''review'' |- | '''zoyteaxer''' || ''look back'' |- | '''zayteaxer''' || ''look ahead'' |- | '''ojteader''' || ''warn'' |- | '''tepteatier''' || ''consider'' |- | '''kuteaxer''' || ''observe'' |- | '''ejeatuer''' || ''present'' |- | '''ejeaser''' || ''show up, appear'' |- | '''utejeaser''' || ''represent'' |- | '''ajteaxer''' || ''review'' |- | '''ojteaxer''' || ''envisage'' |- | '''yoveater''' || ''suspect'' |- | '''kiteaxer''' || ''look askance'' |- | '''yizteaxer''' || ''look beyond'' |- | '''zeyteaxer''' || ''look across'' |- | '''fyateater''' || ''respect'' |- | '''vyoteas''' || ''illusion'' |- | '''vyamteaser''' || ''seem true'' |- | '''koteaxer''' || ''peek, spy on'' |- | '''ziteaxer''' || ''look right'' |- | '''zuteaxer''' || ''look left'' |- | '''eynteaxer''' || ''squint'' |- | '''zyateaxer''' || ''peruse, scan'' |- | '''fateaber''' || ''blink'' |- | '''teabigyujer''' || ''wink'' |- | '''teabiler''' || ''weep, tear up'' |- | '''teazexer''' || ''focus'' |} {{small/end}} {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -z Mnemonic Parallels" |- ! nas !! teb !! tuyub !! tilab !! tuyob !! tun !! tab !! teub !! sin !! teeb !! nas !! teib !! vos !! drer !! ten |- | ''money'' || ''head'' || ''finger'' || ''breast'' || ''wrist'' || ''science'' || ''body'' || ''mouth'' || ''image'' || ''ear'' || ''money'' || ''nose'' || ''flower'' || ''write'' || ''knowledge'' |- ! noz !! tebuz !! tuyuz !! tilaz !! tuyoz !! tuz !! taz !! deuz !! siz !! teebuz !! naz!! teiz !! voz !! drez !! tez |- | ''jewel'' || ''crown'' || ''ring'' || ''broche'' || ''bracelet'' || ''art'' || ''statue'' || ''song'' || ''painting'' || ''earring'' || ''value'' || ''perfume'' || ''color'' || ''poetry'' || ''culture'' |} {{small/end}} == Words Ending in '''-yen''' (''manner'') == : The ending '''-yen''' is a stub for '''byen''', meaning ''way, manner'' and is used to form many different words, as the following chart shows. The basic words are: ::* '''byen'''....''manner'' ::* '''syen'''....''style'' ::* '''tyen'''....''technique, skill'' ::* '''hoyen'''....''how, condition'' ::* '''pyen'''....''pace, allure'' ::* '''xyen'''....''behavior'' ::* '''zeyen'''....''means'' ::* '''yukyen'''....''amenity'' ::* '''dotyen'''....''manners'' ::* '''dyen'''....''expression'' ::* '''visyen'''....''fashion'' ::* '''vidyen'''....''euphemism'' ::* '''uzdyen'''....''paraphrase'' ::* '''tyodyen'''....''custom'' ::* '''tuzyen'''....''artistry'' ::* '''twobyen'''....''machismo'' ::* '''tosyen'''....''mood'' ::* '''texyen'''....''attitude'' ::* '''tejyen'''....''way of life'' ::* '''tezyen'''....''more'' ::* '''tepyen'''....''frame of mind'' ::* '''teazyen'''....''showmanship'' ::* '''teatyen'''....''outlook'' ::* '''teasyen'''....''aspect'' ::* '''sexyen'''....''structure'' ::* '''nasyen'''....''currency'' ::* '''esyen'''....''state'' ::* '''kyayen'''....''version'' ::* '''jobyen'''....''tense'' ::* '''jagyen'''....''senility'' ::* '''izbyen'''....''maneuver'' ::* '''exlyen'''....''process'' ::* '''driryen'''....''type face'' ::* '''kyasyen'''....''dynamics'' ::* '''dibyen'''....''governance'' ::* '''deuzyen'''....''tonality'' ::* '''deuxyen'''....''intonation'' ::* '''dalyen'''....''idiom'' ::* '''datyen'''....''bonhomie'' ::* '''balzeyen'''....''leverage'' ::* '''axlyen'''....''behavior'' ::* '''anyen'''....''quirk'' ::* '''akpasyen'''....''stategy'' ::* '''dreyen'''....''writing system'' ::* '''napyen'''....''discipline'' ::* '''kisyen'''....''trend'' ::* '''dodalyen'''....''rhetoric'' ::* '''jubyen'''....''habit'' ::* '''maalyen'''....''weather'' ::* '''aotyen'''....''personality, character'' == Words Ending in '''-z''' (''something precious'')== : Words ending in '''-z''' refer to something '''''precious''''' or '''''refined,''''' as this chart shows: {{small/top}} :{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:lightyellow" |+ -Z Words |- ! Normal Word !! Refined Word |- | '''fi-'''....''good'' || '''fiz'''....''honor'', '''utfiz'''....''dignity'', '''firz'''....''ideal'', '''fiyz'''....''respect'', '''agfiz'''....''glory'', '''fiiz'''....''deference'' |- | '''fu-'''....''bad'' || '''fuz'''....''shame'', '''agfuz'''....''infamy'', '''fuyz'''....''disrespect'', '''utfuz'''....''indignity'' |- | '''fya-'''....''holy'' || '''fyaz'''....''grace'', '''kofyaz'''....''magic'', '''fyamaz'''....''halo'', '''fyatyez'''....''hieromancy'', '''fyatez'''....''religion'', '''fyateyz'''....''cult'' |- | '''fyo-'''....''profane, evil'' || '''fyoz'''....''disgrace'' , '''kofyoz'''....''occult'', '''fyotez'''...''black magic'' |- | '''fyi-'''....''useful''|| '''fyiz'''....''reward'' |- | '''fyu-'''....''harmful''||'''fyuz'''....''punishment'', '''fyuyz'''....''penance, penalty'' |- | '''meg'''....''stone'' || '''mez'''....''crystal'', '''yonmez'''....''ice crystal'', '''amez'''....''diamond'', '''emez'''....''topaz'', '''imez'''....''ruby'', '''umez'''....''emerald'', etc. |- | '''nas'''....''money'' || '''naz'''....''value'', '''noz'''....''gem, jewel'', '''finaz'''....''merit'', '''nyaz'''....''wealth'' |- | '''d-'''....''communicate'' || '''daz'''....''dance'', '''dyaz'''....''ballet'', '''dez'''....''theatre'', '''adez'''....''burlesque'', '''diz'''....''comedy'', '''duz'''....''music'', '''dyuz'''....''opera'', '''deuz'''....''song'', '''ajdreuz'''....''ballad'', '''drez'''....''poetry'', '''dyez'''....''cinema'', '''dauz'''....''dance music'', '''druz'''....''lyric'', '''yokdez/yokdiz'''....''improv'' |- | '''tab'''....''body'' || '''taz'''....''statuary'' |- | '''san'''....''shape'' || '''saz'''....''sculpture'' |- | '''sin'''....''picture'' || '''siz'''....''painting'', '''finsiz'''....''medal'', '''dresiz'''....''engraving'' |- | '''ty-'''....''know how''||'''tyez'''....''magic'', '''kotyez'''....''occult'', '''fyotyez'''....''sorcery, witchcraft'', '''fyatyez'''....''hieromancy'', '''tuyutyez'''....''legerdemain, chiromancy'','''tojatyez''' ....''necromancy'' |- | '''teb'''....''head'' || '''tebuz'''....''crown'', '''eyntebuz'''....''diadem'' |- | '''teas'''....''view'' || '''teaz'''....''spectacle'', '''fyateaz'''....''miracle'' |- | '''teis'''....''smell'' || '''teiz'''....''perfume'' |- | '''tiab'''....''breast'' || '''tiabuz'''....''broche'' |- | '''tilab'''....''nipple'' || '''tilabuz'''....''nipple ring'' |- | '''teyob'''....''neck'' || '''teyobuz'''....''necklace'' |- | '''teubob'''....''lip'' || '''teuboz'''....''lip ring'' |- | '''zetiub'''....''navel'' || '''zetiubuz'''....''belly button ring'' |- | '''tun'''....''science'' || '''tuz'''....''art'', '''vituz'''....''fine art'', '''daltuz'''....''rhetoric'', '''sextuz'''....''architecture'', '''teltuz'''....''gastronomy'', '''tuyatuz'''....''handicraft'', '''drefgobluntuz'''....''d&eacute;coupage'' |- | '''toleus'''....''taste'' || '''toleuz'''....''refined taste'' |- | '''ten'''....''knowledge'' || '''tez'''....''culture'', '''yobtez'''....''subculture'', '''ajtez'''....''lore'', '''aulktez'''....''alchemy'', '''oybtez'''....''subculture'', '''ovtez'''....''counterculture'', '''vitez'''....''high culture'', '''fyatez'''....''religion'', '''fyotez'''...''occult'' |- | '''teub'''....''mouth'' || '''deuz'''....''song'', '''fadeuz'''....''hymn'', '''yegdeuz'''....''refrain'', '''seuz'''....''tone'', '''teuz'''....''voice'', '''zoyteuz'''....''echo'', '''teuboz'''....''smile'', '''videuz'''....''melody'', '''yandeuz'''....''harmony'', '''uvdeuz'''....''dirge'', '''ajdeuz'''....''ballad'', '''dudeuz'''....''antiphon'', '''ivdeuz'''....''carol'', '''yogdeuz'''....''ditty'', '''awatdeuz'''....''solo'', '''ewatdeuz'''....''duet'', '''fizdeuz'''....''anthem'' |- | '''tuab'''....''arm'' || '''eytuabuz'''....''epaulette'' |- | '''tuyub'''....''finger'' || '''tuyubuz'''....''ring'' |- | '''vos'''....''flower'' || '''volz'''....''color'', '''voolz'''....''tint'', '''voylz'''....''shade of color'', '''tayolz'''....''facial/hair color'', '''alz'''....''red'', '''feelkalz'''....''rust'', '''yolz'''....''blue'', '''yelz'''....''pink'', '''caoyolz'''....''cobalt'' |} {{small/end}} <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Vocabulary Formation|Syntax}}</noinclude> 4l9b1fi8e53ko4fq6fzcyaizjpv5n5g Unicode/Character reference/E8000-E8FFF 0 433327 4664523 4591792 2026-08-26T07:10:14Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" 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!style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E806x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E807x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E808x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E809x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E80Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E80Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E80Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E80Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E80Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E80Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E810x 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!style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E814x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E815x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E816x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E817x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E818x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E819x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E81Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E81Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E81Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E81Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E81Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E81Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E820x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E821x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E822x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E823x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E824x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E825x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E826x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E827x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E828x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E829x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E82Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E82Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E82Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E82Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E82Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E82Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E830x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E831x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E832x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E833x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E834x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E835x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E836x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E837x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E838x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E839x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E83Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E83Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E83Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E83Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E83Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E83Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E840x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E841x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E842x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E843x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E844x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E845x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E846x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E847x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E848x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E849x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E84Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E84Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E84Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E84Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E84Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E84Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E850x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E851x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E852x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E853x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E854x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E855x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E856x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E857x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E858x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E859x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E85Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E85Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E85Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E85Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E85Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E85Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E860x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E861x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E862x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E863x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E864x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E865x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E866x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E867x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E868x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E869x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E86Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E86Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E86Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E86Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E86Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E86Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E870x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E871x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E872x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E873x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E874x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E875x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E876x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E877x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E878x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E879x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E87Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E87Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E87Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E87Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E87Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E87Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E880x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E881x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E882x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E883x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E884x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E885x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E886x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E887x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E888x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E889x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E88Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E88Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E88Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E88Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E88Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E88Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E890x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E891x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E892x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E893x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E894x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E895x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E896x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E897x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E898x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E899x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E89Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E89Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E89Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E89Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E89Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E89Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8A9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8AAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8ABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8ACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8ADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8AEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8AFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8BCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8BDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8BEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8BFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8CAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8CBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8EFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8FBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8FCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8FDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8FEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|E8FFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} hncz094g7eaeio1arfuskasxlygpzd9 Unicode/Character reference/1A000-1AFFF 0 433328 4664525 4633048 2026-08-26T07:14:55Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pau Cin Hau Supplement (ctd.)''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A00x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A01x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A02x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A03x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A04x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A05x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A06x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A07x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A08x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A09x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A0Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A10x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A11x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A12x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A13x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A14x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A15x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A16x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A17x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A18x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A19x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A1Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A20x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A21x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A22x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A23x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A24x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A25x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A26x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A27x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A28x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A29x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A2Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Eskaya''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A30x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A31x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A32x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A33x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A34x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A35x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A36x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A37x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A38x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A39x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A3Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A40x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A41x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A42x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A43x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A44x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A45x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A46x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A47x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A48x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A49x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A4Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A50x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A51x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A52x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A53x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A54x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A55x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A56x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A57x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A58x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A59x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A5Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A60x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A61x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A62x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A63x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A64x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A65x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A66x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A67x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A68x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A69x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A6Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A70x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A71x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A72x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A73x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A74x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A75x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Rejang Extended''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A76x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A77x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kaida''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A78x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A79x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A7Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Naxi Dongba''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A80x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A81x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A82x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A83x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A84x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A85x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A86x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A87x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A88x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A89x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A8Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A90x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A91x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A92x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A93x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A94x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A95x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A96x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A97x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A98x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A99x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1A9Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AA9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AAAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AAEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AAFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AB9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ABFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AC9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ACFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Naxi Geba''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AD9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1ADFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AE9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AEFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AF9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kana Extended-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center:background:#777777;{{text default color}}" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kana Extended-B''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center:background:#ffc0e0" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}}"|1AFFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-2|&#x1aff0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-3|&#x1aff1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-4|&#x1aff2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-5|&#x1aff3;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}}"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-7|&#x1aff5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-8|&#x1aff6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-1|&#x1aff7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-2|&#x1aff8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-3|&#x1aff9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-4|&#x1affa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-5|&#x1affb;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}}"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-7|&#x1affd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-8|&#x1affe;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}}"|&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}}" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} {{:Unicode/Character/footer}} 4pndhszhc54xjq4tosog0nhsupvhajt Unicode/Character reference/37000-37FFF 0 433332 4664524 4591404 2026-08-26T07:11:53Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 4664524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{Text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !width="4%"|U+!!width="6%"|0!!width="6%"|1!!width="6%"|2!!width="6%"|3!!width="6%"|4!!width="6%"|5!!width="6%"|6!!width="6%"|7!!width="6%"|8!!width="6%"|9!!width="6%"|A!!width="6%"|B!!width="6%"|C!!width="6%"|D!!width="6%"|E!!width="6%"|F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3700x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3701x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3702x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3703x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3704x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3705x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3706x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3707x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3708x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3709x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|370Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|370Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|370Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|370Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|370Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|370Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3710x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3711x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3712x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3713x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3714x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3715x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3716x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3717x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3718x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3719x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|371Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|371Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|371Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|371Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|371Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|371Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3720x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3721x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3722x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3723x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3724x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3725x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3726x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3727x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3728x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3729x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|372Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|372Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|372Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|372Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|372Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|372Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3730x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3731x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3732x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3733x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3734x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3735x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3736x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3737x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3738x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3739x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|373Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|373Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|373Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|373Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|373Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|373Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3740x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3741x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3742x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3743x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3744x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3745x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3746x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3747x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3748x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3749x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|374Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|374Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|374Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|374Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|374Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|374Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3750x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3751x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3752x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3753x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3754x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3755x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3756x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3757x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3758x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3759x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|375Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|375Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|375Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|375Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|375Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|375Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3760x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3761x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3762x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3763x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3764x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3765x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3766x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3767x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3768x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3769x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|376Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|376Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|376Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|376Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|376Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|376Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3770x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3771x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3772x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3773x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3774x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3775x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3776x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3777x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3778x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3779x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|377Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|377Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|377Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|377Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|377Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|377Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3780x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3781x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3782x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3783x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3784x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3785x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3786x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3787x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3788x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3789x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|378Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|378Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|378Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|378Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|378Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|378Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3790x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3791x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3792x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3793x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3794x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3795x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3796x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3797x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3798x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|3799x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|379Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|379Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|379Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|379Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|379Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|379Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37A9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37AAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37ABx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37ACx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37ADx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37AEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37AFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37B9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37BAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37BBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37BCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37BDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37BEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37BFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37C9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37CAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37CBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37D9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37DAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37DBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37DCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37DDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37DEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37DFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|37EEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- align="center" style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};" 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Saving Changes. 4664427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maxima Aggregate Data Structures == === Introduction === This book is intended to present some of the essentials of what is called Maxima aggregate data structures. By this it is meant the data types that can be used to refer to the values of expressions using a means of indexing of a single identifier (name) that refers to an aggregate (collection) of expressions as values. Built-in aggregate data types include: * lists * hashed arrays * declared arrays * structures Each of these has a means of indexing an identifier that names an instance of these data types. Please note that it is the case that this means of indexing an identifier for an aggregate data type may be referred to as involving "subscripts" or "sub-scripted variables" or "keys" as used by various computer programming languages, as well as in the context of Maxima documentation and commentary. In this book terms such as "index" or "indices" or "indexed identifiers"  are used instead. Also all built-in Maxima functions (including packages) for these data types are referred to as ''"operators"'' and not ''"functions"'' as this latter term in general serves better to refer to Maxima function expressions defined by the user -- as in <code>f(x):=</code>, <code>g[s]:=</code> and <code>define()</code> as examples. This section is not intended to be exhaustive. It is intended to provide familiarity with aggregate data types. What is included has been gleaned from various sources, and only a few attributions are provided. Therefore, there is no claim of originality implied. === Lists === ==== Introduction to Lists ==== Lists are one of the basic buildings block for Maxima and Lisp. Maxima expressions are in general represented as Lisp lists. For example, consider the Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) e+3; (%o1) e+3 </syntaxhighlight>This expression has the form of a Lisp list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) :lisp #$[e+3]$ ((MLIST SIMP) ((MPLUS SIMP) 3 $E)) </syntaxhighlight>An expression in the form of a Lisp list can also be be displayed as a Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) :lisp (displa '((MLIST SIMP) ((MPLUS SIMP) 3 $E))); [e+3] NIL </syntaxhighlight>Note that the value of this expression using <code>displa '()</code> is <code>NIL</code>, and <code>[e+3]</code> is simply displayed in Maxima list object form. It is not necessary for the typical uses of Maxima to utilize this insight into the role Lisp lists have as one of the building blocks for Maxima, but it may be useful to have a familiarity with that role. Lists are often used as arguments to many operators, and the values of expressions are often in the form of lists. ==== Some Operators for Lists ==== Lists are created explicitly and list elements referenced using <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> to mark the beginning and end, respectively, of an instance of a list object, or to reference the expressions of an existing list object.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) [2,3,4]; (%o3) [2,3,4] </syntaxhighlight>The expression <code>[2,3,4]</code> creates a Maxima list object. In this case the object itself is not accessible as it was not assigned an identifier unless referenced by the <code>%</code> , <code>%i</code> or <code>%o</code> label.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) %; (%o4) [2,3,4] (%i5) %o4[2]; /* second expression of list object referenced by index */ (%o5) 3 </syntaxhighlight>That [2,3,4] is a list object can be tested using the <code>listp()</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) listp([2,3,4]); (%o6) true </syntaxhighlight>A list object can be assigned an identifier:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) s:[%pi,%e,%phi]; (s) [%pi,%e,%phi] (%i8) listp(s); (%o8) true</syntaxhighlight> The value of an element of a list can be accessed using the list identifier and brackets with a index value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) s[1]; (%o9) %pi (%i10) s[2]; (%o10) %e (%i11) s[3]; (%o11) %phi </syntaxhighlight> Invalid index values returns an error:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) s[4]; inpart: invalid index 4 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> Consider the following relatively long list of integer atoms created explicitly and identified as <code>List_1</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) List_1:[1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2, 118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118, 30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4, 484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214,5,118,30,5,484, 49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177]; (List_1) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203 ,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582, 214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177]</syntaxhighlight> The number of values of this list can be returned using the <code>length()</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) length(List_1); (%o14) 105 </syntaxhighlight> Create another list identified as <code>List_2</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) List_2:[6,1455,200,6,1607,205]; (List_2) [6,1455,200,6,1607,205] (%i16) length(List_2); (%o16) 6 </syntaxhighlight> Create a third list identified as <code>List_3</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i17) List_3:append(List_1, List_2)$ (%i18) length(List_3); (%o19) 111 </syntaxhighlight> Note that the <code>append</code> operator does not affect either of the list arguments <code>List_1</code> or <code>List</code>_2. It merely appends <code>List_2</code> to <code>List_1</code> and returns a new list, in this case assigned the identifier <code>List_3</code>.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) length(List_1); (%o20) 105 (%i21) length(List_2); (%o21) 6 (%i22) length(List_3); (%o22) 111 (%i23) List_3; (%o23) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145, 2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582, 203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582, 140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4, 1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607,205]</syntaxhighlight> Values (the last one in this example) can be deleted from a list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i24) last(List_3); (%o24) 205 (%i25) delete(last(List_3), List_3); (%o25) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145, 2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582, 203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582 140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4, 1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607]</syntaxhighlight> The <code>delete (List_3)</code> expression creates a new list object using <code>List_3</code>. <code>List_3</code> itself is not affected by the <code>delete()</code> operator. Only the resulting list is affected. This is often the case with list operators. An identifier could be used to save the above resulting list if necessary:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* List_3 is the same length */ (%i26) length(List_3); (%o26) 111 /* The last value of List_3 is the same */ (%i27) List_3[111]; (%o27) 205 (%i28) last(List_3); (%o28) 205</syntaxhighlight>There was only one instance of <code>205</code> in <code>List_3</code>, so only that value was deleted from the list of <code>%o25</code>. If there are more than one value then the <code>delete</code> operator will remove all of those values from the returned list expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) NewList_3 : delete(118, List_3)$ /* all five instances of 118 removed from List_3 as NewList_3 */ (%i30) length(NewList_3); (%o30) 106 </syntaxhighlight>There are operators to refer to instances of list expressions by ordinal number:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i30) FirstThreeList_3:[first(List_3), second(List_3), third(List_3)]; (FirstThreeList_3) [1,118,30] </syntaxhighlight>Expressions of list objects can e referenced to create a new list object from the first n expressions of a list, the last n expressions of a list, or the rest remaining after n expressions from the beginning or -n expressions from the end of a list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* first three expressions of List_3 */ (%i31) firstn(List_3,3); (%o31) [1,118,30] /* same three expressions of List_3 using the rest operator with -108 */ (%i32) rest(List_3, -108); (%o32) [1,118,30] /* last three expressions of List_3 */ (%i33) lastn(List_3,3); (%o33) [6,1607,205] /* same three expressions of List_3 using the rest operator with 108 */ (%i34) rest(List_3, 108); (%o34) [6,1607,205]</syntaxhighlight>Some further examples of the <code>firstn</code>, <code>lastn</code> and <code>rest</code> list operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* first 63 expressions of List_3 */ (%i35) firstn(List_3,63); (%o35) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1, 1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2, 1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3, 1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140] /* last 63 expressions of List_3 */ (%i36) lastn(List_3,63); (%o36) [3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32, 4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214, 5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607,205] /* first expressions of List_3 after removing the last 63*/ (%i37) rest(List_3, -63); (%o37) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1, 1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2, 1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51] </syntaxhighlight>Maxima programming expressions can be used with list operators to reference list expressions in various ways. For example, the expression which follows accesses the expressions of a list as lists of three each:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i38) (L4:List_4, for i:(-length(List_4))+3 thru 0 step 3 do (disp(rest(L4,i)), L4:rest(L4,3)), "")$ [1,118,30] [1,484,58] [1,664,87] [1,1004,115] [1,1231,120] [1,1372,142] [1,1582,145] [2,118,33] [2,484,69] [2,664,111] [2,1004,156] [2,1231,172] [2,1372,203] [2,1582,203] [3,118,30] [3,484,51] [3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight>List operators can be used as arguments other list operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* create a new empty list */ (%i39) newList4:[]; (newList4) [] /* append the first six & last six expressions of List_4 to the new list */ (%i40) newList4:append(newList4,firstn(List_4,6),lastn(List_4,6))$ /* the new list now has the 12 appended expressions from List_4 */ (%i41) newList4; (%o41) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight> Maxima programming expressions can be used to step through the expressions of lists using list operators to reference "slices" of different lengths:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i42) L4:List_4; (L4) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582 145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203, 2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i43) length(L4); (%o43) 51 (%i44) (L4:List_4, for i:21 thru 3 step -3 do print(L4:lastn(L4,i)," ",length(L4)), "")$ [2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 21 [2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 18 [2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 15 [2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 12 [3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 9 [3,484,51,3,664,75] 6 [3,664,75] 3</syntaxhighlight> ==== Using the <code>copylist</code> Operator ==== When an existing list object is assigned to an identifier, a reference to the memory location of the list object is used. This reference to the memory location is transparent from the point of view of the user. However,if this is not accounted for unintended side effects may occur when assigning another identifier to an existing one that references a list object. For example, in the expression <code>L4 : List_4</code> it might be assumed that this results in the list object referenced by List_4 to simply be copied to a new memory location and reference for L4. This is not the case. Both L4 and List_4 refer to the same list object in memory. Consequently changes to the same list object can be effected by referencing the object using either alias.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i45) newList4; (%o45) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* The identifier newList4 refers to a location in memory. The colon (:) assignment operator simply creates an alias using that same memory reference*/ (%i46) newList5 : newList4; (newList5) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* Two different identifiers for the same memory location and therefore the same object. Changes to expressions of the list object using either identifier changes the same object in memory */ (%i47) newList5[1] : 99; (newList5[1]) 99 (%i48) newList4[1]; (%o48) 99 (%i49) newList4; (%o49) [99,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i50) newList5; (%o50) [99,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight> This "side effect" is often unwanted. The way to avoid this is by using the <code>copylist</code> operator instead of the assignment operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i51) newList4 : [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] ; (newList4) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i52) newList5 : copylist(newList4); (newList5) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* Same list object expressions, but a different memory reference */ (%i53) newList5[1] : 99; (newList5[1]) 99 (%i54) newList4[1]; (%o54) 1 </syntaxhighlight> Changes to the values of either list will not affect the other list. {| class="wikitable" |+List Object Operators |[ |fourth |rreduce |- |] |fullsetify |second |- |append |join |setify |- |assoc |last |seventh |- |cons |length |sixth |- |copylist |listarith |some |- |create_list |listp |sort |- |delete |lmax |sublist |- |eighth |lmin |sublist_indices |- |endcons |lreduce |tenth |- |fifth |makelist |third |- |first |member |tree_reduce |- |flatten |reverse |xreduce |} Refer to the Maximal Manual<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual Section 7.4.2 Functions and Variables for Lists |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Data-Types-and-Structures.html#Lists}}</ref> for more complete description of operators and variables for Maxima lists. ==== Performance Considerations for Lists ==== <blockquote>''"Lists provide efficient ways of appending and removing elements. They can be created without knowing their final dimensions. Lisp provides efficient means of copying and handling lists. Also nested lists do not need to be strictly rectangular. These advantages over declared arrays come with the drawback that the amount of time needed for accessing a random element within a list may be roughly proportional to the element’s distance from its beginning."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual Section 7.4.3 Performance considerations for Lists |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Data-Types-and-Structures.html#Lists}}</ref></blockquote>Maxima list objects have many operators for creating, accessing, and changing the expressions of lists. Evaluation times of expressions that involve lists can vary significantly depending on the length of the list objects involved, as well as the nature of any operators used to compose the expressions. This fact might have an influence on the choice of using arrays rather than lists in some cases if evaluation time is a factor to consider. The example expressions that follow involve a list object (identified as <code>s</code> ) of complex number expressions that has a length of 10,000 and two different user-defined functions:<pre>(%i55) P1(s) := rectform(product(s[i],i, 1, length(s)))$ (%i56) P2(s) := xreduce(lambda([a,b], rectform(a*b)),s)$ (%i57) s : makelist(random(1.0)+%i*random(1.0),10^4)$ (%i58) showtime : true$ Evaluation took 0.0000 seconds (0.0000 elapsed) using 0 bytes. (%i59) P1(s); Evaluation took 32.3080 seconds (32.3860 elapsed) using 17944.301 MB. (%o59) 0.0 (%i60) P2(s); Evaluation took 0.0620 seconds (0.0620 elapsed) using 8.343 MB. (%o60) 0.0 (%i61) showtime : false$ Evaluation took 0.0000 seconds (0.0000 elapsed) using 0 bytes.</pre> ==Arrays == <blockquote>"Maxima's current array/matrix semantics are a mess, I must say, with at least four different kinds of object (hash arrays, explicit lists, explicit matrices, Lisp arrays) supporting subscripting with varying semantics." <ref>[http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/21829 Maxima: Syntax improvements by Stavros Macrakis ]</ref> – Stavros Macrakis "Maxima's concept of arrays, lists, and matrices is pretty confused, since various ideas have accreted in the many years of the project... Yes, this is a mess. Sorry about that. These are all interesting ideas, but there is no unifying framework."<ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/a/29926692 Maxima: what does Maxima call an “array”? - answer by Robert Dodier]</ref> – Robert Dodier</blockquote> The various terminology used in the context of arrays undoubtedly can be confusing. For the sake of simplicity and clarity the following categories of array objects are referred to in this book: Maxima has three array categories :<ref>[http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/13588 the Maxima mailing list <nowiki>: [Maxima] array and matrix? - answer by Robert Dodier</nowiki>]</ref> * Declared arrays * Undeclared (hashed) arrays * Lisp arrays '''''Declared arrays''''' are explicitly created using the <code>array()</code> operator, and unlike lists, which have only one index and are one-dimensional, declared arrays can be multi-dimensional – having one to five indices. The indices for declared array dimensions need not be equal. Indices for each dimension may be between 0 and the respective declared dimension. Each declared array may be for expressions of a specified type, which can be ''fixnum'' for integers or ''flonum'' for floating-point numbers. '''''Undeclared (hashed) arrays''''' are created implicitly by assigning an expression to an indexed identifier that does not name an existing list object. An undeclared array (hashed array) can grow dynamically as there is no fixed dimension limit for each index as there is with declared arrays Another difference is that numbers, identifiers, expressions and strings may be used for indices. Also, there is no fixed limit on the number of dimensions. The only real limitation is practical – the available computer memory and the underlying Lisp environment of the Maxima session. Hashed arrays with only one dimension may be confused with a list object. It is essential to keep in mind that list objects must always be created before values are assigned or referenced. Assigning an expression to a one-dimensional indexed identifier, that does not reference an existing list, implicitly creates a hashed array. '''''Lisp arrays''''' are created using the <code>make_array ()</code> operator. The array type may be specified as ''any'', ''flonum'', ''fixnum'', ''hashed'' or ''functional''. Lisp array objects may be created as one-dimensional or multi-dimensional as specified by the number of dimension size values used with the <code>make_array ()</code> operator. For each dimension value specified, the associated index value can be a number between 0 to 1 less than the respective dimension value. The same or different values may be used for each specified dimension. Lisp arrays may be used in cases where memory usage an garbage collection are factors. === Declared Arrays === Declared arrays must be created before being referenced and are of fixed dimensions. Category: Arrays : * array * arrayapply * arrayinfo * arraymake * arrays - global variable * fillarray * listarray * make_array * rearray * remarray * subvar * use_fast_arrays See also : * array functions defined by := and define. === Undeclared array === ==== Memoizing Functions ==== Assignment using an indexed identifier implicitly creates an undeclared (hashed) array. However, entering an expression that is an unassigned indexed identifier, from the point of view of Maxima, creates the identifier of a "memoizing" function. Memoizing functions are technically not an array topic, as these functions fall under the category of function definition. However, memoizing functions may be referred to as ''array functions,'' and it is the case that these functions from the point of view of aggregate data structures are hashed arrays. So these are mentioned and exemplified here for that reason only in passing:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) h[x]; (%o7) h[x] (%i8) arrayinfo (h); arrayinfo: h is not an array. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i9) op(h[x]); (%o9) h (%i10) h[x] := 5*x^3 + sin(x); (h[x]) h[x]:=5*x^3+sin(x) (%i11) op(h[x]); (%o11) "+" (%i12) arrayinfo (h); (%o12) [hashed,1,[x]] (%i13) h[x]; (%o13) sin(x)+5*x^3 (%i15) h[3*%pi]; (%o15) 135*%pi^3 (%i29) listarray(h); (%o29) [135*%pi^3,sin(x)+5*x^3] (%i19) arrayinfo (h); (%o19) [hashed,1,[3*%pi],[x]] </syntaxhighlight>A memoizing function caches its value (if any) the first time it is called with a argument, and returns the stored value, without recomputing it, when that same argument is used with that function subsequently. Thus it behaves like a hashed array (%i1) c[99] : 789; (%o1) 789 (%i2) c[99]; (%o2) 789 (%i3) c; (%o3) c (%i4) arrayinfo (c); (%o4) [hashed, 1, [99]] (%i5) listarray (c); (%o5) [789] "If the user assigns to a subscripted variable before declaring the corresponding array, an undeclared array is created. Undeclared arrays, otherwise known as hashed arrays (because hash coding is done on the subscripts), are more general than declared arrays. The user does not declare their maximum size, and they grow dynamically by hashing as more elements are assigned values. The subscripts of undeclared arrays need not even be numbers. However, unless an array is rather sparse, it is probably more efficient to declare it when possible than to leave it undeclared. " ( from Maxima CAS doc) "created if one does : b[x+1]:y^2 (and b is not already an array, a list, or a matrix - if it were one of these an error would be caused since x+1 would not be a valid subscript for an art-q array, a list or a matrix). Its indices (also known as keys) may be any object. It only takes one key at a time (b[x+1,u]:y would ignore the u). Referencing is done by b[x+1] ==> y^2. Of course the key may be a list, e.g. <pre> b[[x+1,u]]:y </pre> would be valid. "( from Maxima CAS doc) ===Declared array=== * declare array ( give a name and allocate memmory) * fill array * process array ====array function ==== Function: array (name, type, dim_1, …, dim_n) Creates an n-dimensional array. Here : * '''type''' can be fixnum for integers of limited size or flonum for floating-point numbers * '''n''' may be less than or equal to 5. The subscripts for the i'th dimension are the integers running from 0 to dim_i. (%i5) array(A,2,2); (%o5) A (%i8) arrayinfo(A); (%o8) [declared, 2, [2,2]] Because subscripts of array A elements are goes from 0 to dim so array A has : ( dim_1 + 1) * (dim_2 + 1) = 3*3 = 9 elements. The array function can be used to transform an undeclared array into a declared array. ====arraymake function==== Function: arraymake (A, [i_1, …, i_n]) The result is an unevaluated array reference. (%i12) arraymake(A,[3,3,3]); (%o12) array_make(3, 3, 3) 3, 3, 3 (%i13) arrayinfo(A); arrayinfo: A is not an array. ==== Function: make_array ==== Function: make_array (type, dim_1, …, dim_n) Creates and returns a Lisp array. Type may be : * any * flonum * fixnum * hashed * functional. There are n indices, and the i'th index runs from 0 to dim_i - 1. The advantage of make_array over array is that the return value doesn't have a name, and once a pointer to it goes away, it will also go away. For example, if y: make_array (...) then y points to an object which takes up space, but after y: false, y no longer points to that object, so the object can be garbage collected. Examples: (%i9) A : array_make(3,3,3); (%o9) array_make(3, 3, 3) (%i10) arrayinfo(A); (%o10) [declared, 3, [3, 3, 3]] * {{Bookcat}} 0sz4l3g429x8azheomw3k6ggeej22v5 4664480 4664427 2026-08-25T22:14:44Z Idavidmiller 3577687 4664480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maxima Aggregate Data Structures == === Introduction === This book is intended to present some of the essentials of what is called Maxima aggregate data structures. By this it is meant the data types that can be used to refer to the values of expressions using a means of indexing of a single identifier (name) that refers to an aggregate (collection) of expressions as values. Built-in aggregate data types include: * lists * hashed arrays * declared arrays * structures Each of these has a means of indexing an identifier that names an instance of these data types. Please note that it is the case that this means of indexing an identifier for an aggregate data type may be referred to as involving "subscripts" or "sub-scripted variables" or "keys" as used by various computer programming languages, as well as in the context of Maxima documentation and commentary. In this book terms such as "index" or "indices" or "indexed identifiers"  are used instead. Also all built-in Maxima functions (including packages) for these data types are referred to as ''"operators"'' and not ''"functions"'' as this latter term in general serves better to refer to Maxima function expressions defined by the user -- as in <code>f(x):=</code>, <code>g[s]:=</code> and <code>define()</code> as examples. This section is not intended to be exhaustive. It is intended to provide familiarity with aggregate data types. What is included has been gleaned from various sources, and only a few attributions are provided. Therefore, there is no claim of originality implied. === Lists === ==== Introduction to Lists ==== Lists are one of the basic buildings block for Maxima and Lisp. Maxima expressions are in general represented as Lisp lists. For example, consider the Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) e+3; (%o1) e+3 </syntaxhighlight>This expression has the form of a Lisp list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) :lisp #$[e+3]$ ((MLIST SIMP) ((MPLUS SIMP) 3 $E)) </syntaxhighlight>An expression in the form of a Lisp list can also be be displayed as a Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) :lisp (displa '((MLIST SIMP) ((MPLUS SIMP) 3 $E))); [e+3] NIL </syntaxhighlight>Note that the value of this expression using <code>displa '()</code> is <code>NIL</code>, and <code>[e+3]</code> is simply displayed in Maxima list object form. It is not necessary for the typical uses of Maxima to utilize this insight into the role Lisp lists have as one of the building blocks for Maxima, but it may be useful to have a familiarity with that role. Lists are often used as arguments to many operators, and the values of expressions are often in the form of lists. ==== Some Operators for Lists ==== Lists are created explicitly and list elements referenced using <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> to mark the beginning and end, respectively, of an instance of a list object, or to reference the expressions of an existing list object.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) [2,3,4]; (%o3) [2,3,4] </syntaxhighlight>The expression <code>[2,3,4]</code> creates a Maxima list object. In this case the object itself is not accessible as it was not assigned an identifier unless referenced by the <code>%</code> , <code>%i</code> or <code>%o</code> label.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) %; (%o4) [2,3,4] (%i5) %o4[2]; /* second expression of list object referenced by index */ (%o5) 3 </syntaxhighlight>That [2,3,4] is a list object can be tested using the <code>listp()</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) listp([2,3,4]); (%o6) true </syntaxhighlight>A list object can be assigned an identifier:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) s:[%pi,%e,%phi]; (s) [%pi,%e,%phi] (%i8) listp(s); (%o8) true</syntaxhighlight> The value of an element of a list can be accessed using the list identifier and brackets with a index value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) s[1]; (%o9) %pi (%i10) s[2]; (%o10) %e (%i11) s[3]; (%o11) %phi </syntaxhighlight> Invalid index values returns an error:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) s[4]; inpart: invalid index 4 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> Consider the following relatively long list of integer atoms created explicitly and identified as <code>List_1</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) List_1:[1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2, 118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118, 30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4, 484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214,5,118,30,5,484, 49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177]; (List_1) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203 ,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582, 214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177]</syntaxhighlight> The number of values of this list can be returned using the <code>length()</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) length(List_1); (%o14) 105 </syntaxhighlight> Create another list identified as <code>List_2</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) List_2:[6,1455,200,6,1607,205]; (List_2) [6,1455,200,6,1607,205] (%i16) length(List_2); (%o16) 6 </syntaxhighlight> Create a third list identified as <code>List_3</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i17) List_3:append(List_1, List_2)$ (%i18) length(List_3); (%o19) 111 </syntaxhighlight> Note that the <code>append</code> operator does not affect either of the list arguments <code>List_1</code> or <code>List</code>_2. It merely appends <code>List_2</code> to <code>List_1</code> and returns a new list, in this case assigned the identifier <code>List_3</code>.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) length(List_1); (%o20) 105 (%i21) length(List_2); (%o21) 6 (%i22) length(List_3); (%o22) 111 (%i23) List_3; (%o23) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145, 2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582, 203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582, 140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4, 1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607,205]</syntaxhighlight> Values (the last one in this example) can be deleted from a list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i24) last(List_3); (%o24) 205 (%i25) delete(last(List_3), List_3); (%o25) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145, 2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582, 203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582 140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4, 1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607]</syntaxhighlight> The <code>delete (List_3)</code> expression creates a new list object using <code>List_3</code>. <code>List_3</code> itself is not affected by the <code>delete()</code> operator. Only the resulting list is affected. This is often the case with list operators. An identifier could be used to save the above resulting list if necessary:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* List_3 is the same length */ (%i26) length(List_3); (%o26) 111 /* The last value of List_3 is the same */ (%i27) List_3[111]; (%o27) 205 (%i28) last(List_3); (%o28) 205</syntaxhighlight>There was only one instance of <code>205</code> in <code>List_3</code>, so only that value was deleted from the list of <code>%o25</code>. If there are more than one value then the <code>delete</code> operator will remove all of those values from the returned list expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) NewList_3 : delete(118, List_3)$ /* all five instances of 118 removed from List_3 as NewList_3 */ (%i30) length(NewList_3); (%o30) 106 </syntaxhighlight>There are operators to refer to instances of list expressions by ordinal number:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i30) FirstThreeList_3:[first(List_3), second(List_3), third(List_3)]; (FirstThreeList_3) [1,118,30] </syntaxhighlight>Expressions of list objects can e referenced to create a new list object from the first n expressions of a list, the last n expressions of a list, or the rest remaining after n expressions from the beginning or -n expressions from the end of a list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* first three expressions of List_3 */ (%i31) firstn(List_3,3); (%o31) [1,118,30] /* same three expressions of List_3 using the rest operator with -108 */ (%i32) rest(List_3, -108); (%o32) [1,118,30] /* last three expressions of List_3 */ (%i33) lastn(List_3,3); (%o33) [6,1607,205] /* same three expressions of List_3 using the rest operator with 108 */ (%i34) rest(List_3, 108); (%o34) [6,1607,205]</syntaxhighlight>Some further examples of the <code>firstn</code>, <code>lastn</code> and <code>rest</code> list operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* first 63 expressions of List_3 */ (%i35) firstn(List_3,63); (%o35) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1, 1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2, 1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3, 1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140] /* last 63 expressions of List_3 */ (%i36) lastn(List_3,63); (%o36) [3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32, 4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214, 5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607,205] /* first expressions of List_3 after removing the last 63*/ (%i37) rest(List_3, -63); (%o37) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1, 1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2, 1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51] </syntaxhighlight>Maxima programming expressions can be used with list operators to reference list expressions in various ways. For example, the expression which follows accesses the expressions of a list as lists of three each:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i38) (L4:List_4, for i:(-length(List_4))+3 thru 0 step 3 do (disp(rest(L4,i)), L4:rest(L4,3)), "")$ [1,118,30] [1,484,58] [1,664,87] [1,1004,115] [1,1231,120] [1,1372,142] [1,1582,145] [2,118,33] [2,484,69] [2,664,111] [2,1004,156] [2,1231,172] [2,1372,203] [2,1582,203] [3,118,30] [3,484,51] [3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight>List operators can be used as arguments other list operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* create a new empty list */ (%i39) newList4:[]; (newList4) [] /* append the first six & last six expressions of List_4 to the new list */ (%i40) newList4:append(newList4,firstn(List_4,6),lastn(List_4,6))$ /* the new list now has the 12 appended expressions from List_4 */ (%i41) newList4; (%o41) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight> Maxima programming expressions can be used to step through the expressions of lists using list operators to reference "slices" of different lengths:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i42) L4:List_4; (L4) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582 145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203, 2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i43) length(L4); (%o43) 51 (%i44) (L4:List_4, for i:21 thru 3 step -3 do print(L4:lastn(L4,i)," ",length(L4)), "")$ [2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 21 [2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 18 [2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 15 [2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 12 [3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 9 [3,484,51,3,664,75] 6 [3,664,75] 3</syntaxhighlight> ==== Using the <code>copylist</code> Operator ==== When an existing list object is assigned to an identifier, a reference to the memory location of the list object is used. This reference to the memory location is transparent from the point of view of the user. However,if this is not accounted for unintended side effects may occur when assigning another identifier to an existing one that references a list object. For example, in the expression <code>L4 : List_4</code> it might be assumed that this results in the list object referenced by List_4 to simply be copied to a new memory location and reference for L4. This is not the case. Both L4 and List_4 refer to the same list object in memory. Consequently changes to the same list object can be effected by referencing the object using either alias.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i45) newList4; (%o45) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* The identifier newList4 refers to a location in memory. The colon (:) assignment operator simply creates an alias using that same memory reference*/ (%i46) newList5 : newList4; (newList5) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* Two different identifiers for the same memory location and therefore the same object. Changes to expressions of the list object using either identifier changes the same object in memory */ (%i47) newList5[1] : 99; (newList5[1]) 99 (%i48) newList4[1]; (%o48) 99 (%i49) newList4; (%o49) [99,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i50) newList5; (%o50) [99,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight> This "side effect" is often unwanted. The way to avoid this is by using the <code>copylist</code> operator instead of the assignment operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i51) newList4 : [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] ; (newList4) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i52) newList5 : copylist(newList4); (newList5) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* Same list object expressions, but a different memory reference */ (%i53) newList5[1] : 99; (newList5[1]) 99 (%i54) newList4[1]; (%o54) 1 </syntaxhighlight> Changes to the values of either list will not affect the other list. {| class="wikitable" |+List Object Operators |[ |fourth |rreduce |- |] |fullsetify |second |- |append |join |setify |- |assoc |last |seventh |- |cons |length |sixth |- |copylist |listarith |some |- |create_list |listp |sort |- |delete |lmax |sublist |- |eighth |lmin |sublist_indices |- |endcons |lreduce |tenth |- |fifth |makelist |third |- |first |member |tree_reduce |- |flatten |reverse |xreduce |} Refer to the Maximal Manual<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual Section 7.4.2 Functions and Variables for Lists |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Data-Types-and-Structures.html#Lists}}</ref> for more complete description of operators and variables for Maxima lists. ==== Performance Considerations for Lists ==== <blockquote>''"Lists provide efficient ways of appending and removing elements. They can be created without knowing their final dimensions. Lisp provides efficient means of copying and handling lists. Also nested lists do not need to be strictly rectangular. These advantages over declared arrays come with the drawback that the amount of time needed for accessing a random element within a list may be roughly proportional to the element’s distance from its beginning."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual Section 7.4.3 Performance considerations for Lists |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Data-Types-and-Structures.html#Lists}}</ref></blockquote>Maxima list objects have many operators for creating, accessing, and changing the expressions of lists. Evaluation times of expressions that involve lists can vary significantly depending on the length of the list objects involved, as well as the nature of any operators used to compose the expressions. This fact might have an influence on the choice of using arrays rather than lists in some cases if evaluation time is a factor to consider. The example expressions that follow involve a list object (identified as <code>s</code> ) of complex number expressions that has a length of 10,000 and two different user-defined functions:<pre>(%i55) P1(s) := rectform(product(s[i],i, 1, length(s)))$ (%i56) P2(s) := xreduce(lambda([a,b], rectform(a*b)),s)$ (%i57) s : makelist(random(1.0)+%i*random(1.0),10^4)$ (%i58) showtime : true$ Evaluation took 0.0000 seconds (0.0000 elapsed) using 0 bytes. (%i59) P1(s); Evaluation took 32.3080 seconds (32.3860 elapsed) using 17944.301 MB. (%o59) 0.0 (%i60) P2(s); Evaluation took 0.0620 seconds (0.0620 elapsed) using 8.343 MB. (%o60) 0.0 (%i61) showtime : false$ Evaluation took 0.0000 seconds (0.0000 elapsed) using 0 bytes.</pre> ==Arrays == <blockquote>"Maxima's current array/matrix semantics are a mess, I must say, with at least four different kinds of object (hash arrays, explicit lists, explicit matrices, Lisp arrays) supporting subscripting with varying semantics." <ref>[http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/21829 Maxima: Syntax improvements by Stavros Macrakis ]</ref> – Stavros Macrakis "Maxima's concept of arrays, lists, and matrices is pretty confused, since various ideas have accreted in the many years of the project... Yes, this is a mess. Sorry about that. These are all interesting ideas, but there is no unifying framework."<ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/a/29926692 Maxima: what does Maxima call an “array”? - answer by Robert Dodier]</ref> – Robert Dodier</blockquote> The various terminology used in the context of arrays undoubtedly can be confusing. For the sake of simplicity and clarity the following categories of array objects are referred to in this book: Maxima has three array categories :<ref>[http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/13588 the Maxima mailing list <nowiki>: [Maxima] array and matrix? - answer by Robert Dodier</nowiki>]</ref> * Declared arrays * Undeclared (hashed) arrays * Lisp arrays '''''Declared arrays''''' are explicitly created using the <code>array()</code> operator, and unlike lists, which have only one index and are one-dimensional, declared arrays can be multi-dimensional – having one to five indices. The indices for declared array dimensions need not be equal. Indices for each dimension may be between 0 and the respective declared dimension. Each declared array may be for expressions of a specified type, which can be ''fixnum'' for integers or ''flonum'' for floating-point numbers. '''''Undeclared (hashed) arrays''''' are created implicitly by assigning an expression to an indexed identifier that does not name an existing list object. An undeclared array (hashed array) can grow dynamically as there is no fixed dimension limit for each index as there is with declared arrays Another difference is that numbers, identifiers, expressions and strings may be used for indices. Also, there is no fixed limit on the number of dimensions. The only real limitation is practical – the available computer memory and the underlying Lisp environment of the Maxima session. Hashed arrays with only one dimension may be confused with a list object. It is essential to keep in mind that list objects must always be created before values are assigned or referenced. Assigning an expression to a one-dimensional indexed identifier, that does not reference an existing list, implicitly creates a hashed array. '''''Lisp arrays''''' are created using the <code>make_array ()</code> operator. The array type may be specified as ''any'', ''flonum'', ''fixnum'', ''hashed'' or ''functional''. Lisp array objects may be created as one-dimensional or multi-dimensional as specified by the number of dimension size values used with the <code>make_array ()</code> operator. For each dimension value specified, the associated index value can be a number between 0 to 1 less than the respective dimension value. The same or different values may be used for each specified dimension. Lisp arrays may be used in cases where memory usage an garbage collection are factors. Examples of use and elaboration upon the technical details for each of these categories of array object types follows. === Declared Arrays === Declared arrays must be created before being referenced and are of fixed dimensions.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) array(A1, fixnum, 34,2); (%o1) A1 (%i2) array(A2, flonum, 35,2); (%o2) A2 (%i3) array(A3, 14,3); (%o3) A3 (%i4) arrayinfo (A1); (%o4) [complete,2,[34,2]] (%i5) arrayinfo (A2); (%o5) [complete,2,[35,2]] (%i6) arrayinfo (A3); (%o6) [declared,2,[14,3]] </syntaxhighlight> The first expression <code>%i1</code> creates a declared array object named using the identifier <code>A1</code>. This array is two-dimensional – the first index may have values from 0 to 34 and the second index may have values from 0 to 2. This array therefore is 35 by 3 in extent. The array type is declared to be <code>fixnum</code>. As it is, <code>A1</code> is an empty array – it has no values to reference. Similarly the second expression <code>%i2</code> creates a declared array object named using the identifier <code>A2</code>. This array is also two-dimensional – the first index may have values from 0 to 35 and the second index may have values from 0 to 2. This array therefore is 36 by 3 in extent. The array type is declared to be <code>flonum</code>. As it is, <code>A2</code> is also is an empty array – it has no values to reference. The third expression <code>%i3</code> creates a declared array object named using the identifier <code>A3</code>. This array is also two-dimensional – the first index may have values from 0 to 13 and the second index may have values from 0 to 3. This array therefore is 15 by 4 in extent. The array type is not declared. As it is, <code>A3</code> is also an empty array – it has no values to reference. The <code>arrayinfo</code> operator can be used to return a list object that has values reflecting information about an array. Note that arrays declared without a type will have <code>declared</code> as a value of the list. Arrays declared with <code>fixnum</code> or <code>flonum</code> as the type will have <code>complete</code> as a value of the list. This technical detail is not well-documented. The returned information list also shows a value for the dimension of the array ( 2 in these examples ) and an inner list with values for the maximum index for each dimension. A look inside each of these declared arrays provides a clue as to why <code>complete</code> is returned instead of <code>declared</code> when the type is specified as <code>fixnum</code> or <code>flonum</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i3) A1[0,0]; (%o3) 0 (%i10) A2[0,0]; (%o10) 0.0 (%i11) A3[0,0]; (%o11) A3[0,0]</syntaxhighlight> As previously noted Read CSV data files into the array each of these created array objects. Below are lists of the values of the CSV data file tree_data_nh.csv :<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> 1,118,30 1,484,58 1,664,87 1,1004,115 1,1231,120 1,1372,142 1,1582,145 2,118,33 2,484,69 2,664,111 2,1004,156 2,1231,172 2,1372,203 2,1582,203 3,118,30 3,484,51 3,664,75 3,1004,108 3,1231,115 3,1372,139 3,1582,140 4,118,32 4,484,62 4,664,112 4,1004,167 4,1231,179 4,1372,209 4,1582,214 5,118,30 5,484,49 5,664,81 5,1004,125 5,1231,142 5,1372,174 5,1582,177 </syntaxhighlight> The array information about A1 can be displayed:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) arrayinfo (A1); (%o2) [complete,2,[34,2]] </syntaxhighlight> The <code>arrayinfo()</code> operator returns the type of array, the number of indices, and a list of the values of the dimensions of these indices. Category: Arrays : * array * arrayapply * arrayinfo * arraymake * arrays - global variable * fillarray * listarray * make_array * rearray * remarray * subvar * use_fast_arrays See also : * array functions defined by := and define. === Undeclared array === ==== Memoizing Functions ==== Assignment using an indexed identifier implicitly creates an undeclared (hashed) array. However, entering an expression that is an unassigned indexed identifier, from the point of view of Maxima, creates the identifier of a "memoizing" function. Memoizing functions are technically not an array topic, as these functions fall under the category of function definition. However, memoizing functions may be referred to as ''array functions,'' and it is the case that these functions from the point of view of aggregate data structures are hashed arrays. So these are mentioned and exemplified here for that reason only in passing:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) h[x]; (%o7) h[x] (%i8) arrayinfo (h); arrayinfo: h is not an array. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i9) op(h[x]); (%o9) h (%i10) h[x] := 5*x^3 + sin(x); (h[x]) h[x]:=5*x^3+sin(x) (%i11) op(h[x]); (%o11) "+" (%i12) arrayinfo (h); (%o12) [hashed,1,[x]] (%i13) h[x]; (%o13) sin(x)+5*x^3 (%i15) h[3*%pi]; (%o15) 135*%pi^3 (%i29) listarray(h); (%o29) [135*%pi^3,sin(x)+5*x^3] (%i19) arrayinfo (h); (%o19) [hashed,1,[3*%pi],[x]] </syntaxhighlight>A memoizing function caches its value (if any) the first time it is called with a argument, and returns the stored value, without recomputing it, when that same argument is used with that function subsequently. Thus it behaves like a hashed array (%i1) c[99] : 789; (%o1) 789 (%i2) c[99]; (%o2) 789 (%i3) c; (%o3) c (%i4) arrayinfo (c); (%o4) [hashed, 1, [99]] (%i5) listarray (c); (%o5) [789] "If the user assigns to a subscripted variable before declaring the corresponding array, an undeclared array is created. Undeclared arrays, otherwise known as hashed arrays (because hash coding is done on the subscripts), are more general than declared arrays. The user does not declare their maximum size, and they grow dynamically by hashing as more elements are assigned values. The subscripts of undeclared arrays need not even be numbers. However, unless an array is rather sparse, it is probably more efficient to declare it when possible than to leave it undeclared. " ( from Maxima CAS doc) "created if one does : b[x+1]:y^2 (and b is not already an array, a list, or a matrix - if it were one of these an error would be caused since x+1 would not be a valid subscript for an art-q array, a list or a matrix). Its indices (also known as keys) may be any object. It only takes one key at a time (b[x+1,u]:y would ignore the u). Referencing is done by b[x+1] ==> y^2. Of course the key may be a list, e.g. <pre> b[[x+1,u]]:y </pre> would be valid. "( from Maxima CAS doc) ===Declared array=== * declare array ( give a name and allocate memmory) * fill array * process array ====array function ==== Function: array (name, type, dim_1, …, dim_n) Creates an n-dimensional array. Here : * '''type''' can be fixnum for integers of limited size or flonum for floating-point numbers * '''n''' may be less than or equal to 5. The subscripts for the i'th dimension are the integers running from 0 to dim_i. (%i5) array(A,2,2); (%o5) A (%i8) arrayinfo(A); (%o8) [declared, 2, [2,2]] Because subscripts of array A elements are goes from 0 to dim so array A has : ( dim_1 + 1) * (dim_2 + 1) = 3*3 = 9 elements. The array function can be used to transform an undeclared array into a declared array. ====arraymake function==== Function: arraymake (A, [i_1, …, i_n]) The result is an unevaluated array reference. (%i12) arraymake(A,[3,3,3]); (%o12) array_make(3, 3, 3) 3, 3, 3 (%i13) arrayinfo(A); arrayinfo: A is not an array. ==== Function: make_array ==== Function: make_array (type, dim_1, …, dim_n) Creates and returns a Lisp array. Type may be : * any * flonum * fixnum * hashed * functional. There are n indices, and the i'th index runs from 0 to dim_i - 1. The advantage of make_array over array is that the return value doesn't have a name, and once a pointer to it goes away, it will also go away. For example, if y: make_array (...) then y points to an object which takes up space, but after y: false, y no longer points to that object, so the object can be garbage collected. Examples: (%i9) A : array_make(3,3,3); (%o9) array_make(3, 3, 3) (%i10) arrayinfo(A); (%o10) [declared, 3, [3, 3, 3]] * {{Bookcat}} r5mdvzzkxuv3sdt70sk0zg9ludf1kfw 4664487 4664480 2026-08-26T02:53:32Z Idavidmiller 3577687 Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4664487 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maxima Aggregate Data Structures == === Introduction === This book is intended to present some of the essentials of what is called Maxima aggregate data structures. By this it is meant the data types that can be used to refer to the values of expressions using a means of indexing of a single identifier (name) that refers to an aggregate (collection) of expressions as values. Built-in aggregate data types include: * lists * hashed arrays * declared arrays * structures Each of these has a means of indexing an identifier that names an instance of these data types. Please note that it is the case that this means of indexing an identifier for an aggregate data type may be referred to as involving "subscripts" or "sub-scripted variables" or "keys" as used by various computer programming languages, as well as in the context of Maxima documentation and commentary. In this book terms such as "index" or "indices" or "indexed identifiers"  are used instead. Also all built-in Maxima functions (including packages) for these data types are referred to as ''"operators"'' and not ''"functions"'' as this latter term in general serves better to refer to Maxima function expressions defined by the user -- as in <code>f(x):=</code>, <code>g[s]:=</code> and <code>define()</code> as examples. This section is not intended to be exhaustive. It is intended to provide familiarity with aggregate data types. What is included has been gleaned from various sources, and only a few attributions are provided. Therefore, there is no claim of originality implied. === Lists === ==== Introduction to Lists ==== Lists are one of the basic buildings block for Maxima and Lisp. Maxima expressions are in general represented as Lisp lists. For example, consider the Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) e+3; (%o1) e+3 </syntaxhighlight>This expression has the form of a Lisp list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) :lisp #$[e+3]$ ((MLIST SIMP) ((MPLUS SIMP) 3 $E)) </syntaxhighlight>An expression in the form of a Lisp list can also be be displayed as a Maxima expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i2) :lisp (displa '((MLIST SIMP) ((MPLUS SIMP) 3 $E))); [e+3] NIL </syntaxhighlight>Note that the value of this expression using <code>displa '()</code> is <code>NIL</code>, and <code>[e+3]</code> is simply displayed in Maxima list object form. It is not necessary for the typical uses of Maxima to utilize this insight into the role Lisp lists have as one of the building blocks for Maxima, but it may be useful to have a familiarity with that role. Lists are often used as arguments to many operators, and the values of expressions are often in the form of lists. ==== Some Operators for Lists ==== Lists are created explicitly and list elements referenced using <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> to mark the beginning and end, respectively, of an instance of a list object, or to reference the expressions of an existing list object.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i3) [2,3,4]; (%o3) [2,3,4] </syntaxhighlight>The expression <code>[2,3,4]</code> creates a Maxima list object. In this case the object itself is not accessible as it was not assigned an identifier unless referenced by the <code>%</code> , <code>%i</code> or <code>%o</code> label.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i4) %; (%o4) [2,3,4] (%i5) %o4[2]; /* second expression of list object referenced by index */ (%o5) 3 </syntaxhighlight>That [2,3,4] is a list object can be tested using the <code>listp()</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i6) listp([2,3,4]); (%o6) true </syntaxhighlight>A list object can be assigned an identifier:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i7) s:[%pi,%e,%phi]; (s) [%pi,%e,%phi] (%i8) listp(s); (%o8) true</syntaxhighlight> The value of an element of a list can be accessed using the list identifier and brackets with a index value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i9) s[1]; (%o9) %pi (%i10) s[2]; (%o10) %e (%i11) s[3]; (%o11) %phi </syntaxhighlight> Invalid index values returns an error:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i12) s[4]; inpart: invalid index 4 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> Consider the following relatively long list of integer atoms created explicitly and identified as <code>List_1</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i13) List_1:[1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2, 118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118, 30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4, 484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214,5,118,30,5,484, 49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177]; (List_1) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203 ,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582, 214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177]</syntaxhighlight> The number of values of this list can be returned using the <code>length()</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) length(List_1); (%o14) 105 </syntaxhighlight> Create another list identified as <code>List_2</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) List_2:[6,1455,200,6,1607,205]; (List_2) [6,1455,200,6,1607,205] (%i16) length(List_2); (%o16) 6 </syntaxhighlight> Create a third list identified as <code>List_3</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i17) List_3:append(List_1, List_2)$ (%i18) length(List_3); (%o19) 111 </syntaxhighlight> Note that the <code>append</code> operator does not affect either of the list arguments <code>List_1</code> or <code>List</code>_2. It merely appends <code>List_2</code> to <code>List_1</code> and returns a new list, in this case assigned the identifier <code>List_3</code>.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i20) length(List_1); (%o20) 105 (%i21) length(List_2); (%o21) 6 (%i22) length(List_3); (%o22) 111 (%i23) List_3; (%o23) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145, 2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582, 203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582, 140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4, 1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607,205]</syntaxhighlight> Values (the last one in this example) can be deleted from a list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i24) last(List_3); (%o24) 205 (%i25) delete(last(List_3), List_3); (%o25) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145, 2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582, 203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582 140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4, 1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607]</syntaxhighlight> The <code>delete (List_3)</code> expression creates a new list object using <code>List_3</code>. <code>List_3</code> itself is not affected by the <code>delete()</code> operator. Only the resulting list is affected. This is often the case with list operators. An identifier could be used to save the above resulting list if necessary:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* List_3 is the same length */ (%i26) length(List_3); (%o26) 111 /* The last value of List_3 is the same */ (%i27) List_3[111]; (%o27) 205 (%i28) last(List_3); (%o28) 205</syntaxhighlight>There was only one instance of <code>205</code> in <code>List_3</code>, so only that value was deleted from the list of <code>%o25</code>. If there are more than one value then the <code>delete</code> operator will remove all of those values from the returned list expression:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i29) NewList_3 : delete(118, List_3)$ /* all five instances of 118 removed from List_3 as NewList_3 */ (%i30) length(NewList_3); (%o30) 106 </syntaxhighlight>There are operators to refer to instances of list expressions by ordinal number:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i30) FirstThreeList_3:[first(List_3), second(List_3), third(List_3)]; (FirstThreeList_3) [1,118,30] </syntaxhighlight>Expressions of list objects can e referenced to create a new list object from the first n expressions of a list, the last n expressions of a list, or the rest remaining after n expressions from the beginning or -n expressions from the end of a list:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* first three expressions of List_3 */ (%i31) firstn(List_3,3); (%o31) [1,118,30] /* same three expressions of List_3 using the rest operator with -108 */ (%i32) rest(List_3, -108); (%o32) [1,118,30] /* last three expressions of List_3 */ (%i33) lastn(List_3,3); (%o33) [6,1607,205] /* same three expressions of List_3 using the rest operator with 108 */ (%i34) rest(List_3, 108); (%o34) [6,1607,205]</syntaxhighlight>Some further examples of the <code>firstn</code>, <code>lastn</code> and <code>rest</code> list operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* first 63 expressions of List_3 */ (%i35) firstn(List_3,63); (%o35) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1, 1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2, 1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108,3, 1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140] /* last 63 expressions of List_3 */ (%i36) lastn(List_3,63); (%o36) [3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32, 4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214, 5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5, 1582,177,6,1455,200,6,1607,205] /* first expressions of List_3 after removing the last 63*/ (%i37) rest(List_3, -63); (%o37) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1, 1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2, 1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51] </syntaxhighlight>Maxima programming expressions can be used with list operators to reference list expressions in various ways. For example, the expression which follows accesses the expressions of a list as lists of three each:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i38) (L4:List_4, for i:(-length(List_4))+3 thru 0 step 3 do (disp(rest(L4,i)), L4:rest(L4,3)), "")$ [1,118,30] [1,484,58] [1,664,87] [1,1004,115] [1,1231,120] [1,1372,142] [1,1582,145] [2,118,33] [2,484,69] [2,664,111] [2,1004,156] [2,1231,172] [2,1372,203] [2,1582,203] [3,118,30] [3,484,51] [3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight>List operators can be used as arguments other list operators:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* create a new empty list */ (%i39) newList4:[]; (newList4) [] /* append the first six & last six expressions of List_4 to the new list */ (%i40) newList4:append(newList4,firstn(List_4,6),lastn(List_4,6))$ /* the new list now has the 12 appended expressions from List_4 */ (%i41) newList4; (%o41) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight> Maxima programming expressions can be used to step through the expressions of lists using list operators to reference "slices" of different lengths:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i42) L4:List_4; (L4) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582 145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203, 2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i43) length(L4); (%o43) 51 (%i44) (L4:List_4, for i:21 thru 3 step -3 do print(L4:lastn(L4,i)," ",length(L4)), "")$ [2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 21 [2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 18 [2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 15 [2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 12 [3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75] 9 [3,484,51,3,664,75] 6 [3,664,75] 3</syntaxhighlight> ==== Using the <code>copylist</code> Operator ==== When an existing list object is assigned to an identifier, a reference to the memory location of the list object is used. This reference to the memory location is transparent from the point of view of the user. However,if this is not accounted for unintended side effects may occur when assigning another identifier to an existing one that references a list object. For example, in the expression <code>L4 : List_4</code> it might be assumed that this results in the list object referenced by List_4 to simply be copied to a new memory location and reference for L4. This is not the case. Both L4 and List_4 refer to the same list object in memory. Consequently changes to the same list object can be effected by referencing the object using either alias.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i45) newList4; (%o45) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* The identifier newList4 refers to a location in memory. The colon (:) assignment operator simply creates an alias using that same memory reference*/ (%i46) newList5 : newList4; (newList5) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* Two different identifiers for the same memory location and therefore the same object. Changes to expressions of the list object using either identifier changes the same object in memory */ (%i47) newList5[1] : 99; (newList5[1]) 99 (%i48) newList4[1]; (%o48) 99 (%i49) newList4; (%o49) [99,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i50) newList5; (%o50) [99,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] </syntaxhighlight> This "side effect" is often unwanted. The way to avoid this is by using the <code>copylist</code> operator instead of the assignment operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i51) newList4 : [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] ; (newList4) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] (%i52) newList5 : copylist(newList4); (newList5) [1,118,30,1,484,58,3,484,51,3,664,75] /* Same list object expressions, but a different memory reference */ (%i53) newList5[1] : 99; (newList5[1]) 99 (%i54) newList4[1]; (%o54) 1 </syntaxhighlight> Changes to the values of either list will not affect the other list. {| class="wikitable" |+List Object Operators |[ |fourth |rreduce |- |] |fullsetify |second |- |append |join |setify |- |assoc |last |seventh |- |cons |length |sixth |- |copylist |listarith |some |- |create_list |listp |sort |- |delete |lmax |sublist |- |eighth |lmin |sublist_indices |- |endcons |lreduce |tenth |- |fifth |makelist |third |- |first |member |tree_reduce |- |flatten |reverse |xreduce |} Refer to the Maximal Manual<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual Section 7.4.2 Functions and Variables for Lists |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Data-Types-and-Structures.html#Lists}}</ref> for more complete description of operators and variables for Maxima lists. ==== Performance Considerations for Lists ==== <blockquote>''"Lists provide efficient ways of appending and removing elements. They can be created without knowing their final dimensions. Lisp provides efficient means of copying and handling lists. Also nested lists do not need to be strictly rectangular. These advantages over declared arrays come with the drawback that the amount of time needed for accessing a random element within a list may be roughly proportional to the element’s distance from its beginning."''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual Section 7.4.3 Performance considerations for Lists |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Data-Types-and-Structures.html#Lists}}</ref></blockquote>Maxima list objects have many operators for creating, accessing, and changing the expressions of lists. Evaluation times of expressions that involve lists can vary significantly depending on the length of the list objects involved, as well as the nature of any operators used to compose the expressions. This fact might have an influence on the choice of using arrays rather than lists in some cases if evaluation time is a factor to consider. The example expressions that follow involve a list object (identified as <code>s</code> ) of complex number expressions that has a length of 10,000 and two different user-defined functions:<pre>(%i55) P1(s) := rectform(product(s[i],i, 1, length(s)))$ (%i56) P2(s) := xreduce(lambda([a,b], rectform(a*b)),s)$ (%i57) s : makelist(random(1.0)+%i*random(1.0),10^4)$ (%i58) showtime : true$ Evaluation took 0.0000 seconds (0.0000 elapsed) using 0 bytes. (%i59) P1(s); Evaluation took 32.3080 seconds (32.3860 elapsed) using 17944.301 MB. (%o59) 0.0 (%i60) P2(s); Evaluation took 0.0620 seconds (0.0620 elapsed) using 8.343 MB. (%o60) 0.0 (%i61) showtime : false$ Evaluation took 0.0000 seconds (0.0000 elapsed) using 0 bytes.</pre> ==Arrays == <blockquote>"Maxima's current array/matrix semantics are a mess, I must say, with at least four different kinds of object (hash arrays, explicit lists, explicit matrices, Lisp arrays) supporting subscripting with varying semantics." <ref>[http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/21829 Maxima: Syntax improvements by Stavros Macrakis ]</ref> – Stavros Macrakis "Maxima's concept of arrays, lists, and matrices is pretty confused, since various ideas have accreted in the many years of the project... Yes, this is a mess. Sorry about that. These are all interesting ideas, but there is no unifying framework."<ref>[http://stackoverflow.com/a/29926692 Maxima: what does Maxima call an “array”? - answer by Robert Dodier]</ref> – Robert Dodier</blockquote> The various terminology used in the context of arrays undoubtedly can be confusing. For the sake of simplicity and clarity the following categories of array objects are referred to in this book: Maxima has three array categories :<ref>[http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/13588 the Maxima mailing list <nowiki>: [Maxima] array and matrix? - answer by Robert Dodier</nowiki>]</ref> * Declared arrays * Undeclared (hashed) arrays * Lisp arrays '''''Declared arrays''''' are explicitly created using the <code>array()</code> operator, and unlike lists, which have only one index and are one-dimensional, declared arrays can be multi-dimensional – having one to five indices. The indices for declared array dimensions need not be equal. Indices for each dimension may be between 0 and the respective declared dimension. Each declared array may be for expressions of a specified type, which can be ''fixnum'' for integers or ''flonum'' for floating-point numbers. '''''Undeclared (hashed) arrays''''' are created implicitly by assigning an expression to an indexed identifier that does not name an existing list object. An undeclared array (hashed array) can grow dynamically as there is no fixed dimension limit for each index as there is with declared arrays Another difference is that numbers, identifiers, expressions and strings may be used for indices. Also, there is no fixed limit on the number of dimensions. The only real limitation is practical – the available computer memory and the underlying Lisp environment of the Maxima session. Hashed arrays with only one dimension may be confused with a list object. It is essential to keep in mind that list objects must always be created before values are assigned or referenced. Assigning an expression to a one-dimensional indexed identifier, that does not reference an existing list, implicitly creates a hashed array. '''''Lisp arrays''''' are created using the <code>make_array ()</code> operator. The array type may be specified as ''any'', ''flonum'', ''fixnum'', ''hashed'' or ''functional''. Lisp array objects may be created as one-dimensional or multi-dimensional as specified by the number of dimension size values used with the <code>make_array ()</code> operator. For each dimension value specified, the associated index value can be a number between 0 to 1 less than the respective dimension value. The same or different values may be used for each specified dimension. Lisp arrays may be used in cases where memory usage an garbage collection are factors. Examples of use and elaboration upon the technical details for each of these categories of array object types follows. === Declared Arrays === Declared arrays must be created before being referenced and are of fixed dimensions.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) array(A1, fixnum, 34,2); (%o1) A1 (%i2) array(A2, flonum, 35,2); (%o2) A2 (%i3) array(A3, 14,3); (%o3) A3 (%i4) arrayinfo (A1); (%o4) [complete,2,[34,2]] (%i5) arrayinfo (A2); (%o5) [complete,2,[35,2]] (%i6) arrayinfo (A3); (%o6) [declared,2,[14,3]] </syntaxhighlight> The first expression <code>%i1</code> creates a declared array object named using the identifier <code>A1</code>. This array is two-dimensional – the first index may have values from 0 to 34 and the second index may have values from 0 to 2. This array therefore is 35 by 3 in extent. The array type is declared to be <code>fixnum</code>. As it is, <code>A1</code> is an not empty array – it has values to reference as will be exemplified below. Similarly the second expression <code>%i2</code> creates a declared array object named using the identifier <code>A2</code>. This array is also two-dimensional – the first index may have values from 0 to 35 and the second index may have values from 0 to 2. This array therefore is 36 by 3 in extent. The array type is declared to be <code>flonum</code>. As it is, <code>A2</code> is not an empty array – it also has values to reference as will be exemplified below. The third expression <code>%i3</code> creates a declared array object named using the identifier <code>A3</code>. This array is also two-dimensional – the first index may have values from 0 to 13 and the second index may have values from 0 to 3. This array therefore is 15 by 4 in extent. The array type is not declared. As it is, <code>A3</code> is an empty array – it has no values to reference as will be exemplified below. The <code>arrayinfo</code> operator can be used to return a list object that has values reflecting information about an array. Note that arrays declared without a type will have <code>declared</code> as a value of the list. Arrays declared with <code>fixnum</code> or <code>flonum</code> as the type will have <code>complete</code> as a value of the list. This technical detail is not well-documented. The returned information list also shows a value for the dimension of the array ( 2 in these examples ) and an inner list with values for the maximum index for each dimension. A look inside each of these declared arrays provides a clue as to why <code>complete</code> is returned instead of <code>declared</code> when the type is specified as <code>fixnum</code> or <code>flonum</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This array reference has a value of 0 */ (%i7) A1[0,0]; (%o7) 0 /* This array reference has a value of 0.0 */ (%i8) A2[0,0]; (%o8) 0.0 /* This array reference has a value of itself */ (%i9) A3[0,0]; (%o9) A3[0,0]</syntaxhighlight> In fact, ''all'' values of the array <code>A1</code> have been assigned 0, and ''all'' values of the array <code>A2</code> have beenassigned 0.0. However, ''all'' values of the array <code>A3</code> have been not been assigned any value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i10) listarray(A1); (%o10) [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] (%i11) listarray(A2); (%o11) [0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0] (%i12) listarray(A3); (%o12) [#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####, #####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####, #####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####, #####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####, #####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####,#####, #####,#####,#####,#####,#####]</syntaxhighlight> Thus, arrays <code>A1</code> and <code>A2</code> are <code>complete</code> in this sense, and array <code>A3</code> is simply <code>declared</code>. It might seem reasonable, that Maxima would complain if a value was assigned to an array that is at odds with the declared type. Such is not the case however. Once an array is declared with a type, Maxima does not enforce any type checking of values assigned to the array. The effect of the type in the declaration is simply to fill the array with values of 0 or 0.0. Subsequently, those values can be replaced by the assignment of different values that will not be checked for the type of value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* A1 was declared as type fixnum */ (%i13) A1[5,2]:3.14159; (%o13) 3.14159 /* A2 was declared as type flonum */ (%i14) A2[3,0]:7129; (%o14) 7129 /* A1 which was declared as type fixnum assigned a string */ (%i15) A1[4,1]:"a string"; (%o15) "a string" /* A2 which was declared as type flonum assigned a math expression*/ (%i16) A2[6,1]:3*x^2 + 4*x +10; (%o16) 3*x^2+4*x+10 </syntaxhighlight> There are other ways to assign values to an array. One way is to read the values from a comma separated (CSV) file using the <code>read_array</code> operator from the ''numericalio'' package.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i17) load(numericalio); (%o17) "/app/plugins/maxima/share/maxima/5.50.0/share/numericalio/numericalio.mac" </syntaxhighlight> Below are of the values of the CSV data file <code>tree_data_nh.csv</code> :<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> 1,118,30 1,484,58 1,664,87 1,1004,115 1,1231,120 1,1372,142 1,1582,145 2,118,33 2,484,69 2,664,111 2,1004,156 2,1231,172 2,1372,203 2,1582,203 3,118,30 3,484,51 3,664,75 3,1004,108 3,1231,115 3,1372,139 3,1582,140 4,118,32 4,484,62 4,664,112 4,1004,167 4,1231,179 4,1372,209 4,1582,214 5,118,30 5,484,49 5,664,81 5,1004,125 5,1231,142 5,1372,174 5,1582,177 </syntaxhighlight> Note that the following expression assumes that the CSV file is located in the Maxima working directory.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) read_array("tree_data_nh.csv", A1, ","); (%o18) done (%i19) listarray(A1); (%o19) [1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004,115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142, 1,1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111,2,1004,156,2,1231,172, 2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51,3,664,75,3,1004,108, 3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32,4,484,62,4,664,112, 4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214,5,118,30,5,484,49, 5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174,5,1582,177] </syntaxhighlight> Below are of the values of the CSV data file <code>tree_data.csv</code> which has a header row, but is otherwise the same as <code>tree_data_nh.csv</code>:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> "Tree","age","circumference" 1,118,30 1,484,58 1,664,87 1,1004,115 1,1231,120 1,1372,142 1,1582,145 2,118,33 2,484,69 2,664,111 2,1004,156 2,1231,172 2,1372,203 2,1582,203 3,118,30 3,484,51 3,664,75 3,1004,108 3,1231,115 3,1372,139 3,1582,140 4,118,32 4,484,62 4,664,112 4,1004,167 4,1231,179 4,1372,209 4,1582,214 5,118,30 5,484,49 5,664,81 5,1004,125 5,1231,142 5,1372,174 5,1582,177 </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) read_array("tree_data.csv", A2, ","); (%o7) done (%i12) listarray(A2); (%o12) ["Tree","age","circumference",1,118,30,1,484,58,1,664,87,1,1004, 115,1,1231,120,1,1372,142,1,1582,145,2,118,33,2,484,69,2,664,111, 2,1004,156,2,1231,172,2,1372,203,2,1582,203,3,118,30,3,484,51, 3,664,75,3,1004,108,3,1231,115,3,1372,139,3,1582,140,4,118,32, 4,484,62,4,664,112,4,1004,167,4,1231,179,4,1372,209,4,1582,214, 5,118,30,5,484,49,5,664,81,5,1004,125,5,1231,142,5,1372,174, 5,1582,177] </syntaxhighlight>The previous values of 0 and 0,0 as well as the assigned values of <code>A1</code> and <code>A2</code> have been replaced with the values from the CSV files. The third array A3 can be used with values from the dataset.csv file below:<syntaxhighlight lang="text"> "Last Name","Sales","Country","Quarter" "Smith",16753.00,"UK","Qtr 3" "Johnson",14808.00,"USA","Qtr 4" "Williams",10644.00,"UK","Qtr 2" "Jones",1390.00,"USA","Qtr 3" "Brown",4865.00,"USA", "Qtr 4" "Williams",12438.00,"UK","Qtr 1" "Johnson",9339.00, "UK","Qtr 2" "Smith",18919.00,"USA" ,"Qtr 3" "Jones",9213.00,"USA","Qtr 4" "Jones",7433.00,"UK","Qtr 1" "Brown",3255.00,"USA","Qtr 2" "Williams",14867.00,"USA","Qtr 3" "Williams",19302.00,"UK","Qtr 4" "Smith",9698.00,"USA","Qtr 1" </syntaxhighlight><syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i15) read_array("dataset.csv", A3, ","); (%o15) done (%i16) listarray(A3); (%o16) ["Last Name","Sales","Country","Quarter", "Smith",16753.0,"UK","Qtr 3", "Johnson",14808.0,"USA","Qtr 4", "Williams",10644.0,"UK","Qtr 2", "Jones",1390.0,"USA","Qtr 3", "Brown",4865.0,"USA","Qtr 4", "Williams",12438.0,"UK","Qtr 1", "Johnson",9339.0,"UK","Qtr 2", "Smith",18919.0,"USA","Qtr 3", "Jones",9213.0,"USA","Qtr 4", "Jones",7433.0,"UK","Qtr 1", "Brown",3255.0,"USA","Qtr 2", "Williams",14867.0,"USA","Qtr 3", "Williams",19302.0,"UK","Qtr 4", "Smith",9698.0,"USA","Qtr 1"] </syntaxhighlight> Category: Arrays : * array * arrayapply * arrayinfo * arraymake * arrays - global variable * fillarray * listarray * make_array * rearray * remarray * subvar * use_fast_arrays See also : * array functions defined by := and define. === Undeclared array === ==== Memoizing Functions ==== Assignment using an indexed identifier implicitly creates an undeclared (hashed) array. However, entering an expression that is an unassigned indexed identifier, from the point of view of Maxima, creates the identifier of a "memoizing" function. Memoizing functions are technically not an array topic, as these functions fall under the category of function definition. However, memoizing functions may be referred to as ''array functions,'' and it is the case that these functions from the point of view of aggregate data structures are hashed arrays. So these are mentioned and exemplified here for that reason only in passing:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i7) h[x]; (%o7) h[x] (%i8) arrayinfo (h); arrayinfo: h is not an array. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i9) op(h[x]); (%o9) h (%i10) h[x] := 5*x^3 + sin(x); (h[x]) h[x]:=5*x^3+sin(x) (%i11) op(h[x]); (%o11) "+" (%i12) arrayinfo (h); (%o12) [hashed,1,[x]] (%i13) h[x]; (%o13) sin(x)+5*x^3 (%i15) h[3*%pi]; (%o15) 135*%pi^3 (%i29) listarray(h); (%o29) [135*%pi^3,sin(x)+5*x^3] (%i19) arrayinfo (h); (%o19) [hashed,1,[3*%pi],[x]] </syntaxhighlight>A memoizing function caches its value (if any) the first time it is called with a argument, and returns the stored value, without recomputing it, when that same argument is used with that function subsequently. Thus it behaves like a hashed array (%i1) c[99] : 789; (%o1) 789 (%i2) c[99]; (%o2) 789 (%i3) c; (%o3) c (%i4) arrayinfo (c); (%o4) [hashed, 1, [99]] (%i5) listarray (c); (%o5) [789] "If the user assigns to a subscripted variable before declaring the corresponding array, an undeclared array is created. Undeclared arrays, otherwise known as hashed arrays (because hash coding is done on the subscripts), are more general than declared arrays. The user does not declare their maximum size, and they grow dynamically by hashing as more elements are assigned values. The subscripts of undeclared arrays need not even be numbers. However, unless an array is rather sparse, it is probably more efficient to declare it when possible than to leave it undeclared. " ( from Maxima CAS doc) "created if one does : b[x+1]:y^2 (and b is not already an array, a list, or a matrix - if it were one of these an error would be caused since x+1 would not be a valid subscript for an art-q array, a list or a matrix). Its indices (also known as keys) may be any object. It only takes one key at a time (b[x+1,u]:y would ignore the u). Referencing is done by b[x+1] ==> y^2. Of course the key may be a list, e.g. <pre> b[[x+1,u]]:y </pre> would be valid. "( from Maxima CAS doc) ===Declared array=== * declare array ( give a name and allocate memmory) * fill array * process array ====array function ==== Function: array (name, type, dim_1, …, dim_n) Creates an n-dimensional array. Here : * '''type''' can be fixnum for integers of limited size or flonum for floating-point numbers * '''n''' may be less than or equal to 5. The subscripts for the i'th dimension are the integers running from 0 to dim_i. (%i5) array(A,2,2); (%o5) A (%i8) arrayinfo(A); (%o8) [declared, 2, [2,2]] Because subscripts of array A elements are goes from 0 to dim so array A has : ( dim_1 + 1) * (dim_2 + 1) = 3*3 = 9 elements. The array function can be used to transform an undeclared array into a declared array. ====arraymake function==== Function: arraymake (A, [i_1, …, i_n]) The result is an unevaluated array reference. (%i12) arraymake(A,[3,3,3]); (%o12) array_make(3, 3, 3) 3, 3, 3 (%i13) arrayinfo(A); arrayinfo: A is not an array. ==== Function: make_array ==== Function: make_array (type, dim_1, …, dim_n) Creates and returns a Lisp array. Type may be : * any * flonum * fixnum * hashed * functional. There are n indices, and the i'th index runs from 0 to dim_i - 1. The advantage of make_array over array is that the return value doesn't have a name, and once a pointer to it goes away, it will also go away. For example, if y: make_array (...) then y points to an object which takes up space, but after y: false, y no longer points to that object, so the object can be garbage collected. Examples: (%i9) A : array_make(3,3,3); (%o9) array_make(3, 3, 3) (%i10) arrayinfo(A); (%o10) [declared, 3, [3, 3, 3]] * {{Bookcat}} 20454gymogwc50vhsvnxiavn6bsl24h History of video games/Platforms/Fire Phone 0 449145 4664437 4108935 2026-08-25T16:02:16Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4664437 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery mode="packed" heights="300px"> Fire Phone.jpg </gallery> ==History== [[File:Unboxed amazon fire phone 32gb.jpg|thumb|Unboxing of a 32GB Fire Phone.]] ===Development=== The Fire Phone was developed at Amazon's Lab126.<ref name="AAdiscontinued">{{cite news |title=Amazon is no longer selling the Fire Phone |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/amazon-stops-selling-the-fire-phone-641064/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Android Authority |date=9 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> The phone was said to have been designed to compete with premium phones, such as the Apple iPhone.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wohlsen |first1=Marcus |title=The Amazon Fire Phone Was Always Going to Fail |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/01/amazon-fire-phone-always-going-fail/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Wired |date=6 January, 2015}}</ref> ===Launch=== The Fire Phone launched in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dignan |first1=Larry |title=Amazon's Fire phone launch: Hits, misses, and takeaways |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/amazons-fire-phone-launch-hits-misses-and-takeaways/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=ZD Net |date=19 June, 2014}}</ref> At launch the phone cost $199 US Dollars.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burns |first1=Matt |title=Amazon Announces The $199 Fire Phone, The First Smartphone With Head-Tracking Technology |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/18/amazon-announces-the-fire-phone/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=TechCrunch |date=18 June 2014}}</ref> Around the launch of the device ''Time'' magazine noted that, while by no means a dedicated gaming device, the Fire Phone's 3D display nonetheless had unexplored gaming applications which were not being explored by the gaming demonstration used by the company.<ref name="Time"/> The publication ''Gamezebo'' held a similar sentiment, questioning if the capability would be used beyond as a gimmick.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Oxford |first1=Nadia |title=The Amazon Fire Phone: Will It Matter to Gamers? |url=https://www.gamezebo.com/news/the-amazon-fire-phone-will-it-matter-to-gamers/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Gamezebo |date=18 June 2014}}</ref> ===Legacy=== By September 8, 2015 the Fire Phone was no longer available to purchase directly from Amazon.<ref name="AAdiscontinued"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Duryee |first1=Tricia |title=Amazon finally stops selling the Fire Phone, as company adjusts its hardware strategy |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/amazon-finally-stops-selling-the-fire-phone/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=GeekWire |date=8 September 2015}}</ref> After the device was discontinued, some former exclusive game titles for the Fire Phone were allowed to be ported to iOS.<ref name="Polygon Ex">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Samit |title=Amazon bringing Fire Phone-exclusive games to iOS |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/3/26/8291495/amazon-fire-phone-games-ios-lost-within-til-mornings-light-to-fu-fury |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Polygon |date=26 March 2015}}</ref> Because the Fire Phone failed to catch on in the market, and because over 170 million US dollars of inventory were written off shortly after launch, the Fire Phone is commonly considered to be a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Dale |title=The One Failure That Changed Amazon Forever |url=https://www.slashgear.com/855550/the-one-failure-that-changed-amazon-forever/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=SlashGear.com |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> ==Technology== ===Compute=== ===Hardware=== A camera system was used to simulate a 3D effect on the phone screen.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Ben Fox |title=Fire Phone one year later: Why Amazon's smartphone flamed out - CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/fire-phone-one-year-later-why-amazons-smartphone-flamed-out/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=www.cnet.com |language=en}}</ref> ===Software=== The smartphone ran Fire OS version 3.5, a derivative of Android.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Encina |first1=Kyle |title=Why The Amazon Fire Phone Was A Complete Flop |url=https://www.slashgear.com/825535/why-the-amazon-fire-phone-was-a-complete-flop/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=SlashGear.com |date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pierce |first1=David |title=The Amazon smartphone is here: meet the Fire Phone |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/18/5819516/meet-the-fire-phone |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Verge |date=18 June 2014}}</ref> ==Games== ===''Tofu Fury''=== A platformer that used the head tracking technology of the smartphone to allow for perspective shifts.<ref name="Time">{{cite news |last1=Peckham |first1=Matt |title=With Its Fire Phone Demo, Amazon Revealed It Still Doesn't Understand Gaming |url=https://time.com/2899859/amazon-fire-phone-gaming/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Time |date=19 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> The third of a series of games released for Android and iOS smartphones.<ref name="Polygon Ex"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Status|25%}} {{Bookcat}} __NOTOC__ gehc70umniuej9objgxfxcnggo165ea Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Adobe Illustrator for Laser Cutting 0 463988 4664466 4440607 2026-08-25T20:02:53Z ~2026-46327-74 3624080 /* Round corners */ 4664466 wikitext text/x-wiki In this sections of the book will be described how to use Adobe Illustrator to create patterns to be used in laser cutting machines. == Create a new file == Open Adobe Illustrator and create a new file. Change the units from pts to inches, and the colors from CMYK to RGB. == Design of lines and objects == To create lines, draw images, create shapes or designs will be used Illustrator left menu, the options: Pen, pencil, text, shapes tools, etc. with them will be created lines, draw other images, make shapes such as rectangles, circles, etc. Or create new design. == Draw a line == Draw a line with the pen tool (the icon of a pen), press left click on the canvas to draw the first point, then press the left click in other part of the canvas to trace or make a line. Even when a lines is easy to make and does not look to useful, can be use to cut pieces in a straight line (or curved line) in the cases we just want to cut a piece of material to reduce its form or make a new form. == Creation of shapes == Choose the shape tool, select a shape and draw it to create a rectangle, circle, star, etc. A tool that is used to properly adjust the dots that form part of the lines or objects is the rule. == Creation of more forms == New forms can be easily created with the pen tool, just draw 2 or more points, then adjust their position of each dot changing the value for x (diagonal point) or y (vertical point). x value of 0 is located at the beginning of the page in the left size and it increases towards the right side. y value of 0 is located at the beginning of the page in the top of the page and it increases towards the bottom of the page (canvas). The coordinates are written in the form (x, y), for example the first dot can be located in 2 inches beside the left corner of the canvas and 2 inches down of the top of the canvas, making the first dot (2, 2). For example: To create a triangle, can be used 3 points, to create a rectangle use four points. The shape tool can also be used. A tool that is used to properly adjust the dots that form part of the lines or objects is the rule. == Round corners == The corners of created objects (with pen tool or shape tool) can be rounded selecting the following menus: 1.- Effect menu, 2.- From effect menu choose Stylize, 3.- Choose Round Corners and select the radios, higher radio means more rounded, click Ok to apply. == Use of the rule== To see the rule in the canvas press Ctrl + R or select view, rulers, show rulers. A measuring tape can be used to measuring of physical objects, and the using these measures to draw them in the canvas using the rule to choose the dots. == Use of the coordinates for each dot or object== The rule may not be necessary when using the x and y values, for example, drawing a straight line of 2 inches, the first dot can use the coordinate (2,2) and the second dot can use the coordinate (4, 2). If a object has more than one dot, they can be aligned in the same way, for example a rectangle with 4 dots, 2 inches long can have the following dots: (2, 2) (2, 4) (4, 2) (4, 4). The objects can also be aligned with the align tool, for this, click in the window menu and choose align (or press shift + F7) == Changing the color of the lines or shapes == To change the color of a line or an object, click on the object, then in the properties window, appearance section, click on the square beside the fill option and in the filling space beside #, type the color number. RGB color model uses a system of 6 number and letters, the three more used colors in laser cutting to indicate what type of task will be done with the line or object are the following: Black, to raster etching (00000) Blue, to vector etching (0000FF) Red, to cut Cutting (ff00000) Choose the color palette icon and type ff0000, this will create a red color, this will indicate the printer that the line or object will be cut, or 000000 to raster etch, or 0000ff to vector etch. == Cutting, vector etching and raster etching == Once you have designed an object use the color numbers to complete the desired task. === Cutting === Use red color, ff00000, this will cut the object in the desired shape. === Raster etching === Use black color, 00000, this will vector etch the design. === Vector etching === Use blue color, 0000FF, this will vector etch the design. == Changing the depth of the stroke == == Create a path or vectorize a raster image == == Create and cut or raster a frame for the design == == Save or export the file == == Print to sent the file to the laser cutting machine == To sent the document created to the laser cutting machine just press the keys Ctrl + p and choose the laser cutting machine, after this the file will be sent to the Universal Laser Systems control panel software, and from them the cutting can be started. == Changing the canvas size == When the canvas cannot be changed, create a new document, custom, assign the desired canvas size (i.e. 40x40 inch), create, open the original size, copy the objects and paste them in the new document, print the object to see if it fits properly, has the right angle or has is the right size, if the object orientation is not in the right angle, rotate it (right click, rotate, 90 degrees), if the document is to small or big use the selection tool to make it bigger or longer or smaller or shorter using the laser pointer in the printer controlling it with the laser cutter software, one the document has the shape, size and orientation desired, save the document and cut the object selecting the correct material and thickness. == See also == [[Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Inkscape for Laser Cutting]] {{bookcat}} it67da0svljov2g91zigbzo4l5jh39z 4664468 4664466 2026-08-25T20:07:03Z ~2026-46327-74 3624080 /* Round corners */ 4664468 wikitext text/x-wiki In this sections of the book will be described how to use Adobe Illustrator to create patterns to be used in laser cutting machines. == Create a new file == Open Adobe Illustrator and create a new file. Change the units from pts to inches, and the colors from CMYK to RGB. == Design of lines and objects == To create lines, draw images, create shapes or designs will be used Illustrator left menu, the options: Pen, pencil, text, shapes tools, etc. with them will be created lines, draw other images, make shapes such as rectangles, circles, etc. Or create new design. == Draw a line == Draw a line with the pen tool (the icon of a pen), press left click on the canvas to draw the first point, then press the left click in other part of the canvas to trace or make a line. Even when a lines is easy to make and does not look to useful, can be use to cut pieces in a straight line (or curved line) in the cases we just want to cut a piece of material to reduce its form or make a new form. == Creation of shapes == Choose the shape tool, select a shape and draw it to create a rectangle, circle, star, etc. A tool that is used to properly adjust the dots that form part of the lines or objects is the rule. == Creation of more forms == New forms can be easily created with the pen tool, just draw 2 or more points, then adjust their position of each dot changing the value for x (diagonal point) or y (vertical point). x value of 0 is located at the beginning of the page in the left size and it increases towards the right side. y value of 0 is located at the beginning of the page in the top of the page and it increases towards the bottom of the page (canvas). The coordinates are written in the form (x, y), for example the first dot can be located in 2 inches beside the left corner of the canvas and 2 inches down of the top of the canvas, making the first dot (2, 2). For example: To create a triangle, can be used 3 points, to create a rectangle use four points. The shape tool can also be used. A tool that is used to properly adjust the dots that form part of the lines or objects is the rule. == Round corners == The corners of created objects can be rounded in the following way: * Go to Effect > Stylize > Round Corners... * Enter your desired Radius value (a higher radius means more rounded corners). * Click OK to apply. == Use of the rule== To see the rule in the canvas press Ctrl + R or select view, rulers, show rulers. A measuring tape can be used to measuring of physical objects, and the using these measures to draw them in the canvas using the rule to choose the dots. == Use of the coordinates for each dot or object== The rule may not be necessary when using the x and y values, for example, drawing a straight line of 2 inches, the first dot can use the coordinate (2,2) and the second dot can use the coordinate (4, 2). If a object has more than one dot, they can be aligned in the same way, for example a rectangle with 4 dots, 2 inches long can have the following dots: (2, 2) (2, 4) (4, 2) (4, 4). The objects can also be aligned with the align tool, for this, click in the window menu and choose align (or press shift + F7) == Changing the color of the lines or shapes == To change the color of a line or an object, click on the object, then in the properties window, appearance section, click on the square beside the fill option and in the filling space beside #, type the color number. RGB color model uses a system of 6 number and letters, the three more used colors in laser cutting to indicate what type of task will be done with the line or object are the following: Black, to raster etching (00000) Blue, to vector etching (0000FF) Red, to cut Cutting (ff00000) Choose the color palette icon and type ff0000, this will create a red color, this will indicate the printer that the line or object will be cut, or 000000 to raster etch, or 0000ff to vector etch. == Cutting, vector etching and raster etching == Once you have designed an object use the color numbers to complete the desired task. === Cutting === Use red color, ff00000, this will cut the object in the desired shape. === Raster etching === Use black color, 00000, this will vector etch the design. === Vector etching === Use blue color, 0000FF, this will vector etch the design. == Changing the depth of the stroke == == Create a path or vectorize a raster image == == Create and cut or raster a frame for the design == == Save or export the file == == Print to sent the file to the laser cutting machine == To sent the document created to the laser cutting machine just press the keys Ctrl + p and choose the laser cutting machine, after this the file will be sent to the Universal Laser Systems control panel software, and from them the cutting can be started. == Changing the canvas size == When the canvas cannot be changed, create a new document, custom, assign the desired canvas size (i.e. 40x40 inch), create, open the original size, copy the objects and paste them in the new document, print the object to see if it fits properly, has the right angle or has is the right size, if the object orientation is not in the right angle, rotate it (right click, rotate, 90 degrees), if the document is to small or big use the selection tool to make it bigger or longer or smaller or shorter using the laser pointer in the printer controlling it with the laser cutter software, one the document has the shape, size and orientation desired, save the document and cut the object selecting the correct material and thickness. == See also == [[Short guide to the use of laser cutting machines/Use of Inkscape for Laser Cutting]] {{bookcat}} 48bxwta1zgeu1cxv8xrp7kuptnp3mz0 Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Brief historical review 0 468143 4664588 4655362 2026-08-26T09:27:38Z Bautsch 630029 /* 21st century */ MoM-BH*-1 + bolds 4664588 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Chapter navigation|Preface|Classical approach}} </noinclude> ==Brief historical review== === Around 1900 === The finiteness of the propagation speed of gravity and its influence on gravitational forces was originally published by the Austrian astronomer '''Josef von Hepperger''' (1855–1928) in 1888 in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hepperger |first=Josef von |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=TT3PAAAAMAAJ&hl=de&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation |date=1888 |location=Wien |publisher=K. K. Hof.-und Staatsdruckerei |language=de}}</ref> The German physicist '''Paul Gerber''' (1854–1909) published 1898 his paper on "Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation", where he established that the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury is related to the propagation speed of gravity, which is quite close to that of electromagnetic radiation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerber |first=Paul |editor-last=Mehmke |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Cantor |editor2-first=M. |title=Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation |trans-title=The spatial and temporal propagation of gravity|url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_räumliche_und_zeitliche_Ausbreitung_der_Gravitation |journal=Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik |language=de |location=Leipzig |volume=43 |pages=93–104 |via=Verlag B. G. Teubner |date=1898}}</ref> His formula for the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury wasn't known to '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955), but six years after Paul Gerber's death, Einstein found an identical formula in his publication "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" (English: "Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity") by applying the laws of General Relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie |trans-title=Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |publication-date=1915 |pages=831–839}}</ref> However, the contemporary scientists couldn't reproduce the derivation of Paul Gerber for the formula, and furthermore, they stated that some of the prerequisites used by him were wrong. Shortly before his early death the German astronomer and physicist '''Karl Schwarzschild''' (1873–1916) published a paper on "Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" (English: "On the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid according to Einstein's theory"), where he described how to compute the smallest possible radius for a sphere with a given mass. He found the radius for a sphere with the mass of the sun to be three kilometres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |editor=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |url=http://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch |title=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |pages=424–434|date=1882 |publisher=Berlin : Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> In recognition of his achievement, the corresponding radius is now called the '''Schwarzschild radius'''. It is interesting to notice that Schwarzschild also made important contributions to '''retarded potentials''' in electrodynamics already in 1903. According to the electrokinetic potential he claimed:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |date=1903 |title=Zwei Formen des Prinzips der kleinsten Action in der Elektronentheorie |trans-title=Two forms of the principle of least action in electron theory |journal=Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse |location=Göttingen |publisher=Commissionsverlag der Dieterich'schen Universitätsbuchhandlung, Lüder Horstmann |issue=3 |pages=127–128}}</ref> <blockquote> Es sind in jedem Raumelement die Werte der Dichte und der Geschwindigkeit zu benutzen,<br/> welche dort zu einer um die Lichtzeit zurückliegenden Epoche galten. </blockquote> <blockquote> In each spatial element, the values of density and velocity are to be used,<br/> which were valid there at an epoch around light time ago. </blockquote> <gallery caption="Portrait images of early contributing scientists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Josef.Hepperger.png|Josef Hepperger in the 1920s. Paul.Gerber.png|Paul Gerber around 1900. Albert Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer.jpg|Albert Einstein in 1921. Karl.Schwarzschild.png|Karl Schwarzschild around 1900. </gallery> === Big Bang === The Belgian theologian and physicist '''George Lemaître''' (1894–1966) is regarded as the founder of the Big Bang theory. In 1931, he introduced the term "atome primitif" (English: "primordial atom") to describe the hot initial state of the universe. Already in 1927 he wrote as the second conclusion of his publication about "a homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius, accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae" with reference to the investigations of '''Edwin Hubble''' (1889–1953) in 1926:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |year=1926 |title=Extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Astrophysical Journal |publisher=Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory |publication-place=Mount Wilson, California, USA |volume=64 |issue=I |pages=321–369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1927 |title=Un univers homogéne de masse constante et de rayon croissant, rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 A |pages=49–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1931 |title=Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae | journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume= 91 |pages= 483–490}}</ref> <blockquote> Le rayon de l'univers croit sans cesse depuis une valeur asymptotique <math>R_0</math> pour <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> <blockquote> The radius of the universe increases without limit from an asymptotic value <math>R_0</math> for <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> In 1933 the Swiss astronomer '''Fritz Zwicky''' (1898–1974) obeserved a gravitational anomaly in the Coma galaxy cluster, and he coined the term '''dark matter''' (in German: "dunkle Materie") for the cause of this anomaly.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Fritz Zwicky |title=Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln |trans-title=The red shift of extragalactic neubulae |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1933AcHPh...6..110Z/0000110.000.html |date=1933 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu}}</ref> In his book ''Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure'' of the year 1935 the British astrophysicist and mathematician '''Edward Arthur Milne''' (1896–1950) introduced the special-relativistic cosmological '''Milne model'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Edward Arthur |title=Relativity, gravitation and world-structure |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1935 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |pages=291-294 |language=en |chapter=World picture on the simple kinematic model - Comparison with local Newtonian gravitation and dynamics - §§412-418}}</ref> This model assumes an isotropic and for all time linearly expanding, but not homogeneous universe. It is independent of general theory of relativity, but nevertheless equivalent to a special case of the '''Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric''' in the limit of zero energy density. The redshift is explained by the velocity caused by a hypothetical initial explosion of matter. The density of such a universe must be small in comparison to the critical density of the '''Friedmann equations''' that were published by Russian physicist and mathematician '''Alexander Friedmann''' (1888–1925) in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Friedman |title=Über die Krümmung des Raumes |trans-title=About the curvature of the space |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik |volume=10 |year=1922 |issue=1 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1007/BF01332580 |bibcode = 1922ZPhy...10..377F|s2cid=125190902 |language=de}}</ref> Decades later, the Milne model fell almost completely into oblivion, whereas the cosmological models based on the general theory of relativity as well as on a homogeneous universe gained more and more attention. <gallery caption="Portrait images of early cosmologists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Aleksandr Fridman cropped.png|Alexander Friedmann around 1920. Studio portrait photograph of Edwin Powell Hubble (cropped).JPG|Edwin Hubble in 1931. Lemaitre.jpg|George Lemaître in 1933. ETH-BIB-Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974)-Portr 01030.tif|Fritz Zwicky in the year 1947. Edward Arthur Milne-(1917).jpg|Edward Arthur Milne in 1917. </gallery> === Cosmic microwave background === In 1953 the German astrophysicist '''Erwin Finlay-Freundlich''' (1885–1964) derived a blackbody temperature for intergalactic space of 2.3&nbsp;Kelvin according to his theory of tired light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finlay-Freundlich |first=Erwin |date=1953 |title=Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien |trans-title=On the redshift of spectral lines|journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=94–101}}</ref> The German-British mathematician and physicist '''Max Born''' (1882–1970) immediately recommended taking the problem seriously and pursuing it further.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Born |first=Max |date=1953 |title=Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung |trans-title= Theoretical remarks to Freundlich's formula for the stellar redshift |journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=102–108}}</ref> [[File:WMAP 2012.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Map of cosmic background radiation with artificial colours that show tiny temperature variations.]] In 1965 the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was discovered by US-American radio astronomers '''Arno Allan Penzias''' (1933–2024) and '''Robert Woodrow Wilson''' (born 1936).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penzias |first1=Arno Allan |last2=Wilson|first2=Robert Woodrow |date=1965 |title=A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1086/148307|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has a thermal black body spectrum at a very low temperature of about 2.7&nbsp;Kelvin. Since the cosmic microwave background was mainly created in the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum, it must have undergone a strong wavelength extension on its way to the observers. This can happen because of two main reasons: * The origin of the radiation moves away from us very quickly, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the Doppler effect described by '''Christian Doppler''' (1803–1853) in 1842.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doppler |first=Christian |date=1842 |title=Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels. |trans-title=On the Coloured Light of the Double Stars and some other Celestial Bodies |url=https://archive.org/details/ueberdasfarbigel00doppuoft/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater |journal=Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften |issue=5/2 |pages=465–485}}</ref> * There is a huge mass behind the origin of the radiation, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the gravitation and the relativity principle of '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955) of 1907.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1907 |title=Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen |trans-title=On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It |url=http://www.soso.ch/wissen/hist/SRT/E-1907.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität |issue=4 |pages=411–462}}</ref> In addition, it is discussed that an expansion of the spacetime during the propagation time of a light wave also would increase its wavelength to the same extent. The redshift factor <math>z</math> is defined as a relation between an emitted wavelength <math>\lambda_0</math> and an observed wavelength <math>\lambda</math> of electromagnetic radiation: :<math>z = \frac {\Delta \lambda} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda - \lambda_0} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda} {\lambda_0} - 1</math> The redshift of the cosmic microwave background was found to be <math>z \approx 1089</math> in 2003, which is an extremely high value.<ref>{{cite journal|author=C. L. Bennett, M. Halpern, G. Hinshaw, N. Jarosik, A. Kogut, M. Limon, S. S. Meyer, L. Page, D. N. Spergel, G. S. Tucker, E. Wollack, E. L. Wright, C. Barnes, M. R. Greason, R. S. Hill, E. Komatsu, M. R. Nolta, N. Odegard, H. V. Peirs, L. Verde, J. L. Weiland |title=First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results |work=Astrophys. J. Suppl. |volume=148 |date=2003 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1086/377253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The age of the universe at the time this background radiation was created by hydrogen atoms has been estimated at around 379,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-13 |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey {{!}} Guide {{!}} Digital Universe {{!}} Hayden Planetarium |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> === 21st century === Observations of distant type Ia supernovae published by both the '''Supernova Cosmology Project''' as well as the '''High-Z Supernova Search Team''' in 1998 show that the relative expansion of the universe is accelerating. For the analysis the astronomers Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2011/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> From 2001 to 2010 the NASA spacecraft '''Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)''' was investigating the cosmic microwave background. Its measurements led to the current Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda cold dark matter, Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM model). According to this model the universe currently consists of less than 5&nbsp;percent ordinary baryonic matter; about 24&nbsp;percent cold dark matter (CDM) that interacts only weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation; and more than 70&nbsp;percent of dark energy that is used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Matthew |date=2013-03-21 |title=First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> These data were more or less confirmed by the '''Planck space observatory''' that was operated by the '''European Space Agency (ESA)''' from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA Science & Technology - From an almost perfect Universe to the best of both worlds |url=https://sci.esa.int/web/planck/-/60499-from-an-almost-perfect-universe-to-the-best-of-both-worlds |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=sci.esa.int}}</ref> <gallery caption="Evolution of the universe investigated with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)" mode=packed width=640 heights=480> CMB_Timeline75.jpg|The evolution of the universe according to the interpretation of the measurements of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The acceleration of the expansion leads to the concave outer rim surface of the evolution cone today. WMAP_2008_universe_content.png|The contents of of the universe today (top) and 380,000 years after the Big Bang (bottom) according to the interpretation of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) measurements. </gallery> In 2013 the Indian researcher Chandrakant Raju proposed to apply the '''retarded gravitation theory (RGT)''' to explain the flyby anomaly of spacecrafts in the gravitational field of the earth as well as the acceleration of masses in the retarded gravitational fields of spiral galaxies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Chandrakant |date=2013-11-27 |title=Retarded gravitation theory |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.2945.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia |place=Penang, Malaysia |language=en |format=PDF |arxiv=1102.2945}}</ref> In 2016, researchers from the '''gravitational-wave observatory LIGO''' reported the first direct measurement of gravitational waves generated by the collision of two black holes (gravitational wave event '''GW150914''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last2=Abbott |first2=B. P. |last3=Abbott |first3=R. |last4=Abbott |first4=T. D. |last5=Abernathy |first5=M. R. |last6=Acernese |first6=F. |last7=Ackley |first7=K. |last8=Adams |first8=C. |last9=Adams |first9=T. |last10=Addesso |first10=P. |last11=Adhikari |first11=R. X. |last12=Adya |first12=V. B. |last13=Affeldt |first13=C. |last14=Agathos |first14=M. |last15=Agatsuma |first15=K. |date=2016-02-11 |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}}</ref> Already in 2017 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first direct observation of gravitational waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> On 17th August 2017 a '''merging binary neutron star''' was observed independently and simultaneously by the '''Advanced LIGO''' and '''Virgo''' detectors (gravitational wave event '''GW170817''') and the '''Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor''' as well as the '''Anticoincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' (gamma ray burst event '''GRB 170817A''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration |last2=Virgo Collaboration |last3=Monitor |first3=Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst |last4=INTEGRAL |date=2017-10-20 |title=Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05834 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=848 |issue=2 |pages=L13 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c |issn=2041-8205}}</ref> These observations prove that the propagation velocity of gravitational waves must be extremely close to that of electromagnetic waves. The velocities of the solar system, of the Milky Way or the Local Group’s motion relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) frame indicate an anisotropy of the universe observed from the solar system. This anisotropy contradicts the cosmological principle, and is not taken into account in the ΛCDM model. Nevertheless, the results of the '''Planck mission''' from 2018 clearly show that there is a CMB anisotropy, which can be described by a dipole with an amplitude of around 3.36 Millikelvin. This dipole is interpreted as the result of a Doppler effect due to the movement of the solar system in relation to the source of the CMB: the solar system is moving with a velocity of 370 kilometres per second and the Local Group is moving with a velocity of more than 600 kilometres per second, which is around two parts per million of the speed of light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aghanim |first=N. |last2=Akrami |first2=Y. |last3=Arroja |first3=F. |last4=Ashdown |first4=M. |last5=Aumont |first5=J. |last6=Baccigalupi |first6=C. |last7=Ballardini |first7=M. |last8=Banday |first8=A. J. |last9=Barreiro |first9=R. B. |last10=Bartolo |first10=N. |last11=Basak |first11=S. |last12=Battye |first12=R. |last13=Benabed |first13=K. |last14=Bernard |first14=J.-P. |last15=Bersanelli |first15=M. |date=2020-09-01 |title=Planck 2018 results – I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck – 29. Cosmic Microwave Background |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/09/aa33880-18/aa33880-18.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=641 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833880 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> [[File:Webb finds most distant known galaxy (JADES-GS-z14-0 annotated pullout NIRCam image) (jades4).tiff|thumb|right|JADES-GS-z14-0 taken with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph of the James Webb Space Telescope.]] In January 2024 the very young and very far galaxis '''JADES-GS-z14-0''' was found with the '''Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)''' of the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''. This galaxy assumed to be in a state 290&nbsp;million years after the big bang. Its redshift measured with the well-known Lyman alpha break at a wavelength about 1.8&nbsp;micrometres has a value of a good&nbsp;14, which is a very high value for an astronomical object, but much lower than that of the cosmic microwave background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |author=Stefano Carniani, Kevin Hainline |title=NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Finds Most Distant Known Galaxy |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/early-highlights/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-finds-most-distant-known-galaxy |website=webbtelescope.org}}</ref> The high redshift cannot be explained by the ΛCDM model. In March&nbsp;2025 it was published that the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 indicates oxygen in its electromagnetic spectrum at 7.7&nbsp;micrometres, which according to the ΛCDM model should not be present at the time of the universe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helton |first=Jakob M. |last2=Rieke |first2=George H. |last3=Alberts |first3=Stacey |last4=Wu |first4=Zihao |last5=Eisenstein |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Hainline |first6=Kevin N. |last7=Carniani |first7=Stefano |last8=Ji |first8=Zhiyuan |last9=Baker |first9=William M. |last10=Bhatawdekar |first10=Rachana |last11=Bunker |first11=Andrew J. |last12=Cargile |first12=Phillip A. |last13=Charlot |first13=Stéphane |last14=Chevallard |first14=Jacopo |last15=D’Eugenio |first15=Francesco |date=2025-05-07 |title=Photometric detection at 7.7 μm of a galaxy beyond redshift 14 with JWST/MIRI |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-025-02503-z |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=729–740 |doi=10.1038/s41550-025-02503-z |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> In February&nbsp;2024, a study explained the anomalies in the rotation curves of more than hundred spiral galaxies of different types from the '''SPARC''' ('''S'''pitzer '''P'''hotometry and '''A'''ccurate '''R'''otation '''C'''urves) Galaxy collection taken with the '''Spitzer Space Telescope''', by accounting for '''retarded gravitational potentials of baryonic matter''' that is accreted by the galaxies, and without taking into account any dark matter or modifying general relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=Yuval |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Tomer |last3=Yahalom |first3=Asher |date=2024-02-20 |title=Retarded Gravity in Disk Galaxies |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1088/v1 |journal=Symmetry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=387 |doi=10.3390/sym16040387 |issn=2073-8994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagman |first1=Michal |first2=Lawrence Paul |last2=Horwitz |first3=Asher |last3=Yahalom |title=Retardation theory of eleven galaxies |journal=Physica Scripta |language=en |volume=99 |issue=10 |date=2024-09-01 |issn=1402-4896 |doi=10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> In December 2025 it was confirmed that the gamma ray burst '''GRB 250314A''' with a redshift of 7.3 is linked to a '''supernova''' during the era of re-ionisation around 730 million years after Big Bang. The gamma ray burst was detected in March 2025 by the Space-based multi-band astronomical '''Variable Objects Monitor (VOM)''', and its afterglow was observed by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levan |first=A. J. |last2=Schneider |first2=B. |last3=Floc’h |first3=E. Le |last4=Brammer |first4=G. |last5=Tanvir |first5=N. R. |last6=Malesani |first6=D. B. |last7=Martin-Carrillo |first7=A. |last8=Rossi |first8=A. |last9=Saccardi |first9=A. |last10=Sneppen |first10=A. |last11=Vergani |first11=S. D. |last12=An |first12=J. |last13=Atteia |first13=J.-L. |last14=Bauer |first14=F. E. |last15=Buat |first15=V. |date=2025-12-01 |title=JWST reveals a supernova following a gamma-ray burst at z ≃ 7.3 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56581-25/aa56581-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556581 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordier |first=B. |last2=Wei |first2=J. Y. |last3=Tanvir |first3=N. R. |last4=Vergani |first4=S. D. |last5=Malesani |first5=D. B. |last6=Fynbo |first6=J. P. U. |last7=Postigo |first7=A. de Ugarte |last8=Saccardi |first8=A. |last9=Daigne |first9=F. |last10=Atteia |first10=J.-L. |last11=Godet |first11=O. |last12=Götz |first12=D. |last13=Qiu |first13=Y. L. |last14=Schanne |first14=S. |last15=Xin |first15=L. P. |date=2025-12-01 |title=SVOM GRB 250314A at z ≃ 7.3: An exploding star in the era of re-ionization |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56580-25/aa56580-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L7 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556580 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> This discovery poses another very serious challenge to the ΛCDM model, as according to this model, events that produce heavy elements, such as supernovae, cannot have occurred in this early phase of the universe. In April 2026 '''Andreas Malcherek''' published his book on "Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" ("Gravity and Electromagnetism – An Alternative to the General Theory of Relativity", an English version of this book is supposed to be published later). He has developed a new theory of gravity that builds on the basic work of Oliver Heaviside<ref>Oliver Heaviside: ''A gravitational and electromagnetic analogy'', The Electrician, vol.31, pp. 281–282 (part I), p. 359 (part II), 1893</ref> and Oleg D. Jefimenko.<ref>Oleg D. Jefimenko: ''Causality, electromagnetic induction, and gravitation : a different approach to the theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields'', Electret Scientific Co., Star City, West Virginia, 1992</ref> It passes all tests of general relativity and provides new insights into its astrophysical applications without requiring the use of dark matter or dark energy. Instead, the theory uses gravitomagnetic field equations with retarded gravitational potentials in Minkowski spacetime to formulate a relativistic theory of gravitomagnetism.<ref>Andreas Malcherek: ''Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie'', Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, April 2026, [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-49807-8 DOI 978-3-658-49807-8], Softcover ISBN 978-3-658-49806-1</ref> In August 2026, images taken by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)''' in the constellation Cetus revealed a candidate for a '''quasi-star''', designated '''MoM-1BH*-1''', which has a mass of more than one million solar masses and, with a redshift of almost eight, poses yet another major challenge to the ΛCDM model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidu |first1=Rohan P. |last2=et al. |title=A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=656 |issue=8127 |date=2026-08-12 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4 |pages=329–333 |pmid=42587117 |pmc=13468124 |bibcode=2026Natur.656..329N |language=en}}</ref> ===References=== <references></references> rxvpe0e829mdkavwn5oajh9ylyqymxw 4664590 4664588 2026-08-26T09:31:37Z Bautsch 630029 /* 21st century */ authors 4664590 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Chapter navigation|Preface|Classical approach}} </noinclude> ==Brief historical review== === Around 1900 === The finiteness of the propagation speed of gravity and its influence on gravitational forces was originally published by the Austrian astronomer '''Josef von Hepperger''' (1855–1928) in 1888 in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hepperger |first=Josef von |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=TT3PAAAAMAAJ&hl=de&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation |date=1888 |location=Wien |publisher=K. K. Hof.-und Staatsdruckerei |language=de}}</ref> The German physicist '''Paul Gerber''' (1854–1909) published 1898 his paper on "Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation", where he established that the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury is related to the propagation speed of gravity, which is quite close to that of electromagnetic radiation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerber |first=Paul |editor-last=Mehmke |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Cantor |editor2-first=M. |title=Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation |trans-title=The spatial and temporal propagation of gravity|url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_räumliche_und_zeitliche_Ausbreitung_der_Gravitation |journal=Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik |language=de |location=Leipzig |volume=43 |pages=93–104 |via=Verlag B. G. Teubner |date=1898}}</ref> His formula for the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury wasn't known to '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955), but six years after Paul Gerber's death, Einstein found an identical formula in his publication "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" (English: "Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity") by applying the laws of General Relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie |trans-title=Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |publication-date=1915 |pages=831–839}}</ref> However, the contemporary scientists couldn't reproduce the derivation of Paul Gerber for the formula, and furthermore, they stated that some of the prerequisites used by him were wrong. Shortly before his early death the German astronomer and physicist '''Karl Schwarzschild''' (1873–1916) published a paper on "Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" (English: "On the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid according to Einstein's theory"), where he described how to compute the smallest possible radius for a sphere with a given mass. He found the radius for a sphere with the mass of the sun to be three kilometres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |editor=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |url=http://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch |title=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |pages=424–434|date=1882 |publisher=Berlin : Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> In recognition of his achievement, the corresponding radius is now called the '''Schwarzschild radius'''. It is interesting to notice that Schwarzschild also made important contributions to '''retarded potentials''' in electrodynamics already in 1903. According to the electrokinetic potential he claimed:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |date=1903 |title=Zwei Formen des Prinzips der kleinsten Action in der Elektronentheorie |trans-title=Two forms of the principle of least action in electron theory |journal=Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse |location=Göttingen |publisher=Commissionsverlag der Dieterich'schen Universitätsbuchhandlung, Lüder Horstmann |issue=3 |pages=127–128}}</ref> <blockquote> Es sind in jedem Raumelement die Werte der Dichte und der Geschwindigkeit zu benutzen,<br/> welche dort zu einer um die Lichtzeit zurückliegenden Epoche galten. </blockquote> <blockquote> In each spatial element, the values of density and velocity are to be used,<br/> which were valid there at an epoch around light time ago. </blockquote> <gallery caption="Portrait images of early contributing scientists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Josef.Hepperger.png|Josef Hepperger in the 1920s. Paul.Gerber.png|Paul Gerber around 1900. Albert Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer.jpg|Albert Einstein in 1921. Karl.Schwarzschild.png|Karl Schwarzschild around 1900. </gallery> === Big Bang === The Belgian theologian and physicist '''George Lemaître''' (1894–1966) is regarded as the founder of the Big Bang theory. In 1931, he introduced the term "atome primitif" (English: "primordial atom") to describe the hot initial state of the universe. Already in 1927 he wrote as the second conclusion of his publication about "a homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius, accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae" with reference to the investigations of '''Edwin Hubble''' (1889–1953) in 1926:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |year=1926 |title=Extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Astrophysical Journal |publisher=Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory |publication-place=Mount Wilson, California, USA |volume=64 |issue=I |pages=321–369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1927 |title=Un univers homogéne de masse constante et de rayon croissant, rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 A |pages=49–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1931 |title=Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae | journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume= 91 |pages= 483–490}}</ref> <blockquote> Le rayon de l'univers croit sans cesse depuis une valeur asymptotique <math>R_0</math> pour <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> <blockquote> The radius of the universe increases without limit from an asymptotic value <math>R_0</math> for <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> In 1933 the Swiss astronomer '''Fritz Zwicky''' (1898–1974) obeserved a gravitational anomaly in the Coma galaxy cluster, and he coined the term '''dark matter''' (in German: "dunkle Materie") for the cause of this anomaly.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Fritz Zwicky |title=Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln |trans-title=The red shift of extragalactic neubulae |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1933AcHPh...6..110Z/0000110.000.html |date=1933 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu}}</ref> In his book ''Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure'' of the year 1935 the British astrophysicist and mathematician '''Edward Arthur Milne''' (1896–1950) introduced the special-relativistic cosmological '''Milne model'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Edward Arthur |title=Relativity, gravitation and world-structure |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1935 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |pages=291-294 |language=en |chapter=World picture on the simple kinematic model - Comparison with local Newtonian gravitation and dynamics - §§412-418}}</ref> This model assumes an isotropic and for all time linearly expanding, but not homogeneous universe. It is independent of general theory of relativity, but nevertheless equivalent to a special case of the '''Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric''' in the limit of zero energy density. The redshift is explained by the velocity caused by a hypothetical initial explosion of matter. The density of such a universe must be small in comparison to the critical density of the '''Friedmann equations''' that were published by Russian physicist and mathematician '''Alexander Friedmann''' (1888–1925) in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Friedman |title=Über die Krümmung des Raumes |trans-title=About the curvature of the space |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik |volume=10 |year=1922 |issue=1 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1007/BF01332580 |bibcode = 1922ZPhy...10..377F|s2cid=125190902 |language=de}}</ref> Decades later, the Milne model fell almost completely into oblivion, whereas the cosmological models based on the general theory of relativity as well as on a homogeneous universe gained more and more attention. <gallery caption="Portrait images of early cosmologists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Aleksandr Fridman cropped.png|Alexander Friedmann around 1920. Studio portrait photograph of Edwin Powell Hubble (cropped).JPG|Edwin Hubble in 1931. Lemaitre.jpg|George Lemaître in 1933. ETH-BIB-Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974)-Portr 01030.tif|Fritz Zwicky in the year 1947. Edward Arthur Milne-(1917).jpg|Edward Arthur Milne in 1917. </gallery> === Cosmic microwave background === In 1953 the German astrophysicist '''Erwin Finlay-Freundlich''' (1885–1964) derived a blackbody temperature for intergalactic space of 2.3&nbsp;Kelvin according to his theory of tired light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finlay-Freundlich |first=Erwin |date=1953 |title=Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien |trans-title=On the redshift of spectral lines|journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=94–101}}</ref> The German-British mathematician and physicist '''Max Born''' (1882–1970) immediately recommended taking the problem seriously and pursuing it further.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Born |first=Max |date=1953 |title=Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung |trans-title= Theoretical remarks to Freundlich's formula for the stellar redshift |journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=102–108}}</ref> [[File:WMAP 2012.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Map of cosmic background radiation with artificial colours that show tiny temperature variations.]] In 1965 the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was discovered by US-American radio astronomers '''Arno Allan Penzias''' (1933–2024) and '''Robert Woodrow Wilson''' (born 1936).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penzias |first1=Arno Allan |last2=Wilson|first2=Robert Woodrow |date=1965 |title=A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1086/148307|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has a thermal black body spectrum at a very low temperature of about 2.7&nbsp;Kelvin. Since the cosmic microwave background was mainly created in the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum, it must have undergone a strong wavelength extension on its way to the observers. This can happen because of two main reasons: * The origin of the radiation moves away from us very quickly, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the Doppler effect described by '''Christian Doppler''' (1803–1853) in 1842.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doppler |first=Christian |date=1842 |title=Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels. |trans-title=On the Coloured Light of the Double Stars and some other Celestial Bodies |url=https://archive.org/details/ueberdasfarbigel00doppuoft/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater |journal=Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften |issue=5/2 |pages=465–485}}</ref> * There is a huge mass behind the origin of the radiation, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the gravitation and the relativity principle of '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955) of 1907.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1907 |title=Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen |trans-title=On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It |url=http://www.soso.ch/wissen/hist/SRT/E-1907.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität |issue=4 |pages=411–462}}</ref> In addition, it is discussed that an expansion of the spacetime during the propagation time of a light wave also would increase its wavelength to the same extent. The redshift factor <math>z</math> is defined as a relation between an emitted wavelength <math>\lambda_0</math> and an observed wavelength <math>\lambda</math> of electromagnetic radiation: :<math>z = \frac {\Delta \lambda} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda - \lambda_0} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda} {\lambda_0} - 1</math> The redshift of the cosmic microwave background was found to be <math>z \approx 1089</math> in 2003, which is an extremely high value.<ref>{{cite journal|author=C. L. Bennett, M. Halpern, G. Hinshaw, N. Jarosik, A. Kogut, M. Limon, S. S. Meyer, L. Page, D. N. Spergel, G. S. Tucker, E. Wollack, E. L. Wright, C. Barnes, M. R. Greason, R. S. Hill, E. Komatsu, M. R. Nolta, N. Odegard, H. V. Peirs, L. Verde, J. L. Weiland |title=First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results |work=Astrophys. J. Suppl. |volume=148 |date=2003 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1086/377253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The age of the universe at the time this background radiation was created by hydrogen atoms has been estimated at around 379,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-13 |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey {{!}} Guide {{!}} Digital Universe {{!}} Hayden Planetarium |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> === 21st century === Observations of distant type Ia supernovae published by both the '''Supernova Cosmology Project''' as well as the '''High-Z Supernova Search Team''' in 1998 show that the relative expansion of the universe is accelerating. For the analysis the astronomers Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2011/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> From 2001 to 2010 the NASA spacecraft '''Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)''' was investigating the cosmic microwave background. Its measurements led to the current Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda cold dark matter, Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM model). According to this model the universe currently consists of less than 5&nbsp;percent ordinary baryonic matter; about 24&nbsp;percent cold dark matter (CDM) that interacts only weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation; and more than 70&nbsp;percent of dark energy that is used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Matthew |date=2013-03-21 |title=First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> These data were more or less confirmed by the '''Planck space observatory''' that was operated by the '''European Space Agency (ESA)''' from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA Science & Technology - From an almost perfect Universe to the best of both worlds |url=https://sci.esa.int/web/planck/-/60499-from-an-almost-perfect-universe-to-the-best-of-both-worlds |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=sci.esa.int}}</ref> <gallery caption="Evolution of the universe investigated with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)" mode=packed width=640 heights=480> CMB_Timeline75.jpg|The evolution of the universe according to the interpretation of the measurements of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The acceleration of the expansion leads to the concave outer rim surface of the evolution cone today. WMAP_2008_universe_content.png|The contents of of the universe today (top) and 380,000 years after the Big Bang (bottom) according to the interpretation of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) measurements. </gallery> In 2013 the Indian researcher Chandrakant Raju proposed to apply the '''retarded gravitation theory (RGT)''' to explain the flyby anomaly of spacecrafts in the gravitational field of the earth as well as the acceleration of masses in the retarded gravitational fields of spiral galaxies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Chandrakant |date=2013-11-27 |title=Retarded gravitation theory |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.2945.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia |place=Penang, Malaysia |language=en |format=PDF |arxiv=1102.2945}}</ref> In 2016, researchers from the '''gravitational-wave observatory LIGO''' reported the first direct measurement of gravitational waves generated by the collision of two black holes (gravitational wave event '''GW150914''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last2=Abbott |first2=B. P. |last3=Abbott |first3=R. |last4=Abbott |first4=T. D. |last5=Abernathy |first5=M. R. |last6=Acernese |first6=F. |last7=Ackley |first7=K. |last8=Adams |first8=C. |last9=Adams |first9=T. |last10=Addesso |first10=P. |last11=Adhikari |first11=R. X. |last12=Adya |first12=V. B. |last13=Affeldt |first13=C. |last14=Agathos |first14=M. |last15=Agatsuma |first15=K. |date=2016-02-11 |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}}</ref> Already in 2017 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first direct observation of gravitational waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> On 17th August 2017 a '''merging binary neutron star''' was observed independently and simultaneously by the '''Advanced LIGO''' and '''Virgo''' detectors (gravitational wave event '''GW170817''') and the '''Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor''' as well as the '''Anticoincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' (gamma ray burst event '''GRB 170817A''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration |last2=Virgo Collaboration |last3=Monitor |first3=Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst |last4=INTEGRAL |date=2017-10-20 |title=Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05834 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=848 |issue=2 |pages=L13 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c |issn=2041-8205}}</ref> These observations prove that the propagation velocity of gravitational waves must be extremely close to that of electromagnetic waves. The velocities of the solar system, of the Milky Way or the Local Group’s motion relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) frame indicate an anisotropy of the universe observed from the solar system. This anisotropy contradicts the cosmological principle, and is not taken into account in the ΛCDM model. Nevertheless, the results of the '''Planck mission''' from 2018 clearly show that there is a CMB anisotropy, which can be described by a dipole with an amplitude of around 3.36 Millikelvin. This dipole is interpreted as the result of a Doppler effect due to the movement of the solar system in relation to the source of the CMB: the solar system is moving with a velocity of 370 kilometres per second and the Local Group is moving with a velocity of more than 600 kilometres per second, which is around two parts per million of the speed of light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aghanim |first=N. |last2=Akrami |first2=Y. |last3=Arroja |first3=F. |last4=Ashdown |first4=M. |last5=Aumont |first5=J. |last6=Baccigalupi |first6=C. |last7=Ballardini |first7=M. |last8=Banday |first8=A. J. |last9=Barreiro |first9=R. B. |last10=Bartolo |first10=N. |last11=Basak |first11=S. |last12=Battye |first12=R. |last13=Benabed |first13=K. |last14=Bernard |first14=J.-P. |last15=Bersanelli |first15=M. |date=2020-09-01 |title=Planck 2018 results – I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck – 29. Cosmic Microwave Background |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/09/aa33880-18/aa33880-18.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=641 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833880 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> [[File:Webb finds most distant known galaxy (JADES-GS-z14-0 annotated pullout NIRCam image) (jades4).tiff|thumb|right|JADES-GS-z14-0 taken with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph of the James Webb Space Telescope.]] In January 2024 the very young and very far galaxis '''JADES-GS-z14-0''' was found with the '''Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)''' of the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''. This galaxy assumed to be in a state 290&nbsp;million years after the big bang. Its redshift measured with the well-known Lyman alpha break at a wavelength about 1.8&nbsp;micrometres has a value of a good&nbsp;14, which is a very high value for an astronomical object, but much lower than that of the cosmic microwave background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |author=Stefano Carniani, Kevin Hainline |title=NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Finds Most Distant Known Galaxy |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/early-highlights/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-finds-most-distant-known-galaxy |website=webbtelescope.org}}</ref> The high redshift cannot be explained by the ΛCDM model. In March&nbsp;2025 it was published that the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 indicates oxygen in its electromagnetic spectrum at 7.7&nbsp;micrometres, which according to the ΛCDM model should not be present at the time of the universe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helton |first=Jakob M. |last2=Rieke |first2=George H. |last3=Alberts |first3=Stacey |last4=Wu |first4=Zihao |last5=Eisenstein |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Hainline |first6=Kevin N. |last7=Carniani |first7=Stefano |last8=Ji |first8=Zhiyuan |last9=Baker |first9=William M. |last10=Bhatawdekar |first10=Rachana |last11=Bunker |first11=Andrew J. |last12=Cargile |first12=Phillip A. |last13=Charlot |first13=Stéphane |last14=Chevallard |first14=Jacopo |last15=D’Eugenio |first15=Francesco |date=2025-05-07 |title=Photometric detection at 7.7 μm of a galaxy beyond redshift 14 with JWST/MIRI |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-025-02503-z |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=729–740 |doi=10.1038/s41550-025-02503-z |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> In February&nbsp;2024, a study explained the anomalies in the rotation curves of more than hundred spiral galaxies of different types from the '''SPARC''' ('''S'''pitzer '''P'''hotometry and '''A'''ccurate '''R'''otation '''C'''urves) Galaxy collection taken with the '''Spitzer Space Telescope''', by accounting for '''retarded gravitational potentials of baryonic matter''' that is accreted by the galaxies, and without taking into account any dark matter or modifying general relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=Yuval |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Tomer |last3=Yahalom |first3=Asher |date=2024-02-20 |title=Retarded Gravity in Disk Galaxies |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1088/v1 |journal=Symmetry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=387 |doi=10.3390/sym16040387 |issn=2073-8994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagman |first1=Michal |first2=Lawrence Paul |last2=Horwitz |first3=Asher |last3=Yahalom |title=Retardation theory of eleven galaxies |journal=Physica Scripta |language=en |volume=99 |issue=10 |date=2024-09-01 |issn=1402-4896 |doi=10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> In December 2025 it was confirmed that the gamma ray burst '''GRB 250314A''' with a redshift of 7.3 is linked to a '''supernova''' during the era of re-ionisation around 730 million years after Big Bang. The gamma ray burst was detected in March 2025 by the Space-based multi-band astronomical '''Variable Objects Monitor (VOM)''', and its afterglow was observed by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levan |first=A. J. |last2=Schneider |first2=B. |last3=Floc’h |first3=E. Le |last4=Brammer |first4=G. |last5=Tanvir |first5=N. R. |last6=Malesani |first6=D. B. |last7=Martin-Carrillo |first7=A. |last8=Rossi |first8=A. |last9=Saccardi |first9=A. |last10=Sneppen |first10=A. |last11=Vergani |first11=S. D. |last12=An |first12=J. |last13=Atteia |first13=J.-L. |last14=Bauer |first14=F. E. |last15=Buat |first15=V. |date=2025-12-01 |title=JWST reveals a supernova following a gamma-ray burst at z ≃ 7.3 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56581-25/aa56581-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556581 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordier |first=B. |last2=Wei |first2=J. Y. |last3=Tanvir |first3=N. R. |last4=Vergani |first4=S. D. |last5=Malesani |first5=D. B. |last6=Fynbo |first6=J. P. U. |last7=Postigo |first7=A. de Ugarte |last8=Saccardi |first8=A. |last9=Daigne |first9=F. |last10=Atteia |first10=J.-L. |last11=Godet |first11=O. |last12=Götz |first12=D. |last13=Qiu |first13=Y. L. |last14=Schanne |first14=S. |last15=Xin |first15=L. P. |date=2025-12-01 |title=SVOM GRB 250314A at z ≃ 7.3: An exploding star in the era of re-ionization |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56580-25/aa56580-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L7 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556580 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> This discovery poses another very serious challenge to the ΛCDM model, as according to this model, events that produce heavy elements, such as supernovae, cannot have occurred in this early phase of the universe. In April 2026 '''Andreas Malcherek''' published his book on "Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" ("Gravity and Electromagnetism – An Alternative to the General Theory of Relativity", an English version of this book is supposed to be published later). He has developed a new theory of gravity that builds on the basic work of Oliver Heaviside<ref>Oliver Heaviside: ''A gravitational and electromagnetic analogy'', The Electrician, vol.31, pp. 281–282 (part I), p. 359 (part II), 1893</ref> and Oleg D. Jefimenko.<ref>Oleg D. Jefimenko: ''Causality, electromagnetic induction, and gravitation : a different approach to the theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields'', Electret Scientific Co., Star City, West Virginia, 1992</ref> It passes all tests of general relativity and provides new insights into its astrophysical applications without requiring the use of dark matter or dark energy. Instead, the theory uses gravitomagnetic field equations with retarded gravitational potentials in Minkowski spacetime to formulate a relativistic theory of gravitomagnetism.<ref>Andreas Malcherek: ''Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie'', Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, April 2026, [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-49807-8 DOI 978-3-658-49807-8], Softcover ISBN 978-3-658-49806-1</ref> In August 2026, images taken by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)''' in the constellation Cetus revealed a candidate for a '''quasi-star''', designated '''MoM-1BH*-1''', which has a mass of more than one million solar masses and, with a redshift of almost eight, poses yet another major challenge to the ΛCDM model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidu |first1=Rohan P. |display-authors=etal |title=A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=656 |issue=8127 |date=2026-08-12 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4 |pages=329–333 |pmid=42587117 |pmc=13468124 |bibcode=2026Natur.656..329N |language=en}}</ref> ===References=== <references></references> 8mh5bnraft0yiw1ke1pca520o15z6bc 4664592 4664590 2026-08-26T09:34:14Z Bautsch 630029 /* 21st century */ Image MoM 4664592 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Chapter navigation|Preface|Classical approach}} </noinclude> ==Brief historical review== === Around 1900 === The finiteness of the propagation speed of gravity and its influence on gravitational forces was originally published by the Austrian astronomer '''Josef von Hepperger''' (1855–1928) in 1888 in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hepperger |first=Josef von |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=TT3PAAAAMAAJ&hl=de&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation |date=1888 |location=Wien |publisher=K. K. Hof.-und Staatsdruckerei |language=de}}</ref> The German physicist '''Paul Gerber''' (1854–1909) published 1898 his paper on "Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation", where he established that the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury is related to the propagation speed of gravity, which is quite close to that of electromagnetic radiation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gerber |first=Paul |editor-last=Mehmke |editor-first=R. |editor2-last=Cantor |editor2-first=M. |title=Die räumliche und zeitliche Ausbreitung der Gravitation |trans-title=The spatial and temporal propagation of gravity|url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_räumliche_und_zeitliche_Ausbreitung_der_Gravitation |journal=Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik |language=de |location=Leipzig |volume=43 |pages=93–104 |via=Verlag B. G. Teubner |date=1898}}</ref> His formula for the perihelion precession of the planet Mercury wasn't known to '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955), but six years after Paul Gerber's death, Einstein found an identical formula in his publication "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" (English: "Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity") by applying the laws of General Relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |title=Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie |trans-title=Explanation of Mercury's perihelion motion from the general theory of relativity |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |publication-date=1915 |pages=831–839}}</ref> However, the contemporary scientists couldn't reproduce the derivation of Paul Gerber for the formula, and furthermore, they stated that some of the prerequisites used by him were wrong. Shortly before his early death the German astronomer and physicist '''Karl Schwarzschild''' (1873–1916) published a paper on "Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" (English: "On the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid according to Einstein's theory"), where he described how to compute the smallest possible radius for a sphere with a given mass. He found the radius for a sphere with the mass of the sun to be three kilometres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |editor=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |url=http://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch |title=Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |pages=424–434|date=1882 |publisher=Berlin : Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin |others=Smithsonian Libraries}}</ref> In recognition of his achievement, the corresponding radius is now called the '''Schwarzschild radius'''. It is interesting to notice that Schwarzschild also made important contributions to '''retarded potentials''' in electrodynamics already in 1903. According to the electrokinetic potential he claimed:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwarzschild |first=Karl |date=1903 |title=Zwei Formen des Prinzips der kleinsten Action in der Elektronentheorie |trans-title=Two forms of the principle of least action in electron theory |journal=Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse |location=Göttingen |publisher=Commissionsverlag der Dieterich'schen Universitätsbuchhandlung, Lüder Horstmann |issue=3 |pages=127–128}}</ref> <blockquote> Es sind in jedem Raumelement die Werte der Dichte und der Geschwindigkeit zu benutzen,<br/> welche dort zu einer um die Lichtzeit zurückliegenden Epoche galten. </blockquote> <blockquote> In each spatial element, the values of density and velocity are to be used,<br/> which were valid there at an epoch around light time ago. </blockquote> <gallery caption="Portrait images of early contributing scientists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Josef.Hepperger.png|Josef Hepperger in the 1920s. Paul.Gerber.png|Paul Gerber around 1900. Albert Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer.jpg|Albert Einstein in 1921. Karl.Schwarzschild.png|Karl Schwarzschild around 1900. </gallery> === Big Bang === The Belgian theologian and physicist '''George Lemaître''' (1894–1966) is regarded as the founder of the Big Bang theory. In 1931, he introduced the term "atome primitif" (English: "primordial atom") to describe the hot initial state of the universe. Already in 1927 he wrote as the second conclusion of his publication about "a homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius, accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae" with reference to the investigations of '''Edwin Hubble''' (1889–1953) in 1926:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |year=1926 |title=Extra-galactic nebulae |journal=Astrophysical Journal |publisher=Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory |publication-place=Mount Wilson, California, USA |volume=64 |issue=I |pages=321–369}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1927 |title=Un univers homogéne de masse constante et de rayon croissant, rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques |journal=Annales de la société scientifique de Bruxelles |volume=47 A |pages=49–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lemaître |first=Georges |date=1931 |title=Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae | journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume= 91 |pages= 483–490}}</ref> <blockquote> Le rayon de l'univers croit sans cesse depuis une valeur asymptotique <math>R_0</math> pour <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> <blockquote> The radius of the universe increases without limit from an asymptotic value <math>R_0</math> for <math>t = - \infty</math> </blockquote> In 1933 the Swiss astronomer '''Fritz Zwicky''' (1898–1974) obeserved a gravitational anomaly in the Coma galaxy cluster, and he coined the term '''dark matter''' (in German: "dunkle Materie") for the cause of this anomaly.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Fritz Zwicky |title=Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln |trans-title=The red shift of extragalactic neubulae |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1933AcHPh...6..110Z/0000110.000.html |date=1933 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu}}</ref> In his book ''Relativity, Gravitation and World Structure'' of the year 1935 the British astrophysicist and mathematician '''Edward Arthur Milne''' (1896–1950) introduced the special-relativistic cosmological '''Milne model'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Edward Arthur |title=Relativity, gravitation and world-structure |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1935 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |pages=291-294 |language=en |chapter=World picture on the simple kinematic model - Comparison with local Newtonian gravitation and dynamics - §§412-418}}</ref> This model assumes an isotropic and for all time linearly expanding, but not homogeneous universe. It is independent of general theory of relativity, but nevertheless equivalent to a special case of the '''Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric''' in the limit of zero energy density. The redshift is explained by the velocity caused by a hypothetical initial explosion of matter. The density of such a universe must be small in comparison to the critical density of the '''Friedmann equations''' that were published by Russian physicist and mathematician '''Alexander Friedmann''' (1888–1925) in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Friedman |title=Über die Krümmung des Raumes |trans-title=About the curvature of the space |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik |volume=10 |year=1922 |issue=1 |pages=377–386 |doi=10.1007/BF01332580 |bibcode = 1922ZPhy...10..377F|s2cid=125190902 |language=de}}</ref> Decades later, the Milne model fell almost completely into oblivion, whereas the cosmological models based on the general theory of relativity as well as on a homogeneous universe gained more and more attention. <gallery caption="Portrait images of early cosmologists" mode=packed width=200 heights=200> Aleksandr Fridman cropped.png|Alexander Friedmann around 1920. Studio portrait photograph of Edwin Powell Hubble (cropped).JPG|Edwin Hubble in 1931. Lemaitre.jpg|George Lemaître in 1933. ETH-BIB-Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974)-Portr 01030.tif|Fritz Zwicky in the year 1947. Edward Arthur Milne-(1917).jpg|Edward Arthur Milne in 1917. </gallery> === Cosmic microwave background === In 1953 the German astrophysicist '''Erwin Finlay-Freundlich''' (1885–1964) derived a blackbody temperature for intergalactic space of 2.3&nbsp;Kelvin according to his theory of tired light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finlay-Freundlich |first=Erwin |date=1953 |title=Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien |trans-title=On the redshift of spectral lines|journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=94–101}}</ref> The German-British mathematician and physicist '''Max Born''' (1882–1970) immediately recommended taking the problem seriously and pursuing it further.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Born |first=Max |date=1953 |title=Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung |trans-title= Theoretical remarks to Freundlich's formula for the stellar redshift |journal=Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen |location=Göttingen |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |issue=7 |pages=102–108}}</ref> [[File:WMAP 2012.png|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Map of cosmic background radiation with artificial colours that show tiny temperature variations.]] In 1965 the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was discovered by US-American radio astronomers '''Arno Allan Penzias''' (1933–2024) and '''Robert Woodrow Wilson''' (born 1936).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Penzias |first1=Arno Allan |last2=Wilson|first2=Robert Woodrow |date=1965 |title=A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=419–421 |doi=10.1086/148307|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has a thermal black body spectrum at a very low temperature of about 2.7&nbsp;Kelvin. Since the cosmic microwave background was mainly created in the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum, it must have undergone a strong wavelength extension on its way to the observers. This can happen because of two main reasons: * The origin of the radiation moves away from us very quickly, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the Doppler effect described by '''Christian Doppler''' (1803–1853) in 1842.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doppler |first=Christian |date=1842 |title=Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels. |trans-title=On the Coloured Light of the Double Stars and some other Celestial Bodies |url=https://archive.org/details/ueberdasfarbigel00doppuoft/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater |journal=Abhandlungen der Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften |issue=5/2 |pages=465–485}}</ref> * There is a huge mass behind the origin of the radiation, which will cause an increase of the wavelength according to the gravitation and the relativity principle of '''Albert Einstein''' (1879–1955) of 1907.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=Albert |date=1907 |title=Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen |trans-title=On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It |url=http://www.soso.ch/wissen/hist/SRT/E-1907.pdf |journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität |issue=4 |pages=411–462}}</ref> In addition, it is discussed that an expansion of the spacetime during the propagation time of a light wave also would increase its wavelength to the same extent. The redshift factor <math>z</math> is defined as a relation between an emitted wavelength <math>\lambda_0</math> and an observed wavelength <math>\lambda</math> of electromagnetic radiation: :<math>z = \frac {\Delta \lambda} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda - \lambda_0} {\lambda_0} = \frac {\lambda} {\lambda_0} - 1</math> The redshift of the cosmic microwave background was found to be <math>z \approx 1089</math> in 2003, which is an extremely high value.<ref>{{cite journal|author=C. L. Bennett, M. Halpern, G. Hinshaw, N. Jarosik, A. Kogut, M. Limon, S. S. Meyer, L. Page, D. N. Spergel, G. S. Tucker, E. Wollack, E. L. Wright, C. Barnes, M. R. Greason, R. S. Hill, E. Komatsu, M. R. Nolta, N. Odegard, H. V. Peirs, L. Verde, J. L. Weiland |title=First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results |work=Astrophys. J. Suppl. |volume=148 |date=2003 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1086/377253 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The age of the universe at the time this background radiation was created by hydrogen atoms has been estimated at around 379,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-13 |title=Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey {{!}} Guide {{!}} Digital Universe {{!}} Hayden Planetarium |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213023246/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgg_wmap.php |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> === 21st century === Observations of distant type Ia supernovae published by both the '''Supernova Cosmology Project''' as well as the '''High-Z Supernova Search Team''' in 1998 show that the relative expansion of the universe is accelerating. For the analysis the astronomers Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2011/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> From 2001 to 2010 the NASA spacecraft '''Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)''' was investigating the cosmic microwave background. Its measurements led to the current Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda cold dark matter, Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM model). According to this model the universe currently consists of less than 5&nbsp;percent ordinary baryonic matter; about 24&nbsp;percent cold dark matter (CDM) that interacts only weakly with ordinary matter and electromagnetic radiation; and more than 70&nbsp;percent of dark energy that is used to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Matthew |date=2013-03-21 |title=First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> These data were more or less confirmed by the '''Planck space observatory''' that was operated by the '''European Space Agency (ESA)''' from 2009 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA Science & Technology - From an almost perfect Universe to the best of both worlds |url=https://sci.esa.int/web/planck/-/60499-from-an-almost-perfect-universe-to-the-best-of-both-worlds |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=sci.esa.int}}</ref> <gallery caption="Evolution of the universe investigated with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)" mode=packed width=640 heights=480> CMB_Timeline75.jpg|The evolution of the universe according to the interpretation of the measurements of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). The acceleration of the expansion leads to the concave outer rim surface of the evolution cone today. WMAP_2008_universe_content.png|The contents of of the universe today (top) and 380,000 years after the Big Bang (bottom) according to the interpretation of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) measurements. </gallery> In 2013 the Indian researcher Chandrakant Raju proposed to apply the '''retarded gravitation theory (RGT)''' to explain the flyby anomaly of spacecrafts in the gravitational field of the earth as well as the acceleration of masses in the retarded gravitational fields of spiral galaxies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Chandrakant |date=2013-11-27 |title=Retarded gravitation theory |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.2945.pdf |access-date=2024-03-22 |publisher=School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia |place=Penang, Malaysia |language=en |format=PDF |arxiv=1102.2945}}</ref> In 2016, researchers from the '''gravitational-wave observatory LIGO''' reported the first direct measurement of gravitational waves generated by the collision of two black holes (gravitational wave event '''GW150914''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration |last2=Abbott |first2=B. P. |last3=Abbott |first3=R. |last4=Abbott |first4=T. D. |last5=Abernathy |first5=M. R. |last6=Acernese |first6=F. |last7=Ackley |first7=K. |last8=Adams |first8=C. |last9=Adams |first9=T. |last10=Addesso |first10=P. |last11=Adhikari |first11=R. X. |last12=Adya |first12=V. B. |last13=Affeldt |first13=C. |last14=Agathos |first14=M. |last15=Agatsuma |first15=K. |date=2016-02-11 |title=Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=061102 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102}}</ref> Already in 2017 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first direct observation of gravitational waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/advanced-information/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> On 17th August 2017 a '''merging binary neutron star''' was observed independently and simultaneously by the '''Advanced LIGO''' and '''Virgo''' detectors (gravitational wave event '''GW170817''') and the '''Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor''' as well as the '''Anticoincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' (gamma ray burst event '''GRB 170817A''').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=LIGO Scientific Collaboration |last2=Virgo Collaboration |last3=Monitor |first3=Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst |last4=INTEGRAL |date=2017-10-20 |title=Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05834 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=848 |issue=2 |pages=L13 |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c |issn=2041-8205}}</ref> These observations prove that the propagation velocity of gravitational waves must be extremely close to that of electromagnetic waves. The velocities of the solar system, of the Milky Way or the Local Group’s motion relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) frame indicate an anisotropy of the universe observed from the solar system. This anisotropy contradicts the cosmological principle, and is not taken into account in the ΛCDM model. Nevertheless, the results of the '''Planck mission''' from 2018 clearly show that there is a CMB anisotropy, which can be described by a dipole with an amplitude of around 3.36 Millikelvin. This dipole is interpreted as the result of a Doppler effect due to the movement of the solar system in relation to the source of the CMB: the solar system is moving with a velocity of 370 kilometres per second and the Local Group is moving with a velocity of more than 600 kilometres per second, which is around two parts per million of the speed of light.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aghanim |first=N. |last2=Akrami |first2=Y. |last3=Arroja |first3=F. |last4=Ashdown |first4=M. |last5=Aumont |first5=J. |last6=Baccigalupi |first6=C. |last7=Ballardini |first7=M. |last8=Banday |first8=A. J. |last9=Barreiro |first9=R. B. |last10=Bartolo |first10=N. |last11=Basak |first11=S. |last12=Battye |first12=R. |last13=Benabed |first13=K. |last14=Bernard |first14=J.-P. |last15=Bersanelli |first15=M. |date=2020-09-01 |title=Planck 2018 results – I. Overview and the cosmological legacy of Planck – 29. Cosmic Microwave Background |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/09/aa33880-18/aa33880-18.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=641 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833880 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> [[File:Webb finds most distant known galaxy (JADES-GS-z14-0 annotated pullout NIRCam image) (jades4).tiff|thumb|right|JADES-GS-z14-0 taken with the Near-Infrared Spectrograph of the James Webb Space Telescope.]] In January 2024 the very young and very far galaxis '''JADES-GS-z14-0''' was found with the '''Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)''' of the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''. This galaxy assumed to be in a state 290&nbsp;million years after the big bang. Its redshift measured with the well-known Lyman alpha break at a wavelength about 1.8&nbsp;micrometres has a value of a good&nbsp;14, which is a very high value for an astronomical object, but much lower than that of the cosmic microwave background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |author=Stefano Carniani, Kevin Hainline |title=NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Finds Most Distant Known Galaxy |url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/early-highlights/nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-finds-most-distant-known-galaxy |website=webbtelescope.org}}</ref> The high redshift cannot be explained by the ΛCDM model. In March&nbsp;2025 it was published that the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 indicates oxygen in its electromagnetic spectrum at 7.7&nbsp;micrometres, which according to the ΛCDM model should not be present at the time of the universe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helton |first=Jakob M. |last2=Rieke |first2=George H. |last3=Alberts |first3=Stacey |last4=Wu |first4=Zihao |last5=Eisenstein |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Hainline |first6=Kevin N. |last7=Carniani |first7=Stefano |last8=Ji |first8=Zhiyuan |last9=Baker |first9=William M. |last10=Bhatawdekar |first10=Rachana |last11=Bunker |first11=Andrew J. |last12=Cargile |first12=Phillip A. |last13=Charlot |first13=Stéphane |last14=Chevallard |first14=Jacopo |last15=D’Eugenio |first15=Francesco |date=2025-05-07 |title=Photometric detection at 7.7 μm of a galaxy beyond redshift 14 with JWST/MIRI |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-025-02503-z |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=729–740 |doi=10.1038/s41550-025-02503-z |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> In February&nbsp;2024, a study explained the anomalies in the rotation curves of more than hundred spiral galaxies of different types from the '''SPARC''' ('''S'''pitzer '''P'''hotometry and '''A'''ccurate '''R'''otation '''C'''urves) Galaxy collection taken with the '''Spitzer Space Telescope''', by accounting for '''retarded gravitational potentials of baryonic matter''' that is accreted by the galaxies, and without taking into account any dark matter or modifying general relativity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=Yuval |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Tomer |last3=Yahalom |first3=Asher |date=2024-02-20 |title=Retarded Gravity in Disk Galaxies |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1088/v1 |journal=Symmetry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=387 |doi=10.3390/sym16040387 |issn=2073-8994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagman |first1=Michal |first2=Lawrence Paul |last2=Horwitz |first3=Asher |last3=Yahalom |title=Retardation theory of eleven galaxies |journal=Physica Scripta |language=en |volume=99 |issue=10 |date=2024-09-01 |issn=1402-4896 |doi=10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |access-date=2025-06-07}}</ref> In December 2025 it was confirmed that the gamma ray burst '''GRB 250314A''' with a redshift of 7.3 is linked to a '''supernova''' during the era of re-ionisation around 730 million years after Big Bang. The gamma ray burst was detected in March 2025 by the Space-based multi-band astronomical '''Variable Objects Monitor (VOM)''', and its afterglow was observed by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levan |first=A. J. |last2=Schneider |first2=B. |last3=Floc’h |first3=E. Le |last4=Brammer |first4=G. |last5=Tanvir |first5=N. R. |last6=Malesani |first6=D. B. |last7=Martin-Carrillo |first7=A. |last8=Rossi |first8=A. |last9=Saccardi |first9=A. |last10=Sneppen |first10=A. |last11=Vergani |first11=S. D. |last12=An |first12=J. |last13=Atteia |first13=J.-L. |last14=Bauer |first14=F. E. |last15=Buat |first15=V. |date=2025-12-01 |title=JWST reveals a supernova following a gamma-ray burst at z ≃ 7.3 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56581-25/aa56581-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556581 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordier |first=B. |last2=Wei |first2=J. Y. |last3=Tanvir |first3=N. R. |last4=Vergani |first4=S. D. |last5=Malesani |first5=D. B. |last6=Fynbo |first6=J. P. U. |last7=Postigo |first7=A. de Ugarte |last8=Saccardi |first8=A. |last9=Daigne |first9=F. |last10=Atteia |first10=J.-L. |last11=Godet |first11=O. |last12=Götz |first12=D. |last13=Qiu |first13=Y. L. |last14=Schanne |first14=S. |last15=Xin |first15=L. P. |date=2025-12-01 |title=SVOM GRB 250314A at z ≃ 7.3: An exploding star in the era of re-ionization |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2025/12/aa56580-25/aa56580-25.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=704 |pages=L7 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202556580 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> This discovery poses another very serious challenge to the ΛCDM model, as according to this model, events that produce heavy elements, such as supernovae, cannot have occurred in this early phase of the universe. In April 2026 '''Andreas Malcherek''' published his book on "Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" ("Gravity and Electromagnetism – An Alternative to the General Theory of Relativity", an English version of this book is supposed to be published later). He has developed a new theory of gravity that builds on the basic work of Oliver Heaviside<ref>Oliver Heaviside: ''A gravitational and electromagnetic analogy'', The Electrician, vol.31, pp. 281–282 (part I), p. 359 (part II), 1893</ref> and Oleg D. Jefimenko.<ref>Oleg D. Jefimenko: ''Causality, electromagnetic induction, and gravitation : a different approach to the theory of electromagnetic and gravitational fields'', Electret Scientific Co., Star City, West Virginia, 1992</ref> It passes all tests of general relativity and provides new insights into its astrophysical applications without requiring the use of dark matter or dark energy. Instead, the theory uses gravitomagnetic field equations with retarded gravitational potentials in Minkowski spacetime to formulate a relativistic theory of gravitomagnetism.<ref>Andreas Malcherek: ''Gravitation und Elektromagnetismus – Eine Alternative zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie'', Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, April 2026, [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-49807-8 DOI 978-3-658-49807-8], Softcover ISBN 978-3-658-49806-1</ref> [[File:MoM-BH*-1.png|thumb|right|Image of MoM-BH*-1 taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).]] In August 2026, images taken by the '''James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)''' in the constellation Cetus revealed a candidate for a '''quasi-star''', designated '''MoM-1BH*-1''', which has a mass of more than one million solar masses and, with a redshift of almost eight, poses yet another major challenge to the ΛCDM model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidu |first1=Rohan P. |display-authors=etal |title=A gas-enshrouded and gas-reddened black hole at cosmic dawn |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=656 |issue=8127 |date=2026-08-12 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4 |pages=329–333 |pmid=42587117 |pmc=13468124 |bibcode=2026Natur.656..329N |language=en}}</ref> ===References=== <references></references> l3ol5qp9jcnk6koechk76z1bfsp1wyd User:JustTheFacts33/sandbox2 2 474624 4664474 4656582 2026-08-25T21:59:50Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Current production facilities */ 4664474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user sandbox}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} The following is a list of current, former, and confirmed future facilities of [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] for manufacturing automobiles and other components. Per regulations, the factory is encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 11 for North American models. European models have the factory encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 8 (except for the VW-built 3rd gen. Ford Tourneo Connect and Transit Connect, which have the plant code in position 11 as VW does for all of its models regardless of region). The River Rouge Complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Much of the production was devoted to compiling "[[w:knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s" that were then shipped in wooden crates to Branch Assembly locations across the United States by railroad and assembled locally, using local supplies as necessary.<ref name="MyLifeandWork">{{cite book|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|year=1922|title=My Life and Work|publisher=Garden City Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C/page/n87 81], 167|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C|quote=Ford 1922 My Life and Work|access-date=2010-06-08 }}</ref> A few of the original Branch Assembly locations still remain while most have been repurposed or have been demolished and the land reused. Knock-down kits were also shipped internationally until the River Rouge approach was duplicated in Europe and Asia. For US-built models, Ford switched from 2-letter plant codes to a 1-letter plant code in 1953. Mercury and Lincoln, however, kept using the 2-letter plant codes through 1957. Mercury and Lincoln switched to the 1-letter plant codes for 1958. Edsel, which was new for 1958, used the 1-letter plant codes from the outset. The 1956-1957 Continental Mark II, a product of the Continental Division, did not use a plant code as they were all built in the same plant. The 2-letter plant code in 1950-1952 Ford cars and 1950-1957 Mercurys and Lincolns was in position 3 & 4 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1959 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, and 1958-1959 Mercurys, Lincolns, and Edsels was in position 3 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1960-1980 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, 1960-1980 Mercurys & Lincolns, and 1960 Edsels was in position 2 of the serial number. The 2-letter plant code in 1951-1952 Ford trucks was in position 5 & 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1960 Ford trucks was in position 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1961-1980 Ford trucks, including Bronco and Econoline, was in position 5 of the serial number. Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1966, when Ford of Canada adopted the same system as the US. In 1950-1959, Canadian-built cars, including the Ford Ranchero, had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1948-1950, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1951-1954, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 7th position of the serial number. In 1955-1959, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 9th position of the serial number. Mexican-built models often just had "MEX" inserted into the VIN instead of a plant code in the pre-standardized VIN era. European-built Fords have the source company code in the 7th position and the plant code in the 8th position beginning in 1981. From 1965-1980, the source company code was in the 1st position and the plant code was in the 2nd position. Since the letter for the plant code is sometimes used by more than one plant, the source company code immediately preceding the plant code is needed to determine which plant is being referred to. For a listing of Ford's proving grounds and test facilities see [[w:Ford Proving Grounds|Ford Proving Grounds]]. ==Current production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! data-sort-type="isoDate" style="width:60px;" | Opened ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:80px;" | Employees ! style="width:220px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand|AutoAlliance Thailand]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 2|Mazda 2]]<br / >[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br / >[[w:Mazda CX-3|Mazda CX-3]]<br />[[w:Mazda CX-30|Mazda CX-30]] | Joint venture 50% owned by Ford and 50% owned by Mazda. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger (PE/PG/PH)]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#Second generation (PJ/PK; 2006)|Ford Ranger (PJ/PK)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Familia#Ninth generation (BJ; 1998–2003)|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series#UN|Mazda B-Series]]<br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50 (UN)]] <br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#Second generation (UP, UR; 2011)|Mazda BT-50 (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo Stamping|Buffalo Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamburg, New York|Hamburg, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 843 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels: Quarter Panels, Body Sides, Rear Floor Pan, Rear Doors, Roofs, front doors, hoods | Located at 3663 Lake Shore Rd. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 (Plant 1) <br /> 2012 (Plant 2) <br /> 2014 (Plant 3) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,000+ | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape#fourth|Ford Escape]] <br />[[w:Ford Mondeo Sport|Ford Mondeo Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Zephyr (China)|Lincoln Zephyr/Z]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br />Complex includes three assembly plants. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Evos|Ford Evos]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 4)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 5)]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#third|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Mazda3#First generation (BK; 2003)|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80#S80L|Volvo S80L]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,310 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Ford 1.0 L Ecoboost I3 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.5 L Sigma I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 L EcoBoost I4 engine]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,480 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 transmission]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Hangzhou Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Edge#Third generation (Edge L—CDX706; 2023)|Ford Edge L]]<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus|Lincoln Nautilus]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Plus]]<br />[[w:Ford Taurus (China)|Ford Taurus]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] <br> Harbin Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], [[w:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 (Start of Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Production suspended in Nov. 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Plant formerly belonged to Harbin Hafei Automobile Group Co. Bought by Changan Ford in 2015. Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 3)<br>[[w:Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 4) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CHI/CH/G (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,852 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer (U625)]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator (U611)]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 12600 S Torrence Avenue.<br/>Replaced the previous location at 3915 Wabash Avenue.<br /> Built armored personnel carriers for US military during WWII. <br /> Final Taurus rolled off the assembly line March 1, 2019.<br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1953-1964) <br /> [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1965)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1973)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD (full-size)]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Elite|Ford Elite]] (1974-1976)<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD (midsize)]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986–2019)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986–2005, 2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] (2009-2016)<br />[[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] (2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer (U502)]] (2011-2019) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Heights, Illinois|Chicago Heights, Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,165 | | Located at 1000 E Lincoln Hwy, Chicago Heights, IL |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua Engine|Chihuahua Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua, Chihuahua]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,430 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec 2.0/2.3/2.5 I4]] <br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Ford 6.7L Scorpion Diesel V8]] | style="text-align:left;"| Began operations July 27, 1983. 1,902,600 Penta engines produced from 1983-1991. 2,340,464 Zeta engines produced from 1993-2004. Over 14 million total engines produced. Complex includes 3 engine plants. Plant 1, opened in 1983, builds 4-cylinder engines. Plant 2, opened in 2010, builds diesel V8 engines. Plant 3, opened in 2018, builds the Dragon 3-cylinder. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC/Penta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel|4.4L Diesel V8]] (for Land Rover) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,834 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0/2.3 EcoBoost I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (first generation)|Ford 3.5&nbsp;L EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for RWD vehicles)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17601 Brookpark Rd. Idled from May 2007 to May 2009.<br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln Y-block V8 engine|Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 221/260/289/302 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following G] [includes Mercury Capri] /<br> E (NA) <br> [Merkur Scorpio] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne Body & Assembly|Cologne Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,090 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer EV|Ford Explorer EV]] (VW MEB-based) <br /> [[w:Ford Capri EV|Ford Capri EV]] (VW MEB-based) | Previously: [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]]<br />[[w:Ford Rheinland|Ford Rheinland]]<br />[[w:Ford Köln|Ford Köln]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#First generation (1970–1978)|Mercury Capri]] (1970-1974, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul (Granada Mark I based) (1972–1975)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br />[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]]<br />[[w:Ford Puma (sport compact)|Ford Puma]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:de:Ford Modell V8-51|Ford Model V8-51]]<br />[[w:de:Ford V-3000-Serie|Ford V-3000/Ford B 3000 series]]<br />[[w:Ford Rhein|Ford Rhein]]<br />[[w:Ford Ruhr|Ford Ruhr]]<br />[[w:Ford FK|Ford FK]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 810 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|1.0 litre EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Aston Martin V12 engine|Aston Martin V12 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin engines are built at the [[w:Aston Martin Engine Plant|Aston Martin Engine Plant]], a special section of the plant which is separated from the rest of the plant.<br> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Taunus V4 engine|Ford Taunus V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Ford Cologne V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Aston Martin 4.3/4.7|Aston Martin 4.3/4.7 V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling, dies, fixtures, jigs, die repair | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,280 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford MTX-75 transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford VXT-75 transmission]]<br />Ford VMT6 transmission<br />[[w:Volvo Cars#Manual transmissions|Volvo M56/M58/M66 transmission]]<br />Ford MMT6 transmission | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cortako Cologne GmbH | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 410 | style="text-align:left;"| Forging of steel parts for engines, transmissions, and chassis | Originally known as Cologne Forge & Die Cast Plant. Previously known as Tekfor Cologne GmbH from 2003 to 2011, a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Neumayer Tekfor GmbH. Also briefly known as Cologne Precision Forge GmbH. Bought back by Ford in 2011 and now 100% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lagos|Lagos]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. Built under contract for Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Assembly|Cuautitlán Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (2021-) | Truck assembly began in 1970 while car production began in 1980. <br /> Previously made:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1992-2010) <br> (US: F-250 '97, F-350 '97,<br> F-Super Duty chassis cab '97,<br> F-150 Reg. Cab '00-'02,<br> Mexico: includes F-150 & Lobo)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] (US: 1999) <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] (2000-2003) <br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] (2011-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />For Mexico only:<br>[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Fiesta Ikon]] (2001-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Topaz|Ford Topaz]]<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Ford Ghia]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] (Mexico: 1980-1981)<br />[[w:Ford Grand Marquis|Ford Grand Marquis]] (Mexico: 1982-84)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] Gen 3 (1979-1984) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue engine]] (Panther)<br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V6|Ford 2.7/3.0 Lion Diesel V6]] |Previously: [[w:Ford I4 DOHC engine|Ford I4 DOHC engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Endura-D engine|Ford Endura-D engine]] (Lynx)<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V4 engine|Ford Essex V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]<br />[[w:Ford LT engine|Ford LT engine]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford York engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford Dorset/Dover engine]] <br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V8|Ford 3.6L Diesel V8]] <br /> [[w:Ford DLD engine|Ford DLD engine]] (Tiger) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,200 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (2022-2025) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Diversified Manufacturing Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1942 | style="text-align:right;"| 773 | style="text-align:left;"| Axles, suspension parts. Frames for F-Series trucks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1941 | style="text-align:right;"| 445 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Ford Duratec 20]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Ford Duratec 23]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Ford Duratec 25]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Ford 5.2L Carnivore V8]] <br>(F-150 Raptor R)<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L Predator V8]] (Mustang GTD,<br> Dark Horse SC)<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Carnivore & Predator engines are produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant which replaced the Niche Engine line at the now closed Romeo Engine Plant. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford FE engine|Ford FE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1939 | style="text-align:right;"|1,658 | style="text-align:left;"| Body stampings | Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1938 | style="text-align:right;"| 271 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Truck|Dearborn Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,131 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Located at 3001 Miller Rd. Replaced the nearby Dearborn Assembly Plant for MY2005. Built the 40 millionth Ford <br> F-Series in Jan. 2022, which was an <br> F-150 Tremor.<br />Previously: <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2005-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] (2006-2008) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 0 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit Chassis LLC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford F-53 Motorhome Chassis (2000-)<br/>Ford F-59 Commercial Chassis (2000-) | Located at 6501 Lynch Rd. Replaced production at IMMSA in Mexico. Plant owned by Detroit Chassis LLC. Produced under contract for Ford. <br /> Previously: [[w:Think Global#TH!NK Neighbor|Ford TH!NK Neighbor]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Engine|Essex Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 930 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Ford 5.0L Coyote V8]]<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"|Idled in November 2007, reopened February 2010. Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)]] 3.8/3.9/4.2L <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 5.4L 3-valve Modular V8]]<br/>[[w:Ford Modular engine# Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Ford 5.0L Road Runner V8]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock Assembly Plant|Flat Rock Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,826 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 7)]] (2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Built at site of closed Ford Michigan Casting Center (1972-1981) , which cast various parts for Ford including V8 engine blocks and heads for Ford [[w:Ford 335 engine|335]], [[w:Ford 385 engine|385]], & [[w:Ford FE engine|FE/FT series]] engines as well as transmission, axle, & steering gear housings and gear cases. Opened as a Mazda plant (Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA) in 1987. Became AutoAlliance International from 1992 to 2012 after Ford bought 50% of the plant from Mazda. Became Flat Rock Assembly Plant in 2012 when Mazda ended production and Ford took full management control of the plant. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 6)]] (2015-2023)<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 5)]] (2005-2014)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] (2017-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2014-2016)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] (1999-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Mazda 6|Mazda 6]] (2003-2013)<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] (1990-2002)<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]] (1988-1997) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 800 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> Ford Focus Active <br /> [[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#Ford Tierra|Ford Activa]]<br />[[w:Ford Aztec|Ford Aztec]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort (Europe)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort (Chinese)]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]]<br />Ford Fiera<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Ixion|Ford Ixion]]<br />[[w:Ford i-Max|Ford i-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Liata|Ford Liata]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Pronto|Ford Pronto]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Tierra|Ford Tierra]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]] (Canadian market)<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy]]<br />[[w:Mazda 5|Mazda 5]]<br />[[w:Mazda E-Series|Mazda E-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 90 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]] (1.8, 2.0, 2.3) | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine#Z6/M|Mazda 1.6 ZM-DE I4]]<br />[[w:Mazda F engine|Mazda F engine]] (1.8, 2.0)<br /> [[w:Suzuki F engine#Four-cylinder|Suzuki 1.0 I4]] (for Ford Pronto) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following M] (for Ford),<br> S (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Silverton Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Silverton, Pretoria|Silverton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,650 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Amarok#Second generation (2022)|VW Amarok]] | Silverton plant was originally a Chrysler of South Africa plant from 1961 to 1976. In 1976, it merged with a unit of mining company Anglo-American to form Sigma Motor Corp., which Chrysler retained 25% ownership of. Chrysler sold its 25% stake to Anglo-American in 1983. Sigma was restructured into Amcar Motor Holdings Ltd. in 1984. In 1985, Amcar merged with Ford South Africa to form SAMCOR (South African Motor Corporation). Sigma had already assembled Mazda & Mitsubishi vehicles previously and SAMCOR continued to do so. In 1988, Ford divested from South Africa & sold its stake in SAMCOR. SAMCOR continued to build Ford vehicles as well as Mazdas & Mitsubishis. In 1994, Ford bought a 45% stake in SAMCOR and it bought the remaining 55% in 1998. It then renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa in 2000. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Tonic|Ford Tonic]]<br />[[w:Ford_Laser#South_Africa|Ford Tracer]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda Etude]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Export markets 2|Mazda Sting]]<br />[[w:Sao Penza|Sao Penza]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Lantis/Astina/323F|Mazda 323 Astina]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Ford Husky]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi Starwagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121 Soho]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Sapphire|Ford Sapphire]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]]<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Third generation (1985–1998)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Drifter|Mazda Drifter]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50|Mazda BT-50]] Gen 1 & Gen 2<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Mazda Marathon]]<br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Fuso Canter#Fourth generation|Mitsubishi Canter]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]] <br/>[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Struandale Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L Panther EcoBlue single-turbodiesel & twin-turbodiesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Ford 3.0 Lion turbodiesel V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />Machining of engine components | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Crossflow|Ford Kent Crossflow I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine#CVH-PTE|Ford 1.4L CVH-PTE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6L EFI Zetec I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|T (EU) [when following T],<br> T (NA) ('10-'13 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Gölcük]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük, Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,530 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4) | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. Transit Connect started shipping to the US in fall of 2009. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Tourneo Connect]] (Gen 1)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following T] (for Ford),<br> K (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Yeniköy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:tr:Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele|Yeniköy Merkez]], [[w:Başiskele|Başiskele]], [[w:Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 2)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 2) <br /> [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T7)|Volkswagen Transporter/Caravelle (T7)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)| Ford Transit Courier]] (Gen 1) <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)|Ford Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" |style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following T] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Truck Assembly & Engine Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inonu, Eskisehir|Inonu, Eskisehir]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L "Panther" EcoBlue diesel I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford F-Line]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|Ford 9.0L/12.7L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />Ford EcoTorq transmission<br /> Rear Axle for Ford Transit | Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford D series|Ford D series]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6 Zetec I4]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford 2.5 DI diesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4/I5 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford 6.0/6.2 diesel inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|7.3L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />[[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]] for Transit |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (EU) [when following E] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania|Ford Romania/<br>Ford Otosan Romania]]<br> Craiova Assembly & Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Craiova|Craiova]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Ford Puma Gen-E|Ford Puma Gen-E]] EV (2025-)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Courier#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Courier/Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 2) (2023-)<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline three-cylinder|Ford 1.0 Fox EcoBoost I3]] | Plant was originally Oltcit, a 64/36 joint venture between Romania and Citroen established in 1976. In 1991, Citroen withdrew and the car brand became Oltena while the company became Automobile Craiova. In 1994, it established a 49/51 joint venture with Daewoo called Rodae Automobile which was renamed Daewoo Automobile Romania in 1997. Engine and transmission plants were added in 1997. Following Daewoo’s collapse in 2000, the Romanian government bought out Daewoo’s 51% stake in 2006. Ford bought a 72.4% stake in Automobile Craiova in 2008, which was renamed Ford Romania. Ford increased its stake to 95.63% in 2009. In 2022, Ford transferred ownership of the Craiova plant to its Turkish joint venture Ford Otosan. <br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1) (2010-2012)<br /> [[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] (2012-2017) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] (2018-2022) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 Sigma EcoBoost I4]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Thailand Manufacturing|Ford Thailand Manufacturing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Vietnam|Hai Duong Assembly, Ford Vietnam, Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hai Duong|Hai Duong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,250 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4-based)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 75% owned by Ford and 25% owned by Song Cong Diesel Company. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br /> [[w:Ford Tourneo|Ford Tourneo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford Ecosport]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3-based) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Transmission|Halewood Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 450 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]]<br />Ford MT82 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford IB5 transmission]]<br />Ford iB6 transmission<br />PTO Transmissions | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly|Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo|Hermosillo]], [[w:Sonora|Sonora]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,870 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] (2021-)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick pickup]] (2022-) | Hermosillo produced its 7 millionth vehicle, a blue Ford Bronco Sport, in June 2024.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2006-2020)<br />[[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] (2006-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln Zephyr]] (2006)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] (2007-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (hatchback) (2000-2005)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1991-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] (1998-2003)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1988-1999) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Irapuato Electric Powertrain Center (formerly Irapuato Transmission Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Irapuato|Irapuato]], [[w:Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 700 | style="text-align:left;"| E-motor and <br> E-transaxle (1T50LP) <br> for Mustang Mach-E | Formerly Getrag Americas, a joint venture between [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] and the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Became 100% owned by Ford in 2016 and launched conventional automatic transmission production in July 2017. Previously built the [[w:Ford PowerShift transmission|Ford PowerShift transmission]] (6DCT250 DPS6) <br /> [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F24 transmission]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Fushan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 1,725 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Equator|Ford Equator]]<br />[[w:Ford Equator Sport|Ford Equator Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]] <br> [[w:Ford Bronco New Energy|Ford Bronco New Energy EV/EREV]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,660 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit T8]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Tourneo]] <br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Chinese production|Ford Transit & Transit Classic]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit Pro]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest#Second generation (U375/UA; 2015)|Ford Everest]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Engine Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0 L EcoBoost I4]]<br />JMC 1.5/1.8 GTDi engines<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Kansas City Assembly|Kansas City Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 <br><br> 1957 (Vehicle production) | style="text-align:right;"| 9,468 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (2015-) | style="text-align:left;"| Original location at 1025 Winchester Ave. was first Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area, lasted from 1912–1956. Replaced by Claycomo plant at 8121 US 69, which began to produce civilian vehicles on January 7, 1957 beginning with the Ford F-100 pickup. The Claycomo plant only produced for the military (including wings for B-46 bombers) from when it opened in 1951-1956, when it converted to civilian production.<br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]]<br> (1957-1960)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-Series (fourth generation)]]<br> (1961-1966)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fifth generation)|Ford F-Series (fifth generation)]]<br> (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (sixth generation)|Ford F-Series (sixth generation)]]<br> (1973-1979)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series (seventh generation)]] (1980-1986)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eighth generation)|Ford F-Series (eighth generation)]]<br> (1987-1991)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]]<br> (1992-1996)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series (tenth generation)]] [PN96]<br> (1997-2003 F-150, 1997-1999 F-250)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2004-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959) <br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1962, 1964, 1966-1970)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br /> [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1962, 1966-1969)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1971-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2001-2012)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2011)<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] (2001-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] (2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) for pickups & SUVs<br /> or <br /> V (NA) for med. & heavy trucks & bus chassis | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kentucky Truck Assembly|Kentucky Truck Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,251 | style="text-align:left;"| VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (1999-)<br /> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (2009-) <br /> [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (2009-) | Located at 3001 Chamberlain Lane. <br /> Previously:<br> VIN code V:<br> [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] (1970-1990)<br />Ford W series<br />Ford CL series<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] (1991-1997)<br />[[w:Ford L series|Ford L series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br> (1970-1998) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1970–1979) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1980–1998)<br />VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]] - <br> (F-250: 1995-1997/F-350: 1994-1997/<br> F-Super Duty: 1994-1997)<br />[[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] (2000-2005) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima Engine|Lima Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima, Ohio|Lima, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,457 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Ford 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.3 Cyclone V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for FWD vehicles)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford MEL engine|Ford MEL engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 385 engine|Ford 385 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Third generation|Ford Thriftpower (Falcon) Six]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Ford Lima/Pinto I4]]<br />[[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Vulcan engine|Ford Vulcan V6]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Jaguar AJ30/AJ35 - Ford 3.9L V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia Transmission|Livonia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,075 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6R transmission|Ford 6R transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R60/10R80 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F35/8F40 transmission]] <br /> Service components | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,483 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2013-2026)<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (2020-2026) <br> [[w:Ford Fathom|Ford Fathom]] EV (2028-) | Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened on April 18, 1955. It produced both cars and trucks. The majority of Edsels were produced here.[https://www.edsel.com/registry/index.html] Passenger car production ended on June 12, 1981 when the last Ford LTD was produced at Louisville.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Louisville/pXbYITw4ZesC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ford%20motor] The plant was then converted to build the Ranger pickup and the related Bronco II SUV. Ranger production began on January 18, 1982. The plant was upgraded and expanded to build Explorer, which launched in 1990 and replaced the Bronco II. Explorer was joined by the Mercury Mountaineer in April 1996. Ranger production ended in April 1999 but the Explorer Sport Trac pickup was built here beginning in 2000. The plant was idled in December 2010 and then reopened on April 4, 2012 to build the Ford Escape crossover which was followed by the Escape-based Lincoln MKC, later replaced by the Corsair. Escape and Corsair production ended in mid-December 2025 and the factory was then idled. <br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] (2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1991-2010)<br />[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (1997-2010)<br />[[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] (1991-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] (2001-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] (2001-2010)<br />[[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] (1984-1990)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1983-1999)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1958)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1967-1969)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1957, 1973-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1970-1981)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair#1959|Edsel Corsair]] (1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1955-1958, 1960-1961)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1971)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />Heavy trucks were produced on a separate line from early 1958 until Kentucky Truck Plant opened in 1969. Includes [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] bus, [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], [[w:Ford H series|Ford H series]], Ford W series, and [[w:Ford L series#Background|Ford N-Series]] (1963-69). In addition to cars, F-Series light trucks were built from 1973-1981. Louisville Assembly was then converted to build the Ranger compact pickup, production of which began on January 18, 1982. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NA) (1964-) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]] <br> Previously: Michigan Truck Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,126 | style="text-align:Left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6-P703)]] (2024-)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 38303 Michigan Ave. Opened in 1957 to build station wagons as the Michigan Station Wagon Plant. Due to a sales slump, the plant was idled in 1959 until 1964. The plant was reopened and converted to build <br> F-Series trucks in 1964, becoming the Michigan Truck Plant. Was original production location for the [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] in 1966. In 1997, F-Series production ended so the plant could focus on the Expedition and Navigator full-size SUVs. In December 2008, Expedition and Navigator production ended and would move to the Kentucky Truck plant during 2009. In 2011, the Michigan Truck Plant was combined with the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant, which were then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. The plant was converted to build small cars, beginning with the 2012 Focus, followed by the 2013 C-Max. Car production ended in May 2018 and the plant was converted back to building trucks, beginning with the 2019 Ranger, followed by the 2021 Bronco.<br> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger (T6-P375)]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (2012-2018)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]] (2013-2018)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] (1966-1996)<br />[[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (1997-2009)<br />[[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (1998-2009)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1964-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] (1993-1995)<br /> [[w:Mercury Colony Park|Mercury Colony Park]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] <br> Markham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Markham, Ontario|Markham, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016-2022, 2025- (Ford production) | | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] (2025-) | Plant owned by [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] Inc.<br /> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] (2017-2022) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (NA) (for Pilot Plant),<br> No plant code for Mark II | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Pilot Plant|New Model Programs Development Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Allen Park, Michigan|Allen Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | | style="text-align:left;"| Commonly known as "Pilot Plant" | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17000 Oakwood Boulevard. Originally Allen Park Body & Assembly to build the 1956-1957 [[w:Continental Mark II|Continental Mark II]]. Then was Edsel Division headquarters until 1959. Later became the New Model Programs Development Center, where new models and their manufacturing processes are developed and tested. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:fr:Nordex S.A.|Nordex S.A.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 (Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Nordex S.A. Built under contract for Ford for South American markets. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (1954-1959)<br>/<br> No plant codes used (1960-1965)<br>/<br> B (NA) (1966-present) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,600 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (2027-) | style="text-align:left;"| Truck production moved to the neighboring Ontario Truck plant when it opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant. Ford Edge production ended in May 2024 and Oakville Assembly was idled.<br /> Previously: <br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1967-1968, 1971)<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor cars]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Meteor Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch cars]]<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1968)<br />[[w:Frontenac (marque)|Frontenac]] (1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Americas)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1970, 1972-1974)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1969-1970, 1972, 1975-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1972, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] (1995-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] (2004-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] (2009-2019)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] (2010-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] (2007-2024)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKX|Lincoln MKX]] (2007-2018) <br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] (1961-1981)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#First generation (1961–1967)|Mercury Econoline]] (1961-1965)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1954-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1954-1965) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ohio Assembly|Ohio Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avon Lake, Ohio|Avon Lake, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,802 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]]<br> (Body assembly: 1975-,<br> Final assembly: 2006-)<br> (Van thru 2014,<br> Cutaway thru present day)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/750]] (2016-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-350/450/550 Chassis Cab]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-600 Chassis Cab]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Was previously a Fruehauf truck trailer plant.<br />Previously: [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest]] (1993-2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|Pacheco Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,823 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. Ford kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved while VW got the other side of the plant, which it still operates. This plant has made both cars and trucks. <br /> Formerly:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-3500/F-400/F-4000/F-500]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]]<br />[[w:Ford B-Series|Ford B-Series]] (B-600/B-700/B-7000)<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]] (1962 to 1991)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#Argentine Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]]<br /> [[w:Ford Taunus TC#Argentina|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona#Second generation (1993–1996)|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Ford Fairlane in Argentina|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger (US design)]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine|Ford 170/187/188/221 inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|VW Pointer]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Rawsonville Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 788 | style="text-align:left;"| Integrated Air/Fuel Modules<br /> Air Induction Systems<br> Transmission Oil Pumps<br />HEV and PHEV Batteries<br /> Fuel Pumps<br /> Carbon Canisters<br />Ignition Coils<br />Transmission components for Van Dyke Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 10300 Textile Road. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Sold to parent Ford in 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (N. American-style VIN position) | style="text-align:left;"| RMA Automotive Cambodia | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Krakor district|Krakor district]], [[w:Pursat province|Pursat province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambodia|Cambodia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2022 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] [https://cambodianess.com/article/rma-cambodia-plc-officially-launches-new-ford-production-line-and-ford-sub-assembly-plant-in-pursat-province] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant belongs to RMA Group, Ford's distributor in Cambodia. Builds vehicles under license from Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following G] [includes <br> US-mkt. '78-'80 Ford Fiesta] <br>/<br> 4 (NA) ['16-'18 US-mkt. <br> Focus RS] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis Body & Assembly|Saarlouis Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis|Saarlouis]], [[w:Saarland|Saarland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 (components), 1970 (vehicle prod.) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,276 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Plant was built on the site of the former Roderberg airfield. First opened as a components plant in 1968, supplying other Ford plants and also supplying Renault with body panels. This production ended once Ford Escort production began in 1970. The first Escort body shell was completed on October 20, 1969. Began vehicle production with the Escort on January 16, 1970. Saarlouis shared Escort production with Ford's Halewood, UK plant. About 150,000 Capris were built at Saarlouis from 1971-1975, including the 1 millionth Capri built, an RS2600 completed on August 29, 1973. Fiesta began production at Saarlouis on May 11, 1976 and ended in 1980. Over 700,000 Fiestas were built in Saarlouis. Escort was replaced by the Focus in 1998. Saarlouis produced over 6.5 million Escorts from 1970-1998. Focus began production on August 10, 1998. All Focus RS & RS500 models were made in Saarlouis. In June 2013, the Ford Focus Electric began production in Saarlouis. It was the first fully electric Ford in Europe and the first fully electric car to be produced in Germany. Production ended by April 2017. C-Max production began in Saarlouis in November 2003. C-Max production shifted to Valencia, Spain in 2010 but returned to Saarlouis in 2014. C-Max production ended in June 2019 and was discontinued. About 1.2 million <br> C-Max vehicles were built at Saarlouis. Last Focus ST produced September 26, 2025. Last Focus, a white 5-d hatchback, was produced on November 14, 2025. That was the end of vehicle production at Saarlouis. In 1980, Saarlouis built its 2 millionth vehicle, a Fiesta 3-d. In February 1990, Saarlouis produced its 5 millionth vehicle, a 4th gen. Escort. In July 2005, Saarlouis produced its 10 millionth vehicle, a blue Focus wagon. On November 19, 2007, Saarlouis produced its 11 millionth vehicle, a silver C-Max. On August 26, 2010, the 12 millionth vehicle, a white Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. On June 16, 2016, the 14 millionth vehicle, a red Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. In December 2019, Saarlouis produced its 15 millionth vehicle, a red Focus ST 5-d. About 15.6 million vehicles were produced in total at Saarlouis.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] (1983-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]] (1971-1975)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] (1976-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (1998-2025)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] (2003-2010, 2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#First generation (C394; 2008)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 1: 2008-2012) |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Engine Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | | [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue/Panther 2.0L Diesel I4 engine]] | Although the Sanand property including the assembly plant was sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022, the engine plant buildings and property were leased back from Tata by Ford India so that the engine plant could continue building diesel engines for export to Thailand, Vietnam, and Argentina. <br /> Previously: [[w:List of Ford engines#1.2 L Dragon|1.2/1.5 Ti-VCT Dragon I3]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville Transmission|Sharonville Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,003 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford 6R140 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R80/10R140 transmission]]<br /> Gears for 6R80/140, 6F35/50/55, & 8F57 transmissions <br /> | Located at 3000 E Sharon Rd. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford 4R70W transmission|Ford 4R70W transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford C6 transmission#4R100|Ford 4R100 transmission]]<br /> Ford 5R110W transmission<br /> [[w:Ford C3 transmission#5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W|Ford 5R55S transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Sterling Axle | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,391 | style="text-align:left;"| Front axles<br /> Rear axles<br /> Rear drive units | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 39000 Mound Rd. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000; taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following W] /<br> 1 (NA) ('14-'23 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valencia Body and Assembly|Ford Valencia Body and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Kuga#Third generation (C482; 2019)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 3) | Previously: [[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Third generation (CD390; 2015)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#First generation (BE146; 1996)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 2)<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] <br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford S-Max]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#First generation (DY; 2002)|Mazda 2]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Valencia Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec HE 1.8/2.0]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford Ecoboost 2.0L]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|Ford Ecoboost 2.3L]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Valencia|Ford Kent/Valencia engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,444 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35/6F55]]<br /> Ford HF35/HF45 transmission for hybrids & PHEVs<br />Ford 8F57 transmission<br />Electric motors (eMotor) for hybrids & EVs<br />Electric vehicle transmissions | Located at 41111 Van Dyke Ave. Formerly known as Van Dyke Transmission Plant.<br />Originally made suspension parts. Began making transmissions in 1993.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford AX4N transmission|Ford AX4N transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (for VW & for Ford) | style="text-align:left;"| Volkswagen Poznań | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poznań|Poznań]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| | | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Caddy#Fourth generation (Typ SB; 2020)|VW Caddy]]<br /> | Plant owned by [[W:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]. Production for Ford began in 2022. <br> Previously: [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)|VW Transporter (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford 6.8/7.3L Godzilla V8]] | Main Windsor Engine Plant closed but the Windsor Annex Engine Plant, located on the south end of the Windsor Engine Plant property off Seminole Street, is still open. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 255/289/302/351 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]]: 4.6/5.4L V8 & 6.8L V10 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Forging | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 | style="text-align:left;"| Crankshaft forgings for 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6, 3.5 Cyclone V6, & 3.5 EcoBoost V6 | Located at 24189 Allen Rd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 499 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels | Located at 20900 West Rd. |} ==Future production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Employees ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blue Oval City|Tennessee Truck Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Stanton, Tennessee|Stanton, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~6,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford gas-powered pickup | Was scheduled to start EV production in 2028, following delays. As of December 2025, plant is renamed Tennessee Truck Plant and production of a gas-powered truck is scheduled to start in 2029. Battery manufacturing onsite would have been part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture with SK On, a subsidiary of [[w:SK Innovation|SK Innovation]].<ref name=BlueOval>{{cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/ford/2021/09/27/ford-four-new-plants-tennessee-kentucky-electric-vehicles/5879885001/|title=Ford, partner to spend $11.4B on four new plants in Tennessee, Kentucky to support EVs|first1=Jordyn|last1=Grzelewski|first2=Riley|last2=Beggin|newspaper=The Detroit News|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=September 27, 2021}}</ref> However, as of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| BlueOval SK Battery Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Glendale, Kentucky|Glendale, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~5,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Batteries for F-150 Lightning & E-Transit | Consists of 2 battery plants. Both were originally scheduled to start production in 2025. Plant 1 began commercial production on August 19, 2025 but Plant 2 has been delayed to 2027. Part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, a subsidiary of SK Innovation.<ref name=BlueOval/> As of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. The Glendale plant is now making battery packs for Ford Energy, a new Ford subsidiary making battery energy storage systems for data centers, utilities, and large industrial and commercial customers in the U.S. |} ==Former production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:220px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/State ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"| Years ! style="width:250px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (EU) [serial# starts with BF] | style="text-align:left;"| Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO) "Aveley plant" | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Ockendon|South Ockendon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Vehicle production from Nov. 1970 - Early 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967)|Ford Escort]] Mexico, RS1600, & RS2000 models | Was located on Arisdale Avenue in South Ockendon. Plant was set up to build special, high performance Escort models that needed extra work to build, which the Halewood plant was struggling to do. Escort two-door bodyshells, already painted, trimmed, and built to strengthened Type 49 specification, were shipped in directly from the Halewood plant that built mainstream Escorts. Once at the AVO plant, the bodies were placed on an overhead carousel which ran around the factory. As the cars moved around, the engine, transmission, and suspension were fitted from below. When auto sales declined following the 1973 Energy Crisis, spare capacity opened up at the mainstream Escort plants and a dedicated plant for performance versions was no longer needed and the AVO plant closed in early 1975. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Alexandria Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1950-1966 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford trucks including [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks | Opened in 1950. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ali Automobiles | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Kombi]], [[w:Ford F-Series second generation|Ford F-Series pickups]] | Ford production ended. Ali Automobiles was nationalized in 1972, becoming Awami Autos. Today, Awami is partnered with Suzuki in the Pak Suzuki joint venture. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Amsterdam Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1932-1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]], [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]],<br> Ford N-Series (EU) | Assembled a wide range of Ford products primarily for the local market from Sept. 1932–Nov. 1981. Began with the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. Car assembly (latterly [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]], and [[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]) ended 1978. Also, [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Ford Custom 500|Ford Custom 500]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Antwerp Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1922-1964 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Edsel|Edsel]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Original plant was on Rue Dubois from 1922 to 1926. Ford then moved to the Hoboken District of Antwerp in 1926 until they moved to a plant near the Bassin Canal in 1931. Replaced by the Genk plant that opened in 1964, however tractors were then made at Antwerp for some time after car & truck production ended. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Asnières-sur-Seine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnières-sur-Seine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] (Ford 6CV) | Ford sold the plant to Société Immobilière Industrielle d'Asnières or SIIDA on April 30, 1941. SIIDA leased it to the LAFFLY company (New Machine Tool Company) on October 30, 1941. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] then bought most of the shares in LAFFLY in 1948 and the lease was transferred from LAFFLY to [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] in 1949, which then began to move in and set up production. A hydraulics building for the manufacture of the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS was built in 1953. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] manufactured machined parts and hydraulic components for its hydropneumatic suspension system (also supplied to [[w:Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce Motors]]) at Asnières as well as steering components and connecting rods & camshafts after Nanterre was closed. SIIDA was taken over by Citroën on September 2, 1968. In 2000, the Asnières site became a joint venture between [[w:Siemens|Siemens Automotive]] and [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] (Siemens 52% -PSA 48%) called Siemens Automotive Hydraulics SA (SAH). In 2007, when [[w:Continental AG|Continental AG]] took over [[w:Siemens VDO|Siemens VDO]], SAH became CAAF (Continental Automotive Asnières France) and PSA sold off its stake in the joint venture. Continental closed the Asnières plant in 2009. Most of the site was demolished between 2011 and 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Gaydon Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gaydon|Gaydon, Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB9|Aston Martin DB9]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage/V12 Vantage]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin DBS V12|Aston Martin DBS V12]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (DBS-based V8 & Lagonda sedan), <br /> B (Virage & Vanquish) | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Newport Pagnell Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Newport Pagnell|Newport Pagnell]], [[w:Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin Vanquish#First generation (2001–2007)|Aston Martin V12 Vanquish]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Virage|Aston Martin Virage]] 1st generation <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8|Aston Martin V8]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Lagonda|Aston Martin Lagonda sedan]] <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8 engine|Aston Martin V8 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AT/A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hapeville, Georgia|Hapeville, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1947-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986-2007)<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986-2005) | Began F-Series production December 3, 1947. Demolished. Site now occupied by the headquarters of Porsche North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche breaks ground in Hapeville on new North American HQ|url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/20194429/porsche-breaks-ground-in-hapeville-on-new-north-american-hq|publisher=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> <br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956, 1958, 1960)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961, 1963-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1969, 1979-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1961-1964)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1963, 1965-1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1969-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Third generation (1974–1976)|Mercury Cougar]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1978)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird (Gen 9)]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1984-1985) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Auckland Operations | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wiri|Wiri]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-1997 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1973 as Wiri Assembly (also included transmission & chassis component plants), name changed in 1983 to Auckland Operations, became a joint venture with Mazda called Vehicles Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) in 1987, closed in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (EU) [when following P] (for Ford),<br> V (for VW & Seat) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autoeuropa|Autoeuropa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Palmela|Palmela]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] in 1999, Ford production ended in 2006 | [[w:Ford Galaxy#First generation (V191; 1995)|Ford Galaxy (1995–2006)]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Sharan|Volkswagen Sharan]]<br />[[w:SEAT Alhambra|SEAT Alhambra]] | Autoeuropa was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford & VW created in 1991. Production began in 1995. Ford sold its half of the plant to VW in 1999 but the Ford Galaxy continued to be built at the plant until the first generation ended production in 2006. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive Industries|Automotive Industries]], Ltd. (AIL) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nazareth Illit|Nazareth Illit]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Israel|Israel]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968-1985? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-9000]] | Car production began in 1968 in conjunction with Ford's local distributor, Israeli Automobile Corp. Truck production began in 1973. Ford Escort production ended in 1981. Truck production may have continued to c.1985. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Suspended | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]] | Produced trucks under contract for Ford Otosan. Production began with the Cargo in 2015; the F-Max was added in 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Azambuja Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Sierra-based model|Ford P100]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]] (12M)<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G (EU) [when following W] (Ford Maverick made by Nissan) | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]] | Became Motor Iberica SA after nationalization in 1954. Built Ford's [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks under license which were sold under the [[w:Ebro trucks|Ebro]] name. Later taken over in stages by Nissan from 1979 to 1987 when it became [[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]] SA. Under Nissan, the [[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] SUV was built in the Barcelona plant under an OEM agreement. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|Barracas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1916-1922 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford assembly plant in Latin America and the second outside North America after Britain. Replaced by the La Boca plant in 1922. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Basildon | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Basildon|Basildon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964-1991 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford tractor range | style="text-align:left;"| Sold with New Holland tractor business |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia Transmission|Batavia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia, Ohio|Batavia, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1980-2008 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford ATX transmission|Ford ATX transmission]]<br />[[w:Batavia Transmission#Partnership|CFT23 & CFT30 CVT transmissions]] produced as part of ZF Batavia joint venture with [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] | ZF Batavia joint venture was created in 1999 and was 49% owned by Ford and 51% owned by [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]]. Jointly developed CVT production began in late 2003. Ford bought out ZF in 2005 and the plant became Batavia Transmissions LLC, owned 100% by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Germany|Berlin Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Berlin|Berlin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1931 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | Replaced by Cologne plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Aquitaine Industries Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford C3 transmission|Ford C3/A4LD/A4LDE/4R44E/4R55E/5R44E/5R55E/5R55S/5R55W 3-, 4-, & 5-speed automatic transmissions]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 6-speed automatic transmission]]<br />Components | Sold to HZ Holding in 2009 but the deal collapsed and Ford bought the plant back in 2011. Closed in September 2019. Demolished in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (for DB7) | style="text-align:left;"| Bloxham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bloxham|Bloxham]], [[w:Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB7|Aston Martin DB7]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ220|Jaguar XJ220]] | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a JaguarSport plant. After XJ220 production ended, plant was transferred to Aston Martin to build the DB7. Closed with the end of DB7 production in 2003. Aston Martin has since been sold by Ford in 2007. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:International Motors#Blue Diamond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Escobedo|General Escobedo, Nuevo León]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"|Joint venture ended in 2015 | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-650]] (2004-2015)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-750]] (2004-2015)<br /> [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] (2006-2009) | style="text-align:left;"| Commercial truck joint venture with Navistar until 2015 when Ford production moved back to USA and plant was returned to Navistar. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford India|Bombay Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bombay|Bombay]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1926-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| | Ford's original Indian plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Bordeaux Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Asnières-sur-Seine plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend Engine|Bridgend Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend|Bridgend]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed September 2020 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5/1.6 Sigma EcoBoost I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8 engine]] 4.0/4.2/4.4L<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 3.0L V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|Jaguar AJ133 5.0L V8]]<br /> [[w:Volvo SI6 engine|Volvo SI6 engine]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JG (AU) /<br> G (AU) /<br> 8 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Broadmeadows Assembly Plant|Broadmeadows Assembly Plant]] (Broadmeadows Car Assembly) (Plant 1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1959-2016<ref name="abc_4707960">{{cite news|title=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-23/ford-to-close-geelong-and-broadmeadows-plants/4707960|work=abc.net.au|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E (1959–1968)|Ford Anglia 105E]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] TC-TF<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> Ford Falcon Ute<br /> [[w:Nissan Ute|Nissan Ute]] (XFN)<br />Ford Falcon Panel Van<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (Australia)|Ford Territory]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri (Australia)|Ford Capri Convertible]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri convertible]] (1991–1994)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1959-1961 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie#Australian production|Ford Galaxie (1969-1972) (conversion to right hand drive)]] | Plant opened August 1959. Closed Oct 7th 2016. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JL (AU) /<br> L (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Broadmeadows Commercial Vehicle Plant (Assembly Plant 2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]],[[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1971-1992 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-Series medium duty]] (F-500/F-600/F-700/F-750/F-800/F-8000)<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Bronco#Australian assembly|Ford Bronco]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cadiz Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cadiz|Cadiz]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1920-1923 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Barcelona plant. |- | style="text-align:center;"| 8 (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Camaçari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Camaçari, Bahia|Camaçari, Bahia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001-2021<ref name="camacari">{{cite web |title=Ford Advances South America Restructuring; Will Cease Manufacturing in Brazil, Serve Customers With New Lineup {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/01/11/ford-advances-south-america-restructuring.html |website=media.ford.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rui diz que negociação para atrair nova montadora de veículos para Camaçari está avançada|url=https://destaque1.com/rui-diz-que-negociacao-para-atrair-nova-montadora-de-veiculos-para-camacari-esta-avancada/|website=destaque1.com|access-date=30 May 2022|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka+]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:List of Ford engines#1.0 L Fox|Fox 1.0L I3 Engine]] | [[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta & Fiesta Rocam]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Canton Forge Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canton, Ohio|Canton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1988 | | Located on Georgetown Road NE. |- | | Casablanca Automotive Plant | [[w:Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1969-1971<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2011-12-06 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CASABLANCA (1971) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2011/12/planta-ford-casablanca-1971.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1076777 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-series]], [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967-1979)|Ford F-600]] | Nationalized by the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trowbridge |first=Alexander B. |title=Overseas Business Reports, US Department of Commerce |date=February 1968 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |edition=OBR 68-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EyN: Henry Ford II regresa a Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=541850 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.economiaynegocios.cl}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda|Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#DE|Mazda 2]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%). Ford Motor Company (35%), Mazda Motor Company (15%). JV was divided in 2012 into [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] and [[w:Changan Mazda|Changan Mazda]]. Changan Mazda took the Nanjing plant while Changan Ford kept the other plants. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda Engine|Changan Ford Mazda Engine Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine|Mazda BZ series 1.3/1.6 engine]]<br />[[w:Skyactiv#Skyactiv-G|Mazda Skyactiv-G 1.5/2.0/2.5]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (25%), Mazda Motor Company (25%). Ford sold its stake to Mazda in 2019. Now known as Changan Mazda Engine Co., Ltd. owned 50% by Mazda & 50% by Changan. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Charles McEnearney & Co. Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| Tumpuna Road, [[w:Arima|Arima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] | Ford production ended & factory closed in 1990's. |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Engine Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2010–2022 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Ford to stop making cars in India|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-motor-cease-local-production-india-shut-down-both-plants-sources-2021-09-09/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford DLD engine#DLD-415|Ford DLD engine]] (DLD-415/DV5)<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]] | |- valign="top" | C (NA)<br>/<br> R (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1999 <br> Closed in 2022<ref name=":0"/> | [[w:Ford Endeavour|Ford Endeavour]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] 5th & 6th generations<br /> [[w:Ford Figo#First generation (B517; 2010)|Ford Figo]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago SHO Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021-2023 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] (2021-2023)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2021-2023) | style="text-align:left;"| 12429 S Burley Ave in Chicago. Located about 1.2 miles away from Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 2000,<br> Closed in 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum engine blocks for 2.3L Duratec 23 I4 | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1952,<br>Closed in 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| Iron engine blocks, heads, crankshafts, and main bearing caps | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. (Engle Rd.), immediately to the south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1. Construction 1950, operational 1952 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford foundry in Brook Park to close after 58 years of service|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/ford_foundry_in_brook_park_to.html|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=9 February 2018|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> Demolished 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford begins plans to demolish shuttered Cleveland Casting Plant|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20110627/FREE/306279972/ford-begins-plans-to-demolish-shuttered-cleveland-casting-plant|website=Cleveland Business|access-date=9 February 2018|date=27 June 2011}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1955,<br>Closed in 2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Ford 2.5L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|Jaguar AJ-V6 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 18300 Five Points Rd., south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1 and the Cleveland Casting Plant. Opened in 1955. Partially demolished and converted into Forward Innovation Center West. Source of the [[w:Ford 351 Cleveland|Ford 351 Cleveland]] V8 & the [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland-based 400 V8]] and the closely related [[w:Ford 335 engine#351M|400 Cleveland-based 351M V8]]. Also, [[w:Ford Y-block engine|Ford Y-block engine]] & [[w:Ford Super Duty engine|Ford Super Duty engine]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Compañía Colombiana Automotriz|Compañía Colombiana Automotriz]] (Mazda) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Mazda closed the factory in 2014. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#Latin America|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Henry Ford & Sons Ltd|Henry Ford & Sons Ltd]] | style="text-align:left;"| Marina, [[w:Cork (city)|Cork]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Munster|Munster]], [[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractor (1919-1922, 1929-1932) and car assembly, including [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] in the 1970s finally ending with the [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of Ford in Ireland|url=http://www.ford.ie/AboutFord/CompanyInformation/HistoryOfFord|work=Ford|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Also [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]], and [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]]. Also [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] (1923-1927), [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], and [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1917 with production from 1919 to 1984. Produced Model T components beginning in 1921 before complete cars began to be assembled (Model T in 1923). Supplied components to the Manchester, England Model T plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Croydon Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Croydon|Croydon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Small metal stampings and assemblies | Opened in 1949 as Briggs Motor Bodies & purchased by Ford in 1957. Expanded in 1989. Site completely vacated in 2005. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cuautitlán Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitln Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1964. Included a foundry and machining plant. <br /> [[w:Ford small block engine#289|Ford 289 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#302|Ford 302 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#351W|Ford 351 Windsor V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2002) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]], [[w:Ford CX|Ford CX]], [[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]], [[w:Ford 7Y|Ford 7Y]], [[w:Ford Model 91|Ford Model 91]], [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], [[w:Ford Popular|Ford Popular]], [[w:Ford Squire|Ford Squire]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]], [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]], [[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]], [[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121]], [[w:Fordson E83W|Fordson E83W]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson 7V|Fordson 7V]], [[w:Fordson WOT|Fordson WOT]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson Thames ET|Fordson Thames ET]], [[w:Ford Thames 300E|Ford Thames 300E]], [[w:Ford Thames 307E|Ford Thames 307E]], [[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]], [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Thames Trader NC]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Ford K-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1931–2002, formerly principal Ford UK plant |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Stamping & Tooling]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era">{{cite news|title=End of an era|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20078108|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Demolished. | Body panels, wheels | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL/D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 1970 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (93,748 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref><br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960) <br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1969)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1970) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park. Replaced original Dallas plant at 2700 Canton St. in 1925. Assembly stopped February 1933 but resumed in 1934. Closed February 20, 1970. Over 3 million vehicles built. 5200 E. Grand Ave. is now owned by City Warehouse Corp. and is used by multiple businesses. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DA/F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Assembly Plant|Dearborn Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle-class patrol craft|Eagle-class patrol craft]] during WWI<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors (1921-1928) <br />Parts for Ford Model T<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] (1928-1932)<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]] (1932-1934)<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]] (1935-1936)<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] (1941-1942, 1946-1948)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]] (1949-1951)<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]] (1955-1956)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1951)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1955-1961)<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-2004)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1967-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1966)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (21,559 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref> <br>[[w:Ford GPA|Ford GPA]] 'Seep' (Sea Jeep) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Started building Eagle-class patrol boats in 1918 during World War I. After the war ended, builtt Fordson tractors and parts for the Model T but didn't assemble any complete Model Ts. The Model A was the first complete car built at the Rouge complex. During World War II, the Rouge complex produced Jeeps (GPW), aircraft engines and engine parts, aircraft components, tires and tubes, armor plating, and tractors. During 2004, Mustangs built at Dearborn Assembly and F-150s built at Dearborn Truck were painted in the same new paint shop that opened in 2000. On May 10, 2004, the final vehicle was built at Dearborn Assembly: a '04 Mustang GT convertible. Replaced by Dearborn Truck Plant for 2005MY. This plant within the Rouge complex was demolished in 2008. It is now a parking lot to hold trucks from the Dearborn Truck Plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Iron Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1974) | style="text-align:left;"| Cast iron parts including engine blocks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Replaced by Michigan Casting Center in the early 1970s. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Eagle Farm Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm (Brisbane), Queensland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1998) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />Ford Falcon Ute (including XY 4x4)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] trucks<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax trucks]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1926. Closed in 1998; demolished |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| ME/T (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edison Assembly|Edison Assembly]] (a.k.a. Metuchen Assembly) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Edison, New Jersey|Edison, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948–2004 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1991-2004)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] (1998-2001)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (1994–2004)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1990)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1963-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]]<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 939 U.S. Route 1. Demolished in 2005. Now a shopping mall called Edison Towne Square. Also known as Metuchen Assembly. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Aluminum|Essex Aluminum]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2012) | style="text-align:left;"| 3.8/4.2L V6 cylinder heads<br />4.6L, 5.4L V8 cylinder heads<br />6.8L V10 cylinder heads<br />Pistons | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1981. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001; shuttered in 2009 except for the melting operation which closed in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fairfax Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fairfax, Ohio|Fairfax, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1979) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cruise-O-Matic|Ford-O-Matic/Merc-O-Matic/Lincoln Turbo-Drive]]<br /> [[w:Cruise-O-Matic#MX/FX|Cruise-O-Matic (FX transmission)]]<br />[[w:Cruise-O-Matic#FMX|FMX transmission]] | Located at 4000 Red Bank Road. Opened in 1950. Original Ford-O-Matic was a licensed design from the Warner Gear division of [[w:Borg-Warner|Borg-Warner]]. Also produced aircraft engine parts during the Korean War. Closed in 1979. Sold to Red Bank Distribution of Cincinnati in 1987. Transferred to Cincinnati Port Authority in 2006 after Cincinnati agreed not to sue the previous owner for environmental and general negligence. Redeveloped into Red Bank Village, a mixed-use commercial and office space complex, which opened in 2009 and includes a Wal-Mart. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following L] (for Ford),<br> J (for Fiat - later years) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:FCA Poland|Fiat Tychy Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 2016 | [[w:Ford Ka#Second generation (2008)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] | Plant owned by [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which is now part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production for Ford began in 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Foden Trucks|Foden Trucks]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sandbach|Sandbach]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1984. Factory closed in 2000. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]] | style="text-align:left;"| Foden Trucks plant. Produced for Ford after Ford closed Amsterdam plant. 504 units produced by Foden. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Selangor|Selangor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br /> [[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]]<br />[[w:BMW 3-Series|BMW 3-Series]] E46, E90<br />[[w:BMW 5-Series|BMW 5-Series]] E60<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br /> [[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as AMIM (Associated Motor Industries Malaysia) Holdings Sdn. Bhd. which was 30% owned by Ford from the early 1980s. Previously, Associated Motor Industries Malaysia had assembled for various automotive brands including Ford but was not owned by Ford. In 2000, Ford increased its stake to 49% and renamed the company Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. The other 51% was owned by Tractors Malaysia Bhd., a subsidiary of Sime Darby Bhd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory|Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| Automotive lighting | Located at 26601 W. Huron River Drive. Opened in 1923. Also produced junction boxes for the B-24 bomber as well as lighting for military vehicles during World War II. Closed in 1950. Sold to Moynahan Bronze Company in 1950. Sold to Stearns Manufacturing in 1972. Leased in 1981 to Flat Rock Metal Inc., which later purchased the building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]], [[w:Muntinlupa|Muntinlupa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br /> American Ford trucks<br />British Ford trucks<br />Ford Fiera | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1968. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mariveles|Mariveles]], [[w:Bataan|Bataan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| Stampings | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1976. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Italia|Ford Motor Co. d’Italia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trieste|Trieste]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1931) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford Motor Company of Japan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yokohama|Yokohama]], [[w:Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1941) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1925. Factory was seized by Imperial Japanese Government. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company del Peru | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima|Lima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Peru|Peru]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (first generation)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]] 17M<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-28 |title=Ford to Assemble Cars In Big New Plant in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/28/archives/ford-to-assemble-cars-in-big-new-plant-in-peru.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Ford del Perú |url=https://archivodeautos.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/ford-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Archivo de autos |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford Motor Company Philippines]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa, Laguna]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2012) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Protege|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant sold to Mitsubishi Motors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company Caribbean, Inc. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canóvanas, Puerto Rico|Canóvanas]], [[w:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:United States|U.S.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Ball bearings | Plant opened in the 1960s. Constructed on land purchased from the [[w:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company|Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:de:Ford Motor Company of Rhodesia|Ford Motor Co. Rhodesia (Pvt.) Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Salisbury]] (now Harare) | style="text-align:left;"| ([[w:Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]) / [[w:Rhodesia (1964–1965)|Rhodesia (colony)]] / [[w:Rhodesia|Rhodesia (country)]] (now [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1967 to state-owned Industrial Development Corporation | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fourth generation (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fifth generation (1966–1967)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-100]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E/800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson#Dexta|Fordson Dexta tractors]]<br />[[w:Fordson#E1A|Fordson Super Major]]<br />[[w:Deutz-Fahr|Deutz F1M 414 tractor]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Former Ford Factory|Ford Motor Co. (Singapore)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Singapore|Singapore]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1980) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as Ford Motor Company of Malaya Ltd. & subsequently as Ford Motor Company of Malaysia. Factory was originally on Anson Road, then moved to Prince Edward Road in Jan. 1930 before moving to Bukit Timah Road in April 1941. Factory was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. It was then used by British military authorities until April 1947 when it was returned to Ford. Production resumed in December 1947. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of South Africa Ltd.]] Struandale Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Delta Motor Corporation|Delta Motor Corporation]] (later [[w:General Motors South Africa|GM South Africa]]) in 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (North America)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (Americas)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Ford Ranchero (American)]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Ford Cortina Pickup/P100/Ford 1-Tonner]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus (P5) 17M]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford (Taunus P7) 17M/20M]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark I (1972–1977)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont (Australia)#South Africa|Ford Fairmont/Fairmont GT]] (XW, XY)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] ([[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)#Falcon utility|Falcon Ute-based]]) (XT, XW, XY, XA, XB)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Second generation|Ford Fairlane (Australia)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort/XR3/XR3i]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]] | Ford first began production in South Africa in 1924 in a former wool store on Grahamstown Road in Port Elizabeth. Ford then moved to a larger location on Harrower Road in October 1930. In 1948, Ford moved again to a plant in Neave Township, Port Elizabeth. Struandale Assembly opened in 1974. Ford ended vehicle production in Port Elizabeth in December 1985, moving all vehicle production to SAMCOR's Silverton plant that had come from Sigma Motor Corp., the other partner in the [[w:SAMCOR|SAMCOR]] merger. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Naberezhny Chelny Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Naberezhny Chelny|Naberezhny Chelny]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] | Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] St. Petersburg Assembly Plant, previously [[w:Ford Motor Company ZAO|Ford Motor Company ZAO]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vsevolozhsk|Vsevolozhsk]], [[w:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]] | Opened as a 100%-owned Ford plant in 2002 building the Focus. Mondeo was added in 2009. Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2022). Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Restructured & renamed Sollers Ford in 2020 after Sollers increased its stake to 51% in 2019 with Ford owning 49%. Production suspended in March 2022. Ford Sollers was dissolved in October 2022 when Ford sold its remaining 49% stake and exited the Russian market. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Second generation (2006)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]]<br />[[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Tourneo Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.6L Duratec I4]] | Opened as part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2015. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Apčak|Obchuk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belarus|Belarus]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#Sixth generation (1995–2002)|Ford Escort, Escort Van]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] | Ford Union was a joint venture which was 51% owned by Ford, 23% owned by distributor Lada-OMC, & 26% owned by the Belarus government. Production began in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford-Vairogs|Ford-Vairogs]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Riga|Riga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Latvia|Latvia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1940). Nationalized following Soviet invasion & takeover of Latvia. | [[w:Ford Prefect#E93A (1938–49)|Ford-Vairogs Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus G93A#Ford Taunus G93A (1939–1942)|Ford-Vairogs Taunus]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 Standard]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 De Luxe]]<br />Ford-Vairogs V8 3-ton trucks<br />Ford-Vairogs buses | Produced vehicles under license from Ford's Copenhagen, Denmark division. Production began in 1937. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fremantle Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:North Fremantle, Western Australia|North Fremantle, Western Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br>[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 130 Stirling Highway. Plant opened in March 1930. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the factory was assembling tractors and rectifying vehicles delivered from Geelong in Victoria. The factory was also used as a depot for spare parts for Ford dealerships. Later used by Matilda Bay Brewing Company from 1988-2013 though beer production ended in 2007. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937-1940 Ford]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (through 1948)<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford#Australian production|1941-1942 & 1946-1948 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949-1951 Ford Custom Fordor/Coupe Utility/Deluxe Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952-1954 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955-1956 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957-1959 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford Freighter/F-Series]] | Production began in 1925 in a former wool storage warehouse in Geelong before moving to a new plant in the Geelong suburb that later became known as Norlane. Vehicle production later moved to Broadmeadows plant that opened in 1959. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Aluminum Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and structural oil pans | Opened 1986. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Iron Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| I6 engine blocks, camshafts, crankshafts, exhaust manifolds, bearing caps, disc brake rotors and flywheels | Opened 1972. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Chassis Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Machine cylinder heads, suspension arms and brake rotors | Opened 1983. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 335 engine#302 and 351 Cleveland (Australia)|Ford 302 & 351 Cleveland V8]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Ford Australia|Ford Australia Falcon I6]]<br />[[w:Ford Barra engine#Inline 6|Ford Australia Barra I6]] | Opened 1926. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont body panels <br /> Ford Falcon Utility body panels <br /> Ford Territory body panels | Opened 1926. Previously: Ford Fairlane body panels <br /> Ford LTD body panels <br /> Ford Capri body panels <br /> Ford Cortina body panels <br /> Welded subassemblies and steel press tools |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) [when following G] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk Body & Assembly|Genk Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk|Genk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-MAX]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]] | Opened in 1964.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P6|Ford Taunus P6]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford Taunus P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC|Ford Taunus TC]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967–1975)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| GETRAG FORD Transmissions Bordeaux Transaxle Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Getrag/Magna Powertrain in 2021 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford BC-series transmission|Ford BC4/BC5 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford iB5 transmission (5MTT170/5MTT200)]]<br />[[w:Ford Durashift#Durashift EST|Ford Durashift-EST(iB5-ASM/5MTT170-ASM)]]<br />MX65 transmission<br />CTX [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] | Opened in 1976. Became a joint venture with [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] in 2001. Joint Venture: 50% Ford Motor Company / 50% Getrag Transmission. Joint venture dissolved in 2021 and this plant was kept by Getrag, which was taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Green Island Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Green Island, New York|Green Island, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1989) | style="text-align:left;"| Radiators, springs | style="text-align:left;"| 1922-1989, demolished in 2004 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) (for Fords) [when following B],<br> X (for Jaguar w/2.5L),<br> W (for Jaguar w/3.0L),<br> H (for Land Rover) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]], [[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]], [[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type]], [[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1963–2008. Ford assembly ended in July 2000, then transferred to Jaguar/Land Rover. Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] with Jaguar/Land Rover business. The van variant of the Escort remained in production in a facility located behind the now Jaguar plant at Halewood until October 2002. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors/tractor components<br /> Wheels for cars like Model T & Model A<br />Locks and lock parts<br />Radius rods<br />Running Boards | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1920. Factory used hydroelectric power. Switched from tractors to auto parts less than 6 months after production began. Also made parts for bomber engines during World War II. Plant closed in 1950. Sold to Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1951. Bendix closed the plant in 1962 and sold it in 1963 to Ward Manufacturing Co., which made camping trailers there. In 1975, it was sold to Chem-Dyne Corp., which used it for chemical waste storage & disposal. Demolished around 1981 as part of a Federal Superfund cleanup of the site. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Heimdalsgade Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heimdalsgade|Heimdalsgade street]], [[w:Nørrebro|Nørrebro district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1924) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1919–1924. Was replaced by, at the time, Europe's most modern Ford-plant, "Sydhavnen Assembly". |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| HP/HM/H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park Ford Plant|Highland Park Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />Ford trucks (pre-1948)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1948-1950, 1951-1956)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1953, 1956)<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors and tractor components | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue). Ford Motor Company's third American factory. Was also Ford's world headquarters from 1910-1927. First automobile factory in history to utilize a moving assembly line (implemented October 7, 1913). Model T production from 1910 to 1927. Car production then shifted to the Rouge complex in Dearborn. Continued to make automotive trim parts after 1927. Also made [[w:M4 Sherman#M4A3|M4A3 Sherman tanks]], M34 and M34A1 Gun Mounts for Sherman Tanks, M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers, M7 gun directors, Squad Tents for the Army, and parts for Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial aircraft engines made by Ford at the Rouge complex during World War II. Became Ford's main tractor plant in 1947. One of the first 2 Ford plants to build the <br> F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Richmond, California). F-Series truck production ended in 1957. Production of trim parts ended in the 1960s. Tractor production ended in 1974. Ford sold the Highland Park plant in October 1981, but continues to lease space there for storage. In October 2012, Ford moved its records storage out of Highland Park (Bldg. AA). Some of the site has been demolished and replaced by a mall called Model T Plaza but multiple buildings of the complex are still standing. A Forman Mills store opened in Bldg. JJ. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hobart Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart, Tasmania]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Collins Street. Plant opened in December 1925. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Homebush Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Homebush West, New South Wales|Homebush (Sydney), NSW]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Mk. 1 & 2]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri#Ford Capri Mk I (1969–1974)|Ford Capri]] Mk.1<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Intermediate Fairlanes (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane (1962-1964)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1965-1968)<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Ford Meteor|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (conversion to right hand drive)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford’s first factory in New South Wales opened in 1925 in the Sandown area of Sydney making the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] and later the [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] and the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. This plant was replaced by the Homebush plant which opened in March 1936 and later closed in September 1994. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Hyundai Ulsan Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea]|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1985. Licensing agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] Mk2-Mk5<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark II (1977–1985)|Ford Granada MkII]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D-750/D-800]]<br />[[w:Ford R series|Ford R-182]] | [[w:Hyundai Motor|Hyundai Motor]] began by producing Ford models under license. Replaced by self-developed Hyundai models. |- valign="top" | J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| IMMSA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon|Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000). Agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| Ford M450 motorhome chassis | Replaced by Detroit Chassis LLC plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Steering Systems Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|1957–2011, demolished in 2017 | style="text-align:left;"| Steering columns, Steering gears | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 6900 English Ave. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2011. Demolished in 2017. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Industrias Chilenas de Automotores SA (Chilemotores) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arica|Arica]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | Closed c.1969 | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] | Opened 1964. Was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Bolocco & Cia. Replaced by Ford's 100% owned Casablanca, Chile plant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=2020-04-15 |title=Infografía: Conoce la historia de la otrora productiva industria automotriz chilena {{!}} Emol.com |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Autos/2020/04/15/983059/infiografia-historia-industria-automotriz-chile.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inokom|Inokom]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kulim, Kedah|Kulim, Kedah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended 2016 | [[w:Ford Transit#Facelift (2006)|Ford Transit]] | Plant owned by Inokom |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | CKD, Ford tractors, [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Galaxie#Brazilian production|Ford Galaxie]], [[w:Ford Landau|Ford Landau]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Brazil|Ford LTD]], [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks, Ford B-1618 & B-1621 bus chassis, Ford B12000 school bus chassis, [[w:Volkswagen Delivery|VW Delivery]], [[w:Volkswagen Worker|VW Worker]], [[w:Volkswagen L80|VW L80]], [[w:Volkswagen Volksbus|VW Volksbus 16.180 CO bus chassis]] | Part of Autolatina joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | [[w:Ford Y-block engine#272|Ford 272 Y-block V8]], [[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Otosan#History|Istanbul Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tophane|Tophane]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Production stopped in 1934 as a result of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]. Then handled spare parts & service for existing cars. Closed entirely in 1944. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | Opened 1929. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Browns Lane plant|Jaguar Browns Lane plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Coventry|Coventry]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar XJ|Jaguar XJ]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ-S|Jaguar XJ-S]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler six-cylinder sedan (XJ40)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Six|Daimler Six]] (X300)<br />[[w:Daimler Sovereign#Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)|Daimler Double Six]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler Eight/Super V8]] (X308)<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] (X350/X356)<br /> [[w:Daimler DS420|Daimler DS420]] | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich Assembly|Jaguar Castle Bromwich Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF (X250)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ (X356/X358)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ (X351)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK (X150)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] <br />Painted bodies for models made at Browns Lane | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Jaguar Radford Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Radford, Coventry|Radford]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12 engine]]<br />Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a [[w:Daimler Company|Daimler]] site. Daimler had built buses in Radford. Jaguar took over Daimler in 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (EU) [when following G] (for Ford), <br> M (NA) (for Merkur) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Rheine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Rheine|Rheine]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2008 (Ford production ended in 1997) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Convertible]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort RS Cosworth|Ford Escort RS Cosworth]]<br />[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] (1985-1989) | Plant owned by [[w:Karmann|Karmann]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Kechnec Transmission (Getrag Ford Transmissions) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kechnec|Kechnec]], [[w:Košice Region|Košice Region]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Getrag|Getrag]]/[[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford MPS6 transmissions<br /> Ford SPS6 transmissions | style="text-align:left;"| Ford/Getrag "Powershift" dual clutch transmission. Originally owned by Getrag Ford Transmissions - a joint venture 50% owned by Ford Motor Company & 50% owned by Getrag Transmission. Plant sold to Getrag in 2019. Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture was dissolved in 2021. Getrag was previously taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 6 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Kia Sohari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gwangmyeong|Gwangmyeong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]] (US: 1988-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] (US: 1994-1997) | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Kia. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|La Boca Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:La Boca|La Boca]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Ford B series#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford B-600 bus]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)#Argentinian-made 1961–1968|Ford F-Series (Early Gen 4)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|General Pacheco]] plant in 1961. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Falcon Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont/Elite II]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (second generation)|Ford Mustang II]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced San Lazaro plant. Opened 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ford-motor-company-s-a-de-c-v-history/|title=History of Ford Motor Company, S.A. de C.V. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> Is now the Plaza Tepeyac shopping center. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull plant|Land Rover Solihull Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull|Solihull]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender (L316)]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First generation|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover Discovery 3/LR3]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover Discovery 4/LR4]]<br />[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005–2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Langley Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Langley, Berkshire|Langley, Slough]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold/closed (1986/1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] and [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]] vans; [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]] and [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] trucks; [[w:Ford R series|Ford R-Series]] bus/coach chassis | style="text-align:left;"| 1949–1986. Former Hawker aircraft factory. Sold to Iveco, closed 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Largs Bay Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Largs Bay, South Australia|Largs Bay (Port Adelaide Enfield), South Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1965 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Customline|Ford Customline]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened in 1926. Was at the corner of Victoria Rd and Jetty Rd. Later used by James Hardie to manufacture asbestos fiber sheeting. Is now Rapid Haulage at 214 Victoria Road. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Leamington Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Leamington Spa|Leamington Spa]], [[w:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Castings including brake drums and discs, differential gear cases, flywheels, hubs and exhaust manifolds | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1940, closed in July 2007. Demolished 2012. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LP (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Motor Company Plant|Lincoln Motor Company Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1952); Most buildings demolished in 2002-2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln L series|Lincoln L series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln K series|Lincoln K series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]]<br />[[w:Lincoln-Zephyr|Lincoln-Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1950-1952)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Capri#First generation (1952–1955))|Lincoln Capri]] (1952 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#First generation (1940–1942, 1946–1948)|Lincoln Continental (retroactively Mark I)]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952) | Located at 6200 West Warren Avenue at corner of Livernois. Built before Lincoln was part of Ford Motor Co. Ford kept some offices here after production ended in 1952. Sold to Detroit Edison in 1955. Eventually replaced by Wixom Assembly plant. Mostly demolished in 2002-2003. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles Assembly|Los Angeles Assembly]] (Los Angeles Assembly plant #2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pico Rivera, California|Pico Rivera, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1957 to 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 8900 East Washington Blvd. and Rosemead Blvd. Sold to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1982 for B-2 Stealth Bomber development. Demolished 2001. Now the Pico Rivera Towne Center, an open-air shopping mall. Plant only operated one shift due to California Air Quality restrictions. First vehicles produced were the Edsel [[w:Edsel Corsair|Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Citation]] (1958) and Mercurys. Later vehicles were [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964-1965, 1968), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961),[[w:Ford Galaxie|Galaxie]] (1959-1971, 1973), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|LTD]] (1967-1976, 1978, 1980), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1960-1962), [[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958), [[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]], [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]], [[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]], [[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]], [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1958-1960, 1967), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1958), and [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1968-1979). Also, [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1967), [[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]], & [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]]. Thunderbird production ended after the 1979 model year. The last vehicle produced was the Panther platform [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] on January 26, 1980. Built 1,419,498 vehicles. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (early)/<br>LB/L (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach, California|Long Beach, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1959 | style="text-align:left;"| (1930-32, 1934-59):<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]],<br> [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]],<br> [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1958). | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 700 Henry Ford Ave. Ended production March 20, 1959 when the site became unstable due to oil drilling. Production moved to the Los Angeles plant in Pico Rivera. Ford sold the Long Beach plant to the Dallas and Mavis Forwarding Company of South Bend, Indiana on January 28, 1960. It was then sold to the Port of Long Beach in the 1970's. Demolished from 1990-1991. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain Assembly|Lorain Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain, Ohio|Lorain, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1958 to 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Econoline|Ford Econoline/Club Wagon/E-Series]] (1961-2006) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5401 Baumhart Road. Closed December 14, 2005. Produced 15,805,106 vehicles, nearly half of which are Econoline/Club Wagon/<br>E-Series vans. Operations transferred to Avon Lake.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1959-1965, 1978-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1966-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Cyclone|Mercury Cyclone]] (1968-1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1980-1997)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1980-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1983-1988)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1959-1964)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline pickup]] (1961) <br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline]] (1966-1967) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production: June 1903-October 1904 | style="text-align:left;"| Original [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)|Ford Model A]] [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)#Ford Model AC|Ford Model AC]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1903–1904. Ford Motor Company's first factory (rented). Ford began occupying the rented plant in April 1903 but production didn't start until after Ford Motor Co. was incorporated in June 1903. Ford assembled components here that were purchased from other companies including Dodge Bros. Co., which supplied the chassis, engine, transmission, driveshaft, and both axles. A second story was added in late 1903 to provide a paint shop and additional space for storage. Ford relocated to the Piquette Ave. plant in Detroit in Oct. 1904 because they had outgrown the Mack Ave. plant and needed a larger factory space. The Mack Avenue Plant's address was originally 588–592 Mack Avenue when Ford Motor Company occupied the building. Its address became 6520 Mack Avenue after the city of Detroit changed its street numbering system in January 1921. Various other tenants occupied the building after Ford left including the Columbia Motors Co. Columbia Motors also occupied the building diagonally across Mack Ave. (6501 Mack Ave.) which was originally owned by the Aerocar Co., founded by Alexander Malcomson, an early investor in Ford Motor Co. who had a falling out with Henry Ford regarding company direction. After Aerocar went bankrupt in 1907, 6501 Mack Ave. was the first plant of Hudson Motor Car Co. Hudson quickly outgrew the plant and moved a few miles away to a larger plant. The Ford plant building burned down in August 1941. An imprecise replica of the building was built in 1945 and is located at [[w:The Henry Ford|The Henry Ford]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah Assembly|Mahwah Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah, New Jersey|Mahwah, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1955 to 1980. | style="text-align:left;"| Last vehicles produced:<br> [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1980)<br /> [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1980) | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Orient Blvd. Truck production ended in July 1979. Car production ended in June 1980 and the plant closed. Demolished. Site then used by Sharp Electronics Corp. as a North American headquarters from 1985 until 2016 when former Ford subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover took over the site for their North American headquarters. Another part of the site is used by retail stores.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1958, 1960-1979)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1961)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1969, 1971-1972, 1974)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1961-1963) <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1962)<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980) |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Manukau Alloy Wheel | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Manukau|Manukau, Auckland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum wheels and cross members | style="text-align:left;"| Established 1981. Sold in 2001 to Argent Metals Technology |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Matford|Matford]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mathis (automobile)|Mathis cars]]<br />Matford V8 cars <br />Matford trucks | Matford was a joint venture 60% owned by Ford and 40% owned by French automaker Mathis. Replaced by Ford's own Poissy plant after Matford was dissolved. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Maumee Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maumee, Ohio|Maumee, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| body panels | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in 2007, sold, and reopened as independent stamping plant |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:MÁVAG#Car manufacturing, the MÁVAG-Ford|MAVAG]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Budapest|Budapest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hungary|Hungary]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1939) | [[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford V8]]<br />[[w:de:Ford-Barrel-Nose-Lkw|Ford G917T]] | Opened 1938. Produced under license from Ford Germany. MAVAG was nationalized in 1946. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood Assembly|Maywood Assembly]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=170279&page=955|title=Photo of Lincoln-Mercury Assembly}}</ref> (Los Angeles Assembly plant #1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood, California|Maywood, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1948 to 1957 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (-1951), [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1955-1956), [[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956), [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1957), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1957), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957), [[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951), [[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1951-1952, 1954), [[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956), [[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1956). Painting of Pico Rivera-built Edsel bodies until Pico Rivera's paint shop was up and running. | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5801 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Chrysler Los Angeles Assembly plant]]. Plant was demolished following closure. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 0 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hiroshima Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[w:Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Courier#Mazda-based models|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva#Third generation (1996)|Ford Festiva Mini Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Freda|Ford Freda]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Ford Econovan/Econowagon/Spectron]]<br />[[w:Ford Raider|Ford Raider]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hofu Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hofu|Hofu]], [[w:Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Metcon Casting (Metalurgica Constitución S.A.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Villa Constitución|Villa Constitución]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Paraná Metal SA | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Iron castings | Originally opened in 1957. Bought by Ford in 1967. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Monroe Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monroe, Michigan|Monroe, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed as a factory in 2008. Now a Ford warehouse. | style="text-align:left;"| Coil springs, wheels, stabilizer bars, catalytic converters, headlamp housings, and bumpers. Chrome Plating (1956-1982) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 3200 E. Elm Ave. Originally built by Newton Steel around 1929 and subsequently owned by [[w:Alcoa|Alcoa]] and Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. Bought by Ford in 1949 and opened in 1950. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2008. Sold to parent Ford Motor Co. in 2009. Converted into Ford River Raisin Warehouse. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Montevideo Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1985) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D series]] | Plant was on Calle Cuaró. Opened 1920. Ford Uruguay S.A. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Clayton, Victoria|Clayton]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1992) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Corsair#Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)|Ford Corsair (UA)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pintara|Nissan Pintara]]<br />[[w:Nissan Skyline#Seventh generation (R31; 1985)|Nissan Skyline]] | Plant owned by Nissan. Ford production was part of the [[w:Button Plan|Button Plan]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NK/NR/N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-2007) | Located at 2424 Springfield Ave. on the Elizabeth River. Opened April 20, 1925. Production ended on June 28, 2007. Ford sold the property in 2011. Mostly Demolished. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961) <br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970, 1973-1974)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1974) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valve Plant|Ford Valve Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Northville, Michigan|Northville, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine valves for cars and tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 235 East Main Street. Previously a gristmill purchased by Ford in 1919 that was reconfigured to make engine valves from 1920 to 1936. Replaced with a new purpose-built structure designed by Albert Kahn in 1936 which includes a waterwheel. Closed in 1981. Later used as a manufacturing plant by R&D Enterprises from 1994 to 2005 to make heat exchangers. Known today as the Water Wheel Centre, a commercial space that includes design firms and a fitness club. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (NA) | tyle="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ontario Truck|Ontario Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1966-2003)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Heritage]] (2004)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999-2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning SVT]] (1999-2004) | Opened in 1965. Truck production moved from the neighboring Oakville Assembly plant when Ontario Truck opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1966-1968) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turin|Turin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1967) | [[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:OSI-Ford 20 M TS|OSI-Ford 20 M TS]] | Plant owned by [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC#Turkey|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-600]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Otosan P100]]<br />[[w:Anadol|Anadol]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Pacheco Truck Assembly and Painting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-400/F-4000]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1982. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved and converted it to car production. VW has since then used this plant for Amarok pickup truck production. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (EU) [when following L] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina Bairo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bairo|Bairo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2010) | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)#Coupé-Cabriolet|Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#StreetKa and SportKa|Ford StreetKa]] | Plant owned by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|Piquette Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1911), reopened as a museum (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Models [[w:Ford Model B (1904)|B]], [[w:Ford Model C|C]], [[w:Ford Model F|F]], [[w:Ford Model K|K]], [[w:Ford Model N|N]], [[w:Ford Model N#Model R|R]], [[w:Ford Model S|S]], and [[w:Ford Model T|T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1910. Ford Motor Company's second American factory (first owned). Concept of a moving assembly line experimented with and developed here before being fully implemented at Highland Park plant. Birthplace of the [[w:Ford Model T|Model T]] (September 27, 1908). Sold to [[w:Studebaker|Studebaker]] in 1911. Sold to [[w:3M|3M]] in 1936. Sold to Cadillac Overall Company, a work clothes supplier, in 1968. Owned by Heritage Investment Company from 1989 to 2000. Sold to the Model T Automotive Heritage Complex in April 2000. Run as a museum since July 27, 2001. Oldest car factory building on Earth open to the general public. The Piquette Avenue Plant was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2003, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The building has also been a contributing property for the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District since 2004. The factory's front façade was fully restored to its 1904 appearance and revealed to the public on September 27, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the completion of the first production Model T. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Plonsk Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Plonsk|Plonsk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Poissy Assembly]] (now the [[w:Stellantis Poissy Plant|Stellantis Poissy Plant]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poissy|Poissy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1954 to Simca | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford SAF#Ford SAF (1945-1954)|Ford F-472/F-472A (13CV) & F-998A (22CV)]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />[[w:Ford Abeille|Ford Abeille]]<br />[[w:Ford Vendôme|Ford Vendôme]] <br />[[w:Ford Comèt|Ford Comète]]<br /> Ford F-198 T/F-598 T/F-698 W/Cargo F798WM/Remorqueur trucks<br />French Ford based Simca models:<br />[[w:Simca Vedette|Simca Vedette]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Ariane]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Miramas]]<br />[[w:Ford Comète|Simca Comète]] | Ford France including the Poissy plant and all current and upcoming French Ford models was sold to [[w:Simca|Simca]] in 1954 and Ford took a 15.2% stake in Simca. In 1958, Ford sold its stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]]. In 1963, [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] increased their stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to a controlling 64% by purchasing stock from Fiat, and they subsequently extended that holding further to 77% in 1967. In 1970, Chrysler increased its stake in Simca to 99.3% and renamed it Chrysler France. In 1978, Chrysler sold its entire European operations including Simca to PSA Peugeot-Citroën and Chrysler Europe's models were rebranded as Talbot. Talbot production at Poissy ended in 1986 and the Talbot brand was phased out. Poissy went on to produce Peugeot and Citroën models. Poissy has therefore, over the years, produced vehicles for the following brands: [[w:Ford France|Ford]], [[w:Simca|Simca]], [[w:Chrysler Europe|Chrysler]], [[w:Talbot#Chrysler/Peugeot era (1979–1985)|Talbot]], [[w:Peugeot|Peugeot]], [[w:Citroën|Citroën]], [[w:DS Automobiles|DS Automobiles]], [[w:Opel|Opel]], and [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Opel and Vauxhall are included due to their takeover by [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017 from [[w:General Motors|General Motors]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Recife Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Recife|Recife]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> | Opened 1925. Brazilian branch assembly plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive industry in Australia#Renault Australia|Renault Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Factory closed in 1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina#Mark IV (1976–1979)|Ford Cortina wagon]] | Assembled by Renault Australia under a 3-year contract to [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] beginning in 1977. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania#20th century|Ford Română S.A.R.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]] (1935-1936)<br /> [[w:1937 Ford|Ford Model 74/78/81A/82A/91A/92A/01A/02A]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1940)<br /> | Production ended in 1940 due to World War II. The factory then did repair work only. The factory was nationalized by the Communist Romanian government in 1948. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romeo Engine Plant|Romeo Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Romeo, Michigan|Romeo, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2022) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Boss engine|Ford 6.2L Boss V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 4.6/5.4 Modular V8]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Ford 5.8L supercharged Trinity V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Ford 5.2L flat-plane crank Voodoo V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L supercharged Predator V8]] | Located at 701 E. 32 Mile Road. Made Ford tractors and engines, parts, and farm implements for tractors from 1973 until 1988. Reopened in 1990 making the Modular V8. Included 2 lines: a high volume engine line and a niche engine line, which, since 1996, made high-performance V8 engines by hand including the Trinity, Voodoo, and Predator engines as well as the 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '96-'99 & '01 and the <br> 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the '00 Mustang Cobra R and the supercharged 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '03-'04 & the supercharged 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the Mustang Shelby GT500 of '07-'12 and the Ford GT of '05-'06. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Jose Assembly Plant|San Jose Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style=”text-align:center;"| 1955-1983 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1983), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960), [[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958), [[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1978), [[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1976, 1978), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1961-1964), [[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1961), [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964, 1969-1970), [[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1969-1970), [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1964, 1970), [[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]], [[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1970, 1974-1981), [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1968-1969), & [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1981). | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced the Richmond Assembly Plant. Was northwest of the intersection of Great Mall Parkway/Capitol Avenue and Montague Expressway extending west to S. Main St. (in Milpitas). Site is now Great Mall of the Bay Area. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | Operated 1925-c.1932 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | First auto plant in Mexico opened in 1925. Replaced by La Villa plant in 1932. |- | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2021)<ref name=":0"/> Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Figo#Second generation (B562; 2015)|Ford Figo]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo Aspire|Ford Figo Aspire]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo#Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] | Opened March 2015<ref name="sanand">{{cite web|title=News|url=https://www.at.ford.com/en/homepage/news-and-clipsheet/news.html|website=www.at.ford.com}}</ref> |- | | Santiago Exposition Street Plant (Planta Calle Exposición 1258) | [[w:es:Calle Exposición|Calle Exposición]], [[w:Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |Operated 1924-c.1962 <ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2013-04-10 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CALLE EXPOSICIÓN (1924 - c.1962) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2013/04/planta-ford-calle-exposicion-1924-c1962.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | First plant opened in Chile in 1924.<ref name=":2" /> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|São Bernardo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed Oct. 30, 2019 & Sold 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-motor-southamerica-heavytruck-idUSKCN1Q82EB|title=Ford to close oldest Brazil plant, exit South America truck biz|date=2019-02-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Originally the Willys-Overland do Brazil plant. Bought by Ford in 1967. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. No more Cargo Trucks produced in Brazil since 2019. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária.<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Aero]]<br />[[w:Ford Belina|Ford Belina]]<br />[[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]]<br />[[w:Ford Del Rey|Ford Del Rey]]<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Itamaraty]]<br />[[w:Jeep CJ#Brazil|Ford Jeep]]<br /> [[w:Ford Rural|Ford Rural]]<br />[[w:Ford F-75|Ford F-75]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Pampa|Ford Pampa]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]] (BE146 & B402)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Apollo|Volkswagen Apollo]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Logus|Volkswagen Logus]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|Volkswagen Pointer]]<br />Ford tractors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:pt:Ford do Brasil|São Paulo city assembly plants]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />Ford tractors | First plant opened in 1919 on Rua Florêncio de Abreu, in São Paulo. Moved to a larger plant in Praça da República in São Paulo in 1920. Then moved to an even larger plant on Rua Solon, in the Bom Retiro neighborhood of São Paulo in 1921. Replaced by Ipiranga plant in 1953. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NZ) | style="text-align:left;"| Seaview Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lower Hutt|Lower Hutt]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1988) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48#1936|Ford Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] Model 78<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Capri|Ford Consul Classic 315]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br /> [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br /> [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|Ford Custom V8 Fordor]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] wagon<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] Major tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1936, closed in 1988 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sheffield Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield, Alabama]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1983) | style="text-align:left;"| Die cast parts<br /> pistons<br /> transmission cases | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1958, closed in December 1983. Demolished 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Shenstone plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Shenstone, Staffordshire|Shenstone, Staffordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1986) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford RS200|Ford RS200]] | style="text-align:left;"| Former [[w:Reliant Motors|Reliant Motors]] plant. Leased by Ford from 1985-1986 to build the RS200. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Southampton plant|Southampton Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Southampton|Southampton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era"/> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] van | style="text-align:left;"| Former Supermarine aircraft factory, acquired 1953. Built Ford vans 1972 – July 2013 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SL/Z (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hazelwood, MO|Hazelwood, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1995-2006)<br>[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (2002-2006)<br>[[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2003-2005) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 2-58 Ford Lane and Aviator Dr. St. Louis plant is now a mixed use residential/commercial space (West End Lofts). Hazelwood plant was demolished in 2009.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (1986-1997)<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983-1985) <br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1967-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis Meteor (Canada only)]] (1980-81)<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] <br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956, 1958)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1970, 1974)<br>[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1960, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966-1967)<br>[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br>[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br /> [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1952-1953) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Thomas Assembly|St. Thomas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Talbotville, Ontario|Talbotville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/|title=Markets|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1984-1991) <br />[[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] (1992-2011)<br /> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1984-2011)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] (2003-2004)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]] (2008-2011) | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1967. Demolished. Now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-77) <br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971, 1973-1977, 1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1980)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-81)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-81) <br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Stockholm Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| Free Port area (Frihamnen in Swedish), [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1957) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />Ford trucks | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Swedish Motor Assemblies|Swedish Motor Assemblies]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander|Land Rover Freelander]] | style="text-align:left;"| Also built Volvo trucks and buses. Used to do contract assembly for other automakers including Suzuki and Daihatsu. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sydhavnen Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sydhavnen|Sydhavnen district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1966) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C (Europe)|Ford Junior De Luxe]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1966. 325,482 vehicles were built. Plant was then converted into a tractor assembly plant for Ford Industrial Equipment Co. Tractor plant closed in the mid-1970's. Administration & depot building next to assembly plant was used until 1991 when depot for remote storage closed & offices moved to Glostrup. Assembly plant building stood until 2006 when it was demolished. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Taubate Engine & Transmission & Chassis Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taubaté, São Paulo|Taubaté, São Paulo]], Av. Charles Schnneider, 2222 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2021<ref name="camacari"/> & Sold 05.18.2022 | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Ford Pinto/Lima 2.3L I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Brazil|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:List of Ford engines#1.5 L Dragon|1.5L Ti-VCT Dragon 3-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|iB5 5-speed manual transmission]]<br />MX65 5-speed manual transmission<br />aluminum casting<br />Chassis components | Opened in 1974. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária https://construtorasaojose.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.jor.br/ford-vai-vender-fabrica-de-sp-para-construtora-troller-segue-sem-definicao/|title=Ford sold Factory in Taubaté to Buildings Development Constructor|date=2022-05-18|access-date=2022-05-29|language=pt}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand#History|Thai Motor Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| ? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] | Factory was a joint venture between Ford UK & Ford's Thai distributor, Anglo-Thai Motors Company. Taken over by Ford in 1973 when it was renamed Ford Thailand, closed in 1976 when Ford left Thailand. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Thai-Swedish Assembly Co. Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Samutprakarn|Samutprakarn]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Plant no longer used by Volvo Cars. Sold to Volvo AB in 2008. Volvo Car production ended in 2011. Production consolidated to Malaysia plant in 2012. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo 200 Series|Volvo 200 Series]]<br />[[w:Volvo 940|Volvo 940]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />Volvo Trucks<br />Volvo Buses | Was 56% owned by Volvo and 44% owned by Swedish Motor. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Think Global|TH!NK Nordic AS]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aurskog|Aurskog]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norway|Norway]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Think City|Ford Think City]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Kamkorp Microelectronics as of February 1, 2003 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Tlalnepantla Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tlalnepantla|Tlalnepantla]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling for vehicle production | Was previously a Studebaker-Packard assembly plant. Bought by Ford in 1962 and converted into a tool & die plant. Operations transferred to Cuautitlan at the end of 1985. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Trafford Park Factory|Ford Trafford Park Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trafford Park|Trafford Park]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1911–1931, formerly principal Ford UK plant. Produced [[w:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aircraft engines during World War II. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Transax, S.A. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| Transmissions <br /> Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Ford in 1967 from [[w:Industrias Kaiser Argentina|IKA]]. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this plant when Autolatina dissolved. VW has since then used this plant for transmission production. |- | style="text-align:center;"| H (SA) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller Veículos Especiais]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Acquired in 2007; operated until 2021. Closed (2021).<ref name="camacari"/> | [[w:Troller T4|Troller T4]], [[w:Troller Pantanal|Troller Pantanal]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Twin Cities Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1986-2011)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (2005-2009 & 2010 in Canada) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 966 S. Mississippi River Blvd. Began production May 4, 1925. Production ended December 1932 but resumed in 1935. Closed December 16, 2011. <br>Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1972, 1974), [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966, 1976), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1967-1970, 1972-1973, 1975, 1977-1978), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1992) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1954)<br />From 1926-1959, there was an onsite glass plant making glass for vehicle windows. Plant closed in 1933, reopened in 1935 with glass production resuming in 1937. Truck production began in 1950 alongside car production. Car production ended in 1978. F-Series production ended in 1992. Ranger production began in 1985 for the 1986 model year. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia Assembly|Valencia Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened 1962, Production suspended around 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Previously built <br />[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] <br /> [[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]] <br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Ford Torino#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD II#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 2)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta Move]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Venezuela|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] <br /> [[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]] <br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Mazda Allegro|Mazda Allegro]]<br />[[w:Ford F-250|Ford F-250]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-350|Ford F-350]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] | style="text-align:left;"| Served Ford markets in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Production suspended due to collapse of Venezuela’s economy under Socialist rule of Hugo Chavez & Nicolas Maduro. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autolatina|Volkswagen São Bernardo Assembly]] ([[w:Volkswagen do Brasil|Anchieta]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Returned to VW do Brazil when Autolatina dissolved in 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Versailles|Ford Versailles]]/Ford Galaxy (Argentina)<br />[[w:Ford Royale|Ford Royale]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Santana]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Quantum]] | Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture between Ford and VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Volvo AutoNova Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Pininfarina Sverige AB | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#First generation (1996–2005)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 1) | style="text-align:left;"| AutoNova was originally a 49/51 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]]. Restructured into Pininfarina Sverige AB, a new joint venture with [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] to build the 2nd generation C70. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Car Gent|Volvo Ghent Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ghent|Ghent]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C30|Volvo C30]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC60|Volvo XC60]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:NedCar|Volvo Nedcar Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Born, Netherlands|Born]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Carisma|Mitsubishi Carisma]] <br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Space Star|Mitsubishi Space Star]] | style="text-align:left;"| Taken over by [[w:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] in 2001, and later by [[w:VDL Groep|VDL Groep]] in 2012, when it became VDL Nedcar. Volvo production ended in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina#Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB|Volvo Pininfarina Sverige Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed by Volvo after the Geely takeover | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#Second generation (2006–2013)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 2) | style="text-align:left;"| Pininfarina Sverige was a 40/60 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]. Sold by Ford as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. Volvo bought back Pininfarina's shares in 2013 and closed the Uddevalla plant after C70 production ended later in 2013. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Volvo Skövde Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Skövde|Skövde]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Modular engine|Volvo Modular engine]] I4/I5/I6<br />[[w:Volvo D5 engine|Volvo D5 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)|PSA/Ford-based 2.0/2.2 diesel I4]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslandaverken|Volvo Torslanda Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslanda|Torslanda]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V60|Volvo V60]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Vulcan Forge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Connecting rods and rod cap forgings | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Walkerville Plant|Walkerville Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] (Walkerville was taken over by Windsor in Sept. 1929) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1953) and vacant land next to Detroit River (Fleming Channel). Replaced by Oakville Assembly. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model C|Ford Model C]]<br />[[w:Ford Model N|Ford Model N]]<br />[[w:Ford Model K|Ford Model K]]<br />[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />1946-1947 Mercury trucks<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1948-1953) | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1953. First factory to produce Ford cars outside the USA (via [[w:Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company of Canada]], a separate company from Ford at the time). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Walton Hills Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Walton Hills, Ohio|Walton Hills, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed Winter 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels, bumpers | Opened in 1954. Located at 7845 Northfield Rd. Demolished. Site is now the Forward Innovation Center East. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| WA/W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne Stamping & Assembly|Wayne Stamping & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952-2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (2000-2011)<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1996-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1984-1988)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Lincoln Versailles|Lincoln Versailles]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1974)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1960, 1962-1969, 1971-1972)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan#Second generation (1952-1954)|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1953-1954)<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]] (1955 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956-1957)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1953-)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]]<br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1960, 1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] (1961 only)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1953-1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1958, 1964-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] (1964-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958-1959, 1964-1966)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 37500 Van Born Rd. Was main production site for Mercury vehicles when plant opened in 1952 and shipped knock-down kits to dedicated Mercury assembly locations. First vehicle built was a Mercury Montclair on October 1, 1952. Built Lincolns from 1953-1957 after the Lincoln plant in Detroit closed in 1952. Lincoln production moved to a new plant in Wixom for 1958. The larger, Mercury-based Edsel Corsair and Citation were built in Wayne for 1958. The plant shifted to building smaller cars in the mid-1970's. In 1987, a new stamping plant was built on Van Born Rd. and was connected to the assembly plant via overhead tunnels. Production ended in December 2010 and the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant was combined with the Michigan Truck Plant, which was then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Harare]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Titan#Second generation (1980–1989)|Mazda T3500]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961 as Ford of Rhodesia. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale to the state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Aluminum | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Ford 3.9L V8]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]] blocks | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1992. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001. Subsequently produced engine blocks for GM. Production ended in September 2020. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor Casting|Windsor Casting]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine parts: Cylinder blocks, crankshafts | Opened 1934. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| Y (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom Assembly Plant|Wixom Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Idle (2007); torn down (2013) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Continental|Lincoln Continental]] (1961-1980, 1982-2002)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark III|Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (1969-1971)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark IV|Lincoln Continental Mark IV]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark V|Lincoln Continental Mark V]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Continental Mark VII]] (1984-1992)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] (1993-1998)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] (1981-2007)<br /> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] (2000-2006)<br /> [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (second generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (third generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1961-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fifth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1967-1971)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (sixth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (2002-2005)<br /> [[w:Ford GT40|Ford GT40]] MKIV<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#Third generation (1958–1959)|Lincoln Capri]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#1960 Lincoln|1960 Lincoln]] (1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere#1958–1960|Lincoln Premiere]] (1958–1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#Third generation (1958–1960)|Lincoln Continental Mark III/IV/V]] (1958-1960) | Demolished in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ypsilanti Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| Starters<br /> Starter Assemblies<br /> Alternators<br /> ignition coils<br /> distributors<br /> horns<br /> struts<br />air conditioner clutches<br /> bumper shock devices | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 128 Spring St. Originally owned by Ford Motor Company, it then became a [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] Plant when [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] was spun off in 2000, and later turned into an [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] Plant in 2005. It is said that [[w:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] used to walk this factory when he acquired it in 1932. The Ypsilanti Plant was closed in 2009. Demolished in 2010. The UAW Local was Local 849. |} ==Former branch assembly plants== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Former Address ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A/AA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)|Atlanta Assembly Plant (Poncey-Highland)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poncey-Highland|Poncey-Highland, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| Originally 465 Ponce de Leon Ave. but was renumbered as 699 Ponce de Leon Ave. in 1926. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Southeast USA headquarters and assembly operations from 1915 to 1942. Assembly ceased in 1932 but resumed in 1937. Sold to US War Dept. in 1942. Replaced by new plant in Atlanta suburb of Hapeville ([[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]]), which opened in 1947. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sold in 1979 and redeveloped into mixed retail/residential complex called Ford Factory Square/Ford Factory Lofts. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| BO/BF/B | style="text-align:left;"| Buffalo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Original location operated from 1913 - 1915. 2nd location operated from 1915 – 1931. 3rd location operated from 1931 - 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| Originally located at Kensington Ave. and Eire Railroad. Moved to 2495 Main St. at Rodney in December 1915. Moved to 901 Fuhmann Boulevard in 1931. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953, 1955) | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ceased in January 1933 but resumed in 1934. Operations moved to Lorain, Ohio. 2495 Main St. is now the Tri-Main Center. Previously made diesel engines for the Navy and Bell Aircraft Corporation, was used by Bell Aircraft to design and construct America's first jet engine warplane, and made windshield wipers for Trico Products Co. 901 Fuhmann Boulevard used as a port terminal by Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority after Ford sold the property. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Burnaby Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Burnaby|Burnaby, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1938 to 1960 | style="text-align:left;"| Was located at 4600 Kingsway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building demolished in 1988 to build Station Square |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge Assembly|Cambridge Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1926 | style="text-align:left;"| 640 Memorial Dr. and Cottage Farm Bridge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Had the first vertically integrated assembly line in the world. Replaced by Somerville plant in 1926. Renovated, currently home to Boston Biomedical. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CE | style="text-align:left;"| Charlotte Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914-1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 222 North Tryon then moved to 210 E. Sixth St. in 1916 and again to 1920 Statesville Ave in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in March 1933, Used by Douglas Aircraft to assemble missiles for the U.S. Army between 1955 and 1964, sold to Atco Properties in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ui.uncc.edu/gallery/model-ts-missiles-millennials-new-lives-old-factory|title=From Model Ts to missiles to Millennials, new lives for old factory &#124; UNC Charlotte Urban Institute|website=ui.uncc.edu}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Opened in 1914<br>Moved to current location on 12600 S Torrence Ave. in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| 3915 Wabash Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by current [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly Plant]] on Torrence Ave. in 1924. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CI | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Cincinnati Plant|Cincinnati Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cincinnati|Cincinnati, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 660 Lincoln Ave | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, renovated 2002, currently owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CL/CLE/CLEV | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/item/oh0114|title=Ford Motor Company, Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant, Euclid Avenue & East 116th Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland|Cleveland, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 11610 Euclid Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, renovated, currently home to Cleveland Institute of Art. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company - Columbus Assembly Plant|Columbus Branch Assembly Plant]]<ref>[http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ohio/id/12969/rec/1 "Ford Motor Company – Columbus Plant (Photo and History)"], Columbus Metropolitan Library Digital Collections</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 – 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 427 Cleveland Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ended March 1932. Factory closed 1939. Was the Kroger Co. Columbus Bakery until February 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JE (JK) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Commodore Point|Commodore Point Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, Florida]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Produced from 1924 to 1932. Closed (1968) | style="text-align:left;"| 1900 Wambolt Street. At the Foot of Wambolt St. on the St. John's River next to the Mathews Bridge. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] cars and trucks, [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1932, production years. Parts warehouse until 1968. Planned to be demolished in 2023. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 2700 Canton St then moved in 1925 to 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by plant on 5200 E. Grand Ave. in 1925. Ford continued to use 2700 Canton St. for display and storage until 1939. In 1942, sold to Peaslee-Gaulbert Corporation, which had already been using the building since 1939. Sold to Adam Hats in 1959. Redeveloped in 1997 into Adam Hats Lofts, a loft-style apartment complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Danforth Avenue Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="background:Khaki; text-align:center;"| Sold (1946) | style="text-align:left;"| 2951-2991 Danforth Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> and other cars | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]]. Sold to [[w:Nash Motors|Nash Motors]] in 1946 which then merged with [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson Motor Car Company]] to form [[w:American Motors Corporation|American Motors Corporation]], which then used the plant until it was closed in 1957. Converted to a mall in 1962, Shoppers World Danforth. The main building of the mall (now a Lowe's) is still the original structure of the factory. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DR | style="text-align:left;"| Denver Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denver|Denver, CO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 South Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Gates Rubber Co. in 1945. Gates sold the building in 1995. Now used as office space. Partly used as a data center by Hosting.com, now known as Ntirety, from 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DM | style="text-align:left;"| Des Moines Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Des Moines, IA|Des Moines, IA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from April 1920–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1800 Grand Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold in 1943. Renovated in the 1980s into Des Moines School District's technical high school and central campus. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dothan Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dothan, AL|Dothan, AL]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1923–1927? | style="text-align:left;"| 193 South Saint Andrews Street and corner of E. Crawford Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later became an auto dealership called Malone Motor Company and was St. Andrews Market, an indoor market and event space, from 2013-2015 until a partial roof collapse during a severe storm. Since 2020, being redeveloped into an apartment complex. The curved assembly line anchored into the ceiling is still intact and is being left there. Sometimes called the Ford Malone Building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dupont St Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto, ON]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 672 Dupont St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Danforth Assembly Plant. Building roof was used as a test track for the Model T. Used by several food processing companies. Became Planters Peanuts Canada from 1948 till 1987. The building currently is used for commercial and retail space. Included on the Inventory of Heritage Properties. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E/EG/E | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater Assembly|Edgewater Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 309 River Road | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (Jan.-Apr. 1943 only: 1,333 units)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced with the Mahwah Assembly Plant. Added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983. The building was torn down in 2006 and replaced with a residential development called Independence Harbor. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fargo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo, ND]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 505 N. Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| After assembly ended, Ford used it as a sales office, sales and service branch, and a parts depot. Ford sold the building in 1956. Now called the Ford Building, a mixed commercial/residential property. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fort Worth Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated for about 6 months around 1916 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Briefly supplemented Dallas plant but production was then reconsolidated into the Dallas plant and Fort Worth plant was closed. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H | style="text-align:left;"| Houston Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Houston|Houston, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 3906 Harrisburg Boulevard | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], aircraft parts during WWII | style="text-align:left;"| Divested during World War II; later acquired by General Foods in 1946 (later the Houston facility for [[w:Maxwell House|Maxwell House]]) until 2006 when the plant was sold to Maximus and rebranded as the Atlantic Coffee Solutions facility. Atlantic Coffee Solutions shut down the plant in 2018 when they went out of business. Leased by Elemental Processing in 2019 for hemp processing with plans to begin operations in 2020. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| I | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"|1914–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1315 East Washington Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Vehicle production ended in December 1932. Used as a Ford parts service and automotive sales branch and for administrative purposes until 1942. Sold in 1942. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KC/K | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas City Branch Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1912–1956 | style="text-align:left;"| Original location from 1912 to 1956 at 1025 Winchester Avenue & corner of E. 12th Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], <br>[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1956) | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area. Location of first UAW strike against Ford and where the 20 millionth Ford vehicle was assembled. Last vehicle produced was a 1957 Ford Fairlane Custom 300 on December 28, 1956. 2,337,863 vehicles were produced at the Winchester Ave. plant. Replaced by [[w:Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant|Claycomo]] plant in 1957. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KY | style="text-align:left;"| Kearny Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1918 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 135 Central Ave., corner of Ford Lane | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Edgewater Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Long Island City Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Island City|Long Island City]], [[w:Queens|Queens, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 564 Jackson Ave. (now known as <br> 33-00 Northern Boulevard) and corner of Honeywell St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened as Ford Assembly and Service Center of Long Island City. Building was later significantly expanded around 1914. The original part of the building is along Honeywell St. and around onto Northern Blvd. for the first 3 banks of windows. Replaced by the Kearny Assembly Plant in NJ. Plant taken over by U.S. Government. Later occupied by Goodyear Tire (which bought the plant in 1920), Durant Motors (which bought the plant in 1921 and produced Durant-, Star-, and Flint-brand cars there), Roto-Broil, and E.R. Squibb & Son. Now called The Center Building and used as office space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|LA | style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 12th and Olive Streets, then E. 7th St. and Santa Fe Ave. (2060 East 7th St. or 777 S. Santa Fe Avenue). | style="text-align:left;"| Original Los Angeles plant: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. <br /> Second Los Angeles plant (1914-1930): [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Location on 7th & Santa Fe is now the headquarters of Warner Music Group. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LE/LU/U | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1913–1916, 1916–1925, 1925–1955, 1955–present | style="text-align:left;"| 931 South Third Street then <br /> 2400 South Third Street then <br /> 1400 Southwestern Parkway then <br /> 2000 Fern Valley Rd. | style="text-align:left;"| |align="left"| Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. First 2 plants made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. The third plant made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) as well as Jeeps ([[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] - 93,364 units), military trucks, and V8 engines during World War II. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened in 1955.<br /> The 2400 South Third Street location (at the corner of Eastern Parkway) was sold to Reynolds Metals Company and has since been converted into residential space called Reynolds Lofts under lease from current owner, University of Louisville. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| MEM/MP/M | style="text-align:left;"| Memphis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1913-June 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 495 Union Ave. (1913–1924) then 1429 Riverside Blvd. and South Parkway West (1924–1933, 1935–1958) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1952, 1954-1956) | style="text-align:left;"| Both plants have been demolished. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2185 N. Prospect Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building is still standing as a mixed use development. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| TC/SP | style="text-align:left;"| Minneapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]] and [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| 616 S. Third St in Minneapolis (1912-1914) then 420 N. Fifth St. in Minneapolis (1914-1925) and 117 University Ave. West in St. Paul (1914-1920) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 420 N. Fifth St. is now called Ford Center, an office building. Was the tallest automotive assembly plant at 10 stories.<br /> University Ave. plant in St. Paul is now called the Ford Building. After production ended, was used as a Ford sales and service center, an auto mechanics school, a warehouse, and Federal government offices. Bought by the State of Minnesota in 1952 and used by the state government until 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M | style="text-align:left;"| Montreal Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montreal|Montreal, QC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| 119-139 Laurier Avenue East | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NO | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arabi, Louisiana|Arabi, Louisiana]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1923–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 7200 North Peters Street, Arabi, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later used by Ford as a parts and vehicle dist. center. Used by the US Army as a warehouse during WWII. After the war, was used as a parts and vehicle dist. center by a Ford dealer, Capital City Ford of Baton Rouge. Used by Southern Service Co. to prepare Toyotas and Mazdas prior to their delivery into Midwestern markets from 1971 to 1977. Became a freight storage facility for items like coffee, twine, rubber, hardwood, burlap and cotton from 1977 to 2005. Flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| OC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Oklahoma City Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 West Main St. | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] |Had extensive access to rail via the Rock Island railroad. Production ended with the 1932 models. The plant was converted to a Ford Regional Parts Depot (1 of 3 designated “slow-moving parts branches") and remained so until 1967, when the plant closed, and was then sold in 1968 to The Fred Jones Companies, an authorized re-manufacturer of Ford and later on, also GM Parts. It remained the headquarters for operations of Fred Jones Enterprises (a subsidiary of The Fred Jones Companies) until Hall Capital, the parent of The Fred Jones Companies, entered into a partnership with 21c Hotels to open a location in the building. The 21c Museum Hotel officially opened its hotel, restaurant and art museum in June, 2016 following an extensive remodel of the property. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1502-24 Cuming St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Used as a warehouse by Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was used for manufacturing hair accessories and other plastic goods by Tip Top Plastic Products from 1963 to 1986. After being vacant again for several years, it was then used by Good and More Enterprises, a tire warehouse and retail outlet. After another period of vacancy, it was redeveloped into Tip Top Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and loft-style apartments on the upper levels which opened in 2005. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|CR/CS/C | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia Branch Assembly Plant ([[w:Chester Assembly|Chester Assembly]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]<br>[[w:Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1961 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia: 2700 N. Broad St., corner of W. Lehigh Ave. (November 1914-June 1927) then in Chester: Front Street from Fulton to Pennell streets along the Delaware River (800 W. Front St.) (March 1928-February 1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (18,533 units), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]],<br> [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961), [[w:Ford F-Series (first generation)|Ford F-Series (first generation)]] (1951-1952),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (second generation)|Ford F-Series (second generation)]] (1953-1955),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]] | style="text-align:left;"| November 1914-June 1927 in Philadelphia then March 1928-February 1961 in Chester. Broad St. plant made equipment for US Army in WWI including helmets and machine gun trucks. Sold in 1927. Later used as a [[w:Sears|Sears]] warehouse and then to manufacture men's clothing by Joseph H. Cohen & Sons, which later took over [[w:Botany 500|Botany 500]], whose suits were then also made at Broad St., giving rise to the nickname, Botany 500 Building. Cohen & Sons sold the building in 1989 which seems to be empty now. Chester plant also handled exporting to overseas plants. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Pittsburgh Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 5000 Baum Blvd and Morewood Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Became a Ford sales, parts, and service branch until Ford sold the building in 1953. The building then went through a variety of light industrial uses before being purchased by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in 2006. It was subsequently purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 to house the UPMC Immune Transplant and Therapy Center, a collaboration between the university and UPMC. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| PO | style="text-align:left;"| Portland Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914–1917, 1923–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2505 SE 11th Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Called the Ford Building and is occupied by various businesses. . |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| RH/R (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Richmond Plant|Richmond Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Richmond, California|Richmond, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1931-1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 1414 Harbour Way S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (49,359 units), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Richmond was one of the first 2 Ford plants to build the F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Highland Park, Michigan). Richmond location is now part of Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park. Replaced by San Jose Assembly Plant in Milpitas. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|SFA/SFAA (San Francisco) | style="text-align:left;"| San Francisco Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1931 | style="text-align:left;"| 2905 21st Street and Harrison St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Richmond Assembly Plant. San Francisco Plant was demolished after the 1989 earthquake. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SR/S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville Assembly|Somerville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1926 to 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 183 Middlesex Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953)<br />Built [[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) July-October 1957, Built [[w:1957 Ford|1958 Fords]] November 1957 - March 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| The only [[w:Edsel|Edsel]]-only assembly line. Operations moved to Lorain, OH. Converted to [[w:Assembly Square Mall|Assembly Square Mall]] in 1980 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/4902/ Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #1] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1155 Valley Street & corner of 700 Fairview Ave. N. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Now a Public Storage site. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Seattle)|Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #2]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Georgetown, Seattle|Georgetown, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from May 1932–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 4730 East Marginal Way | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Still a Ford sales and service site through 1941. As early as 1940, the U.S. Army occupied a portion of the facility which had become known as the "Seattle General Depot". Sold to US Government in 1942 for WWII-related use. Used as a staging site for supplies headed for the Pacific Front. The U.S. Army continued to occupy the facility until 1956. In 1956, the U.S. Air Force acquired control of the property and leased the facility to the Boeing Company. A year later, in 1957, the Boeing Company purchased the property. Known as the Boeing Airplane Company Missile Production Center, the facility provided support functions for several aerospace and defense related development programs, including the organizational and management facilities for the Minuteman-1 missile program, deployed in 1960, and the Minuteman-II missile program, deployed in 1969. These nuclear missile systems, featuring solid rocket boosters (providing faster lift-offs) and the first digital flight computer, were developed in response to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The Boeing Aerospace Group also used the former Ford plant for several other development and manufacturing uses, such as developing aspects of the Lunar Orbiter Program, producing unstaffed spacecraft to photograph the moon in 1966–1967, the BOMARC defensive missile system, and hydrofoil boats. After 1970, Boeing phased out its operations at the former Ford plant, moving them to the Boeing Space Center in the city of Kent and the company's other Seattle plant complex. Owned by the General Services Administration since 1973, it's known as the "Federal Center South Complex", housing various government offices. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|STL/SL | style="text-align:left;"| St. Louis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| 4100 Forest Park Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V | style="text-align:left;"| Vancouver Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1920 to 1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 1188 Hamilton St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Burnaby plant in 1938. Still standing; used as commercial space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W | style="text-align:left;"| Winnipeg Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1941 | style="text-align:left;"| 1181 Portage Avenue (corner of Wall St.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], military trucks | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Manitoba provincial government in 1942. Became Manitoba Technical Institute. Now known as the Robert Fletcher Building |- valign="top" |} 2iz3te4yy64mjo5ebx9miqhfxhgldn9 4664475 4664474 2026-08-25T22:00:40Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Current production facilities */ 4664475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user sandbox}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} The following is a list of current, former, and confirmed future facilities of [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] for manufacturing automobiles and other components. Per regulations, the factory is encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 11 for North American models. European models have the factory encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 8 (except for the VW-built 3rd gen. Ford Tourneo Connect and Transit Connect, which have the plant code in position 11 as VW does for all of its models regardless of region). The River Rouge Complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Much of the production was devoted to compiling "[[w:knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s" that were then shipped in wooden crates to Branch Assembly locations across the United States by railroad and assembled locally, using local supplies as necessary.<ref name="MyLifeandWork">{{cite book|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|year=1922|title=My Life and Work|publisher=Garden City Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C/page/n87 81], 167|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C|quote=Ford 1922 My Life and Work|access-date=2010-06-08 }}</ref> A few of the original Branch Assembly locations still remain while most have been repurposed or have been demolished and the land reused. Knock-down kits were also shipped internationally until the River Rouge approach was duplicated in Europe and Asia. For US-built models, Ford switched from 2-letter plant codes to a 1-letter plant code in 1953. Mercury and Lincoln, however, kept using the 2-letter plant codes through 1957. Mercury and Lincoln switched to the 1-letter plant codes for 1958. Edsel, which was new for 1958, used the 1-letter plant codes from the outset. The 1956-1957 Continental Mark II, a product of the Continental Division, did not use a plant code as they were all built in the same plant. The 2-letter plant code in 1950-1952 Ford cars and 1950-1957 Mercurys and Lincolns was in position 3 & 4 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1959 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, and 1958-1959 Mercurys, Lincolns, and Edsels was in position 3 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1960-1980 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, 1960-1980 Mercurys & Lincolns, and 1960 Edsels was in position 2 of the serial number. The 2-letter plant code in 1951-1952 Ford trucks was in position 5 & 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1960 Ford trucks was in position 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1961-1980 Ford trucks, including Bronco and Econoline, was in position 5 of the serial number. Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1966, when Ford of Canada adopted the same system as the US. In 1950-1959, Canadian-built cars, including the Ford Ranchero, had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1948-1950, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1951-1954, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 7th position of the serial number. In 1955-1959, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 9th position of the serial number. Mexican-built models often just had "MEX" inserted into the VIN instead of a plant code in the pre-standardized VIN era. European-built Fords have the source company code in the 7th position and the plant code in the 8th position beginning in 1981. From 1965-1980, the source company code was in the 1st position and the plant code was in the 2nd position. Since the letter for the plant code is sometimes used by more than one plant, the source company code immediately preceding the plant code is needed to determine which plant is being referred to. For a listing of Ford's proving grounds and test facilities see [[w:Ford Proving Grounds|Ford Proving Grounds]]. ==Current production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! data-sort-type="isoDate" style="width:60px;" | Opened ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:80px;" | Employees ! style="width:220px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand|AutoAlliance Thailand]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 2|Mazda 2]]<br / >[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br / >[[w:Mazda CX-3|Mazda CX-3]]<br />[[w:Mazda CX-30|Mazda CX-30]] | Joint venture 50% owned by Ford and 50% owned by Mazda. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger (PE/PG/PH)]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#Second generation (PJ/PK; 2006)|Ford Ranger (PJ/PK)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Familia#Ninth generation (BJ; 1998–2003)|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series#UN|Mazda B-Series]]<br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50 (UN)]] <br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#Second generation (UP, UR; 2011)|Mazda BT-50 (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo Stamping|Buffalo Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamburg, New York|Hamburg, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 843 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels: Quarter Panels, Body Sides, Rear Floor Pan, Rear Doors, Roofs, front doors, hoods | Located at 3663 Lake Shore Rd. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 (Plant 1) <br /> 2012 (Plant 2) <br /> 2014 (Plant 3) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,000+ | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape#fourth|Ford Escape]] <br />[[w:Ford Mondeo Sport|Ford Mondeo Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Zephyr (China)|Lincoln Zephyr/Z]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br />Complex includes three assembly plants. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Evos|Ford Evos]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 4)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 5)]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#third|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Mazda3#First generation (BK; 2003)|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80#S80L|Volvo S80L]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,310 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Ford 1.0 L Ecoboost I3 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.5 L Sigma I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 L EcoBoost I4 engine]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,480 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 transmission]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Hangzhou Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Edge#Third generation (Edge L—CDX706; 2023)|Ford Edge L]]<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus|Lincoln Nautilus]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Plus]]<br />[[w:Ford Taurus (China)|Ford Taurus]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] <br> Harbin Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], [[w:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 (Start of Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Production suspended in Nov. 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Plant formerly belonged to Harbin Hafei Automobile Group Co. Bought by Changan Ford in 2015. Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 3)<br>[[w:Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 4) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CHI/CH/G (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,852 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer (U625)]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator (U611)]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 12600 S Torrence Avenue.<br/>Replaced the previous location at 3915 Wabash Avenue.<br /> Built armored personnel carriers for US military during WWII. <br /> Final Taurus rolled off the assembly line March 1, 2019.<br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1953-1964) <br /> [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1965)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1973)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD (full-size)]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Elite|Ford Elite]] (1974-1976)<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD (midsize)]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986–2019)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986–2005, 2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] (2009-2016)<br />[[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] (2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer (U502)]] (2011-2019) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Heights, Illinois|Chicago Heights, Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,165 | | Located at 1000 E Lincoln Hwy, Chicago Heights, IL |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua Engine|Chihuahua Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua, Chihuahua]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,430 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec 2.0/2.3/2.5 I4]] <br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Ford 6.7L Scorpion Diesel V8]] | style="text-align:left;"| Began operations July 27, 1983. 1,902,600 Penta engines produced from 1983-1991. 2,340,464 Zeta engines produced from 1993-2004. Over 14 million total engines produced. Complex includes 3 engine plants. Plant 1, opened in 1983, builds 4-cylinder engines. Plant 2, opened in 2010, builds diesel V8 engines. Plant 3, opened in 2018, builds the Dragon 3-cylinder. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC/Penta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel|4.4L Diesel V8]] (for Land Rover) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,834 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0/2.3 EcoBoost I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (first generation)|Ford 3.5&nbsp;L EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for RWD vehicles)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17601 Brookpark Rd. Idled from May 2007 to May 2009.<br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln Y-block V8 engine|Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 221/260/289/302 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following G] [includes Mercury Capri] /<br> E (NA) <br> [Merkur Scorpio] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne Body & Assembly|Cologne Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,090 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer EV|Ford Explorer EV]] (VW MEB-based) <br /> [[w:Ford Capri EV|Ford Capri EV]] (VW MEB-based) | Previously: [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]]<br />[[w:Ford Rheinland|Ford Rheinland]]<br />[[w:Ford Köln|Ford Köln]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#First generation (1970–1978)|Mercury Capri]] (1970-1974, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul (Granada Mark I based) (1972–1975)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br />[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]]<br />[[w:Ford Puma (sport compact)|Ford Puma]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:de:Ford Modell V8-51|Ford Model V8-51]]<br />[[w:de:Ford V-3000-Serie|Ford V-3000/Ford B 3000 series]]<br />[[w:Ford Rhein|Ford Rhein]]<br />[[w:Ford Ruhr|Ford Ruhr]]<br />[[w:Ford FK|Ford FK]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 810 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|1.0 litre EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Aston Martin V12 engine|Aston Martin V12 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin engines are built at the [[w:Aston Martin Engine Plant|Aston Martin Engine Plant]], a special section of the plant which is separated from the rest of the plant.<br> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Taunus V4 engine|Ford Taunus V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Ford Cologne V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Aston Martin 4.3/4.7|Aston Martin 4.3/4.7 V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling, dies, fixtures, jigs, die repair | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,280 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford MTX-75 transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford VXT-75 transmission]]<br />Ford VMT6 transmission<br />[[w:Volvo Cars#Manual transmissions|Volvo M56/M58/M66 transmission]]<br />Ford MMT6 transmission | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cortako Cologne GmbH | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 410 | style="text-align:left;"| Forging of steel parts for engines, transmissions, and chassis | Originally known as Cologne Forge & Die Cast Plant. Previously known as Tekfor Cologne GmbH from 2003 to 2011, a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Neumayer Tekfor GmbH. Also briefly known as Cologne Precision Forge GmbH. Bought back by Ford in 2011 and now 100% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lagos|Lagos]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. Built under contract for Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Assembly|Cuautitlán Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (2021-) | Truck assembly began in 1970 while car production began in 1980. <br /> Previously made:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1992-2010) <br> (US: F-250 '97, F-350 '97,<br> F-Super Duty chassis cab '97,<br> F-150 Reg. Cab '00-'02,<br> Mexico: includes F-150 & Lobo)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] (US: 1999) <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] (2000-2003) <br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] (2011-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />For Mexico only:<br>[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Fiesta Ikon]] (2001-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Topaz|Ford Topaz]]<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Ford Ghia]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] (Mexico: 1980-1981)<br />[[w:Ford Grand Marquis|Ford Grand Marquis]] (Mexico: 1982-84)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] Gen 3 (1979-1984) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue engine]] (Panther)<br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V6|Ford 2.7/3.0 Lion Diesel V6]] |Previously: [[w:Ford I4 DOHC engine|Ford I4 DOHC engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Endura-D engine|Ford Endura-D engine]] (Lynx)<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V4 engine|Ford Essex V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]<br />[[w:Ford LT engine|Ford LT engine]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford York engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford Dorset/Dover engine]] <br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V8|Ford 3.6L Diesel V8]] <br /> [[w:Ford DLD engine|Ford DLD engine]] (Tiger) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,200 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (2022-2025) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Diversified Manufacturing Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1942 | style="text-align:right;"| 773 | style="text-align:left;"| Axles, suspension parts. Frames for F-Series trucks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1941 | style="text-align:right;"| 445 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Ford Duratec 20]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Ford Duratec 23]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Ford Duratec 25]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Ford 5.2L Carnivore V8]] <br>(F-150 Raptor R)<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L Predator V8]] (Mustang GTD,<br> Dark Horse SC)<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Carnivore & Predator engines are produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant which replaced the Niche Engine line at the now closed Romeo Engine Plant. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford FE engine|Ford FE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1939 | style="text-align:right;"|1,658 | style="text-align:left;"| Body stampings | Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1938 | style="text-align:right;"| 271 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Truck|Dearborn Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,131 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Located at 3001 Miller Rd. Replaced the nearby Dearborn Assembly Plant for MY2005. Built the 40 millionth Ford <br> F-Series in Jan. 2022, which was an <br> F-150 Tremor.<br />Previously: <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2005-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] (2006-2008) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 0 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit Chassis LLC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford F-53 Motorhome Chassis (2000-)<br/>Ford F-59 Commercial Chassis (2000-) | Located at 6501 Lynch Rd. Replaced production at IMMSA in Mexico. Plant owned by Detroit Chassis LLC. Produced under contract for Ford. <br /> Previously: [[w:Think Global#TH!NK Neighbor|Ford TH!NK Neighbor]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Engine|Essex Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 930 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Ford 5.0L Coyote V8]]<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"|Idled in November 2007, reopened February 2010. Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)]] 3.8/3.9/4.2L <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 5.4L 3-valve Modular V8]]<br/>[[w:Ford Modular engine# Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Ford 5.0L Road Runner V8]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock Assembly Plant|Flat Rock Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,826 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 7)]] (2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Built at site of closed Ford Michigan Casting Center (1972-1981) , which cast various parts for Ford including V8 engine blocks and heads for Ford [[w:Ford 335 engine|335]], [[w:Ford 385 engine|385]], & [[w:Ford FE engine|FE/FT series]] engines as well as transmission, axle, & steering gear housings and gear cases. Opened as a Mazda plant (Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA) in 1987. Became AutoAlliance International from 1992 to 2012 after Ford bought 50% of the plant from Mazda. Became Flat Rock Assembly Plant in 2012 when Mazda ended production and Ford took full management control of the plant. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 6)]] (2015-2023)<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 5)]] (2005-2014)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] (2017-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2014-2016)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] (1999-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Mazda 6|Mazda 6]] (2003-2013)<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] (1990-2002)<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]] (1988-1997) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 800 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> Ford Focus Active <br /> [[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#Ford Tierra|Ford Activa]]<br />[[w:Ford Aztec|Ford Aztec]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort (Europe)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort (Chinese)]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]]<br />Ford Fiera<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Ixion|Ford Ixion]]<br />[[w:Ford i-Max|Ford i-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Liata|Ford Liata]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Pronto|Ford Pronto]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Tierra|Ford Tierra]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]] (Canadian market)<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy]]<br />[[w:Mazda 5|Mazda 5]]<br />[[w:Mazda E-Series|Mazda E-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 90 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]] (1.8, 2.0, 2.3) | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine#Z6/M|Mazda 1.6 ZM-DE I4]]<br />[[w:Mazda F engine|Mazda F engine]] (1.8, 2.0)<br /> [[w:Suzuki F engine#Four-cylinder|Suzuki 1.0 I4]] (for Ford Pronto) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following M] (for Ford),<br> S (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Silverton Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Silverton, Pretoria|Silverton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,650 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Amarok#Second generation (2022)|VW Amarok]] | Silverton plant was originally a Chrysler of South Africa plant from 1961 to 1976. In 1976, it merged with a unit of mining company Anglo-American to form Sigma Motor Corp., which Chrysler retained 25% ownership of. Chrysler sold its 25% stake to Anglo-American in 1983. Sigma was restructured into Amcar Motor Holdings Ltd. in 1984. In 1985, Amcar merged with Ford South Africa to form SAMCOR (South African Motor Corporation). Sigma had already assembled Mazda & Mitsubishi vehicles previously and SAMCOR continued to do so. In 1988, Ford divested from South Africa & sold its stake in SAMCOR. SAMCOR continued to build Ford vehicles as well as Mazdas & Mitsubishis. In 1994, Ford bought a 45% stake in SAMCOR and it bought the remaining 55% in 1998. It then renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa in 2000. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Tonic|Ford Tonic]]<br />[[w:Ford_Laser#South_Africa|Ford Tracer]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda Etude]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Export markets 2|Mazda Sting]]<br />[[w:Sao Penza|Sao Penza]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Lantis/Astina/323F|Mazda 323 Astina]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Ford Husky]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi Starwagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121 Soho]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Sapphire|Ford Sapphire]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]]<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Third generation (1985–1998)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Drifter|Mazda Drifter]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50|Mazda BT-50]] Gen 1 & Gen 2<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Mazda Marathon]]<br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Fuso Canter#Fourth generation|Mitsubishi Canter]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]] <br/>[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Struandale Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L Panther EcoBlue single-turbodiesel & twin-turbodiesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Ford 3.0 Lion turbodiesel V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />Machining of engine components | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Crossflow|Ford Kent Crossflow I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine#CVH-PTE|Ford 1.4L CVH-PTE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6L EFI Zetec I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|T (EU) [when following T],<br> T (NA) ('10-'13 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Gölcük]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük, Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,530 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4) | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. Transit Connect started shipping to the US in fall of 2009. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Tourneo Connect]] (Gen 1)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following T] (for Ford),<br> K (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Yeniköy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:tr:Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele|Yeniköy Merkez]], [[w:Başiskele|Başiskele]], [[w:Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 2)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 2) <br /> [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T7)|Volkswagen Transporter/Caravelle (T7)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)| Ford Transit Courier]] (Gen 1) <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)|Ford Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" |style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following T] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Truck Assembly & Engine Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inonu, Eskisehir|Inonu, Eskisehir]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L "Panther" EcoBlue diesel I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford F-Line]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|Ford 9.0L/12.7L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />Ford EcoTorq transmission<br /> Rear Axle for Ford Transit | Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford D series|Ford D series]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6 Zetec I4]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford 2.5 DI diesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4/I5 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford 6.0/6.2 diesel inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|7.3L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />[[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]] for Transit |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (EU) [when following E] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania|Ford Romania/<br>Ford Otosan Romania]]<br> Craiova Assembly & Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Craiova|Craiova]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Ford Puma Gen-E|Ford Puma Gen-E]] EV (2025-)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Courier#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Courier/Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 2) (2023-)<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline three-cylinder|Ford 1.0 Fox EcoBoost I3]] | Plant was originally Oltcit, a 64/36 joint venture between Romania and Citroen established in 1976. In 1991, Citroen withdrew and the car brand became Oltena while the company became Automobile Craiova. In 1994, it established a 49/51 joint venture with Daewoo called Rodae Automobile which was renamed Daewoo Automobile Romania in 1997. Engine and transmission plants were added in 1997. Following Daewoo’s collapse in 2000, the Romanian government bought out Daewoo’s 51% stake in 2006. Ford bought a 72.4% stake in Automobile Craiova in 2008, which was renamed Ford Romania. Ford increased its stake to 95.63% in 2009. In 2022, Ford transferred ownership of the Craiova plant to its Turkish joint venture Ford Otosan. <br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1) (2010-2012)<br /> [[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] (2012-2017) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] (2018-2022) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 Sigma EcoBoost I4]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Thailand Manufacturing|Ford Thailand Manufacturing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Vietnam|Hai Duong Assembly, Ford Vietnam, Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hai Duong|Hai Duong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,250 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4-based)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 75% owned by Ford and 25% owned by Song Cong Diesel Company. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br /> [[w:Ford Tourneo|Ford Tourneo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford Ecosport]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3-based) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Transmission|Halewood Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 450 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]]<br />Ford MT82 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford IB5 transmission]]<br />Ford iB6 transmission<br />PTO Transmissions | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly|Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo|Hermosillo]], [[w:Sonora|Sonora]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,870 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] (2021-)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick pickup]] (2022-) | Hermosillo produced its 7 millionth vehicle, a blue Ford Bronco Sport, in June 2024.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2006-2020)<br />[[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] (2006-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln Zephyr]] (2006)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] (2007-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (hatchback) (2000-2005)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1991-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] (1998-2003)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1988-1999) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Irapuato Electric Powertrain Center (formerly Irapuato Transmission Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Irapuato|Irapuato]], [[w:Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 700 | style="text-align:left;"| E-motor and <br> E-transaxle (1T50LP) <br> for Mustang Mach-E | Formerly Getrag Americas, a joint venture between [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] and the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Became 100% owned by Ford in 2016 and launched conventional automatic transmission production in July 2017. Previously built the [[w:Ford PowerShift transmission|Ford PowerShift transmission]] (6DCT250 DPS6) <br /> [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F24 transmission]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Fushan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 1,725 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Equator|Ford Equator]]<br />[[w:Ford Equator Sport|Ford Equator Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]] <br> [[w:Ford Bronco New Energy|Ford Bronco New Energy EV/EREV]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,660 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit T8]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Tourneo]] <br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Chinese production|Ford Transit & Transit Classic]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit Pro]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest#Second generation (U375/UA; 2015)|Ford Everest]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Engine Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0 L EcoBoost I4]]<br />JMC 1.5/1.8 GTDi engines<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Kansas City Assembly|Kansas City Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 <br><br> 1957 (Vehicle production) | style="text-align:right;"| 9,468 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (2015-) | style="text-align:left;"| Original location at 1025 Winchester Ave. was first Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area, lasted from 1912–1956. Replaced by Claycomo plant at 8121 US 69, which began to produce civilian vehicles on January 7, 1957 beginning with the Ford F-100 pickup. The Claycomo plant only produced for the military (including wings for B-46 bombers) from when it opened in 1951-1956, when it converted to civilian production.<br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]]<br> (1957-1960)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-Series (fourth generation)]]<br> (1961-1966)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fifth generation)|Ford F-Series (fifth generation)]]<br> (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (sixth generation)|Ford F-Series (sixth generation)]]<br> (1973-1979)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series (seventh generation)]] (1980-1986)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eighth generation)|Ford F-Series (eighth generation)]]<br> (1987-1991)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]]<br> (1992-1996)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series (tenth generation)]] [PN96]<br> (1997-2003 F-150, 1997-1999 F-250)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2004-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959) <br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1962, 1964, 1966-1970)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br /> [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1962, 1966-1969)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1971-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2001-2012)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2011)<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] (2001-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] (2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) for pickups & SUVs<br /> or <br /> V (NA) for med. & heavy trucks & bus chassis | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kentucky Truck Assembly|Kentucky Truck Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,251 | style="text-align:left;"| VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (1999-)<br /> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (2009-) <br /> [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (2009-) | Located at 3001 Chamberlain Lane. <br /> Previously:<br> VIN code V:<br> [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] (1970-1990)<br />Ford W series<br />Ford CL series<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] (1991-1997)<br />[[w:Ford L series|Ford L series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br> (1970-1998) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1970–1979) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1980–1998)<br />VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]] - <br> (F-250: 1995-1997/F-350: 1994-1997/<br> F-Super Duty: 1994-1997)<br />[[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] (2000-2005) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima Engine|Lima Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima, Ohio|Lima, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,457 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Ford 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.3 Cyclone V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for FWD vehicles)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford MEL engine|Ford MEL engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 385 engine|Ford 385 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Third generation|Ford Thriftpower (Falcon) Six]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Ford Lima/Pinto I4]]<br />[[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Vulcan engine|Ford Vulcan V6]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Jaguar AJ30/AJ35 - Ford 3.9L V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia Transmission|Livonia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,075 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6R transmission|Ford 6R transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R60/10R80 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F35/8F40 transmission]] <br /> Service components | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,483 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2013-2026)<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (2020-2026) <br> [[w:Ford Fathom|Ford Fathom]] EV (2028-) | Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened on April 18, 1955. It produced both cars and trucks. The majority of Edsels were produced here.[https://www.edsel.com/registry/index.html] Passenger car production ended on June 12, 1981 when the last Ford LTD was produced at Louisville.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Louisville/pXbYITw4ZesC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ford%20motor] The plant was then converted to build the Ranger pickup and the related Bronco II SUV. Ranger production began on January 18, 1982. The plant was upgraded and expanded to build Explorer, which launched in 1990 and replaced the Bronco II. Explorer was joined by the Mercury Mountaineer in April 1996. Ranger production ended in April 1999 but the Explorer Sport Trac pickup was built here beginning in 2000. The plant was idled in December 2010 and then reopened on April 4, 2012 to build the Ford Escape crossover which was followed by the Escape-based Lincoln MKC, later replaced by the Corsair. Escape and Corsair production ended in mid-December 2025 and the factory was then idled. <br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] (2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1991-2010)<br />[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (1997-2010)<br />[[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] (1991-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] (2001-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] (2001-2010)<br />[[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] (1984-1990)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1983-1999)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1958)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1967-1969)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1957, 1973-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1970-1981)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair#1959|Edsel Corsair]] (1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1955-1958, 1960-1961)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1971)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />Heavy trucks were produced on a separate line from early 1958 until Kentucky Truck Plant opened in 1969. Includes [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] bus, [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], [[w:Ford H series|Ford H series]], Ford W series, and [[w:Ford L series#Background|Ford N-Series]] (1963-69). In addition to cars, F-Series light trucks were built from 1973-1981. Louisville Assembly was then converted to build the Ranger compact pickup, production of which began on January 18, 1982. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NA) (1964-) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]] <br> Previously: Michigan Truck Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,126 | style="text-align:Left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6-P703)]] (2024-)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 38303 Michigan Ave. Opened in 1957 to build station wagons as the Michigan Station Wagon Plant. Due to a sales slump, the plant was idled in 1959 until 1964. The plant was reopened and converted to build <br> F-Series trucks in 1964, becoming the Michigan Truck Plant. Was original production location for the [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] in 1966. In 1997, F-Series production ended so the plant could focus on the Expedition and Navigator full-size SUVs. In December 2008, Expedition and Navigator production ended and would move to the Kentucky Truck plant during 2009. In 2011, the Michigan Truck Plant was combined with the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant, which were then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. The plant was converted to build small cars, beginning with the 2012 Focus, followed by the 2013 C-Max. Car production ended in May 2018 and the plant was converted back to building trucks, beginning with the 2019 Ranger, followed by the 2021 Bronco.<br> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger (T6-P375)]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (2012-2018)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]] (2013-2018)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] (1966-1996)<br />[[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (1997-2009)<br />[[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (1998-2009)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1964-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] (1993-1995)<br /> [[w:Mercury Colony Park|Mercury Colony Park]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] <br> Markham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Markham, Ontario|Markham, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016-2022, 2025- (Ford production) | | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] (2025-) | Plant owned by [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] Inc.<br /> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] (2017-2022) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (NA) (for Pilot Plant),<br> No plant code for Mark II | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Pilot Plant|New Model Programs Development Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Allen Park, Michigan|Allen Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | | style="text-align:left;"| Commonly known as "Pilot Plant" | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17000 Oakwood Boulevard. Originally Allen Park Body & Assembly to build the 1956-1957 [[w:Continental Mark II|Continental Mark II]]. Then was Edsel Division headquarters until 1959. Later became the New Model Programs Development Center, where new models and their manufacturing processes are developed and tested. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:fr:Nordex S.A.|Nordex S.A.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 (Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Nordex S.A. Built under contract for Ford for South American markets. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (1954-1959)<br>/<br> No plant codes used (1960-1965)<br>/<br> B (NA) (1966-present) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,600 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (2027-) | style="text-align:left;"| Truck production moved to the neighboring Ontario Truck plant when it opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant. Ford Edge production ended in May 2024 and Oakville Assembly was idled.<br /> Previously: <br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1967-1968, 1971)<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor cars]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Meteor Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch cars]]<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1968)<br />[[w:Frontenac (marque)|Frontenac]] (1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Americas)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1970, 1972-1974)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1969-1970, 1972, 1975-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1972, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] (1995-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] (2004-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] (2009-2019)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] (2010-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] (2007-2024)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKX|Lincoln MKX]] (2007-2018) <br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] (1961-1981)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#First generation (1961–1967)|Mercury Econoline]] (1961-1965)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1954-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1954-1965) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ohio Assembly|Ohio Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avon Lake, Ohio|Avon Lake, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,802 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]]<br> (Body assembly: 1975-,<br> Final assembly: 2006-)<br> (Van thru 2014,<br> Cutaway thru present day)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/750]] (2016-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-350/450/550 Chassis Cab]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-600 Chassis Cab]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Was previously a Fruehauf truck trailer plant.<br />Previously: [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest]] (1993-2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|Pacheco Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,823 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. Ford kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved while VW got the other side of the plant, which it still operates. This plant has made both cars and trucks. <br /> Formerly:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-3500/F-400/F-4000/F-500]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]]<br />[[w:Ford B-Series|Ford B-Series]] (B-600/B-700/B-7000)<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]] (1962 to 1991)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#Argentine Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]]<br /> [[w:Ford Taunus TC#Argentina|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona#Second generation (1993–1996)|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Ford Fairlane in Argentina|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger (US design)]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine|Ford 170/187/188/221 inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|VW Pointer]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Rawsonville Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 788 | style="text-align:left;"| Integrated Air/Fuel Modules<br /> Air Induction Systems<br> Transmission Oil Pumps<br />HEV and PHEV Batteries<br /> Fuel Pumps<br /> Carbon Canisters<br />Ignition Coils<br />Transmission components for Van Dyke Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 10300 Textile Road. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Sold to parent Ford in 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (N. American-style VIN position) | style="text-align:left;"| RMA Automotive Cambodia | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Krakor district|Krakor district]], [[w:Pursat province|Pursat province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambodia|Cambodia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2022 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] [https://cambodianess.com/article/rma-cambodia-plc-officially-launches-new-ford-production-line-and-ford-sub-assembly-plant-in-pursat-province] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant belongs to RMA Group, Ford's distributor in Cambodia. Builds vehicles under license from Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following G] [includes <br> US-mkt. '78-'80 Ford Fiesta] <br>/<br> 4 (NA) ['16-'18 US-mkt. <br> Focus RS] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis Body & Assembly|Saarlouis Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis|Saarlouis]], [[w:Saarland|Saarland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 (components), 1970 (vehicle prod.) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,276 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Plant was built on the site of the former Roderberg airfield. First opened as a components plant in 1968, supplying other Ford plants and also supplying Renault with body panels. This production ended once Ford Escort production began in 1970. The first Escort body shell was completed on October 20, 1969. Began vehicle production with the Escort on January 16, 1970. Saarlouis shared Escort production with Ford's Halewood, UK plant. About 150,000 Capris were built at Saarlouis from 1971-1975, including the 1 millionth Capri built, an RS2600 completed on August 29, 1973. Fiesta began production at Saarlouis on May 11, 1976 and ended in 1980. Over 700,000 Fiestas were built in Saarlouis. Escort was replaced by the Focus in 1998. Saarlouis produced over 6.5 million Escorts from 1970-1998. Focus began production on August 10, 1998. All Focus RS & RS500 models were made in Saarlouis. In June 2013, the Ford Focus Electric began production in Saarlouis. It was the first fully electric Ford in Europe and the first fully electric car to be produced in Germany. Production ended by April 2017. C-Max production began in Saarlouis in November 2003. C-Max production shifted to Valencia, Spain in 2010 but returned to Saarlouis in 2014. C-Max production ended in June 2019 and was discontinued. About 1.2 million <br> C-Max vehicles were built at Saarlouis. Last Focus ST produced September 26, 2025. Last Focus, a white 5-d hatchback, was produced on November 14, 2025. That was the end of vehicle production at Saarlouis. In 1980, Saarlouis built its 2 millionth vehicle, a Fiesta 3-d. In February 1990, Saarlouis produced its 5 millionth vehicle, a 4th gen. Escort. In July 2005, Saarlouis produced its 10 millionth vehicle, a blue Focus wagon. On November 19, 2007, Saarlouis produced its 11 millionth vehicle, a silver C-Max. On August 26, 2010, the 12 millionth vehicle, a white Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. On June 16, 2016, the 14 millionth vehicle, a red Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. In December 2019, Saarlouis produced its 15 millionth vehicle, a red Focus ST 5-d. About 15.6 million vehicles were produced in total at Saarlouis.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] (1983-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]] (1971-1975)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] (1976-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (1998-2025)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] (2003-2010, 2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#First generation (C394; 2008)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 1: 2008-2012) |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Engine Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | | [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue/Panther 2.0L Diesel I4 engine]] | Although the Sanand property including the assembly plant was sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022, the engine plant buildings and property were leased back from Tata by Ford India so that the engine plant could continue building diesel engines for export to Thailand, Vietnam, and Argentina. <br /> Previously: [[w:List of Ford engines#1.2 L Dragon|1.2/1.5 Ti-VCT Dragon I3]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville Transmission|Sharonville Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,003 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford 6R140 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R80/10R140 transmission]]<br /> Gears for 6R80/140, 6F35/50/55, & 8F57 transmissions <br /> | Located at 3000 E Sharon Rd. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford 4R70W transmission|Ford 4R70W transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford C6 transmission#4R100|Ford 4R100 transmission]]<br /> Ford 5R110W transmission<br /> [[w:Ford C3 transmission#5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W|Ford 5R55S transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Sterling Axle | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,391 | style="text-align:left;"| Front axles<br /> Rear axles<br /> Rear drive units | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 39000 Mound Rd. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000; taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following W] /<br> 1 (NA) ('14-'23 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valencia Body and Assembly|Ford Valencia Body and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Kuga#Third generation (C482; 2019)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 3) | Previously: [[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Third generation (CD390; 2015)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#First generation (BE146; 1996)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 2)<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] <br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford S-Max]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#First generation (DY; 2002)|Mazda 2]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Valencia Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec HE 1.8/2.0]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford Ecoboost 2.0L]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|Ford Ecoboost 2.3L]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Valencia|Ford Kent/Valencia engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,444 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35/6F55]]<br /> Ford HF35/HF45 transmission for hybrids & PHEVs<br />Ford 8F57 transmission<br />Electric motors (eMotor) for hybrids & EVs<br />Electric vehicle transmissions | Located at 41111 Van Dyke Ave. Formerly known as Van Dyke Transmission Plant.<br />Originally made suspension parts. Began making transmissions in 1993.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford AX4N transmission|Ford AX4N transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (for VW & for Ford) | style="text-align:left;"| Volkswagen Poznań | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poznań|Poznań]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| | | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Caddy#Fourth generation (Typ SB; 2020)|VW Caddy]]<br /> | Plant owned by [[W:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]. Production for Ford began in 2022. <br> Previously: [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)|VW Transporter (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford 6.8/7.3L Godzilla V8]] | Main Windsor Engine Plant closed but the Windsor Annex Engine Plant, located on the south end of the Windsor Engine Plant property off Seminole Street, is still open. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 255/289/302/351 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]]: 4.6/5.4L V8 & 6.8L V10 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Forging | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 | style="text-align:left;"| Crankshaft forgings for 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6, 3.5 Cyclone V6, & 3.5 EcoBoost V6 | Located at 24189 Allen Rd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 499 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels | Located at 20900 West Rd. |} ==Future production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Employees ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blue Oval City|Tennessee Truck Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Stanton, Tennessee|Stanton, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~6,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford gas-powered pickup | Was scheduled to start EV production in 2028, following delays. As of December 2025, plant is renamed Tennessee Truck Plant and production of a gas-powered truck is scheduled to start in 2029. Battery manufacturing onsite would have been part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture with SK On, a subsidiary of [[w:SK Innovation|SK Innovation]].<ref name=BlueOval>{{cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/ford/2021/09/27/ford-four-new-plants-tennessee-kentucky-electric-vehicles/5879885001/|title=Ford, partner to spend $11.4B on four new plants in Tennessee, Kentucky to support EVs|first1=Jordyn|last1=Grzelewski|first2=Riley|last2=Beggin|newspaper=The Detroit News|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=September 27, 2021}}</ref> However, as of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| BlueOval SK Battery Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Glendale, Kentucky|Glendale, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~5,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Batteries for F-150 Lightning & E-Transit | Consists of 2 battery plants. Both were originally scheduled to start production in 2025. Plant 1 began commercial production on August 19, 2025 but Plant 2 has been delayed to 2027. Part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, a subsidiary of SK Innovation.<ref name=BlueOval/> As of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. The Glendale plant is now making battery packs for Ford Energy, a new Ford subsidiary making battery energy storage systems for data centers, utilities, and large industrial and commercial customers in the U.S. |} ==Former production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:220px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/State ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"| Years ! style="width:250px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (EU) [serial# starts with BF] | style="text-align:left;"| Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO) "Aveley plant" | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Ockendon|South Ockendon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Vehicle production from Nov. 1970 - Early 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967)|Ford Escort]] Mexico, RS1600, & RS2000 models | Was located on Arisdale Avenue in South Ockendon. Plant was set up to build special, high performance Escort models that needed extra work to build, which the Halewood plant was struggling to do. Escort two-door bodyshells, already painted, trimmed, and built to strengthened Type 49 specification, were shipped in directly from the Halewood plant that built mainstream Escorts. Once at the AVO plant, the bodies were placed on an overhead carousel which ran around the factory. As the cars moved around, the engine, transmission, and suspension were fitted from below. When auto sales declined following the 1973 Energy Crisis, spare capacity opened up at the mainstream Escort plants and a dedicated plant for performance versions was no longer needed and the AVO plant closed in early 1975. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Alexandria Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1950-1966 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford trucks including [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks | Opened in 1950. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ali Automobiles | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Kombi]], [[w:Ford F-Series second generation|Ford F-Series pickups]] | Ford production ended. Ali Automobiles was nationalized in 1972, becoming Awami Autos. Today, Awami is partnered with Suzuki in the Pak Suzuki joint venture. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Amsterdam Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1932-1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]], [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]],<br> Ford N-Series (EU) | Assembled a wide range of Ford products primarily for the local market from Sept. 1932–Nov. 1981. Began with the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. Car assembly (latterly [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]], and [[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]) ended 1978. Also, [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Ford Custom 500|Ford Custom 500]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Antwerp Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1922-1964 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Edsel|Edsel]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Original plant was on Rue Dubois from 1922 to 1926. Ford then moved to the Hoboken District of Antwerp in 1926 until they moved to a plant near the Bassin Canal in 1931. Replaced by the Genk plant that opened in 1964, however tractors were then made at Antwerp for some time after car & truck production ended. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Asnières-sur-Seine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnières-sur-Seine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] (Ford 6CV) | Ford sold the plant to Société Immobilière Industrielle d'Asnières or SIIDA on April 30, 1941. SIIDA leased it to the LAFFLY company (New Machine Tool Company) on October 30, 1941. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] then bought most of the shares in LAFFLY in 1948 and the lease was transferred from LAFFLY to [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] in 1949, which then began to move in and set up production. A hydraulics building for the manufacture of the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS was built in 1953. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] manufactured machined parts and hydraulic components for its hydropneumatic suspension system (also supplied to [[w:Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce Motors]]) at Asnières as well as steering components and connecting rods & camshafts after Nanterre was closed. SIIDA was taken over by Citroën on September 2, 1968. In 2000, the Asnières site became a joint venture between [[w:Siemens|Siemens Automotive]] and [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] (Siemens 52% -PSA 48%) called Siemens Automotive Hydraulics SA (SAH). In 2007, when [[w:Continental AG|Continental AG]] took over [[w:Siemens VDO|Siemens VDO]], SAH became CAAF (Continental Automotive Asnières France) and PSA sold off its stake in the joint venture. Continental closed the Asnières plant in 2009. Most of the site was demolished between 2011 and 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Gaydon Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gaydon|Gaydon, Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB9|Aston Martin DB9]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage/V12 Vantage]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin DBS V12|Aston Martin DBS V12]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (DBS-based V8 & Lagonda sedan), <br /> B (Virage & Vanquish) | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Newport Pagnell Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Newport Pagnell|Newport Pagnell]], [[w:Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin Vanquish#First generation (2001–2007)|Aston Martin V12 Vanquish]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Virage|Aston Martin Virage]] 1st generation <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8|Aston Martin V8]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Lagonda|Aston Martin Lagonda sedan]] <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8 engine|Aston Martin V8 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AT/A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hapeville, Georgia|Hapeville, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1947-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986-2007)<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986-2005) | Began F-Series production December 3, 1947. Demolished. Site now occupied by the headquarters of Porsche North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche breaks ground in Hapeville on new North American HQ|url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/20194429/porsche-breaks-ground-in-hapeville-on-new-north-american-hq|publisher=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> <br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956, 1958, 1960)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961, 1963-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1969, 1979-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1961-1964)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1963, 1965-1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1969-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Third generation (1974–1976)|Mercury Cougar]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1978)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird (Gen 9)]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1984-1985) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Auckland Operations | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wiri|Wiri]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-1997 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1973 as Wiri Assembly (also included transmission & chassis component plants), name changed in 1983 to Auckland Operations, became a joint venture with Mazda called Vehicles Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) in 1987, closed in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (EU) [when following P] (for Ford),<br> V (for VW & Seat) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autoeuropa|Autoeuropa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Palmela|Palmela]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] in 1999, Ford production ended in 2006 | [[w:Ford Galaxy#First generation (V191; 1995)|Ford Galaxy (1995–2006)]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Sharan|Volkswagen Sharan]]<br />[[w:SEAT Alhambra|SEAT Alhambra]] | Autoeuropa was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford & VW created in 1991. Production began in 1995. Ford sold its half of the plant to VW in 1999 but the Ford Galaxy continued to be built at the plant until the first generation ended production in 2006. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive Industries|Automotive Industries]], Ltd. (AIL) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nazareth Illit|Nazareth Illit]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Israel|Israel]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968-1985? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-9000]] | Car production began in 1968 in conjunction with Ford's local distributor, Israeli Automobile Corp. Truck production began in 1973. Ford Escort production ended in 1981. Truck production may have continued to c.1985. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Suspended | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]] | Produced trucks under contract for Ford Otosan. Production began with the Cargo in 2015; the F-Max was added in 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Azambuja Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Sierra-based model|Ford P100]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]] (12M)<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G (EU) [when following W] (Ford Maverick made by Nissan) | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]] | Became Motor Iberica SA after nationalization in 1954. Built Ford's [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks under license which were sold under the [[w:Ebro trucks|Ebro]] name. Later taken over in stages by Nissan from 1979 to 1987 when it became [[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]] SA. Under Nissan, the [[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] SUV was built in the Barcelona plant under an OEM agreement. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|Barracas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1916-1922 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford assembly plant in Latin America and the second outside North America after Britain. Replaced by the La Boca plant in 1922. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Basildon | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Basildon|Basildon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964-1991 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford tractor range | style="text-align:left;"| Sold with New Holland tractor business |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia Transmission|Batavia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia, Ohio|Batavia, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1980-2008 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford ATX transmission|Ford ATX transmission]]<br />[[w:Batavia Transmission#Partnership|CFT23 & CFT30 CVT transmissions]] produced as part of ZF Batavia joint venture with [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] | ZF Batavia joint venture was created in 1999 and was 49% owned by Ford and 51% owned by [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]]. Jointly developed CVT production began in late 2003. Ford bought out ZF in 2005 and the plant became Batavia Transmissions LLC, owned 100% by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Germany|Berlin Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Berlin|Berlin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1931 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | Replaced by Cologne plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Aquitaine Industries Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford C3 transmission|Ford C3/A4LD/A4LDE/4R44E/4R55E/5R44E/5R55E/5R55S/5R55W 3-, 4-, & 5-speed automatic transmissions]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 6-speed automatic transmission]]<br />Components | Sold to HZ Holding in 2009 but the deal collapsed and Ford bought the plant back in 2011. Closed in September 2019. Demolished in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (for DB7) | style="text-align:left;"| Bloxham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bloxham|Bloxham]], [[w:Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB7|Aston Martin DB7]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ220|Jaguar XJ220]] | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a JaguarSport plant. After XJ220 production ended, plant was transferred to Aston Martin to build the DB7. Closed with the end of DB7 production in 2003. Aston Martin has since been sold by Ford in 2007. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:International Motors#Blue Diamond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Escobedo|General Escobedo, Nuevo León]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"|Joint venture ended in 2015 | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-650]] (2004-2015)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-750]] (2004-2015)<br /> [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] (2006-2009) | style="text-align:left;"| Commercial truck joint venture with Navistar until 2015 when Ford production moved back to USA and plant was returned to Navistar. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford India|Bombay Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bombay|Bombay]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1926-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| | Ford's original Indian plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Bordeaux Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Asnières-sur-Seine plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend Engine|Bridgend Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend|Bridgend]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed September 2020 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5/1.6 Sigma EcoBoost I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8 engine]] 4.0/4.2/4.4L<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 3.0L V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|Jaguar AJ133 5.0L V8]]<br /> [[w:Volvo SI6 engine|Volvo SI6 engine]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JG (AU) /<br> G (AU) /<br> 8 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Broadmeadows Assembly Plant|Broadmeadows Assembly Plant]] (Broadmeadows Car Assembly) (Plant 1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1959-2016<ref name="abc_4707960">{{cite news|title=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-23/ford-to-close-geelong-and-broadmeadows-plants/4707960|work=abc.net.au|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E (1959–1968)|Ford Anglia 105E]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] TC-TF<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> Ford Falcon Ute<br /> [[w:Nissan Ute|Nissan Ute]] (XFN)<br />Ford Falcon Panel Van<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (Australia)|Ford Territory]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri (Australia)|Ford Capri Convertible]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri convertible]] (1991–1994)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1959-1961 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie#Australian production|Ford Galaxie (1969-1972) (conversion to right hand drive)]] | Plant opened August 1959. Closed Oct 7th 2016. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JL (AU) /<br> L (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Broadmeadows Commercial Vehicle Plant (Assembly Plant 2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]],[[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1971-1992 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-Series medium duty]] (F-500/F-600/F-700/F-750/F-800/F-8000)<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Bronco#Australian assembly|Ford Bronco]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cadiz Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cadiz|Cadiz]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1920-1923 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Barcelona plant. |- | style="text-align:center;"| 8 (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Camaçari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Camaçari, Bahia|Camaçari, Bahia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001-2021<ref name="camacari">{{cite web |title=Ford Advances South America Restructuring; Will Cease Manufacturing in Brazil, Serve Customers With New Lineup {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/01/11/ford-advances-south-america-restructuring.html |website=media.ford.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rui diz que negociação para atrair nova montadora de veículos para Camaçari está avançada|url=https://destaque1.com/rui-diz-que-negociacao-para-atrair-nova-montadora-de-veiculos-para-camacari-esta-avancada/|website=destaque1.com|access-date=30 May 2022|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka+]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:List of Ford engines#1.0 L Fox|Fox 1.0L I3 Engine]] | [[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta & Fiesta Rocam]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Canton Forge Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canton, Ohio|Canton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1988 | | Located on Georgetown Road NE. |- | | Casablanca Automotive Plant | [[w:Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1969-1971<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2011-12-06 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CASABLANCA (1971) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2011/12/planta-ford-casablanca-1971.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1076777 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-series]], [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967-1979)|Ford F-600]] | Nationalized by the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trowbridge |first=Alexander B. |title=Overseas Business Reports, US Department of Commerce |date=February 1968 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |edition=OBR 68-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EyN: Henry Ford II regresa a Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=541850 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.economiaynegocios.cl}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda|Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#DE|Mazda 2]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%). Ford Motor Company (35%), Mazda Motor Company (15%). JV was divided in 2012 into [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] and [[w:Changan Mazda|Changan Mazda]]. Changan Mazda took the Nanjing plant while Changan Ford kept the other plants. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda Engine|Changan Ford Mazda Engine Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine|Mazda BZ series 1.3/1.6 engine]]<br />[[w:Skyactiv#Skyactiv-G|Mazda Skyactiv-G 1.5/2.0/2.5]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (25%), Mazda Motor Company (25%). Ford sold its stake to Mazda in 2019. Now known as Changan Mazda Engine Co., Ltd. owned 50% by Mazda & 50% by Changan. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Charles McEnearney & Co. Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| Tumpuna Road, [[w:Arima|Arima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] | Ford production ended & factory closed in 1990's. |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Engine Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2010–2022 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Ford to stop making cars in India|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-motor-cease-local-production-india-shut-down-both-plants-sources-2021-09-09/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford DLD engine#DLD-415|Ford DLD engine]] (DLD-415/DV5)<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]] | |- valign="top" | C (NA)<br>/<br> R (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1999 <br> Closed in 2022<ref name=":0"/> | [[w:Ford Endeavour|Ford Endeavour]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] 5th & 6th generations<br /> [[w:Ford Figo#First generation (B517; 2010)|Ford Figo]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago SHO Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021-2023 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] (2021-2023)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2021-2023) | style="text-align:left;"| 12429 S Burley Ave in Chicago. Located about 1.2 miles away from Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 2000,<br> Closed in 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum engine blocks for 2.3L Duratec 23 I4 | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1952,<br>Closed in 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| Iron engine blocks, heads, crankshafts, and main bearing caps | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. (Engle Rd.), immediately to the south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1. Construction 1950, operational 1952 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford foundry in Brook Park to close after 58 years of service|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/ford_foundry_in_brook_park_to.html|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=9 February 2018|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> Demolished 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford begins plans to demolish shuttered Cleveland Casting Plant|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20110627/FREE/306279972/ford-begins-plans-to-demolish-shuttered-cleveland-casting-plant|website=Cleveland Business|access-date=9 February 2018|date=27 June 2011}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1955,<br>Closed in 2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Ford 2.5L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|Jaguar AJ-V6 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 18300 Five Points Rd., south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1 and the Cleveland Casting Plant. Opened in 1955. Partially demolished and converted into Forward Innovation Center West. Source of the [[w:Ford 351 Cleveland|Ford 351 Cleveland]] V8 & the [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland-based 400 V8]] and the closely related [[w:Ford 335 engine#351M|400 Cleveland-based 351M V8]]. Also, [[w:Ford Y-block engine|Ford Y-block engine]] & [[w:Ford Super Duty engine|Ford Super Duty engine]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Compañía Colombiana Automotriz|Compañía Colombiana Automotriz]] (Mazda) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Mazda closed the factory in 2014. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#Latin America|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Henry Ford & Sons Ltd|Henry Ford & Sons Ltd]] | style="text-align:left;"| Marina, [[w:Cork (city)|Cork]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Munster|Munster]], [[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractor (1919-1922, 1929-1932) and car assembly, including [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] in the 1970s finally ending with the [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of Ford in Ireland|url=http://www.ford.ie/AboutFord/CompanyInformation/HistoryOfFord|work=Ford|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Also [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]], and [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]]. Also [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] (1923-1927), [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], and [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1917 with production from 1919 to 1984. Produced Model T components beginning in 1921 before complete cars began to be assembled (Model T in 1923). Supplied components to the Manchester, England Model T plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Croydon Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Croydon|Croydon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Small metal stampings and assemblies | Opened in 1949 as Briggs Motor Bodies & purchased by Ford in 1957. Expanded in 1989. Site completely vacated in 2005. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cuautitlán Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitln Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1964. Included a foundry and machining plant. <br /> [[w:Ford small block engine#289|Ford 289 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#302|Ford 302 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#351W|Ford 351 Windsor V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2002) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]], [[w:Ford CX|Ford CX]], [[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]], [[w:Ford 7Y|Ford 7Y]], [[w:Ford Model 91|Ford Model 91]], [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], [[w:Ford Popular|Ford Popular]], [[w:Ford Squire|Ford Squire]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]], [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]], [[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]], [[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121]], [[w:Fordson E83W|Fordson E83W]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson 7V|Fordson 7V]], [[w:Fordson WOT|Fordson WOT]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson Thames ET|Fordson Thames ET]], [[w:Ford Thames 300E|Ford Thames 300E]], [[w:Ford Thames 307E|Ford Thames 307E]], [[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]], [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Thames Trader NC]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Ford K-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1931–2002, formerly principal Ford UK plant |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Stamping & Tooling]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era">{{cite news|title=End of an era|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20078108|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Demolished. | Body panels, wheels | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL/D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 1970 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (93,748 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref><br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960) <br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1969)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1970) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park. Replaced original Dallas plant at 2700 Canton St. in 1925. Assembly stopped February 1933 but resumed in 1934. Closed February 20, 1970. Over 3 million vehicles built. 5200 E. Grand Ave. is now owned by City Warehouse Corp. and is used by multiple businesses. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DA/F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Assembly Plant|Dearborn Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle-class patrol craft|Eagle-class patrol craft]] during WWI<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors (1921-1928) <br />Parts for Ford Model T<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] (1928-1932)<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]] (1932-1934)<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]] (1935-1936)<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] (1941-1942, 1946-1948)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]] (1949-1951)<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]] (1955-1956)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1951)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1955-1961)<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-2004)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1967-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1966)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (21,559 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref> <br>[[w:Ford GPA|Ford GPA]] 'Seep' (Sea Jeep) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Started building Eagle-class patrol boats in 1918 during World War I. After the war ended, builtt Fordson tractors and parts for the Model T but didn't assemble any complete Model Ts. The Model A was the first complete car built at the Rouge complex. During World War II, the Rouge complex produced Jeeps (GPW), aircraft engines and engine parts, aircraft components, tires and tubes, armor plating, and tractors. During 2004, Mustangs built at Dearborn Assembly and F-150s built at Dearborn Truck were painted in the same new paint shop that opened in 2000. On May 10, 2004, the final vehicle was built at Dearborn Assembly: a '04 Mustang GT convertible. Replaced by Dearborn Truck Plant for 2005MY. This plant within the Rouge complex was demolished in 2008. It is now a parking lot to hold trucks from the Dearborn Truck Plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Iron Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1974) | style="text-align:left;"| Cast iron parts including engine blocks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Replaced by Michigan Casting Center in the early 1970s. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Eagle Farm Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm (Brisbane), Queensland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1998) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />Ford Falcon Ute (including XY 4x4)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] trucks<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax trucks]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1926. Closed in 1998; demolished |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| ME/T (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edison Assembly|Edison Assembly]] (a.k.a. Metuchen Assembly) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Edison, New Jersey|Edison, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948–2004 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1991-2004)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] (1998-2001)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (1994–2004)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1990)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1963-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]]<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 939 U.S. Route 1. Demolished in 2005. Now a shopping mall called Edison Towne Square. Also known as Metuchen Assembly. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Aluminum|Essex Aluminum]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2012) | style="text-align:left;"| 3.8/4.2L V6 cylinder heads<br />4.6L, 5.4L V8 cylinder heads<br />6.8L V10 cylinder heads<br />Pistons | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1981. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001; shuttered in 2009 except for the melting operation which closed in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fairfax Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fairfax, Ohio|Fairfax, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1979) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cruise-O-Matic|Ford-O-Matic/Merc-O-Matic/Lincoln Turbo-Drive]]<br /> [[w:Cruise-O-Matic#MX/FX|Cruise-O-Matic (FX transmission)]]<br />[[w:Cruise-O-Matic#FMX|FMX transmission]] | Located at 4000 Red Bank Road. Opened in 1950. Original Ford-O-Matic was a licensed design from the Warner Gear division of [[w:Borg-Warner|Borg-Warner]]. Also produced aircraft engine parts during the Korean War. Closed in 1979. Sold to Red Bank Distribution of Cincinnati in 1987. Transferred to Cincinnati Port Authority in 2006 after Cincinnati agreed not to sue the previous owner for environmental and general negligence. Redeveloped into Red Bank Village, a mixed-use commercial and office space complex, which opened in 2009 and includes a Wal-Mart. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following L] (for Ford),<br> J (for Fiat - later years) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:FCA Poland|Fiat Tychy Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 2016 | [[w:Ford Ka#Second generation (2008)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] | Plant owned by [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which is now part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production for Ford began in 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Foden Trucks|Foden Trucks]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sandbach|Sandbach]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1984. Factory closed in 2000. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]] | style="text-align:left;"| Foden Trucks plant. Produced for Ford after Ford closed Amsterdam plant. 504 units produced by Foden. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Selangor|Selangor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br /> [[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]]<br />[[w:BMW 3-Series|BMW 3-Series]] E46, E90<br />[[w:BMW 5-Series|BMW 5-Series]] E60<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br /> [[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as AMIM (Associated Motor Industries Malaysia) Holdings Sdn. Bhd. which was 30% owned by Ford from the early 1980s. Previously, Associated Motor Industries Malaysia had assembled for various automotive brands including Ford but was not owned by Ford. In 2000, Ford increased its stake to 49% and renamed the company Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. The other 51% was owned by Tractors Malaysia Bhd., a subsidiary of Sime Darby Bhd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory|Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| Automotive lighting | Located at 26601 W. Huron River Drive. Opened in 1923. Also produced junction boxes for the B-24 bomber as well as lighting for military vehicles during World War II. Closed in 1950. Sold to Moynahan Bronze Company in 1950. Sold to Stearns Manufacturing in 1972. Leased in 1981 to Flat Rock Metal Inc., which later purchased the building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]], [[w:Muntinlupa|Muntinlupa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br /> American Ford trucks<br />British Ford trucks<br />Ford Fiera | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1968. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mariveles|Mariveles]], [[w:Bataan|Bataan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| Stampings | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1976. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Italia|Ford Motor Co. d’Italia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trieste|Trieste]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1931) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford Motor Company of Japan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yokohama|Yokohama]], [[w:Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1941) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1925. Factory was seized by Imperial Japanese Government. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company del Peru | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima|Lima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Peru|Peru]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (first generation)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]] 17M<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-28 |title=Ford to Assemble Cars In Big New Plant in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/28/archives/ford-to-assemble-cars-in-big-new-plant-in-peru.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Ford del Perú |url=https://archivodeautos.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/ford-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Archivo de autos |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford Motor Company Philippines]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa, Laguna]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2012) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Protege|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant sold to Mitsubishi Motors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company Caribbean, Inc. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canóvanas, Puerto Rico|Canóvanas]], [[w:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:United States|U.S.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Ball bearings | Plant opened in the 1960s. Constructed on land purchased from the [[w:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company|Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:de:Ford Motor Company of Rhodesia|Ford Motor Co. Rhodesia (Pvt.) Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Salisbury]] (now Harare) | style="text-align:left;"| ([[w:Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]) / [[w:Rhodesia (1964–1965)|Rhodesia (colony)]] / [[w:Rhodesia|Rhodesia (country)]] (now [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1967 to state-owned Industrial Development Corporation | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fourth generation (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fifth generation (1966–1967)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-100]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E/800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson#Dexta|Fordson Dexta tractors]]<br />[[w:Fordson#E1A|Fordson Super Major]]<br />[[w:Deutz-Fahr|Deutz F1M 414 tractor]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Former Ford Factory|Ford Motor Co. (Singapore)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Singapore|Singapore]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1980) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as Ford Motor Company of Malaya Ltd. & subsequently as Ford Motor Company of Malaysia. Factory was originally on Anson Road, then moved to Prince Edward Road in Jan. 1930 before moving to Bukit Timah Road in April 1941. Factory was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. It was then used by British military authorities until April 1947 when it was returned to Ford. Production resumed in December 1947. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of South Africa Ltd.]] Struandale Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Delta Motor Corporation|Delta Motor Corporation]] (later [[w:General Motors South Africa|GM South Africa]]) in 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (North America)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (Americas)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Ford Ranchero (American)]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Ford Cortina Pickup/P100/Ford 1-Tonner]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus (P5) 17M]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford (Taunus P7) 17M/20M]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark I (1972–1977)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont (Australia)#South Africa|Ford Fairmont/Fairmont GT]] (XW, XY)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] ([[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)#Falcon utility|Falcon Ute-based]]) (XT, XW, XY, XA, XB)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Second generation|Ford Fairlane (Australia)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort/XR3/XR3i]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]] | Ford first began production in South Africa in 1924 in a former wool store on Grahamstown Road in Port Elizabeth. Ford then moved to a larger location on Harrower Road in October 1930. In 1948, Ford moved again to a plant in Neave Township, Port Elizabeth. Struandale Assembly opened in 1974. Ford ended vehicle production in Port Elizabeth in December 1985, moving all vehicle production to SAMCOR's Silverton plant that had come from Sigma Motor Corp., the other partner in the [[w:SAMCOR|SAMCOR]] merger. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Naberezhny Chelny Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Naberezhny Chelny|Naberezhny Chelny]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] | Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] St. Petersburg Assembly Plant, previously [[w:Ford Motor Company ZAO|Ford Motor Company ZAO]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vsevolozhsk|Vsevolozhsk]], [[w:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]] | Opened as a 100%-owned Ford plant in 2002 building the Focus. Mondeo was added in 2009. Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2022). Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Restructured & renamed Sollers Ford in 2020 after Sollers increased its stake to 51% in 2019 with Ford owning 49%. Production suspended in March 2022. Ford Sollers was dissolved in October 2022 when Ford sold its remaining 49% stake and exited the Russian market. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Second generation (2006)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]]<br />[[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Tourneo Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.6L Duratec I4]] | Opened as part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2015. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Apčak|Obchuk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belarus|Belarus]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#Sixth generation (1995–2002)|Ford Escort, Escort Van]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] | Ford Union was a joint venture which was 51% owned by Ford, 23% owned by distributor Lada-OMC, & 26% owned by the Belarus government. Production began in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford-Vairogs|Ford-Vairogs]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Riga|Riga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Latvia|Latvia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1940). Nationalized following Soviet invasion & takeover of Latvia. | [[w:Ford Prefect#E93A (1938–49)|Ford-Vairogs Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus G93A#Ford Taunus G93A (1939–1942)|Ford-Vairogs Taunus]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 Standard]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 De Luxe]]<br />Ford-Vairogs V8 3-ton trucks<br />Ford-Vairogs buses | Produced vehicles under license from Ford's Copenhagen, Denmark division. Production began in 1937. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fremantle Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:North Fremantle, Western Australia|North Fremantle, Western Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br>[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 130 Stirling Highway. Plant opened in March 1930. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the factory was assembling tractors and rectifying vehicles delivered from Geelong in Victoria. The factory was also used as a depot for spare parts for Ford dealerships. Later used by Matilda Bay Brewing Company from 1988-2013 though beer production ended in 2007. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937-1940 Ford]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (through 1948)<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford#Australian production|1941-1942 & 1946-1948 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949-1951 Ford Custom Fordor/Coupe Utility/Deluxe Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952-1954 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955-1956 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957-1959 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford Freighter/F-Series]] | Production began in 1925 in a former wool storage warehouse in Geelong before moving to a new plant in the Geelong suburb that later became known as Norlane. Vehicle production later moved to Broadmeadows plant that opened in 1959. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Aluminum Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and structural oil pans | Opened 1986. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Iron Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| I6 engine blocks, camshafts, crankshafts, exhaust manifolds, bearing caps, disc brake rotors and flywheels | Opened 1972. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Chassis Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Machine cylinder heads, suspension arms and brake rotors | Opened 1983. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 335 engine#302 and 351 Cleveland (Australia)|Ford 302 & 351 Cleveland V8]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Ford Australia|Ford Australia Falcon I6]]<br />[[w:Ford Barra engine#Inline 6|Ford Australia Barra I6]] | Opened 1926. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont body panels <br /> Ford Falcon Utility body panels <br /> Ford Territory body panels | Opened 1926. Previously: Ford Fairlane body panels <br /> Ford LTD body panels <br /> Ford Capri body panels <br /> Ford Cortina body panels <br /> Welded subassemblies and steel press tools |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) [when following G] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk Body & Assembly|Genk Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk|Genk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-MAX]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]] | Opened in 1964.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P6|Ford Taunus P6]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford Taunus P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC|Ford Taunus TC]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967–1975)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| GETRAG FORD Transmissions Bordeaux Transaxle Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Getrag/Magna Powertrain in 2021 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford BC-series transmission|Ford BC4/BC5 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford iB5 transmission (5MTT170/5MTT200)]]<br />[[w:Ford Durashift#Durashift EST|Ford Durashift-EST(iB5-ASM/5MTT170-ASM)]]<br />MX65 transmission<br />CTX [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] | Opened in 1976. Became a joint venture with [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] in 2001. Joint Venture: 50% Ford Motor Company / 50% Getrag Transmission. Joint venture dissolved in 2021 and this plant was kept by Getrag, which was taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Green Island Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Green Island, New York|Green Island, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1989) | style="text-align:left;"| Radiators, springs | style="text-align:left;"| 1922-1989, demolished in 2004 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) (for Fords) [when following B],<br> X (for Jaguar w/2.5L),<br> W (for Jaguar w/3.0L),<br> H (for Land Rover) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]], [[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]], [[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type]], [[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1963–2008. Ford assembly ended in July 2000, then transferred to Jaguar/Land Rover. Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] with Jaguar/Land Rover business. The van variant of the Escort remained in production in a facility located behind the now Jaguar plant at Halewood until October 2002. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors/tractor components<br /> Wheels for cars like Model T & Model A<br />Locks and lock parts<br />Radius rods<br />Running Boards | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1920. Factory used hydroelectric power. Switched from tractors to auto parts less than 6 months after production began. Also made parts for bomber engines during World War II. Plant closed in 1950. Sold to Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1951. Bendix closed the plant in 1962 and sold it in 1963 to Ward Manufacturing Co., which made camping trailers there. In 1975, it was sold to Chem-Dyne Corp., which used it for chemical waste storage & disposal. Demolished around 1981 as part of a Federal Superfund cleanup of the site. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Heimdalsgade Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heimdalsgade|Heimdalsgade street]], [[w:Nørrebro|Nørrebro district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1924) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1919–1924. Was replaced by, at the time, Europe's most modern Ford-plant, "Sydhavnen Assembly". |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| HP/HM/H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park Ford Plant|Highland Park Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />Ford trucks (pre-1948)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1948-1950, 1951-1956)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1953, 1956)<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors and tractor components | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue). Ford Motor Company's third American factory. Was also Ford's world headquarters from 1910-1927. First automobile factory in history to utilize a moving assembly line (implemented October 7, 1913). Model T production from 1910 to 1927. Car production then shifted to the Rouge complex in Dearborn. Continued to make automotive trim parts after 1927. Also made [[w:M4 Sherman#M4A3|M4A3 Sherman tanks]], M34 and M34A1 Gun Mounts for Sherman Tanks, M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers, M7 gun directors, Squad Tents for the Army, and parts for Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial aircraft engines made by Ford at the Rouge complex during World War II. Became Ford's main tractor plant in 1947. One of the first 2 Ford plants to build the <br> F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Richmond, California). F-Series truck production ended in 1957. Production of trim parts ended in the 1960s. Tractor production ended in 1974. Ford sold the Highland Park plant in October 1981, but continues to lease space there for storage. In October 2012, Ford moved its records storage out of Highland Park (Bldg. AA). Some of the site has been demolished and replaced by a mall called Model T Plaza but multiple buildings of the complex are still standing. A Forman Mills store opened in Bldg. JJ. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hobart Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart, Tasmania]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Collins Street. Plant opened in December 1925. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Homebush Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Homebush West, New South Wales|Homebush (Sydney), NSW]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Mk. 1 & 2]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri#Ford Capri Mk I (1969–1974)|Ford Capri]] Mk.1<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Intermediate Fairlanes (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane (1962-1964)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1965-1968)<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Ford Meteor|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (conversion to right hand drive)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford’s first factory in New South Wales opened in 1925 in the Sandown area of Sydney making the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] and later the [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] and the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. This plant was replaced by the Homebush plant which opened in March 1936 and later closed in September 1994. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Hyundai Ulsan Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea]|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1985. Licensing agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] Mk2-Mk5<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark II (1977–1985)|Ford Granada MkII]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D-750/D-800]]<br />[[w:Ford R series|Ford R-182]] | [[w:Hyundai Motor|Hyundai Motor]] began by producing Ford models under license. Replaced by self-developed Hyundai models. |- valign="top" | J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| IMMSA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon|Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000). Agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| Ford M450 motorhome chassis | Replaced by Detroit Chassis LLC plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Steering Systems Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|1957–2011, demolished in 2017 | style="text-align:left;"| Steering columns, Steering gears | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 6900 English Ave. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2011. Demolished in 2017. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Industrias Chilenas de Automotores SA (Chilemotores) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arica|Arica]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | Closed c.1969 | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] | Opened 1964. Was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Bolocco & Cia. Replaced by Ford's 100% owned Casablanca, Chile plant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=2020-04-15 |title=Infografía: Conoce la historia de la otrora productiva industria automotriz chilena {{!}} Emol.com |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Autos/2020/04/15/983059/infiografia-historia-industria-automotriz-chile.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inokom|Inokom]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kulim, Kedah|Kulim, Kedah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended 2016 | [[w:Ford Transit#Facelift (2006)|Ford Transit]] | Plant owned by Inokom |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | CKD, Ford tractors, [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Galaxie#Brazilian production|Ford Galaxie]], [[w:Ford Landau|Ford Landau]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Brazil|Ford LTD]], [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks, Ford B-1618 & B-1621 bus chassis, Ford B12000 school bus chassis, [[w:Volkswagen Delivery|VW Delivery]], [[w:Volkswagen Worker|VW Worker]], [[w:Volkswagen L80|VW L80]], [[w:Volkswagen Volksbus|VW Volksbus 16.180 CO bus chassis]] | Part of Autolatina joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | [[w:Ford Y-block engine#272|Ford 272 Y-block V8]], [[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Otosan#History|Istanbul Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tophane|Tophane]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Production stopped in 1934 as a result of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]. Then handled spare parts & service for existing cars. Closed entirely in 1944. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | Opened 1929. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Browns Lane plant|Jaguar Browns Lane plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Coventry|Coventry]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar XJ|Jaguar XJ]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ-S|Jaguar XJ-S]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler six-cylinder sedan (XJ40)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Six|Daimler Six]] (X300)<br />[[w:Daimler Sovereign#Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)|Daimler Double Six]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler Eight/Super V8]] (X308)<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] (X350/X356)<br /> [[w:Daimler DS420|Daimler DS420]] | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich Assembly|Jaguar Castle Bromwich Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF (X250)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ (X356/X358)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ (X351)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK (X150)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] <br />Painted bodies for models made at Browns Lane | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Jaguar Radford Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Radford, Coventry|Radford]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12 engine]]<br />Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a [[w:Daimler Company|Daimler]] site. Daimler had built buses in Radford. Jaguar took over Daimler in 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (EU) [when following G] (for Ford), <br> M (NA) (for Merkur) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Rheine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Rheine|Rheine]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2008 (Ford production ended in 1997) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Convertible]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort RS Cosworth|Ford Escort RS Cosworth]]<br />[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] (1985-1989) | Plant owned by [[w:Karmann|Karmann]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Kechnec Transmission (Getrag Ford Transmissions) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kechnec|Kechnec]], [[w:Košice Region|Košice Region]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Getrag|Getrag]]/[[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford MPS6 transmissions<br /> Ford SPS6 transmissions | style="text-align:left;"| Ford/Getrag "Powershift" dual clutch transmission. Originally owned by Getrag Ford Transmissions - a joint venture 50% owned by Ford Motor Company & 50% owned by Getrag Transmission. Plant sold to Getrag in 2019. Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture was dissolved in 2021. Getrag was previously taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 6 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Kia Sohari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gwangmyeong|Gwangmyeong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]] (US: 1988-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] (US: 1994-1997) | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Kia. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|La Boca Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:La Boca|La Boca]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Ford B series#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford B-600 bus]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)#Argentinian-made 1961–1968|Ford F-Series (Early Gen 4)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|General Pacheco]] plant in 1961. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Falcon Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont/Elite II]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (second generation)|Ford Mustang II]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced San Lazaro plant. Opened 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ford-motor-company-s-a-de-c-v-history/|title=History of Ford Motor Company, S.A. de C.V. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> Is now the Plaza Tepeyac shopping center. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull plant|Land Rover Solihull Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull|Solihull]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender (L316)]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First generation|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover Discovery 3/LR3]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover Discovery 4/LR4]]<br />[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005–2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Langley Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Langley, Berkshire|Langley, Slough]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold/closed (1986/1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] and [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]] vans; [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]] and [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] trucks; [[w:Ford R series|Ford R-Series]] bus/coach chassis | style="text-align:left;"| 1949–1986. Former Hawker aircraft factory. Sold to Iveco, closed 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Largs Bay Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Largs Bay, South Australia|Largs Bay (Port Adelaide Enfield), South Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1965 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Customline|Ford Customline]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened in 1926. Was at the corner of Victoria Rd and Jetty Rd. Later used by James Hardie to manufacture asbestos fiber sheeting. Is now Rapid Haulage at 214 Victoria Road. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Leamington Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Leamington Spa|Leamington Spa]], [[w:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Castings including brake drums and discs, differential gear cases, flywheels, hubs and exhaust manifolds | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1940, closed in July 2007. Demolished 2012. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LP (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Motor Company Plant|Lincoln Motor Company Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1952); Most buildings demolished in 2002-2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln L series|Lincoln L series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln K series|Lincoln K series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]]<br />[[w:Lincoln-Zephyr|Lincoln-Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1950-1952)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Capri#First generation (1952–1955))|Lincoln Capri]] (1952 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#First generation (1940–1942, 1946–1948)|Lincoln Continental (retroactively Mark I)]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952) | Located at 6200 West Warren Avenue at corner of Livernois. Built before Lincoln was part of Ford Motor Co. Ford kept some offices here after production ended in 1952. Sold to Detroit Edison in 1955. Eventually replaced by Wixom Assembly plant. Mostly demolished in 2002-2003. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles Assembly|Los Angeles Assembly]] (Los Angeles Assembly plant #2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pico Rivera, California|Pico Rivera, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1957 to 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 8900 East Washington Blvd. and Rosemead Blvd. Sold to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1982 for B-2 Stealth Bomber development. Demolished 2001. Now the Pico Rivera Towne Center, an open-air shopping mall. Plant only operated one shift due to California Air Quality restrictions. First vehicles produced were the Edsel [[w:Edsel Corsair|Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Citation]] (1958) and Mercurys. Later vehicles were [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964-1965, 1968), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961),[[w:Ford Galaxie|Galaxie]] (1959-1971, 1973), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|LTD]] (1967-1976, 1978, 1980), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1960-1962), [[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958), [[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]], [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]], [[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]], [[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]], [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1958-1960, 1967), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1958), and [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1968-1979). Also, [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1967), [[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]], & [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]]. Thunderbird production ended after the 1979 model year. The last vehicle produced was the Panther platform [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] on January 26, 1980. Built 1,419,498 vehicles. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (early)/<br>LB/L (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach, California|Long Beach, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1959 | style="text-align:left;"| (1930-32, 1934-59):<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]],<br> [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]],<br> [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1958). | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 700 Henry Ford Ave. Ended production March 20, 1959 when the site became unstable due to oil drilling. Production moved to the Los Angeles plant in Pico Rivera. Ford sold the Long Beach plant to the Dallas and Mavis Forwarding Company of South Bend, Indiana on January 28, 1960. It was then sold to the Port of Long Beach in the 1970's. Demolished from 1990-1991. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain Assembly|Lorain Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain, Ohio|Lorain, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1958 to 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Econoline|Ford Econoline/Club Wagon/E-Series]] (1961-2006) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5401 Baumhart Road. Closed December 14, 2005. Produced 15,805,106 vehicles, nearly half of which are Econoline/Club Wagon/<br>E-Series vans. Operations transferred to Avon Lake.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1959-1965, 1978-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1966-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Cyclone|Mercury Cyclone]] (1968-1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1980-1997)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1980-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1983-1988)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1959-1964)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline pickup]] (1961) <br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline]] (1966-1967) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production: June 1903-October 1904 | style="text-align:left;"| Original [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)|Ford Model A]] [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)#Ford Model AC|Ford Model AC]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1903–1904. Ford Motor Company's first factory (rented). Ford began occupying the rented plant in April 1903 but production didn't start until after Ford Motor Co. was incorporated in June 1903. Ford assembled components here that were purchased from other companies including Dodge Bros. Co., which supplied the chassis, engine, transmission, driveshaft, and both axles. A second story was added in late 1903 to provide a paint shop and additional space for storage. Ford relocated to the Piquette Ave. plant in Detroit in Oct. 1904 because they had outgrown the Mack Ave. plant and needed a larger factory space. The Mack Avenue Plant's address was originally 588–592 Mack Avenue when Ford Motor Company occupied the building. Its address became 6520 Mack Avenue after the city of Detroit changed its street numbering system in January 1921. Various other tenants occupied the building after Ford left including the Columbia Motors Co. Columbia Motors also occupied the building diagonally across Mack Ave. (6501 Mack Ave.) which was originally owned by the Aerocar Co., founded by Alexander Malcomson, an early investor in Ford Motor Co. who had a falling out with Henry Ford regarding company direction. After Aerocar went bankrupt in 1907, 6501 Mack Ave. was the first plant of Hudson Motor Car Co. Hudson quickly outgrew the plant and moved a few miles away to a larger plant. The Ford plant building burned down in August 1941. An imprecise replica of the building was built in 1945 and is located at [[w:The Henry Ford|The Henry Ford]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah Assembly|Mahwah Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah, New Jersey|Mahwah, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1955 to 1980. | style="text-align:left;"| Last vehicles produced:<br> [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1980)<br /> [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1980) | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Orient Blvd. Truck production ended in July 1979. Car production ended in June 1980 and the plant closed. Demolished. Site then used by Sharp Electronics Corp. as a North American headquarters from 1985 until 2016 when former Ford subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover took over the site for their North American headquarters. Another part of the site is used by retail stores.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1958, 1960-1979)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1961)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1969, 1971-1972, 1974)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1961-1963) <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1962)<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980) |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Manukau Alloy Wheel | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Manukau|Manukau, Auckland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum wheels and cross members | style="text-align:left;"| Established 1981. Sold in 2001 to Argent Metals Technology |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Matford|Matford]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mathis (automobile)|Mathis cars]]<br />Matford V8 cars <br />Matford trucks | Matford was a joint venture 60% owned by Ford and 40% owned by French automaker Mathis. Replaced by Ford's own Poissy plant after Matford was dissolved. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Maumee Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maumee, Ohio|Maumee, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| body panels | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in 2007, sold, and reopened as independent stamping plant |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:MÁVAG#Car manufacturing, the MÁVAG-Ford|MAVAG]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Budapest|Budapest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hungary|Hungary]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1939) | [[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford V8]]<br />[[w:de:Ford-Barrel-Nose-Lkw|Ford G917T]] | Opened 1938. Produced under license from Ford Germany. MAVAG was nationalized in 1946. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood Assembly|Maywood Assembly]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=170279&page=955|title=Photo of Lincoln-Mercury Assembly}}</ref> (Los Angeles Assembly plant #1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood, California|Maywood, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1948 to 1957 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (-1951), [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1955-1956), [[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956), [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1957), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1957), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957), [[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951), [[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1951-1952, 1954), [[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956), [[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1956). Painting of Pico Rivera-built Edsel bodies until Pico Rivera's paint shop was up and running. | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5801 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Chrysler Los Angeles Assembly plant]]. Plant was demolished following closure. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 0 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hiroshima Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[w:Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Courier#Mazda-based models|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva#Third generation (1996)|Ford Festiva Mini Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Freda|Ford Freda]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Ford Econovan/Econowagon/Spectron]]<br />[[w:Ford Raider|Ford Raider]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hofu Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hofu|Hofu]], [[w:Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Metcon Casting (Metalurgica Constitución S.A.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Villa Constitución|Villa Constitución]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Paraná Metal SA | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Iron castings | Originally opened in 1957. Bought by Ford in 1967. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Monroe Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monroe, Michigan|Monroe, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed as a factory in 2008. Now a Ford warehouse. | style="text-align:left;"| Coil springs, wheels, stabilizer bars, catalytic converters, headlamp housings, and bumpers. Chrome Plating (1956-1982) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 3200 E. Elm Ave. Originally built by Newton Steel around 1929 and subsequently owned by [[w:Alcoa|Alcoa]] and Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. Bought by Ford in 1949 and opened in 1950. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2008. Sold to parent Ford Motor Co. in 2009. Converted into Ford River Raisin Warehouse. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Montevideo Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1985) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D series]] | Plant was on Calle Cuaró. Opened 1920. Ford Uruguay S.A. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Clayton, Victoria|Clayton]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1992) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Corsair#Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)|Ford Corsair (UA)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pintara|Nissan Pintara]]<br />[[w:Nissan Skyline#Seventh generation (R31; 1985)|Nissan Skyline]] | Plant owned by Nissan. Ford production was part of the [[w:Button Plan|Button Plan]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NK/NR/N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-2007) | Located at 2424 Springfield Ave. on the Elizabeth River. Opened April 20, 1925. Production ended on June 28, 2007. Ford sold the property in 2011. Mostly Demolished. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961) <br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970, 1973-1974)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1974) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valve Plant|Ford Valve Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Northville, Michigan|Northville, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine valves for cars and tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 235 East Main Street. Previously a gristmill purchased by Ford in 1919 that was reconfigured to make engine valves from 1920 to 1936. Replaced with a new purpose-built structure designed by Albert Kahn in 1936 which includes a waterwheel. Closed in 1981. Later used as a manufacturing plant by R&D Enterprises from 1994 to 2005 to make heat exchangers. Known today as the Water Wheel Centre, a commercial space that includes design firms and a fitness club. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (NA) | tyle="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ontario Truck|Ontario Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1966-2003)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Heritage]] (2004)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999-2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning SVT]] (1999-2004) | Opened in 1965. Truck production moved from the neighboring Oakville Assembly plant when Ontario Truck opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1966-1968) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turin|Turin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1967) | [[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:OSI-Ford 20 M TS|OSI-Ford 20 M TS]] | Plant owned by [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC#Turkey|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-600]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Otosan P100]]<br />[[w:Anadol|Anadol]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Pacheco Truck Assembly and Painting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-400/F-4000]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1982. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved and converted it to car production. VW has since then used this plant for Amarok pickup truck production. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (EU) [when following L] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina Bairo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bairo|Bairo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2010) | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)#Coupé-Cabriolet|Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#StreetKa and SportKa|Ford StreetKa]] | Plant owned by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|Piquette Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1911), reopened as a museum (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Models [[w:Ford Model B (1904)|B]], [[w:Ford Model C|C]], [[w:Ford Model F|F]], [[w:Ford Model K|K]], [[w:Ford Model N|N]], [[w:Ford Model N#Model R|R]], [[w:Ford Model S|S]], and [[w:Ford Model T|T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1910. Ford Motor Company's second American factory (first owned). Concept of a moving assembly line experimented with and developed here before being fully implemented at Highland Park plant. Birthplace of the [[w:Ford Model T|Model T]] (September 27, 1908). Sold to [[w:Studebaker|Studebaker]] in 1911. Sold to [[w:3M|3M]] in 1936. Sold to Cadillac Overall Company, a work clothes supplier, in 1968. Owned by Heritage Investment Company from 1989 to 2000. Sold to the Model T Automotive Heritage Complex in April 2000. Run as a museum since July 27, 2001. Oldest car factory building on Earth open to the general public. The Piquette Avenue Plant was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2003, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The building has also been a contributing property for the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District since 2004. The factory's front façade was fully restored to its 1904 appearance and revealed to the public on September 27, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the completion of the first production Model T. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Plonsk Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Plonsk|Plonsk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Poissy Assembly]] (now the [[w:Stellantis Poissy Plant|Stellantis Poissy Plant]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poissy|Poissy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1954 to Simca | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford SAF#Ford SAF (1945-1954)|Ford F-472/F-472A (13CV) & F-998A (22CV)]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />[[w:Ford Abeille|Ford Abeille]]<br />[[w:Ford Vendôme|Ford Vendôme]] <br />[[w:Ford Comèt|Ford Comète]]<br /> Ford F-198 T/F-598 T/F-698 W/Cargo F798WM/Remorqueur trucks<br />French Ford based Simca models:<br />[[w:Simca Vedette|Simca Vedette]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Ariane]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Miramas]]<br />[[w:Ford Comète|Simca Comète]] | Ford France including the Poissy plant and all current and upcoming French Ford models was sold to [[w:Simca|Simca]] in 1954 and Ford took a 15.2% stake in Simca. In 1958, Ford sold its stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]]. In 1963, [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] increased their stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to a controlling 64% by purchasing stock from Fiat, and they subsequently extended that holding further to 77% in 1967. In 1970, Chrysler increased its stake in Simca to 99.3% and renamed it Chrysler France. In 1978, Chrysler sold its entire European operations including Simca to PSA Peugeot-Citroën and Chrysler Europe's models were rebranded as Talbot. Talbot production at Poissy ended in 1986 and the Talbot brand was phased out. Poissy went on to produce Peugeot and Citroën models. Poissy has therefore, over the years, produced vehicles for the following brands: [[w:Ford France|Ford]], [[w:Simca|Simca]], [[w:Chrysler Europe|Chrysler]], [[w:Talbot#Chrysler/Peugeot era (1979–1985)|Talbot]], [[w:Peugeot|Peugeot]], [[w:Citroën|Citroën]], [[w:DS Automobiles|DS Automobiles]], [[w:Opel|Opel]], and [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Opel and Vauxhall are included due to their takeover by [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017 from [[w:General Motors|General Motors]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Recife Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Recife|Recife]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> | Opened 1925. Brazilian branch assembly plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive industry in Australia#Renault Australia|Renault Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Factory closed in 1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina#Mark IV (1976–1979)|Ford Cortina wagon]] | Assembled by Renault Australia under a 3-year contract to [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] beginning in 1977. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania#20th century|Ford Română S.A.R.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]] (1935-1936)<br /> [[w:1937 Ford|Ford Model 74/78/81A/82A/91A/92A/01A/02A]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1940)<br /> | Production ended in 1940 due to World War II. The factory then did repair work only. The factory was nationalized by the Communist Romanian government in 1948. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romeo Engine Plant|Romeo Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Romeo, Michigan|Romeo, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2022) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Boss engine|Ford 6.2L Boss V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 4.6/5.4 Modular V8]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Ford 5.8L supercharged Trinity V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Ford 5.2L flat-plane crank Voodoo V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L supercharged Predator V8]] | Located at 701 E. 32 Mile Road. Made Ford tractors and engines, parts, and farm implements for tractors from 1973 until 1988. Reopened in 1990 making the Modular V8. Included 2 lines: a high volume engine line and a niche engine line, which, since 1996, made high-performance V8 engines by hand including the Trinity, Voodoo, and Predator engines as well as the 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '96-'99 & '01 and the <br> 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the '00 Mustang Cobra R and the supercharged 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '03-'04 & the supercharged 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the Mustang Shelby GT500 of '07-'12 and the Ford GT of '05-'06. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Jose Assembly Plant|San Jose Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style=”text-align:center;"| 1955-1983 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1983), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960), [[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958), [[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1978), [[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1976, 1978), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1961-1964), [[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1961), [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964, 1969-1970), [[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1969-1970), [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1964, 1970), [[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]], [[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1970, 1974-1981), [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1968-1969), & [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1981). | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced the Richmond Assembly Plant. Was northwest of the intersection of Great Mall Parkway/Capitol Avenue and Montague Expressway extending west to S. Main St. (in Milpitas). Site is now Great Mall of the Bay Area. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | Operated 1925-c.1932 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | First auto plant in Mexico opened in 1925. Replaced by La Villa plant in 1932. |- | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2021)<ref name=":0"/> Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Figo#Second generation (B562; 2015)|Ford Figo]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo Aspire|Ford Figo Aspire]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo#Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] | Opened March 2015<ref name="sanand">{{cite web|title=News|url=https://www.at.ford.com/en/homepage/news-and-clipsheet/news.html|website=www.at.ford.com}}</ref> |- | | Santiago Exposition Street Plant (Planta Calle Exposición 1258) | [[w:es:Calle Exposición|Calle Exposición]], [[w:Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |Operated 1924-c.1962 <ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2013-04-10 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CALLE EXPOSICIÓN (1924 - c.1962) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2013/04/planta-ford-calle-exposicion-1924-c1962.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | First plant opened in Chile in 1924.<ref name=":2" /> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|São Bernardo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed Oct. 30, 2019 & Sold 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-motor-southamerica-heavytruck-idUSKCN1Q82EB|title=Ford to close oldest Brazil plant, exit South America truck biz|date=2019-02-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Originally the Willys-Overland do Brazil plant. Bought by Ford in 1967. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. No more Cargo Trucks produced in Brazil since 2019. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária.<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Aero]]<br />[[w:Ford Belina|Ford Belina]]<br />[[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]]<br />[[w:Ford Del Rey|Ford Del Rey]]<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Itamaraty]]<br />[[w:Jeep CJ#Brazil|Ford Jeep]]<br /> [[w:Ford Rural|Ford Rural]]<br />[[w:Ford F-75|Ford F-75]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Pampa|Ford Pampa]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]] (BE146 & B402)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Apollo|Volkswagen Apollo]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Logus|Volkswagen Logus]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|Volkswagen Pointer]]<br />Ford tractors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:pt:Ford do Brasil|São Paulo city assembly plants]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />Ford tractors | First plant opened in 1919 on Rua Florêncio de Abreu, in São Paulo. Moved to a larger plant in Praça da República in São Paulo in 1920. Then moved to an even larger plant on Rua Solon, in the Bom Retiro neighborhood of São Paulo in 1921. Replaced by Ipiranga plant in 1953. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NZ) | style="text-align:left;"| Seaview Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lower Hutt|Lower Hutt]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1988) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48#1936|Ford Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] Model 78<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Capri|Ford Consul Classic 315]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br /> [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br /> [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|Ford Custom V8 Fordor]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] wagon<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] Major tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1936, closed in 1988 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sheffield Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield, Alabama]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1983) | style="text-align:left;"| Die cast parts<br /> pistons<br /> transmission cases | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1958, closed in December 1983. Demolished 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Shenstone plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Shenstone, Staffordshire|Shenstone, Staffordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1986) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford RS200|Ford RS200]] | style="text-align:left;"| Former [[w:Reliant Motors|Reliant Motors]] plant. Leased by Ford from 1985-1986 to build the RS200. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Southampton plant|Southampton Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Southampton|Southampton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era"/> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] van | style="text-align:left;"| Former Supermarine aircraft factory, acquired 1953. Built Ford vans 1972 – July 2013 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SL/Z (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hazelwood, MO|Hazelwood, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1995-2006)<br>[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (2002-2006)<br>[[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2003-2005) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 2-58 Ford Lane and Aviator Dr. St. Louis plant is now a mixed use residential/commercial space (West End Lofts). Hazelwood plant was demolished in 2009.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (1986-1997)<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983-1985) <br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1967-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis Meteor (Canada only)]] (1980-81)<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] <br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956, 1958)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1970, 1974)<br>[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1960, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966-1967)<br>[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br>[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br /> [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1952-1953) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Thomas Assembly|St. Thomas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Talbotville, Ontario|Talbotville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/|title=Markets|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1984-1991) <br />[[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] (1992-2011)<br /> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1984-2011)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] (2003-2004)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]] (2008-2011) | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1967. Demolished. Now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-77) <br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971, 1973-1977, 1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1980)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-81)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-81) <br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Stockholm Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| Free Port area (Frihamnen in Swedish), [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1957) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />Ford trucks | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Swedish Motor Assemblies|Swedish Motor Assemblies]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander|Land Rover Freelander]] | style="text-align:left;"| Also built Volvo trucks and buses. Used to do contract assembly for other automakers including Suzuki and Daihatsu. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sydhavnen Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sydhavnen|Sydhavnen district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1966) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C (Europe)|Ford Junior De Luxe]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1966. 325,482 vehicles were built. Plant was then converted into a tractor assembly plant for Ford Industrial Equipment Co. Tractor plant closed in the mid-1970's. Administration & depot building next to assembly plant was used until 1991 when depot for remote storage closed & offices moved to Glostrup. Assembly plant building stood until 2006 when it was demolished. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Taubate Engine & Transmission & Chassis Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taubaté, São Paulo|Taubaté, São Paulo]], Av. Charles Schnneider, 2222 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2021<ref name="camacari"/> & Sold 05.18.2022 | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Ford Pinto/Lima 2.3L I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Brazil|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:List of Ford engines#1.5 L Dragon|1.5L Ti-VCT Dragon 3-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|iB5 5-speed manual transmission]]<br />MX65 5-speed manual transmission<br />aluminum casting<br />Chassis components | Opened in 1974. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária https://construtorasaojose.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.jor.br/ford-vai-vender-fabrica-de-sp-para-construtora-troller-segue-sem-definicao/|title=Ford sold Factory in Taubaté to Buildings Development Constructor|date=2022-05-18|access-date=2022-05-29|language=pt}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand#History|Thai Motor Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| ? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] | Factory was a joint venture between Ford UK & Ford's Thai distributor, Anglo-Thai Motors Company. Taken over by Ford in 1973 when it was renamed Ford Thailand, closed in 1976 when Ford left Thailand. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Thai-Swedish Assembly Co. Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Samutprakarn|Samutprakarn]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Plant no longer used by Volvo Cars. Sold to Volvo AB in 2008. Volvo Car production ended in 2011. Production consolidated to Malaysia plant in 2012. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo 200 Series|Volvo 200 Series]]<br />[[w:Volvo 940|Volvo 940]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />Volvo Trucks<br />Volvo Buses | Was 56% owned by Volvo and 44% owned by Swedish Motor. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Think Global|TH!NK Nordic AS]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aurskog|Aurskog]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norway|Norway]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Think City|Ford Think City]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Kamkorp Microelectronics as of February 1, 2003 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Tlalnepantla Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tlalnepantla|Tlalnepantla]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling for vehicle production | Was previously a Studebaker-Packard assembly plant. Bought by Ford in 1962 and converted into a tool & die plant. Operations transferred to Cuautitlan at the end of 1985. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Trafford Park Factory|Ford Trafford Park Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trafford Park|Trafford Park]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1911–1931, formerly principal Ford UK plant. Produced [[w:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aircraft engines during World War II. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Transax, S.A. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| Transmissions <br /> Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Ford in 1967 from [[w:Industrias Kaiser Argentina|IKA]]. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this plant when Autolatina dissolved. VW has since then used this plant for transmission production. |- | style="text-align:center;"| H (SA) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller Veículos Especiais]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Acquired in 2007; operated until 2021. Closed (2021).<ref name="camacari"/> | [[w:Troller T4|Troller T4]], [[w:Troller Pantanal|Troller Pantanal]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Twin Cities Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1986-2011)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (2005-2009 & 2010 in Canada) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 966 S. Mississippi River Blvd. Began production May 4, 1925. Production ended December 1932 but resumed in 1935. Closed December 16, 2011. <br>Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1972, 1974), [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966, 1976), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1967-1970, 1972-1973, 1975, 1977-1978), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1992) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1954)<br />From 1926-1959, there was an onsite glass plant making glass for vehicle windows. Plant closed in 1933, reopened in 1935 with glass production resuming in 1937. Truck production began in 1950 alongside car production. Car production ended in 1978. F-Series production ended in 1992. Ranger production began in 1985 for the 1986 model year. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia Assembly|Valencia Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened 1962, Production suspended around 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Previously built <br />[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] <br /> [[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]] <br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Ford Torino#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD II#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 2)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta Move]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Venezuela|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] <br /> [[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]] <br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Mazda Allegro|Mazda Allegro]]<br />[[w:Ford F-250|Ford F-250]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-350|Ford F-350]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] | style="text-align:left;"| Served Ford markets in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Production suspended due to collapse of Venezuela’s economy under Socialist rule of Hugo Chavez & Nicolas Maduro. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autolatina|Volkswagen São Bernardo Assembly]] ([[w:Volkswagen do Brasil|Anchieta]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Returned to VW do Brazil when Autolatina dissolved in 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Versailles|Ford Versailles]]/Ford Galaxy (Argentina)<br />[[w:Ford Royale|Ford Royale]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Santana]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Quantum]] | Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture between Ford and VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Volvo AutoNova Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Pininfarina Sverige AB | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#First generation (1996–2005)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 1) | style="text-align:left;"| AutoNova was originally a 49/51 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]]. Restructured into Pininfarina Sverige AB, a new joint venture with [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] to build the 2nd generation C70. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Car Gent|Volvo Ghent Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ghent|Ghent]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C30|Volvo C30]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC60|Volvo XC60]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:NedCar|Volvo Nedcar Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Born, Netherlands|Born]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Carisma|Mitsubishi Carisma]] <br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Space Star|Mitsubishi Space Star]] | style="text-align:left;"| Taken over by [[w:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] in 2001, and later by [[w:VDL Groep|VDL Groep]] in 2012, when it became VDL Nedcar. Volvo production ended in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina#Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB|Volvo Pininfarina Sverige Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed by Volvo after the Geely takeover | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#Second generation (2006–2013)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 2) | style="text-align:left;"| Pininfarina Sverige was a 40/60 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]. Sold by Ford as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. Volvo bought back Pininfarina's shares in 2013 and closed the Uddevalla plant after C70 production ended later in 2013. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Volvo Skövde Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Skövde|Skövde]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Modular engine|Volvo Modular engine]] I4/I5/I6<br />[[w:Volvo D5 engine|Volvo D5 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)|PSA/Ford-based 2.0/2.2 diesel I4]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslandaverken|Volvo Torslanda Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslanda|Torslanda]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V60|Volvo V60]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Vulcan Forge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Connecting rods and rod cap forgings | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Walkerville Plant|Walkerville Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] (Walkerville was taken over by Windsor in Sept. 1929) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1953) and vacant land next to Detroit River (Fleming Channel). Replaced by Oakville Assembly. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model C|Ford Model C]]<br />[[w:Ford Model N|Ford Model N]]<br />[[w:Ford Model K|Ford Model K]]<br />[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />1946-1947 Mercury trucks<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1948-1953) | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1953. First factory to produce Ford cars outside the USA (via [[w:Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company of Canada]], a separate company from Ford at the time). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Walton Hills Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Walton Hills, Ohio|Walton Hills, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed Winter 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels, bumpers | Opened in 1954. Located at 7845 Northfield Rd. Demolished. Site is now the Forward Innovation Center East. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| WA/W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne Stamping & Assembly|Wayne Stamping & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952-2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (2000-2011)<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1996-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1984-1988)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Lincoln Versailles|Lincoln Versailles]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1974)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1960, 1962-1969, 1971-1972)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan#Second generation (1952-1954)|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1953-1954)<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]] (1955 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956-1957)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1953-)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]]<br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1960, 1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] (1961 only)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1953-1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1958, 1964-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] (1964-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958-1959, 1964-1966)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 37500 Van Born Rd. Was main production site for Mercury vehicles when plant opened in 1952 and shipped knock-down kits to dedicated Mercury assembly locations. First vehicle built was a Mercury Montclair on October 1, 1952. Built Lincolns from 1953-1957 after the Lincoln plant in Detroit closed in 1952. Lincoln production moved to a new plant in Wixom for 1958. The larger, Mercury-based Edsel Corsair and Citation were built in Wayne for 1958. The plant shifted to building smaller cars in the mid-1970's. In 1987, a new stamping plant was built on Van Born Rd. and was connected to the assembly plant via overhead tunnels. Production ended in December 2010 and the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant was combined with the Michigan Truck Plant, which was then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Harare]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Titan#Second generation (1980–1989)|Mazda T3500]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961 as Ford of Rhodesia. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale to the state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Aluminum | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Ford 3.9L V8]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]] blocks | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1992. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001. Subsequently produced engine blocks for GM. Production ended in September 2020. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor Casting|Windsor Casting]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine parts: Cylinder blocks, crankshafts | Opened 1934. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| Y (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom Assembly Plant|Wixom Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Idle (2007); torn down (2013) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Continental|Lincoln Continental]] (1961-1980, 1982-2002)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark III|Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (1969-1971)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark IV|Lincoln Continental Mark IV]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark V|Lincoln Continental Mark V]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Continental Mark VII]] (1984-1992)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] (1993-1998)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] (1981-2007)<br /> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] (2000-2006)<br /> [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (second generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (third generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1961-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fifth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1967-1971)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (sixth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (2002-2005)<br /> [[w:Ford GT40|Ford GT40]] MKIV<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#Third generation (1958–1959)|Lincoln Capri]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#1960 Lincoln|1960 Lincoln]] (1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere#1958–1960|Lincoln Premiere]] (1958–1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#Third generation (1958–1960)|Lincoln Continental Mark III/IV/V]] (1958-1960) | Demolished in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ypsilanti Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| Starters<br /> Starter Assemblies<br /> Alternators<br /> ignition coils<br /> distributors<br /> horns<br /> struts<br />air conditioner clutches<br /> bumper shock devices | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 128 Spring St. Originally owned by Ford Motor Company, it then became a [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] Plant when [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] was spun off in 2000, and later turned into an [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] Plant in 2005. It is said that [[w:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] used to walk this factory when he acquired it in 1932. The Ypsilanti Plant was closed in 2009. Demolished in 2010. The UAW Local was Local 849. |} ==Former branch assembly plants== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Former Address ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A/AA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)|Atlanta Assembly Plant (Poncey-Highland)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poncey-Highland|Poncey-Highland, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| Originally 465 Ponce de Leon Ave. but was renumbered as 699 Ponce de Leon Ave. in 1926. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Southeast USA headquarters and assembly operations from 1915 to 1942. Assembly ceased in 1932 but resumed in 1937. Sold to US War Dept. in 1942. Replaced by new plant in Atlanta suburb of Hapeville ([[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]]), which opened in 1947. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sold in 1979 and redeveloped into mixed retail/residential complex called Ford Factory Square/Ford Factory Lofts. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| BO/BF/B | style="text-align:left;"| Buffalo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Original location operated from 1913 - 1915. 2nd location operated from 1915 – 1931. 3rd location operated from 1931 - 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| Originally located at Kensington Ave. and Eire Railroad. Moved to 2495 Main St. at Rodney in December 1915. Moved to 901 Fuhmann Boulevard in 1931. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953, 1955) | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ceased in January 1933 but resumed in 1934. Operations moved to Lorain, Ohio. 2495 Main St. is now the Tri-Main Center. Previously made diesel engines for the Navy and Bell Aircraft Corporation, was used by Bell Aircraft to design and construct America's first jet engine warplane, and made windshield wipers for Trico Products Co. 901 Fuhmann Boulevard used as a port terminal by Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority after Ford sold the property. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Burnaby Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Burnaby|Burnaby, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1938 to 1960 | style="text-align:left;"| Was located at 4600 Kingsway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building demolished in 1988 to build Station Square |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge Assembly|Cambridge Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1926 | style="text-align:left;"| 640 Memorial Dr. and Cottage Farm Bridge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Had the first vertically integrated assembly line in the world. Replaced by Somerville plant in 1926. Renovated, currently home to Boston Biomedical. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CE | style="text-align:left;"| Charlotte Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914-1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 222 North Tryon then moved to 210 E. Sixth St. in 1916 and again to 1920 Statesville Ave in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in March 1933, Used by Douglas Aircraft to assemble missiles for the U.S. Army between 1955 and 1964, sold to Atco Properties in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ui.uncc.edu/gallery/model-ts-missiles-millennials-new-lives-old-factory|title=From Model Ts to missiles to Millennials, new lives for old factory &#124; UNC Charlotte Urban Institute|website=ui.uncc.edu}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Opened in 1914<br>Moved to current location on 12600 S Torrence Ave. in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| 3915 Wabash Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by current [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly Plant]] on Torrence Ave. in 1924. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CI | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Cincinnati Plant|Cincinnati Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cincinnati|Cincinnati, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 660 Lincoln Ave | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, renovated 2002, currently owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CL/CLE/CLEV | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/item/oh0114|title=Ford Motor Company, Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant, Euclid Avenue & East 116th Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland|Cleveland, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 11610 Euclid Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, renovated, currently home to Cleveland Institute of Art. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company - Columbus Assembly Plant|Columbus Branch Assembly Plant]]<ref>[http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ohio/id/12969/rec/1 "Ford Motor Company – Columbus Plant (Photo and History)"], Columbus Metropolitan Library Digital Collections</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 – 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 427 Cleveland Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ended March 1932. Factory closed 1939. Was the Kroger Co. Columbus Bakery until February 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JE (JK) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Commodore Point|Commodore Point Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, Florida]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Produced from 1924 to 1932. Closed (1968) | style="text-align:left;"| 1900 Wambolt Street. At the Foot of Wambolt St. on the St. John's River next to the Mathews Bridge. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] cars and trucks, [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1932, production years. Parts warehouse until 1968. Planned to be demolished in 2023. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 2700 Canton St then moved in 1925 to 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by plant on 5200 E. Grand Ave. in 1925. Ford continued to use 2700 Canton St. for display and storage until 1939. In 1942, sold to Peaslee-Gaulbert Corporation, which had already been using the building since 1939. Sold to Adam Hats in 1959. Redeveloped in 1997 into Adam Hats Lofts, a loft-style apartment complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Danforth Avenue Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="background:Khaki; text-align:center;"| Sold (1946) | style="text-align:left;"| 2951-2991 Danforth Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> and other cars | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]]. Sold to [[w:Nash Motors|Nash Motors]] in 1946 which then merged with [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson Motor Car Company]] to form [[w:American Motors Corporation|American Motors Corporation]], which then used the plant until it was closed in 1957. Converted to a mall in 1962, Shoppers World Danforth. The main building of the mall (now a Lowe's) is still the original structure of the factory. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DR | style="text-align:left;"| Denver Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denver|Denver, CO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 South Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Gates Rubber Co. in 1945. Gates sold the building in 1995. Now used as office space. Partly used as a data center by Hosting.com, now known as Ntirety, from 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DM | style="text-align:left;"| Des Moines Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Des Moines, IA|Des Moines, IA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from April 1920–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1800 Grand Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold in 1943. Renovated in the 1980s into Des Moines School District's technical high school and central campus. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dothan Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dothan, AL|Dothan, AL]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1923–1927? | style="text-align:left;"| 193 South Saint Andrews Street and corner of E. Crawford Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later became an auto dealership called Malone Motor Company and was St. Andrews Market, an indoor market and event space, from 2013-2015 until a partial roof collapse during a severe storm. Since 2020, being redeveloped into an apartment complex. The curved assembly line anchored into the ceiling is still intact and is being left there. Sometimes called the Ford Malone Building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dupont St Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto, ON]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 672 Dupont St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Danforth Assembly Plant. Building roof was used as a test track for the Model T. Used by several food processing companies. Became Planters Peanuts Canada from 1948 till 1987. The building currently is used for commercial and retail space. Included on the Inventory of Heritage Properties. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E/EG/E | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater Assembly|Edgewater Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 309 River Road | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (Jan.-Apr. 1943 only: 1,333 units)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced with the Mahwah Assembly Plant. Added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983. The building was torn down in 2006 and replaced with a residential development called Independence Harbor. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fargo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo, ND]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 505 N. Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| After assembly ended, Ford used it as a sales office, sales and service branch, and a parts depot. Ford sold the building in 1956. Now called the Ford Building, a mixed commercial/residential property. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fort Worth Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated for about 6 months around 1916 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Briefly supplemented Dallas plant but production was then reconsolidated into the Dallas plant and Fort Worth plant was closed. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H | style="text-align:left;"| Houston Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Houston|Houston, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 3906 Harrisburg Boulevard | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], aircraft parts during WWII | style="text-align:left;"| Divested during World War II; later acquired by General Foods in 1946 (later the Houston facility for [[w:Maxwell House|Maxwell House]]) until 2006 when the plant was sold to Maximus and rebranded as the Atlantic Coffee Solutions facility. Atlantic Coffee Solutions shut down the plant in 2018 when they went out of business. Leased by Elemental Processing in 2019 for hemp processing with plans to begin operations in 2020. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| I | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"|1914–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1315 East Washington Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Vehicle production ended in December 1932. Used as a Ford parts service and automotive sales branch and for administrative purposes until 1942. Sold in 1942. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KC/K | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas City Branch Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1912–1956 | style="text-align:left;"| Original location from 1912 to 1956 at 1025 Winchester Avenue & corner of E. 12th Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], <br>[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1956) | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area. Location of first UAW strike against Ford and where the 20 millionth Ford vehicle was assembled. Last vehicle produced was a 1957 Ford Fairlane Custom 300 on December 28, 1956. 2,337,863 vehicles were produced at the Winchester Ave. plant. Replaced by [[w:Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant|Claycomo]] plant in 1957. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KY | style="text-align:left;"| Kearny Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1918 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 135 Central Ave., corner of Ford Lane | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Edgewater Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Long Island City Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Island City|Long Island City]], [[w:Queens|Queens, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 564 Jackson Ave. (now known as <br> 33-00 Northern Boulevard) and corner of Honeywell St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened as Ford Assembly and Service Center of Long Island City. Building was later significantly expanded around 1914. The original part of the building is along Honeywell St. and around onto Northern Blvd. for the first 3 banks of windows. Replaced by the Kearny Assembly Plant in NJ. Plant taken over by U.S. Government. Later occupied by Goodyear Tire (which bought the plant in 1920), Durant Motors (which bought the plant in 1921 and produced Durant-, Star-, and Flint-brand cars there), Roto-Broil, and E.R. Squibb & Son. Now called The Center Building and used as office space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|LA | style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 12th and Olive Streets, then E. 7th St. and Santa Fe Ave. (2060 East 7th St. or 777 S. Santa Fe Avenue). | style="text-align:left;"| Original Los Angeles plant: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. <br /> Second Los Angeles plant (1914-1930): [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Location on 7th & Santa Fe is now the headquarters of Warner Music Group. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LE/LU/U | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1913–1916, 1916–1925, 1925–1955, 1955–present | style="text-align:left;"| 931 South Third Street then <br /> 2400 South Third Street then <br /> 1400 Southwestern Parkway then <br /> 2000 Fern Valley Rd. | style="text-align:left;"| |align="left"| Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. First 2 plants made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. The third plant made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) as well as Jeeps ([[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] - 93,364 units), military trucks, and V8 engines during World War II. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened in 1955.<br /> The 2400 South Third Street location (at the corner of Eastern Parkway) was sold to Reynolds Metals Company and has since been converted into residential space called Reynolds Lofts under lease from current owner, University of Louisville. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| MEM/MP/M | style="text-align:left;"| Memphis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1913-June 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 495 Union Ave. (1913–1924) then 1429 Riverside Blvd. and South Parkway West (1924–1933, 1935–1958) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1952, 1954-1956) | style="text-align:left;"| Both plants have been demolished. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2185 N. Prospect Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building is still standing as a mixed use development. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| TC/SP | style="text-align:left;"| Minneapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]] and [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| 616 S. Third St in Minneapolis (1912-1914) then 420 N. Fifth St. in Minneapolis (1914-1925) and 117 University Ave. West in St. Paul (1914-1920) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 420 N. Fifth St. is now called Ford Center, an office building. Was the tallest automotive assembly plant at 10 stories.<br /> University Ave. plant in St. Paul is now called the Ford Building. After production ended, was used as a Ford sales and service center, an auto mechanics school, a warehouse, and Federal government offices. Bought by the State of Minnesota in 1952 and used by the state government until 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M | style="text-align:left;"| Montreal Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montreal|Montreal, QC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| 119-139 Laurier Avenue East | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NO | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arabi, Louisiana|Arabi, Louisiana]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1923–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 7200 North Peters Street, Arabi, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later used by Ford as a parts and vehicle dist. center. Used by the US Army as a warehouse during WWII. After the war, was used as a parts and vehicle dist. center by a Ford dealer, Capital City Ford of Baton Rouge. Used by Southern Service Co. to prepare Toyotas and Mazdas prior to their delivery into Midwestern markets from 1971 to 1977. Became a freight storage facility for items like coffee, twine, rubber, hardwood, burlap and cotton from 1977 to 2005. Flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| OC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Oklahoma City Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 West Main St. | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] |Had extensive access to rail via the Rock Island railroad. Production ended with the 1932 models. The plant was converted to a Ford Regional Parts Depot (1 of 3 designated “slow-moving parts branches") and remained so until 1967, when the plant closed, and was then sold in 1968 to The Fred Jones Companies, an authorized re-manufacturer of Ford and later on, also GM Parts. It remained the headquarters for operations of Fred Jones Enterprises (a subsidiary of The Fred Jones Companies) until Hall Capital, the parent of The Fred Jones Companies, entered into a partnership with 21c Hotels to open a location in the building. The 21c Museum Hotel officially opened its hotel, restaurant and art museum in June, 2016 following an extensive remodel of the property. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1502-24 Cuming St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Used as a warehouse by Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was used for manufacturing hair accessories and other plastic goods by Tip Top Plastic Products from 1963 to 1986. After being vacant again for several years, it was then used by Good and More Enterprises, a tire warehouse and retail outlet. After another period of vacancy, it was redeveloped into Tip Top Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and loft-style apartments on the upper levels which opened in 2005. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|CR/CS/C | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia Branch Assembly Plant ([[w:Chester Assembly|Chester Assembly]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]<br>[[w:Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1961 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia: 2700 N. Broad St., corner of W. Lehigh Ave. (November 1914-June 1927) then in Chester: Front Street from Fulton to Pennell streets along the Delaware River (800 W. Front St.) (March 1928-February 1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (18,533 units), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]],<br> [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961), [[w:Ford F-Series (first generation)|Ford F-Series (first generation)]] (1951-1952),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (second generation)|Ford F-Series (second generation)]] (1953-1955),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]] | style="text-align:left;"| November 1914-June 1927 in Philadelphia then March 1928-February 1961 in Chester. Broad St. plant made equipment for US Army in WWI including helmets and machine gun trucks. Sold in 1927. Later used as a [[w:Sears|Sears]] warehouse and then to manufacture men's clothing by Joseph H. Cohen & Sons, which later took over [[w:Botany 500|Botany 500]], whose suits were then also made at Broad St., giving rise to the nickname, Botany 500 Building. Cohen & Sons sold the building in 1989 which seems to be empty now. Chester plant also handled exporting to overseas plants. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Pittsburgh Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 5000 Baum Blvd and Morewood Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Became a Ford sales, parts, and service branch until Ford sold the building in 1953. The building then went through a variety of light industrial uses before being purchased by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in 2006. It was subsequently purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 to house the UPMC Immune Transplant and Therapy Center, a collaboration between the university and UPMC. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| PO | style="text-align:left;"| Portland Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914–1917, 1923–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2505 SE 11th Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Called the Ford Building and is occupied by various businesses. . |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| RH/R (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Richmond Plant|Richmond Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Richmond, California|Richmond, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1931-1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 1414 Harbour Way S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (49,359 units), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Richmond was one of the first 2 Ford plants to build the F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Highland Park, Michigan). Richmond location is now part of Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park. Replaced by San Jose Assembly Plant in Milpitas. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|SFA/SFAA (San Francisco) | style="text-align:left;"| San Francisco Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1931 | style="text-align:left;"| 2905 21st Street and Harrison St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Richmond Assembly Plant. San Francisco Plant was demolished after the 1989 earthquake. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SR/S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville Assembly|Somerville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1926 to 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 183 Middlesex Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953)<br />Built [[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) July-October 1957, Built [[w:1957 Ford|1958 Fords]] November 1957 - March 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| The only [[w:Edsel|Edsel]]-only assembly line. Operations moved to Lorain, OH. Converted to [[w:Assembly Square Mall|Assembly Square Mall]] in 1980 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/4902/ Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #1] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1155 Valley Street & corner of 700 Fairview Ave. N. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Now a Public Storage site. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Seattle)|Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #2]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Georgetown, Seattle|Georgetown, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from May 1932–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 4730 East Marginal Way | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Still a Ford sales and service site through 1941. As early as 1940, the U.S. Army occupied a portion of the facility which had become known as the "Seattle General Depot". Sold to US Government in 1942 for WWII-related use. Used as a staging site for supplies headed for the Pacific Front. The U.S. Army continued to occupy the facility until 1956. In 1956, the U.S. Air Force acquired control of the property and leased the facility to the Boeing Company. A year later, in 1957, the Boeing Company purchased the property. Known as the Boeing Airplane Company Missile Production Center, the facility provided support functions for several aerospace and defense related development programs, including the organizational and management facilities for the Minuteman-1 missile program, deployed in 1960, and the Minuteman-II missile program, deployed in 1969. These nuclear missile systems, featuring solid rocket boosters (providing faster lift-offs) and the first digital flight computer, were developed in response to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The Boeing Aerospace Group also used the former Ford plant for several other development and manufacturing uses, such as developing aspects of the Lunar Orbiter Program, producing unstaffed spacecraft to photograph the moon in 1966–1967, the BOMARC defensive missile system, and hydrofoil boats. After 1970, Boeing phased out its operations at the former Ford plant, moving them to the Boeing Space Center in the city of Kent and the company's other Seattle plant complex. Owned by the General Services Administration since 1973, it's known as the "Federal Center South Complex", housing various government offices. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|STL/SL | style="text-align:left;"| St. Louis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| 4100 Forest Park Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V | style="text-align:left;"| Vancouver Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1920 to 1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 1188 Hamilton St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Burnaby plant in 1938. Still standing; used as commercial space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W | style="text-align:left;"| Winnipeg Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1941 | style="text-align:left;"| 1181 Portage Avenue (corner of Wall St.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], military trucks | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Manitoba provincial government in 1942. Became Manitoba Technical Institute. Now known as the Robert Fletcher Building |- valign="top" |} 8fktpzjnjyes7rzs01zip9r0hcqrgfj 4664476 4664475 2026-08-25T22:03:29Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Former production facilities */ 4664476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user sandbox}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} The following is a list of current, former, and confirmed future facilities of [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] for manufacturing automobiles and other components. Per regulations, the factory is encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 11 for North American models. European models have the factory encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 8 (except for the VW-built 3rd gen. Ford Tourneo Connect and Transit Connect, which have the plant code in position 11 as VW does for all of its models regardless of region). The River Rouge Complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Much of the production was devoted to compiling "[[w:knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s" that were then shipped in wooden crates to Branch Assembly locations across the United States by railroad and assembled locally, using local supplies as necessary.<ref name="MyLifeandWork">{{cite book|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|year=1922|title=My Life and Work|publisher=Garden City Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C/page/n87 81], 167|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C|quote=Ford 1922 My Life and Work|access-date=2010-06-08 }}</ref> A few of the original Branch Assembly locations still remain while most have been repurposed or have been demolished and the land reused. Knock-down kits were also shipped internationally until the River Rouge approach was duplicated in Europe and Asia. For US-built models, Ford switched from 2-letter plant codes to a 1-letter plant code in 1953. Mercury and Lincoln, however, kept using the 2-letter plant codes through 1957. Mercury and Lincoln switched to the 1-letter plant codes for 1958. Edsel, which was new for 1958, used the 1-letter plant codes from the outset. The 1956-1957 Continental Mark II, a product of the Continental Division, did not use a plant code as they were all built in the same plant. The 2-letter plant code in 1950-1952 Ford cars and 1950-1957 Mercurys and Lincolns was in position 3 & 4 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1959 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, and 1958-1959 Mercurys, Lincolns, and Edsels was in position 3 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1960-1980 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, 1960-1980 Mercurys & Lincolns, and 1960 Edsels was in position 2 of the serial number. The 2-letter plant code in 1951-1952 Ford trucks was in position 5 & 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1960 Ford trucks was in position 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1961-1980 Ford trucks, including Bronco and Econoline, was in position 5 of the serial number. Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1966, when Ford of Canada adopted the same system as the US. In 1950-1959, Canadian-built cars, including the Ford Ranchero, had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1948-1950, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1951-1954, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 7th position of the serial number. In 1955-1959, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 9th position of the serial number. Mexican-built models often just had "MEX" inserted into the VIN instead of a plant code in the pre-standardized VIN era. European-built Fords have the source company code in the 7th position and the plant code in the 8th position beginning in 1981. From 1965-1980, the source company code was in the 1st position and the plant code was in the 2nd position. Since the letter for the plant code is sometimes used by more than one plant, the source company code immediately preceding the plant code is needed to determine which plant is being referred to. For a listing of Ford's proving grounds and test facilities see [[w:Ford Proving Grounds|Ford Proving Grounds]]. ==Current production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! data-sort-type="isoDate" style="width:60px;" | Opened ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:80px;" | Employees ! style="width:220px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand|AutoAlliance Thailand]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 2|Mazda 2]]<br / >[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br / >[[w:Mazda CX-3|Mazda CX-3]]<br />[[w:Mazda CX-30|Mazda CX-30]] | Joint venture 50% owned by Ford and 50% owned by Mazda. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger (PE/PG/PH)]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#Second generation (PJ/PK; 2006)|Ford Ranger (PJ/PK)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Familia#Ninth generation (BJ; 1998–2003)|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series#UN|Mazda B-Series]]<br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50 (UN)]] <br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#Second generation (UP, UR; 2011)|Mazda BT-50 (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo Stamping|Buffalo Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamburg, New York|Hamburg, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 843 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels: Quarter Panels, Body Sides, Rear Floor Pan, Rear Doors, Roofs, front doors, hoods | Located at 3663 Lake Shore Rd. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 (Plant 1) <br /> 2012 (Plant 2) <br /> 2014 (Plant 3) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,000+ | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape#fourth|Ford Escape]] <br />[[w:Ford Mondeo Sport|Ford Mondeo Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Zephyr (China)|Lincoln Zephyr/Z]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br />Complex includes three assembly plants. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Evos|Ford Evos]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 4)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 5)]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#third|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Mazda3#First generation (BK; 2003)|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80#S80L|Volvo S80L]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,310 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Ford 1.0 L Ecoboost I3 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.5 L Sigma I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 L EcoBoost I4 engine]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,480 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 transmission]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Hangzhou Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Edge#Third generation (Edge L—CDX706; 2023)|Ford Edge L]]<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus|Lincoln Nautilus]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Plus]]<br />[[w:Ford Taurus (China)|Ford Taurus]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] <br> Harbin Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], [[w:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 (Start of Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Production suspended in Nov. 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Plant formerly belonged to Harbin Hafei Automobile Group Co. Bought by Changan Ford in 2015. Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 3)<br>[[w:Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 4) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CHI/CH/G (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,852 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer (U625)]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator (U611)]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 12600 S Torrence Avenue.<br/>Replaced the previous location at 3915 Wabash Avenue.<br /> Built armored personnel carriers for US military during WWII. <br /> Final Taurus rolled off the assembly line March 1, 2019.<br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1953-1964) <br /> [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1965)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1973)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD (full-size)]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Elite|Ford Elite]] (1974-1976)<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD (midsize)]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986–2019)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986–2005, 2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] (2009-2016)<br />[[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] (2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer (U502)]] (2011-2019) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Heights, Illinois|Chicago Heights, Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,165 | | Located at 1000 E Lincoln Hwy, Chicago Heights, IL |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua Engine|Chihuahua Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua, Chihuahua]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,430 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec 2.0/2.3/2.5 I4]] <br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Ford 6.7L Scorpion Diesel V8]] | style="text-align:left;"| Began operations July 27, 1983. 1,902,600 Penta engines produced from 1983-1991. 2,340,464 Zeta engines produced from 1993-2004. Over 14 million total engines produced. Complex includes 3 engine plants. Plant 1, opened in 1983, builds 4-cylinder engines. Plant 2, opened in 2010, builds diesel V8 engines. Plant 3, opened in 2018, builds the Dragon 3-cylinder. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC/Penta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel|4.4L Diesel V8]] (for Land Rover) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,834 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0/2.3 EcoBoost I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (first generation)|Ford 3.5&nbsp;L EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for RWD vehicles)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17601 Brookpark Rd. Idled from May 2007 to May 2009.<br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln Y-block V8 engine|Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 221/260/289/302 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following G] [includes Mercury Capri] /<br> E (NA) <br> [Merkur Scorpio] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne Body & Assembly|Cologne Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,090 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer EV|Ford Explorer EV]] (VW MEB-based) <br /> [[w:Ford Capri EV|Ford Capri EV]] (VW MEB-based) | Previously: [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]]<br />[[w:Ford Rheinland|Ford Rheinland]]<br />[[w:Ford Köln|Ford Köln]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#First generation (1970–1978)|Mercury Capri]] (1970-1974, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul (Granada Mark I based) (1972–1975)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br />[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]]<br />[[w:Ford Puma (sport compact)|Ford Puma]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:de:Ford Modell V8-51|Ford Model V8-51]]<br />[[w:de:Ford V-3000-Serie|Ford V-3000/Ford B 3000 series]]<br />[[w:Ford Rhein|Ford Rhein]]<br />[[w:Ford Ruhr|Ford Ruhr]]<br />[[w:Ford FK|Ford FK]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 810 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|1.0 litre EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Aston Martin V12 engine|Aston Martin V12 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin engines are built at the [[w:Aston Martin Engine Plant|Aston Martin Engine Plant]], a special section of the plant which is separated from the rest of the plant.<br> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Taunus V4 engine|Ford Taunus V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Ford Cologne V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Aston Martin 4.3/4.7|Aston Martin 4.3/4.7 V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling, dies, fixtures, jigs, die repair | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,280 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford MTX-75 transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford VXT-75 transmission]]<br />Ford VMT6 transmission<br />[[w:Volvo Cars#Manual transmissions|Volvo M56/M58/M66 transmission]]<br />Ford MMT6 transmission | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cortako Cologne GmbH | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 410 | style="text-align:left;"| Forging of steel parts for engines, transmissions, and chassis | Originally known as Cologne Forge & Die Cast Plant. Previously known as Tekfor Cologne GmbH from 2003 to 2011, a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Neumayer Tekfor GmbH. Also briefly known as Cologne Precision Forge GmbH. Bought back by Ford in 2011 and now 100% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lagos|Lagos]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. Built under contract for Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Assembly|Cuautitlán Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (2021-) | Truck assembly began in 1970 while car production began in 1980. <br /> Previously made:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1992-2010) <br> (US: F-250 '97, F-350 '97,<br> F-Super Duty chassis cab '97,<br> F-150 Reg. Cab '00-'02,<br> Mexico: includes F-150 & Lobo)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] (US: 1999) <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] (2000-2003) <br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] (2011-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />For Mexico only:<br>[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Fiesta Ikon]] (2001-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Topaz|Ford Topaz]]<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Ford Ghia]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] (Mexico: 1980-1981)<br />[[w:Ford Grand Marquis|Ford Grand Marquis]] (Mexico: 1982-84)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] Gen 3 (1979-1984) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue engine]] (Panther)<br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V6|Ford 2.7/3.0 Lion Diesel V6]] |Previously: [[w:Ford I4 DOHC engine|Ford I4 DOHC engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Endura-D engine|Ford Endura-D engine]] (Lynx)<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V4 engine|Ford Essex V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]<br />[[w:Ford LT engine|Ford LT engine]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford York engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford Dorset/Dover engine]] <br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V8|Ford 3.6L Diesel V8]] <br /> [[w:Ford DLD engine|Ford DLD engine]] (Tiger) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,200 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (2022-2025) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Diversified Manufacturing Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1942 | style="text-align:right;"| 773 | style="text-align:left;"| Axles, suspension parts. Frames for F-Series trucks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1941 | style="text-align:right;"| 445 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Ford Duratec 20]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Ford Duratec 23]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Ford Duratec 25]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Ford 5.2L Carnivore V8]] <br>(F-150 Raptor R)<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L Predator V8]] (Mustang GTD,<br> Dark Horse SC)<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Carnivore & Predator engines are produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant which replaced the Niche Engine line at the now closed Romeo Engine Plant. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford FE engine|Ford FE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1939 | style="text-align:right;"|1,658 | style="text-align:left;"| Body stampings | Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1938 | style="text-align:right;"| 271 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Truck|Dearborn Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,131 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Located at 3001 Miller Rd. Replaced the nearby Dearborn Assembly Plant for MY2005. Built the 40 millionth Ford <br> F-Series in Jan. 2022, which was an <br> F-150 Tremor.<br />Previously: <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2005-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] (2006-2008) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 0 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit Chassis LLC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford F-53 Motorhome Chassis (2000-)<br/>Ford F-59 Commercial Chassis (2000-) | Located at 6501 Lynch Rd. Replaced production at IMMSA in Mexico. Plant owned by Detroit Chassis LLC. Produced under contract for Ford. <br /> Previously: [[w:Think Global#TH!NK Neighbor|Ford TH!NK Neighbor]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Engine|Essex Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 930 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Ford 5.0L Coyote V8]]<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"|Idled in November 2007, reopened February 2010. Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)]] 3.8/3.9/4.2L <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 5.4L 3-valve Modular V8]]<br/>[[w:Ford Modular engine# Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Ford 5.0L Road Runner V8]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock Assembly Plant|Flat Rock Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,826 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 7)]] (2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Built at site of closed Ford Michigan Casting Center (1972-1981) , which cast various parts for Ford including V8 engine blocks and heads for Ford [[w:Ford 335 engine|335]], [[w:Ford 385 engine|385]], & [[w:Ford FE engine|FE/FT series]] engines as well as transmission, axle, & steering gear housings and gear cases. Opened as a Mazda plant (Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA) in 1987. Became AutoAlliance International from 1992 to 2012 after Ford bought 50% of the plant from Mazda. Became Flat Rock Assembly Plant in 2012 when Mazda ended production and Ford took full management control of the plant. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 6)]] (2015-2023)<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 5)]] (2005-2014)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] (2017-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2014-2016)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] (1999-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Mazda 6|Mazda 6]] (2003-2013)<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] (1990-2002)<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]] (1988-1997) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 800 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> Ford Focus Active <br /> [[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#Ford Tierra|Ford Activa]]<br />[[w:Ford Aztec|Ford Aztec]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort (Europe)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort (Chinese)]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]]<br />Ford Fiera<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Ixion|Ford Ixion]]<br />[[w:Ford i-Max|Ford i-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Liata|Ford Liata]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Pronto|Ford Pronto]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Tierra|Ford Tierra]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]] (Canadian market)<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy]]<br />[[w:Mazda 5|Mazda 5]]<br />[[w:Mazda E-Series|Mazda E-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 90 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]] (1.8, 2.0, 2.3) | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine#Z6/M|Mazda 1.6 ZM-DE I4]]<br />[[w:Mazda F engine|Mazda F engine]] (1.8, 2.0)<br /> [[w:Suzuki F engine#Four-cylinder|Suzuki 1.0 I4]] (for Ford Pronto) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following M] (for Ford),<br> S (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Silverton Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Silverton, Pretoria|Silverton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,650 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Amarok#Second generation (2022)|VW Amarok]] | Silverton plant was originally a Chrysler of South Africa plant from 1961 to 1976. In 1976, it merged with a unit of mining company Anglo-American to form Sigma Motor Corp., which Chrysler retained 25% ownership of. Chrysler sold its 25% stake to Anglo-American in 1983. Sigma was restructured into Amcar Motor Holdings Ltd. in 1984. In 1985, Amcar merged with Ford South Africa to form SAMCOR (South African Motor Corporation). Sigma had already assembled Mazda & Mitsubishi vehicles previously and SAMCOR continued to do so. In 1988, Ford divested from South Africa & sold its stake in SAMCOR. SAMCOR continued to build Ford vehicles as well as Mazdas & Mitsubishis. In 1994, Ford bought a 45% stake in SAMCOR and it bought the remaining 55% in 1998. It then renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa in 2000. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Tonic|Ford Tonic]]<br />[[w:Ford_Laser#South_Africa|Ford Tracer]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda Etude]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Export markets 2|Mazda Sting]]<br />[[w:Sao Penza|Sao Penza]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Lantis/Astina/323F|Mazda 323 Astina]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Ford Husky]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi Starwagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121 Soho]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Sapphire|Ford Sapphire]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]]<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Third generation (1985–1998)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Drifter|Mazda Drifter]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50|Mazda BT-50]] Gen 1 & Gen 2<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Mazda Marathon]]<br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Fuso Canter#Fourth generation|Mitsubishi Canter]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]] <br/>[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Struandale Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L Panther EcoBlue single-turbodiesel & twin-turbodiesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Ford 3.0 Lion turbodiesel V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />Machining of engine components | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Crossflow|Ford Kent Crossflow I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine#CVH-PTE|Ford 1.4L CVH-PTE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6L EFI Zetec I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|T (EU) [when following T],<br> T (NA) ('10-'13 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Gölcük]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük, Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,530 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4) | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. Transit Connect started shipping to the US in fall of 2009. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Tourneo Connect]] (Gen 1)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following T] (for Ford),<br> K (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Yeniköy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:tr:Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele|Yeniköy Merkez]], [[w:Başiskele|Başiskele]], [[w:Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 2)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 2) <br /> [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T7)|Volkswagen Transporter/Caravelle (T7)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)| Ford Transit Courier]] (Gen 1) <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)|Ford Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" |style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following T] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Truck Assembly & Engine Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inonu, Eskisehir|Inonu, Eskisehir]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L "Panther" EcoBlue diesel I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford F-Line]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|Ford 9.0L/12.7L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />Ford EcoTorq transmission<br /> Rear Axle for Ford Transit | Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford D series|Ford D series]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6 Zetec I4]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford 2.5 DI diesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4/I5 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford 6.0/6.2 diesel inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|7.3L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />[[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]] for Transit |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (EU) [when following E] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania|Ford Romania/<br>Ford Otosan Romania]]<br> Craiova Assembly & Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Craiova|Craiova]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Ford Puma Gen-E|Ford Puma Gen-E]] EV (2025-)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Courier#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Courier/Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 2) (2023-)<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline three-cylinder|Ford 1.0 Fox EcoBoost I3]] | Plant was originally Oltcit, a 64/36 joint venture between Romania and Citroen established in 1976. In 1991, Citroen withdrew and the car brand became Oltena while the company became Automobile Craiova. In 1994, it established a 49/51 joint venture with Daewoo called Rodae Automobile which was renamed Daewoo Automobile Romania in 1997. Engine and transmission plants were added in 1997. Following Daewoo’s collapse in 2000, the Romanian government bought out Daewoo’s 51% stake in 2006. Ford bought a 72.4% stake in Automobile Craiova in 2008, which was renamed Ford Romania. Ford increased its stake to 95.63% in 2009. In 2022, Ford transferred ownership of the Craiova plant to its Turkish joint venture Ford Otosan. <br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1) (2010-2012)<br /> [[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] (2012-2017) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] (2018-2022) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 Sigma EcoBoost I4]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Thailand Manufacturing|Ford Thailand Manufacturing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Vietnam|Hai Duong Assembly, Ford Vietnam, Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hai Duong|Hai Duong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,250 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4-based)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 75% owned by Ford and 25% owned by Song Cong Diesel Company. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br /> [[w:Ford Tourneo|Ford Tourneo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford Ecosport]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3-based) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Transmission|Halewood Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 450 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]]<br />Ford MT82 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford IB5 transmission]]<br />Ford iB6 transmission<br />PTO Transmissions | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly|Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo|Hermosillo]], [[w:Sonora|Sonora]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,870 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] (2021-)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick pickup]] (2022-) | Hermosillo produced its 7 millionth vehicle, a blue Ford Bronco Sport, in June 2024.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2006-2020)<br />[[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] (2006-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln Zephyr]] (2006)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] (2007-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (hatchback) (2000-2005)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1991-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] (1998-2003)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1988-1999) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Irapuato Electric Powertrain Center (formerly Irapuato Transmission Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Irapuato|Irapuato]], [[w:Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 700 | style="text-align:left;"| E-motor and <br> E-transaxle (1T50LP) <br> for Mustang Mach-E | Formerly Getrag Americas, a joint venture between [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] and the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Became 100% owned by Ford in 2016 and launched conventional automatic transmission production in July 2017. Previously built the [[w:Ford PowerShift transmission|Ford PowerShift transmission]] (6DCT250 DPS6) <br /> [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F24 transmission]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Fushan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 1,725 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Equator|Ford Equator]]<br />[[w:Ford Equator Sport|Ford Equator Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]] <br> [[w:Ford Bronco New Energy|Ford Bronco New Energy EV/EREV]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,660 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit T8]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Tourneo]] <br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Chinese production|Ford Transit & Transit Classic]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit Pro]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest#Second generation (U375/UA; 2015)|Ford Everest]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Engine Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0 L EcoBoost I4]]<br />JMC 1.5/1.8 GTDi engines<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Kansas City Assembly|Kansas City Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 <br><br> 1957 (Vehicle production) | style="text-align:right;"| 9,468 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (2015-) | style="text-align:left;"| Original location at 1025 Winchester Ave. was first Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area, lasted from 1912–1956. Replaced by Claycomo plant at 8121 US 69, which began to produce civilian vehicles on January 7, 1957 beginning with the Ford F-100 pickup. The Claycomo plant only produced for the military (including wings for B-46 bombers) from when it opened in 1951-1956, when it converted to civilian production.<br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]]<br> (1957-1960)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-Series (fourth generation)]]<br> (1961-1966)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fifth generation)|Ford F-Series (fifth generation)]]<br> (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (sixth generation)|Ford F-Series (sixth generation)]]<br> (1973-1979)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series (seventh generation)]] (1980-1986)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eighth generation)|Ford F-Series (eighth generation)]]<br> (1987-1991)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]]<br> (1992-1996)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series (tenth generation)]] [PN96]<br> (1997-2003 F-150, 1997-1999 F-250)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2004-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959) <br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1962, 1964, 1966-1970)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br /> [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1962, 1966-1969)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1971-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2001-2012)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2011)<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] (2001-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] (2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) for pickups & SUVs<br /> or <br /> V (NA) for med. & heavy trucks & bus chassis | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kentucky Truck Assembly|Kentucky Truck Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,251 | style="text-align:left;"| VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (1999-)<br /> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (2009-) <br /> [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (2009-) | Located at 3001 Chamberlain Lane. <br /> Previously:<br> VIN code V:<br> [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] (1970-1990)<br />Ford W series<br />Ford CL series<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] (1991-1997)<br />[[w:Ford L series|Ford L series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br> (1970-1998) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1970–1979) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1980–1998)<br />VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]] - <br> (F-250: 1995-1997/F-350: 1994-1997/<br> F-Super Duty: 1994-1997)<br />[[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] (2000-2005) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima Engine|Lima Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima, Ohio|Lima, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,457 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Ford 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.3 Cyclone V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for FWD vehicles)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford MEL engine|Ford MEL engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 385 engine|Ford 385 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Third generation|Ford Thriftpower (Falcon) Six]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Ford Lima/Pinto I4]]<br />[[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Vulcan engine|Ford Vulcan V6]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Jaguar AJ30/AJ35 - Ford 3.9L V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia Transmission|Livonia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,075 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6R transmission|Ford 6R transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R60/10R80 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F35/8F40 transmission]] <br /> Service components | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,483 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2013-2026)<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (2020-2026) <br> [[w:Ford Fathom|Ford Fathom]] EV (2028-) | Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened on April 18, 1955. It produced both cars and trucks. The majority of Edsels were produced here.[https://www.edsel.com/registry/index.html] Passenger car production ended on June 12, 1981 when the last Ford LTD was produced at Louisville.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Louisville/pXbYITw4ZesC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ford%20motor] The plant was then converted to build the Ranger pickup and the related Bronco II SUV. Ranger production began on January 18, 1982. The plant was upgraded and expanded to build Explorer, which launched in 1990 and replaced the Bronco II. Explorer was joined by the Mercury Mountaineer in April 1996. Ranger production ended in April 1999 but the Explorer Sport Trac pickup was built here beginning in 2000. The plant was idled in December 2010 and then reopened on April 4, 2012 to build the Ford Escape crossover which was followed by the Escape-based Lincoln MKC, later replaced by the Corsair. Escape and Corsair production ended in mid-December 2025 and the factory was then idled. <br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] (2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1991-2010)<br />[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (1997-2010)<br />[[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] (1991-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] (2001-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] (2001-2010)<br />[[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] (1984-1990)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1983-1999)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1958)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1967-1969)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1957, 1973-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1970-1981)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair#1959|Edsel Corsair]] (1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1955-1958, 1960-1961)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1971)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />Heavy trucks were produced on a separate line from early 1958 until Kentucky Truck Plant opened in 1969. Includes [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] bus, [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], [[w:Ford H series|Ford H series]], Ford W series, and [[w:Ford L series#Background|Ford N-Series]] (1963-69). In addition to cars, F-Series light trucks were built from 1973-1981. Louisville Assembly was then converted to build the Ranger compact pickup, production of which began on January 18, 1982. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NA) (1964-) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]] <br> Previously: Michigan Truck Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,126 | style="text-align:Left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6-P703)]] (2024-)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 38303 Michigan Ave. Opened in 1957 to build station wagons as the Michigan Station Wagon Plant. Due to a sales slump, the plant was idled in 1959 until 1964. The plant was reopened and converted to build <br> F-Series trucks in 1964, becoming the Michigan Truck Plant. Was original production location for the [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] in 1966. In 1997, F-Series production ended so the plant could focus on the Expedition and Navigator full-size SUVs. In December 2008, Expedition and Navigator production ended and would move to the Kentucky Truck plant during 2009. In 2011, the Michigan Truck Plant was combined with the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant, which were then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. The plant was converted to build small cars, beginning with the 2012 Focus, followed by the 2013 C-Max. Car production ended in May 2018 and the plant was converted back to building trucks, beginning with the 2019 Ranger, followed by the 2021 Bronco.<br> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger (T6-P375)]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (2012-2018)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]] (2013-2018)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] (1966-1996)<br />[[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (1997-2009)<br />[[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (1998-2009)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1964-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] (1993-1995)<br /> [[w:Mercury Colony Park|Mercury Colony Park]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] <br> Markham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Markham, Ontario|Markham, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016-2022, 2025- (Ford production) | | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] (2025-) | Plant owned by [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] Inc.<br /> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] (2017-2022) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (NA) (for Pilot Plant),<br> No plant code for Mark II | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Pilot Plant|New Model Programs Development Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Allen Park, Michigan|Allen Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | | style="text-align:left;"| Commonly known as "Pilot Plant" | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17000 Oakwood Boulevard. Originally Allen Park Body & Assembly to build the 1956-1957 [[w:Continental Mark II|Continental Mark II]]. Then was Edsel Division headquarters until 1959. Later became the New Model Programs Development Center, where new models and their manufacturing processes are developed and tested. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:fr:Nordex S.A.|Nordex S.A.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 (Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Nordex S.A. Built under contract for Ford for South American markets. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (1954-1959)<br>/<br> No plant codes used (1960-1965)<br>/<br> B (NA) (1966-present) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,600 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (2027-) | style="text-align:left;"| Truck production moved to the neighboring Ontario Truck plant when it opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant. Ford Edge production ended in May 2024 and Oakville Assembly was idled.<br /> Previously: <br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1967-1968, 1971)<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor cars]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Meteor Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch cars]]<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1968)<br />[[w:Frontenac (marque)|Frontenac]] (1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Americas)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1970, 1972-1974)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1969-1970, 1972, 1975-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1972, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] (1995-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] (2004-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] (2009-2019)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] (2010-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] (2007-2024)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKX|Lincoln MKX]] (2007-2018) <br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] (1961-1981)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#First generation (1961–1967)|Mercury Econoline]] (1961-1965)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1954-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1954-1965) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ohio Assembly|Ohio Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avon Lake, Ohio|Avon Lake, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,802 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]]<br> (Body assembly: 1975-,<br> Final assembly: 2006-)<br> (Van thru 2014,<br> Cutaway thru present day)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/750]] (2016-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-350/450/550 Chassis Cab]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-600 Chassis Cab]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Was previously a Fruehauf truck trailer plant.<br />Previously: [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest]] (1993-2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|Pacheco Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,823 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. Ford kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved while VW got the other side of the plant, which it still operates. This plant has made both cars and trucks. <br /> Formerly:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-3500/F-400/F-4000/F-500]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]]<br />[[w:Ford B-Series|Ford B-Series]] (B-600/B-700/B-7000)<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]] (1962 to 1991)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#Argentine Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]]<br /> [[w:Ford Taunus TC#Argentina|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona#Second generation (1993–1996)|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Ford Fairlane in Argentina|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger (US design)]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine|Ford 170/187/188/221 inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|VW Pointer]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Rawsonville Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 788 | style="text-align:left;"| Integrated Air/Fuel Modules<br /> Air Induction Systems<br> Transmission Oil Pumps<br />HEV and PHEV Batteries<br /> Fuel Pumps<br /> Carbon Canisters<br />Ignition Coils<br />Transmission components for Van Dyke Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 10300 Textile Road. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Sold to parent Ford in 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (N. American-style VIN position) | style="text-align:left;"| RMA Automotive Cambodia | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Krakor district|Krakor district]], [[w:Pursat province|Pursat province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambodia|Cambodia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2022 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] [https://cambodianess.com/article/rma-cambodia-plc-officially-launches-new-ford-production-line-and-ford-sub-assembly-plant-in-pursat-province] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant belongs to RMA Group, Ford's distributor in Cambodia. Builds vehicles under license from Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following G] [includes <br> US-mkt. '78-'80 Ford Fiesta] <br>/<br> 4 (NA) ['16-'18 US-mkt. <br> Focus RS] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis Body & Assembly|Saarlouis Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis|Saarlouis]], [[w:Saarland|Saarland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 (components), 1970 (vehicle prod.) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,276 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Plant was built on the site of the former Roderberg airfield. First opened as a components plant in 1968, supplying other Ford plants and also supplying Renault with body panels. This production ended once Ford Escort production began in 1970. The first Escort body shell was completed on October 20, 1969. Began vehicle production with the Escort on January 16, 1970. Saarlouis shared Escort production with Ford's Halewood, UK plant. About 150,000 Capris were built at Saarlouis from 1971-1975, including the 1 millionth Capri built, an RS2600 completed on August 29, 1973. Fiesta began production at Saarlouis on May 11, 1976 and ended in 1980. Over 700,000 Fiestas were built in Saarlouis. Escort was replaced by the Focus in 1998. Saarlouis produced over 6.5 million Escorts from 1970-1998. Focus began production on August 10, 1998. All Focus RS & RS500 models were made in Saarlouis. In June 2013, the Ford Focus Electric began production in Saarlouis. It was the first fully electric Ford in Europe and the first fully electric car to be produced in Germany. Production ended by April 2017. C-Max production began in Saarlouis in November 2003. C-Max production shifted to Valencia, Spain in 2010 but returned to Saarlouis in 2014. C-Max production ended in June 2019 and was discontinued. About 1.2 million <br> C-Max vehicles were built at Saarlouis. Last Focus ST produced September 26, 2025. Last Focus, a white 5-d hatchback, was produced on November 14, 2025. That was the end of vehicle production at Saarlouis. In 1980, Saarlouis built its 2 millionth vehicle, a Fiesta 3-d. In February 1990, Saarlouis produced its 5 millionth vehicle, a 4th gen. Escort. In July 2005, Saarlouis produced its 10 millionth vehicle, a blue Focus wagon. On November 19, 2007, Saarlouis produced its 11 millionth vehicle, a silver C-Max. On August 26, 2010, the 12 millionth vehicle, a white Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. On June 16, 2016, the 14 millionth vehicle, a red Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. In December 2019, Saarlouis produced its 15 millionth vehicle, a red Focus ST 5-d. About 15.6 million vehicles were produced in total at Saarlouis.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] (1983-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]] (1971-1975)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] (1976-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (1998-2025)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] (2003-2010, 2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#First generation (C394; 2008)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 1: 2008-2012) |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Engine Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | | [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue/Panther 2.0L Diesel I4 engine]] | Although the Sanand property including the assembly plant was sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022, the engine plant buildings and property were leased back from Tata by Ford India so that the engine plant could continue building diesel engines for export to Thailand, Vietnam, and Argentina. <br /> Previously: [[w:List of Ford engines#1.2 L Dragon|1.2/1.5 Ti-VCT Dragon I3]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville Transmission|Sharonville Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,003 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford 6R140 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R80/10R140 transmission]]<br /> Gears for 6R80/140, 6F35/50/55, & 8F57 transmissions <br /> | Located at 3000 E Sharon Rd. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford 4R70W transmission|Ford 4R70W transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford C6 transmission#4R100|Ford 4R100 transmission]]<br /> Ford 5R110W transmission<br /> [[w:Ford C3 transmission#5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W|Ford 5R55S transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Sterling Axle | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,391 | style="text-align:left;"| Front axles<br /> Rear axles<br /> Rear drive units | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 39000 Mound Rd. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000; taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following W] /<br> 1 (NA) ('14-'23 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valencia Body and Assembly|Ford Valencia Body and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Kuga#Third generation (C482; 2019)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 3) | Previously: [[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Third generation (CD390; 2015)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#First generation (BE146; 1996)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 2)<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] <br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford S-Max]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#First generation (DY; 2002)|Mazda 2]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Valencia Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec HE 1.8/2.0]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford Ecoboost 2.0L]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|Ford Ecoboost 2.3L]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Valencia|Ford Kent/Valencia engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,444 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35/6F55]]<br /> Ford HF35/HF45 transmission for hybrids & PHEVs<br />Ford 8F57 transmission<br />Electric motors (eMotor) for hybrids & EVs<br />Electric vehicle transmissions | Located at 41111 Van Dyke Ave. Formerly known as Van Dyke Transmission Plant.<br />Originally made suspension parts. Began making transmissions in 1993.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford AX4N transmission|Ford AX4N transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (for VW & for Ford) | style="text-align:left;"| Volkswagen Poznań | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poznań|Poznań]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| | | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Caddy#Fourth generation (Typ SB; 2020)|VW Caddy]]<br /> | Plant owned by [[W:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]. Production for Ford began in 2022. <br> Previously: [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)|VW Transporter (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford 6.8/7.3L Godzilla V8]] | Main Windsor Engine Plant closed but the Windsor Annex Engine Plant, located on the south end of the Windsor Engine Plant property off Seminole Street, is still open. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 255/289/302/351 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]]: 4.6/5.4L V8 & 6.8L V10 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Forging | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 | style="text-align:left;"| Crankshaft forgings for 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6, 3.5 Cyclone V6, & 3.5 EcoBoost V6 | Located at 24189 Allen Rd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 499 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels | Located at 20900 West Rd. |} ==Future production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Employees ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blue Oval City|Tennessee Truck Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Stanton, Tennessee|Stanton, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~6,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford gas-powered pickup | Was scheduled to start EV production in 2028, following delays. As of December 2025, plant is renamed Tennessee Truck Plant and production of a gas-powered truck is scheduled to start in 2029. Battery manufacturing onsite would have been part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture with SK On, a subsidiary of [[w:SK Innovation|SK Innovation]].<ref name=BlueOval>{{cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/ford/2021/09/27/ford-four-new-plants-tennessee-kentucky-electric-vehicles/5879885001/|title=Ford, partner to spend $11.4B on four new plants in Tennessee, Kentucky to support EVs|first1=Jordyn|last1=Grzelewski|first2=Riley|last2=Beggin|newspaper=The Detroit News|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=September 27, 2021}}</ref> However, as of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| BlueOval SK Battery Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Glendale, Kentucky|Glendale, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~5,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Batteries for F-150 Lightning & E-Transit | Consists of 2 battery plants. Both were originally scheduled to start production in 2025. Plant 1 began commercial production on August 19, 2025 but Plant 2 has been delayed to 2027. Part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, a subsidiary of SK Innovation.<ref name=BlueOval/> As of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. The Glendale plant is now making battery packs for Ford Energy, a new Ford subsidiary making battery energy storage systems for data centers, utilities, and large industrial and commercial customers in the U.S. |} ==Former production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:220px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/State ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"| Years ! style="width:250px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (EU) [serial# starts with BF] | style="text-align:left;"| Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO) "Aveley plant" | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Ockendon|South Ockendon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Vehicle production from Nov. 1970 - Early 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967)|Ford Escort]] Mexico, RS1600, & RS2000 models | Was located on Arisdale Avenue in South Ockendon. Plant was set up to build special, high performance Escort models that needed extra work to build, which the Halewood plant was struggling to do. Escort two-door bodyshells, already painted, trimmed, and built to strengthened Type 49 specification, were shipped in directly from the Halewood plant that built mainstream Escorts. Once at the AVO plant, the bodies were placed on an overhead carousel which ran around the factory. As the cars moved around, the engine, transmission, and suspension were fitted from below. When auto sales declined following the 1973 Energy Crisis, spare capacity opened up at the mainstream Escort plants and a dedicated plant for performance versions was no longer needed and the AVO plant closed in early 1975. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Alexandria Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1950-1966 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford trucks including [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks | Opened in 1950. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ali Automobiles | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Kombi]], [[w:Ford F-Series second generation|Ford F-Series pickups]] | Ford production ended. Ali Automobiles was nationalized in 1972, becoming Awami Autos. Today, Awami is partnered with Suzuki in the Pak Suzuki joint venture. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Amsterdam Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1932-1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]], [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]],<br> Ford N-Series (EU) | Assembled a wide range of Ford products primarily for the local market from Sept. 1932–Nov. 1981. Began with the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. Car assembly (latterly [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]], and [[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]) ended 1978. Also, [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Ford Custom 500|Ford Custom 500]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Antwerp Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1922-1964 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Edsel|Edsel]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Original plant was on Rue Dubois from 1922 to 1926. Ford then moved to the Hoboken District of Antwerp in 1926 until they moved to a plant near the Bassin Canal in 1931. Replaced by the Genk plant that opened in 1964, however tractors were then made at Antwerp for some time after car & truck production ended. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Asnières-sur-Seine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnières-sur-Seine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] (Ford 6CV) | Ford sold the plant to Société Immobilière Industrielle d'Asnières or SIIDA on April 30, 1941. SIIDA leased it to the LAFFLY company (New Machine Tool Company) on October 30, 1941. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] then bought most of the shares in LAFFLY in 1948 and the lease was transferred from LAFFLY to [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] in 1949, which then began to move in and set up production. A hydraulics building for the manufacture of the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS was built in 1953. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] manufactured machined parts and hydraulic components for its hydropneumatic suspension system (also supplied to [[w:Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce Motors]]) at Asnières as well as steering components and connecting rods & camshafts after Nanterre was closed. SIIDA was taken over by Citroën on September 2, 1968. In 2000, the Asnières site became a joint venture between [[w:Siemens|Siemens Automotive]] and [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] (Siemens 52% -PSA 48%) called Siemens Automotive Hydraulics SA (SAH). In 2007, when [[w:Continental AG|Continental AG]] took over [[w:Siemens VDO|Siemens VDO]], SAH became CAAF (Continental Automotive Asnières France) and PSA sold off its stake in the joint venture. Continental closed the Asnières plant in 2009. Most of the site was demolished between 2011 and 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Gaydon Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gaydon|Gaydon, Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB9|Aston Martin DB9]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage/V12 Vantage]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin DBS V12|Aston Martin DBS V12]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (DBS-based V8 & Lagonda sedan), <br /> B (Virage & Vanquish) | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Newport Pagnell Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Newport Pagnell|Newport Pagnell]], [[w:Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin Vanquish#First generation (2001–2007)|Aston Martin V12 Vanquish]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Virage|Aston Martin Virage]] 1st generation <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8|Aston Martin V8]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Lagonda|Aston Martin Lagonda sedan]] <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8 engine|Aston Martin V8 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AT/A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hapeville, Georgia|Hapeville, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1947-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986-2007)<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986-2005) | Began F-Series production December 3, 1947. Demolished. Site now occupied by the headquarters of Porsche North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche breaks ground in Hapeville on new North American HQ|url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/20194429/porsche-breaks-ground-in-hapeville-on-new-north-american-hq|publisher=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> <br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956, 1958, 1960)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961, 1963-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1969, 1979-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1961-1964)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1963, 1965-1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1969-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Third generation (1974–1976)|Mercury Cougar]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1978)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird (Gen 9)]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1984-1985) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Auckland Operations | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wiri|Wiri]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-1997 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1973 as Wiri Assembly (also included transmission & chassis component plants), name changed in 1983 to Auckland Operations, became a joint venture with Mazda called Vehicles Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) in 1987, closed in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (EU) [when following P] (for Ford),<br> V (for VW & Seat) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autoeuropa|Autoeuropa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Palmela|Palmela]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] in 1999, Ford production ended in 2006 | [[w:Ford Galaxy#First generation (V191; 1995)|Ford Galaxy (1995–2006)]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Sharan|Volkswagen Sharan]]<br />[[w:SEAT Alhambra|SEAT Alhambra]] | Autoeuropa was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford & VW created in 1991. Production began in 1995. Ford sold its half of the plant to VW in 1999 but the Ford Galaxy continued to be built at the plant until the first generation ended production in 2006. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive Industries|Automotive Industries]], Ltd. (AIL) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nazareth Illit|Nazareth Illit]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Israel|Israel]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968-1985? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-9000]] | Car production began in 1968 in conjunction with Ford's local distributor, Israeli Automobile Corp. Truck production began in 1973. Ford Escort production ended in 1981. Truck production may have continued to c.1985. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Suspended | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]] | Produced trucks under contract for Ford Otosan. Production began with the Cargo in 2015; the F-Max was added in 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Azambuja Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Sierra-based model|Ford P100]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]] (12M)<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G (EU) [when following W] (Ford Maverick made by Nissan) | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]] | Became Motor Iberica SA after nationalization in 1954. Built Ford's [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks under license which were sold under the [[w:Ebro trucks|Ebro]] name. Later taken over in stages by Nissan from 1979 to 1987 when it became [[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]] SA. Under Nissan, the [[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] SUV was built in the Barcelona plant under an OEM agreement. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|Barracas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1916-1922 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford assembly plant in Latin America and the second outside North America after Britain. Replaced by the La Boca plant in 1922. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Basildon | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Basildon|Basildon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964-1991 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford tractor range | style="text-align:left;"| Sold with New Holland tractor business |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia Transmission|Batavia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia, Ohio|Batavia, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1980-2008 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford ATX transmission|Ford ATX transmission]]<br />[[w:Batavia Transmission#Partnership|CFT23 & CFT30 CVT transmissions]] produced as part of ZF Batavia joint venture with [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] | ZF Batavia joint venture was created in 1999 and was 49% owned by Ford and 51% owned by [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]]. Jointly developed CVT production began in late 2003. Ford bought out ZF in 2005 and the plant became Batavia Transmissions LLC, owned 100% by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Germany|Berlin Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Berlin|Berlin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1931 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | Replaced by Cologne plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Aquitaine Industries Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford C3 transmission|Ford C3/A4LD/A4LDE/4R44E/4R55E/5R44E/5R55E/5R55S/5R55W 3-, 4-, & 5-speed automatic transmissions]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 6-speed automatic transmission]]<br />Components | Sold to HZ Holding in 2009 but the deal collapsed and Ford bought the plant back in 2011. Closed in September 2019. Demolished in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (for DB7) | style="text-align:left;"| Bloxham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bloxham|Bloxham]], [[w:Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB7|Aston Martin DB7]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ220|Jaguar XJ220]] | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a JaguarSport plant. After XJ220 production ended, plant was transferred to Aston Martin to build the DB7. Closed with the end of DB7 production in 2003. Aston Martin has since been sold by Ford in 2007. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:International Motors#Blue Diamond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Escobedo|General Escobedo, Nuevo León]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"|Joint venture ended in 2015 | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-650]] (2004-2015)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-750]] (2004-2015)<br /> [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] (2006-2009) | style="text-align:left;"| Commercial truck joint venture with Navistar until 2015 when Ford production moved back to USA and plant was returned to Navistar. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford India|Bombay Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bombay|Bombay]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1926-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| | Ford's original Indian plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Bordeaux Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Asnières-sur-Seine plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend Engine|Bridgend Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend|Bridgend]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed September 2020 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5/1.6 Sigma EcoBoost I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8 engine]] 4.0/4.2/4.4L<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 3.0L V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|Jaguar AJ133 5.0L V8]]<br /> [[w:Volvo SI6 engine|Volvo SI6 engine]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JG (AU) /<br> G (AU) /<br> 8 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Broadmeadows Assembly Plant|Broadmeadows Assembly Plant]] (Broadmeadows Car Assembly) (Plant 1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1959-2016<ref name="abc_4707960">{{cite news|title=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-23/ford-to-close-geelong-and-broadmeadows-plants/4707960|work=abc.net.au|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E (1959–1968)|Ford Anglia 105E]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] TC-TF<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> Ford Falcon Ute<br /> [[w:Nissan Ute|Nissan Ute]] (XFN)<br />Ford Falcon Panel Van<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (Australia)|Ford Territory]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri (Australia)|Ford Capri Convertible]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri convertible]] (1991–1994)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1959-1961 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie#Australian production|Ford Galaxie (1969-1972) (conversion to right hand drive)]] | Plant opened August 1959. Closed Oct 7th 2016. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JL (AU) /<br> L (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Broadmeadows Commercial Vehicle Plant (Assembly Plant 2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]],[[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1971-1992 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-Series medium duty]] (F-500/F-600/F-700/F-750/F-800/F-8000)<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Bronco#Australian assembly|Ford Bronco]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cadiz Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cadiz|Cadiz]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1920-1923 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Barcelona plant. |- | style="text-align:center;"| 8 (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Camaçari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Camaçari, Bahia|Camaçari, Bahia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001-2021<ref name="camacari">{{cite web |title=Ford Advances South America Restructuring; Will Cease Manufacturing in Brazil, Serve Customers With New Lineup {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/01/11/ford-advances-south-america-restructuring.html |website=media.ford.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rui diz que negociação para atrair nova montadora de veículos para Camaçari está avançada|url=https://destaque1.com/rui-diz-que-negociacao-para-atrair-nova-montadora-de-veiculos-para-camacari-esta-avancada/|website=destaque1.com|access-date=30 May 2022|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka+]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:List of Ford engines#1.0 L Fox|Fox 1.0L I3 Engine]] | [[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta & Fiesta Rocam]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Canton Forge Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canton, Ohio|Canton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1988 | | Located on Georgetown Road NE. |- | | Casablanca Automotive Plant | [[w:Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1969-1971<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2011-12-06 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CASABLANCA (1971) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2011/12/planta-ford-casablanca-1971.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1076777 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-series]], [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967-1979)|Ford F-600]] | Nationalized by the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trowbridge |first=Alexander B. |title=Overseas Business Reports, US Department of Commerce |date=February 1968 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |edition=OBR 68-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EyN: Henry Ford II regresa a Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=541850 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.economiaynegocios.cl}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda|Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#DE|Mazda 2]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%). Ford Motor Company (35%), Mazda Motor Company (15%). JV was divided in 2012 into [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] and [[w:Changan Mazda|Changan Mazda]]. Changan Mazda took the Nanjing plant while Changan Ford kept the other plants. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda Engine|Changan Ford Mazda Engine Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine|Mazda BZ series 1.3/1.6 engine]]<br />[[w:Skyactiv#Skyactiv-G|Mazda Skyactiv-G 1.5/2.0/2.5]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (25%), Mazda Motor Company (25%). Ford sold its stake to Mazda in 2019. Now known as Changan Mazda Engine Co., Ltd. owned 50% by Mazda & 50% by Changan. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Charles McEnearney & Co. Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| Tumpuna Road, [[w:Arima|Arima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] | Ford production ended & factory closed in 1990's. |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Engine Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2010–2022 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Ford to stop making cars in India|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-motor-cease-local-production-india-shut-down-both-plants-sources-2021-09-09/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford DLD engine#DLD-415|Ford DLD engine]] (DLD-415/DV5)<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]] | |- valign="top" | C (NA)<br>/<br> R (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1999 <br> Closed in 2022<ref name=":0"/> | [[w:Ford Endeavour|Ford Endeavour]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] 5th & 6th generations<br /> [[w:Ford Figo#First generation (B517; 2010)|Ford Figo]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago SHO Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021-2023 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] (2021-2023)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2021-2023) | style="text-align:left;"| 12429 S Burley Ave in Chicago. Located about 1.2 miles away from Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 2000,<br> Closed in 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum engine blocks for 2.3L Duratec 23 I4 | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1952,<br>Closed in 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| Iron engine blocks, heads, crankshafts, and main bearing caps | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. (Engle Rd.), immediately to the south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1. Construction 1950, operational 1952 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford foundry in Brook Park to close after 58 years of service|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/ford_foundry_in_brook_park_to.html|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=9 February 2018|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> Demolished 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford begins plans to demolish shuttered Cleveland Casting Plant|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20110627/FREE/306279972/ford-begins-plans-to-demolish-shuttered-cleveland-casting-plant|website=Cleveland Business|access-date=9 February 2018|date=27 June 2011}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1955,<br>Closed in 2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Ford 2.5L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|Jaguar AJ-V6 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 18300 Five Points Rd., south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1 and the Cleveland Casting Plant. Opened in 1955. Partially demolished and converted into Forward Innovation Center West. Source of the [[w:Ford 351 Cleveland|Ford 351 Cleveland]] V8 & the [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland-based 400 V8]] and the closely related [[w:Ford 335 engine#351M|400 Cleveland-based 351M V8]]. Also, [[w:Ford Y-block engine|Ford Y-block engine]] & [[w:Ford Super Duty engine|Ford Super Duty engine]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Compañía Colombiana Automotriz|Compañía Colombiana Automotriz]] (Mazda) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Mazda closed the factory in 2014. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#Latin America|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Henry Ford & Sons Ltd|Henry Ford & Sons Ltd]] | style="text-align:left;"| Marina, [[w:Cork (city)|Cork]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Munster|Munster]], [[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractor (1919-1922, 1929-1932) and car assembly, including [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] in the 1970s finally ending with the [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of Ford in Ireland|url=http://www.ford.ie/AboutFord/CompanyInformation/HistoryOfFord|work=Ford|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Also [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]], and [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]]. Also [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] (1923-1927), [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], and [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1917 with production from 1919 to 1984. Produced Model T components beginning in 1921 before complete cars began to be assembled (Model T in 1923). Supplied components to the Manchester, England Model T plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Croydon Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Croydon|Croydon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Small metal stampings and assemblies | Opened in 1949 as Briggs Motor Bodies & purchased by Ford in 1957. Expanded in 1989. Site completely vacated in 2005. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cuautitlán Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitln Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1964. Included a foundry and machining plant. <br /> [[w:Ford small block engine#289|Ford 289 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#302|Ford 302 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#351W|Ford 351 Windsor V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2002) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]], [[w:Ford CX|Ford CX]], [[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]], [[w:Ford 7Y|Ford 7Y]], [[w:Ford Model 91|Ford Model 91]], [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], [[w:Ford Popular|Ford Popular]], [[w:Ford Squire|Ford Squire]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]], [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]], [[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]], [[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121]], [[w:Fordson E83W|Fordson E83W]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson 7V|Fordson 7V]], [[w:Fordson WOT|Fordson WOT]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson Thames ET|Fordson Thames ET]], [[w:Ford Thames 300E|Ford Thames 300E]], [[w:Ford Thames 307E|Ford Thames 307E]], [[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]], [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Thames Trader NC]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Ford K-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1931–2002, formerly principal Ford UK plant |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Stamping & Tooling]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era">{{cite news|title=End of an era|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20078108|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Demolished. | Body panels, wheels | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL/D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 1970 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (93,748 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref><br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960) <br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1969)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1970) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park. Replaced original Dallas plant at 2700 Canton St. in 1925. Assembly stopped February 1933 but resumed in 1934. Closed February 20, 1970. Over 3 million vehicles built. 5200 E. Grand Ave. is now owned by City Warehouse Corp. and is used by multiple businesses. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DA/F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Assembly Plant|Dearborn Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle-class patrol craft|Eagle-class patrol craft]] during WWI<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors (1921-1928) <br />Parts for Ford Model T<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] (1928-1932)<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]] (1932-1934)<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]] (1935-1936)<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] (1941-1942, 1946-1948)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]] (1949-1951)<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]] (1955-1956)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1951)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1955-1961)<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-2004)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1967-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1966)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (21,559 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref> <br>[[w:Ford GPA|Ford GPA]] 'Seep' (Sea Jeep) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Started building Eagle-class patrol boats in 1918 during World War I. After the war ended, builtt Fordson tractors and parts for the Model T but didn't assemble any complete Model Ts. The Model A was the first complete car built at the Rouge complex. During World War II, the Rouge complex produced Jeeps (GPW), aircraft engines and engine parts, aircraft components, tires and tubes, armor plating, and tractors. During 2004, Mustangs built at Dearborn Assembly and F-150s built at Dearborn Truck were painted in the same new paint shop that opened in 2000. On May 10, 2004, the final vehicle was built at Dearborn Assembly: a '04 Mustang GT convertible. Replaced by Dearborn Truck Plant for 2005MY. This plant within the Rouge complex was demolished in 2008. It is now a parking lot to hold trucks from the Dearborn Truck Plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Iron Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1974) | style="text-align:left;"| Cast iron parts including engine blocks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Replaced by Michigan Casting Center in the early 1970s. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Eagle Farm Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm (Brisbane), Queensland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1998) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />Ford Falcon Ute (including XY 4x4)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] trucks<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax trucks]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1926. Closed in 1998; demolished |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| ME/T (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edison Assembly|Edison Assembly]] (a.k.a. Metuchen Assembly) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Edison, New Jersey|Edison, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948–2004 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1991-2004)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] (1998-2001)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (1994–2004)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1990)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1963-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]]<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 939 U.S. Route 1. Demolished in 2005. Now a shopping mall called Edison Towne Square. Also known as Metuchen Assembly. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Aluminum|Essex Aluminum]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2012) | style="text-align:left;"| 3.8/4.2L V6 cylinder heads<br />4.6L, 5.4L V8 cylinder heads<br />6.8L V10 cylinder heads<br />Pistons | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1981. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001; shuttered in 2009 except for the melting operation which closed in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fairfax Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fairfax, Ohio|Fairfax, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1979) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cruise-O-Matic|Ford-O-Matic/Merc-O-Matic/Lincoln Turbo-Drive]]<br /> [[w:Cruise-O-Matic#MX/FX|Cruise-O-Matic (FX transmission)]]<br />[[w:Cruise-O-Matic#FMX|FMX transmission]] | Located at 4000 Red Bank Road. Opened in 1950. Original Ford-O-Matic was a licensed design from the Warner Gear division of [[w:Borg-Warner|Borg-Warner]]. Also produced aircraft engine parts during the Korean War. Closed in 1979. Sold to Red Bank Distribution of Cincinnati in 1987. Transferred to Cincinnati Port Authority in 2006 after Cincinnati agreed not to sue the previous owner for environmental and general negligence. Redeveloped into Red Bank Village, a mixed-use commercial and office space complex, which opened in 2009 and includes a Wal-Mart. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following L] (for Ford),<br> J (for Fiat - later years) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:FCA Poland|Fiat Tychy Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 2016 | [[w:Ford Ka#Second generation (2008)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] | Plant owned by [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which is now part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production for Ford began in 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Foden Trucks|Foden Trucks]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sandbach|Sandbach]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1984. Factory closed in 2000. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]] | style="text-align:left;"| Foden Trucks plant. Produced for Ford after Ford closed Amsterdam plant. 504 units produced by Foden. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Selangor|Selangor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br /> [[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]]<br />[[w:BMW 3-Series|BMW 3-Series]] E46, E90<br />[[w:BMW 5-Series|BMW 5-Series]] E60<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br /> [[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as AMIM (Associated Motor Industries Malaysia) Holdings Sdn. Bhd. which was 30% owned by Ford from the early 1980s. Previously, Associated Motor Industries Malaysia had assembled for various automotive brands including Ford but was not owned by Ford. In 2000, Ford increased its stake to 49% and renamed the company Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. The other 51% was owned by Tractors Malaysia Bhd., a subsidiary of Sime Darby Bhd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory|Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| Automotive lighting | Located at 26601 W. Huron River Drive. Opened in 1923. Also produced junction boxes for the B-24 bomber as well as lighting for military vehicles during World War II. Closed in 1950. Sold to Moynahan Bronze Company in 1950. Sold to Stearns Manufacturing in 1972. Leased in 1981 to Flat Rock Metal Inc., which later purchased the building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]], [[w:Muntinlupa|Muntinlupa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br /> American Ford trucks<br />British Ford trucks<br />Ford Fiera | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1968. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mariveles|Mariveles]], [[w:Bataan|Bataan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| Stampings | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1976. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Italia|Ford Motor Co. d’Italia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trieste|Trieste]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1931) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford Motor Company of Japan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yokohama|Yokohama]], [[w:Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1941) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1925. Factory was seized by Imperial Japanese Government. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company del Peru | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima|Lima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Peru|Peru]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (first generation)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]] 17M<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-28 |title=Ford to Assemble Cars In Big New Plant in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/28/archives/ford-to-assemble-cars-in-big-new-plant-in-peru.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Ford del Perú |url=https://archivodeautos.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/ford-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Archivo de autos |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford Motor Company Philippines]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa, Laguna]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2012) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Protege|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant sold to Mitsubishi Motors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company Caribbean, Inc. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canóvanas, Puerto Rico|Canóvanas]], [[w:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:United States|U.S.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Ball bearings | Plant opened in the 1960s. Constructed on land purchased from the [[w:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company|Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:de:Ford Motor Company of Rhodesia|Ford Motor Co. Rhodesia (Pvt.) Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Salisbury]] (now Harare) | style="text-align:left;"| ([[w:Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]) / [[w:Rhodesia (1964–1965)|Rhodesia (colony)]] / [[w:Rhodesia|Rhodesia (country)]] (now [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1967 to state-owned Industrial Development Corporation | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fourth generation (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fifth generation (1966–1967)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-100]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E/800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson#Dexta|Fordson Dexta tractors]]<br />[[w:Fordson#E1A|Fordson Super Major]]<br />[[w:Deutz-Fahr|Deutz F1M 414 tractor]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Former Ford Factory|Ford Motor Co. (Singapore)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Singapore|Singapore]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1980) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as Ford Motor Company of Malaya Ltd. & subsequently as Ford Motor Company of Malaysia. Factory was originally on Anson Road, then moved to Prince Edward Road in Jan. 1930 before moving to Bukit Timah Road in April 1941. Factory was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. It was then used by British military authorities until April 1947 when it was returned to Ford. Production resumed in December 1947. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of South Africa Ltd.]] Struandale Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Delta Motor Corporation|Delta Motor Corporation]] (later [[w:General Motors South Africa|GM South Africa]]) in 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (North America)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (Americas)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Ford Ranchero (American)]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Ford Cortina Pickup/P100/Ford 1-Tonner]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus (P5) 17M]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford (Taunus P7) 17M/20M]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark I (1972–1977)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont (Australia)#South Africa|Ford Fairmont/Fairmont GT]] (XW, XY)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] ([[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)#Falcon utility|Falcon Ute-based]]) (XT, XW, XY, XA, XB)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Second generation|Ford Fairlane (Australia)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort/XR3/XR3i]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]] | Ford first began production in South Africa in 1924 in a former wool store on Grahamstown Road in Port Elizabeth. Ford then moved to a larger location on Harrower Road in October 1930. In 1948, Ford moved again to a plant in Neave Township, Port Elizabeth. Struandale Assembly opened in 1974. Ford ended vehicle production in Port Elizabeth in December 1985, moving all vehicle production to SAMCOR's Silverton plant that had come from Sigma Motor Corp., the other partner in the [[w:SAMCOR|SAMCOR]] merger. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Naberezhny Chelny Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Naberezhny Chelny|Naberezhny Chelny]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] | Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] St. Petersburg Assembly Plant, previously [[w:Ford Motor Company ZAO|Ford Motor Company ZAO]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vsevolozhsk|Vsevolozhsk]], [[w:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]] | Opened as a 100%-owned Ford plant in 2002 building the Focus. Mondeo was added in 2009. Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2022). Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Restructured & renamed Sollers Ford in 2020 after Sollers increased its stake to 51% in 2019 with Ford owning 49%. Production suspended in March 2022. Ford Sollers was dissolved in October 2022 when Ford sold its remaining 49% stake and exited the Russian market. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Second generation (2006)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]]<br />[[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Tourneo Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.6L Duratec I4]] | Opened as part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2015. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Apčak|Obchuk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belarus|Belarus]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#Sixth generation (1995–2002)|Ford Escort, Escort Van]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] | Ford Union was a joint venture which was 51% owned by Ford, 23% owned by distributor Lada-OMC, & 26% owned by the Belarus government. Production began in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford-Vairogs|Ford-Vairogs]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Riga|Riga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Latvia|Latvia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1940). Nationalized following Soviet invasion & takeover of Latvia. | [[w:Ford Prefect#E93A (1938–49)|Ford-Vairogs Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus G93A#Ford Taunus G93A (1939–1942)|Ford-Vairogs Taunus]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 Standard]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 De Luxe]]<br />Ford-Vairogs V8 3-ton trucks<br />Ford-Vairogs buses | Produced vehicles under license from Ford's Copenhagen, Denmark division. Production began in 1937. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fremantle Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:North Fremantle, Western Australia|North Fremantle, Western Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br>[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 130 Stirling Highway. Plant opened in March 1930. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the factory was assembling tractors and rectifying vehicles delivered from Geelong in Victoria. The factory was also used as a depot for spare parts for Ford dealerships. Later used by Matilda Bay Brewing Company from 1988-2013 though beer production ended in 2007. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937-1940 Ford]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (through 1948)<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford#Australian production|1941-1942 & 1946-1948 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949-1951 Ford Custom Fordor/Coupe Utility/Deluxe Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952-1954 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955-1956 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957-1959 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford Freighter/F-Series]] | Production began in 1925 in a former wool storage warehouse in Geelong before moving to a new plant in the Geelong suburb that later became known as Norlane. Vehicle production later moved to Broadmeadows plant that opened in 1959. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Aluminum Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and structural oil pans | Opened 1986. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Iron Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| I6 engine blocks, camshafts, crankshafts, exhaust manifolds, bearing caps, disc brake rotors and flywheels | Opened 1972. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Chassis Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Machine cylinder heads, suspension arms and brake rotors | Opened 1983. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 335 engine#302 and 351 Cleveland (Australia)|Ford 302 & 351 Cleveland V8]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Ford Australia|Ford Australia Falcon I6]]<br />[[w:Ford Barra engine#Inline 6|Ford Australia Barra I6]] | Opened 1926. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont body panels <br /> Ford Falcon Utility body panels <br /> Ford Territory body panels | Opened 1926. Previously: Ford Fairlane body panels <br /> Ford LTD body panels <br /> Ford Capri body panels <br /> Ford Cortina body panels <br /> Welded subassemblies and steel press tools |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) [when following G] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk Body & Assembly|Genk Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk|Genk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-MAX]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]] | Opened in 1964.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P6|Ford Taunus P6]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford Taunus P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC|Ford Taunus TC]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967–1975)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| GETRAG FORD Transmissions Bordeaux Transaxle Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Getrag/Magna Powertrain in 2021 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford BC-series transmission|Ford BC4/BC5 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford iB5 transmission (5MTT170/5MTT200)]]<br />[[w:Ford Durashift#Durashift EST|Ford Durashift-EST(iB5-ASM/5MTT170-ASM)]]<br />MX65 transmission<br />CTX [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] | Opened in 1976. Became a joint venture with [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] in 2001. Joint Venture: 50% Ford Motor Company / 50% Getrag Transmission. Joint venture dissolved in 2021 and this plant was kept by Getrag, which was taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Green Island Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Green Island, New York|Green Island, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1989) | style="text-align:left;"| Radiators, springs | style="text-align:left;"| 1922-1989, demolished in 2004 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) (for Fords) [when following B],<br> X (for Jaguar w/2.5L),<br> W (for Jaguar w/3.0L),<br> H (for Land Rover) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]], [[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]], [[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type]], [[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1963–2008. Ford assembly ended in July 2000, then transferred to Jaguar/Land Rover. Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] with Jaguar/Land Rover business. The van variant of the Escort remained in production in a facility located behind the now Jaguar plant at Halewood until October 2002. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors/tractor components<br /> Wheels for cars like Model T & Model A<br />Locks and lock parts<br />Radius rods<br />Running Boards | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1920. Factory used hydroelectric power. Switched from tractors to auto parts less than 6 months after production began. Also made parts for bomber engines during World War II. Plant closed in 1950. Sold to Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1951. Bendix closed the plant in 1962 and sold it in 1963 to Ward Manufacturing Co., which made camping trailers there. In 1975, it was sold to Chem-Dyne Corp., which used it for chemical waste storage & disposal. Demolished around 1981 as part of a Federal Superfund cleanup of the site. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Heimdalsgade Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heimdalsgade|Heimdalsgade street]], [[w:Nørrebro|Nørrebro district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1924) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1919–1924. Was replaced by, at the time, Europe's most modern Ford-plant, "Sydhavnen Assembly". |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| HP/HM/H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park Ford Plant|Highland Park Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />Ford trucks (pre-1948)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1948-1950, 1951-1956)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1953, 1956)<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors and tractor components | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue). Ford Motor Company's third American factory. Was also Ford's world headquarters from 1910-1927. First automobile factory in history to utilize a moving assembly line (implemented October 7, 1913). Model T production from 1910 to 1927. Car production then shifted to the Rouge complex in Dearborn. Continued to make automotive trim parts after 1927. Also made [[w:M4 Sherman#M4A3|M4A3 Sherman tanks]], M34 and M34A1 Gun Mounts for Sherman Tanks, M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers, M7 gun directors, Squad Tents for the Army, and parts for Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial aircraft engines made by Ford at the Rouge complex during World War II. Became Ford's main tractor plant in 1947. One of the first 2 Ford plants to build the <br> F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Richmond, California). F-Series truck production ended in 1957. Production of trim parts ended in the 1960s. Tractor production ended in 1974. Ford sold the Highland Park plant in October 1981, but continues to lease space there for storage. In October 2012, Ford moved its records storage out of Highland Park (Bldg. AA). Some of the site has been demolished and replaced by a mall called Model T Plaza but multiple buildings of the complex are still standing. A Forman Mills store opened in Bldg. JJ. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hobart Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart, Tasmania]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Collins Street. Plant opened in December 1925. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Homebush Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Homebush West, New South Wales|Homebush (Sydney), NSW]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Mk. 1 & 2]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri#Ford Capri Mk I (1969–1974)|Ford Capri]] Mk.1<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Intermediate Fairlanes (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane (1962-1964)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1965-1968)<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Ford Meteor|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (conversion to right hand drive)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford’s first factory in New South Wales opened in 1925 in the Sandown area of Sydney making the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] and later the [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] and the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. This plant was replaced by the Homebush plant which opened in March 1936 and later closed in September 1994. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Hyundai Ulsan Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea]|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1985. Licensing agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] Mk2-Mk5<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark II (1977–1985)|Ford Granada MkII]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D-750/D-800]]<br />[[w:Ford R series|Ford R-182]] | [[w:Hyundai Motor|Hyundai Motor]] began by producing Ford models under license. Replaced by self-developed Hyundai models. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| IMMSA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon|Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000). Agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| Ford M450 motorhome chassis | Replaced by Detroit Chassis LLC plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Steering Systems Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|1957–2011, demolished in 2017 | style="text-align:left;"| Steering columns, Steering gears | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 6900 English Ave. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2011. Demolished in 2017. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Industrias Chilenas de Automotores SA (Chilemotores) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arica|Arica]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | Closed c.1969 | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] | Opened 1964. Was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Bolocco & Cia. Replaced by Ford's 100% owned Casablanca, Chile plant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=2020-04-15 |title=Infografía: Conoce la historia de la otrora productiva industria automotriz chilena {{!}} Emol.com |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Autos/2020/04/15/983059/infiografia-historia-industria-automotriz-chile.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inokom|Inokom]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kulim, Kedah|Kulim, Kedah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended 2016 | [[w:Ford Transit#Facelift (2006)|Ford Transit]] | Plant owned by Inokom |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | CKD, Ford tractors, [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Galaxie#Brazilian production|Ford Galaxie]], [[w:Ford Landau|Ford Landau]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Brazil|Ford LTD]], [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks, Ford B-1618 & B-1621 bus chassis, Ford B12000 school bus chassis, [[w:Volkswagen Delivery|VW Delivery]], [[w:Volkswagen Worker|VW Worker]], [[w:Volkswagen L80|VW L80]], [[w:Volkswagen Volksbus|VW Volksbus 16.180 CO bus chassis]] | Part of Autolatina joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | [[w:Ford Y-block engine#272|Ford 272 Y-block V8]], [[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Otosan#History|Istanbul Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tophane|Tophane]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Production stopped in 1934 as a result of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]. Then handled spare parts & service for existing cars. Closed entirely in 1944. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | Opened 1929. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Browns Lane plant|Jaguar Browns Lane plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Coventry|Coventry]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar XJ|Jaguar XJ]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ-S|Jaguar XJ-S]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler six-cylinder sedan (XJ40)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Six|Daimler Six]] (X300)<br />[[w:Daimler Sovereign#Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)|Daimler Double Six]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler Eight/Super V8]] (X308)<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] (X350/X356)<br /> [[w:Daimler DS420|Daimler DS420]] | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich Assembly|Jaguar Castle Bromwich Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF (X250)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ (X356/X358)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ (X351)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK (X150)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] <br />Painted bodies for models made at Browns Lane | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Jaguar Radford Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Radford, Coventry|Radford]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12 engine]]<br />Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a [[w:Daimler Company|Daimler]] site. Daimler had built buses in Radford. Jaguar took over Daimler in 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (EU) [when following G] (for Ford), <br> M (NA) (for Merkur) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Rheine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Rheine|Rheine]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2008 (Ford production ended in 1997) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Convertible]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort RS Cosworth|Ford Escort RS Cosworth]]<br />[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] (1985-1989) | Plant owned by [[w:Karmann|Karmann]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Kechnec Transmission (Getrag Ford Transmissions) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kechnec|Kechnec]], [[w:Košice Region|Košice Region]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Getrag|Getrag]]/[[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford MPS6 transmissions<br /> Ford SPS6 transmissions | style="text-align:left;"| Ford/Getrag "Powershift" dual clutch transmission. Originally owned by Getrag Ford Transmissions - a joint venture 50% owned by Ford Motor Company & 50% owned by Getrag Transmission. Plant sold to Getrag in 2019. Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture was dissolved in 2021. Getrag was previously taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 6 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Kia Sohari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gwangmyeong|Gwangmyeong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]] (US: 1988-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] (US: 1994-1997) | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Kia. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|La Boca Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:La Boca|La Boca]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Ford B series#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford B-600 bus]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)#Argentinian-made 1961–1968|Ford F-Series (Early Gen 4)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|General Pacheco]] plant in 1961. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Falcon Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont/Elite II]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (second generation)|Ford Mustang II]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced San Lazaro plant. Opened 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ford-motor-company-s-a-de-c-v-history/|title=History of Ford Motor Company, S.A. de C.V. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> Is now the Plaza Tepeyac shopping center. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull plant|Land Rover Solihull Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull|Solihull]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender (L316)]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First generation|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover Discovery 3/LR3]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover Discovery 4/LR4]]<br />[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005–2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Langley Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Langley, Berkshire|Langley, Slough]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold/closed (1986/1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] and [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]] vans; [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]] and [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] trucks; [[w:Ford R series|Ford R-Series]] bus/coach chassis | style="text-align:left;"| 1949–1986. Former Hawker aircraft factory. Sold to Iveco, closed 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Largs Bay Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Largs Bay, South Australia|Largs Bay (Port Adelaide Enfield), South Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1965 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Customline|Ford Customline]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened in 1926. Was at the corner of Victoria Rd and Jetty Rd. Later used by James Hardie to manufacture asbestos fiber sheeting. Is now Rapid Haulage at 214 Victoria Road. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Leamington Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Leamington Spa|Leamington Spa]], [[w:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Castings including brake drums and discs, differential gear cases, flywheels, hubs and exhaust manifolds | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1940, closed in July 2007. Demolished 2012. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LP (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Motor Company Plant|Lincoln Motor Company Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1952); Most buildings demolished in 2002-2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln L series|Lincoln L series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln K series|Lincoln K series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]]<br />[[w:Lincoln-Zephyr|Lincoln-Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1950-1952)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Capri#First generation (1952–1955))|Lincoln Capri]] (1952 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#First generation (1940–1942, 1946–1948)|Lincoln Continental (retroactively Mark I)]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952) | Located at 6200 West Warren Avenue at corner of Livernois. Built before Lincoln was part of Ford Motor Co. Ford kept some offices here after production ended in 1952. Sold to Detroit Edison in 1955. Eventually replaced by Wixom Assembly plant. Mostly demolished in 2002-2003. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles Assembly|Los Angeles Assembly]] (Los Angeles Assembly plant #2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pico Rivera, California|Pico Rivera, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1957 to 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 8900 East Washington Blvd. and Rosemead Blvd. Sold to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1982 for B-2 Stealth Bomber development. Demolished 2001. Now the Pico Rivera Towne Center, an open-air shopping mall. Plant only operated one shift due to California Air Quality restrictions. First vehicles produced were the Edsel [[w:Edsel Corsair|Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Citation]] (1958) and Mercurys. Later vehicles were [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964-1965, 1968), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961),[[w:Ford Galaxie|Galaxie]] (1959-1971, 1973), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|LTD]] (1967-1976, 1978, 1980), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1960-1962), [[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958), [[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]], [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]], [[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]], [[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]], [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1958-1960, 1967), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1958), and [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1968-1979). Also, [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1967), [[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]], & [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]]. Thunderbird production ended after the 1979 model year. The last vehicle produced was the Panther platform [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] on January 26, 1980. Built 1,419,498 vehicles. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (early)/<br>LB/L (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach, California|Long Beach, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1959 | style="text-align:left;"| (1930-32, 1934-59):<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]],<br> [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]],<br> [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1958). | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 700 Henry Ford Ave. Ended production March 20, 1959 when the site became unstable due to oil drilling. Production moved to the Los Angeles plant in Pico Rivera. Ford sold the Long Beach plant to the Dallas and Mavis Forwarding Company of South Bend, Indiana on January 28, 1960. It was then sold to the Port of Long Beach in the 1970's. Demolished from 1990-1991. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain Assembly|Lorain Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain, Ohio|Lorain, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1958 to 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Econoline|Ford Econoline/Club Wagon/E-Series]] (1961-2006) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5401 Baumhart Road. Closed December 14, 2005. Produced 15,805,106 vehicles, nearly half of which are Econoline/Club Wagon/<br>E-Series vans. Operations transferred to Avon Lake.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1959-1965, 1978-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1966-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Cyclone|Mercury Cyclone]] (1968-1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1980-1997)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1980-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1983-1988)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1959-1964)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline pickup]] (1961) <br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline]] (1966-1967) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production: June 1903-October 1904 | style="text-align:left;"| Original [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)|Ford Model A]] [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)#Ford Model AC|Ford Model AC]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1903–1904. Ford Motor Company's first factory (rented). Ford began occupying the rented plant in April 1903 but production didn't start until after Ford Motor Co. was incorporated in June 1903. Ford assembled components here that were purchased from other companies including Dodge Bros. Co., which supplied the chassis, engine, transmission, driveshaft, and both axles. A second story was added in late 1903 to provide a paint shop and additional space for storage. Ford relocated to the Piquette Ave. plant in Detroit in Oct. 1904 because they had outgrown the Mack Ave. plant and needed a larger factory space. The Mack Avenue Plant's address was originally 588–592 Mack Avenue when Ford Motor Company occupied the building. Its address became 6520 Mack Avenue after the city of Detroit changed its street numbering system in January 1921. Various other tenants occupied the building after Ford left including the Columbia Motors Co. Columbia Motors also occupied the building diagonally across Mack Ave. (6501 Mack Ave.) which was originally owned by the Aerocar Co., founded by Alexander Malcomson, an early investor in Ford Motor Co. who had a falling out with Henry Ford regarding company direction. After Aerocar went bankrupt in 1907, 6501 Mack Ave. was the first plant of Hudson Motor Car Co. Hudson quickly outgrew the plant and moved a few miles away to a larger plant. The Ford plant building burned down in August 1941. An imprecise replica of the building was built in 1945 and is located at [[w:The Henry Ford|The Henry Ford]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah Assembly|Mahwah Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah, New Jersey|Mahwah, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1955 to 1980. | style="text-align:left;"| Last vehicles produced:<br> [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1980)<br /> [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1980) | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Orient Blvd. Truck production ended in July 1979. Car production ended in June 1980 and the plant closed. Demolished. Site then used by Sharp Electronics Corp. as a North American headquarters from 1985 until 2016 when former Ford subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover took over the site for their North American headquarters. Another part of the site is used by retail stores.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1958, 1960-1979)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1961)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1969, 1971-1972, 1974)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1961-1963) <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1962)<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980) |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Manukau Alloy Wheel | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Manukau|Manukau, Auckland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum wheels and cross members | style="text-align:left;"| Established 1981. Sold in 2001 to Argent Metals Technology |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Matford|Matford]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mathis (automobile)|Mathis cars]]<br />Matford V8 cars <br />Matford trucks | Matford was a joint venture 60% owned by Ford and 40% owned by French automaker Mathis. Replaced by Ford's own Poissy plant after Matford was dissolved. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Maumee Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maumee, Ohio|Maumee, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| body panels | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in 2007, sold, and reopened as independent stamping plant |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:MÁVAG#Car manufacturing, the MÁVAG-Ford|MAVAG]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Budapest|Budapest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hungary|Hungary]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1939) | [[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford V8]]<br />[[w:de:Ford-Barrel-Nose-Lkw|Ford G917T]] | Opened 1938. Produced under license from Ford Germany. MAVAG was nationalized in 1946. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood Assembly|Maywood Assembly]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=170279&page=955|title=Photo of Lincoln-Mercury Assembly}}</ref> (Los Angeles Assembly plant #1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood, California|Maywood, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1948 to 1957 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (-1951), [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1955-1956), [[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956), [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1957), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1957), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957), [[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951), [[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1951-1952, 1954), [[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956), [[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1956). Painting of Pico Rivera-built Edsel bodies until Pico Rivera's paint shop was up and running. | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5801 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Chrysler Los Angeles Assembly plant]]. Plant was demolished following closure. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 0 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hiroshima Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[w:Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Courier#Mazda-based models|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva#Third generation (1996)|Ford Festiva Mini Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Freda|Ford Freda]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Ford Econovan/Econowagon/Spectron]]<br />[[w:Ford Raider|Ford Raider]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hofu Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hofu|Hofu]], [[w:Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Metcon Casting (Metalurgica Constitución S.A.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Villa Constitución|Villa Constitución]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Paraná Metal SA | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Iron castings | Originally opened in 1957. Bought by Ford in 1967. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Monroe Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monroe, Michigan|Monroe, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed as a factory in 2008. Now a Ford warehouse. | style="text-align:left;"| Coil springs, wheels, stabilizer bars, catalytic converters, headlamp housings, and bumpers. Chrome Plating (1956-1982) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 3200 E. Elm Ave. Originally built by Newton Steel around 1929 and subsequently owned by [[w:Alcoa|Alcoa]] and Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. Bought by Ford in 1949 and opened in 1950. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2008. Sold to parent Ford Motor Co. in 2009. Converted into Ford River Raisin Warehouse. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Montevideo Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1985) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D series]] | Plant was on Calle Cuaró. Opened 1920. Ford Uruguay S.A. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Clayton, Victoria|Clayton]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1992) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Corsair#Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)|Ford Corsair (UA)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pintara|Nissan Pintara]]<br />[[w:Nissan Skyline#Seventh generation (R31; 1985)|Nissan Skyline]] | Plant owned by Nissan. Ford production was part of the [[w:Button Plan|Button Plan]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NK/NR/N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-2007) | Located at 2424 Springfield Ave. on the Elizabeth River. Opened April 20, 1925. Production ended on June 28, 2007. Ford sold the property in 2011. Mostly Demolished. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961) <br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970, 1973-1974)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1974) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valve Plant|Ford Valve Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Northville, Michigan|Northville, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine valves for cars and tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 235 East Main Street. Previously a gristmill purchased by Ford in 1919 that was reconfigured to make engine valves from 1920 to 1936. Replaced with a new purpose-built structure designed by Albert Kahn in 1936 which includes a waterwheel. Closed in 1981. Later used as a manufacturing plant by R&D Enterprises from 1994 to 2005 to make heat exchangers. Known today as the Water Wheel Centre, a commercial space that includes design firms and a fitness club. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (NA) | tyle="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ontario Truck|Ontario Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1966-2003)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Heritage]] (2004)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999-2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning SVT]] (1999-2004) | Opened in 1965. Truck production moved from the neighboring Oakville Assembly plant when Ontario Truck opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1966-1968) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turin|Turin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1967) | [[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:OSI-Ford 20 M TS|OSI-Ford 20 M TS]] | Plant owned by [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC#Turkey|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-600]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Otosan P100]]<br />[[w:Anadol|Anadol]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Pacheco Truck Assembly and Painting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-400/F-4000]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1982. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved and converted it to car production. VW has since then used this plant for Amarok pickup truck production. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (EU) [when following L] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina Bairo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bairo|Bairo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2010) | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)#Coupé-Cabriolet|Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#StreetKa and SportKa|Ford StreetKa]] | Plant owned by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|Piquette Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1911), reopened as a museum (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Models [[w:Ford Model B (1904)|B]], [[w:Ford Model C|C]], [[w:Ford Model F|F]], [[w:Ford Model K|K]], [[w:Ford Model N|N]], [[w:Ford Model N#Model R|R]], [[w:Ford Model S|S]], and [[w:Ford Model T|T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1910. Ford Motor Company's second American factory (first owned). Concept of a moving assembly line experimented with and developed here before being fully implemented at Highland Park plant. Birthplace of the [[w:Ford Model T|Model T]] (September 27, 1908). Sold to [[w:Studebaker|Studebaker]] in 1911. Sold to [[w:3M|3M]] in 1936. Sold to Cadillac Overall Company, a work clothes supplier, in 1968. Owned by Heritage Investment Company from 1989 to 2000. Sold to the Model T Automotive Heritage Complex in April 2000. Run as a museum since July 27, 2001. Oldest car factory building on Earth open to the general public. The Piquette Avenue Plant was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2003, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The building has also been a contributing property for the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District since 2004. The factory's front façade was fully restored to its 1904 appearance and revealed to the public on September 27, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the completion of the first production Model T. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Plonsk Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Plonsk|Plonsk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Poissy Assembly]] (now the [[w:Stellantis Poissy Plant|Stellantis Poissy Plant]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poissy|Poissy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1954 to Simca | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford SAF#Ford SAF (1945-1954)|Ford F-472/F-472A (13CV) & F-998A (22CV)]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />[[w:Ford Abeille|Ford Abeille]]<br />[[w:Ford Vendôme|Ford Vendôme]] <br />[[w:Ford Comèt|Ford Comète]]<br /> Ford F-198 T/F-598 T/F-698 W/Cargo F798WM/Remorqueur trucks<br />French Ford based Simca models:<br />[[w:Simca Vedette|Simca Vedette]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Ariane]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Miramas]]<br />[[w:Ford Comète|Simca Comète]] | Ford France including the Poissy plant and all current and upcoming French Ford models was sold to [[w:Simca|Simca]] in 1954 and Ford took a 15.2% stake in Simca. In 1958, Ford sold its stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]]. In 1963, [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] increased their stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to a controlling 64% by purchasing stock from Fiat, and they subsequently extended that holding further to 77% in 1967. In 1970, Chrysler increased its stake in Simca to 99.3% and renamed it Chrysler France. In 1978, Chrysler sold its entire European operations including Simca to PSA Peugeot-Citroën and Chrysler Europe's models were rebranded as Talbot. Talbot production at Poissy ended in 1986 and the Talbot brand was phased out. Poissy went on to produce Peugeot and Citroën models. Poissy has therefore, over the years, produced vehicles for the following brands: [[w:Ford France|Ford]], [[w:Simca|Simca]], [[w:Chrysler Europe|Chrysler]], [[w:Talbot#Chrysler/Peugeot era (1979–1985)|Talbot]], [[w:Peugeot|Peugeot]], [[w:Citroën|Citroën]], [[w:DS Automobiles|DS Automobiles]], [[w:Opel|Opel]], and [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Opel and Vauxhall are included due to their takeover by [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017 from [[w:General Motors|General Motors]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Recife Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Recife|Recife]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> | Opened 1925. Brazilian branch assembly plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive industry in Australia#Renault Australia|Renault Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Factory closed in 1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina#Mark IV (1976–1979)|Ford Cortina wagon]] | Assembled by Renault Australia under a 3-year contract to [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] beginning in 1977. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania#20th century|Ford Română S.A.R.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]] (1935-1936)<br /> [[w:1937 Ford|Ford Model 74/78/81A/82A/91A/92A/01A/02A]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1940)<br /> | Production ended in 1940 due to World War II. The factory then did repair work only. The factory was nationalized by the Communist Romanian government in 1948. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romeo Engine Plant|Romeo Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Romeo, Michigan|Romeo, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2022) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Boss engine|Ford 6.2L Boss V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 4.6/5.4 Modular V8]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Ford 5.8L supercharged Trinity V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Ford 5.2L flat-plane crank Voodoo V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L supercharged Predator V8]] | Located at 701 E. 32 Mile Road. Made Ford tractors and engines, parts, and farm implements for tractors from 1973 until 1988. Reopened in 1990 making the Modular V8. Included 2 lines: a high volume engine line and a niche engine line, which, since 1996, made high-performance V8 engines by hand including the Trinity, Voodoo, and Predator engines as well as the 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '96-'99 & '01 and the <br> 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the '00 Mustang Cobra R and the supercharged 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '03-'04 & the supercharged 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the Mustang Shelby GT500 of '07-'12 and the Ford GT of '05-'06. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Jose Assembly Plant|San Jose Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style=”text-align:center;"| 1955-1983 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1983), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960), [[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958), [[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1978), [[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1976, 1978), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1961-1964), [[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1961), [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964, 1969-1970), [[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1969-1970), [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1964, 1970), [[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]], [[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1970, 1974-1981), [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1968-1969), & [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1981). | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced the Richmond Assembly Plant. Was northwest of the intersection of Great Mall Parkway/Capitol Avenue and Montague Expressway extending west to S. Main St. (in Milpitas). Site is now Great Mall of the Bay Area. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | Operated 1925-c.1932 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | First auto plant in Mexico opened in 1925. Replaced by La Villa plant in 1932. |- | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2021)<ref name=":0"/> Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Figo#Second generation (B562; 2015)|Ford Figo]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo Aspire|Ford Figo Aspire]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo#Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] | Opened March 2015<ref name="sanand">{{cite web|title=News|url=https://www.at.ford.com/en/homepage/news-and-clipsheet/news.html|website=www.at.ford.com}}</ref> |- | | Santiago Exposition Street Plant (Planta Calle Exposición 1258) | [[w:es:Calle Exposición|Calle Exposición]], [[w:Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |Operated 1924-c.1962 <ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2013-04-10 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CALLE EXPOSICIÓN (1924 - c.1962) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2013/04/planta-ford-calle-exposicion-1924-c1962.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | First plant opened in Chile in 1924.<ref name=":2" /> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|São Bernardo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed Oct. 30, 2019 & Sold 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-motor-southamerica-heavytruck-idUSKCN1Q82EB|title=Ford to close oldest Brazil plant, exit South America truck biz|date=2019-02-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Originally the Willys-Overland do Brazil plant. Bought by Ford in 1967. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. No more Cargo Trucks produced in Brazil since 2019. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária.<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Aero]]<br />[[w:Ford Belina|Ford Belina]]<br />[[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]]<br />[[w:Ford Del Rey|Ford Del Rey]]<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Itamaraty]]<br />[[w:Jeep CJ#Brazil|Ford Jeep]]<br /> [[w:Ford Rural|Ford Rural]]<br />[[w:Ford F-75|Ford F-75]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Pampa|Ford Pampa]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]] (BE146 & B402)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Apollo|Volkswagen Apollo]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Logus|Volkswagen Logus]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|Volkswagen Pointer]]<br />Ford tractors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:pt:Ford do Brasil|São Paulo city assembly plants]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />Ford tractors | First plant opened in 1919 on Rua Florêncio de Abreu, in São Paulo. Moved to a larger plant in Praça da República in São Paulo in 1920. Then moved to an even larger plant on Rua Solon, in the Bom Retiro neighborhood of São Paulo in 1921. Replaced by Ipiranga plant in 1953. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NZ) | style="text-align:left;"| Seaview Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lower Hutt|Lower Hutt]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1988) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48#1936|Ford Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] Model 78<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Capri|Ford Consul Classic 315]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br /> [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br /> [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|Ford Custom V8 Fordor]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] wagon<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] Major tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1936, closed in 1988 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sheffield Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield, Alabama]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1983) | style="text-align:left;"| Die cast parts<br /> pistons<br /> transmission cases | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1958, closed in December 1983. Demolished 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Shenstone plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Shenstone, Staffordshire|Shenstone, Staffordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1986) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford RS200|Ford RS200]] | style="text-align:left;"| Former [[w:Reliant Motors|Reliant Motors]] plant. Leased by Ford from 1985-1986 to build the RS200. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Southampton plant|Southampton Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Southampton|Southampton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era"/> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] van | style="text-align:left;"| Former Supermarine aircraft factory, acquired 1953. Built Ford vans 1972 – July 2013 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SL/Z (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hazelwood, MO|Hazelwood, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1995-2006)<br>[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (2002-2006)<br>[[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2003-2005) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 2-58 Ford Lane and Aviator Dr. St. Louis plant is now a mixed use residential/commercial space (West End Lofts). Hazelwood plant was demolished in 2009.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (1986-1997)<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983-1985) <br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1967-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis Meteor (Canada only)]] (1980-81)<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] <br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956, 1958)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1970, 1974)<br>[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1960, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966-1967)<br>[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br>[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br /> [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1952-1953) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Thomas Assembly|St. Thomas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Talbotville, Ontario|Talbotville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/|title=Markets|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1984-1991) <br />[[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] (1992-2011)<br /> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1984-2011)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] (2003-2004)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]] (2008-2011) | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1967. Demolished. Now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-77) <br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971, 1973-1977, 1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1980)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-81)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-81) <br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Stockholm Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| Free Port area (Frihamnen in Swedish), [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1957) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />Ford trucks | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Swedish Motor Assemblies|Swedish Motor Assemblies]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander|Land Rover Freelander]] | style="text-align:left;"| Also built Volvo trucks and buses. Used to do contract assembly for other automakers including Suzuki and Daihatsu. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sydhavnen Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sydhavnen|Sydhavnen district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1966) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C (Europe)|Ford Junior De Luxe]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1966. 325,482 vehicles were built. Plant was then converted into a tractor assembly plant for Ford Industrial Equipment Co. Tractor plant closed in the mid-1970's. Administration & depot building next to assembly plant was used until 1991 when depot for remote storage closed & offices moved to Glostrup. Assembly plant building stood until 2006 when it was demolished. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Taubate Engine & Transmission & Chassis Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taubaté, São Paulo|Taubaté, São Paulo]], Av. Charles Schnneider, 2222 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2021<ref name="camacari"/> & Sold 05.18.2022 | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Ford Pinto/Lima 2.3L I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Brazil|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:List of Ford engines#1.5 L Dragon|1.5L Ti-VCT Dragon 3-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|iB5 5-speed manual transmission]]<br />MX65 5-speed manual transmission<br />aluminum casting<br />Chassis components | Opened in 1974. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária https://construtorasaojose.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.jor.br/ford-vai-vender-fabrica-de-sp-para-construtora-troller-segue-sem-definicao/|title=Ford sold Factory in Taubaté to Buildings Development Constructor|date=2022-05-18|access-date=2022-05-29|language=pt}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand#History|Thai Motor Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| ? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] | Factory was a joint venture between Ford UK & Ford's Thai distributor, Anglo-Thai Motors Company. Taken over by Ford in 1973 when it was renamed Ford Thailand, closed in 1976 when Ford left Thailand. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Thai-Swedish Assembly Co. Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Samutprakarn|Samutprakarn]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Plant no longer used by Volvo Cars. Sold to Volvo AB in 2008. Volvo Car production ended in 2011. Production consolidated to Malaysia plant in 2012. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo 200 Series|Volvo 200 Series]]<br />[[w:Volvo 940|Volvo 940]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />Volvo Trucks<br />Volvo Buses | Was 56% owned by Volvo and 44% owned by Swedish Motor. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Think Global|TH!NK Nordic AS]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aurskog|Aurskog]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norway|Norway]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Think City|Ford Think City]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Kamkorp Microelectronics as of February 1, 2003 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Tlalnepantla Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tlalnepantla|Tlalnepantla]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling for vehicle production | Was previously a Studebaker-Packard assembly plant. Bought by Ford in 1962 and converted into a tool & die plant. Operations transferred to Cuautitlan at the end of 1985. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Trafford Park Factory|Ford Trafford Park Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trafford Park|Trafford Park]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1911–1931, formerly principal Ford UK plant. Produced [[w:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aircraft engines during World War II. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Transax, S.A. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| Transmissions <br /> Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Ford in 1967 from [[w:Industrias Kaiser Argentina|IKA]]. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this plant when Autolatina dissolved. VW has since then used this plant for transmission production. |- | style="text-align:center;"| H (SA) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller Veículos Especiais]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Acquired in 2007; operated until 2021. Closed (2021).<ref name="camacari"/> | [[w:Troller T4|Troller T4]], [[w:Troller Pantanal|Troller Pantanal]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Twin Cities Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1986-2011)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (2005-2009 & 2010 in Canada) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 966 S. Mississippi River Blvd. Began production May 4, 1925. Production ended December 1932 but resumed in 1935. Closed December 16, 2011. <br>Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1972, 1974), [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966, 1976), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1967-1970, 1972-1973, 1975, 1977-1978), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1992) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1954)<br />From 1926-1959, there was an onsite glass plant making glass for vehicle windows. Plant closed in 1933, reopened in 1935 with glass production resuming in 1937. Truck production began in 1950 alongside car production. Car production ended in 1978. F-Series production ended in 1992. Ranger production began in 1985 for the 1986 model year. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia Assembly|Valencia Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened 1962, Production suspended around 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Previously built <br />[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] <br /> [[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]] <br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Ford Torino#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD II#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 2)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta Move]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Venezuela|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] <br /> [[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]] <br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Mazda Allegro|Mazda Allegro]]<br />[[w:Ford F-250|Ford F-250]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-350|Ford F-350]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] | style="text-align:left;"| Served Ford markets in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Production suspended due to collapse of Venezuela’s economy under Socialist rule of Hugo Chavez & Nicolas Maduro. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autolatina|Volkswagen São Bernardo Assembly]] ([[w:Volkswagen do Brasil|Anchieta]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Returned to VW do Brazil when Autolatina dissolved in 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Versailles|Ford Versailles]]/Ford Galaxy (Argentina)<br />[[w:Ford Royale|Ford Royale]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Santana]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Quantum]] | Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture between Ford and VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Volvo AutoNova Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Pininfarina Sverige AB | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#First generation (1996–2005)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 1) | style="text-align:left;"| AutoNova was originally a 49/51 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]]. Restructured into Pininfarina Sverige AB, a new joint venture with [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] to build the 2nd generation C70. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Car Gent|Volvo Ghent Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ghent|Ghent]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C30|Volvo C30]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC60|Volvo XC60]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:NedCar|Volvo Nedcar Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Born, Netherlands|Born]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Carisma|Mitsubishi Carisma]] <br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Space Star|Mitsubishi Space Star]] | style="text-align:left;"| Taken over by [[w:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] in 2001, and later by [[w:VDL Groep|VDL Groep]] in 2012, when it became VDL Nedcar. Volvo production ended in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina#Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB|Volvo Pininfarina Sverige Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed by Volvo after the Geely takeover | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#Second generation (2006–2013)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 2) | style="text-align:left;"| Pininfarina Sverige was a 40/60 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]. Sold by Ford as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. Volvo bought back Pininfarina's shares in 2013 and closed the Uddevalla plant after C70 production ended later in 2013. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Volvo Skövde Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Skövde|Skövde]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Modular engine|Volvo Modular engine]] I4/I5/I6<br />[[w:Volvo D5 engine|Volvo D5 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)|PSA/Ford-based 2.0/2.2 diesel I4]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslandaverken|Volvo Torslanda Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslanda|Torslanda]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V60|Volvo V60]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Vulcan Forge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Connecting rods and rod cap forgings | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Walkerville Plant|Walkerville Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] (Walkerville was taken over by Windsor in Sept. 1929) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1953) and vacant land next to Detroit River (Fleming Channel). Replaced by Oakville Assembly. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model C|Ford Model C]]<br />[[w:Ford Model N|Ford Model N]]<br />[[w:Ford Model K|Ford Model K]]<br />[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />1946-1947 Mercury trucks<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1948-1953) | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1953. First factory to produce Ford cars outside the USA (via [[w:Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company of Canada]], a separate company from Ford at the time). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Walton Hills Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Walton Hills, Ohio|Walton Hills, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed Winter 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels, bumpers | Opened in 1954. Located at 7845 Northfield Rd. Demolished. Site is now the Forward Innovation Center East. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| WA/W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne Stamping & Assembly|Wayne Stamping & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952-2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (2000-2011)<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1996-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1984-1988)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Lincoln Versailles|Lincoln Versailles]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1974)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1960, 1962-1969, 1971-1972)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan#Second generation (1952-1954)|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1953-1954)<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]] (1955 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956-1957)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1953-)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]]<br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1960, 1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] (1961 only)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1953-1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1958, 1964-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] (1964-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958-1959, 1964-1966)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 37500 Van Born Rd. Was main production site for Mercury vehicles when plant opened in 1952 and shipped knock-down kits to dedicated Mercury assembly locations. First vehicle built was a Mercury Montclair on October 1, 1952. Built Lincolns from 1953-1957 after the Lincoln plant in Detroit closed in 1952. Lincoln production moved to a new plant in Wixom for 1958. The larger, Mercury-based Edsel Corsair and Citation were built in Wayne for 1958. The plant shifted to building smaller cars in the mid-1970's. In 1987, a new stamping plant was built on Van Born Rd. and was connected to the assembly plant via overhead tunnels. Production ended in December 2010 and the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant was combined with the Michigan Truck Plant, which was then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Harare]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Titan#Second generation (1980–1989)|Mazda T3500]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961 as Ford of Rhodesia. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale to the state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Aluminum | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Ford 3.9L V8]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]] blocks | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1992. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001. Subsequently produced engine blocks for GM. Production ended in September 2020. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor Casting|Windsor Casting]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine parts: Cylinder blocks, crankshafts | Opened 1934. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| Y (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom Assembly Plant|Wixom Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Idle (2007); torn down (2013) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Continental|Lincoln Continental]] (1961-1980, 1982-2002)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark III|Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (1969-1971)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark IV|Lincoln Continental Mark IV]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark V|Lincoln Continental Mark V]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Continental Mark VII]] (1984-1992)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] (1993-1998)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] (1981-2007)<br /> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] (2000-2006)<br /> [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (second generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (third generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1961-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fifth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1967-1971)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (sixth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (2002-2005)<br /> [[w:Ford GT40|Ford GT40]] MKIV<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#Third generation (1958–1959)|Lincoln Capri]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#1960 Lincoln|1960 Lincoln]] (1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere#1958–1960|Lincoln Premiere]] (1958–1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#Third generation (1958–1960)|Lincoln Continental Mark III/IV/V]] (1958-1960) | Demolished in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ypsilanti Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| Starters<br /> Starter Assemblies<br /> Alternators<br /> ignition coils<br /> distributors<br /> horns<br /> struts<br />air conditioner clutches<br /> bumper shock devices | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 128 Spring St. Originally owned by Ford Motor Company, it then became a [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] Plant when [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] was spun off in 2000, and later turned into an [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] Plant in 2005. It is said that [[w:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] used to walk this factory when he acquired it in 1932. The Ypsilanti Plant was closed in 2009. Demolished in 2010. The UAW Local was Local 849. |} ==Former branch assembly plants== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Former Address ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A/AA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)|Atlanta Assembly Plant (Poncey-Highland)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poncey-Highland|Poncey-Highland, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| Originally 465 Ponce de Leon Ave. but was renumbered as 699 Ponce de Leon Ave. in 1926. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Southeast USA headquarters and assembly operations from 1915 to 1942. Assembly ceased in 1932 but resumed in 1937. Sold to US War Dept. in 1942. Replaced by new plant in Atlanta suburb of Hapeville ([[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]]), which opened in 1947. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sold in 1979 and redeveloped into mixed retail/residential complex called Ford Factory Square/Ford Factory Lofts. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| BO/BF/B | style="text-align:left;"| Buffalo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Original location operated from 1913 - 1915. 2nd location operated from 1915 – 1931. 3rd location operated from 1931 - 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| Originally located at Kensington Ave. and Eire Railroad. Moved to 2495 Main St. at Rodney in December 1915. Moved to 901 Fuhmann Boulevard in 1931. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953, 1955) | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ceased in January 1933 but resumed in 1934. Operations moved to Lorain, Ohio. 2495 Main St. is now the Tri-Main Center. Previously made diesel engines for the Navy and Bell Aircraft Corporation, was used by Bell Aircraft to design and construct America's first jet engine warplane, and made windshield wipers for Trico Products Co. 901 Fuhmann Boulevard used as a port terminal by Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority after Ford sold the property. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Burnaby Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Burnaby|Burnaby, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1938 to 1960 | style="text-align:left;"| Was located at 4600 Kingsway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building demolished in 1988 to build Station Square |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge Assembly|Cambridge Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1926 | style="text-align:left;"| 640 Memorial Dr. and Cottage Farm Bridge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Had the first vertically integrated assembly line in the world. Replaced by Somerville plant in 1926. Renovated, currently home to Boston Biomedical. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CE | style="text-align:left;"| Charlotte Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914-1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 222 North Tryon then moved to 210 E. Sixth St. in 1916 and again to 1920 Statesville Ave in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in March 1933, Used by Douglas Aircraft to assemble missiles for the U.S. Army between 1955 and 1964, sold to Atco Properties in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ui.uncc.edu/gallery/model-ts-missiles-millennials-new-lives-old-factory|title=From Model Ts to missiles to Millennials, new lives for old factory &#124; UNC Charlotte Urban Institute|website=ui.uncc.edu}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Opened in 1914<br>Moved to current location on 12600 S Torrence Ave. in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| 3915 Wabash Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by current [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly Plant]] on Torrence Ave. in 1924. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CI | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Cincinnati Plant|Cincinnati Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cincinnati|Cincinnati, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 660 Lincoln Ave | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, renovated 2002, currently owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CL/CLE/CLEV | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/item/oh0114|title=Ford Motor Company, Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant, Euclid Avenue & East 116th Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland|Cleveland, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 11610 Euclid Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, renovated, currently home to Cleveland Institute of Art. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company - Columbus Assembly Plant|Columbus Branch Assembly Plant]]<ref>[http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ohio/id/12969/rec/1 "Ford Motor Company – Columbus Plant (Photo and History)"], Columbus Metropolitan Library Digital Collections</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 – 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 427 Cleveland Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ended March 1932. Factory closed 1939. Was the Kroger Co. Columbus Bakery until February 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JE (JK) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Commodore Point|Commodore Point Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, Florida]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Produced from 1924 to 1932. Closed (1968) | style="text-align:left;"| 1900 Wambolt Street. At the Foot of Wambolt St. on the St. John's River next to the Mathews Bridge. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] cars and trucks, [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1932, production years. Parts warehouse until 1968. Planned to be demolished in 2023. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 2700 Canton St then moved in 1925 to 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by plant on 5200 E. Grand Ave. in 1925. Ford continued to use 2700 Canton St. for display and storage until 1939. In 1942, sold to Peaslee-Gaulbert Corporation, which had already been using the building since 1939. Sold to Adam Hats in 1959. Redeveloped in 1997 into Adam Hats Lofts, a loft-style apartment complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Danforth Avenue Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="background:Khaki; text-align:center;"| Sold (1946) | style="text-align:left;"| 2951-2991 Danforth Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> and other cars | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]]. Sold to [[w:Nash Motors|Nash Motors]] in 1946 which then merged with [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson Motor Car Company]] to form [[w:American Motors Corporation|American Motors Corporation]], which then used the plant until it was closed in 1957. Converted to a mall in 1962, Shoppers World Danforth. The main building of the mall (now a Lowe's) is still the original structure of the factory. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DR | style="text-align:left;"| Denver Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denver|Denver, CO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 South Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Gates Rubber Co. in 1945. Gates sold the building in 1995. Now used as office space. Partly used as a data center by Hosting.com, now known as Ntirety, from 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DM | style="text-align:left;"| Des Moines Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Des Moines, IA|Des Moines, IA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from April 1920–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1800 Grand Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold in 1943. Renovated in the 1980s into Des Moines School District's technical high school and central campus. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dothan Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dothan, AL|Dothan, AL]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1923–1927? | style="text-align:left;"| 193 South Saint Andrews Street and corner of E. Crawford Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later became an auto dealership called Malone Motor Company and was St. Andrews Market, an indoor market and event space, from 2013-2015 until a partial roof collapse during a severe storm. Since 2020, being redeveloped into an apartment complex. The curved assembly line anchored into the ceiling is still intact and is being left there. Sometimes called the Ford Malone Building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dupont St Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto, ON]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 672 Dupont St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Danforth Assembly Plant. Building roof was used as a test track for the Model T. Used by several food processing companies. Became Planters Peanuts Canada from 1948 till 1987. The building currently is used for commercial and retail space. Included on the Inventory of Heritage Properties. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E/EG/E | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater Assembly|Edgewater Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 309 River Road | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (Jan.-Apr. 1943 only: 1,333 units)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced with the Mahwah Assembly Plant. Added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983. The building was torn down in 2006 and replaced with a residential development called Independence Harbor. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fargo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo, ND]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 505 N. Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| After assembly ended, Ford used it as a sales office, sales and service branch, and a parts depot. Ford sold the building in 1956. Now called the Ford Building, a mixed commercial/residential property. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fort Worth Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated for about 6 months around 1916 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Briefly supplemented Dallas plant but production was then reconsolidated into the Dallas plant and Fort Worth plant was closed. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H | style="text-align:left;"| Houston Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Houston|Houston, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 3906 Harrisburg Boulevard | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], aircraft parts during WWII | style="text-align:left;"| Divested during World War II; later acquired by General Foods in 1946 (later the Houston facility for [[w:Maxwell House|Maxwell House]]) until 2006 when the plant was sold to Maximus and rebranded as the Atlantic Coffee Solutions facility. Atlantic Coffee Solutions shut down the plant in 2018 when they went out of business. Leased by Elemental Processing in 2019 for hemp processing with plans to begin operations in 2020. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| I | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"|1914–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1315 East Washington Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Vehicle production ended in December 1932. Used as a Ford parts service and automotive sales branch and for administrative purposes until 1942. Sold in 1942. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KC/K | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas City Branch Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1912–1956 | style="text-align:left;"| Original location from 1912 to 1956 at 1025 Winchester Avenue & corner of E. 12th Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], <br>[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1956) | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area. Location of first UAW strike against Ford and where the 20 millionth Ford vehicle was assembled. Last vehicle produced was a 1957 Ford Fairlane Custom 300 on December 28, 1956. 2,337,863 vehicles were produced at the Winchester Ave. plant. Replaced by [[w:Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant|Claycomo]] plant in 1957. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KY | style="text-align:left;"| Kearny Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1918 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 135 Central Ave., corner of Ford Lane | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Edgewater Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Long Island City Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Island City|Long Island City]], [[w:Queens|Queens, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 564 Jackson Ave. (now known as <br> 33-00 Northern Boulevard) and corner of Honeywell St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened as Ford Assembly and Service Center of Long Island City. Building was later significantly expanded around 1914. The original part of the building is along Honeywell St. and around onto Northern Blvd. for the first 3 banks of windows. Replaced by the Kearny Assembly Plant in NJ. Plant taken over by U.S. Government. Later occupied by Goodyear Tire (which bought the plant in 1920), Durant Motors (which bought the plant in 1921 and produced Durant-, Star-, and Flint-brand cars there), Roto-Broil, and E.R. Squibb & Son. Now called The Center Building and used as office space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|LA | style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 12th and Olive Streets, then E. 7th St. and Santa Fe Ave. (2060 East 7th St. or 777 S. Santa Fe Avenue). | style="text-align:left;"| Original Los Angeles plant: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. <br /> Second Los Angeles plant (1914-1930): [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Location on 7th & Santa Fe is now the headquarters of Warner Music Group. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LE/LU/U | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1913–1916, 1916–1925, 1925–1955, 1955–present | style="text-align:left;"| 931 South Third Street then <br /> 2400 South Third Street then <br /> 1400 Southwestern Parkway then <br /> 2000 Fern Valley Rd. | style="text-align:left;"| |align="left"| Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. First 2 plants made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. The third plant made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) as well as Jeeps ([[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] - 93,364 units), military trucks, and V8 engines during World War II. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened in 1955.<br /> The 2400 South Third Street location (at the corner of Eastern Parkway) was sold to Reynolds Metals Company and has since been converted into residential space called Reynolds Lofts under lease from current owner, University of Louisville. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| MEM/MP/M | style="text-align:left;"| Memphis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1913-June 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 495 Union Ave. (1913–1924) then 1429 Riverside Blvd. and South Parkway West (1924–1933, 1935–1958) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1952, 1954-1956) | style="text-align:left;"| Both plants have been demolished. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2185 N. Prospect Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building is still standing as a mixed use development. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| TC/SP | style="text-align:left;"| Minneapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]] and [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| 616 S. Third St in Minneapolis (1912-1914) then 420 N. Fifth St. in Minneapolis (1914-1925) and 117 University Ave. West in St. Paul (1914-1920) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 420 N. Fifth St. is now called Ford Center, an office building. Was the tallest automotive assembly plant at 10 stories.<br /> University Ave. plant in St. Paul is now called the Ford Building. After production ended, was used as a Ford sales and service center, an auto mechanics school, a warehouse, and Federal government offices. Bought by the State of Minnesota in 1952 and used by the state government until 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M | style="text-align:left;"| Montreal Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montreal|Montreal, QC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| 119-139 Laurier Avenue East | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NO | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arabi, Louisiana|Arabi, Louisiana]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1923–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 7200 North Peters Street, Arabi, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later used by Ford as a parts and vehicle dist. center. Used by the US Army as a warehouse during WWII. After the war, was used as a parts and vehicle dist. center by a Ford dealer, Capital City Ford of Baton Rouge. Used by Southern Service Co. to prepare Toyotas and Mazdas prior to their delivery into Midwestern markets from 1971 to 1977. Became a freight storage facility for items like coffee, twine, rubber, hardwood, burlap and cotton from 1977 to 2005. Flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| OC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Oklahoma City Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 West Main St. | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] |Had extensive access to rail via the Rock Island railroad. Production ended with the 1932 models. The plant was converted to a Ford Regional Parts Depot (1 of 3 designated “slow-moving parts branches") and remained so until 1967, when the plant closed, and was then sold in 1968 to The Fred Jones Companies, an authorized re-manufacturer of Ford and later on, also GM Parts. It remained the headquarters for operations of Fred Jones Enterprises (a subsidiary of The Fred Jones Companies) until Hall Capital, the parent of The Fred Jones Companies, entered into a partnership with 21c Hotels to open a location in the building. The 21c Museum Hotel officially opened its hotel, restaurant and art museum in June, 2016 following an extensive remodel of the property. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1502-24 Cuming St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Used as a warehouse by Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was used for manufacturing hair accessories and other plastic goods by Tip Top Plastic Products from 1963 to 1986. After being vacant again for several years, it was then used by Good and More Enterprises, a tire warehouse and retail outlet. After another period of vacancy, it was redeveloped into Tip Top Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and loft-style apartments on the upper levels which opened in 2005. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|CR/CS/C | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia Branch Assembly Plant ([[w:Chester Assembly|Chester Assembly]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]<br>[[w:Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1961 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia: 2700 N. Broad St., corner of W. Lehigh Ave. (November 1914-June 1927) then in Chester: Front Street from Fulton to Pennell streets along the Delaware River (800 W. Front St.) (March 1928-February 1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (18,533 units), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]],<br> [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961), [[w:Ford F-Series (first generation)|Ford F-Series (first generation)]] (1951-1952),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (second generation)|Ford F-Series (second generation)]] (1953-1955),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]] | style="text-align:left;"| November 1914-June 1927 in Philadelphia then March 1928-February 1961 in Chester. Broad St. plant made equipment for US Army in WWI including helmets and machine gun trucks. Sold in 1927. Later used as a [[w:Sears|Sears]] warehouse and then to manufacture men's clothing by Joseph H. Cohen & Sons, which later took over [[w:Botany 500|Botany 500]], whose suits were then also made at Broad St., giving rise to the nickname, Botany 500 Building. Cohen & Sons sold the building in 1989 which seems to be empty now. Chester plant also handled exporting to overseas plants. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Pittsburgh Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 5000 Baum Blvd and Morewood Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Became a Ford sales, parts, and service branch until Ford sold the building in 1953. The building then went through a variety of light industrial uses before being purchased by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in 2006. It was subsequently purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 to house the UPMC Immune Transplant and Therapy Center, a collaboration between the university and UPMC. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| PO | style="text-align:left;"| Portland Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914–1917, 1923–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2505 SE 11th Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Called the Ford Building and is occupied by various businesses. . |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| RH/R (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Richmond Plant|Richmond Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Richmond, California|Richmond, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1931-1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 1414 Harbour Way S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (49,359 units), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Richmond was one of the first 2 Ford plants to build the F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Highland Park, Michigan). Richmond location is now part of Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park. Replaced by San Jose Assembly Plant in Milpitas. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|SFA/SFAA (San Francisco) | style="text-align:left;"| San Francisco Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1931 | style="text-align:left;"| 2905 21st Street and Harrison St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Richmond Assembly Plant. San Francisco Plant was demolished after the 1989 earthquake. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SR/S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville Assembly|Somerville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1926 to 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 183 Middlesex Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953)<br />Built [[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) July-October 1957, Built [[w:1957 Ford|1958 Fords]] November 1957 - March 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| The only [[w:Edsel|Edsel]]-only assembly line. Operations moved to Lorain, OH. Converted to [[w:Assembly Square Mall|Assembly Square Mall]] in 1980 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/4902/ Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #1] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1155 Valley Street & corner of 700 Fairview Ave. N. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Now a Public Storage site. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Seattle)|Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #2]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Georgetown, Seattle|Georgetown, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from May 1932–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 4730 East Marginal Way | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Still a Ford sales and service site through 1941. As early as 1940, the U.S. Army occupied a portion of the facility which had become known as the "Seattle General Depot". Sold to US Government in 1942 for WWII-related use. Used as a staging site for supplies headed for the Pacific Front. The U.S. Army continued to occupy the facility until 1956. In 1956, the U.S. Air Force acquired control of the property and leased the facility to the Boeing Company. A year later, in 1957, the Boeing Company purchased the property. Known as the Boeing Airplane Company Missile Production Center, the facility provided support functions for several aerospace and defense related development programs, including the organizational and management facilities for the Minuteman-1 missile program, deployed in 1960, and the Minuteman-II missile program, deployed in 1969. These nuclear missile systems, featuring solid rocket boosters (providing faster lift-offs) and the first digital flight computer, were developed in response to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The Boeing Aerospace Group also used the former Ford plant for several other development and manufacturing uses, such as developing aspects of the Lunar Orbiter Program, producing unstaffed spacecraft to photograph the moon in 1966–1967, the BOMARC defensive missile system, and hydrofoil boats. After 1970, Boeing phased out its operations at the former Ford plant, moving them to the Boeing Space Center in the city of Kent and the company's other Seattle plant complex. Owned by the General Services Administration since 1973, it's known as the "Federal Center South Complex", housing various government offices. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|STL/SL | style="text-align:left;"| St. Louis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| 4100 Forest Park Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V | style="text-align:left;"| Vancouver Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1920 to 1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 1188 Hamilton St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Burnaby plant in 1938. Still standing; used as commercial space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W | style="text-align:left;"| Winnipeg Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1941 | style="text-align:left;"| 1181 Portage Avenue (corner of Wall St.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], military trucks | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Manitoba provincial government in 1942. Became Manitoba Technical Institute. Now known as the Robert Fletcher Building |- valign="top" |} 34m72v9r9tb799rcef7ur455igwqzex 4664477 4664476 2026-08-25T22:08:32Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Current production facilities */ 4664477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user sandbox}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} The following is a list of current, former, and confirmed future facilities of [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] for manufacturing automobiles and other components. Per regulations, the factory is encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 11 for North American models. European models have the factory encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 8 (except for the VW-built 3rd gen. Ford Tourneo Connect and Transit Connect, which have the plant code in position 11 as VW does for all of its models regardless of region). The River Rouge Complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Much of the production was devoted to compiling "[[w:knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s" that were then shipped in wooden crates to Branch Assembly locations across the United States by railroad and assembled locally, using local supplies as necessary.<ref name="MyLifeandWork">{{cite book|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|year=1922|title=My Life and Work|publisher=Garden City Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C/page/n87 81], 167|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C|quote=Ford 1922 My Life and Work|access-date=2010-06-08 }}</ref> A few of the original Branch Assembly locations still remain while most have been repurposed or have been demolished and the land reused. Knock-down kits were also shipped internationally until the River Rouge approach was duplicated in Europe and Asia. For US-built models, Ford switched from 2-letter plant codes to a 1-letter plant code in 1953. Mercury and Lincoln, however, kept using the 2-letter plant codes through 1957. Mercury and Lincoln switched to the 1-letter plant codes for 1958. Edsel, which was new for 1958, used the 1-letter plant codes from the outset. The 1956-1957 Continental Mark II, a product of the Continental Division, did not use a plant code as they were all built in the same plant. The 2-letter plant code in 1950-1952 Ford cars and 1950-1957 Mercurys and Lincolns was in position 3 & 4 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1959 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, and 1958-1959 Mercurys, Lincolns, and Edsels was in position 3 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1960-1980 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, 1960-1980 Mercurys & Lincolns, and 1960 Edsels was in position 2 of the serial number. The 2-letter plant code in 1951-1952 Ford trucks was in position 5 & 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1960 Ford trucks was in position 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1961-1980 Ford trucks, including Bronco and Econoline, was in position 5 of the serial number. Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1966, when Ford of Canada adopted the same system as the US. In 1950-1959, Canadian-built cars, including the Ford Ranchero, had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1948-1950, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1951-1954, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 7th position of the serial number. In 1955-1959, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 9th position of the serial number. Mexican-built models often just had "MEX" inserted into the VIN instead of a plant code in the pre-standardized VIN era. European-built Fords have the source company code in the 7th position and the plant code in the 8th position beginning in 1981. From 1965-1980, the source company code was in the 1st position and the plant code was in the 2nd position. Since the letter for the plant code is sometimes used by more than one plant, the source company code immediately preceding the plant code is needed to determine which plant is being referred to. For a listing of Ford's proving grounds and test facilities see [[w:Ford Proving Grounds|Ford Proving Grounds]]. ==Current production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! data-sort-type="isoDate" style="width:60px;" | Opened ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:80px;" | Employees ! style="width:220px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand|AutoAlliance Thailand]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 2|Mazda 2]]<br / >[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br / >[[w:Mazda CX-3|Mazda CX-3]]<br />[[w:Mazda CX-30|Mazda CX-30]] | Joint venture 50% owned by Ford and 50% owned by Mazda. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger (PE/PG/PH)]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#Second generation (PJ/PK; 2006)|Ford Ranger (PJ/PK)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Familia#Ninth generation (BJ; 1998–2003)|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series#UN|Mazda B-Series]]<br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50 (UN)]] <br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#Second generation (UP, UR; 2011)|Mazda BT-50 (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo Stamping|Buffalo Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamburg, New York|Hamburg, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 843 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels: Quarter Panels, Body Sides, Rear Floor Pan, Rear Doors, Roofs, front doors, hoods | Located at 3663 Lake Shore Rd. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 (Plant 1) <br /> 2012 (Plant 2) <br /> 2014 (Plant 3) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,000+ | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape#fourth|Ford Escape]] <br />[[w:Ford Mondeo Sport|Ford Mondeo Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (US: 2027-) <br />[[w:Lincoln Zephyr (China)|Lincoln Zephyr/Z]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br />Complex includes three assembly plants. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Evos|Ford Evos]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 4)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 5)]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#third|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Mazda3#First generation (BK; 2003)|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80#S80L|Volvo S80L]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,310 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Ford 1.0 L Ecoboost I3 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.5 L Sigma I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 L EcoBoost I4 engine]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,480 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 transmission]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Hangzhou Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Edge#Third generation (Edge L—CDX706; 2023)|Ford Edge L]]<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus|Lincoln Nautilus]] (US: 2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Plus]]<br />[[w:Ford Taurus (China)|Ford Taurus]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] <br> Harbin Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], [[w:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 (Start of Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Production suspended in Nov. 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Plant formerly belonged to Harbin Hafei Automobile Group Co. Bought by Changan Ford in 2015. Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 3)<br>[[w:Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 4) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CHI/CH/G (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,852 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer (U625)]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator (U611)]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 12600 S Torrence Avenue.<br/>Replaced the previous location at 3915 Wabash Avenue.<br /> Built armored personnel carriers for US military during WWII. <br /> Final Taurus rolled off the assembly line March 1, 2019.<br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1953-1964) <br /> [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1965)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1973)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD (full-size)]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Elite|Ford Elite]] (1974-1976)<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD (midsize)]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986–2019)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986–2005, 2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] (2009-2016)<br />[[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] (2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer (U502)]] (2011-2019) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Heights, Illinois|Chicago Heights, Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,165 | | Located at 1000 E Lincoln Hwy, Chicago Heights, IL |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua Engine|Chihuahua Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua, Chihuahua]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,430 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec 2.0/2.3/2.5 I4]] <br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Ford 6.7L Scorpion Diesel V8]] | style="text-align:left;"| Began operations July 27, 1983. 1,902,600 Penta engines produced from 1983-1991. 2,340,464 Zeta engines produced from 1993-2004. Over 14 million total engines produced. Complex includes 3 engine plants. Plant 1, opened in 1983, builds 4-cylinder engines. Plant 2, opened in 2010, builds diesel V8 engines. Plant 3, opened in 2018, builds the Dragon 3-cylinder. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC/Penta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel|4.4L Diesel V8]] (for Land Rover) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,834 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0/2.3 EcoBoost I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (first generation)|Ford 3.5&nbsp;L EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for RWD vehicles)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17601 Brookpark Rd. Idled from May 2007 to May 2009.<br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln Y-block V8 engine|Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 221/260/289/302 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following G] [includes Mercury Capri] /<br> E (NA) <br> [Merkur Scorpio] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne Body & Assembly|Cologne Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,090 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer EV|Ford Explorer EV]] (VW MEB-based) <br /> [[w:Ford Capri EV|Ford Capri EV]] (VW MEB-based) | Previously: [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]]<br />[[w:Ford Rheinland|Ford Rheinland]]<br />[[w:Ford Köln|Ford Köln]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#First generation (1970–1978)|Mercury Capri]] (1970-1974, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul (Granada Mark I based) (1972–1975)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br />[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]]<br />[[w:Ford Puma (sport compact)|Ford Puma]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:de:Ford Modell V8-51|Ford Model V8-51]]<br />[[w:de:Ford V-3000-Serie|Ford V-3000/Ford B 3000 series]]<br />[[w:Ford Rhein|Ford Rhein]]<br />[[w:Ford Ruhr|Ford Ruhr]]<br />[[w:Ford FK|Ford FK]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 810 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|1.0 litre EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Aston Martin V12 engine|Aston Martin V12 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin engines are built at the [[w:Aston Martin Engine Plant|Aston Martin Engine Plant]], a special section of the plant which is separated from the rest of the plant.<br> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Taunus V4 engine|Ford Taunus V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Ford Cologne V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Aston Martin 4.3/4.7|Aston Martin 4.3/4.7 V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling, dies, fixtures, jigs, die repair | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,280 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford MTX-75 transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford VXT-75 transmission]]<br />Ford VMT6 transmission<br />[[w:Volvo Cars#Manual transmissions|Volvo M56/M58/M66 transmission]]<br />Ford MMT6 transmission | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cortako Cologne GmbH | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 410 | style="text-align:left;"| Forging of steel parts for engines, transmissions, and chassis | Originally known as Cologne Forge & Die Cast Plant. Previously known as Tekfor Cologne GmbH from 2003 to 2011, a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Neumayer Tekfor GmbH. Also briefly known as Cologne Precision Forge GmbH. Bought back by Ford in 2011 and now 100% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lagos|Lagos]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. Built under contract for Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Assembly|Cuautitlán Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (2021-) | Truck assembly began in 1970 while car production began in 1980. <br /> Previously made:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1992-2010) <br> (US: F-250 '97, F-350 '97,<br> F-Super Duty chassis cab '97,<br> F-150 Reg. Cab '00-'02,<br> Mexico: includes F-150 & Lobo)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] (US: 1999) <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] (2000-2003) <br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] (2011-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />For Mexico only:<br>[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Fiesta Ikon]] (2001-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Topaz|Ford Topaz]]<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Ford Ghia]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] (Mexico: 1980-1981)<br />[[w:Ford Grand Marquis|Ford Grand Marquis]] (Mexico: 1982-84)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] Gen 3 (1979-1984) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue engine]] (Panther)<br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V6|Ford 2.7/3.0 Lion Diesel V6]] |Previously: [[w:Ford I4 DOHC engine|Ford I4 DOHC engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Endura-D engine|Ford Endura-D engine]] (Lynx)<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V4 engine|Ford Essex V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]<br />[[w:Ford LT engine|Ford LT engine]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford York engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford Dorset/Dover engine]] <br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V8|Ford 3.6L Diesel V8]] <br /> [[w:Ford DLD engine|Ford DLD engine]] (Tiger) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,200 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (2022-2025) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Diversified Manufacturing Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1942 | style="text-align:right;"| 773 | style="text-align:left;"| Axles, suspension parts. Frames for F-Series trucks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1941 | style="text-align:right;"| 445 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Ford Duratec 20]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Ford Duratec 23]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Ford Duratec 25]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Ford 5.2L Carnivore V8]] <br>(F-150 Raptor R)<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L Predator V8]] (Mustang GTD,<br> Dark Horse SC)<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Carnivore & Predator engines are produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant which replaced the Niche Engine line at the now closed Romeo Engine Plant. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford FE engine|Ford FE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1939 | style="text-align:right;"|1,658 | style="text-align:left;"| Body stampings | Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1938 | style="text-align:right;"| 271 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Truck|Dearborn Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,131 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Located at 3001 Miller Rd. Replaced the nearby Dearborn Assembly Plant for MY2005. Built the 40 millionth Ford <br> F-Series in Jan. 2022, which was an <br> F-150 Tremor.<br />Previously: <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2005-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] (2006-2008) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 0 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit Chassis LLC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford F-53 Motorhome Chassis (2000-)<br/>Ford F-59 Commercial Chassis (2000-) | Located at 6501 Lynch Rd. Replaced production at IMMSA in Mexico. Plant owned by Detroit Chassis LLC. Produced under contract for Ford. <br /> Previously: [[w:Think Global#TH!NK Neighbor|Ford TH!NK Neighbor]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Engine|Essex Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 930 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Ford 5.0L Coyote V8]]<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"|Idled in November 2007, reopened February 2010. Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)]] 3.8/3.9/4.2L <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 5.4L 3-valve Modular V8]]<br/>[[w:Ford Modular engine# Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Ford 5.0L Road Runner V8]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock Assembly Plant|Flat Rock Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,826 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 7)]] (2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Built at site of closed Ford Michigan Casting Center (1972-1981) , which cast various parts for Ford including V8 engine blocks and heads for Ford [[w:Ford 335 engine|335]], [[w:Ford 385 engine|385]], & [[w:Ford FE engine|FE/FT series]] engines as well as transmission, axle, & steering gear housings and gear cases. Opened as a Mazda plant (Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA) in 1987. Became AutoAlliance International from 1992 to 2012 after Ford bought 50% of the plant from Mazda. Became Flat Rock Assembly Plant in 2012 when Mazda ended production and Ford took full management control of the plant. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 6)]] (2015-2023)<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 5)]] (2005-2014)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] (2017-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2014-2016)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] (1999-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Mazda 6|Mazda 6]] (2003-2013)<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] (1990-2002)<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]] (1988-1997) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 800 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> Ford Focus Active <br /> [[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#Ford Tierra|Ford Activa]]<br />[[w:Ford Aztec|Ford Aztec]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort (Europe)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort (Chinese)]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]]<br />Ford Fiera<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Ixion|Ford Ixion]]<br />[[w:Ford i-Max|Ford i-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Liata|Ford Liata]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Pronto|Ford Pronto]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Tierra|Ford Tierra]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]] (Canadian market)<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy]]<br />[[w:Mazda 5|Mazda 5]]<br />[[w:Mazda E-Series|Mazda E-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 90 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]] (1.8, 2.0, 2.3) | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine#Z6/M|Mazda 1.6 ZM-DE I4]]<br />[[w:Mazda F engine|Mazda F engine]] (1.8, 2.0)<br /> [[w:Suzuki F engine#Four-cylinder|Suzuki 1.0 I4]] (for Ford Pronto) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following M] (for Ford),<br> S (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Silverton Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Silverton, Pretoria|Silverton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,650 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Amarok#Second generation (2022)|VW Amarok]] | Silverton plant was originally a Chrysler of South Africa plant from 1961 to 1976. In 1976, it merged with a unit of mining company Anglo-American to form Sigma Motor Corp., which Chrysler retained 25% ownership of. Chrysler sold its 25% stake to Anglo-American in 1983. Sigma was restructured into Amcar Motor Holdings Ltd. in 1984. In 1985, Amcar merged with Ford South Africa to form SAMCOR (South African Motor Corporation). Sigma had already assembled Mazda & Mitsubishi vehicles previously and SAMCOR continued to do so. In 1988, Ford divested from South Africa & sold its stake in SAMCOR. SAMCOR continued to build Ford vehicles as well as Mazdas & Mitsubishis. In 1994, Ford bought a 45% stake in SAMCOR and it bought the remaining 55% in 1998. It then renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa in 2000. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Tonic|Ford Tonic]]<br />[[w:Ford_Laser#South_Africa|Ford Tracer]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda Etude]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Export markets 2|Mazda Sting]]<br />[[w:Sao Penza|Sao Penza]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Lantis/Astina/323F|Mazda 323 Astina]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Ford Husky]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi Starwagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121 Soho]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Sapphire|Ford Sapphire]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]]<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Third generation (1985–1998)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Drifter|Mazda Drifter]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50|Mazda BT-50]] Gen 1 & Gen 2<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Mazda Marathon]]<br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Fuso Canter#Fourth generation|Mitsubishi Canter]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]] <br/>[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Struandale Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L Panther EcoBlue single-turbodiesel & twin-turbodiesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Ford 3.0 Lion turbodiesel V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />Machining of engine components | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Crossflow|Ford Kent Crossflow I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine#CVH-PTE|Ford 1.4L CVH-PTE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6L EFI Zetec I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|T (EU) [when following T],<br> T (NA) ('10-'13 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Gölcük]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük, Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,530 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4) | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. Transit Connect started shipping to the US in fall of 2009. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Tourneo Connect]] (Gen 1)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following T] (for Ford),<br> K (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Yeniköy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:tr:Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele|Yeniköy Merkez]], [[w:Başiskele|Başiskele]], [[w:Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 2)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 2) <br /> [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T7)|Volkswagen Transporter/Caravelle (T7)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)| Ford Transit Courier]] (Gen 1) <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)|Ford Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" |style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following T] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Truck Assembly & Engine Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inonu, Eskisehir|Inonu, Eskisehir]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L "Panther" EcoBlue diesel I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford F-Line]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|Ford 9.0L/12.7L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />Ford EcoTorq transmission<br /> Rear Axle for Ford Transit | Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford D series|Ford D series]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6 Zetec I4]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford 2.5 DI diesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4/I5 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford 6.0/6.2 diesel inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|7.3L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />[[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]] for Transit |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (EU) [when following E] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania|Ford Romania/<br>Ford Otosan Romania]]<br> Craiova Assembly & Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Craiova|Craiova]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Ford Puma Gen-E|Ford Puma Gen-E]] EV (2025-)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Courier#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Courier/Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 2) (2023-)<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline three-cylinder|Ford 1.0 Fox EcoBoost I3]] | Plant was originally Oltcit, a 64/36 joint venture between Romania and Citroen established in 1976. In 1991, Citroen withdrew and the car brand became Oltena while the company became Automobile Craiova. In 1994, it established a 49/51 joint venture with Daewoo called Rodae Automobile which was renamed Daewoo Automobile Romania in 1997. Engine and transmission plants were added in 1997. Following Daewoo’s collapse in 2000, the Romanian government bought out Daewoo’s 51% stake in 2006. Ford bought a 72.4% stake in Automobile Craiova in 2008, which was renamed Ford Romania. Ford increased its stake to 95.63% in 2009. In 2022, Ford transferred ownership of the Craiova plant to its Turkish joint venture Ford Otosan. <br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1) (2010-2012)<br /> [[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] (2012-2017) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] (2018-2022) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 Sigma EcoBoost I4]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Thailand Manufacturing|Ford Thailand Manufacturing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Vietnam|Hai Duong Assembly, Ford Vietnam, Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hai Duong|Hai Duong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,250 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4-based)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 75% owned by Ford and 25% owned by Song Cong Diesel Company. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br /> [[w:Ford Tourneo|Ford Tourneo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford Ecosport]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3-based) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Transmission|Halewood Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 450 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]]<br />Ford MT82 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford IB5 transmission]]<br />Ford iB6 transmission<br />PTO Transmissions | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly|Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo|Hermosillo]], [[w:Sonora|Sonora]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,870 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] (2021-)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick pickup]] (2022-) | Hermosillo produced its 7 millionth vehicle, a blue Ford Bronco Sport, in June 2024.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2006-2020)<br />[[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] (2006-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln Zephyr]] (2006)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] (2007-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (hatchback) (2000-2005)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1991-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] (1998-2003)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1988-1999) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Irapuato Electric Powertrain Center (formerly Irapuato Transmission Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Irapuato|Irapuato]], [[w:Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 700 | style="text-align:left;"| E-motor and <br> E-transaxle (1T50LP) <br> for Mustang Mach-E | Formerly Getrag Americas, a joint venture between [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] and the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Became 100% owned by Ford in 2016 and launched conventional automatic transmission production in July 2017. Previously built the [[w:Ford PowerShift transmission|Ford PowerShift transmission]] (6DCT250 DPS6) <br /> [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F24 transmission]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Fushan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 1,725 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Equator|Ford Equator]]<br />[[w:Ford Equator Sport|Ford Equator Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]] <br> [[w:Ford Bronco New Energy|Ford Bronco New Energy EV/EREV]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,660 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit T8]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Tourneo]] <br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Chinese production|Ford Transit & Transit Classic]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit Pro]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest#Second generation (U375/UA; 2015)|Ford Everest]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Engine Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0 L EcoBoost I4]]<br />JMC 1.5/1.8 GTDi engines<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Kansas City Assembly|Kansas City Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 <br><br> 1957 (Vehicle production) | style="text-align:right;"| 9,468 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (2015-) | style="text-align:left;"| Original location at 1025 Winchester Ave. was first Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area, lasted from 1912–1956. Replaced by Claycomo plant at 8121 US 69, which began to produce civilian vehicles on January 7, 1957 beginning with the Ford F-100 pickup. The Claycomo plant only produced for the military (including wings for B-46 bombers) from when it opened in 1951-1956, when it converted to civilian production.<br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]]<br> (1957-1960)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-Series (fourth generation)]]<br> (1961-1966)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fifth generation)|Ford F-Series (fifth generation)]]<br> (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (sixth generation)|Ford F-Series (sixth generation)]]<br> (1973-1979)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series (seventh generation)]] (1980-1986)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eighth generation)|Ford F-Series (eighth generation)]]<br> (1987-1991)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]]<br> (1992-1996)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series (tenth generation)]] [PN96]<br> (1997-2003 F-150, 1997-1999 F-250)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2004-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959) <br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1962, 1964, 1966-1970)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br /> [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1962, 1966-1969)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1971-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2001-2012)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2011)<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] (2001-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] (2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) for pickups & SUVs<br /> or <br /> V (NA) for med. & heavy trucks & bus chassis | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kentucky Truck Assembly|Kentucky Truck Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,251 | style="text-align:left;"| VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (1999-)<br /> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (2009-) <br /> [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (2009-) | Located at 3001 Chamberlain Lane. <br /> Previously:<br> VIN code V:<br> [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] (1970-1990)<br />Ford W series<br />Ford CL series<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] (1991-1997)<br />[[w:Ford L series|Ford L series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br> (1970-1998) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1970–1979) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1980–1998)<br />VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]] - <br> (F-250: 1995-1997/F-350: 1994-1997/<br> F-Super Duty: 1994-1997)<br />[[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] (2000-2005) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima Engine|Lima Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima, Ohio|Lima, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,457 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Ford 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.3 Cyclone V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for FWD vehicles)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford MEL engine|Ford MEL engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 385 engine|Ford 385 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Third generation|Ford Thriftpower (Falcon) Six]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Ford Lima/Pinto I4]]<br />[[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Vulcan engine|Ford Vulcan V6]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Jaguar AJ30/AJ35 - Ford 3.9L V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia Transmission|Livonia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,075 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6R transmission|Ford 6R transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R60/10R80 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F35/8F40 transmission]] <br /> Service components | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,483 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2013-2026)<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (2020-2026) <br> [[w:Ford Fathom|Ford Fathom]] EV (2028-) | Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened on April 18, 1955. It produced both cars and trucks. The majority of Edsels were produced here.[https://www.edsel.com/registry/index.html] Passenger car production ended on June 12, 1981 when the last Ford LTD was produced at Louisville.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Louisville/pXbYITw4ZesC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ford%20motor] The plant was then converted to build the Ranger pickup and the related Bronco II SUV. Ranger production began on January 18, 1982. The plant was upgraded and expanded to build Explorer, which launched in 1990 and replaced the Bronco II. Explorer was joined by the Mercury Mountaineer in April 1996. Ranger production ended in April 1999 but the Explorer Sport Trac pickup was built here beginning in 2000. The plant was idled in December 2010 and then reopened on April 4, 2012 to build the Ford Escape crossover which was followed by the Escape-based Lincoln MKC, later replaced by the Corsair. Escape and Corsair production ended in mid-December 2025 and the factory was then idled. <br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] (2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1991-2010)<br />[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (1997-2010)<br />[[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] (1991-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] (2001-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] (2001-2010)<br />[[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] (1984-1990)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1983-1999)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1958)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1967-1969)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1957, 1973-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1970-1981)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair#1959|Edsel Corsair]] (1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1955-1958, 1960-1961)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1971)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />Heavy trucks were produced on a separate line from early 1958 until Kentucky Truck Plant opened in 1969. Includes [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] bus, [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], [[w:Ford H series|Ford H series]], Ford W series, and [[w:Ford L series#Background|Ford N-Series]] (1963-69). In addition to cars, F-Series light trucks were built from 1973-1981. Louisville Assembly was then converted to build the Ranger compact pickup, production of which began on January 18, 1982. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NA) (1964-) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]] <br> Previously: Michigan Truck Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,126 | style="text-align:Left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6-P703)]] (2024-)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 38303 Michigan Ave. Opened in 1957 to build station wagons as the Michigan Station Wagon Plant. Due to a sales slump, the plant was idled in 1959 until 1964. The plant was reopened and converted to build <br> F-Series trucks in 1964, becoming the Michigan Truck Plant. Was original production location for the [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] in 1966. In 1997, F-Series production ended so the plant could focus on the Expedition and Navigator full-size SUVs. In December 2008, Expedition and Navigator production ended and would move to the Kentucky Truck plant during 2009. In 2011, the Michigan Truck Plant was combined with the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant, which were then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. The plant was converted to build small cars, beginning with the 2012 Focus, followed by the 2013 C-Max. Car production ended in May 2018 and the plant was converted back to building trucks, beginning with the 2019 Ranger, followed by the 2021 Bronco.<br> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger (T6-P375)]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (2012-2018)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]] (2013-2018)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] (1966-1996)<br />[[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (1997-2009)<br />[[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (1998-2009)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1964-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] (1993-1995)<br /> [[w:Mercury Colony Park|Mercury Colony Park]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] <br> Markham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Markham, Ontario|Markham, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016-2022, 2025- (Ford production) | | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] (2025-) | Plant owned by [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] Inc.<br /> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] (2017-2022) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (NA) (for Pilot Plant),<br> No plant code for Mark II | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Pilot Plant|New Model Programs Development Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Allen Park, Michigan|Allen Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | | style="text-align:left;"| Commonly known as "Pilot Plant" | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17000 Oakwood Boulevard. Originally Allen Park Body & Assembly to build the 1956-1957 [[w:Continental Mark II|Continental Mark II]]. Then was Edsel Division headquarters until 1959. Later became the New Model Programs Development Center, where new models and their manufacturing processes are developed and tested. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:fr:Nordex S.A.|Nordex S.A.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 (Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Nordex S.A. Built under contract for Ford for South American markets. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (1954-1959)<br>/<br> No plant codes used (1960-1965)<br>/<br> B (NA) (1966-present) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,600 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (2027-) | style="text-align:left;"| Truck production moved to the neighboring Ontario Truck plant when it opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant. Ford Edge production ended in May 2024 and Oakville Assembly was idled.<br /> Previously: <br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1967-1968, 1971)<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor cars]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Meteor Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch cars]]<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1968)<br />[[w:Frontenac (marque)|Frontenac]] (1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Americas)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1970, 1972-1974)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1969-1970, 1972, 1975-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1972, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] (1995-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] (2004-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] (2009-2019)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] (2010-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] (2007-2024)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKX|Lincoln MKX]] (2007-2018) <br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] (1961-1981)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#First generation (1961–1967)|Mercury Econoline]] (1961-1965)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1954-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1954-1965) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ohio Assembly|Ohio Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avon Lake, Ohio|Avon Lake, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,802 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]]<br> (Body assembly: 1975-,<br> Final assembly: 2006-)<br> (Van thru 2014,<br> Cutaway thru present day)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/750]] (2016-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-350/450/550 Chassis Cab]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-600 Chassis Cab]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Was previously a Fruehauf truck trailer plant.<br />Previously: [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest]] (1993-2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|Pacheco Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,823 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. Ford kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved while VW got the other side of the plant, which it still operates. This plant has made both cars and trucks. <br /> Formerly:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-3500/F-400/F-4000/F-500]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]]<br />[[w:Ford B-Series|Ford B-Series]] (B-600/B-700/B-7000)<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]] (1962 to 1991)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#Argentine Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]]<br /> [[w:Ford Taunus TC#Argentina|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona#Second generation (1993–1996)|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Ford Fairlane in Argentina|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger (US design)]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine|Ford 170/187/188/221 inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|VW Pointer]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Rawsonville Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 788 | style="text-align:left;"| Integrated Air/Fuel Modules<br /> Air Induction Systems<br> Transmission Oil Pumps<br />HEV and PHEV Batteries<br /> Fuel Pumps<br /> Carbon Canisters<br />Ignition Coils<br />Transmission components for Van Dyke Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 10300 Textile Road. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Sold to parent Ford in 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (N. American-style VIN position) | style="text-align:left;"| RMA Automotive Cambodia | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Krakor district|Krakor district]], [[w:Pursat province|Pursat province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambodia|Cambodia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2022 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] [https://cambodianess.com/article/rma-cambodia-plc-officially-launches-new-ford-production-line-and-ford-sub-assembly-plant-in-pursat-province] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant belongs to RMA Group, Ford's distributor in Cambodia. Builds vehicles under license from Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following G] [includes <br> US-mkt. '78-'80 Ford Fiesta] <br>/<br> 4 (NA) ['16-'18 US-mkt. <br> Focus RS] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis Body & Assembly|Saarlouis Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis|Saarlouis]], [[w:Saarland|Saarland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 (components), 1970 (vehicle prod.) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,276 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Plant was built on the site of the former Roderberg airfield. First opened as a components plant in 1968, supplying other Ford plants and also supplying Renault with body panels. This production ended once Ford Escort production began in 1970. The first Escort body shell was completed on October 20, 1969. Began vehicle production with the Escort on January 16, 1970. Saarlouis shared Escort production with Ford's Halewood, UK plant. About 150,000 Capris were built at Saarlouis from 1971-1975, including the 1 millionth Capri built, an RS2600 completed on August 29, 1973. Fiesta began production at Saarlouis on May 11, 1976 and ended in 1980. Over 700,000 Fiestas were built in Saarlouis. Escort was replaced by the Focus in 1998. Saarlouis produced over 6.5 million Escorts from 1970-1998. Focus began production on August 10, 1998. All Focus RS & RS500 models were made in Saarlouis. In June 2013, the Ford Focus Electric began production in Saarlouis. It was the first fully electric Ford in Europe and the first fully electric car to be produced in Germany. Production ended by April 2017. C-Max production began in Saarlouis in November 2003. C-Max production shifted to Valencia, Spain in 2010 but returned to Saarlouis in 2014. C-Max production ended in June 2019 and was discontinued. About 1.2 million <br> C-Max vehicles were built at Saarlouis. Last Focus ST produced September 26, 2025. Last Focus, a white 5-d hatchback, was produced on November 14, 2025. That was the end of vehicle production at Saarlouis. In 1980, Saarlouis built its 2 millionth vehicle, a Fiesta 3-d. In February 1990, Saarlouis produced its 5 millionth vehicle, a 4th gen. Escort. In July 2005, Saarlouis produced its 10 millionth vehicle, a blue Focus wagon. On November 19, 2007, Saarlouis produced its 11 millionth vehicle, a silver C-Max. On August 26, 2010, the 12 millionth vehicle, a white Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. On June 16, 2016, the 14 millionth vehicle, a red Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. In December 2019, Saarlouis produced its 15 millionth vehicle, a red Focus ST 5-d. About 15.6 million vehicles were produced in total at Saarlouis.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] (1983-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]] (1971-1975)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] (1976-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (1998-2025)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] (2003-2010, 2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#First generation (C394; 2008)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 1: 2008-2012) |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Engine Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | | [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue/Panther 2.0L Diesel I4 engine]] | Although the Sanand property including the assembly plant was sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022, the engine plant buildings and property were leased back from Tata by Ford India so that the engine plant could continue building diesel engines for export to Thailand, Vietnam, and Argentina. <br /> Previously: [[w:List of Ford engines#1.2 L Dragon|1.2/1.5 Ti-VCT Dragon I3]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville Transmission|Sharonville Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,003 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford 6R140 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R80/10R140 transmission]]<br /> Gears for 6R80/140, 6F35/50/55, & 8F57 transmissions <br /> | Located at 3000 E Sharon Rd. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford 4R70W transmission|Ford 4R70W transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford C6 transmission#4R100|Ford 4R100 transmission]]<br /> Ford 5R110W transmission<br /> [[w:Ford C3 transmission#5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W|Ford 5R55S transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Sterling Axle | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,391 | style="text-align:left;"| Front axles<br /> Rear axles<br /> Rear drive units | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 39000 Mound Rd. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000; taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following W] /<br> 1 (NA) ('14-'23 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valencia Body and Assembly|Ford Valencia Body and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Kuga#Third generation (C482; 2019)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 3) | Previously: [[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Third generation (CD390; 2015)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#First generation (BE146; 1996)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 2)<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] <br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford S-Max]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#First generation (DY; 2002)|Mazda 2]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Valencia Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec HE 1.8/2.0]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford Ecoboost 2.0L]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|Ford Ecoboost 2.3L]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Valencia|Ford Kent/Valencia engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,444 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35/6F55]]<br /> Ford HF35/HF45 transmission for hybrids & PHEVs<br />Ford 8F57 transmission<br />Electric motors (eMotor) for hybrids & EVs<br />Electric vehicle transmissions | Located at 41111 Van Dyke Ave. Formerly known as Van Dyke Transmission Plant.<br />Originally made suspension parts. Began making transmissions in 1993.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford AX4N transmission|Ford AX4N transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (for VW & for Ford) | style="text-align:left;"| Volkswagen Poznań | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poznań|Poznań]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| | | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Caddy#Fourth generation (Typ SB; 2020)|VW Caddy]]<br /> | Plant owned by [[W:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]. Production for Ford began in 2022. <br> Previously: [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)|VW Transporter (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford 6.8/7.3L Godzilla V8]] | Main Windsor Engine Plant closed but the Windsor Annex Engine Plant, located on the south end of the Windsor Engine Plant property off Seminole Street, is still open. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 255/289/302/351 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]]: 4.6/5.4L V8 & 6.8L V10 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Forging | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 | style="text-align:left;"| Crankshaft forgings for 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6, 3.5 Cyclone V6, & 3.5 EcoBoost V6 | Located at 24189 Allen Rd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 499 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels | Located at 20900 West Rd. |} ==Future production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Employees ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blue Oval City|Tennessee Truck Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Stanton, Tennessee|Stanton, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~6,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford gas-powered pickup | Was scheduled to start EV production in 2028, following delays. As of December 2025, plant is renamed Tennessee Truck Plant and production of a gas-powered truck is scheduled to start in 2029. Battery manufacturing onsite would have been part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture with SK On, a subsidiary of [[w:SK Innovation|SK Innovation]].<ref name=BlueOval>{{cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/ford/2021/09/27/ford-four-new-plants-tennessee-kentucky-electric-vehicles/5879885001/|title=Ford, partner to spend $11.4B on four new plants in Tennessee, Kentucky to support EVs|first1=Jordyn|last1=Grzelewski|first2=Riley|last2=Beggin|newspaper=The Detroit News|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=September 27, 2021}}</ref> However, as of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| BlueOval SK Battery Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Glendale, Kentucky|Glendale, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~5,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Batteries for F-150 Lightning & E-Transit | Consists of 2 battery plants. Both were originally scheduled to start production in 2025. Plant 1 began commercial production on August 19, 2025 but Plant 2 has been delayed to 2027. Part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, a subsidiary of SK Innovation.<ref name=BlueOval/> As of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. The Glendale plant is now making battery packs for Ford Energy, a new Ford subsidiary making battery energy storage systems for data centers, utilities, and large industrial and commercial customers in the U.S. |} ==Former production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:220px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/State ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"| Years ! style="width:250px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (EU) [serial# starts with BF] | style="text-align:left;"| Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO) "Aveley plant" | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Ockendon|South Ockendon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Vehicle production from Nov. 1970 - Early 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967)|Ford Escort]] Mexico, RS1600, & RS2000 models | Was located on Arisdale Avenue in South Ockendon. Plant was set up to build special, high performance Escort models that needed extra work to build, which the Halewood plant was struggling to do. Escort two-door bodyshells, already painted, trimmed, and built to strengthened Type 49 specification, were shipped in directly from the Halewood plant that built mainstream Escorts. Once at the AVO plant, the bodies were placed on an overhead carousel which ran around the factory. As the cars moved around, the engine, transmission, and suspension were fitted from below. When auto sales declined following the 1973 Energy Crisis, spare capacity opened up at the mainstream Escort plants and a dedicated plant for performance versions was no longer needed and the AVO plant closed in early 1975. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Alexandria Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1950-1966 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford trucks including [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks | Opened in 1950. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ali Automobiles | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Kombi]], [[w:Ford F-Series second generation|Ford F-Series pickups]] | Ford production ended. Ali Automobiles was nationalized in 1972, becoming Awami Autos. Today, Awami is partnered with Suzuki in the Pak Suzuki joint venture. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Amsterdam Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1932-1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]], [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]],<br> Ford N-Series (EU) | Assembled a wide range of Ford products primarily for the local market from Sept. 1932–Nov. 1981. Began with the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. Car assembly (latterly [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]], and [[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]) ended 1978. Also, [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Ford Custom 500|Ford Custom 500]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Antwerp Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1922-1964 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Edsel|Edsel]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Original plant was on Rue Dubois from 1922 to 1926. Ford then moved to the Hoboken District of Antwerp in 1926 until they moved to a plant near the Bassin Canal in 1931. Replaced by the Genk plant that opened in 1964, however tractors were then made at Antwerp for some time after car & truck production ended. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Asnières-sur-Seine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnières-sur-Seine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] (Ford 6CV) | Ford sold the plant to Société Immobilière Industrielle d'Asnières or SIIDA on April 30, 1941. SIIDA leased it to the LAFFLY company (New Machine Tool Company) on October 30, 1941. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] then bought most of the shares in LAFFLY in 1948 and the lease was transferred from LAFFLY to [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] in 1949, which then began to move in and set up production. A hydraulics building for the manufacture of the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS was built in 1953. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] manufactured machined parts and hydraulic components for its hydropneumatic suspension system (also supplied to [[w:Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce Motors]]) at Asnières as well as steering components and connecting rods & camshafts after Nanterre was closed. SIIDA was taken over by Citroën on September 2, 1968. In 2000, the Asnières site became a joint venture between [[w:Siemens|Siemens Automotive]] and [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] (Siemens 52% -PSA 48%) called Siemens Automotive Hydraulics SA (SAH). In 2007, when [[w:Continental AG|Continental AG]] took over [[w:Siemens VDO|Siemens VDO]], SAH became CAAF (Continental Automotive Asnières France) and PSA sold off its stake in the joint venture. Continental closed the Asnières plant in 2009. Most of the site was demolished between 2011 and 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Gaydon Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gaydon|Gaydon, Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB9|Aston Martin DB9]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage/V12 Vantage]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin DBS V12|Aston Martin DBS V12]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (DBS-based V8 & Lagonda sedan), <br /> B (Virage & Vanquish) | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Newport Pagnell Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Newport Pagnell|Newport Pagnell]], [[w:Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin Vanquish#First generation (2001–2007)|Aston Martin V12 Vanquish]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Virage|Aston Martin Virage]] 1st generation <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8|Aston Martin V8]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Lagonda|Aston Martin Lagonda sedan]] <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8 engine|Aston Martin V8 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AT/A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hapeville, Georgia|Hapeville, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1947-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986-2007)<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986-2005) | Began F-Series production December 3, 1947. Demolished. Site now occupied by the headquarters of Porsche North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche breaks ground in Hapeville on new North American HQ|url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/20194429/porsche-breaks-ground-in-hapeville-on-new-north-american-hq|publisher=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> <br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956, 1958, 1960)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961, 1963-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1969, 1979-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1961-1964)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1963, 1965-1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1969-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Third generation (1974–1976)|Mercury Cougar]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1978)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird (Gen 9)]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1984-1985) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Auckland Operations | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wiri|Wiri]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-1997 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1973 as Wiri Assembly (also included transmission & chassis component plants), name changed in 1983 to Auckland Operations, became a joint venture with Mazda called Vehicles Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) in 1987, closed in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (EU) [when following P] (for Ford),<br> V (for VW & Seat) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autoeuropa|Autoeuropa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Palmela|Palmela]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] in 1999, Ford production ended in 2006 | [[w:Ford Galaxy#First generation (V191; 1995)|Ford Galaxy (1995–2006)]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Sharan|Volkswagen Sharan]]<br />[[w:SEAT Alhambra|SEAT Alhambra]] | Autoeuropa was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford & VW created in 1991. Production began in 1995. Ford sold its half of the plant to VW in 1999 but the Ford Galaxy continued to be built at the plant until the first generation ended production in 2006. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive Industries|Automotive Industries]], Ltd. (AIL) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nazareth Illit|Nazareth Illit]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Israel|Israel]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968-1985? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-9000]] | Car production began in 1968 in conjunction with Ford's local distributor, Israeli Automobile Corp. Truck production began in 1973. Ford Escort production ended in 1981. Truck production may have continued to c.1985. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Suspended | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]] | Produced trucks under contract for Ford Otosan. Production began with the Cargo in 2015; the F-Max was added in 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Azambuja Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Sierra-based model|Ford P100]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]] (12M)<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G (EU) [when following W] (Ford Maverick made by Nissan) | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]] | Became Motor Iberica SA after nationalization in 1954. Built Ford's [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks under license which were sold under the [[w:Ebro trucks|Ebro]] name. Later taken over in stages by Nissan from 1979 to 1987 when it became [[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]] SA. Under Nissan, the [[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] SUV was built in the Barcelona plant under an OEM agreement. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|Barracas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1916-1922 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford assembly plant in Latin America and the second outside North America after Britain. Replaced by the La Boca plant in 1922. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Basildon | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Basildon|Basildon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964-1991 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford tractor range | style="text-align:left;"| Sold with New Holland tractor business |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia Transmission|Batavia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia, Ohio|Batavia, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1980-2008 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford ATX transmission|Ford ATX transmission]]<br />[[w:Batavia Transmission#Partnership|CFT23 & CFT30 CVT transmissions]] produced as part of ZF Batavia joint venture with [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] | ZF Batavia joint venture was created in 1999 and was 49% owned by Ford and 51% owned by [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]]. Jointly developed CVT production began in late 2003. Ford bought out ZF in 2005 and the plant became Batavia Transmissions LLC, owned 100% by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Germany|Berlin Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Berlin|Berlin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1931 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | Replaced by Cologne plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Aquitaine Industries Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford C3 transmission|Ford C3/A4LD/A4LDE/4R44E/4R55E/5R44E/5R55E/5R55S/5R55W 3-, 4-, & 5-speed automatic transmissions]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 6-speed automatic transmission]]<br />Components | Sold to HZ Holding in 2009 but the deal collapsed and Ford bought the plant back in 2011. Closed in September 2019. Demolished in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (for DB7) | style="text-align:left;"| Bloxham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bloxham|Bloxham]], [[w:Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB7|Aston Martin DB7]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ220|Jaguar XJ220]] | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a JaguarSport plant. After XJ220 production ended, plant was transferred to Aston Martin to build the DB7. Closed with the end of DB7 production in 2003. Aston Martin has since been sold by Ford in 2007. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:International Motors#Blue Diamond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Escobedo|General Escobedo, Nuevo León]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"|Joint venture ended in 2015 | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-650]] (2004-2015)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-750]] (2004-2015)<br /> [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] (2006-2009) | style="text-align:left;"| Commercial truck joint venture with Navistar until 2015 when Ford production moved back to USA and plant was returned to Navistar. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford India|Bombay Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bombay|Bombay]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1926-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| | Ford's original Indian plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Bordeaux Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Asnières-sur-Seine plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend Engine|Bridgend Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend|Bridgend]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed September 2020 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5/1.6 Sigma EcoBoost I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8 engine]] 4.0/4.2/4.4L<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 3.0L V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|Jaguar AJ133 5.0L V8]]<br /> [[w:Volvo SI6 engine|Volvo SI6 engine]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JG (AU) /<br> G (AU) /<br> 8 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Broadmeadows Assembly Plant|Broadmeadows Assembly Plant]] (Broadmeadows Car Assembly) (Plant 1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1959-2016<ref name="abc_4707960">{{cite news|title=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-23/ford-to-close-geelong-and-broadmeadows-plants/4707960|work=abc.net.au|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E (1959–1968)|Ford Anglia 105E]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] TC-TF<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> Ford Falcon Ute<br /> [[w:Nissan Ute|Nissan Ute]] (XFN)<br />Ford Falcon Panel Van<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (Australia)|Ford Territory]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri (Australia)|Ford Capri Convertible]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri convertible]] (1991–1994)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1959-1961 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie#Australian production|Ford Galaxie (1969-1972) (conversion to right hand drive)]] | Plant opened August 1959. Closed Oct 7th 2016. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JL (AU) /<br> L (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Broadmeadows Commercial Vehicle Plant (Assembly Plant 2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]],[[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1971-1992 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-Series medium duty]] (F-500/F-600/F-700/F-750/F-800/F-8000)<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Bronco#Australian assembly|Ford Bronco]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cadiz Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cadiz|Cadiz]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1920-1923 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Barcelona plant. |- | style="text-align:center;"| 8 (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Camaçari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Camaçari, Bahia|Camaçari, Bahia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001-2021<ref name="camacari">{{cite web |title=Ford Advances South America Restructuring; Will Cease Manufacturing in Brazil, Serve Customers With New Lineup {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/01/11/ford-advances-south-america-restructuring.html |website=media.ford.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rui diz que negociação para atrair nova montadora de veículos para Camaçari está avançada|url=https://destaque1.com/rui-diz-que-negociacao-para-atrair-nova-montadora-de-veiculos-para-camacari-esta-avancada/|website=destaque1.com|access-date=30 May 2022|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka+]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:List of Ford engines#1.0 L Fox|Fox 1.0L I3 Engine]] | [[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta & Fiesta Rocam]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Canton Forge Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canton, Ohio|Canton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1988 | | Located on Georgetown Road NE. |- | | Casablanca Automotive Plant | [[w:Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1969-1971<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2011-12-06 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CASABLANCA (1971) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2011/12/planta-ford-casablanca-1971.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1076777 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-series]], [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967-1979)|Ford F-600]] | Nationalized by the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trowbridge |first=Alexander B. |title=Overseas Business Reports, US Department of Commerce |date=February 1968 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |edition=OBR 68-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EyN: Henry Ford II regresa a Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=541850 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.economiaynegocios.cl}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda|Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#DE|Mazda 2]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%). Ford Motor Company (35%), Mazda Motor Company (15%). JV was divided in 2012 into [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] and [[w:Changan Mazda|Changan Mazda]]. Changan Mazda took the Nanjing plant while Changan Ford kept the other plants. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda Engine|Changan Ford Mazda Engine Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine|Mazda BZ series 1.3/1.6 engine]]<br />[[w:Skyactiv#Skyactiv-G|Mazda Skyactiv-G 1.5/2.0/2.5]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (25%), Mazda Motor Company (25%). Ford sold its stake to Mazda in 2019. Now known as Changan Mazda Engine Co., Ltd. owned 50% by Mazda & 50% by Changan. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Charles McEnearney & Co. Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| Tumpuna Road, [[w:Arima|Arima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] | Ford production ended & factory closed in 1990's. |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Engine Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2010–2022 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Ford to stop making cars in India|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-motor-cease-local-production-india-shut-down-both-plants-sources-2021-09-09/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford DLD engine#DLD-415|Ford DLD engine]] (DLD-415/DV5)<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]] | |- valign="top" | C (NA)<br>/<br> R (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1999 <br> Closed in 2022<ref name=":0"/> | [[w:Ford Endeavour|Ford Endeavour]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] 5th & 6th generations<br /> [[w:Ford Figo#First generation (B517; 2010)|Ford Figo]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago SHO Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021-2023 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] (2021-2023)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2021-2023) | style="text-align:left;"| 12429 S Burley Ave in Chicago. Located about 1.2 miles away from Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 2000,<br> Closed in 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum engine blocks for 2.3L Duratec 23 I4 | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1952,<br>Closed in 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| Iron engine blocks, heads, crankshafts, and main bearing caps | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. (Engle Rd.), immediately to the south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1. Construction 1950, operational 1952 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford foundry in Brook Park to close after 58 years of service|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/ford_foundry_in_brook_park_to.html|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=9 February 2018|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> Demolished 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford begins plans to demolish shuttered Cleveland Casting Plant|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20110627/FREE/306279972/ford-begins-plans-to-demolish-shuttered-cleveland-casting-plant|website=Cleveland Business|access-date=9 February 2018|date=27 June 2011}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1955,<br>Closed in 2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Ford 2.5L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|Jaguar AJ-V6 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 18300 Five Points Rd., south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1 and the Cleveland Casting Plant. Opened in 1955. Partially demolished and converted into Forward Innovation Center West. Source of the [[w:Ford 351 Cleveland|Ford 351 Cleveland]] V8 & the [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland-based 400 V8]] and the closely related [[w:Ford 335 engine#351M|400 Cleveland-based 351M V8]]. Also, [[w:Ford Y-block engine|Ford Y-block engine]] & [[w:Ford Super Duty engine|Ford Super Duty engine]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Compañía Colombiana Automotriz|Compañía Colombiana Automotriz]] (Mazda) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Mazda closed the factory in 2014. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#Latin America|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Henry Ford & Sons Ltd|Henry Ford & Sons Ltd]] | style="text-align:left;"| Marina, [[w:Cork (city)|Cork]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Munster|Munster]], [[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractor (1919-1922, 1929-1932) and car assembly, including [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] in the 1970s finally ending with the [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of Ford in Ireland|url=http://www.ford.ie/AboutFord/CompanyInformation/HistoryOfFord|work=Ford|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Also [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]], and [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]]. Also [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] (1923-1927), [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], and [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1917 with production from 1919 to 1984. Produced Model T components beginning in 1921 before complete cars began to be assembled (Model T in 1923). Supplied components to the Manchester, England Model T plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Croydon Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Croydon|Croydon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Small metal stampings and assemblies | Opened in 1949 as Briggs Motor Bodies & purchased by Ford in 1957. Expanded in 1989. Site completely vacated in 2005. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cuautitlán Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitln Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1964. Included a foundry and machining plant. <br /> [[w:Ford small block engine#289|Ford 289 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#302|Ford 302 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#351W|Ford 351 Windsor V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2002) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]], [[w:Ford CX|Ford CX]], [[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]], [[w:Ford 7Y|Ford 7Y]], [[w:Ford Model 91|Ford Model 91]], [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], [[w:Ford Popular|Ford Popular]], [[w:Ford Squire|Ford Squire]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]], [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]], [[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]], [[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121]], [[w:Fordson E83W|Fordson E83W]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson 7V|Fordson 7V]], [[w:Fordson WOT|Fordson WOT]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson Thames ET|Fordson Thames ET]], [[w:Ford Thames 300E|Ford Thames 300E]], [[w:Ford Thames 307E|Ford Thames 307E]], [[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]], [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Thames Trader NC]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Ford K-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1931–2002, formerly principal Ford UK plant |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Stamping & Tooling]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era">{{cite news|title=End of an era|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20078108|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Demolished. | Body panels, wheels | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL/D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 1970 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (93,748 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref><br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960) <br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1969)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1970) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park. Replaced original Dallas plant at 2700 Canton St. in 1925. Assembly stopped February 1933 but resumed in 1934. Closed February 20, 1970. Over 3 million vehicles built. 5200 E. Grand Ave. is now owned by City Warehouse Corp. and is used by multiple businesses. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DA/F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Assembly Plant|Dearborn Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle-class patrol craft|Eagle-class patrol craft]] during WWI<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors (1921-1928) <br />Parts for Ford Model T<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] (1928-1932)<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]] (1932-1934)<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]] (1935-1936)<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] (1941-1942, 1946-1948)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]] (1949-1951)<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]] (1955-1956)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1951)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1955-1961)<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-2004)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1967-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1966)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (21,559 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref> <br>[[w:Ford GPA|Ford GPA]] 'Seep' (Sea Jeep) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Started building Eagle-class patrol boats in 1918 during World War I. After the war ended, builtt Fordson tractors and parts for the Model T but didn't assemble any complete Model Ts. The Model A was the first complete car built at the Rouge complex. During World War II, the Rouge complex produced Jeeps (GPW), aircraft engines and engine parts, aircraft components, tires and tubes, armor plating, and tractors. During 2004, Mustangs built at Dearborn Assembly and F-150s built at Dearborn Truck were painted in the same new paint shop that opened in 2000. On May 10, 2004, the final vehicle was built at Dearborn Assembly: a '04 Mustang GT convertible. Replaced by Dearborn Truck Plant for 2005MY. This plant within the Rouge complex was demolished in 2008. It is now a parking lot to hold trucks from the Dearborn Truck Plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Iron Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1974) | style="text-align:left;"| Cast iron parts including engine blocks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Replaced by Michigan Casting Center in the early 1970s. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Eagle Farm Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm (Brisbane), Queensland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1998) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />Ford Falcon Ute (including XY 4x4)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] trucks<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax trucks]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1926. Closed in 1998; demolished |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| ME/T (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edison Assembly|Edison Assembly]] (a.k.a. Metuchen Assembly) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Edison, New Jersey|Edison, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948–2004 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1991-2004)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] (1998-2001)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (1994–2004)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1990)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1963-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]]<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 939 U.S. Route 1. Demolished in 2005. Now a shopping mall called Edison Towne Square. Also known as Metuchen Assembly. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Aluminum|Essex Aluminum]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2012) | style="text-align:left;"| 3.8/4.2L V6 cylinder heads<br />4.6L, 5.4L V8 cylinder heads<br />6.8L V10 cylinder heads<br />Pistons | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1981. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001; shuttered in 2009 except for the melting operation which closed in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fairfax Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fairfax, Ohio|Fairfax, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1979) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cruise-O-Matic|Ford-O-Matic/Merc-O-Matic/Lincoln Turbo-Drive]]<br /> [[w:Cruise-O-Matic#MX/FX|Cruise-O-Matic (FX transmission)]]<br />[[w:Cruise-O-Matic#FMX|FMX transmission]] | Located at 4000 Red Bank Road. Opened in 1950. Original Ford-O-Matic was a licensed design from the Warner Gear division of [[w:Borg-Warner|Borg-Warner]]. Also produced aircraft engine parts during the Korean War. Closed in 1979. Sold to Red Bank Distribution of Cincinnati in 1987. Transferred to Cincinnati Port Authority in 2006 after Cincinnati agreed not to sue the previous owner for environmental and general negligence. Redeveloped into Red Bank Village, a mixed-use commercial and office space complex, which opened in 2009 and includes a Wal-Mart. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following L] (for Ford),<br> J (for Fiat - later years) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:FCA Poland|Fiat Tychy Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 2016 | [[w:Ford Ka#Second generation (2008)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] | Plant owned by [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which is now part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production for Ford began in 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Foden Trucks|Foden Trucks]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sandbach|Sandbach]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1984. Factory closed in 2000. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]] | style="text-align:left;"| Foden Trucks plant. Produced for Ford after Ford closed Amsterdam plant. 504 units produced by Foden. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Selangor|Selangor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br /> [[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]]<br />[[w:BMW 3-Series|BMW 3-Series]] E46, E90<br />[[w:BMW 5-Series|BMW 5-Series]] E60<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br /> [[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as AMIM (Associated Motor Industries Malaysia) Holdings Sdn. Bhd. which was 30% owned by Ford from the early 1980s. Previously, Associated Motor Industries Malaysia had assembled for various automotive brands including Ford but was not owned by Ford. In 2000, Ford increased its stake to 49% and renamed the company Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. The other 51% was owned by Tractors Malaysia Bhd., a subsidiary of Sime Darby Bhd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory|Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| Automotive lighting | Located at 26601 W. Huron River Drive. Opened in 1923. Also produced junction boxes for the B-24 bomber as well as lighting for military vehicles during World War II. Closed in 1950. Sold to Moynahan Bronze Company in 1950. Sold to Stearns Manufacturing in 1972. Leased in 1981 to Flat Rock Metal Inc., which later purchased the building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]], [[w:Muntinlupa|Muntinlupa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br /> American Ford trucks<br />British Ford trucks<br />Ford Fiera | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1968. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mariveles|Mariveles]], [[w:Bataan|Bataan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| Stampings | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1976. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Italia|Ford Motor Co. d’Italia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trieste|Trieste]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1931) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford Motor Company of Japan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yokohama|Yokohama]], [[w:Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1941) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1925. Factory was seized by Imperial Japanese Government. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company del Peru | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima|Lima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Peru|Peru]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (first generation)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]] 17M<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-28 |title=Ford to Assemble Cars In Big New Plant in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/28/archives/ford-to-assemble-cars-in-big-new-plant-in-peru.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Ford del Perú |url=https://archivodeautos.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/ford-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Archivo de autos |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford Motor Company Philippines]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa, Laguna]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2012) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Protege|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant sold to Mitsubishi Motors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company Caribbean, Inc. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canóvanas, Puerto Rico|Canóvanas]], [[w:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:United States|U.S.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Ball bearings | Plant opened in the 1960s. Constructed on land purchased from the [[w:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company|Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:de:Ford Motor Company of Rhodesia|Ford Motor Co. Rhodesia (Pvt.) Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Salisbury]] (now Harare) | style="text-align:left;"| ([[w:Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]) / [[w:Rhodesia (1964–1965)|Rhodesia (colony)]] / [[w:Rhodesia|Rhodesia (country)]] (now [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1967 to state-owned Industrial Development Corporation | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fourth generation (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fifth generation (1966–1967)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-100]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E/800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson#Dexta|Fordson Dexta tractors]]<br />[[w:Fordson#E1A|Fordson Super Major]]<br />[[w:Deutz-Fahr|Deutz F1M 414 tractor]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Former Ford Factory|Ford Motor Co. (Singapore)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Singapore|Singapore]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1980) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as Ford Motor Company of Malaya Ltd. & subsequently as Ford Motor Company of Malaysia. Factory was originally on Anson Road, then moved to Prince Edward Road in Jan. 1930 before moving to Bukit Timah Road in April 1941. Factory was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. It was then used by British military authorities until April 1947 when it was returned to Ford. Production resumed in December 1947. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of South Africa Ltd.]] Struandale Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Delta Motor Corporation|Delta Motor Corporation]] (later [[w:General Motors South Africa|GM South Africa]]) in 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (North America)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (Americas)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Ford Ranchero (American)]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Ford Cortina Pickup/P100/Ford 1-Tonner]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus (P5) 17M]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford (Taunus P7) 17M/20M]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark I (1972–1977)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont (Australia)#South Africa|Ford Fairmont/Fairmont GT]] (XW, XY)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] ([[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)#Falcon utility|Falcon Ute-based]]) (XT, XW, XY, XA, XB)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Second generation|Ford Fairlane (Australia)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort/XR3/XR3i]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]] | Ford first began production in South Africa in 1924 in a former wool store on Grahamstown Road in Port Elizabeth. Ford then moved to a larger location on Harrower Road in October 1930. In 1948, Ford moved again to a plant in Neave Township, Port Elizabeth. Struandale Assembly opened in 1974. Ford ended vehicle production in Port Elizabeth in December 1985, moving all vehicle production to SAMCOR's Silverton plant that had come from Sigma Motor Corp., the other partner in the [[w:SAMCOR|SAMCOR]] merger. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Naberezhny Chelny Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Naberezhny Chelny|Naberezhny Chelny]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] | Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] St. Petersburg Assembly Plant, previously [[w:Ford Motor Company ZAO|Ford Motor Company ZAO]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vsevolozhsk|Vsevolozhsk]], [[w:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]] | Opened as a 100%-owned Ford plant in 2002 building the Focus. Mondeo was added in 2009. Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2022). Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Restructured & renamed Sollers Ford in 2020 after Sollers increased its stake to 51% in 2019 with Ford owning 49%. Production suspended in March 2022. Ford Sollers was dissolved in October 2022 when Ford sold its remaining 49% stake and exited the Russian market. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Second generation (2006)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]]<br />[[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Tourneo Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.6L Duratec I4]] | Opened as part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2015. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Apčak|Obchuk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belarus|Belarus]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#Sixth generation (1995–2002)|Ford Escort, Escort Van]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] | Ford Union was a joint venture which was 51% owned by Ford, 23% owned by distributor Lada-OMC, & 26% owned by the Belarus government. Production began in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford-Vairogs|Ford-Vairogs]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Riga|Riga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Latvia|Latvia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1940). Nationalized following Soviet invasion & takeover of Latvia. | [[w:Ford Prefect#E93A (1938–49)|Ford-Vairogs Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus G93A#Ford Taunus G93A (1939–1942)|Ford-Vairogs Taunus]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 Standard]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 De Luxe]]<br />Ford-Vairogs V8 3-ton trucks<br />Ford-Vairogs buses | Produced vehicles under license from Ford's Copenhagen, Denmark division. Production began in 1937. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fremantle Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:North Fremantle, Western Australia|North Fremantle, Western Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br>[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 130 Stirling Highway. Plant opened in March 1930. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the factory was assembling tractors and rectifying vehicles delivered from Geelong in Victoria. The factory was also used as a depot for spare parts for Ford dealerships. Later used by Matilda Bay Brewing Company from 1988-2013 though beer production ended in 2007. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937-1940 Ford]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (through 1948)<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford#Australian production|1941-1942 & 1946-1948 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949-1951 Ford Custom Fordor/Coupe Utility/Deluxe Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952-1954 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955-1956 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957-1959 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford Freighter/F-Series]] | Production began in 1925 in a former wool storage warehouse in Geelong before moving to a new plant in the Geelong suburb that later became known as Norlane. Vehicle production later moved to Broadmeadows plant that opened in 1959. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Aluminum Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and structural oil pans | Opened 1986. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Iron Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| I6 engine blocks, camshafts, crankshafts, exhaust manifolds, bearing caps, disc brake rotors and flywheels | Opened 1972. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Chassis Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Machine cylinder heads, suspension arms and brake rotors | Opened 1983. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 335 engine#302 and 351 Cleveland (Australia)|Ford 302 & 351 Cleveland V8]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Ford Australia|Ford Australia Falcon I6]]<br />[[w:Ford Barra engine#Inline 6|Ford Australia Barra I6]] | Opened 1926. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont body panels <br /> Ford Falcon Utility body panels <br /> Ford Territory body panels | Opened 1926. Previously: Ford Fairlane body panels <br /> Ford LTD body panels <br /> Ford Capri body panels <br /> Ford Cortina body panels <br /> Welded subassemblies and steel press tools |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) [when following G] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk Body & Assembly|Genk Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk|Genk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-MAX]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]] | Opened in 1964.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P6|Ford Taunus P6]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford Taunus P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC|Ford Taunus TC]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967–1975)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| GETRAG FORD Transmissions Bordeaux Transaxle Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Getrag/Magna Powertrain in 2021 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford BC-series transmission|Ford BC4/BC5 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford iB5 transmission (5MTT170/5MTT200)]]<br />[[w:Ford Durashift#Durashift EST|Ford Durashift-EST(iB5-ASM/5MTT170-ASM)]]<br />MX65 transmission<br />CTX [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] | Opened in 1976. Became a joint venture with [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] in 2001. Joint Venture: 50% Ford Motor Company / 50% Getrag Transmission. Joint venture dissolved in 2021 and this plant was kept by Getrag, which was taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Green Island Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Green Island, New York|Green Island, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1989) | style="text-align:left;"| Radiators, springs | style="text-align:left;"| 1922-1989, demolished in 2004 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) (for Fords) [when following B],<br> X (for Jaguar w/2.5L),<br> W (for Jaguar w/3.0L),<br> H (for Land Rover) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]], [[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]], [[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type]], [[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1963–2008. Ford assembly ended in July 2000, then transferred to Jaguar/Land Rover. Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] with Jaguar/Land Rover business. The van variant of the Escort remained in production in a facility located behind the now Jaguar plant at Halewood until October 2002. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors/tractor components<br /> Wheels for cars like Model T & Model A<br />Locks and lock parts<br />Radius rods<br />Running Boards | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1920. Factory used hydroelectric power. Switched from tractors to auto parts less than 6 months after production began. Also made parts for bomber engines during World War II. Plant closed in 1950. Sold to Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1951. Bendix closed the plant in 1962 and sold it in 1963 to Ward Manufacturing Co., which made camping trailers there. In 1975, it was sold to Chem-Dyne Corp., which used it for chemical waste storage & disposal. Demolished around 1981 as part of a Federal Superfund cleanup of the site. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Heimdalsgade Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heimdalsgade|Heimdalsgade street]], [[w:Nørrebro|Nørrebro district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1924) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1919–1924. Was replaced by, at the time, Europe's most modern Ford-plant, "Sydhavnen Assembly". |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| HP/HM/H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park Ford Plant|Highland Park Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />Ford trucks (pre-1948)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1948-1950, 1951-1956)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1953, 1956)<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors and tractor components | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue). Ford Motor Company's third American factory. Was also Ford's world headquarters from 1910-1927. First automobile factory in history to utilize a moving assembly line (implemented October 7, 1913). Model T production from 1910 to 1927. Car production then shifted to the Rouge complex in Dearborn. Continued to make automotive trim parts after 1927. Also made [[w:M4 Sherman#M4A3|M4A3 Sherman tanks]], M34 and M34A1 Gun Mounts for Sherman Tanks, M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers, M7 gun directors, Squad Tents for the Army, and parts for Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial aircraft engines made by Ford at the Rouge complex during World War II. Became Ford's main tractor plant in 1947. One of the first 2 Ford plants to build the <br> F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Richmond, California). F-Series truck production ended in 1957. Production of trim parts ended in the 1960s. Tractor production ended in 1974. Ford sold the Highland Park plant in October 1981, but continues to lease space there for storage. In October 2012, Ford moved its records storage out of Highland Park (Bldg. AA). Some of the site has been demolished and replaced by a mall called Model T Plaza but multiple buildings of the complex are still standing. A Forman Mills store opened in Bldg. JJ. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hobart Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart, Tasmania]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Collins Street. Plant opened in December 1925. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Homebush Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Homebush West, New South Wales|Homebush (Sydney), NSW]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Mk. 1 & 2]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri#Ford Capri Mk I (1969–1974)|Ford Capri]] Mk.1<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Intermediate Fairlanes (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane (1962-1964)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1965-1968)<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Ford Meteor|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (conversion to right hand drive)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford’s first factory in New South Wales opened in 1925 in the Sandown area of Sydney making the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] and later the [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] and the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. This plant was replaced by the Homebush plant which opened in March 1936 and later closed in September 1994. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Hyundai Ulsan Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea]|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1985. Licensing agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] Mk2-Mk5<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark II (1977–1985)|Ford Granada MkII]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D-750/D-800]]<br />[[w:Ford R series|Ford R-182]] | [[w:Hyundai Motor|Hyundai Motor]] began by producing Ford models under license. Replaced by self-developed Hyundai models. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| IMMSA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon|Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000). Agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| Ford M450 motorhome chassis | Replaced by Detroit Chassis LLC plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Steering Systems Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|1957–2011, demolished in 2017 | style="text-align:left;"| Steering columns, Steering gears | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 6900 English Ave. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2011. Demolished in 2017. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Industrias Chilenas de Automotores SA (Chilemotores) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arica|Arica]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | Closed c.1969 | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] | Opened 1964. Was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Bolocco & Cia. Replaced by Ford's 100% owned Casablanca, Chile plant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=2020-04-15 |title=Infografía: Conoce la historia de la otrora productiva industria automotriz chilena {{!}} Emol.com |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Autos/2020/04/15/983059/infiografia-historia-industria-automotriz-chile.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inokom|Inokom]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kulim, Kedah|Kulim, Kedah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended 2016 | [[w:Ford Transit#Facelift (2006)|Ford Transit]] | Plant owned by Inokom |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | CKD, Ford tractors, [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Galaxie#Brazilian production|Ford Galaxie]], [[w:Ford Landau|Ford Landau]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Brazil|Ford LTD]], [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks, Ford B-1618 & B-1621 bus chassis, Ford B12000 school bus chassis, [[w:Volkswagen Delivery|VW Delivery]], [[w:Volkswagen Worker|VW Worker]], [[w:Volkswagen L80|VW L80]], [[w:Volkswagen Volksbus|VW Volksbus 16.180 CO bus chassis]] | Part of Autolatina joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | [[w:Ford Y-block engine#272|Ford 272 Y-block V8]], [[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Otosan#History|Istanbul Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tophane|Tophane]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Production stopped in 1934 as a result of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]. Then handled spare parts & service for existing cars. Closed entirely in 1944. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | Opened 1929. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Browns Lane plant|Jaguar Browns Lane plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Coventry|Coventry]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar XJ|Jaguar XJ]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ-S|Jaguar XJ-S]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler six-cylinder sedan (XJ40)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Six|Daimler Six]] (X300)<br />[[w:Daimler Sovereign#Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)|Daimler Double Six]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler Eight/Super V8]] (X308)<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] (X350/X356)<br /> [[w:Daimler DS420|Daimler DS420]] | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich Assembly|Jaguar Castle Bromwich Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF (X250)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ (X356/X358)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ (X351)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK (X150)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] <br />Painted bodies for models made at Browns Lane | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Jaguar Radford Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Radford, Coventry|Radford]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12 engine]]<br />Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a [[w:Daimler Company|Daimler]] site. Daimler had built buses in Radford. Jaguar took over Daimler in 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (EU) [when following G] (for Ford), <br> M (NA) (for Merkur) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Rheine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Rheine|Rheine]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2008 (Ford production ended in 1997) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Convertible]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort RS Cosworth|Ford Escort RS Cosworth]]<br />[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] (1985-1989) | Plant owned by [[w:Karmann|Karmann]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Kechnec Transmission (Getrag Ford Transmissions) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kechnec|Kechnec]], [[w:Košice Region|Košice Region]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Getrag|Getrag]]/[[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford MPS6 transmissions<br /> Ford SPS6 transmissions | style="text-align:left;"| Ford/Getrag "Powershift" dual clutch transmission. Originally owned by Getrag Ford Transmissions - a joint venture 50% owned by Ford Motor Company & 50% owned by Getrag Transmission. Plant sold to Getrag in 2019. Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture was dissolved in 2021. Getrag was previously taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 6 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Kia Sohari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gwangmyeong|Gwangmyeong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]] (US: 1988-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] (US: 1994-1997) | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Kia. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|La Boca Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:La Boca|La Boca]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Ford B series#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford B-600 bus]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)#Argentinian-made 1961–1968|Ford F-Series (Early Gen 4)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|General Pacheco]] plant in 1961. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Falcon Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont/Elite II]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (second generation)|Ford Mustang II]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced San Lazaro plant. Opened 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ford-motor-company-s-a-de-c-v-history/|title=History of Ford Motor Company, S.A. de C.V. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> Is now the Plaza Tepeyac shopping center. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull plant|Land Rover Solihull Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull|Solihull]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender (L316)]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First generation|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover Discovery 3/LR3]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover Discovery 4/LR4]]<br />[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005–2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Langley Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Langley, Berkshire|Langley, Slough]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold/closed (1986/1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] and [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]] vans; [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]] and [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] trucks; [[w:Ford R series|Ford R-Series]] bus/coach chassis | style="text-align:left;"| 1949–1986. Former Hawker aircraft factory. Sold to Iveco, closed 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Largs Bay Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Largs Bay, South Australia|Largs Bay (Port Adelaide Enfield), South Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1965 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Customline|Ford Customline]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened in 1926. Was at the corner of Victoria Rd and Jetty Rd. Later used by James Hardie to manufacture asbestos fiber sheeting. Is now Rapid Haulage at 214 Victoria Road. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Leamington Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Leamington Spa|Leamington Spa]], [[w:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Castings including brake drums and discs, differential gear cases, flywheels, hubs and exhaust manifolds | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1940, closed in July 2007. Demolished 2012. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LP (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Motor Company Plant|Lincoln Motor Company Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1952); Most buildings demolished in 2002-2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln L series|Lincoln L series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln K series|Lincoln K series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]]<br />[[w:Lincoln-Zephyr|Lincoln-Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1950-1952)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Capri#First generation (1952–1955))|Lincoln Capri]] (1952 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#First generation (1940–1942, 1946–1948)|Lincoln Continental (retroactively Mark I)]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952) | Located at 6200 West Warren Avenue at corner of Livernois. Built before Lincoln was part of Ford Motor Co. Ford kept some offices here after production ended in 1952. Sold to Detroit Edison in 1955. Eventually replaced by Wixom Assembly plant. Mostly demolished in 2002-2003. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles Assembly|Los Angeles Assembly]] (Los Angeles Assembly plant #2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pico Rivera, California|Pico Rivera, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1957 to 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 8900 East Washington Blvd. and Rosemead Blvd. Sold to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1982 for B-2 Stealth Bomber development. Demolished 2001. Now the Pico Rivera Towne Center, an open-air shopping mall. Plant only operated one shift due to California Air Quality restrictions. First vehicles produced were the Edsel [[w:Edsel Corsair|Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Citation]] (1958) and Mercurys. Later vehicles were [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964-1965, 1968), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961),[[w:Ford Galaxie|Galaxie]] (1959-1971, 1973), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|LTD]] (1967-1976, 1978, 1980), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1960-1962), [[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958), [[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]], [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]], [[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]], [[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]], [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1958-1960, 1967), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1958), and [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1968-1979). Also, [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1967), [[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]], & [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]]. Thunderbird production ended after the 1979 model year. The last vehicle produced was the Panther platform [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] on January 26, 1980. Built 1,419,498 vehicles. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (early)/<br>LB/L (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach, California|Long Beach, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1959 | style="text-align:left;"| (1930-32, 1934-59):<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]],<br> [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]],<br> [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1958). | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 700 Henry Ford Ave. Ended production March 20, 1959 when the site became unstable due to oil drilling. Production moved to the Los Angeles plant in Pico Rivera. Ford sold the Long Beach plant to the Dallas and Mavis Forwarding Company of South Bend, Indiana on January 28, 1960. It was then sold to the Port of Long Beach in the 1970's. Demolished from 1990-1991. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain Assembly|Lorain Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain, Ohio|Lorain, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1958 to 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Econoline|Ford Econoline/Club Wagon/E-Series]] (1961-2006) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5401 Baumhart Road. Closed December 14, 2005. Produced 15,805,106 vehicles, nearly half of which are Econoline/Club Wagon/<br>E-Series vans. Operations transferred to Avon Lake.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1959-1965, 1978-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1966-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Cyclone|Mercury Cyclone]] (1968-1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1980-1997)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1980-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1983-1988)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1959-1964)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline pickup]] (1961) <br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline]] (1966-1967) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production: June 1903-October 1904 | style="text-align:left;"| Original [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)|Ford Model A]] [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)#Ford Model AC|Ford Model AC]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1903–1904. Ford Motor Company's first factory (rented). Ford began occupying the rented plant in April 1903 but production didn't start until after Ford Motor Co. was incorporated in June 1903. Ford assembled components here that were purchased from other companies including Dodge Bros. Co., which supplied the chassis, engine, transmission, driveshaft, and both axles. A second story was added in late 1903 to provide a paint shop and additional space for storage. Ford relocated to the Piquette Ave. plant in Detroit in Oct. 1904 because they had outgrown the Mack Ave. plant and needed a larger factory space. The Mack Avenue Plant's address was originally 588–592 Mack Avenue when Ford Motor Company occupied the building. Its address became 6520 Mack Avenue after the city of Detroit changed its street numbering system in January 1921. Various other tenants occupied the building after Ford left including the Columbia Motors Co. Columbia Motors also occupied the building diagonally across Mack Ave. (6501 Mack Ave.) which was originally owned by the Aerocar Co., founded by Alexander Malcomson, an early investor in Ford Motor Co. who had a falling out with Henry Ford regarding company direction. After Aerocar went bankrupt in 1907, 6501 Mack Ave. was the first plant of Hudson Motor Car Co. Hudson quickly outgrew the plant and moved a few miles away to a larger plant. The Ford plant building burned down in August 1941. An imprecise replica of the building was built in 1945 and is located at [[w:The Henry Ford|The Henry Ford]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah Assembly|Mahwah Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah, New Jersey|Mahwah, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1955 to 1980. | style="text-align:left;"| Last vehicles produced:<br> [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1980)<br /> [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1980) | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Orient Blvd. Truck production ended in July 1979. Car production ended in June 1980 and the plant closed. Demolished. Site then used by Sharp Electronics Corp. as a North American headquarters from 1985 until 2016 when former Ford subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover took over the site for their North American headquarters. Another part of the site is used by retail stores.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1958, 1960-1979)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1961)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1969, 1971-1972, 1974)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1961-1963) <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1962)<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980) |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Manukau Alloy Wheel | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Manukau|Manukau, Auckland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum wheels and cross members | style="text-align:left;"| Established 1981. Sold in 2001 to Argent Metals Technology |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Matford|Matford]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mathis (automobile)|Mathis cars]]<br />Matford V8 cars <br />Matford trucks | Matford was a joint venture 60% owned by Ford and 40% owned by French automaker Mathis. Replaced by Ford's own Poissy plant after Matford was dissolved. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Maumee Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maumee, Ohio|Maumee, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| body panels | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in 2007, sold, and reopened as independent stamping plant |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:MÁVAG#Car manufacturing, the MÁVAG-Ford|MAVAG]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Budapest|Budapest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hungary|Hungary]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1939) | [[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford V8]]<br />[[w:de:Ford-Barrel-Nose-Lkw|Ford G917T]] | Opened 1938. Produced under license from Ford Germany. MAVAG was nationalized in 1946. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood Assembly|Maywood Assembly]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=170279&page=955|title=Photo of Lincoln-Mercury Assembly}}</ref> (Los Angeles Assembly plant #1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood, California|Maywood, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1948 to 1957 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (-1951), [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1955-1956), [[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956), [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1957), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1957), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957), [[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951), [[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1951-1952, 1954), [[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956), [[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1956). Painting of Pico Rivera-built Edsel bodies until Pico Rivera's paint shop was up and running. | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5801 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Chrysler Los Angeles Assembly plant]]. Plant was demolished following closure. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 0 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hiroshima Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[w:Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Courier#Mazda-based models|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva#Third generation (1996)|Ford Festiva Mini Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Freda|Ford Freda]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Ford Econovan/Econowagon/Spectron]]<br />[[w:Ford Raider|Ford Raider]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hofu Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hofu|Hofu]], [[w:Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Metcon Casting (Metalurgica Constitución S.A.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Villa Constitución|Villa Constitución]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Paraná Metal SA | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Iron castings | Originally opened in 1957. Bought by Ford in 1967. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Monroe Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monroe, Michigan|Monroe, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed as a factory in 2008. Now a Ford warehouse. | style="text-align:left;"| Coil springs, wheels, stabilizer bars, catalytic converters, headlamp housings, and bumpers. Chrome Plating (1956-1982) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 3200 E. Elm Ave. Originally built by Newton Steel around 1929 and subsequently owned by [[w:Alcoa|Alcoa]] and Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. Bought by Ford in 1949 and opened in 1950. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2008. Sold to parent Ford Motor Co. in 2009. Converted into Ford River Raisin Warehouse. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Montevideo Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1985) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D series]] | Plant was on Calle Cuaró. Opened 1920. Ford Uruguay S.A. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Clayton, Victoria|Clayton]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1992) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Corsair#Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)|Ford Corsair (UA)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pintara|Nissan Pintara]]<br />[[w:Nissan Skyline#Seventh generation (R31; 1985)|Nissan Skyline]] | Plant owned by Nissan. Ford production was part of the [[w:Button Plan|Button Plan]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NK/NR/N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-2007) | Located at 2424 Springfield Ave. on the Elizabeth River. Opened April 20, 1925. Production ended on June 28, 2007. Ford sold the property in 2011. Mostly Demolished. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961) <br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970, 1973-1974)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1974) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valve Plant|Ford Valve Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Northville, Michigan|Northville, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine valves for cars and tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 235 East Main Street. Previously a gristmill purchased by Ford in 1919 that was reconfigured to make engine valves from 1920 to 1936. Replaced with a new purpose-built structure designed by Albert Kahn in 1936 which includes a waterwheel. Closed in 1981. Later used as a manufacturing plant by R&D Enterprises from 1994 to 2005 to make heat exchangers. Known today as the Water Wheel Centre, a commercial space that includes design firms and a fitness club. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (NA) | tyle="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ontario Truck|Ontario Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1966-2003)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Heritage]] (2004)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999-2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning SVT]] (1999-2004) | Opened in 1965. Truck production moved from the neighboring Oakville Assembly plant when Ontario Truck opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1966-1968) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turin|Turin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1967) | [[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:OSI-Ford 20 M TS|OSI-Ford 20 M TS]] | Plant owned by [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC#Turkey|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-600]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Otosan P100]]<br />[[w:Anadol|Anadol]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Pacheco Truck Assembly and Painting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-400/F-4000]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1982. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved and converted it to car production. VW has since then used this plant for Amarok pickup truck production. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (EU) [when following L] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina Bairo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bairo|Bairo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2010) | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)#Coupé-Cabriolet|Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#StreetKa and SportKa|Ford StreetKa]] | Plant owned by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|Piquette Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1911), reopened as a museum (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Models [[w:Ford Model B (1904)|B]], [[w:Ford Model C|C]], [[w:Ford Model F|F]], [[w:Ford Model K|K]], [[w:Ford Model N|N]], [[w:Ford Model N#Model R|R]], [[w:Ford Model S|S]], and [[w:Ford Model T|T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1910. Ford Motor Company's second American factory (first owned). Concept of a moving assembly line experimented with and developed here before being fully implemented at Highland Park plant. Birthplace of the [[w:Ford Model T|Model T]] (September 27, 1908). Sold to [[w:Studebaker|Studebaker]] in 1911. Sold to [[w:3M|3M]] in 1936. Sold to Cadillac Overall Company, a work clothes supplier, in 1968. Owned by Heritage Investment Company from 1989 to 2000. Sold to the Model T Automotive Heritage Complex in April 2000. Run as a museum since July 27, 2001. Oldest car factory building on Earth open to the general public. The Piquette Avenue Plant was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2003, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The building has also been a contributing property for the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District since 2004. The factory's front façade was fully restored to its 1904 appearance and revealed to the public on September 27, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the completion of the first production Model T. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Plonsk Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Plonsk|Plonsk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Poissy Assembly]] (now the [[w:Stellantis Poissy Plant|Stellantis Poissy Plant]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poissy|Poissy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1954 to Simca | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford SAF#Ford SAF (1945-1954)|Ford F-472/F-472A (13CV) & F-998A (22CV)]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />[[w:Ford Abeille|Ford Abeille]]<br />[[w:Ford Vendôme|Ford Vendôme]] <br />[[w:Ford Comèt|Ford Comète]]<br /> Ford F-198 T/F-598 T/F-698 W/Cargo F798WM/Remorqueur trucks<br />French Ford based Simca models:<br />[[w:Simca Vedette|Simca Vedette]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Ariane]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Miramas]]<br />[[w:Ford Comète|Simca Comète]] | Ford France including the Poissy plant and all current and upcoming French Ford models was sold to [[w:Simca|Simca]] in 1954 and Ford took a 15.2% stake in Simca. In 1958, Ford sold its stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]]. In 1963, [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] increased their stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to a controlling 64% by purchasing stock from Fiat, and they subsequently extended that holding further to 77% in 1967. In 1970, Chrysler increased its stake in Simca to 99.3% and renamed it Chrysler France. In 1978, Chrysler sold its entire European operations including Simca to PSA Peugeot-Citroën and Chrysler Europe's models were rebranded as Talbot. Talbot production at Poissy ended in 1986 and the Talbot brand was phased out. Poissy went on to produce Peugeot and Citroën models. Poissy has therefore, over the years, produced vehicles for the following brands: [[w:Ford France|Ford]], [[w:Simca|Simca]], [[w:Chrysler Europe|Chrysler]], [[w:Talbot#Chrysler/Peugeot era (1979–1985)|Talbot]], [[w:Peugeot|Peugeot]], [[w:Citroën|Citroën]], [[w:DS Automobiles|DS Automobiles]], [[w:Opel|Opel]], and [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Opel and Vauxhall are included due to their takeover by [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017 from [[w:General Motors|General Motors]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Recife Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Recife|Recife]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> | Opened 1925. Brazilian branch assembly plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive industry in Australia#Renault Australia|Renault Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Factory closed in 1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina#Mark IV (1976–1979)|Ford Cortina wagon]] | Assembled by Renault Australia under a 3-year contract to [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] beginning in 1977. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania#20th century|Ford Română S.A.R.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]] (1935-1936)<br /> [[w:1937 Ford|Ford Model 74/78/81A/82A/91A/92A/01A/02A]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1940)<br /> | Production ended in 1940 due to World War II. The factory then did repair work only. The factory was nationalized by the Communist Romanian government in 1948. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romeo Engine Plant|Romeo Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Romeo, Michigan|Romeo, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2022) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Boss engine|Ford 6.2L Boss V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 4.6/5.4 Modular V8]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Ford 5.8L supercharged Trinity V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Ford 5.2L flat-plane crank Voodoo V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L supercharged Predator V8]] | Located at 701 E. 32 Mile Road. Made Ford tractors and engines, parts, and farm implements for tractors from 1973 until 1988. Reopened in 1990 making the Modular V8. Included 2 lines: a high volume engine line and a niche engine line, which, since 1996, made high-performance V8 engines by hand including the Trinity, Voodoo, and Predator engines as well as the 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '96-'99 & '01 and the <br> 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the '00 Mustang Cobra R and the supercharged 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '03-'04 & the supercharged 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the Mustang Shelby GT500 of '07-'12 and the Ford GT of '05-'06. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Jose Assembly Plant|San Jose Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style=”text-align:center;"| 1955-1983 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1983), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960), [[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958), [[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1978), [[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1976, 1978), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1961-1964), [[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1961), [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964, 1969-1970), [[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1969-1970), [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1964, 1970), [[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]], [[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1970, 1974-1981), [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1968-1969), & [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1981). | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced the Richmond Assembly Plant. Was northwest of the intersection of Great Mall Parkway/Capitol Avenue and Montague Expressway extending west to S. Main St. (in Milpitas). Site is now Great Mall of the Bay Area. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | Operated 1925-c.1932 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | First auto plant in Mexico opened in 1925. Replaced by La Villa plant in 1932. |- | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2021)<ref name=":0"/> Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Figo#Second generation (B562; 2015)|Ford Figo]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo Aspire|Ford Figo Aspire]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo#Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] | Opened March 2015<ref name="sanand">{{cite web|title=News|url=https://www.at.ford.com/en/homepage/news-and-clipsheet/news.html|website=www.at.ford.com}}</ref> |- | | Santiago Exposition Street Plant (Planta Calle Exposición 1258) | [[w:es:Calle Exposición|Calle Exposición]], [[w:Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |Operated 1924-c.1962 <ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2013-04-10 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CALLE EXPOSICIÓN (1924 - c.1962) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2013/04/planta-ford-calle-exposicion-1924-c1962.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | First plant opened in Chile in 1924.<ref name=":2" /> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|São Bernardo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed Oct. 30, 2019 & Sold 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-motor-southamerica-heavytruck-idUSKCN1Q82EB|title=Ford to close oldest Brazil plant, exit South America truck biz|date=2019-02-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Originally the Willys-Overland do Brazil plant. Bought by Ford in 1967. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. No more Cargo Trucks produced in Brazil since 2019. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária.<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Aero]]<br />[[w:Ford Belina|Ford Belina]]<br />[[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]]<br />[[w:Ford Del Rey|Ford Del Rey]]<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Itamaraty]]<br />[[w:Jeep CJ#Brazil|Ford Jeep]]<br /> [[w:Ford Rural|Ford Rural]]<br />[[w:Ford F-75|Ford F-75]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Pampa|Ford Pampa]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]] (BE146 & B402)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Apollo|Volkswagen Apollo]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Logus|Volkswagen Logus]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|Volkswagen Pointer]]<br />Ford tractors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:pt:Ford do Brasil|São Paulo city assembly plants]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />Ford tractors | First plant opened in 1919 on Rua Florêncio de Abreu, in São Paulo. Moved to a larger plant in Praça da República in São Paulo in 1920. Then moved to an even larger plant on Rua Solon, in the Bom Retiro neighborhood of São Paulo in 1921. Replaced by Ipiranga plant in 1953. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NZ) | style="text-align:left;"| Seaview Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lower Hutt|Lower Hutt]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1988) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48#1936|Ford Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] Model 78<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Capri|Ford Consul Classic 315]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br /> [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br /> [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|Ford Custom V8 Fordor]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] wagon<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] Major tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1936, closed in 1988 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sheffield Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield, Alabama]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1983) | style="text-align:left;"| Die cast parts<br /> pistons<br /> transmission cases | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1958, closed in December 1983. Demolished 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Shenstone plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Shenstone, Staffordshire|Shenstone, Staffordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1986) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford RS200|Ford RS200]] | style="text-align:left;"| Former [[w:Reliant Motors|Reliant Motors]] plant. Leased by Ford from 1985-1986 to build the RS200. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Southampton plant|Southampton Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Southampton|Southampton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era"/> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] van | style="text-align:left;"| Former Supermarine aircraft factory, acquired 1953. Built Ford vans 1972 – July 2013 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SL/Z (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hazelwood, MO|Hazelwood, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1995-2006)<br>[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (2002-2006)<br>[[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2003-2005) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 2-58 Ford Lane and Aviator Dr. St. Louis plant is now a mixed use residential/commercial space (West End Lofts). Hazelwood plant was demolished in 2009.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (1986-1997)<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983-1985) <br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1967-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis Meteor (Canada only)]] (1980-81)<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] <br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956, 1958)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1970, 1974)<br>[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1960, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966-1967)<br>[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br>[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br /> [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1952-1953) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Thomas Assembly|St. Thomas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Talbotville, Ontario|Talbotville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/|title=Markets|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1984-1991) <br />[[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] (1992-2011)<br /> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1984-2011)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] (2003-2004)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]] (2008-2011) | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1967. Demolished. Now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-77) <br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971, 1973-1977, 1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1980)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-81)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-81) <br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Stockholm Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| Free Port area (Frihamnen in Swedish), [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1957) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />Ford trucks | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Swedish Motor Assemblies|Swedish Motor Assemblies]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander|Land Rover Freelander]] | style="text-align:left;"| Also built Volvo trucks and buses. Used to do contract assembly for other automakers including Suzuki and Daihatsu. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sydhavnen Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sydhavnen|Sydhavnen district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1966) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C (Europe)|Ford Junior De Luxe]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1966. 325,482 vehicles were built. Plant was then converted into a tractor assembly plant for Ford Industrial Equipment Co. Tractor plant closed in the mid-1970's. Administration & depot building next to assembly plant was used until 1991 when depot for remote storage closed & offices moved to Glostrup. Assembly plant building stood until 2006 when it was demolished. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Taubate Engine & Transmission & Chassis Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taubaté, São Paulo|Taubaté, São Paulo]], Av. Charles Schnneider, 2222 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2021<ref name="camacari"/> & Sold 05.18.2022 | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Ford Pinto/Lima 2.3L I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Brazil|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:List of Ford engines#1.5 L Dragon|1.5L Ti-VCT Dragon 3-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|iB5 5-speed manual transmission]]<br />MX65 5-speed manual transmission<br />aluminum casting<br />Chassis components | Opened in 1974. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária https://construtorasaojose.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.jor.br/ford-vai-vender-fabrica-de-sp-para-construtora-troller-segue-sem-definicao/|title=Ford sold Factory in Taubaté to Buildings Development Constructor|date=2022-05-18|access-date=2022-05-29|language=pt}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand#History|Thai Motor Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| ? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] | Factory was a joint venture between Ford UK & Ford's Thai distributor, Anglo-Thai Motors Company. Taken over by Ford in 1973 when it was renamed Ford Thailand, closed in 1976 when Ford left Thailand. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Thai-Swedish Assembly Co. Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Samutprakarn|Samutprakarn]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Plant no longer used by Volvo Cars. Sold to Volvo AB in 2008. Volvo Car production ended in 2011. Production consolidated to Malaysia plant in 2012. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo 200 Series|Volvo 200 Series]]<br />[[w:Volvo 940|Volvo 940]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />Volvo Trucks<br />Volvo Buses | Was 56% owned by Volvo and 44% owned by Swedish Motor. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Think Global|TH!NK Nordic AS]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aurskog|Aurskog]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norway|Norway]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Think City|Ford Think City]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Kamkorp Microelectronics as of February 1, 2003 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Tlalnepantla Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tlalnepantla|Tlalnepantla]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling for vehicle production | Was previously a Studebaker-Packard assembly plant. Bought by Ford in 1962 and converted into a tool & die plant. Operations transferred to Cuautitlan at the end of 1985. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Trafford Park Factory|Ford Trafford Park Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trafford Park|Trafford Park]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1911–1931, formerly principal Ford UK plant. Produced [[w:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aircraft engines during World War II. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Transax, S.A. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| Transmissions <br /> Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Ford in 1967 from [[w:Industrias Kaiser Argentina|IKA]]. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this plant when Autolatina dissolved. VW has since then used this plant for transmission production. |- | style="text-align:center;"| H (SA) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller Veículos Especiais]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Acquired in 2007; operated until 2021. Closed (2021).<ref name="camacari"/> | [[w:Troller T4|Troller T4]], [[w:Troller Pantanal|Troller Pantanal]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Twin Cities Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1986-2011)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (2005-2009 & 2010 in Canada) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 966 S. Mississippi River Blvd. Began production May 4, 1925. Production ended December 1932 but resumed in 1935. Closed December 16, 2011. <br>Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1972, 1974), [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966, 1976), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1967-1970, 1972-1973, 1975, 1977-1978), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1992) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1954)<br />From 1926-1959, there was an onsite glass plant making glass for vehicle windows. Plant closed in 1933, reopened in 1935 with glass production resuming in 1937. Truck production began in 1950 alongside car production. Car production ended in 1978. F-Series production ended in 1992. Ranger production began in 1985 for the 1986 model year. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia Assembly|Valencia Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened 1962, Production suspended around 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Previously built <br />[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] <br /> [[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]] <br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Ford Torino#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD II#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 2)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta Move]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Venezuela|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] <br /> [[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]] <br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Mazda Allegro|Mazda Allegro]]<br />[[w:Ford F-250|Ford F-250]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-350|Ford F-350]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] | style="text-align:left;"| Served Ford markets in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Production suspended due to collapse of Venezuela’s economy under Socialist rule of Hugo Chavez & Nicolas Maduro. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autolatina|Volkswagen São Bernardo Assembly]] ([[w:Volkswagen do Brasil|Anchieta]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Returned to VW do Brazil when Autolatina dissolved in 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Versailles|Ford Versailles]]/Ford Galaxy (Argentina)<br />[[w:Ford Royale|Ford Royale]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Santana]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Quantum]] | Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture between Ford and VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Volvo AutoNova Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Pininfarina Sverige AB | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#First generation (1996–2005)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 1) | style="text-align:left;"| AutoNova was originally a 49/51 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]]. Restructured into Pininfarina Sverige AB, a new joint venture with [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] to build the 2nd generation C70. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Car Gent|Volvo Ghent Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ghent|Ghent]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C30|Volvo C30]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC60|Volvo XC60]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:NedCar|Volvo Nedcar Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Born, Netherlands|Born]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Carisma|Mitsubishi Carisma]] <br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Space Star|Mitsubishi Space Star]] | style="text-align:left;"| Taken over by [[w:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] in 2001, and later by [[w:VDL Groep|VDL Groep]] in 2012, when it became VDL Nedcar. Volvo production ended in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina#Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB|Volvo Pininfarina Sverige Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed by Volvo after the Geely takeover | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#Second generation (2006–2013)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 2) | style="text-align:left;"| Pininfarina Sverige was a 40/60 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]. Sold by Ford as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. Volvo bought back Pininfarina's shares in 2013 and closed the Uddevalla plant after C70 production ended later in 2013. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Volvo Skövde Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Skövde|Skövde]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Modular engine|Volvo Modular engine]] I4/I5/I6<br />[[w:Volvo D5 engine|Volvo D5 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)|PSA/Ford-based 2.0/2.2 diesel I4]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslandaverken|Volvo Torslanda Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslanda|Torslanda]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V60|Volvo V60]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Vulcan Forge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Connecting rods and rod cap forgings | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Walkerville Plant|Walkerville Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] (Walkerville was taken over by Windsor in Sept. 1929) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1953) and vacant land next to Detroit River (Fleming Channel). Replaced by Oakville Assembly. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model C|Ford Model C]]<br />[[w:Ford Model N|Ford Model N]]<br />[[w:Ford Model K|Ford Model K]]<br />[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />1946-1947 Mercury trucks<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1948-1953) | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1953. First factory to produce Ford cars outside the USA (via [[w:Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company of Canada]], a separate company from Ford at the time). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Walton Hills Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Walton Hills, Ohio|Walton Hills, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed Winter 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels, bumpers | Opened in 1954. Located at 7845 Northfield Rd. Demolished. Site is now the Forward Innovation Center East. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| WA/W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne Stamping & Assembly|Wayne Stamping & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952-2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (2000-2011)<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1996-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1984-1988)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Lincoln Versailles|Lincoln Versailles]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1974)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1960, 1962-1969, 1971-1972)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan#Second generation (1952-1954)|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1953-1954)<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]] (1955 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956-1957)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1953-)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]]<br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1960, 1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] (1961 only)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1953-1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1958, 1964-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] (1964-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958-1959, 1964-1966)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 37500 Van Born Rd. Was main production site for Mercury vehicles when plant opened in 1952 and shipped knock-down kits to dedicated Mercury assembly locations. First vehicle built was a Mercury Montclair on October 1, 1952. Built Lincolns from 1953-1957 after the Lincoln plant in Detroit closed in 1952. Lincoln production moved to a new plant in Wixom for 1958. The larger, Mercury-based Edsel Corsair and Citation were built in Wayne for 1958. The plant shifted to building smaller cars in the mid-1970's. In 1987, a new stamping plant was built on Van Born Rd. and was connected to the assembly plant via overhead tunnels. Production ended in December 2010 and the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant was combined with the Michigan Truck Plant, which was then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Harare]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Titan#Second generation (1980–1989)|Mazda T3500]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961 as Ford of Rhodesia. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale to the state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Aluminum | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Ford 3.9L V8]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]] blocks | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1992. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001. Subsequently produced engine blocks for GM. Production ended in September 2020. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor Casting|Windsor Casting]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine parts: Cylinder blocks, crankshafts | Opened 1934. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| Y (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom Assembly Plant|Wixom Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Idle (2007); torn down (2013) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Continental|Lincoln Continental]] (1961-1980, 1982-2002)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark III|Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (1969-1971)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark IV|Lincoln Continental Mark IV]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark V|Lincoln Continental Mark V]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Continental Mark VII]] (1984-1992)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] (1993-1998)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] (1981-2007)<br /> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] (2000-2006)<br /> [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (second generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (third generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1961-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fifth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1967-1971)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (sixth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (2002-2005)<br /> [[w:Ford GT40|Ford GT40]] MKIV<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#Third generation (1958–1959)|Lincoln Capri]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#1960 Lincoln|1960 Lincoln]] (1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere#1958–1960|Lincoln Premiere]] (1958–1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#Third generation (1958–1960)|Lincoln Continental Mark III/IV/V]] (1958-1960) | Demolished in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ypsilanti Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| Starters<br /> Starter Assemblies<br /> Alternators<br /> ignition coils<br /> distributors<br /> horns<br /> struts<br />air conditioner clutches<br /> bumper shock devices | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 128 Spring St. Originally owned by Ford Motor Company, it then became a [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] Plant when [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] was spun off in 2000, and later turned into an [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] Plant in 2005. It is said that [[w:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] used to walk this factory when he acquired it in 1932. The Ypsilanti Plant was closed in 2009. Demolished in 2010. The UAW Local was Local 849. |} ==Former branch assembly plants== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Former Address ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A/AA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)|Atlanta Assembly Plant (Poncey-Highland)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poncey-Highland|Poncey-Highland, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| Originally 465 Ponce de Leon Ave. but was renumbered as 699 Ponce de Leon Ave. in 1926. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Southeast USA headquarters and assembly operations from 1915 to 1942. Assembly ceased in 1932 but resumed in 1937. Sold to US War Dept. in 1942. Replaced by new plant in Atlanta suburb of Hapeville ([[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]]), which opened in 1947. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sold in 1979 and redeveloped into mixed retail/residential complex called Ford Factory Square/Ford Factory Lofts. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| BO/BF/B | style="text-align:left;"| Buffalo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Original location operated from 1913 - 1915. 2nd location operated from 1915 – 1931. 3rd location operated from 1931 - 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| Originally located at Kensington Ave. and Eire Railroad. Moved to 2495 Main St. at Rodney in December 1915. Moved to 901 Fuhmann Boulevard in 1931. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953, 1955) | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ceased in January 1933 but resumed in 1934. Operations moved to Lorain, Ohio. 2495 Main St. is now the Tri-Main Center. Previously made diesel engines for the Navy and Bell Aircraft Corporation, was used by Bell Aircraft to design and construct America's first jet engine warplane, and made windshield wipers for Trico Products Co. 901 Fuhmann Boulevard used as a port terminal by Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority after Ford sold the property. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Burnaby Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Burnaby|Burnaby, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1938 to 1960 | style="text-align:left;"| Was located at 4600 Kingsway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building demolished in 1988 to build Station Square |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge Assembly|Cambridge Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1926 | style="text-align:left;"| 640 Memorial Dr. and Cottage Farm Bridge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Had the first vertically integrated assembly line in the world. Replaced by Somerville plant in 1926. Renovated, currently home to Boston Biomedical. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CE | style="text-align:left;"| Charlotte Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914-1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 222 North Tryon then moved to 210 E. Sixth St. in 1916 and again to 1920 Statesville Ave in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in March 1933, Used by Douglas Aircraft to assemble missiles for the U.S. Army between 1955 and 1964, sold to Atco Properties in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ui.uncc.edu/gallery/model-ts-missiles-millennials-new-lives-old-factory|title=From Model Ts to missiles to Millennials, new lives for old factory &#124; UNC Charlotte Urban Institute|website=ui.uncc.edu}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Opened in 1914<br>Moved to current location on 12600 S Torrence Ave. in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| 3915 Wabash Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by current [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly Plant]] on Torrence Ave. in 1924. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CI | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Cincinnati Plant|Cincinnati Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cincinnati|Cincinnati, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 660 Lincoln Ave | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, renovated 2002, currently owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CL/CLE/CLEV | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/item/oh0114|title=Ford Motor Company, Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant, Euclid Avenue & East 116th Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland|Cleveland, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 11610 Euclid Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, renovated, currently home to Cleveland Institute of Art. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company - Columbus Assembly Plant|Columbus Branch Assembly Plant]]<ref>[http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ohio/id/12969/rec/1 "Ford Motor Company – Columbus Plant (Photo and History)"], Columbus Metropolitan Library Digital Collections</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 – 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 427 Cleveland Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ended March 1932. Factory closed 1939. Was the Kroger Co. Columbus Bakery until February 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JE (JK) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Commodore Point|Commodore Point Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, Florida]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Produced from 1924 to 1932. Closed (1968) | style="text-align:left;"| 1900 Wambolt Street. At the Foot of Wambolt St. on the St. John's River next to the Mathews Bridge. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] cars and trucks, [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1932, production years. Parts warehouse until 1968. Planned to be demolished in 2023. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 2700 Canton St then moved in 1925 to 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by plant on 5200 E. Grand Ave. in 1925. Ford continued to use 2700 Canton St. for display and storage until 1939. In 1942, sold to Peaslee-Gaulbert Corporation, which had already been using the building since 1939. Sold to Adam Hats in 1959. Redeveloped in 1997 into Adam Hats Lofts, a loft-style apartment complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Danforth Avenue Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="background:Khaki; text-align:center;"| Sold (1946) | style="text-align:left;"| 2951-2991 Danforth Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> and other cars | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]]. Sold to [[w:Nash Motors|Nash Motors]] in 1946 which then merged with [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson Motor Car Company]] to form [[w:American Motors Corporation|American Motors Corporation]], which then used the plant until it was closed in 1957. Converted to a mall in 1962, Shoppers World Danforth. The main building of the mall (now a Lowe's) is still the original structure of the factory. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DR | style="text-align:left;"| Denver Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denver|Denver, CO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 South Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Gates Rubber Co. in 1945. Gates sold the building in 1995. Now used as office space. Partly used as a data center by Hosting.com, now known as Ntirety, from 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DM | style="text-align:left;"| Des Moines Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Des Moines, IA|Des Moines, IA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from April 1920–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1800 Grand Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold in 1943. Renovated in the 1980s into Des Moines School District's technical high school and central campus. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dothan Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dothan, AL|Dothan, AL]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1923–1927? | style="text-align:left;"| 193 South Saint Andrews Street and corner of E. Crawford Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later became an auto dealership called Malone Motor Company and was St. Andrews Market, an indoor market and event space, from 2013-2015 until a partial roof collapse during a severe storm. Since 2020, being redeveloped into an apartment complex. The curved assembly line anchored into the ceiling is still intact and is being left there. Sometimes called the Ford Malone Building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dupont St Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto, ON]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 672 Dupont St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Danforth Assembly Plant. Building roof was used as a test track for the Model T. Used by several food processing companies. Became Planters Peanuts Canada from 1948 till 1987. The building currently is used for commercial and retail space. Included on the Inventory of Heritage Properties. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E/EG/E | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater Assembly|Edgewater Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 309 River Road | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (Jan.-Apr. 1943 only: 1,333 units)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced with the Mahwah Assembly Plant. Added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983. The building was torn down in 2006 and replaced with a residential development called Independence Harbor. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fargo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo, ND]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 505 N. Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| After assembly ended, Ford used it as a sales office, sales and service branch, and a parts depot. Ford sold the building in 1956. Now called the Ford Building, a mixed commercial/residential property. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fort Worth Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated for about 6 months around 1916 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Briefly supplemented Dallas plant but production was then reconsolidated into the Dallas plant and Fort Worth plant was closed. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H | style="text-align:left;"| Houston Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Houston|Houston, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 3906 Harrisburg Boulevard | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], aircraft parts during WWII | style="text-align:left;"| Divested during World War II; later acquired by General Foods in 1946 (later the Houston facility for [[w:Maxwell House|Maxwell House]]) until 2006 when the plant was sold to Maximus and rebranded as the Atlantic Coffee Solutions facility. Atlantic Coffee Solutions shut down the plant in 2018 when they went out of business. Leased by Elemental Processing in 2019 for hemp processing with plans to begin operations in 2020. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| I | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"|1914–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1315 East Washington Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Vehicle production ended in December 1932. Used as a Ford parts service and automotive sales branch and for administrative purposes until 1942. Sold in 1942. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KC/K | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas City Branch Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1912–1956 | style="text-align:left;"| Original location from 1912 to 1956 at 1025 Winchester Avenue & corner of E. 12th Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], <br>[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1956) | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area. Location of first UAW strike against Ford and where the 20 millionth Ford vehicle was assembled. Last vehicle produced was a 1957 Ford Fairlane Custom 300 on December 28, 1956. 2,337,863 vehicles were produced at the Winchester Ave. plant. Replaced by [[w:Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant|Claycomo]] plant in 1957. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KY | style="text-align:left;"| Kearny Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1918 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 135 Central Ave., corner of Ford Lane | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Edgewater Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Long Island City Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Island City|Long Island City]], [[w:Queens|Queens, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 564 Jackson Ave. (now known as <br> 33-00 Northern Boulevard) and corner of Honeywell St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened as Ford Assembly and Service Center of Long Island City. Building was later significantly expanded around 1914. The original part of the building is along Honeywell St. and around onto Northern Blvd. for the first 3 banks of windows. Replaced by the Kearny Assembly Plant in NJ. Plant taken over by U.S. Government. Later occupied by Goodyear Tire (which bought the plant in 1920), Durant Motors (which bought the plant in 1921 and produced Durant-, Star-, and Flint-brand cars there), Roto-Broil, and E.R. Squibb & Son. Now called The Center Building and used as office space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|LA | style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 12th and Olive Streets, then E. 7th St. and Santa Fe Ave. (2060 East 7th St. or 777 S. Santa Fe Avenue). | style="text-align:left;"| Original Los Angeles plant: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. <br /> Second Los Angeles plant (1914-1930): [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Location on 7th & Santa Fe is now the headquarters of Warner Music Group. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LE/LU/U | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1913–1916, 1916–1925, 1925–1955, 1955–present | style="text-align:left;"| 931 South Third Street then <br /> 2400 South Third Street then <br /> 1400 Southwestern Parkway then <br /> 2000 Fern Valley Rd. | style="text-align:left;"| |align="left"| Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. First 2 plants made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. The third plant made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) as well as Jeeps ([[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] - 93,364 units), military trucks, and V8 engines during World War II. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened in 1955.<br /> The 2400 South Third Street location (at the corner of Eastern Parkway) was sold to Reynolds Metals Company and has since been converted into residential space called Reynolds Lofts under lease from current owner, University of Louisville. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| MEM/MP/M | style="text-align:left;"| Memphis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1913-June 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 495 Union Ave. (1913–1924) then 1429 Riverside Blvd. and South Parkway West (1924–1933, 1935–1958) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1952, 1954-1956) | style="text-align:left;"| Both plants have been demolished. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2185 N. Prospect Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building is still standing as a mixed use development. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| TC/SP | style="text-align:left;"| Minneapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]] and [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| 616 S. Third St in Minneapolis (1912-1914) then 420 N. Fifth St. in Minneapolis (1914-1925) and 117 University Ave. West in St. Paul (1914-1920) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 420 N. Fifth St. is now called Ford Center, an office building. Was the tallest automotive assembly plant at 10 stories.<br /> University Ave. plant in St. Paul is now called the Ford Building. After production ended, was used as a Ford sales and service center, an auto mechanics school, a warehouse, and Federal government offices. Bought by the State of Minnesota in 1952 and used by the state government until 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M | style="text-align:left;"| Montreal Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montreal|Montreal, QC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| 119-139 Laurier Avenue East | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NO | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arabi, Louisiana|Arabi, Louisiana]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1923–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 7200 North Peters Street, Arabi, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later used by Ford as a parts and vehicle dist. center. Used by the US Army as a warehouse during WWII. After the war, was used as a parts and vehicle dist. center by a Ford dealer, Capital City Ford of Baton Rouge. Used by Southern Service Co. to prepare Toyotas and Mazdas prior to their delivery into Midwestern markets from 1971 to 1977. Became a freight storage facility for items like coffee, twine, rubber, hardwood, burlap and cotton from 1977 to 2005. Flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| OC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Oklahoma City Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 West Main St. | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] |Had extensive access to rail via the Rock Island railroad. Production ended with the 1932 models. The plant was converted to a Ford Regional Parts Depot (1 of 3 designated “slow-moving parts branches") and remained so until 1967, when the plant closed, and was then sold in 1968 to The Fred Jones Companies, an authorized re-manufacturer of Ford and later on, also GM Parts. It remained the headquarters for operations of Fred Jones Enterprises (a subsidiary of The Fred Jones Companies) until Hall Capital, the parent of The Fred Jones Companies, entered into a partnership with 21c Hotels to open a location in the building. The 21c Museum Hotel officially opened its hotel, restaurant and art museum in June, 2016 following an extensive remodel of the property. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1502-24 Cuming St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Used as a warehouse by Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was used for manufacturing hair accessories and other plastic goods by Tip Top Plastic Products from 1963 to 1986. After being vacant again for several years, it was then used by Good and More Enterprises, a tire warehouse and retail outlet. After another period of vacancy, it was redeveloped into Tip Top Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and loft-style apartments on the upper levels which opened in 2005. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|CR/CS/C | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia Branch Assembly Plant ([[w:Chester Assembly|Chester Assembly]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]<br>[[w:Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1961 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia: 2700 N. Broad St., corner of W. Lehigh Ave. (November 1914-June 1927) then in Chester: Front Street from Fulton to Pennell streets along the Delaware River (800 W. Front St.) (March 1928-February 1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (18,533 units), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]],<br> [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961), [[w:Ford F-Series (first generation)|Ford F-Series (first generation)]] (1951-1952),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (second generation)|Ford F-Series (second generation)]] (1953-1955),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]] | style="text-align:left;"| November 1914-June 1927 in Philadelphia then March 1928-February 1961 in Chester. Broad St. plant made equipment for US Army in WWI including helmets and machine gun trucks. Sold in 1927. Later used as a [[w:Sears|Sears]] warehouse and then to manufacture men's clothing by Joseph H. Cohen & Sons, which later took over [[w:Botany 500|Botany 500]], whose suits were then also made at Broad St., giving rise to the nickname, Botany 500 Building. Cohen & Sons sold the building in 1989 which seems to be empty now. Chester plant also handled exporting to overseas plants. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Pittsburgh Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 5000 Baum Blvd and Morewood Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Became a Ford sales, parts, and service branch until Ford sold the building in 1953. The building then went through a variety of light industrial uses before being purchased by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in 2006. It was subsequently purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 to house the UPMC Immune Transplant and Therapy Center, a collaboration between the university and UPMC. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| PO | style="text-align:left;"| Portland Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914–1917, 1923–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2505 SE 11th Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Called the Ford Building and is occupied by various businesses. . |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| RH/R (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Richmond Plant|Richmond Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Richmond, California|Richmond, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1931-1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 1414 Harbour Way S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (49,359 units), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Richmond was one of the first 2 Ford plants to build the F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Highland Park, Michigan). Richmond location is now part of Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park. Replaced by San Jose Assembly Plant in Milpitas. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|SFA/SFAA (San Francisco) | style="text-align:left;"| San Francisco Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1931 | style="text-align:left;"| 2905 21st Street and Harrison St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Richmond Assembly Plant. San Francisco Plant was demolished after the 1989 earthquake. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SR/S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville Assembly|Somerville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1926 to 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 183 Middlesex Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953)<br />Built [[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) July-October 1957, Built [[w:1957 Ford|1958 Fords]] November 1957 - March 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| The only [[w:Edsel|Edsel]]-only assembly line. Operations moved to Lorain, OH. Converted to [[w:Assembly Square Mall|Assembly Square Mall]] in 1980 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/4902/ Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #1] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1155 Valley Street & corner of 700 Fairview Ave. N. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Now a Public Storage site. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Seattle)|Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #2]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Georgetown, Seattle|Georgetown, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from May 1932–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 4730 East Marginal Way | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Still a Ford sales and service site through 1941. As early as 1940, the U.S. Army occupied a portion of the facility which had become known as the "Seattle General Depot". Sold to US Government in 1942 for WWII-related use. Used as a staging site for supplies headed for the Pacific Front. The U.S. Army continued to occupy the facility until 1956. In 1956, the U.S. Air Force acquired control of the property and leased the facility to the Boeing Company. A year later, in 1957, the Boeing Company purchased the property. Known as the Boeing Airplane Company Missile Production Center, the facility provided support functions for several aerospace and defense related development programs, including the organizational and management facilities for the Minuteman-1 missile program, deployed in 1960, and the Minuteman-II missile program, deployed in 1969. These nuclear missile systems, featuring solid rocket boosters (providing faster lift-offs) and the first digital flight computer, were developed in response to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The Boeing Aerospace Group also used the former Ford plant for several other development and manufacturing uses, such as developing aspects of the Lunar Orbiter Program, producing unstaffed spacecraft to photograph the moon in 1966–1967, the BOMARC defensive missile system, and hydrofoil boats. After 1970, Boeing phased out its operations at the former Ford plant, moving them to the Boeing Space Center in the city of Kent and the company's other Seattle plant complex. Owned by the General Services Administration since 1973, it's known as the "Federal Center South Complex", housing various government offices. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|STL/SL | style="text-align:left;"| St. Louis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| 4100 Forest Park Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V | style="text-align:left;"| Vancouver Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1920 to 1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 1188 Hamilton St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Burnaby plant in 1938. Still standing; used as commercial space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W | style="text-align:left;"| Winnipeg Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1941 | style="text-align:left;"| 1181 Portage Avenue (corner of Wall St.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], military trucks | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Manitoba provincial government in 1942. Became Manitoba Technical Institute. Now known as the Robert Fletcher Building |- valign="top" |} g6rdqwdl900kc0o762c2rieofcdcup8 4664478 4664477 2026-08-25T22:09:42Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Current production facilities */ 4664478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user sandbox}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} The following is a list of current, former, and confirmed future facilities of [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] for manufacturing automobiles and other components. Per regulations, the factory is encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 11 for North American models. European models have the factory encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 8 (except for the VW-built 3rd gen. Ford Tourneo Connect and Transit Connect, which have the plant code in position 11 as VW does for all of its models regardless of region). The River Rouge Complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Much of the production was devoted to compiling "[[w:knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s" that were then shipped in wooden crates to Branch Assembly locations across the United States by railroad and assembled locally, using local supplies as necessary.<ref name="MyLifeandWork">{{cite book|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|year=1922|title=My Life and Work|publisher=Garden City Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C/page/n87 81], 167|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C|quote=Ford 1922 My Life and Work|access-date=2010-06-08 }}</ref> A few of the original Branch Assembly locations still remain while most have been repurposed or have been demolished and the land reused. Knock-down kits were also shipped internationally until the River Rouge approach was duplicated in Europe and Asia. For US-built models, Ford switched from 2-letter plant codes to a 1-letter plant code in 1953. Mercury and Lincoln, however, kept using the 2-letter plant codes through 1957. Mercury and Lincoln switched to the 1-letter plant codes for 1958. Edsel, which was new for 1958, used the 1-letter plant codes from the outset. The 1956-1957 Continental Mark II, a product of the Continental Division, did not use a plant code as they were all built in the same plant. The 2-letter plant code in 1950-1952 Ford cars and 1950-1957 Mercurys and Lincolns was in position 3 & 4 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1959 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, and 1958-1959 Mercurys, Lincolns, and Edsels was in position 3 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1960-1980 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, 1960-1980 Mercurys & Lincolns, and 1960 Edsels was in position 2 of the serial number. The 2-letter plant code in 1951-1952 Ford trucks was in position 5 & 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1960 Ford trucks was in position 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1961-1980 Ford trucks, including Bronco and Econoline, was in position 5 of the serial number. Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1966, when Ford of Canada adopted the same system as the US. In 1950-1959, Canadian-built cars, including the Ford Ranchero, had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1948-1950, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1951-1954, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 7th position of the serial number. In 1955-1959, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 9th position of the serial number. Mexican-built models often just had "MEX" inserted into the VIN instead of a plant code in the pre-standardized VIN era. European-built Fords have the source company code in the 7th position and the plant code in the 8th position beginning in 1981. From 1965-1980, the source company code was in the 1st position and the plant code was in the 2nd position. Since the letter for the plant code is sometimes used by more than one plant, the source company code immediately preceding the plant code is needed to determine which plant is being referred to. For a listing of Ford's proving grounds and test facilities see [[w:Ford Proving Grounds|Ford Proving Grounds]]. ==Current production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! data-sort-type="isoDate" style="width:60px;" | Opened ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:80px;" | Employees ! style="width:220px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand|AutoAlliance Thailand]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 2|Mazda 2]]<br / >[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br / >[[w:Mazda CX-3|Mazda CX-3]]<br />[[w:Mazda CX-30|Mazda CX-30]] | Joint venture 50% owned by Ford and 50% owned by Mazda. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger (PE/PG/PH)]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#Second generation (PJ/PK; 2006)|Ford Ranger (PJ/PK)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Familia#Ninth generation (BJ; 1998–2003)|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series#UN|Mazda B-Series]]<br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50 (UN)]] <br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#Second generation (UP, UR; 2011)|Mazda BT-50 (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo Stamping|Buffalo Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamburg, New York|Hamburg, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 843 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels: Quarter Panels, Body Sides, Rear Floor Pan, Rear Doors, Roofs, front doors, hoods | Located at 3663 Lake Shore Rd. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 (Plant 1) <br /> 2012 (Plant 2) <br /> 2014 (Plant 3) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,000+ | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape#fourth|Ford Escape]] <br />[[w:Ford Mondeo Sport|Ford Mondeo Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (US: '27-) <br />[[w:Lincoln Zephyr (China)|Lincoln Zephyr/Z]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br />Complex includes three assembly plants. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Evos|Ford Evos]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 4)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 5)]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#third|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Mazda3#First generation (BK; 2003)|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80#S80L|Volvo S80L]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,310 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Ford 1.0 L Ecoboost I3 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.5 L Sigma I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 L EcoBoost I4 engine]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,480 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 transmission]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Hangzhou Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Edge#Third generation (Edge L—CDX706; 2023)|Ford Edge L]]<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus|Lincoln Nautilus]] (US: '24-) | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Plus]]<br />[[w:Ford Taurus (China)|Ford Taurus]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] <br> Harbin Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], [[w:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 (Start of Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Production suspended in Nov. 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Plant formerly belonged to Harbin Hafei Automobile Group Co. Bought by Changan Ford in 2015. Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 3)<br>[[w:Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 4) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CHI/CH/G (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,852 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer (U625)]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator (U611)]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 12600 S Torrence Avenue.<br/>Replaced the previous location at 3915 Wabash Avenue.<br /> Built armored personnel carriers for US military during WWII. <br /> Final Taurus rolled off the assembly line March 1, 2019.<br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1953-1964) <br /> [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1965)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1973)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD (full-size)]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Elite|Ford Elite]] (1974-1976)<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD (midsize)]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986–2019)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986–2005, 2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] (2009-2016)<br />[[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] (2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer (U502)]] (2011-2019) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Heights, Illinois|Chicago Heights, Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,165 | | Located at 1000 E Lincoln Hwy, Chicago Heights, IL |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua Engine|Chihuahua Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua, Chihuahua]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,430 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec 2.0/2.3/2.5 I4]] <br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Ford 6.7L Scorpion Diesel V8]] | style="text-align:left;"| Began operations July 27, 1983. 1,902,600 Penta engines produced from 1983-1991. 2,340,464 Zeta engines produced from 1993-2004. Over 14 million total engines produced. Complex includes 3 engine plants. Plant 1, opened in 1983, builds 4-cylinder engines. Plant 2, opened in 2010, builds diesel V8 engines. Plant 3, opened in 2018, builds the Dragon 3-cylinder. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC/Penta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel|4.4L Diesel V8]] (for Land Rover) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,834 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0/2.3 EcoBoost I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (first generation)|Ford 3.5&nbsp;L EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for RWD vehicles)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17601 Brookpark Rd. Idled from May 2007 to May 2009.<br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln Y-block V8 engine|Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 221/260/289/302 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following G] [includes Mercury Capri] /<br> E (NA) <br> [Merkur Scorpio] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne Body & Assembly|Cologne Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,090 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer EV|Ford Explorer EV]] (VW MEB-based) <br /> [[w:Ford Capri EV|Ford Capri EV]] (VW MEB-based) | Previously: [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]]<br />[[w:Ford Rheinland|Ford Rheinland]]<br />[[w:Ford Köln|Ford Köln]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#First generation (1970–1978)|Mercury Capri]] (1970-1974, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul (Granada Mark I based) (1972–1975)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br />[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]]<br />[[w:Ford Puma (sport compact)|Ford Puma]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:de:Ford Modell V8-51|Ford Model V8-51]]<br />[[w:de:Ford V-3000-Serie|Ford V-3000/Ford B 3000 series]]<br />[[w:Ford Rhein|Ford Rhein]]<br />[[w:Ford Ruhr|Ford Ruhr]]<br />[[w:Ford FK|Ford FK]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 810 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|1.0 litre EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Aston Martin V12 engine|Aston Martin V12 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin engines are built at the [[w:Aston Martin Engine Plant|Aston Martin Engine Plant]], a special section of the plant which is separated from the rest of the plant.<br> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Taunus V4 engine|Ford Taunus V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Ford Cologne V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Aston Martin 4.3/4.7|Aston Martin 4.3/4.7 V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling, dies, fixtures, jigs, die repair | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,280 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford MTX-75 transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford VXT-75 transmission]]<br />Ford VMT6 transmission<br />[[w:Volvo Cars#Manual transmissions|Volvo M56/M58/M66 transmission]]<br />Ford MMT6 transmission | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cortako Cologne GmbH | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 410 | style="text-align:left;"| Forging of steel parts for engines, transmissions, and chassis | Originally known as Cologne Forge & Die Cast Plant. Previously known as Tekfor Cologne GmbH from 2003 to 2011, a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Neumayer Tekfor GmbH. Also briefly known as Cologne Precision Forge GmbH. Bought back by Ford in 2011 and now 100% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lagos|Lagos]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. Built under contract for Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Assembly|Cuautitlán Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (2021-) | Truck assembly began in 1970 while car production began in 1980. <br /> Previously made:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1992-2010) <br> (US: F-250 '97, F-350 '97,<br> F-Super Duty chassis cab '97,<br> F-150 Reg. Cab '00-'02,<br> Mexico: includes F-150 & Lobo)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] (US: 1999) <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] (2000-2003) <br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] (2011-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />For Mexico only:<br>[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Fiesta Ikon]] (2001-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Topaz|Ford Topaz]]<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Ford Ghia]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] (Mexico: 1980-1981)<br />[[w:Ford Grand Marquis|Ford Grand Marquis]] (Mexico: 1982-84)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] Gen 3 (1979-1984) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue engine]] (Panther)<br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V6|Ford 2.7/3.0 Lion Diesel V6]] |Previously: [[w:Ford I4 DOHC engine|Ford I4 DOHC engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Endura-D engine|Ford Endura-D engine]] (Lynx)<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V4 engine|Ford Essex V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]<br />[[w:Ford LT engine|Ford LT engine]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford York engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford Dorset/Dover engine]] <br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V8|Ford 3.6L Diesel V8]] <br /> [[w:Ford DLD engine|Ford DLD engine]] (Tiger) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,200 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (2022-2025) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Diversified Manufacturing Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1942 | style="text-align:right;"| 773 | style="text-align:left;"| Axles, suspension parts. Frames for F-Series trucks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1941 | style="text-align:right;"| 445 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Ford Duratec 20]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Ford Duratec 23]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Ford Duratec 25]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Ford 5.2L Carnivore V8]] <br>(F-150 Raptor R)<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L Predator V8]] (Mustang GTD,<br> Dark Horse SC)<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Carnivore & Predator engines are produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant which replaced the Niche Engine line at the now closed Romeo Engine Plant. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford FE engine|Ford FE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1939 | style="text-align:right;"|1,658 | style="text-align:left;"| Body stampings | Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1938 | style="text-align:right;"| 271 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Truck|Dearborn Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,131 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Located at 3001 Miller Rd. Replaced the nearby Dearborn Assembly Plant for MY2005. Built the 40 millionth Ford <br> F-Series in Jan. 2022, which was an <br> F-150 Tremor.<br />Previously: <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2005-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] (2006-2008) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 0 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit Chassis LLC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford F-53 Motorhome Chassis (2000-)<br/>Ford F-59 Commercial Chassis (2000-) | Located at 6501 Lynch Rd. Replaced production at IMMSA in Mexico. Plant owned by Detroit Chassis LLC. Produced under contract for Ford. <br /> Previously: [[w:Think Global#TH!NK Neighbor|Ford TH!NK Neighbor]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Engine|Essex Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 930 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Ford 5.0L Coyote V8]]<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"|Idled in November 2007, reopened February 2010. Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)]] 3.8/3.9/4.2L <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 5.4L 3-valve Modular V8]]<br/>[[w:Ford Modular engine# Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Ford 5.0L Road Runner V8]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock Assembly Plant|Flat Rock Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,826 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 7)]] (2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Built at site of closed Ford Michigan Casting Center (1972-1981) , which cast various parts for Ford including V8 engine blocks and heads for Ford [[w:Ford 335 engine|335]], [[w:Ford 385 engine|385]], & [[w:Ford FE engine|FE/FT series]] engines as well as transmission, axle, & steering gear housings and gear cases. Opened as a Mazda plant (Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA) in 1987. Became AutoAlliance International from 1992 to 2012 after Ford bought 50% of the plant from Mazda. Became Flat Rock Assembly Plant in 2012 when Mazda ended production and Ford took full management control of the plant. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 6)]] (2015-2023)<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 5)]] (2005-2014)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] (2017-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2014-2016)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] (1999-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Mazda 6|Mazda 6]] (2003-2013)<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] (1990-2002)<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]] (1988-1997) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 800 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> Ford Focus Active <br /> [[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#Ford Tierra|Ford Activa]]<br />[[w:Ford Aztec|Ford Aztec]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort (Europe)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort (Chinese)]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]]<br />Ford Fiera<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Ixion|Ford Ixion]]<br />[[w:Ford i-Max|Ford i-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Liata|Ford Liata]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Pronto|Ford Pronto]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Tierra|Ford Tierra]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]] (Canadian market)<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy]]<br />[[w:Mazda 5|Mazda 5]]<br />[[w:Mazda E-Series|Mazda E-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 90 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]] (1.8, 2.0, 2.3) | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine#Z6/M|Mazda 1.6 ZM-DE I4]]<br />[[w:Mazda F engine|Mazda F engine]] (1.8, 2.0)<br /> [[w:Suzuki F engine#Four-cylinder|Suzuki 1.0 I4]] (for Ford Pronto) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following M] (for Ford),<br> S (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Silverton Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Silverton, Pretoria|Silverton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,650 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Amarok#Second generation (2022)|VW Amarok]] | Silverton plant was originally a Chrysler of South Africa plant from 1961 to 1976. In 1976, it merged with a unit of mining company Anglo-American to form Sigma Motor Corp., which Chrysler retained 25% ownership of. Chrysler sold its 25% stake to Anglo-American in 1983. Sigma was restructured into Amcar Motor Holdings Ltd. in 1984. In 1985, Amcar merged with Ford South Africa to form SAMCOR (South African Motor Corporation). Sigma had already assembled Mazda & Mitsubishi vehicles previously and SAMCOR continued to do so. In 1988, Ford divested from South Africa & sold its stake in SAMCOR. SAMCOR continued to build Ford vehicles as well as Mazdas & Mitsubishis. In 1994, Ford bought a 45% stake in SAMCOR and it bought the remaining 55% in 1998. It then renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa in 2000. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Tonic|Ford Tonic]]<br />[[w:Ford_Laser#South_Africa|Ford Tracer]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda Etude]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Export markets 2|Mazda Sting]]<br />[[w:Sao Penza|Sao Penza]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Lantis/Astina/323F|Mazda 323 Astina]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Ford Husky]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi Starwagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121 Soho]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Sapphire|Ford Sapphire]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]]<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Third generation (1985–1998)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Drifter|Mazda Drifter]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50|Mazda BT-50]] Gen 1 & Gen 2<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Mazda Marathon]]<br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Fuso Canter#Fourth generation|Mitsubishi Canter]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]] <br/>[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Struandale Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L Panther EcoBlue single-turbodiesel & twin-turbodiesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Ford 3.0 Lion turbodiesel V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />Machining of engine components | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Crossflow|Ford Kent Crossflow I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine#CVH-PTE|Ford 1.4L CVH-PTE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6L EFI Zetec I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|T (EU) [when following T],<br> T (NA) ('10-'13 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Gölcük]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük, Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,530 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4) | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. Transit Connect started shipping to the US in fall of 2009. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Tourneo Connect]] (Gen 1)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following T] (for Ford),<br> K (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Yeniköy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:tr:Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele|Yeniköy Merkez]], [[w:Başiskele|Başiskele]], [[w:Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 2)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 2) <br /> [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T7)|Volkswagen Transporter/Caravelle (T7)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)| Ford Transit Courier]] (Gen 1) <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)|Ford Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" |style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following T] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Truck Assembly & Engine Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inonu, Eskisehir|Inonu, Eskisehir]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L "Panther" EcoBlue diesel I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford F-Line]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|Ford 9.0L/12.7L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />Ford EcoTorq transmission<br /> Rear Axle for Ford Transit | Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford D series|Ford D series]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6 Zetec I4]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford 2.5 DI diesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4/I5 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford 6.0/6.2 diesel inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|7.3L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />[[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]] for Transit |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (EU) [when following E] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania|Ford Romania/<br>Ford Otosan Romania]]<br> Craiova Assembly & Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Craiova|Craiova]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Ford Puma Gen-E|Ford Puma Gen-E]] EV (2025-)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Courier#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Courier/Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 2) (2023-)<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline three-cylinder|Ford 1.0 Fox EcoBoost I3]] | Plant was originally Oltcit, a 64/36 joint venture between Romania and Citroen established in 1976. In 1991, Citroen withdrew and the car brand became Oltena while the company became Automobile Craiova. In 1994, it established a 49/51 joint venture with Daewoo called Rodae Automobile which was renamed Daewoo Automobile Romania in 1997. Engine and transmission plants were added in 1997. Following Daewoo’s collapse in 2000, the Romanian government bought out Daewoo’s 51% stake in 2006. Ford bought a 72.4% stake in Automobile Craiova in 2008, which was renamed Ford Romania. Ford increased its stake to 95.63% in 2009. In 2022, Ford transferred ownership of the Craiova plant to its Turkish joint venture Ford Otosan. <br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1) (2010-2012)<br /> [[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] (2012-2017) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] (2018-2022) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 Sigma EcoBoost I4]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Thailand Manufacturing|Ford Thailand Manufacturing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Vietnam|Hai Duong Assembly, Ford Vietnam, Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hai Duong|Hai Duong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,250 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4-based)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 75% owned by Ford and 25% owned by Song Cong Diesel Company. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br /> [[w:Ford Tourneo|Ford Tourneo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford Ecosport]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3-based) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Transmission|Halewood Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 450 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]]<br />Ford MT82 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford IB5 transmission]]<br />Ford iB6 transmission<br />PTO Transmissions | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly|Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo|Hermosillo]], [[w:Sonora|Sonora]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,870 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] (2021-)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick pickup]] (2022-) | Hermosillo produced its 7 millionth vehicle, a blue Ford Bronco Sport, in June 2024.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2006-2020)<br />[[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] (2006-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln Zephyr]] (2006)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] (2007-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (hatchback) (2000-2005)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1991-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] (1998-2003)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1988-1999) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Irapuato Electric Powertrain Center (formerly Irapuato Transmission Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Irapuato|Irapuato]], [[w:Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 700 | style="text-align:left;"| E-motor and <br> E-transaxle (1T50LP) <br> for Mustang Mach-E | Formerly Getrag Americas, a joint venture between [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] and the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Became 100% owned by Ford in 2016 and launched conventional automatic transmission production in July 2017. Previously built the [[w:Ford PowerShift transmission|Ford PowerShift transmission]] (6DCT250 DPS6) <br /> [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F24 transmission]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Fushan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 1,725 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Equator|Ford Equator]]<br />[[w:Ford Equator Sport|Ford Equator Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]] <br> [[w:Ford Bronco New Energy|Ford Bronco New Energy EV/EREV]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,660 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit T8]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Tourneo]] <br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Chinese production|Ford Transit & Transit Classic]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit Pro]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest#Second generation (U375/UA; 2015)|Ford Everest]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Engine Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0 L EcoBoost I4]]<br />JMC 1.5/1.8 GTDi engines<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Kansas City Assembly|Kansas City Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 <br><br> 1957 (Vehicle production) | style="text-align:right;"| 9,468 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (2015-) | style="text-align:left;"| Original location at 1025 Winchester Ave. was first Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area, lasted from 1912–1956. Replaced by Claycomo plant at 8121 US 69, which began to produce civilian vehicles on January 7, 1957 beginning with the Ford F-100 pickup. The Claycomo plant only produced for the military (including wings for B-46 bombers) from when it opened in 1951-1956, when it converted to civilian production.<br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]]<br> (1957-1960)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-Series (fourth generation)]]<br> (1961-1966)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fifth generation)|Ford F-Series (fifth generation)]]<br> (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (sixth generation)|Ford F-Series (sixth generation)]]<br> (1973-1979)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series (seventh generation)]] (1980-1986)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eighth generation)|Ford F-Series (eighth generation)]]<br> (1987-1991)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]]<br> (1992-1996)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series (tenth generation)]] [PN96]<br> (1997-2003 F-150, 1997-1999 F-250)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2004-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959) <br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1962, 1964, 1966-1970)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br /> [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1962, 1966-1969)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1971-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2001-2012)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2011)<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] (2001-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] (2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) for pickups & SUVs<br /> or <br /> V (NA) for med. & heavy trucks & bus chassis | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kentucky Truck Assembly|Kentucky Truck Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,251 | style="text-align:left;"| VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (1999-)<br /> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (2009-) <br /> [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (2009-) | Located at 3001 Chamberlain Lane. <br /> Previously:<br> VIN code V:<br> [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] (1970-1990)<br />Ford W series<br />Ford CL series<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] (1991-1997)<br />[[w:Ford L series|Ford L series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br> (1970-1998) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1970–1979) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1980–1998)<br />VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]] - <br> (F-250: 1995-1997/F-350: 1994-1997/<br> F-Super Duty: 1994-1997)<br />[[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] (2000-2005) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima Engine|Lima Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima, Ohio|Lima, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,457 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Ford 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.3 Cyclone V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for FWD vehicles)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford MEL engine|Ford MEL engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 385 engine|Ford 385 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Third generation|Ford Thriftpower (Falcon) Six]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Ford Lima/Pinto I4]]<br />[[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Vulcan engine|Ford Vulcan V6]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Jaguar AJ30/AJ35 - Ford 3.9L V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia Transmission|Livonia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,075 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6R transmission|Ford 6R transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R60/10R80 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F35/8F40 transmission]] <br /> Service components | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,483 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2013-2026)<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (2020-2026) <br> [[w:Ford Fathom|Ford Fathom]] EV (2028-) | Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened on April 18, 1955. It produced both cars and trucks. The majority of Edsels were produced here.[https://www.edsel.com/registry/index.html] Passenger car production ended on June 12, 1981 when the last Ford LTD was produced at Louisville.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Louisville/pXbYITw4ZesC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ford%20motor] The plant was then converted to build the Ranger pickup and the related Bronco II SUV. Ranger production began on January 18, 1982. The plant was upgraded and expanded to build Explorer, which launched in 1990 and replaced the Bronco II. Explorer was joined by the Mercury Mountaineer in April 1996. Ranger production ended in April 1999 but the Explorer Sport Trac pickup was built here beginning in 2000. The plant was idled in December 2010 and then reopened on April 4, 2012 to build the Ford Escape crossover which was followed by the Escape-based Lincoln MKC, later replaced by the Corsair. Escape and Corsair production ended in mid-December 2025 and the factory was then idled. <br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] (2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1991-2010)<br />[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (1997-2010)<br />[[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] (1991-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] (2001-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] (2001-2010)<br />[[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] (1984-1990)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1983-1999)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1958)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1967-1969)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1957, 1973-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1970-1981)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair#1959|Edsel Corsair]] (1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1955-1958, 1960-1961)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1971)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />Heavy trucks were produced on a separate line from early 1958 until Kentucky Truck Plant opened in 1969. Includes [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] bus, [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], [[w:Ford H series|Ford H series]], Ford W series, and [[w:Ford L series#Background|Ford N-Series]] (1963-69). In addition to cars, F-Series light trucks were built from 1973-1981. Louisville Assembly was then converted to build the Ranger compact pickup, production of which began on January 18, 1982. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NA) (1964-) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]] <br> Previously: Michigan Truck Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,126 | style="text-align:Left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6-P703)]] (2024-)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 38303 Michigan Ave. Opened in 1957 to build station wagons as the Michigan Station Wagon Plant. Due to a sales slump, the plant was idled in 1959 until 1964. The plant was reopened and converted to build <br> F-Series trucks in 1964, becoming the Michigan Truck Plant. Was original production location for the [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] in 1966. In 1997, F-Series production ended so the plant could focus on the Expedition and Navigator full-size SUVs. In December 2008, Expedition and Navigator production ended and would move to the Kentucky Truck plant during 2009. In 2011, the Michigan Truck Plant was combined with the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant, which were then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. The plant was converted to build small cars, beginning with the 2012 Focus, followed by the 2013 C-Max. Car production ended in May 2018 and the plant was converted back to building trucks, beginning with the 2019 Ranger, followed by the 2021 Bronco.<br> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger (T6-P375)]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (2012-2018)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]] (2013-2018)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] (1966-1996)<br />[[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (1997-2009)<br />[[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (1998-2009)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1964-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] (1993-1995)<br /> [[w:Mercury Colony Park|Mercury Colony Park]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] <br> Markham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Markham, Ontario|Markham, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016-2022, 2025- (Ford production) | | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] (2025-) | Plant owned by [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] Inc.<br /> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] (2017-2022) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (NA) (for Pilot Plant),<br> No plant code for Mark II | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Pilot Plant|New Model Programs Development Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Allen Park, Michigan|Allen Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | | style="text-align:left;"| Commonly known as "Pilot Plant" | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17000 Oakwood Boulevard. Originally Allen Park Body & Assembly to build the 1956-1957 [[w:Continental Mark II|Continental Mark II]]. Then was Edsel Division headquarters until 1959. Later became the New Model Programs Development Center, where new models and their manufacturing processes are developed and tested. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:fr:Nordex S.A.|Nordex S.A.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 (Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Nordex S.A. Built under contract for Ford for South American markets. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (1954-1959)<br>/<br> No plant codes used (1960-1965)<br>/<br> B (NA) (1966-present) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,600 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (2027-) | style="text-align:left;"| Truck production moved to the neighboring Ontario Truck plant when it opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant. Ford Edge production ended in May 2024 and Oakville Assembly was idled.<br /> Previously: <br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1967-1968, 1971)<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor cars]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Meteor Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch cars]]<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1968)<br />[[w:Frontenac (marque)|Frontenac]] (1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Americas)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1970, 1972-1974)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1969-1970, 1972, 1975-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1972, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] (1995-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] (2004-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] (2009-2019)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] (2010-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] (2007-2024)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKX|Lincoln MKX]] (2007-2018) <br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] (1961-1981)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#First generation (1961–1967)|Mercury Econoline]] (1961-1965)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1954-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1954-1965) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ohio Assembly|Ohio Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avon Lake, Ohio|Avon Lake, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,802 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]]<br> (Body assembly: 1975-,<br> Final assembly: 2006-)<br> (Van thru 2014,<br> Cutaway thru present day)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/750]] (2016-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-350/450/550 Chassis Cab]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-600 Chassis Cab]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Was previously a Fruehauf truck trailer plant.<br />Previously: [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest]] (1993-2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|Pacheco Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,823 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. Ford kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved while VW got the other side of the plant, which it still operates. This plant has made both cars and trucks. <br /> Formerly:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-3500/F-400/F-4000/F-500]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]]<br />[[w:Ford B-Series|Ford B-Series]] (B-600/B-700/B-7000)<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]] (1962 to 1991)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#Argentine Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]]<br /> [[w:Ford Taunus TC#Argentina|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona#Second generation (1993–1996)|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Ford Fairlane in Argentina|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger (US design)]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine|Ford 170/187/188/221 inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|VW Pointer]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Rawsonville Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 788 | style="text-align:left;"| Integrated Air/Fuel Modules<br /> Air Induction Systems<br> Transmission Oil Pumps<br />HEV and PHEV Batteries<br /> Fuel Pumps<br /> Carbon Canisters<br />Ignition Coils<br />Transmission components for Van Dyke Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 10300 Textile Road. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Sold to parent Ford in 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (N. American-style VIN position) | style="text-align:left;"| RMA Automotive Cambodia | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Krakor district|Krakor district]], [[w:Pursat province|Pursat province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambodia|Cambodia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2022 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] [https://cambodianess.com/article/rma-cambodia-plc-officially-launches-new-ford-production-line-and-ford-sub-assembly-plant-in-pursat-province] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant belongs to RMA Group, Ford's distributor in Cambodia. Builds vehicles under license from Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following G] [includes <br> US-mkt. '78-'80 Ford Fiesta] <br>/<br> 4 (NA) ['16-'18 US-mkt. <br> Focus RS] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis Body & Assembly|Saarlouis Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis|Saarlouis]], [[w:Saarland|Saarland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 (components), 1970 (vehicle prod.) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,276 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Plant was built on the site of the former Roderberg airfield. First opened as a components plant in 1968, supplying other Ford plants and also supplying Renault with body panels. This production ended once Ford Escort production began in 1970. The first Escort body shell was completed on October 20, 1969. Began vehicle production with the Escort on January 16, 1970. Saarlouis shared Escort production with Ford's Halewood, UK plant. About 150,000 Capris were built at Saarlouis from 1971-1975, including the 1 millionth Capri built, an RS2600 completed on August 29, 1973. Fiesta began production at Saarlouis on May 11, 1976 and ended in 1980. Over 700,000 Fiestas were built in Saarlouis. Escort was replaced by the Focus in 1998. Saarlouis produced over 6.5 million Escorts from 1970-1998. Focus began production on August 10, 1998. All Focus RS & RS500 models were made in Saarlouis. In June 2013, the Ford Focus Electric began production in Saarlouis. It was the first fully electric Ford in Europe and the first fully electric car to be produced in Germany. Production ended by April 2017. C-Max production began in Saarlouis in November 2003. C-Max production shifted to Valencia, Spain in 2010 but returned to Saarlouis in 2014. C-Max production ended in June 2019 and was discontinued. About 1.2 million <br> C-Max vehicles were built at Saarlouis. Last Focus ST produced September 26, 2025. Last Focus, a white 5-d hatchback, was produced on November 14, 2025. That was the end of vehicle production at Saarlouis. In 1980, Saarlouis built its 2 millionth vehicle, a Fiesta 3-d. In February 1990, Saarlouis produced its 5 millionth vehicle, a 4th gen. Escort. In July 2005, Saarlouis produced its 10 millionth vehicle, a blue Focus wagon. On November 19, 2007, Saarlouis produced its 11 millionth vehicle, a silver C-Max. On August 26, 2010, the 12 millionth vehicle, a white Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. On June 16, 2016, the 14 millionth vehicle, a red Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. In December 2019, Saarlouis produced its 15 millionth vehicle, a red Focus ST 5-d. About 15.6 million vehicles were produced in total at Saarlouis.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] (1983-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]] (1971-1975)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] (1976-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (1998-2025)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] (2003-2010, 2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#First generation (C394; 2008)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 1: 2008-2012) |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Engine Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | | [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue/Panther 2.0L Diesel I4 engine]] | Although the Sanand property including the assembly plant was sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022, the engine plant buildings and property were leased back from Tata by Ford India so that the engine plant could continue building diesel engines for export to Thailand, Vietnam, and Argentina. <br /> Previously: [[w:List of Ford engines#1.2 L Dragon|1.2/1.5 Ti-VCT Dragon I3]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville Transmission|Sharonville Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,003 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford 6R140 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R80/10R140 transmission]]<br /> Gears for 6R80/140, 6F35/50/55, & 8F57 transmissions <br /> | Located at 3000 E Sharon Rd. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford 4R70W transmission|Ford 4R70W transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford C6 transmission#4R100|Ford 4R100 transmission]]<br /> Ford 5R110W transmission<br /> [[w:Ford C3 transmission#5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W|Ford 5R55S transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Sterling Axle | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,391 | style="text-align:left;"| Front axles<br /> Rear axles<br /> Rear drive units | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 39000 Mound Rd. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000; taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following W] /<br> 1 (NA) ('14-'23 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valencia Body and Assembly|Ford Valencia Body and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Kuga#Third generation (C482; 2019)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 3) | Previously: [[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Third generation (CD390; 2015)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#First generation (BE146; 1996)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 2)<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] <br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford S-Max]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#First generation (DY; 2002)|Mazda 2]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Valencia Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec HE 1.8/2.0]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford Ecoboost 2.0L]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|Ford Ecoboost 2.3L]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Valencia|Ford Kent/Valencia engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,444 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35/6F55]]<br /> Ford HF35/HF45 transmission for hybrids & PHEVs<br />Ford 8F57 transmission<br />Electric motors (eMotor) for hybrids & EVs<br />Electric vehicle transmissions | Located at 41111 Van Dyke Ave. Formerly known as Van Dyke Transmission Plant.<br />Originally made suspension parts. Began making transmissions in 1993.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford AX4N transmission|Ford AX4N transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (for VW & for Ford) | style="text-align:left;"| Volkswagen Poznań | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poznań|Poznań]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| | | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Caddy#Fourth generation (Typ SB; 2020)|VW Caddy]]<br /> | Plant owned by [[W:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]. Production for Ford began in 2022. <br> Previously: [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)|VW Transporter (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford 6.8/7.3L Godzilla V8]] | Main Windsor Engine Plant closed but the Windsor Annex Engine Plant, located on the south end of the Windsor Engine Plant property off Seminole Street, is still open. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 255/289/302/351 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]]: 4.6/5.4L V8 & 6.8L V10 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Forging | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 | style="text-align:left;"| Crankshaft forgings for 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6, 3.5 Cyclone V6, & 3.5 EcoBoost V6 | Located at 24189 Allen Rd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 499 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels | Located at 20900 West Rd. |} ==Future production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Employees ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blue Oval City|Tennessee Truck Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Stanton, Tennessee|Stanton, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~6,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford gas-powered pickup | Was scheduled to start EV production in 2028, following delays. As of December 2025, plant is renamed Tennessee Truck Plant and production of a gas-powered truck is scheduled to start in 2029. Battery manufacturing onsite would have been part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture with SK On, a subsidiary of [[w:SK Innovation|SK Innovation]].<ref name=BlueOval>{{cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/ford/2021/09/27/ford-four-new-plants-tennessee-kentucky-electric-vehicles/5879885001/|title=Ford, partner to spend $11.4B on four new plants in Tennessee, Kentucky to support EVs|first1=Jordyn|last1=Grzelewski|first2=Riley|last2=Beggin|newspaper=The Detroit News|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=September 27, 2021}}</ref> However, as of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| BlueOval SK Battery Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Glendale, Kentucky|Glendale, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~5,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Batteries for F-150 Lightning & E-Transit | Consists of 2 battery plants. Both were originally scheduled to start production in 2025. Plant 1 began commercial production on August 19, 2025 but Plant 2 has been delayed to 2027. Part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, a subsidiary of SK Innovation.<ref name=BlueOval/> As of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. The Glendale plant is now making battery packs for Ford Energy, a new Ford subsidiary making battery energy storage systems for data centers, utilities, and large industrial and commercial customers in the U.S. |} ==Former production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:220px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/State ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"| Years ! style="width:250px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (EU) [serial# starts with BF] | style="text-align:left;"| Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO) "Aveley plant" | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Ockendon|South Ockendon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Vehicle production from Nov. 1970 - Early 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967)|Ford Escort]] Mexico, RS1600, & RS2000 models | Was located on Arisdale Avenue in South Ockendon. Plant was set up to build special, high performance Escort models that needed extra work to build, which the Halewood plant was struggling to do. Escort two-door bodyshells, already painted, trimmed, and built to strengthened Type 49 specification, were shipped in directly from the Halewood plant that built mainstream Escorts. Once at the AVO plant, the bodies were placed on an overhead carousel which ran around the factory. As the cars moved around, the engine, transmission, and suspension were fitted from below. When auto sales declined following the 1973 Energy Crisis, spare capacity opened up at the mainstream Escort plants and a dedicated plant for performance versions was no longer needed and the AVO plant closed in early 1975. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Alexandria Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1950-1966 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford trucks including [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks | Opened in 1950. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ali Automobiles | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Kombi]], [[w:Ford F-Series second generation|Ford F-Series pickups]] | Ford production ended. Ali Automobiles was nationalized in 1972, becoming Awami Autos. Today, Awami is partnered with Suzuki in the Pak Suzuki joint venture. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Amsterdam Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1932-1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]], [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]],<br> Ford N-Series (EU) | Assembled a wide range of Ford products primarily for the local market from Sept. 1932–Nov. 1981. Began with the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. Car assembly (latterly [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]], and [[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]) ended 1978. Also, [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Ford Custom 500|Ford Custom 500]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Antwerp Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1922-1964 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Edsel|Edsel]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Original plant was on Rue Dubois from 1922 to 1926. Ford then moved to the Hoboken District of Antwerp in 1926 until they moved to a plant near the Bassin Canal in 1931. Replaced by the Genk plant that opened in 1964, however tractors were then made at Antwerp for some time after car & truck production ended. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Asnières-sur-Seine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnières-sur-Seine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] (Ford 6CV) | Ford sold the plant to Société Immobilière Industrielle d'Asnières or SIIDA on April 30, 1941. SIIDA leased it to the LAFFLY company (New Machine Tool Company) on October 30, 1941. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] then bought most of the shares in LAFFLY in 1948 and the lease was transferred from LAFFLY to [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] in 1949, which then began to move in and set up production. A hydraulics building for the manufacture of the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS was built in 1953. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] manufactured machined parts and hydraulic components for its hydropneumatic suspension system (also supplied to [[w:Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce Motors]]) at Asnières as well as steering components and connecting rods & camshafts after Nanterre was closed. SIIDA was taken over by Citroën on September 2, 1968. In 2000, the Asnières site became a joint venture between [[w:Siemens|Siemens Automotive]] and [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] (Siemens 52% -PSA 48%) called Siemens Automotive Hydraulics SA (SAH). In 2007, when [[w:Continental AG|Continental AG]] took over [[w:Siemens VDO|Siemens VDO]], SAH became CAAF (Continental Automotive Asnières France) and PSA sold off its stake in the joint venture. Continental closed the Asnières plant in 2009. Most of the site was demolished between 2011 and 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Gaydon Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gaydon|Gaydon, Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB9|Aston Martin DB9]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage/V12 Vantage]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin DBS V12|Aston Martin DBS V12]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (DBS-based V8 & Lagonda sedan), <br /> B (Virage & Vanquish) | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Newport Pagnell Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Newport Pagnell|Newport Pagnell]], [[w:Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin Vanquish#First generation (2001–2007)|Aston Martin V12 Vanquish]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Virage|Aston Martin Virage]] 1st generation <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8|Aston Martin V8]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Lagonda|Aston Martin Lagonda sedan]] <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8 engine|Aston Martin V8 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AT/A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hapeville, Georgia|Hapeville, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1947-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986-2007)<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986-2005) | Began F-Series production December 3, 1947. Demolished. Site now occupied by the headquarters of Porsche North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche breaks ground in Hapeville on new North American HQ|url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/20194429/porsche-breaks-ground-in-hapeville-on-new-north-american-hq|publisher=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> <br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956, 1958, 1960)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961, 1963-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1969, 1979-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1961-1964)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1963, 1965-1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1969-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Third generation (1974–1976)|Mercury Cougar]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1978)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird (Gen 9)]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1984-1985) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Auckland Operations | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wiri|Wiri]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-1997 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1973 as Wiri Assembly (also included transmission & chassis component plants), name changed in 1983 to Auckland Operations, became a joint venture with Mazda called Vehicles Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) in 1987, closed in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (EU) [when following P] (for Ford),<br> V (for VW & Seat) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autoeuropa|Autoeuropa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Palmela|Palmela]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] in 1999, Ford production ended in 2006 | [[w:Ford Galaxy#First generation (V191; 1995)|Ford Galaxy (1995–2006)]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Sharan|Volkswagen Sharan]]<br />[[w:SEAT Alhambra|SEAT Alhambra]] | Autoeuropa was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford & VW created in 1991. Production began in 1995. Ford sold its half of the plant to VW in 1999 but the Ford Galaxy continued to be built at the plant until the first generation ended production in 2006. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive Industries|Automotive Industries]], Ltd. (AIL) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nazareth Illit|Nazareth Illit]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Israel|Israel]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968-1985? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-9000]] | Car production began in 1968 in conjunction with Ford's local distributor, Israeli Automobile Corp. Truck production began in 1973. Ford Escort production ended in 1981. Truck production may have continued to c.1985. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Suspended | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]] | Produced trucks under contract for Ford Otosan. Production began with the Cargo in 2015; the F-Max was added in 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Azambuja Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Sierra-based model|Ford P100]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]] (12M)<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G (EU) [when following W] (Ford Maverick made by Nissan) | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]] | Became Motor Iberica SA after nationalization in 1954. Built Ford's [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks under license which were sold under the [[w:Ebro trucks|Ebro]] name. Later taken over in stages by Nissan from 1979 to 1987 when it became [[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]] SA. Under Nissan, the [[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] SUV was built in the Barcelona plant under an OEM agreement. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|Barracas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1916-1922 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford assembly plant in Latin America and the second outside North America after Britain. Replaced by the La Boca plant in 1922. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Basildon | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Basildon|Basildon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964-1991 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford tractor range | style="text-align:left;"| Sold with New Holland tractor business |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia Transmission|Batavia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia, Ohio|Batavia, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1980-2008 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford ATX transmission|Ford ATX transmission]]<br />[[w:Batavia Transmission#Partnership|CFT23 & CFT30 CVT transmissions]] produced as part of ZF Batavia joint venture with [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] | ZF Batavia joint venture was created in 1999 and was 49% owned by Ford and 51% owned by [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]]. Jointly developed CVT production began in late 2003. Ford bought out ZF in 2005 and the plant became Batavia Transmissions LLC, owned 100% by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Germany|Berlin Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Berlin|Berlin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1931 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | Replaced by Cologne plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Aquitaine Industries Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford C3 transmission|Ford C3/A4LD/A4LDE/4R44E/4R55E/5R44E/5R55E/5R55S/5R55W 3-, 4-, & 5-speed automatic transmissions]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 6-speed automatic transmission]]<br />Components | Sold to HZ Holding in 2009 but the deal collapsed and Ford bought the plant back in 2011. Closed in September 2019. Demolished in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (for DB7) | style="text-align:left;"| Bloxham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bloxham|Bloxham]], [[w:Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB7|Aston Martin DB7]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ220|Jaguar XJ220]] | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a JaguarSport plant. After XJ220 production ended, plant was transferred to Aston Martin to build the DB7. Closed with the end of DB7 production in 2003. Aston Martin has since been sold by Ford in 2007. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:International Motors#Blue Diamond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Escobedo|General Escobedo, Nuevo León]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"|Joint venture ended in 2015 | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-650]] (2004-2015)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-750]] (2004-2015)<br /> [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] (2006-2009) | style="text-align:left;"| Commercial truck joint venture with Navistar until 2015 when Ford production moved back to USA and plant was returned to Navistar. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford India|Bombay Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bombay|Bombay]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1926-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| | Ford's original Indian plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Bordeaux Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Asnières-sur-Seine plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend Engine|Bridgend Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend|Bridgend]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed September 2020 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5/1.6 Sigma EcoBoost I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8 engine]] 4.0/4.2/4.4L<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 3.0L V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|Jaguar AJ133 5.0L V8]]<br /> [[w:Volvo SI6 engine|Volvo SI6 engine]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JG (AU) /<br> G (AU) /<br> 8 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Broadmeadows Assembly Plant|Broadmeadows Assembly Plant]] (Broadmeadows Car Assembly) (Plant 1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1959-2016<ref name="abc_4707960">{{cite news|title=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-23/ford-to-close-geelong-and-broadmeadows-plants/4707960|work=abc.net.au|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E (1959–1968)|Ford Anglia 105E]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] TC-TF<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> Ford Falcon Ute<br /> [[w:Nissan Ute|Nissan Ute]] (XFN)<br />Ford Falcon Panel Van<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (Australia)|Ford Territory]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri (Australia)|Ford Capri Convertible]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri convertible]] (1991–1994)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1959-1961 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie#Australian production|Ford Galaxie (1969-1972) (conversion to right hand drive)]] | Plant opened August 1959. Closed Oct 7th 2016. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JL (AU) /<br> L (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Broadmeadows Commercial Vehicle Plant (Assembly Plant 2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]],[[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1971-1992 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-Series medium duty]] (F-500/F-600/F-700/F-750/F-800/F-8000)<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Bronco#Australian assembly|Ford Bronco]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cadiz Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cadiz|Cadiz]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1920-1923 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Barcelona plant. |- | style="text-align:center;"| 8 (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Camaçari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Camaçari, Bahia|Camaçari, Bahia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001-2021<ref name="camacari">{{cite web |title=Ford Advances South America Restructuring; Will Cease Manufacturing in Brazil, Serve Customers With New Lineup {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/01/11/ford-advances-south-america-restructuring.html |website=media.ford.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rui diz que negociação para atrair nova montadora de veículos para Camaçari está avançada|url=https://destaque1.com/rui-diz-que-negociacao-para-atrair-nova-montadora-de-veiculos-para-camacari-esta-avancada/|website=destaque1.com|access-date=30 May 2022|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka+]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:List of Ford engines#1.0 L Fox|Fox 1.0L I3 Engine]] | [[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta & Fiesta Rocam]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Canton Forge Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canton, Ohio|Canton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1988 | | Located on Georgetown Road NE. |- | | Casablanca Automotive Plant | [[w:Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1969-1971<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2011-12-06 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CASABLANCA (1971) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2011/12/planta-ford-casablanca-1971.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1076777 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-series]], [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967-1979)|Ford F-600]] | Nationalized by the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trowbridge |first=Alexander B. |title=Overseas Business Reports, US Department of Commerce |date=February 1968 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |edition=OBR 68-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EyN: Henry Ford II regresa a Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=541850 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.economiaynegocios.cl}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda|Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#DE|Mazda 2]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%). Ford Motor Company (35%), Mazda Motor Company (15%). JV was divided in 2012 into [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] and [[w:Changan Mazda|Changan Mazda]]. Changan Mazda took the Nanjing plant while Changan Ford kept the other plants. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda Engine|Changan Ford Mazda Engine Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine|Mazda BZ series 1.3/1.6 engine]]<br />[[w:Skyactiv#Skyactiv-G|Mazda Skyactiv-G 1.5/2.0/2.5]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (25%), Mazda Motor Company (25%). Ford sold its stake to Mazda in 2019. Now known as Changan Mazda Engine Co., Ltd. owned 50% by Mazda & 50% by Changan. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Charles McEnearney & Co. Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| Tumpuna Road, [[w:Arima|Arima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] | Ford production ended & factory closed in 1990's. |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Engine Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2010–2022 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Ford to stop making cars in India|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-motor-cease-local-production-india-shut-down-both-plants-sources-2021-09-09/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford DLD engine#DLD-415|Ford DLD engine]] (DLD-415/DV5)<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]] | |- valign="top" | C (NA)<br>/<br> R (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1999 <br> Closed in 2022<ref name=":0"/> | [[w:Ford Endeavour|Ford Endeavour]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] 5th & 6th generations<br /> [[w:Ford Figo#First generation (B517; 2010)|Ford Figo]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago SHO Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021-2023 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] (2021-2023)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2021-2023) | style="text-align:left;"| 12429 S Burley Ave in Chicago. Located about 1.2 miles away from Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 2000,<br> Closed in 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum engine blocks for 2.3L Duratec 23 I4 | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1952,<br>Closed in 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| Iron engine blocks, heads, crankshafts, and main bearing caps | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. (Engle Rd.), immediately to the south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1. Construction 1950, operational 1952 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford foundry in Brook Park to close after 58 years of service|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/ford_foundry_in_brook_park_to.html|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=9 February 2018|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> Demolished 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford begins plans to demolish shuttered Cleveland Casting Plant|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20110627/FREE/306279972/ford-begins-plans-to-demolish-shuttered-cleveland-casting-plant|website=Cleveland Business|access-date=9 February 2018|date=27 June 2011}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1955,<br>Closed in 2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Ford 2.5L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|Jaguar AJ-V6 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 18300 Five Points Rd., south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1 and the Cleveland Casting Plant. Opened in 1955. Partially demolished and converted into Forward Innovation Center West. Source of the [[w:Ford 351 Cleveland|Ford 351 Cleveland]] V8 & the [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland-based 400 V8]] and the closely related [[w:Ford 335 engine#351M|400 Cleveland-based 351M V8]]. Also, [[w:Ford Y-block engine|Ford Y-block engine]] & [[w:Ford Super Duty engine|Ford Super Duty engine]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Compañía Colombiana Automotriz|Compañía Colombiana Automotriz]] (Mazda) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Mazda closed the factory in 2014. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#Latin America|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Henry Ford & Sons Ltd|Henry Ford & Sons Ltd]] | style="text-align:left;"| Marina, [[w:Cork (city)|Cork]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Munster|Munster]], [[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractor (1919-1922, 1929-1932) and car assembly, including [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] in the 1970s finally ending with the [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of Ford in Ireland|url=http://www.ford.ie/AboutFord/CompanyInformation/HistoryOfFord|work=Ford|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Also [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]], and [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]]. Also [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] (1923-1927), [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], and [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1917 with production from 1919 to 1984. Produced Model T components beginning in 1921 before complete cars began to be assembled (Model T in 1923). Supplied components to the Manchester, England Model T plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Croydon Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Croydon|Croydon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Small metal stampings and assemblies | Opened in 1949 as Briggs Motor Bodies & purchased by Ford in 1957. Expanded in 1989. Site completely vacated in 2005. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cuautitlán Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitln Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1964. Included a foundry and machining plant. <br /> [[w:Ford small block engine#289|Ford 289 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#302|Ford 302 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#351W|Ford 351 Windsor V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2002) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]], [[w:Ford CX|Ford CX]], [[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]], [[w:Ford 7Y|Ford 7Y]], [[w:Ford Model 91|Ford Model 91]], [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], [[w:Ford Popular|Ford Popular]], [[w:Ford Squire|Ford Squire]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]], [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]], [[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]], [[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121]], [[w:Fordson E83W|Fordson E83W]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson 7V|Fordson 7V]], [[w:Fordson WOT|Fordson WOT]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson Thames ET|Fordson Thames ET]], [[w:Ford Thames 300E|Ford Thames 300E]], [[w:Ford Thames 307E|Ford Thames 307E]], [[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]], [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Thames Trader NC]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Ford K-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1931–2002, formerly principal Ford UK plant |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Stamping & Tooling]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era">{{cite news|title=End of an era|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20078108|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Demolished. | Body panels, wheels | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL/D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 1970 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (93,748 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref><br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960) <br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1969)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1970) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park. Replaced original Dallas plant at 2700 Canton St. in 1925. Assembly stopped February 1933 but resumed in 1934. Closed February 20, 1970. Over 3 million vehicles built. 5200 E. Grand Ave. is now owned by City Warehouse Corp. and is used by multiple businesses. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DA/F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Assembly Plant|Dearborn Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle-class patrol craft|Eagle-class patrol craft]] during WWI<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors (1921-1928) <br />Parts for Ford Model T<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] (1928-1932)<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]] (1932-1934)<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]] (1935-1936)<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] (1941-1942, 1946-1948)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]] (1949-1951)<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]] (1955-1956)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1951)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1955-1961)<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-2004)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1967-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1966)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (21,559 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref> <br>[[w:Ford GPA|Ford GPA]] 'Seep' (Sea Jeep) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Started building Eagle-class patrol boats in 1918 during World War I. After the war ended, builtt Fordson tractors and parts for the Model T but didn't assemble any complete Model Ts. The Model A was the first complete car built at the Rouge complex. During World War II, the Rouge complex produced Jeeps (GPW), aircraft engines and engine parts, aircraft components, tires and tubes, armor plating, and tractors. During 2004, Mustangs built at Dearborn Assembly and F-150s built at Dearborn Truck were painted in the same new paint shop that opened in 2000. On May 10, 2004, the final vehicle was built at Dearborn Assembly: a '04 Mustang GT convertible. Replaced by Dearborn Truck Plant for 2005MY. This plant within the Rouge complex was demolished in 2008. It is now a parking lot to hold trucks from the Dearborn Truck Plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Iron Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1974) | style="text-align:left;"| Cast iron parts including engine blocks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Replaced by Michigan Casting Center in the early 1970s. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Eagle Farm Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm (Brisbane), Queensland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1998) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />Ford Falcon Ute (including XY 4x4)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] trucks<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax trucks]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1926. Closed in 1998; demolished |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| ME/T (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edison Assembly|Edison Assembly]] (a.k.a. Metuchen Assembly) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Edison, New Jersey|Edison, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948–2004 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1991-2004)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] (1998-2001)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (1994–2004)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1990)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1963-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]]<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 939 U.S. Route 1. Demolished in 2005. Now a shopping mall called Edison Towne Square. Also known as Metuchen Assembly. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Aluminum|Essex Aluminum]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2012) | style="text-align:left;"| 3.8/4.2L V6 cylinder heads<br />4.6L, 5.4L V8 cylinder heads<br />6.8L V10 cylinder heads<br />Pistons | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1981. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001; shuttered in 2009 except for the melting operation which closed in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fairfax Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fairfax, Ohio|Fairfax, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1979) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cruise-O-Matic|Ford-O-Matic/Merc-O-Matic/Lincoln Turbo-Drive]]<br /> [[w:Cruise-O-Matic#MX/FX|Cruise-O-Matic (FX transmission)]]<br />[[w:Cruise-O-Matic#FMX|FMX transmission]] | Located at 4000 Red Bank Road. Opened in 1950. Original Ford-O-Matic was a licensed design from the Warner Gear division of [[w:Borg-Warner|Borg-Warner]]. Also produced aircraft engine parts during the Korean War. Closed in 1979. Sold to Red Bank Distribution of Cincinnati in 1987. Transferred to Cincinnati Port Authority in 2006 after Cincinnati agreed not to sue the previous owner for environmental and general negligence. Redeveloped into Red Bank Village, a mixed-use commercial and office space complex, which opened in 2009 and includes a Wal-Mart. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following L] (for Ford),<br> J (for Fiat - later years) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:FCA Poland|Fiat Tychy Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 2016 | [[w:Ford Ka#Second generation (2008)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] | Plant owned by [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which is now part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production for Ford began in 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Foden Trucks|Foden Trucks]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sandbach|Sandbach]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1984. Factory closed in 2000. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]] | style="text-align:left;"| Foden Trucks plant. Produced for Ford after Ford closed Amsterdam plant. 504 units produced by Foden. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Selangor|Selangor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br /> [[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]]<br />[[w:BMW 3-Series|BMW 3-Series]] E46, E90<br />[[w:BMW 5-Series|BMW 5-Series]] E60<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br /> [[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as AMIM (Associated Motor Industries Malaysia) Holdings Sdn. Bhd. which was 30% owned by Ford from the early 1980s. Previously, Associated Motor Industries Malaysia had assembled for various automotive brands including Ford but was not owned by Ford. In 2000, Ford increased its stake to 49% and renamed the company Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. The other 51% was owned by Tractors Malaysia Bhd., a subsidiary of Sime Darby Bhd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory|Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| Automotive lighting | Located at 26601 W. Huron River Drive. Opened in 1923. Also produced junction boxes for the B-24 bomber as well as lighting for military vehicles during World War II. Closed in 1950. Sold to Moynahan Bronze Company in 1950. Sold to Stearns Manufacturing in 1972. Leased in 1981 to Flat Rock Metal Inc., which later purchased the building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]], [[w:Muntinlupa|Muntinlupa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br /> American Ford trucks<br />British Ford trucks<br />Ford Fiera | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1968. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mariveles|Mariveles]], [[w:Bataan|Bataan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| Stampings | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1976. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Italia|Ford Motor Co. d’Italia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trieste|Trieste]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1931) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford Motor Company of Japan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yokohama|Yokohama]], [[w:Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1941) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1925. Factory was seized by Imperial Japanese Government. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company del Peru | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima|Lima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Peru|Peru]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (first generation)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]] 17M<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-28 |title=Ford to Assemble Cars In Big New Plant in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/28/archives/ford-to-assemble-cars-in-big-new-plant-in-peru.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Ford del Perú |url=https://archivodeautos.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/ford-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Archivo de autos |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford Motor Company Philippines]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa, Laguna]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2012) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Protege|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant sold to Mitsubishi Motors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company Caribbean, Inc. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canóvanas, Puerto Rico|Canóvanas]], [[w:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:United States|U.S.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Ball bearings | Plant opened in the 1960s. Constructed on land purchased from the [[w:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company|Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:de:Ford Motor Company of Rhodesia|Ford Motor Co. Rhodesia (Pvt.) Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Salisbury]] (now Harare) | style="text-align:left;"| ([[w:Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]) / [[w:Rhodesia (1964–1965)|Rhodesia (colony)]] / [[w:Rhodesia|Rhodesia (country)]] (now [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1967 to state-owned Industrial Development Corporation | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fourth generation (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fifth generation (1966–1967)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-100]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E/800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson#Dexta|Fordson Dexta tractors]]<br />[[w:Fordson#E1A|Fordson Super Major]]<br />[[w:Deutz-Fahr|Deutz F1M 414 tractor]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Former Ford Factory|Ford Motor Co. (Singapore)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Singapore|Singapore]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1980) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as Ford Motor Company of Malaya Ltd. & subsequently as Ford Motor Company of Malaysia. Factory was originally on Anson Road, then moved to Prince Edward Road in Jan. 1930 before moving to Bukit Timah Road in April 1941. Factory was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. It was then used by British military authorities until April 1947 when it was returned to Ford. Production resumed in December 1947. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of South Africa Ltd.]] Struandale Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Delta Motor Corporation|Delta Motor Corporation]] (later [[w:General Motors South Africa|GM South Africa]]) in 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (North America)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (Americas)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Ford Ranchero (American)]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Ford Cortina Pickup/P100/Ford 1-Tonner]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus (P5) 17M]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford (Taunus P7) 17M/20M]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark I (1972–1977)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont (Australia)#South Africa|Ford Fairmont/Fairmont GT]] (XW, XY)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] ([[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)#Falcon utility|Falcon Ute-based]]) (XT, XW, XY, XA, XB)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Second generation|Ford Fairlane (Australia)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort/XR3/XR3i]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]] | Ford first began production in South Africa in 1924 in a former wool store on Grahamstown Road in Port Elizabeth. Ford then moved to a larger location on Harrower Road in October 1930. In 1948, Ford moved again to a plant in Neave Township, Port Elizabeth. Struandale Assembly opened in 1974. Ford ended vehicle production in Port Elizabeth in December 1985, moving all vehicle production to SAMCOR's Silverton plant that had come from Sigma Motor Corp., the other partner in the [[w:SAMCOR|SAMCOR]] merger. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Naberezhny Chelny Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Naberezhny Chelny|Naberezhny Chelny]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] | Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] St. Petersburg Assembly Plant, previously [[w:Ford Motor Company ZAO|Ford Motor Company ZAO]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vsevolozhsk|Vsevolozhsk]], [[w:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]] | Opened as a 100%-owned Ford plant in 2002 building the Focus. Mondeo was added in 2009. Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2022). Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Restructured & renamed Sollers Ford in 2020 after Sollers increased its stake to 51% in 2019 with Ford owning 49%. Production suspended in March 2022. Ford Sollers was dissolved in October 2022 when Ford sold its remaining 49% stake and exited the Russian market. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Second generation (2006)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]]<br />[[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Tourneo Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.6L Duratec I4]] | Opened as part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2015. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Apčak|Obchuk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belarus|Belarus]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#Sixth generation (1995–2002)|Ford Escort, Escort Van]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] | Ford Union was a joint venture which was 51% owned by Ford, 23% owned by distributor Lada-OMC, & 26% owned by the Belarus government. Production began in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford-Vairogs|Ford-Vairogs]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Riga|Riga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Latvia|Latvia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1940). Nationalized following Soviet invasion & takeover of Latvia. | [[w:Ford Prefect#E93A (1938–49)|Ford-Vairogs Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus G93A#Ford Taunus G93A (1939–1942)|Ford-Vairogs Taunus]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 Standard]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 De Luxe]]<br />Ford-Vairogs V8 3-ton trucks<br />Ford-Vairogs buses | Produced vehicles under license from Ford's Copenhagen, Denmark division. Production began in 1937. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fremantle Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:North Fremantle, Western Australia|North Fremantle, Western Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br>[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 130 Stirling Highway. Plant opened in March 1930. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the factory was assembling tractors and rectifying vehicles delivered from Geelong in Victoria. The factory was also used as a depot for spare parts for Ford dealerships. Later used by Matilda Bay Brewing Company from 1988-2013 though beer production ended in 2007. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937-1940 Ford]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (through 1948)<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford#Australian production|1941-1942 & 1946-1948 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949-1951 Ford Custom Fordor/Coupe Utility/Deluxe Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952-1954 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955-1956 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957-1959 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford Freighter/F-Series]] | Production began in 1925 in a former wool storage warehouse in Geelong before moving to a new plant in the Geelong suburb that later became known as Norlane. Vehicle production later moved to Broadmeadows plant that opened in 1959. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Aluminum Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and structural oil pans | Opened 1986. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Iron Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| I6 engine blocks, camshafts, crankshafts, exhaust manifolds, bearing caps, disc brake rotors and flywheels | Opened 1972. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Chassis Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Machine cylinder heads, suspension arms and brake rotors | Opened 1983. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 335 engine#302 and 351 Cleveland (Australia)|Ford 302 & 351 Cleveland V8]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Ford Australia|Ford Australia Falcon I6]]<br />[[w:Ford Barra engine#Inline 6|Ford Australia Barra I6]] | Opened 1926. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont body panels <br /> Ford Falcon Utility body panels <br /> Ford Territory body panels | Opened 1926. Previously: Ford Fairlane body panels <br /> Ford LTD body panels <br /> Ford Capri body panels <br /> Ford Cortina body panels <br /> Welded subassemblies and steel press tools |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) [when following G] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk Body & Assembly|Genk Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk|Genk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-MAX]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]] | Opened in 1964.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P6|Ford Taunus P6]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford Taunus P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC|Ford Taunus TC]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967–1975)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| GETRAG FORD Transmissions Bordeaux Transaxle Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Getrag/Magna Powertrain in 2021 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford BC-series transmission|Ford BC4/BC5 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford iB5 transmission (5MTT170/5MTT200)]]<br />[[w:Ford Durashift#Durashift EST|Ford Durashift-EST(iB5-ASM/5MTT170-ASM)]]<br />MX65 transmission<br />CTX [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] | Opened in 1976. Became a joint venture with [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] in 2001. Joint Venture: 50% Ford Motor Company / 50% Getrag Transmission. Joint venture dissolved in 2021 and this plant was kept by Getrag, which was taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Green Island Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Green Island, New York|Green Island, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1989) | style="text-align:left;"| Radiators, springs | style="text-align:left;"| 1922-1989, demolished in 2004 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) (for Fords) [when following B],<br> X (for Jaguar w/2.5L),<br> W (for Jaguar w/3.0L),<br> H (for Land Rover) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]], [[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]], [[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type]], [[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1963–2008. Ford assembly ended in July 2000, then transferred to Jaguar/Land Rover. Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] with Jaguar/Land Rover business. The van variant of the Escort remained in production in a facility located behind the now Jaguar plant at Halewood until October 2002. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors/tractor components<br /> Wheels for cars like Model T & Model A<br />Locks and lock parts<br />Radius rods<br />Running Boards | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1920. Factory used hydroelectric power. Switched from tractors to auto parts less than 6 months after production began. Also made parts for bomber engines during World War II. Plant closed in 1950. Sold to Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1951. Bendix closed the plant in 1962 and sold it in 1963 to Ward Manufacturing Co., which made camping trailers there. In 1975, it was sold to Chem-Dyne Corp., which used it for chemical waste storage & disposal. Demolished around 1981 as part of a Federal Superfund cleanup of the site. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Heimdalsgade Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heimdalsgade|Heimdalsgade street]], [[w:Nørrebro|Nørrebro district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1924) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1919–1924. Was replaced by, at the time, Europe's most modern Ford-plant, "Sydhavnen Assembly". |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| HP/HM/H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park Ford Plant|Highland Park Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />Ford trucks (pre-1948)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1948-1950, 1951-1956)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1953, 1956)<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors and tractor components | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue). Ford Motor Company's third American factory. Was also Ford's world headquarters from 1910-1927. First automobile factory in history to utilize a moving assembly line (implemented October 7, 1913). Model T production from 1910 to 1927. Car production then shifted to the Rouge complex in Dearborn. Continued to make automotive trim parts after 1927. Also made [[w:M4 Sherman#M4A3|M4A3 Sherman tanks]], M34 and M34A1 Gun Mounts for Sherman Tanks, M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers, M7 gun directors, Squad Tents for the Army, and parts for Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial aircraft engines made by Ford at the Rouge complex during World War II. Became Ford's main tractor plant in 1947. One of the first 2 Ford plants to build the <br> F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Richmond, California). F-Series truck production ended in 1957. Production of trim parts ended in the 1960s. Tractor production ended in 1974. Ford sold the Highland Park plant in October 1981, but continues to lease space there for storage. In October 2012, Ford moved its records storage out of Highland Park (Bldg. AA). Some of the site has been demolished and replaced by a mall called Model T Plaza but multiple buildings of the complex are still standing. A Forman Mills store opened in Bldg. JJ. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hobart Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart, Tasmania]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Collins Street. Plant opened in December 1925. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Homebush Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Homebush West, New South Wales|Homebush (Sydney), NSW]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Mk. 1 & 2]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri#Ford Capri Mk I (1969–1974)|Ford Capri]] Mk.1<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Intermediate Fairlanes (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane (1962-1964)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1965-1968)<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Ford Meteor|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (conversion to right hand drive)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford’s first factory in New South Wales opened in 1925 in the Sandown area of Sydney making the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] and later the [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] and the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. This plant was replaced by the Homebush plant which opened in March 1936 and later closed in September 1994. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Hyundai Ulsan Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea]|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1985. Licensing agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] Mk2-Mk5<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark II (1977–1985)|Ford Granada MkII]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D-750/D-800]]<br />[[w:Ford R series|Ford R-182]] | [[w:Hyundai Motor|Hyundai Motor]] began by producing Ford models under license. Replaced by self-developed Hyundai models. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| IMMSA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon|Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000). Agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| Ford M450 motorhome chassis | Replaced by Detroit Chassis LLC plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Steering Systems Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|1957–2011, demolished in 2017 | style="text-align:left;"| Steering columns, Steering gears | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 6900 English Ave. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2011. Demolished in 2017. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Industrias Chilenas de Automotores SA (Chilemotores) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arica|Arica]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | Closed c.1969 | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] | Opened 1964. Was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Bolocco & Cia. Replaced by Ford's 100% owned Casablanca, Chile plant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=2020-04-15 |title=Infografía: Conoce la historia de la otrora productiva industria automotriz chilena {{!}} Emol.com |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Autos/2020/04/15/983059/infiografia-historia-industria-automotriz-chile.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inokom|Inokom]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kulim, Kedah|Kulim, Kedah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended 2016 | [[w:Ford Transit#Facelift (2006)|Ford Transit]] | Plant owned by Inokom |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | CKD, Ford tractors, [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Galaxie#Brazilian production|Ford Galaxie]], [[w:Ford Landau|Ford Landau]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Brazil|Ford LTD]], [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks, Ford B-1618 & B-1621 bus chassis, Ford B12000 school bus chassis, [[w:Volkswagen Delivery|VW Delivery]], [[w:Volkswagen Worker|VW Worker]], [[w:Volkswagen L80|VW L80]], [[w:Volkswagen Volksbus|VW Volksbus 16.180 CO bus chassis]] | Part of Autolatina joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | [[w:Ford Y-block engine#272|Ford 272 Y-block V8]], [[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Otosan#History|Istanbul Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tophane|Tophane]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Production stopped in 1934 as a result of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]. Then handled spare parts & service for existing cars. Closed entirely in 1944. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | Opened 1929. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Browns Lane plant|Jaguar Browns Lane plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Coventry|Coventry]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar XJ|Jaguar XJ]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ-S|Jaguar XJ-S]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler six-cylinder sedan (XJ40)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Six|Daimler Six]] (X300)<br />[[w:Daimler Sovereign#Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)|Daimler Double Six]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler Eight/Super V8]] (X308)<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] (X350/X356)<br /> [[w:Daimler DS420|Daimler DS420]] | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich Assembly|Jaguar Castle Bromwich Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF (X250)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ (X356/X358)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ (X351)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK (X150)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] <br />Painted bodies for models made at Browns Lane | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Jaguar Radford Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Radford, Coventry|Radford]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12 engine]]<br />Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a [[w:Daimler Company|Daimler]] site. Daimler had built buses in Radford. Jaguar took over Daimler in 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (EU) [when following G] (for Ford), <br> M (NA) (for Merkur) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Rheine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Rheine|Rheine]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2008 (Ford production ended in 1997) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Convertible]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort RS Cosworth|Ford Escort RS Cosworth]]<br />[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] (1985-1989) | Plant owned by [[w:Karmann|Karmann]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Kechnec Transmission (Getrag Ford Transmissions) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kechnec|Kechnec]], [[w:Košice Region|Košice Region]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Getrag|Getrag]]/[[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford MPS6 transmissions<br /> Ford SPS6 transmissions | style="text-align:left;"| Ford/Getrag "Powershift" dual clutch transmission. Originally owned by Getrag Ford Transmissions - a joint venture 50% owned by Ford Motor Company & 50% owned by Getrag Transmission. Plant sold to Getrag in 2019. Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture was dissolved in 2021. Getrag was previously taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 6 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Kia Sohari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gwangmyeong|Gwangmyeong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]] (US: 1988-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] (US: 1994-1997) | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Kia. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|La Boca Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:La Boca|La Boca]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Ford B series#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford B-600 bus]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)#Argentinian-made 1961–1968|Ford F-Series (Early Gen 4)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|General Pacheco]] plant in 1961. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Falcon Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont/Elite II]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (second generation)|Ford Mustang II]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced San Lazaro plant. Opened 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ford-motor-company-s-a-de-c-v-history/|title=History of Ford Motor Company, S.A. de C.V. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> Is now the Plaza Tepeyac shopping center. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull plant|Land Rover Solihull Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull|Solihull]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender (L316)]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First generation|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover Discovery 3/LR3]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover Discovery 4/LR4]]<br />[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005–2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Langley Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Langley, Berkshire|Langley, Slough]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold/closed (1986/1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] and [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]] vans; [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]] and [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] trucks; [[w:Ford R series|Ford R-Series]] bus/coach chassis | style="text-align:left;"| 1949–1986. Former Hawker aircraft factory. Sold to Iveco, closed 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Largs Bay Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Largs Bay, South Australia|Largs Bay (Port Adelaide Enfield), South Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1965 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Customline|Ford Customline]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened in 1926. Was at the corner of Victoria Rd and Jetty Rd. Later used by James Hardie to manufacture asbestos fiber sheeting. Is now Rapid Haulage at 214 Victoria Road. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Leamington Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Leamington Spa|Leamington Spa]], [[w:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Castings including brake drums and discs, differential gear cases, flywheels, hubs and exhaust manifolds | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1940, closed in July 2007. Demolished 2012. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LP (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Motor Company Plant|Lincoln Motor Company Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1952); Most buildings demolished in 2002-2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln L series|Lincoln L series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln K series|Lincoln K series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]]<br />[[w:Lincoln-Zephyr|Lincoln-Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1950-1952)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Capri#First generation (1952–1955))|Lincoln Capri]] (1952 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#First generation (1940–1942, 1946–1948)|Lincoln Continental (retroactively Mark I)]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952) | Located at 6200 West Warren Avenue at corner of Livernois. Built before Lincoln was part of Ford Motor Co. Ford kept some offices here after production ended in 1952. Sold to Detroit Edison in 1955. Eventually replaced by Wixom Assembly plant. Mostly demolished in 2002-2003. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles Assembly|Los Angeles Assembly]] (Los Angeles Assembly plant #2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pico Rivera, California|Pico Rivera, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1957 to 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 8900 East Washington Blvd. and Rosemead Blvd. Sold to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1982 for B-2 Stealth Bomber development. Demolished 2001. Now the Pico Rivera Towne Center, an open-air shopping mall. Plant only operated one shift due to California Air Quality restrictions. First vehicles produced were the Edsel [[w:Edsel Corsair|Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Citation]] (1958) and Mercurys. Later vehicles were [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964-1965, 1968), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961),[[w:Ford Galaxie|Galaxie]] (1959-1971, 1973), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|LTD]] (1967-1976, 1978, 1980), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1960-1962), [[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958), [[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]], [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]], [[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]], [[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]], [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1958-1960, 1967), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1958), and [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1968-1979). Also, [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1967), [[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]], & [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]]. Thunderbird production ended after the 1979 model year. The last vehicle produced was the Panther platform [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] on January 26, 1980. Built 1,419,498 vehicles. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (early)/<br>LB/L (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach, California|Long Beach, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1959 | style="text-align:left;"| (1930-32, 1934-59):<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]],<br> [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]],<br> [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1958). | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 700 Henry Ford Ave. Ended production March 20, 1959 when the site became unstable due to oil drilling. Production moved to the Los Angeles plant in Pico Rivera. Ford sold the Long Beach plant to the Dallas and Mavis Forwarding Company of South Bend, Indiana on January 28, 1960. It was then sold to the Port of Long Beach in the 1970's. Demolished from 1990-1991. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain Assembly|Lorain Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain, Ohio|Lorain, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1958 to 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Econoline|Ford Econoline/Club Wagon/E-Series]] (1961-2006) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5401 Baumhart Road. Closed December 14, 2005. Produced 15,805,106 vehicles, nearly half of which are Econoline/Club Wagon/<br>E-Series vans. Operations transferred to Avon Lake.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1959-1965, 1978-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1966-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Cyclone|Mercury Cyclone]] (1968-1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1980-1997)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1980-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1983-1988)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1959-1964)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline pickup]] (1961) <br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline]] (1966-1967) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production: June 1903-October 1904 | style="text-align:left;"| Original [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)|Ford Model A]] [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)#Ford Model AC|Ford Model AC]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1903–1904. Ford Motor Company's first factory (rented). Ford began occupying the rented plant in April 1903 but production didn't start until after Ford Motor Co. was incorporated in June 1903. Ford assembled components here that were purchased from other companies including Dodge Bros. Co., which supplied the chassis, engine, transmission, driveshaft, and both axles. A second story was added in late 1903 to provide a paint shop and additional space for storage. Ford relocated to the Piquette Ave. plant in Detroit in Oct. 1904 because they had outgrown the Mack Ave. plant and needed a larger factory space. The Mack Avenue Plant's address was originally 588–592 Mack Avenue when Ford Motor Company occupied the building. Its address became 6520 Mack Avenue after the city of Detroit changed its street numbering system in January 1921. Various other tenants occupied the building after Ford left including the Columbia Motors Co. Columbia Motors also occupied the building diagonally across Mack Ave. (6501 Mack Ave.) which was originally owned by the Aerocar Co., founded by Alexander Malcomson, an early investor in Ford Motor Co. who had a falling out with Henry Ford regarding company direction. After Aerocar went bankrupt in 1907, 6501 Mack Ave. was the first plant of Hudson Motor Car Co. Hudson quickly outgrew the plant and moved a few miles away to a larger plant. The Ford plant building burned down in August 1941. An imprecise replica of the building was built in 1945 and is located at [[w:The Henry Ford|The Henry Ford]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah Assembly|Mahwah Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah, New Jersey|Mahwah, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1955 to 1980. | style="text-align:left;"| Last vehicles produced:<br> [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1980)<br /> [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1980) | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Orient Blvd. Truck production ended in July 1979. Car production ended in June 1980 and the plant closed. Demolished. Site then used by Sharp Electronics Corp. as a North American headquarters from 1985 until 2016 when former Ford subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover took over the site for their North American headquarters. Another part of the site is used by retail stores.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1958, 1960-1979)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1961)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1969, 1971-1972, 1974)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1961-1963) <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1962)<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980) |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Manukau Alloy Wheel | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Manukau|Manukau, Auckland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum wheels and cross members | style="text-align:left;"| Established 1981. Sold in 2001 to Argent Metals Technology |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Matford|Matford]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mathis (automobile)|Mathis cars]]<br />Matford V8 cars <br />Matford trucks | Matford was a joint venture 60% owned by Ford and 40% owned by French automaker Mathis. Replaced by Ford's own Poissy plant after Matford was dissolved. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Maumee Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maumee, Ohio|Maumee, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| body panels | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in 2007, sold, and reopened as independent stamping plant |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:MÁVAG#Car manufacturing, the MÁVAG-Ford|MAVAG]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Budapest|Budapest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hungary|Hungary]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1939) | [[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford V8]]<br />[[w:de:Ford-Barrel-Nose-Lkw|Ford G917T]] | Opened 1938. Produced under license from Ford Germany. MAVAG was nationalized in 1946. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood Assembly|Maywood Assembly]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=170279&page=955|title=Photo of Lincoln-Mercury Assembly}}</ref> (Los Angeles Assembly plant #1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood, California|Maywood, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1948 to 1957 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (-1951), [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1955-1956), [[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956), [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1957), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1957), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957), [[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951), [[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1951-1952, 1954), [[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956), [[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1956). Painting of Pico Rivera-built Edsel bodies until Pico Rivera's paint shop was up and running. | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5801 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Chrysler Los Angeles Assembly plant]]. Plant was demolished following closure. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 0 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hiroshima Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[w:Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Courier#Mazda-based models|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva#Third generation (1996)|Ford Festiva Mini Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Freda|Ford Freda]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Ford Econovan/Econowagon/Spectron]]<br />[[w:Ford Raider|Ford Raider]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hofu Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hofu|Hofu]], [[w:Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Metcon Casting (Metalurgica Constitución S.A.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Villa Constitución|Villa Constitución]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Paraná Metal SA | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Iron castings | Originally opened in 1957. Bought by Ford in 1967. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Monroe Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monroe, Michigan|Monroe, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed as a factory in 2008. Now a Ford warehouse. | style="text-align:left;"| Coil springs, wheels, stabilizer bars, catalytic converters, headlamp housings, and bumpers. Chrome Plating (1956-1982) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 3200 E. Elm Ave. Originally built by Newton Steel around 1929 and subsequently owned by [[w:Alcoa|Alcoa]] and Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. Bought by Ford in 1949 and opened in 1950. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2008. Sold to parent Ford Motor Co. in 2009. Converted into Ford River Raisin Warehouse. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Montevideo Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1985) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D series]] | Plant was on Calle Cuaró. Opened 1920. Ford Uruguay S.A. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Clayton, Victoria|Clayton]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1992) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Corsair#Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)|Ford Corsair (UA)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pintara|Nissan Pintara]]<br />[[w:Nissan Skyline#Seventh generation (R31; 1985)|Nissan Skyline]] | Plant owned by Nissan. Ford production was part of the [[w:Button Plan|Button Plan]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NK/NR/N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-2007) | Located at 2424 Springfield Ave. on the Elizabeth River. Opened April 20, 1925. Production ended on June 28, 2007. Ford sold the property in 2011. Mostly Demolished. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961) <br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970, 1973-1974)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1974) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valve Plant|Ford Valve Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Northville, Michigan|Northville, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine valves for cars and tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 235 East Main Street. Previously a gristmill purchased by Ford in 1919 that was reconfigured to make engine valves from 1920 to 1936. Replaced with a new purpose-built structure designed by Albert Kahn in 1936 which includes a waterwheel. Closed in 1981. Later used as a manufacturing plant by R&D Enterprises from 1994 to 2005 to make heat exchangers. Known today as the Water Wheel Centre, a commercial space that includes design firms and a fitness club. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (NA) | tyle="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ontario Truck|Ontario Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1966-2003)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Heritage]] (2004)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999-2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning SVT]] (1999-2004) | Opened in 1965. Truck production moved from the neighboring Oakville Assembly plant when Ontario Truck opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1966-1968) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turin|Turin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1967) | [[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:OSI-Ford 20 M TS|OSI-Ford 20 M TS]] | Plant owned by [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC#Turkey|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-600]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Otosan P100]]<br />[[w:Anadol|Anadol]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Pacheco Truck Assembly and Painting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-400/F-4000]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1982. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved and converted it to car production. VW has since then used this plant for Amarok pickup truck production. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (EU) [when following L] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina Bairo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bairo|Bairo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2010) | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)#Coupé-Cabriolet|Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#StreetKa and SportKa|Ford StreetKa]] | Plant owned by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|Piquette Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1911), reopened as a museum (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Models [[w:Ford Model B (1904)|B]], [[w:Ford Model C|C]], [[w:Ford Model F|F]], [[w:Ford Model K|K]], [[w:Ford Model N|N]], [[w:Ford Model N#Model R|R]], [[w:Ford Model S|S]], and [[w:Ford Model T|T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1910. Ford Motor Company's second American factory (first owned). Concept of a moving assembly line experimented with and developed here before being fully implemented at Highland Park plant. Birthplace of the [[w:Ford Model T|Model T]] (September 27, 1908). Sold to [[w:Studebaker|Studebaker]] in 1911. Sold to [[w:3M|3M]] in 1936. Sold to Cadillac Overall Company, a work clothes supplier, in 1968. Owned by Heritage Investment Company from 1989 to 2000. Sold to the Model T Automotive Heritage Complex in April 2000. Run as a museum since July 27, 2001. Oldest car factory building on Earth open to the general public. The Piquette Avenue Plant was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2003, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The building has also been a contributing property for the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District since 2004. The factory's front façade was fully restored to its 1904 appearance and revealed to the public on September 27, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the completion of the first production Model T. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Plonsk Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Plonsk|Plonsk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Poissy Assembly]] (now the [[w:Stellantis Poissy Plant|Stellantis Poissy Plant]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poissy|Poissy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1954 to Simca | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford SAF#Ford SAF (1945-1954)|Ford F-472/F-472A (13CV) & F-998A (22CV)]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />[[w:Ford Abeille|Ford Abeille]]<br />[[w:Ford Vendôme|Ford Vendôme]] <br />[[w:Ford Comèt|Ford Comète]]<br /> Ford F-198 T/F-598 T/F-698 W/Cargo F798WM/Remorqueur trucks<br />French Ford based Simca models:<br />[[w:Simca Vedette|Simca Vedette]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Ariane]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Miramas]]<br />[[w:Ford Comète|Simca Comète]] | Ford France including the Poissy plant and all current and upcoming French Ford models was sold to [[w:Simca|Simca]] in 1954 and Ford took a 15.2% stake in Simca. In 1958, Ford sold its stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]]. In 1963, [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] increased their stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to a controlling 64% by purchasing stock from Fiat, and they subsequently extended that holding further to 77% in 1967. In 1970, Chrysler increased its stake in Simca to 99.3% and renamed it Chrysler France. In 1978, Chrysler sold its entire European operations including Simca to PSA Peugeot-Citroën and Chrysler Europe's models were rebranded as Talbot. Talbot production at Poissy ended in 1986 and the Talbot brand was phased out. Poissy went on to produce Peugeot and Citroën models. Poissy has therefore, over the years, produced vehicles for the following brands: [[w:Ford France|Ford]], [[w:Simca|Simca]], [[w:Chrysler Europe|Chrysler]], [[w:Talbot#Chrysler/Peugeot era (1979–1985)|Talbot]], [[w:Peugeot|Peugeot]], [[w:Citroën|Citroën]], [[w:DS Automobiles|DS Automobiles]], [[w:Opel|Opel]], and [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Opel and Vauxhall are included due to their takeover by [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017 from [[w:General Motors|General Motors]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Recife Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Recife|Recife]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> | Opened 1925. Brazilian branch assembly plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive industry in Australia#Renault Australia|Renault Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Factory closed in 1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina#Mark IV (1976–1979)|Ford Cortina wagon]] | Assembled by Renault Australia under a 3-year contract to [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] beginning in 1977. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania#20th century|Ford Română S.A.R.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]] (1935-1936)<br /> [[w:1937 Ford|Ford Model 74/78/81A/82A/91A/92A/01A/02A]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1940)<br /> | Production ended in 1940 due to World War II. The factory then did repair work only. The factory was nationalized by the Communist Romanian government in 1948. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romeo Engine Plant|Romeo Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Romeo, Michigan|Romeo, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2022) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Boss engine|Ford 6.2L Boss V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 4.6/5.4 Modular V8]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Ford 5.8L supercharged Trinity V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Ford 5.2L flat-plane crank Voodoo V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L supercharged Predator V8]] | Located at 701 E. 32 Mile Road. Made Ford tractors and engines, parts, and farm implements for tractors from 1973 until 1988. Reopened in 1990 making the Modular V8. Included 2 lines: a high volume engine line and a niche engine line, which, since 1996, made high-performance V8 engines by hand including the Trinity, Voodoo, and Predator engines as well as the 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '96-'99 & '01 and the <br> 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the '00 Mustang Cobra R and the supercharged 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '03-'04 & the supercharged 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the Mustang Shelby GT500 of '07-'12 and the Ford GT of '05-'06. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Jose Assembly Plant|San Jose Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style=”text-align:center;"| 1955-1983 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1983), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960), [[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958), [[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1978), [[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1976, 1978), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1961-1964), [[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1961), [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964, 1969-1970), [[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1969-1970), [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1964, 1970), [[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]], [[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1970, 1974-1981), [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1968-1969), & [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1981). | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced the Richmond Assembly Plant. Was northwest of the intersection of Great Mall Parkway/Capitol Avenue and Montague Expressway extending west to S. Main St. (in Milpitas). Site is now Great Mall of the Bay Area. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | Operated 1925-c.1932 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | First auto plant in Mexico opened in 1925. Replaced by La Villa plant in 1932. |- | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2021)<ref name=":0"/> Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Figo#Second generation (B562; 2015)|Ford Figo]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo Aspire|Ford Figo Aspire]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo#Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] | Opened March 2015<ref name="sanand">{{cite web|title=News|url=https://www.at.ford.com/en/homepage/news-and-clipsheet/news.html|website=www.at.ford.com}}</ref> |- | | Santiago Exposition Street Plant (Planta Calle Exposición 1258) | [[w:es:Calle Exposición|Calle Exposición]], [[w:Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |Operated 1924-c.1962 <ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2013-04-10 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CALLE EXPOSICIÓN (1924 - c.1962) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2013/04/planta-ford-calle-exposicion-1924-c1962.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | First plant opened in Chile in 1924.<ref name=":2" /> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|São Bernardo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed Oct. 30, 2019 & Sold 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-motor-southamerica-heavytruck-idUSKCN1Q82EB|title=Ford to close oldest Brazil plant, exit South America truck biz|date=2019-02-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Originally the Willys-Overland do Brazil plant. Bought by Ford in 1967. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. No more Cargo Trucks produced in Brazil since 2019. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária.<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Aero]]<br />[[w:Ford Belina|Ford Belina]]<br />[[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]]<br />[[w:Ford Del Rey|Ford Del Rey]]<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Itamaraty]]<br />[[w:Jeep CJ#Brazil|Ford Jeep]]<br /> [[w:Ford Rural|Ford Rural]]<br />[[w:Ford F-75|Ford F-75]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Pampa|Ford Pampa]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]] (BE146 & B402)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Apollo|Volkswagen Apollo]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Logus|Volkswagen Logus]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|Volkswagen Pointer]]<br />Ford tractors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:pt:Ford do Brasil|São Paulo city assembly plants]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />Ford tractors | First plant opened in 1919 on Rua Florêncio de Abreu, in São Paulo. Moved to a larger plant in Praça da República in São Paulo in 1920. Then moved to an even larger plant on Rua Solon, in the Bom Retiro neighborhood of São Paulo in 1921. Replaced by Ipiranga plant in 1953. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NZ) | style="text-align:left;"| Seaview Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lower Hutt|Lower Hutt]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1988) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48#1936|Ford Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] Model 78<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Capri|Ford Consul Classic 315]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br /> [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br /> [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|Ford Custom V8 Fordor]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] wagon<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] Major tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1936, closed in 1988 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sheffield Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield, Alabama]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1983) | style="text-align:left;"| Die cast parts<br /> pistons<br /> transmission cases | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1958, closed in December 1983. Demolished 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Shenstone plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Shenstone, Staffordshire|Shenstone, Staffordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1986) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford RS200|Ford RS200]] | style="text-align:left;"| Former [[w:Reliant Motors|Reliant Motors]] plant. Leased by Ford from 1985-1986 to build the RS200. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Southampton plant|Southampton Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Southampton|Southampton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era"/> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] van | style="text-align:left;"| Former Supermarine aircraft factory, acquired 1953. Built Ford vans 1972 – July 2013 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SL/Z (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hazelwood, MO|Hazelwood, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1995-2006)<br>[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (2002-2006)<br>[[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2003-2005) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 2-58 Ford Lane and Aviator Dr. St. Louis plant is now a mixed use residential/commercial space (West End Lofts). Hazelwood plant was demolished in 2009.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (1986-1997)<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983-1985) <br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1967-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis Meteor (Canada only)]] (1980-81)<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] <br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956, 1958)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1970, 1974)<br>[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1960, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966-1967)<br>[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br>[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br /> [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1952-1953) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Thomas Assembly|St. Thomas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Talbotville, Ontario|Talbotville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/|title=Markets|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1984-1991) <br />[[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] (1992-2011)<br /> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1984-2011)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] (2003-2004)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]] (2008-2011) | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1967. Demolished. Now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-77) <br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971, 1973-1977, 1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1980)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-81)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-81) <br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Stockholm Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| Free Port area (Frihamnen in Swedish), [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1957) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />Ford trucks | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Swedish Motor Assemblies|Swedish Motor Assemblies]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander|Land Rover Freelander]] | style="text-align:left;"| Also built Volvo trucks and buses. Used to do contract assembly for other automakers including Suzuki and Daihatsu. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sydhavnen Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sydhavnen|Sydhavnen district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1966) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C (Europe)|Ford Junior De Luxe]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1966. 325,482 vehicles were built. Plant was then converted into a tractor assembly plant for Ford Industrial Equipment Co. Tractor plant closed in the mid-1970's. Administration & depot building next to assembly plant was used until 1991 when depot for remote storage closed & offices moved to Glostrup. Assembly plant building stood until 2006 when it was demolished. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Taubate Engine & Transmission & Chassis Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taubaté, São Paulo|Taubaté, São Paulo]], Av. Charles Schnneider, 2222 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2021<ref name="camacari"/> & Sold 05.18.2022 | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Ford Pinto/Lima 2.3L I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Brazil|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:List of Ford engines#1.5 L Dragon|1.5L Ti-VCT Dragon 3-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|iB5 5-speed manual transmission]]<br />MX65 5-speed manual transmission<br />aluminum casting<br />Chassis components | Opened in 1974. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária https://construtorasaojose.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.jor.br/ford-vai-vender-fabrica-de-sp-para-construtora-troller-segue-sem-definicao/|title=Ford sold Factory in Taubaté to Buildings Development Constructor|date=2022-05-18|access-date=2022-05-29|language=pt}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand#History|Thai Motor Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| ? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] | Factory was a joint venture between Ford UK & Ford's Thai distributor, Anglo-Thai Motors Company. Taken over by Ford in 1973 when it was renamed Ford Thailand, closed in 1976 when Ford left Thailand. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Thai-Swedish Assembly Co. Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Samutprakarn|Samutprakarn]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Plant no longer used by Volvo Cars. Sold to Volvo AB in 2008. Volvo Car production ended in 2011. Production consolidated to Malaysia plant in 2012. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo 200 Series|Volvo 200 Series]]<br />[[w:Volvo 940|Volvo 940]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />Volvo Trucks<br />Volvo Buses | Was 56% owned by Volvo and 44% owned by Swedish Motor. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Think Global|TH!NK Nordic AS]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aurskog|Aurskog]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norway|Norway]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Think City|Ford Think City]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Kamkorp Microelectronics as of February 1, 2003 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Tlalnepantla Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tlalnepantla|Tlalnepantla]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling for vehicle production | Was previously a Studebaker-Packard assembly plant. Bought by Ford in 1962 and converted into a tool & die plant. Operations transferred to Cuautitlan at the end of 1985. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Trafford Park Factory|Ford Trafford Park Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trafford Park|Trafford Park]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1911–1931, formerly principal Ford UK plant. Produced [[w:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aircraft engines during World War II. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Transax, S.A. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| Transmissions <br /> Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Ford in 1967 from [[w:Industrias Kaiser Argentina|IKA]]. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this plant when Autolatina dissolved. VW has since then used this plant for transmission production. |- | style="text-align:center;"| H (SA) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller Veículos Especiais]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Acquired in 2007; operated until 2021. Closed (2021).<ref name="camacari"/> | [[w:Troller T4|Troller T4]], [[w:Troller Pantanal|Troller Pantanal]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Twin Cities Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1986-2011)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (2005-2009 & 2010 in Canada) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 966 S. Mississippi River Blvd. Began production May 4, 1925. Production ended December 1932 but resumed in 1935. Closed December 16, 2011. <br>Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1972, 1974), [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966, 1976), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1967-1970, 1972-1973, 1975, 1977-1978), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1992) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1954)<br />From 1926-1959, there was an onsite glass plant making glass for vehicle windows. Plant closed in 1933, reopened in 1935 with glass production resuming in 1937. Truck production began in 1950 alongside car production. Car production ended in 1978. F-Series production ended in 1992. Ranger production began in 1985 for the 1986 model year. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia Assembly|Valencia Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened 1962, Production suspended around 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Previously built <br />[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] <br /> [[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]] <br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Ford Torino#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD II#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 2)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta Move]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Venezuela|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] <br /> [[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]] <br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Mazda Allegro|Mazda Allegro]]<br />[[w:Ford F-250|Ford F-250]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-350|Ford F-350]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] | style="text-align:left;"| Served Ford markets in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Production suspended due to collapse of Venezuela’s economy under Socialist rule of Hugo Chavez & Nicolas Maduro. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autolatina|Volkswagen São Bernardo Assembly]] ([[w:Volkswagen do Brasil|Anchieta]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Returned to VW do Brazil when Autolatina dissolved in 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Versailles|Ford Versailles]]/Ford Galaxy (Argentina)<br />[[w:Ford Royale|Ford Royale]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Santana]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Quantum]] | Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture between Ford and VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Volvo AutoNova Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Pininfarina Sverige AB | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#First generation (1996–2005)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 1) | style="text-align:left;"| AutoNova was originally a 49/51 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]]. Restructured into Pininfarina Sverige AB, a new joint venture with [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] to build the 2nd generation C70. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Car Gent|Volvo Ghent Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ghent|Ghent]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C30|Volvo C30]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC60|Volvo XC60]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:NedCar|Volvo Nedcar Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Born, Netherlands|Born]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Carisma|Mitsubishi Carisma]] <br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Space Star|Mitsubishi Space Star]] | style="text-align:left;"| Taken over by [[w:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] in 2001, and later by [[w:VDL Groep|VDL Groep]] in 2012, when it became VDL Nedcar. Volvo production ended in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina#Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB|Volvo Pininfarina Sverige Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed by Volvo after the Geely takeover | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#Second generation (2006–2013)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 2) | style="text-align:left;"| Pininfarina Sverige was a 40/60 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]. Sold by Ford as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. Volvo bought back Pininfarina's shares in 2013 and closed the Uddevalla plant after C70 production ended later in 2013. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Volvo Skövde Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Skövde|Skövde]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Modular engine|Volvo Modular engine]] I4/I5/I6<br />[[w:Volvo D5 engine|Volvo D5 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)|PSA/Ford-based 2.0/2.2 diesel I4]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslandaverken|Volvo Torslanda Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslanda|Torslanda]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V60|Volvo V60]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Vulcan Forge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Connecting rods and rod cap forgings | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Walkerville Plant|Walkerville Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] (Walkerville was taken over by Windsor in Sept. 1929) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1953) and vacant land next to Detroit River (Fleming Channel). Replaced by Oakville Assembly. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model C|Ford Model C]]<br />[[w:Ford Model N|Ford Model N]]<br />[[w:Ford Model K|Ford Model K]]<br />[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />1946-1947 Mercury trucks<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1948-1953) | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1953. First factory to produce Ford cars outside the USA (via [[w:Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company of Canada]], a separate company from Ford at the time). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Walton Hills Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Walton Hills, Ohio|Walton Hills, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed Winter 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels, bumpers | Opened in 1954. Located at 7845 Northfield Rd. Demolished. Site is now the Forward Innovation Center East. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| WA/W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne Stamping & Assembly|Wayne Stamping & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952-2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (2000-2011)<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1996-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1984-1988)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Lincoln Versailles|Lincoln Versailles]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1974)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1960, 1962-1969, 1971-1972)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan#Second generation (1952-1954)|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1953-1954)<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]] (1955 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956-1957)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1953-)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]]<br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1960, 1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] (1961 only)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1953-1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1958, 1964-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] (1964-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958-1959, 1964-1966)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 37500 Van Born Rd. Was main production site for Mercury vehicles when plant opened in 1952 and shipped knock-down kits to dedicated Mercury assembly locations. First vehicle built was a Mercury Montclair on October 1, 1952. Built Lincolns from 1953-1957 after the Lincoln plant in Detroit closed in 1952. Lincoln production moved to a new plant in Wixom for 1958. The larger, Mercury-based Edsel Corsair and Citation were built in Wayne for 1958. The plant shifted to building smaller cars in the mid-1970's. In 1987, a new stamping plant was built on Van Born Rd. and was connected to the assembly plant via overhead tunnels. Production ended in December 2010 and the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant was combined with the Michigan Truck Plant, which was then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Harare]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Titan#Second generation (1980–1989)|Mazda T3500]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961 as Ford of Rhodesia. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale to the state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Aluminum | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Ford 3.9L V8]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]] blocks | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1992. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001. Subsequently produced engine blocks for GM. Production ended in September 2020. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor Casting|Windsor Casting]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine parts: Cylinder blocks, crankshafts | Opened 1934. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| Y (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom Assembly Plant|Wixom Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Idle (2007); torn down (2013) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Continental|Lincoln Continental]] (1961-1980, 1982-2002)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark III|Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (1969-1971)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark IV|Lincoln Continental Mark IV]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark V|Lincoln Continental Mark V]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Continental Mark VII]] (1984-1992)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] (1993-1998)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] (1981-2007)<br /> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] (2000-2006)<br /> [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (second generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (third generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1961-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fifth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1967-1971)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (sixth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (2002-2005)<br /> [[w:Ford GT40|Ford GT40]] MKIV<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#Third generation (1958–1959)|Lincoln Capri]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#1960 Lincoln|1960 Lincoln]] (1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere#1958–1960|Lincoln Premiere]] (1958–1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#Third generation (1958–1960)|Lincoln Continental Mark III/IV/V]] (1958-1960) | Demolished in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ypsilanti Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| Starters<br /> Starter Assemblies<br /> Alternators<br /> ignition coils<br /> distributors<br /> horns<br /> struts<br />air conditioner clutches<br /> bumper shock devices | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 128 Spring St. Originally owned by Ford Motor Company, it then became a [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] Plant when [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] was spun off in 2000, and later turned into an [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] Plant in 2005. It is said that [[w:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] used to walk this factory when he acquired it in 1932. The Ypsilanti Plant was closed in 2009. Demolished in 2010. The UAW Local was Local 849. |} ==Former branch assembly plants== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Former Address ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A/AA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)|Atlanta Assembly Plant (Poncey-Highland)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poncey-Highland|Poncey-Highland, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| Originally 465 Ponce de Leon Ave. but was renumbered as 699 Ponce de Leon Ave. in 1926. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Southeast USA headquarters and assembly operations from 1915 to 1942. Assembly ceased in 1932 but resumed in 1937. Sold to US War Dept. in 1942. Replaced by new plant in Atlanta suburb of Hapeville ([[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]]), which opened in 1947. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sold in 1979 and redeveloped into mixed retail/residential complex called Ford Factory Square/Ford Factory Lofts. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| BO/BF/B | style="text-align:left;"| Buffalo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Original location operated from 1913 - 1915. 2nd location operated from 1915 – 1931. 3rd location operated from 1931 - 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| Originally located at Kensington Ave. and Eire Railroad. Moved to 2495 Main St. at Rodney in December 1915. Moved to 901 Fuhmann Boulevard in 1931. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953, 1955) | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ceased in January 1933 but resumed in 1934. Operations moved to Lorain, Ohio. 2495 Main St. is now the Tri-Main Center. Previously made diesel engines for the Navy and Bell Aircraft Corporation, was used by Bell Aircraft to design and construct America's first jet engine warplane, and made windshield wipers for Trico Products Co. 901 Fuhmann Boulevard used as a port terminal by Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority after Ford sold the property. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Burnaby Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Burnaby|Burnaby, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1938 to 1960 | style="text-align:left;"| Was located at 4600 Kingsway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building demolished in 1988 to build Station Square |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge Assembly|Cambridge Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1926 | style="text-align:left;"| 640 Memorial Dr. and Cottage Farm Bridge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Had the first vertically integrated assembly line in the world. Replaced by Somerville plant in 1926. Renovated, currently home to Boston Biomedical. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CE | style="text-align:left;"| Charlotte Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914-1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 222 North Tryon then moved to 210 E. Sixth St. in 1916 and again to 1920 Statesville Ave in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in March 1933, Used by Douglas Aircraft to assemble missiles for the U.S. Army between 1955 and 1964, sold to Atco Properties in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ui.uncc.edu/gallery/model-ts-missiles-millennials-new-lives-old-factory|title=From Model Ts to missiles to Millennials, new lives for old factory &#124; UNC Charlotte Urban Institute|website=ui.uncc.edu}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Opened in 1914<br>Moved to current location on 12600 S Torrence Ave. in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| 3915 Wabash Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by current [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly Plant]] on Torrence Ave. in 1924. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CI | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Cincinnati Plant|Cincinnati Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cincinnati|Cincinnati, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 660 Lincoln Ave | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, renovated 2002, currently owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CL/CLE/CLEV | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/item/oh0114|title=Ford Motor Company, Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant, Euclid Avenue & East 116th Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland|Cleveland, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 11610 Euclid Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, renovated, currently home to Cleveland Institute of Art. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company - Columbus Assembly Plant|Columbus Branch Assembly Plant]]<ref>[http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ohio/id/12969/rec/1 "Ford Motor Company – Columbus Plant (Photo and History)"], Columbus Metropolitan Library Digital Collections</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 – 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 427 Cleveland Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ended March 1932. Factory closed 1939. Was the Kroger Co. Columbus Bakery until February 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JE (JK) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Commodore Point|Commodore Point Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, Florida]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Produced from 1924 to 1932. Closed (1968) | style="text-align:left;"| 1900 Wambolt Street. At the Foot of Wambolt St. on the St. John's River next to the Mathews Bridge. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] cars and trucks, [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1932, production years. Parts warehouse until 1968. Planned to be demolished in 2023. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 2700 Canton St then moved in 1925 to 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by plant on 5200 E. Grand Ave. in 1925. Ford continued to use 2700 Canton St. for display and storage until 1939. In 1942, sold to Peaslee-Gaulbert Corporation, which had already been using the building since 1939. Sold to Adam Hats in 1959. Redeveloped in 1997 into Adam Hats Lofts, a loft-style apartment complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Danforth Avenue Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="background:Khaki; text-align:center;"| Sold (1946) | style="text-align:left;"| 2951-2991 Danforth Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> and other cars | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]]. Sold to [[w:Nash Motors|Nash Motors]] in 1946 which then merged with [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson Motor Car Company]] to form [[w:American Motors Corporation|American Motors Corporation]], which then used the plant until it was closed in 1957. Converted to a mall in 1962, Shoppers World Danforth. The main building of the mall (now a Lowe's) is still the original structure of the factory. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DR | style="text-align:left;"| Denver Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denver|Denver, CO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 South Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Gates Rubber Co. in 1945. Gates sold the building in 1995. Now used as office space. Partly used as a data center by Hosting.com, now known as Ntirety, from 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DM | style="text-align:left;"| Des Moines Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Des Moines, IA|Des Moines, IA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from April 1920–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1800 Grand Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold in 1943. Renovated in the 1980s into Des Moines School District's technical high school and central campus. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dothan Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dothan, AL|Dothan, AL]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1923–1927? | style="text-align:left;"| 193 South Saint Andrews Street and corner of E. Crawford Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later became an auto dealership called Malone Motor Company and was St. Andrews Market, an indoor market and event space, from 2013-2015 until a partial roof collapse during a severe storm. Since 2020, being redeveloped into an apartment complex. The curved assembly line anchored into the ceiling is still intact and is being left there. Sometimes called the Ford Malone Building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dupont St Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto, ON]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 672 Dupont St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Danforth Assembly Plant. Building roof was used as a test track for the Model T. Used by several food processing companies. Became Planters Peanuts Canada from 1948 till 1987. The building currently is used for commercial and retail space. Included on the Inventory of Heritage Properties. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E/EG/E | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater Assembly|Edgewater Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 309 River Road | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (Jan.-Apr. 1943 only: 1,333 units)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced with the Mahwah Assembly Plant. Added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983. The building was torn down in 2006 and replaced with a residential development called Independence Harbor. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fargo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo, ND]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 505 N. Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| After assembly ended, Ford used it as a sales office, sales and service branch, and a parts depot. Ford sold the building in 1956. Now called the Ford Building, a mixed commercial/residential property. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fort Worth Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated for about 6 months around 1916 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Briefly supplemented Dallas plant but production was then reconsolidated into the Dallas plant and Fort Worth plant was closed. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H | style="text-align:left;"| Houston Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Houston|Houston, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 3906 Harrisburg Boulevard | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], aircraft parts during WWII | style="text-align:left;"| Divested during World War II; later acquired by General Foods in 1946 (later the Houston facility for [[w:Maxwell House|Maxwell House]]) until 2006 when the plant was sold to Maximus and rebranded as the Atlantic Coffee Solutions facility. Atlantic Coffee Solutions shut down the plant in 2018 when they went out of business. Leased by Elemental Processing in 2019 for hemp processing with plans to begin operations in 2020. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| I | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"|1914–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1315 East Washington Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Vehicle production ended in December 1932. Used as a Ford parts service and automotive sales branch and for administrative purposes until 1942. Sold in 1942. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KC/K | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas City Branch Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1912–1956 | style="text-align:left;"| Original location from 1912 to 1956 at 1025 Winchester Avenue & corner of E. 12th Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], <br>[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1956) | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area. Location of first UAW strike against Ford and where the 20 millionth Ford vehicle was assembled. Last vehicle produced was a 1957 Ford Fairlane Custom 300 on December 28, 1956. 2,337,863 vehicles were produced at the Winchester Ave. plant. Replaced by [[w:Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant|Claycomo]] plant in 1957. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KY | style="text-align:left;"| Kearny Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1918 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 135 Central Ave., corner of Ford Lane | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Edgewater Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Long Island City Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Island City|Long Island City]], [[w:Queens|Queens, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 564 Jackson Ave. (now known as <br> 33-00 Northern Boulevard) and corner of Honeywell St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened as Ford Assembly and Service Center of Long Island City. Building was later significantly expanded around 1914. The original part of the building is along Honeywell St. and around onto Northern Blvd. for the first 3 banks of windows. Replaced by the Kearny Assembly Plant in NJ. Plant taken over by U.S. Government. Later occupied by Goodyear Tire (which bought the plant in 1920), Durant Motors (which bought the plant in 1921 and produced Durant-, Star-, and Flint-brand cars there), Roto-Broil, and E.R. Squibb & Son. Now called The Center Building and used as office space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|LA | style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 12th and Olive Streets, then E. 7th St. and Santa Fe Ave. (2060 East 7th St. or 777 S. Santa Fe Avenue). | style="text-align:left;"| Original Los Angeles plant: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. <br /> Second Los Angeles plant (1914-1930): [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Location on 7th & Santa Fe is now the headquarters of Warner Music Group. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LE/LU/U | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1913–1916, 1916–1925, 1925–1955, 1955–present | style="text-align:left;"| 931 South Third Street then <br /> 2400 South Third Street then <br /> 1400 Southwestern Parkway then <br /> 2000 Fern Valley Rd. | style="text-align:left;"| |align="left"| Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. First 2 plants made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. The third plant made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) as well as Jeeps ([[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] - 93,364 units), military trucks, and V8 engines during World War II. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened in 1955.<br /> The 2400 South Third Street location (at the corner of Eastern Parkway) was sold to Reynolds Metals Company and has since been converted into residential space called Reynolds Lofts under lease from current owner, University of Louisville. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| MEM/MP/M | style="text-align:left;"| Memphis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1913-June 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 495 Union Ave. (1913–1924) then 1429 Riverside Blvd. and South Parkway West (1924–1933, 1935–1958) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1952, 1954-1956) | style="text-align:left;"| Both plants have been demolished. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2185 N. Prospect Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building is still standing as a mixed use development. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| TC/SP | style="text-align:left;"| Minneapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]] and [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| 616 S. Third St in Minneapolis (1912-1914) then 420 N. Fifth St. in Minneapolis (1914-1925) and 117 University Ave. West in St. Paul (1914-1920) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 420 N. Fifth St. is now called Ford Center, an office building. Was the tallest automotive assembly plant at 10 stories.<br /> University Ave. plant in St. Paul is now called the Ford Building. After production ended, was used as a Ford sales and service center, an auto mechanics school, a warehouse, and Federal government offices. Bought by the State of Minnesota in 1952 and used by the state government until 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M | style="text-align:left;"| Montreal Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montreal|Montreal, QC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| 119-139 Laurier Avenue East | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NO | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arabi, Louisiana|Arabi, Louisiana]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1923–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 7200 North Peters Street, Arabi, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later used by Ford as a parts and vehicle dist. center. Used by the US Army as a warehouse during WWII. After the war, was used as a parts and vehicle dist. center by a Ford dealer, Capital City Ford of Baton Rouge. Used by Southern Service Co. to prepare Toyotas and Mazdas prior to their delivery into Midwestern markets from 1971 to 1977. Became a freight storage facility for items like coffee, twine, rubber, hardwood, burlap and cotton from 1977 to 2005. Flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| OC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Oklahoma City Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 West Main St. | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] |Had extensive access to rail via the Rock Island railroad. Production ended with the 1932 models. The plant was converted to a Ford Regional Parts Depot (1 of 3 designated “slow-moving parts branches") and remained so until 1967, when the plant closed, and was then sold in 1968 to The Fred Jones Companies, an authorized re-manufacturer of Ford and later on, also GM Parts. It remained the headquarters for operations of Fred Jones Enterprises (a subsidiary of The Fred Jones Companies) until Hall Capital, the parent of The Fred Jones Companies, entered into a partnership with 21c Hotels to open a location in the building. The 21c Museum Hotel officially opened its hotel, restaurant and art museum in June, 2016 following an extensive remodel of the property. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1502-24 Cuming St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Used as a warehouse by Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was used for manufacturing hair accessories and other plastic goods by Tip Top Plastic Products from 1963 to 1986. After being vacant again for several years, it was then used by Good and More Enterprises, a tire warehouse and retail outlet. After another period of vacancy, it was redeveloped into Tip Top Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and loft-style apartments on the upper levels which opened in 2005. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|CR/CS/C | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia Branch Assembly Plant ([[w:Chester Assembly|Chester Assembly]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]<br>[[w:Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1961 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia: 2700 N. Broad St., corner of W. Lehigh Ave. (November 1914-June 1927) then in Chester: Front Street from Fulton to Pennell streets along the Delaware River (800 W. Front St.) (March 1928-February 1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (18,533 units), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]],<br> [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961), [[w:Ford F-Series (first generation)|Ford F-Series (first generation)]] (1951-1952),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (second generation)|Ford F-Series (second generation)]] (1953-1955),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]] | style="text-align:left;"| November 1914-June 1927 in Philadelphia then March 1928-February 1961 in Chester. Broad St. plant made equipment for US Army in WWI including helmets and machine gun trucks. Sold in 1927. Later used as a [[w:Sears|Sears]] warehouse and then to manufacture men's clothing by Joseph H. Cohen & Sons, which later took over [[w:Botany 500|Botany 500]], whose suits were then also made at Broad St., giving rise to the nickname, Botany 500 Building. Cohen & Sons sold the building in 1989 which seems to be empty now. Chester plant also handled exporting to overseas plants. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Pittsburgh Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 5000 Baum Blvd and Morewood Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Became a Ford sales, parts, and service branch until Ford sold the building in 1953. The building then went through a variety of light industrial uses before being purchased by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in 2006. It was subsequently purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 to house the UPMC Immune Transplant and Therapy Center, a collaboration between the university and UPMC. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| PO | style="text-align:left;"| Portland Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914–1917, 1923–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2505 SE 11th Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Called the Ford Building and is occupied by various businesses. . |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| RH/R (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Richmond Plant|Richmond Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Richmond, California|Richmond, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1931-1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 1414 Harbour Way S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (49,359 units), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Richmond was one of the first 2 Ford plants to build the F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Highland Park, Michigan). Richmond location is now part of Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park. Replaced by San Jose Assembly Plant in Milpitas. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|SFA/SFAA (San Francisco) | style="text-align:left;"| San Francisco Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1931 | style="text-align:left;"| 2905 21st Street and Harrison St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Richmond Assembly Plant. San Francisco Plant was demolished after the 1989 earthquake. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SR/S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville Assembly|Somerville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1926 to 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 183 Middlesex Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953)<br />Built [[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) July-October 1957, Built [[w:1957 Ford|1958 Fords]] November 1957 - March 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| The only [[w:Edsel|Edsel]]-only assembly line. Operations moved to Lorain, OH. Converted to [[w:Assembly Square Mall|Assembly Square Mall]] in 1980 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/4902/ Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #1] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1155 Valley Street & corner of 700 Fairview Ave. N. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Now a Public Storage site. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Seattle)|Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #2]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Georgetown, Seattle|Georgetown, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from May 1932–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 4730 East Marginal Way | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Still a Ford sales and service site through 1941. As early as 1940, the U.S. Army occupied a portion of the facility which had become known as the "Seattle General Depot". Sold to US Government in 1942 for WWII-related use. Used as a staging site for supplies headed for the Pacific Front. The U.S. Army continued to occupy the facility until 1956. In 1956, the U.S. Air Force acquired control of the property and leased the facility to the Boeing Company. A year later, in 1957, the Boeing Company purchased the property. Known as the Boeing Airplane Company Missile Production Center, the facility provided support functions for several aerospace and defense related development programs, including the organizational and management facilities for the Minuteman-1 missile program, deployed in 1960, and the Minuteman-II missile program, deployed in 1969. These nuclear missile systems, featuring solid rocket boosters (providing faster lift-offs) and the first digital flight computer, were developed in response to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The Boeing Aerospace Group also used the former Ford plant for several other development and manufacturing uses, such as developing aspects of the Lunar Orbiter Program, producing unstaffed spacecraft to photograph the moon in 1966–1967, the BOMARC defensive missile system, and hydrofoil boats. After 1970, Boeing phased out its operations at the former Ford plant, moving them to the Boeing Space Center in the city of Kent and the company's other Seattle plant complex. Owned by the General Services Administration since 1973, it's known as the "Federal Center South Complex", housing various government offices. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|STL/SL | style="text-align:left;"| St. Louis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| 4100 Forest Park Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V | style="text-align:left;"| Vancouver Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1920 to 1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 1188 Hamilton St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Burnaby plant in 1938. Still standing; used as commercial space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W | style="text-align:left;"| Winnipeg Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1941 | style="text-align:left;"| 1181 Portage Avenue (corner of Wall St.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], military trucks | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Manitoba provincial government in 1942. Became Manitoba Technical Institute. Now known as the Robert Fletcher Building |- valign="top" |} ocdcorrftmcu3synskpp8ez5snna4d8 4664479 4664478 2026-08-25T22:10:36Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Current production facilities */ 4664479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user sandbox}} {{tmbox|type=notice|text=This is a sandbox page, a place for experimenting with Wikibooks.}} The following is a list of current, former, and confirmed future facilities of [[w:Ford Motor Company|Ford Motor Company]] for manufacturing automobiles and other components. Per regulations, the factory is encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 11 for North American models. European models have the factory encoded into each vehicle's [[w:VIN|VIN]] as character 8 (except for the VW-built 3rd gen. Ford Tourneo Connect and Transit Connect, which have the plant code in position 11 as VW does for all of its models regardless of region). The River Rouge Complex manufactured most of the components of Ford vehicles, starting with the Model T. Much of the production was devoted to compiling "[[w:knock-down kit|knock-down kit]]s" that were then shipped in wooden crates to Branch Assembly locations across the United States by railroad and assembled locally, using local supplies as necessary.<ref name="MyLifeandWork">{{cite book|last=Ford|first=Henry|last2=Crowther|first2=Samuel|year=1922|title=My Life and Work|publisher=Garden City Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C/page/n87 81], 167|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4K82efXzn10C|quote=Ford 1922 My Life and Work|access-date=2010-06-08 }}</ref> A few of the original Branch Assembly locations still remain while most have been repurposed or have been demolished and the land reused. Knock-down kits were also shipped internationally until the River Rouge approach was duplicated in Europe and Asia. For US-built models, Ford switched from 2-letter plant codes to a 1-letter plant code in 1953. Mercury and Lincoln, however, kept using the 2-letter plant codes through 1957. Mercury and Lincoln switched to the 1-letter plant codes for 1958. Edsel, which was new for 1958, used the 1-letter plant codes from the outset. The 1956-1957 Continental Mark II, a product of the Continental Division, did not use a plant code as they were all built in the same plant. The 2-letter plant code in 1950-1952 Ford cars and 1950-1957 Mercurys and Lincolns was in position 3 & 4 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1959 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, and 1958-1959 Mercurys, Lincolns, and Edsels was in position 3 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1960-1980 Ford cars, including the Ford Ranchero, 1960-1980 Mercurys & Lincolns, and 1960 Edsels was in position 2 of the serial number. The 2-letter plant code in 1951-1952 Ford trucks was in position 5 & 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1953-1960 Ford trucks was in position 6 of the serial number. The 1-letter plant code in 1961-1980 Ford trucks, including Bronco and Econoline, was in position 5 of the serial number. Canadian-built models used a different system for VINs until 1966, when Ford of Canada adopted the same system as the US. In 1950-1959, Canadian-built cars, including the Ford Ranchero, had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1948-1950, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 5th position of the serial number. In 1951-1954, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 7th position of the serial number. In 1955-1959, Canadian-built Ford and Mercury trucks had a plant code in the 9th position of the serial number. Mexican-built models often just had "MEX" inserted into the VIN instead of a plant code in the pre-standardized VIN era. European-built Fords have the source company code in the 7th position and the plant code in the 8th position beginning in 1981. From 1965-1980, the source company code was in the 1st position and the plant code was in the 2nd position. Since the letter for the plant code is sometimes used by more than one plant, the source company code immediately preceding the plant code is needed to determine which plant is being referred to. For a listing of Ford's proving grounds and test facilities see [[w:Ford Proving Grounds|Ford Proving Grounds]]. ==Current production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! data-sort-type="isoDate" style="width:60px;" | Opened ! data-sort-type="number" style="width:80px;" | Employees ! style="width:220px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand|AutoAlliance Thailand]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 2|Mazda 2]]<br / >[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br / >[[w:Mazda CX-3|Mazda CX-3]]<br />[[w:Mazda CX-30|Mazda CX-30]] | Joint venture 50% owned by Ford and 50% owned by Mazda. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger (PE/PG/PH)]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#Second generation (PJ/PK; 2006)|Ford Ranger (PJ/PK)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Familia#Ninth generation (BJ; 1998–2003)|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series#UN|Mazda B-Series]]<br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50 (UN)]] <br / >[[w:Mazda BT-50#Second generation (UP, UR; 2011)|Mazda BT-50 (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo Stamping|Buffalo Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamburg, New York|Hamburg, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 843 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels: Quarter Panels, Body Sides, Rear Floor Pan, Rear Doors, Roofs, front doors, hoods | Located at 3663 Lake Shore Rd. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 (Plant 1) <br /> 2012 (Plant 2) <br /> 2014 (Plant 3) | style="text-align:right;"| 5,000+ | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape#fourth|Ford Escape]] <br />[[w:Ford Mondeo Sport|Ford Mondeo Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (US: '27-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Zephyr (China)|Lincoln Zephyr/Z]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br />Complex includes three assembly plants. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Evos|Ford Evos]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 4)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta (Gen 5)]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#third|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Mazda3#First generation (BK; 2003)|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80#S80L|Volvo S80L]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,310 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|Ford 1.0 L Ecoboost I3 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.5 L Sigma I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 L EcoBoost I4 engine]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Chongqing Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,480 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 transmission]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] Hangzhou Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hangzhou|Hangzhou]], [[w:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Edge#Third generation (Edge L—CDX706; 2023)|Ford Edge L]]<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus|Lincoln Nautilus]] (US: '24-) | style="text-align:left;"| Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Edge#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford Edge Plus]]<br />[[w:Ford Taurus (China)|Ford Taurus]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] <br> Harbin Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], [[w:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 (Start of Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Production suspended in Nov. 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Plant formerly belonged to Harbin Hafei Automobile Group Co. Bought by Changan Ford in 2015. Joint Venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (50%). <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 3)<br>[[w:Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus]] (Gen 4) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CHI/CH/G (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1924 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,852 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer (U625)]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator (U611)]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 12600 S Torrence Avenue.<br/>Replaced the previous location at 3915 Wabash Avenue.<br /> Built armored personnel carriers for US military during WWII. <br /> Final Taurus rolled off the assembly line March 1, 2019.<br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1953-1964) <br /> [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1965)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1973)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD (full-size)]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Elite|Ford Elite]] (1974-1976)<br /> [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford LTD (midsize)]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Mercury Marquis]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986–2019)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986–2005, 2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Five Hundred|Ford Five Hundred]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego#Third generation (2005–2007)|Mercury Montego]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKS|Lincoln MKS]] (2009-2016)<br />[[w:Ford Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Taurus X|Ford Taurus X]] (2008-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer (U502)]] (2011-2019) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago Heights, Illinois|Chicago Heights, Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,165 | | Located at 1000 E Lincoln Hwy, Chicago Heights, IL |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua Engine|Chihuahua Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chihuahua, Chihuahua|Chihuahua, Chihuahua]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,430 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec 2.0/2.3/2.5 I4]] <br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#6.7 Power Stroke|Ford 6.7L Scorpion Diesel V8]] | style="text-align:left;"| Began operations July 27, 1983. 1,902,600 Penta engines produced from 1983-1991. 2,340,464 Zeta engines produced from 1993-2004. Over 14 million total engines produced. Complex includes 3 engine plants. Plant 1, opened in 1983, builds 4-cylinder engines. Plant 2, opened in 2010, builds diesel V8 engines. Plant 3, opened in 2018, builds the Dragon 3-cylinder. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC/Penta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 4.4 Turbo Diesel|4.4L Diesel V8]] (for Land Rover) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,834 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0/2.3 EcoBoost I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#3.5 L (first generation)|Ford 3.5&nbsp;L EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for RWD vehicles)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17601 Brookpark Rd. Idled from May 2007 to May 2009.<br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln Y-block V8 engine|Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 221/260/289/302 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following G] [includes Mercury Capri] /<br> E (NA) <br> [Merkur Scorpio] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne Body & Assembly|Cologne Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,090 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer EV|Ford Explorer EV]] (VW MEB-based) <br /> [[w:Ford Capri EV|Ford Capri EV]] (VW MEB-based) | Previously: [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]]<br />[[w:Ford Rheinland|Ford Rheinland]]<br />[[w:Ford Köln|Ford Köln]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#First generation (1970–1978)|Mercury Capri]] (1970-1974, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul (Granada Mark I based) (1972–1975)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio]]<br />[[w:Merkur Scorpio|Merkur Scorpio]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]]<br />[[w:Ford Puma (sport compact)|Ford Puma]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:de:Ford Modell V8-51|Ford Model V8-51]]<br />[[w:de:Ford V-3000-Serie|Ford V-3000/Ford B 3000 series]]<br />[[w:Ford Rhein|Ford Rhein]]<br />[[w:Ford Ruhr|Ford Ruhr]]<br />[[w:Ford FK|Ford FK]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 810 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.0 L Fox|1.0 litre EcoBoost I3]] <br /> [[w:Aston Martin V12 engine|Aston Martin V12 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin engines are built at the [[w:Aston Martin Engine Plant|Aston Martin Engine Plant]], a special section of the plant which is separated from the rest of the plant.<br> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Taunus V4 engine|Ford Taunus V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Cologne V6 engine|Ford Cologne V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Aston Martin 4.3/4.7|Aston Martin 4.3/4.7 V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,140 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling, dies, fixtures, jigs, die repair | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cologne Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1935 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,280 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford MTX-75 transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford MTX-75 transmission|Ford VXT-75 transmission]]<br />Ford VMT6 transmission<br />[[w:Volvo Cars#Manual transmissions|Volvo M56/M58/M66 transmission]]<br />Ford MMT6 transmission | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cortako Cologne GmbH | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cologne|Cologne]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 410 | style="text-align:left;"| Forging of steel parts for engines, transmissions, and chassis | Originally known as Cologne Forge & Die Cast Plant. Previously known as Tekfor Cologne GmbH from 2003 to 2011, a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Neumayer Tekfor GmbH. Also briefly known as Cologne Precision Forge GmbH. Bought back by Ford in 2011 and now 100% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lagos|Lagos]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Coscharis Motors Assembly Ltd. Built under contract for Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Assembly|Cuautitlán Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitlán Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang Mach-E|Ford Mustang Mach-E]] (2021-) | Truck assembly began in 1970 while car production began in 1980. <br /> Previously made:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1992-2010) <br> (US: F-250 '97, F-350 '97,<br> F-Super Duty chassis cab '97,<br> F-150 Reg. Cab '00-'02,<br> Mexico: includes F-150 & Lobo)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-800]] (US: 1999) <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000–2015)|Ford F-650/F-750]] (2000-2003) <br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] (2011-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />For Mexico only:<br>[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Fiesta Ikon]] (2001-2009)<br />[[w:Ford Topaz|Ford Topaz]]<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Ford Ghia]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] (Mexico: 1980-1981)<br />[[w:Ford Grand Marquis|Ford Grand Marquis]] (Mexico: 1982-84)<br />[[w:Mercury Sable|Ford Taurus]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (third generation)|Ford Mustang]] Gen 3 (1979-1984) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1931 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue engine]] (Panther)<br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V6|Ford 2.7/3.0 Lion Diesel V6]] |Previously: [[w:Ford I4 DOHC engine|Ford I4 DOHC engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Endura-D engine|Ford Endura-D engine]] (Lynx)<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V4 engine|Ford Essex V4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]]<br />[[w:Ford LT engine|Ford LT engine]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford York engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford Dorset/Dover engine]] <br /> [[w:Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17#Lion V8|Ford 3.6L Diesel V8]] <br /> [[w:Ford DLD engine|Ford DLD engine]] (Tiger) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Ford Rouge Electric Vehicle Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,200 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford F-150 Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning EV]] (2022-2025) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Diversified Manufacturing Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1942 | style="text-align:right;"| 773 | style="text-align:left;"| Axles, suspension parts. Frames for F-Series trucks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1941 | style="text-align:right;"| 445 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine#2.0 L (LF-DE, LF-VE, LF-VD)|Ford Duratec 20]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.3L (L3-VE, L3-NS, L3-DE)|Ford Duratec 23]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine#2.5 L (L5-VE)|Ford Duratec 25]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Carnivore|Ford 5.2L Carnivore V8]] <br>(F-150 Raptor R)<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L Predator V8]] (Mustang GTD,<br> Dark Horse SC)<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Carnivore & Predator engines are produced on a new Niche Engine line at the Dearborn Engine Plant which replaced the Niche Engine line at the now closed Romeo Engine Plant. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford FE engine|Ford FE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford River Rouge Complex|Dearborn Stamping]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1939 | style="text-align:right;"|1,658 | style="text-align:left;"| Body stampings | Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1938 | style="text-align:right;"| 271 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Truck|Dearborn Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,131 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Located at 3001 Miller Rd. Replaced the nearby Dearborn Assembly Plant for MY2005. Built the 40 millionth Ford <br> F-Series in Jan. 2022, which was an <br> F-150 Tremor.<br />Previously: <br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2005-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark LT|Lincoln Mark LT]] (2006-2008) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 0 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Detroit Chassis LLC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2000 | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford F-53 Motorhome Chassis (2000-)<br/>Ford F-59 Commercial Chassis (2000-) | Located at 6501 Lynch Rd. Replaced production at IMMSA in Mexico. Plant owned by Detroit Chassis LLC. Produced under contract for Ford. <br /> Previously: [[w:Think Global#TH!NK Neighbor|Ford TH!NK Neighbor]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Engine|Essex Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 930 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Modular engine#5.0 L Coyote|Ford 5.0L Coyote V8]]<br />Engine components | style="text-align:left;"|Idled in November 2007, reopened February 2010. Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)|Ford Essex V6 engine (Canadian)]] 3.8/3.9/4.2L <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 5.4L 3-valve Modular V8]]<br/>[[w:Ford Modular engine# Boss 302 (Road Runner) variant|Ford 5.0L Road Runner V8]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock Assembly Plant|Flat Rock Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,826 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 7)]] (2024-) | style="text-align:left;"| Built at site of closed Ford Michigan Casting Center (1972-1981) , which cast various parts for Ford including V8 engine blocks and heads for Ford [[w:Ford 335 engine|335]], [[w:Ford 385 engine|385]], & [[w:Ford FE engine|FE/FT series]] engines as well as transmission, axle, & steering gear housings and gear cases. Opened as a Mazda plant (Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA) in 1987. Became AutoAlliance International from 1992 to 2012 after Ford bought 50% of the plant from Mazda. Became Flat Rock Assembly Plant in 2012 when Mazda ended production and Ford took full management control of the plant. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (sixth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 6)]] (2015-2023)<br /> [[w:Ford Mustang (fifth generation)|Ford Mustang (Gen 5)]] (2005-2014)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Continental#Tenth generation (2017–2020)|Lincoln Continental]] (2017-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2014-2016)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Eighth generation (1999–2002)|Mercury Cougar]] (1999-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Probe|Ford Probe]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Mazda 6|Mazda 6]] (2003-2013)<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] (1990-2002)<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]] (1988-1997) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 800 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> Ford Focus Active <br /> [[w:Ford Kuga|Ford Kuga]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#Ford Tierra|Ford Activa]]<br />[[w:Ford Aztec|Ford Aztec]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort (Europe)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (China)|Ford Escort (Chinese)]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]]<br />Ford Fiera<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Ixion|Ford Ixion]]<br />[[w:Ford i-Max|Ford i-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Liata|Ford Liata]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Pronto|Ford Pronto]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Tierra|Ford Tierra]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Tracer#First generation (1987–1989)|Mercury Tracer]] (Canadian market)<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda Premacy|Mazda Premacy]]<br />[[w:Mazda 5|Mazda 5]]<br />[[w:Mazda E-Series|Mazda E-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lio Ho|Ford Lio Ho Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zhongli District|Zhongli District]], [[w:Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 90 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]] (1.8, 2.0, 2.3) | Joint venture 70% owned by Ford and 30% owned by Lio Ho Group. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine#Z6/M|Mazda 1.6 ZM-DE I4]]<br />[[w:Mazda F engine|Mazda F engine]] (1.8, 2.0)<br /> [[w:Suzuki F engine#Four-cylinder|Suzuki 1.0 I4]] (for Ford Pronto) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following M] (for Ford),<br> S (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Silverton Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Silverton, Pretoria|Silverton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,650 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Amarok#Second generation (2022)|VW Amarok]] | Silverton plant was originally a Chrysler of South Africa plant from 1961 to 1976. In 1976, it merged with a unit of mining company Anglo-American to form Sigma Motor Corp., which Chrysler retained 25% ownership of. Chrysler sold its 25% stake to Anglo-American in 1983. Sigma was restructured into Amcar Motor Holdings Ltd. in 1984. In 1985, Amcar merged with Ford South Africa to form SAMCOR (South African Motor Corporation). Sigma had already assembled Mazda & Mitsubishi vehicles previously and SAMCOR continued to do so. In 1988, Ford divested from South Africa & sold its stake in SAMCOR. SAMCOR continued to build Ford vehicles as well as Mazdas & Mitsubishis. In 1994, Ford bought a 45% stake in SAMCOR and it bought the remaining 55% in 1998. It then renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa in 2000. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#South Africa|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Tonic|Ford Tonic]]<br />[[w:Ford_Laser#South_Africa|Ford Tracer]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia|Mazda Etude]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Export markets 2|Mazda Sting]]<br />[[w:Sao Penza|Sao Penza]]<br />[[w:Mazda Familia#Lantis/Astina/323F|Mazda 323 Astina]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Ford Husky]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Delica#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi Starwagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121 Soho]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon#First generation (1999–2011)|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Sapphire|Ford Sapphire]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]]<br />[[w:Mazda MX-6|Mazda MX-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (first generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Third generation (1985–1998)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Mazda B-Series|Mazda B-Series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Drifter|Mazda Drifter]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50|Mazda BT-50]] Gen 1 & Gen 2<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Mazda Marathon]]<br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Fuso Canter#Fourth generation|Mitsubishi Canter]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]] <br/>[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa]] Struandale Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L Panther EcoBlue single-turbodiesel & twin-turbodiesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Power Stroke engine#3.0 Power Stroke|Ford 3.0 Lion turbodiesel V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />Machining of engine components | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Crossflow|Ford Kent Crossflow I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford CVH engine#CVH-PTE|Ford 1.4L CVH-PTE engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6L EFI Zetec I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)|Ford Essex V6 engine (UK)]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|T (EU) [when following T],<br> T (NA) ('10-'13 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Gölcük]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gölcük, Kocaeli|Gölcük, Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,530 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4) | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. Transit Connect started shipping to the US in fall of 2009. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Tourneo Connect]] (Gen 1)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 1)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom# First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following T] (for Ford),<br> K (for VW) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly - Yeniköy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:tr:Yeniköy Merkez, Başiskele|Yeniköy Merkez]], [[w:Başiskele|Başiskele]], [[w:Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2014 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Custom]] (Gen 2)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Custom#Second generation (2023)|Ford Tourneo Custom]] (Gen 2) <br /> [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T7)|Volkswagen Transporter/Caravelle (T7)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)| Ford Transit Courier]] (Gen 1) <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Courier#First generation (2014)|Ford Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 1) |- valign="top" |style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following T] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Truck Assembly & Engine Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inonu, Eskisehir|Inonu, Eskisehir]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford 2.0L "Panther" EcoBlue diesel I4]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford F-Line]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|Ford 9.0L/12.7L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />Ford EcoTorq transmission<br /> Rear Axle for Ford Transit | Ford Otosan is 41% owned by Ford, 41% owned by Koç Holding and 18% publicly traded in Turkey. <br /> Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford D series|Ford D series]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford 1.6 Zetec I4]]<br />[[w:Ford York engine|Ford 2.5 DI diesel I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford Puma I4/I5 diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Dorset/Dover engine|Ford 6.0/6.2 diesel inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Ecotorq engine|7.3L Ecotorq diesel I6]]<br />[[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]] for Transit |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (EU) [when following E] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania|Ford Romania/<br>Ford Otosan Romania]]<br> Craiova Assembly & Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Craiova|Craiova]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Puma (crossover)|Ford Puma]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Ford Puma Gen-E|Ford Puma Gen-E]] EV (2025-)<br />[[w:Ford Transit Courier#Second generation (2023)|Ford Transit Courier/Tourneo Courier]] (Gen 2) (2023-)<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline three-cylinder|Ford 1.0 Fox EcoBoost I3]] | Plant was originally Oltcit, a 64/36 joint venture between Romania and Citroen established in 1976. In 1991, Citroen withdrew and the car brand became Oltena while the company became Automobile Craiova. In 1994, it established a 49/51 joint venture with Daewoo called Rodae Automobile which was renamed Daewoo Automobile Romania in 1997. Engine and transmission plants were added in 1997. Following Daewoo’s collapse in 2000, the Romanian government bought out Daewoo’s 51% stake in 2006. Ford bought a 72.4% stake in Automobile Craiova in 2008, which was renamed Ford Romania. Ford increased its stake to 95.63% in 2009. In 2022, Ford transferred ownership of the Craiova plant to its Turkish joint venture Ford Otosan. <br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#First generation (2002)|Ford Transit Connect]] (Gen 1) (2010-2012)<br /> [[w:Ford B-Max|Ford B-Max]] (2012-2017) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]] (2018-2022) <br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5 Sigma EcoBoost I4]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Thailand Manufacturing|Ford Thailand Manufacturing]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pluak Daeng district|Pluak Daeng district]], [[w:Rayong|Rayong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus (third generation)|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Vietnam|Hai Duong Assembly, Ford Vietnam, Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hai Duong|Hai Duong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,250 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit]] (Gen 4-based)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] | Joint venture 75% owned by Ford and 25% owned by Song Cong Diesel Company. <br />Previously: [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br /> [[w:Ford Tourneo|Ford Tourneo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford Ecosport]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit]] (Gen 3-based) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Transmission|Halewood Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 450 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford MT75 transmission|Ford MT75 transmission]]<br />Ford MT82 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford IB5 transmission]]<br />Ford iB6 transmission<br />PTO Transmissions | Formerly part of the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Returned to 100% Ford ownership in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly|Hermosillo Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hermosillo|Hermosillo]], [[w:Sonora|Sonora]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,870 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Bronco Sport|Ford Bronco Sport]] (2021-)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (2022)|Ford Maverick pickup]] (2022-) | Hermosillo produced its 7 millionth vehicle, a blue Ford Bronco Sport, in June 2024.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] (2006-2020)<br />[[w:Mercury Milan|Mercury Milan]] (2006-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln Zephyr]] (2006)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ]] (2007-2020)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (hatchback) (2000-2005)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1991-2002)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)#ZX2|Ford Escort ZX2]] (1998-2003)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1988-1999) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Irapuato Electric Powertrain Center (formerly Irapuato Transmission Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Irapuato|Irapuato]], [[w:Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 700 | style="text-align:left;"| E-motor and <br> E-transaxle (1T50LP) <br> for Mustang Mach-E | Formerly Getrag Americas, a joint venture between [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] and the [[w:Getrag Ford Transmission|Getrag Ford Transmission]] joint venture. Became 100% owned by Ford in 2016 and launched conventional automatic transmission production in July 2017. Previously built the [[w:Ford PowerShift transmission|Ford PowerShift transmission]] (6DCT250 DPS6) <br /> [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F15 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F24 transmission]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Fushan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 1,725 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Equator|Ford Equator]]<br />[[w:Ford Equator Sport|Ford Equator Sport]]<br />[[w:Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]] <br> [[w:Ford Bronco New Energy|Ford Bronco New Energy EV/EREV]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Assembly Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,660 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Transit T8 (2023-present)|Ford Transit T8]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom|Ford Tourneo]] <br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] <br /> JMC models | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. <br /> Previously: <br />[[w:Ford Transit#Chinese production|Ford Transit & Transit Classic]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit#2021 Ford Transit Pro|Ford Transit Pro]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest#Second generation (U375/UA; 2015)|Ford Everest]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors Corp., Ltd.]] (JMC Xiaolan Engine Plant) | style="text-align:left;"| Xiaolan Economic Development Zone, [[w:Nanchang|Nanchang]], [[w:Jiangxi|Jiangxi]] | style="text-align:left;"| China | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford 2.0 L EcoBoost I4]]<br />JMC 1.5/1.8 GTDi engines<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Partnership with [[w:Jiangling Motors Corporation Group#Jiangling Motor Holding and Jiangling Investment|Jiangling Investment Co., Ltd.]] Jiangling Motors is 32% owned by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Kansas City Assembly|Kansas City Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Claycomo, Missouri|Claycomo, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1951 <br><br> 1957 (Vehicle production) | style="text-align:right;"| 9,468 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series (fourteenth generation)|Ford F-150]] (2021-)<br /> [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] (2015-) | style="text-align:left;"| Original location at 1025 Winchester Ave. was first Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area, lasted from 1912–1956. Replaced by Claycomo plant at 8121 US 69, which began to produce civilian vehicles on January 7, 1957 beginning with the Ford F-100 pickup. The Claycomo plant only produced for the military (including wings for B-46 bombers) from when it opened in 1951-1956, when it converted to civilian production.<br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]]<br> (1957-1960)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-Series (fourth generation)]]<br> (1961-1966)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fifth generation)|Ford F-Series (fifth generation)]]<br> (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (sixth generation)|Ford F-Series (sixth generation)]]<br> (1973-1979)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (seventh generation)|Ford F-Series (seventh generation)]] (1980-1986)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eighth generation)|Ford F-Series (eighth generation)]]<br> (1987-1991)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]]<br> (1992-1996)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-Series (tenth generation)]] [PN96]<br> (1997-2003 F-150, 1997-1999 F-250)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)|Ford F-Series (eleventh generation)]] (2004-2008 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)|Ford F-Series (twelfth generation)]] (2009-2014 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)|Ford F-Series (thirteenth generation)]] (2015-2020 F-150)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959) <br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1962, 1964, 1966-1970)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br /> [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1962, 1966-1969)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1971-1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1983)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Contour|Ford Contour]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Mercury Mystique|Mercury Mystique]] (1995-2000)<br />[[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2001-2012)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2011)<br />[[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]] (2001-2011)<br />[[w:Lincoln Blackwood|Lincoln Blackwood]] (2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) for pickups & SUVs<br /> or <br /> V (NA) for med. & heavy trucks & bus chassis | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kentucky Truck Assembly|Kentucky Truck Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,251 | style="text-align:left;"| VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (1999-)<br /> [[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (2009-) <br /> [[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (2009-) | Located at 3001 Chamberlain Lane. <br /> Previously:<br> VIN code V:<br> [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]] (1970-1990)<br />Ford W series<br />Ford CL series<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] (1991-1997)<br />[[w:Ford L series|Ford L series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br> (1970-1998) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1970–1979) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Sixth generation (1980–1999)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1980–1998)<br />VIN code E:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)|Ford F-Series (ninth generation)]] - <br> (F-250: 1995-1997/F-350: 1994-1997/<br> F-Super Duty: 1994-1997)<br />[[w:Ford Excursion|Ford Excursion]] (2000-2005) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima Engine|Lima Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima, Ohio|Lima, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,457 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.7 L Nano (first generation)|Ford 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.3 Cyclone V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Cyclone engine|Ford 3.5/3.7 Cyclone V6 (for FWD vehicles)]] | Previously: [[w:Ford MEL engine|Ford MEL engine]]<br />[[w:Ford 385 engine|Ford 385 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Third generation|Ford Thriftpower (Falcon) Six]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto engine#Lima OHC (LL)|Ford Lima/Pinto I4]]<br />[[w:Ford HSC engine|Ford HSC I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Vulcan engine|Ford Vulcan V6]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Jaguar AJ30/AJ35 - Ford 3.9L V8]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia Transmission|Livonia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,075 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6R transmission|Ford 6R transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R60/10R80 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford 8F transmission|Ford 8F35/8F40 transmission]] <br /> Service components | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,483 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2013-2026)<br />[[w:Lincoln Corsair|Lincoln Corsair]] (2020-2026) <br> [[w:Ford Fathom|Ford Fathom]] EV (2028-) | Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened on April 18, 1955. It produced both cars and trucks. The majority of Edsels were produced here.[https://www.edsel.com/registry/index.html] Passenger car production ended on June 12, 1981 when the last Ford LTD was produced at Louisville.[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_of_Louisville/pXbYITw4ZesC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ford%20motor] The plant was then converted to build the Ranger pickup and the related Bronco II SUV. Ranger production began on January 18, 1982. The plant was upgraded and expanded to build Explorer, which launched in 1990 and replaced the Bronco II. Explorer was joined by the Mercury Mountaineer in April 1996. Ranger production ended in April 1999 but the Explorer Sport Trac pickup was built here beginning in 2000. The plant was idled in December 2010 and then reopened on April 4, 2012 to build the Ford Escape crossover which was followed by the Escape-based Lincoln MKC, later replaced by the Corsair. Escape and Corsair production ended in mid-December 2025 and the factory was then idled. <br />Previously: [[w:Lincoln MKC|Lincoln MKC]] (2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1991-2010)<br />[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (1997-2010)<br />[[w:Mazda Navajo|Mazda Navajo]] (1991-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer#3-door / Explorer Sport|Ford Explorer Sport]] (2001-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Explorer Sport Trac|Ford Explorer Sport Trac]] (2001-2010)<br />[[w:Ford Bronco II|Ford Bronco II]] (1984-1990)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1983-1999)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1958)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967–1979)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1967-1969)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1957, 1973-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1970-1981)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair#1959|Edsel Corsair]] (1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1955-1958, 1960-1961)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1971)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />Heavy trucks were produced on a separate line from early 1958 until Kentucky Truck Plant opened in 1969. Includes [[w:Ford B series|Ford B series]] bus, [[w:Ford C series|Ford C series]], [[w:Ford H series|Ford H series]], Ford W series, and [[w:Ford L series#Background|Ford N-Series]] (1963-69). In addition to cars, F-Series light trucks were built from 1973-1981. Louisville Assembly was then converted to build the Ranger compact pickup, production of which began on January 18, 1982. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NA) (1964-) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]] <br> Previously: Michigan Truck Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,126 | style="text-align:Left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#Second generation (P703/RA; 2022)|Ford Ranger (T6-P703)]] (2024-)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco#Sixth generation (U725; 2021)|Ford Bronco (U725)]] (2021-) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 38303 Michigan Ave. Opened in 1957 to build station wagons as the Michigan Station Wagon Plant. Due to a sales slump, the plant was idled in 1959 until 1964. The plant was reopened and converted to build <br> F-Series trucks in 1964, becoming the Michigan Truck Plant. Was original production location for the [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] in 1966. In 1997, F-Series production ended so the plant could focus on the Expedition and Navigator full-size SUVs. In December 2008, Expedition and Navigator production ended and would move to the Kentucky Truck plant during 2009. In 2011, the Michigan Truck Plant was combined with the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant, which were then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. The plant was converted to build small cars, beginning with the 2012 Focus, followed by the 2013 C-Max. Car production ended in May 2018 and the plant was converted back to building trucks, beginning with the 2019 Ranger, followed by the 2021 Bronco.<br> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (T6)#North American version (2019–2023)|Ford Ranger (T6-P375)]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford Focus (North America)|Ford Focus]] (2012-2018)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]] (2013-2018)<br /> [[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] (1966-1996)<br />[[w:Ford Expedition|Ford Expedition]] (1997-2009)<br />[[w:Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator]] (1998-2009)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1964-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (ninth generation)#SVT Lightning|Ford F-150 Lightning]] (1993-1995)<br /> [[w:Mercury Colony Park|Mercury Colony Park]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] <br> Markham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Markham, Ontario|Markham, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2016-2022, 2025- (Ford production) | | [[w:Ford Mustang (seventh generation)#Mustang GTD|Ford Mustang GTD]] (2025-) | Plant owned by [[w:Multimatic|Multimatic]] Inc.<br /> Previously:<br />[[w:Ford GT#Second generation (2016–2022)|Ford GT]] (2017-2022) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (NA) (for Pilot Plant),<br> No plant code for Mark II | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Pilot Plant|New Model Programs Development Center]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Allen Park, Michigan|Allen Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | | style="text-align:left;"| Commonly known as "Pilot Plant" | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 17000 Oakwood Boulevard. Originally Allen Park Body & Assembly to build the 1956-1957 [[w:Continental Mark II|Continental Mark II]]. Then was Edsel Division headquarters until 1959. Later became the New Model Programs Development Center, where new models and their manufacturing processes are developed and tested. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:fr:Nordex S.A.|Nordex S.A.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2021 (Ford production) | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Nordex S.A. Built under contract for Ford for South American markets. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (1954-1959)<br>/<br> No plant codes used (1960-1965)<br>/<br> B (NA) (1966-present) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,600 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty]] (2027-) | style="text-align:left;"| Truck production moved to the neighboring Ontario Truck plant when it opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant. Ford Edge production ended in May 2024 and Oakville Assembly was idled.<br /> Previously: <br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1967-1968, 1971)<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor cars]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Meteor Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch cars]]<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1960-1968)<br />[[w:Frontenac (marque)|Frontenac]] (1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Americas)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1970, 1972-1974)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964-1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1969-1970, 1972, 1975-1982)<br />[[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1966-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1972, 1976-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1984-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Mercury Topaz|Mercury Topaz]] (1984-1994)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar|Ford Windstar]] (1995-2003)<br />[[w:Ford Freestar|Ford Freestar]] (2004-2007)<br />[[w:Ford Windstar#Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Ford Flex|Ford Flex]] (2009-2019)<br /> [[w:Lincoln MKT|Lincoln MKT]] (2010-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Edge|Ford Edge]] (2007-2024)<br />[[w:Lincoln MKX|Lincoln MKX]] (2007-2018) <br />[[w:Lincoln Nautilus#First generation (U540; 2019)|Lincoln Nautilus]] (2019-2023)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series|Ford Econoline]] (1961-1981)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#First generation (1961–1967)|Mercury Econoline]] (1961-1965)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1954-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1954-1965) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ohio Assembly|Ohio Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avon Lake, Ohio|Avon Lake, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,802 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford E-Series|Ford E-Series]]<br> (Body assembly: 1975-,<br> Final assembly: 2006-)<br> (Van thru 2014,<br> Cutaway thru present day)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Eighth generation (2016–present)|Ford F-650/750]] (2016-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-350/450/550 Chassis Cab]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Ford Super Duty|Ford Super Duty <br /> F-600 Chassis Cab]] (2020-) | style="text-align:left;"| Was previously a Fruehauf truck trailer plant.<br />Previously: [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Mercury Mariner|Mercury Mariner]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Mercury Villager|Mercury Villager]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Nissan Quest|Nissan Quest]] (1993-2002) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|Pacheco Stamping and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,823 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. Ford kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved while VW got the other side of the plant, which it still operates. This plant has made both cars and trucks. <br /> Formerly:<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-3500/F-400/F-4000/F-500]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]]<br />[[w:Ford B-Series|Ford B-Series]] (B-600/B-700/B-7000)<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]] (1962 to 1991)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#Argentine Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]]<br /> [[w:Ford Taunus TC#Argentina|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona#Second generation (1993–1996)|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Ford Fairlane in Argentina|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger (US design)]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine|Ford 170/187/188/221 inline-6]]<br />[[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#ZSD ("Puma")|Ford 2.2/3.2 Puma diesel engine]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|VW Pointer]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Rawsonville Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 788 | style="text-align:left;"| Integrated Air/Fuel Modules<br /> Air Induction Systems<br> Transmission Oil Pumps<br />HEV and PHEV Batteries<br /> Fuel Pumps<br /> Carbon Canisters<br />Ignition Coils<br />Transmission components for Van Dyke Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 10300 Textile Road. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Sold to parent Ford in 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (N. American-style VIN position) | style="text-align:left;"| RMA Automotive Cambodia | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Krakor district|Krakor district]], [[w:Pursat province|Pursat province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambodia|Cambodia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2022 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (T6)|Ford Ranger (T6)]]<br />[[w:Ford Everest|Ford Everest]] <br /> [[w:Ford Territory (China)#Second generation (CX743MCA; 2022)|Ford Territory]] [https://cambodianess.com/article/rma-cambodia-plc-officially-launches-new-ford-production-line-and-ford-sub-assembly-plant-in-pursat-province] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant belongs to RMA Group, Ford's distributor in Cambodia. Builds vehicles under license from Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following G] [includes <br> US-mkt. '78-'80 Ford Fiesta] <br>/<br> 4 (NA) ['16-'18 US-mkt. <br> Focus RS] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis Body & Assembly|Saarlouis Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saarlouis|Saarlouis]], [[w:Saarland|Saarland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 (components), 1970 (vehicle prod.) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,276 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Plant was built on the site of the former Roderberg airfield. First opened as a components plant in 1968, supplying other Ford plants and also supplying Renault with body panels. This production ended once Ford Escort production began in 1970. The first Escort body shell was completed on October 20, 1969. Began vehicle production with the Escort on January 16, 1970. Saarlouis shared Escort production with Ford's Halewood, UK plant. About 150,000 Capris were built at Saarlouis from 1971-1975, including the 1 millionth Capri built, an RS2600 completed on August 29, 1973. Fiesta began production at Saarlouis on May 11, 1976 and ended in 1980. Over 700,000 Fiestas were built in Saarlouis. Escort was replaced by the Focus in 1998. Saarlouis produced over 6.5 million Escorts from 1970-1998. Focus began production on August 10, 1998. All Focus RS & RS500 models were made in Saarlouis. In June 2013, the Ford Focus Electric began production in Saarlouis. It was the first fully electric Ford in Europe and the first fully electric car to be produced in Germany. Production ended by April 2017. C-Max production began in Saarlouis in November 2003. C-Max production shifted to Valencia, Spain in 2010 but returned to Saarlouis in 2014. C-Max production ended in June 2019 and was discontinued. About 1.2 million <br> C-Max vehicles were built at Saarlouis. Last Focus ST produced September 26, 2025. Last Focus, a white 5-d hatchback, was produced on November 14, 2025. That was the end of vehicle production at Saarlouis. In 1980, Saarlouis built its 2 millionth vehicle, a Fiesta 3-d. In February 1990, Saarlouis produced its 5 millionth vehicle, a 4th gen. Escort. In July 2005, Saarlouis produced its 10 millionth vehicle, a blue Focus wagon. On November 19, 2007, Saarlouis produced its 11 millionth vehicle, a silver C-Max. On August 26, 2010, the 12 millionth vehicle, a white Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. On June 16, 2016, the 14 millionth vehicle, a red Focus 5-d hatchback, was produced. In December 2019, Saarlouis produced its 15 millionth vehicle, a red Focus ST 5-d. About 15.6 million vehicles were produced in total at Saarlouis.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] (1970-1998)<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] (1983-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]] (1971-1975)<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] (1976-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (1998-2025)<br />[[w:Ford C-Max|Ford C-Max]] (2003-2010, 2015-2019)<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#First generation (C394; 2008)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 1: 2008-2012) |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Engine Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2015 | | [[w:Ford EcoBlue engine|Ford EcoBlue/Panther 2.0L Diesel I4 engine]] | Although the Sanand property including the assembly plant was sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022, the engine plant buildings and property were leased back from Tata by Ford India so that the engine plant could continue building diesel engines for export to Thailand, Vietnam, and Argentina. <br /> Previously: [[w:List of Ford engines#1.2 L Dragon|1.2/1.5 Ti-VCT Dragon I3]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville Transmission|Sharonville Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sharonville, Ohio|Sharonville, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,003 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford 6R140 transmission<br /> [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|Ford 10R80/10R140 transmission]]<br /> Gears for 6R80/140, 6F35/50/55, & 8F57 transmissions <br /> | Located at 3000 E Sharon Rd. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford 4R70W transmission|Ford 4R70W transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford C6 transmission#4R100|Ford 4R100 transmission]]<br /> Ford 5R110W transmission<br /> [[w:Ford C3 transmission#5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W|Ford 5R55S transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Sterling Axle | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,391 | style="text-align:left;"| Front axles<br /> Rear axles<br /> Rear drive units | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 39000 Mound Rd. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000; taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following W] /<br> 1 (NA) ('14-'23 Transit Connect) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valencia Body and Assembly|Ford Valencia Body and Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,400 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Kuga#Third generation (C482; 2019)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 3) | Previously: [[w:Ford C-Max#Second generation (2011)|Ford C-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Third generation (CD390; 2015)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#First generation (BE146; 1996)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]] (Gen 2)<br />[[w:Ford Mondeo (fourth generation)|Ford Mondeo]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]] <br /> [[w:Ford S-Max#Second generation (CD539; 2015)|Ford S-Max]] <br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br /> [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Second generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#First generation (DY; 2002)|Mazda 2]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Valencia Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Almussafes|Almussafes]], [[w:Province of Valencia|Valencia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mazda L engine|Ford Duratec HE 1.8/2.0]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2015)|Ford Ecoboost 2.0L]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.3 L|Ford Ecoboost 2.3L]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Kent engine#Valencia|Ford Kent/Valencia engine]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Van Dyke Electric Powertrain Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,444 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35/6F55]]<br /> Ford HF35/HF45 transmission for hybrids & PHEVs<br />Ford 8F57 transmission<br />Electric motors (eMotor) for hybrids & EVs<br />Electric vehicle transmissions | Located at 41111 Van Dyke Ave. Formerly known as Van Dyke Transmission Plant.<br />Originally made suspension parts. Began making transmissions in 1993.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford AX4N transmission|Ford AX4N transmission]]<br /> Ford FN transmission |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (for VW & for Ford) | style="text-align:left;"| Volkswagen Poznań | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poznań|Poznań]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| | | [[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Tourneo Connect]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Connect#Third generation (2021)|Ford Transit Connect]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Caddy#Fourth generation (Typ SB; 2020)|VW Caddy]]<br /> | Plant owned by [[W:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]]. Production for Ford began in 2022. <br> Previously: [[w:Volkswagen Transporter (T6)|VW Transporter (T6)]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,850 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Godzilla engine|Ford 6.8/7.3L Godzilla V8]] | Main Windsor Engine Plant closed but the Windsor Annex Engine Plant, located on the south end of the Windsor Engine Plant property off Seminole Street, is still open. <br> Previously: [[w:Ford small block engine|Ford 255/289/302/351 Windsor V8]]<br />[[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]]: 4.6/5.4L V8 & 6.8L V10 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Forging | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 | style="text-align:left;"| Crankshaft forgings for 2.7/3.0 Nano EcoBoost V6, 3.5 Cyclone V6, & 3.5 EcoBoost V6 | Located at 24189 Allen Rd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Woodhaven Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Woodhaven, Michigan|Woodhaven, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 499 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels | Located at 20900 West Rd. |} ==Future production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Employees ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blue Oval City|Tennessee Truck Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Stanton, Tennessee|Stanton, Tennessee]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~6,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford gas-powered pickup | Was scheduled to start EV production in 2028, following delays. As of December 2025, plant is renamed Tennessee Truck Plant and production of a gas-powered truck is scheduled to start in 2029. Battery manufacturing onsite would have been part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture with SK On, a subsidiary of [[w:SK Innovation|SK Innovation]].<ref name=BlueOval>{{cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/ford/2021/09/27/ford-four-new-plants-tennessee-kentucky-electric-vehicles/5879885001/|title=Ford, partner to spend $11.4B on four new plants in Tennessee, Kentucky to support EVs|first1=Jordyn|last1=Grzelewski|first2=Riley|last2=Beggin|newspaper=The Detroit News|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=September 27, 2021}}</ref> However, as of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| BlueOval SK Battery Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Glendale, Kentucky|Glendale, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"| Announced | style="text-align:right;"| ~5,000 | style="text-align:left;"| Batteries for F-150 Lightning & E-Transit | Consists of 2 battery plants. Both were originally scheduled to start production in 2025. Plant 1 began commercial production on August 19, 2025 but Plant 2 has been delayed to 2027. Part of BlueOval SK, a joint venture between Ford Motor Company and SK On, a subsidiary of SK Innovation.<ref name=BlueOval/> As of December 2025, the venture is being dissolved. Ford will keep the Kentucky battery plants while SK On will keep the Tennessee battery plant. The Glendale plant is now making battery packs for Ford Energy, a new Ford subsidiary making battery energy storage systems for data centers, utilities, and large industrial and commercial customers in the U.S. |} ==Former production facilities== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:220px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/State ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:100px;" class="unsortable"| Years ! style="width:250px;"| Products ! style="width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Comments | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F (EU) [serial# starts with BF] | style="text-align:left;"| Advanced Vehicle Operations (AVO) "Aveley plant" | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Ockendon|South Ockendon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Vehicle production from Nov. 1970 - Early 1975 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967)|Ford Escort]] Mexico, RS1600, & RS2000 models | Was located on Arisdale Avenue in South Ockendon. Plant was set up to build special, high performance Escort models that needed extra work to build, which the Halewood plant was struggling to do. Escort two-door bodyshells, already painted, trimmed, and built to strengthened Type 49 specification, were shipped in directly from the Halewood plant that built mainstream Escorts. Once at the AVO plant, the bodies were placed on an overhead carousel which ran around the factory. As the cars moved around, the engine, transmission, and suspension were fitted from below. When auto sales declined following the 1973 Energy Crisis, spare capacity opened up at the mainstream Escort plants and a dedicated plant for performance versions was no longer needed and the AVO plant closed in early 1975. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Alexandria Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1950-1966 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford trucks including [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks | Opened in 1950. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ali Automobiles | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Kombi]], [[w:Ford F-Series second generation|Ford F-Series pickups]] | Ford production ended. Ali Automobiles was nationalized in 1972, becoming Awami Autos. Today, Awami is partnered with Suzuki in the Pak Suzuki joint venture. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Amsterdam Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1932-1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]], [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]],<br> Ford N-Series (EU) | Assembled a wide range of Ford products primarily for the local market from Sept. 1932–Nov. 1981. Began with the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. Car assembly (latterly [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]], and [[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]) ended 1978. Also, [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], [[w:Ford Custom 500|Ford Custom 500]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Antwerp Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1922-1964 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Edsel|Edsel]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Original plant was on Rue Dubois from 1922 to 1926. Ford then moved to the Hoboken District of Antwerp in 1926 until they moved to a plant near the Bassin Canal in 1931. Replaced by the Genk plant that opened in 1964, however tractors were then made at Antwerp for some time after car & truck production ended. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Asnières-sur-Seine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnières-sur-Seine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] (Ford 6CV) | Ford sold the plant to Société Immobilière Industrielle d'Asnières or SIIDA on April 30, 1941. SIIDA leased it to the LAFFLY company (New Machine Tool Company) on October 30, 1941. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] then bought most of the shares in LAFFLY in 1948 and the lease was transferred from LAFFLY to [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] in 1949, which then began to move in and set up production. A hydraulics building for the manufacture of the hydropneumatic suspension of the DS was built in 1953. [[w:Citroën|Citroën]] manufactured machined parts and hydraulic components for its hydropneumatic suspension system (also supplied to [[w:Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce Motors]]) at Asnières as well as steering components and connecting rods & camshafts after Nanterre was closed. SIIDA was taken over by Citroën on September 2, 1968. In 2000, the Asnières site became a joint venture between [[w:Siemens|Siemens Automotive]] and [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] (Siemens 52% -PSA 48%) called Siemens Automotive Hydraulics SA (SAH). In 2007, when [[w:Continental AG|Continental AG]] took over [[w:Siemens VDO|Siemens VDO]], SAH became CAAF (Continental Automotive Asnières France) and PSA sold off its stake in the joint venture. Continental closed the Asnières plant in 2009. Most of the site was demolished between 2011 and 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Gaydon Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gaydon|Gaydon, Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB9|Aston Martin DB9]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Vantage (2005)|Aston Martin V8 Vantage/V12 Vantage]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin DBS V12|Aston Martin DBS V12]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (DBS-based V8 & Lagonda sedan), <br /> B (Virage & Vanquish) | style="text-align:left;"| Aston Martin Newport Pagnell Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Newport Pagnell|Newport Pagnell]], [[w:Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin Vanquish#First generation (2001–2007)|Aston Martin V12 Vanquish]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Virage|Aston Martin Virage]] 1st generation <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8|Aston Martin V8]]<br />[[w:Aston Martin Lagonda|Aston Martin Lagonda sedan]] <br />[[w:Aston Martin V8 engine|Aston Martin V8 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold along with [[w:Aston Martin|Aston Martin]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AT/A (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hapeville, Georgia|Hapeville, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1947-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Taurus|Ford Taurus]] (1986-2007)<br /> [[w:Mercury Sable|Mercury Sable]] (1986-2005) | Began F-Series production December 3, 1947. Demolished. Site now occupied by the headquarters of Porsche North America.<ref>{{cite web|title=Porsche breaks ground in Hapeville on new North American HQ|url=http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/20194429/porsche-breaks-ground-in-hapeville-on-new-north-american-hq|publisher=CBS Atlanta}}</ref> <br />Previously: <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956, 1958, 1960)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961, 1963-1967)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966, 1969, 1979-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (compact)]] (1961-1964)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)#Intermediate Falcon (1970½)|Ford Falcon (intermediate)]] (1970 1/2)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1962-1963, 1965-1970)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1969-1977)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]]<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Third generation (1974–1976)|Mercury Cougar]] (1974-1976)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1978)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1977)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#Second generation (1981–1982)|Ford Granada]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]] (non-XR-7 models only) (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (ninth generation)|Ford Thunderbird (Gen 9)]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1984-1985) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Auckland Operations | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wiri|Wiri]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-1997 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br /> [[w:Mazda 626|Mazda 626]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1973 as Wiri Assembly (also included transmission & chassis component plants), name changed in 1983 to Auckland Operations, became a joint venture with Mazda called Vehicles Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) in 1987, closed in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| S (EU) [when following P] (for Ford),<br> V (for VW & Seat) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autoeuropa|Autoeuropa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Palmela|Palmela]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Volkswagen|Volkswagen]] in 1999, Ford production ended in 2006 | [[w:Ford Galaxy#First generation (V191; 1995)|Ford Galaxy (1995–2006)]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Sharan|Volkswagen Sharan]]<br />[[w:SEAT Alhambra|SEAT Alhambra]] | Autoeuropa was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford & VW created in 1991. Production began in 1995. Ford sold its half of the plant to VW in 1999 but the Ford Galaxy continued to be built at the plant until the first generation ended production in 2006. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive Industries|Automotive Industries]], Ltd. (AIL) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nazareth Illit|Nazareth Illit]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Israel|Israel]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1968-1985? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-9000]] | Car production began in 1968 in conjunction with Ford's local distributor, Israeli Automobile Corp. Truck production began in 1973. Ford Escort production ended in 1981. Truck production may have continued to c.1985. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Suspended | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] truck<br />[[w:Ford F-MAX|Ford F-MAX]] | Produced trucks under contract for Ford Otosan. Production began with the Cargo in 2015; the F-Max was added in 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| Azambuja Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portugal|Portugal]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2000 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Sierra-based model|Ford P100]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]] (12M)<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G (EU) [when following W] (Ford Maverick made by Nissan) | style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1923-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]] | Became Motor Iberica SA after nationalization in 1954. Built Ford's [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]] trucks under license which were sold under the [[w:Ebro trucks|Ebro]] name. Later taken over in stages by Nissan from 1979 to 1987 when it became [[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]] SA. Under Nissan, the [[w:Nissan Terrano II|Ford Maverick]] SUV was built in the Barcelona plant under an OEM agreement. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|Barracas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1916-1922 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford assembly plant in Latin America and the second outside North America after Britain. Replaced by the La Boca plant in 1922. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Basildon | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Basildon|Basildon]], [[w:Essex|Essex]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1964-1991 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford tractor range | style="text-align:left;"| Sold with New Holland tractor business |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia Transmission|Batavia Transmission]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Batavia, Ohio|Batavia, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1980-2008 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CD4E transmission|Ford CD4E transmission]]<br /> [[w:Ford ATX transmission|Ford ATX transmission]]<br />[[w:Batavia Transmission#Partnership|CFT23 & CFT30 CVT transmissions]] produced as part of ZF Batavia joint venture with [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] | ZF Batavia joint venture was created in 1999 and was 49% owned by Ford and 51% owned by [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]]. Jointly developed CVT production began in late 2003. Ford bought out ZF in 2005 and the plant became Batavia Transmissions LLC, owned 100% by Ford. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Germany|Berlin Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Berlin|Berlin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1931 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | Replaced by Cologne plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Aquitaine Industries Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1973-2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford C3 transmission|Ford C3/A4LD/A4LDE/4R44E/4R55E/5R44E/5R55E/5R55S/5R55W 3-, 4-, & 5-speed automatic transmissions]]<br />[[w:Ford 6F transmission|Ford 6F35 6-speed automatic transmission]]<br />Components | Sold to HZ Holding in 2009 but the deal collapsed and Ford bought the plant back in 2011. Closed in September 2019. Demolished in 2021. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (for DB7) | style="text-align:left;"| Bloxham Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bloxham|Bloxham]], [[w:Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aston Martin DB7|Aston Martin DB7]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ220|Jaguar XJ220]] | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a JaguarSport plant. After XJ220 production ended, plant was transferred to Aston Martin to build the DB7. Closed with the end of DB7 production in 2003. Aston Martin has since been sold by Ford in 2007. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:International Motors#Blue Diamond Truck|Blue Diamond Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Escobedo|General Escobedo, Nuevo León]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"|Joint venture ended in 2015 | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-650]] (2004-2015)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Seventh generation (2000-2015)|Ford F-750]] (2004-2015)<br /> [[w:Ford LCF|Ford LCF]] (2006-2009) | style="text-align:left;"| Commercial truck joint venture with Navistar until 2015 when Ford production moved back to USA and plant was returned to Navistar. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford India|Bombay Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bombay|Bombay]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1926-1954 | style="text-align:left;"| | Ford's original Indian plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Bordeaux Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Asnières-sur-Seine plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend Engine|Bridgend Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bridgend|Bridgend]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wales|Wales]], [[w:UK|U.K.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed September 2020 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford CVH engine|Ford CVH engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#Inline four-cylinder|Ford 1.5/1.6 Sigma EcoBoost I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Zeta engine|Ford Zeta engine]]<br />[[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#1.5 L Dragon|Ford 1.5L Dragon EcoBoost I3]]<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|Jaguar AJ-V8 engine]] 4.0/4.2/4.4L<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 3.0L V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|Jaguar AJ133 5.0L V8]]<br /> [[w:Volvo SI6 engine|Volvo SI6 engine]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JG (AU) /<br> G (AU) /<br> 8 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Broadmeadows Assembly Plant|Broadmeadows Assembly Plant]] (Broadmeadows Car Assembly) (Plant 1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1959-2016<ref name="abc_4707960">{{cite news|title=Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-23/ford-to-close-geelong-and-broadmeadows-plants/4707960|work=abc.net.au|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E (1959–1968)|Ford Anglia 105E]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] TC-TF<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br /> Ford Falcon Ute<br /> [[w:Nissan Ute|Nissan Ute]] (XFN)<br />Ford Falcon Panel Van<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford Territory (Australia)|Ford Territory]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri (Australia)|Ford Capri Convertible]]<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994)|Mercury Capri convertible]] (1991–1994)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1959-1961 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie#Australian production|Ford Galaxie (1969-1972) (conversion to right hand drive)]] | Plant opened August 1959. Closed Oct 7th 2016. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JL (AU) /<br> L (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Broadmeadows Commercial Vehicle Plant (Assembly Plant 2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Campbellfield|Campbellfield]],[[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1971-1992 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (F-100/F-150/F-250/F-350)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-Series medium duty]] (F-500/F-600/F-700/F-750/F-800/F-8000)<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Bronco#Australian assembly|Ford Bronco]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cadiz Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cadiz|Cadiz]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Spain|Spain]] | style="text-align:center;"| 1920-1923 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | Replaced by Barcelona plant. |- | style="text-align:center;"| 8 (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Camaçari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Camaçari, Bahia|Camaçari, Bahia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2001-2021<ref name="camacari">{{cite web |title=Ford Advances South America Restructuring; Will Cease Manufacturing in Brazil, Serve Customers With New Lineup {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/01/11/ford-advances-south-america-restructuring.html |website=media.ford.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rui diz que negociação para atrair nova montadora de veículos para Camaçari está avançada|url=https://destaque1.com/rui-diz-que-negociacao-para-atrair-nova-montadora-de-veiculos-para-camacari-esta-avancada/|website=destaque1.com|access-date=30 May 2022|date=24 May 2022}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka+]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:List of Ford engines#1.0 L Fox|Fox 1.0L I3 Engine]] | [[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta & Fiesta Rocam]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Canton Forge Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canton, Ohio|Canton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1988 | | Located on Georgetown Road NE. |- | | Casablanca Automotive Plant | [[w:Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1969-1971<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2011-12-06 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CASABLANCA (1971) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2011/12/planta-ford-casablanca-1971.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reuters Archive Licensing |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/1076777 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Reuters Archive Licensing |language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-series]], [[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)#Fifth generation (1967-1979)|Ford F-600]] | Nationalized by the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trowbridge |first=Alexander B. |title=Overseas Business Reports, US Department of Commerce |date=February 1968 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |edition=OBR 68-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=EyN: Henry Ford II regresa a Chile |url=http://www.economiaynegocios.cl/noticias/noticias.asp?id=541850 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.economiaynegocios.cl}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda|Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Mazda2#DE|Mazda 2]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%). Ford Motor Company (35%), Mazda Motor Company (15%). JV was divided in 2012 into [[w:Changan Ford|Changan Ford]] and [[w:Changan Mazda|Changan Mazda]]. Changan Mazda took the Nanjing plant while Changan Ford kept the other plants. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Changan Ford Mazda Engine|Changan Ford Mazda Engine Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[w:Jiangsu|Jiangsu]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:China|China]] | style="text-align:center;"| -2019 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda L engine|Mazda L engine]]<br />[[w:Mazda Z engine|Mazda BZ series 1.3/1.6 engine]]<br />[[w:Skyactiv#Skyactiv-G|Mazda Skyactiv-G 1.5/2.0/2.5]] | style="text-align:left;"| Joint venture: Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (50%), Ford Motor Company (25%), Mazda Motor Company (25%). Ford sold its stake to Mazda in 2019. Now known as Changan Mazda Engine Co., Ltd. owned 50% by Mazda & 50% by Changan. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Charles McEnearney & Co. Ltd. | style="text-align:left;"| Tumpuna Road, [[w:Arima|Arima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] | Ford production ended & factory closed in 1990's. |- valign="top" | | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Engine Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| 2010–2022 <ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=Ford to stop making cars in India|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ford-motor-cease-local-production-india-shut-down-both-plants-sources-2021-09-09/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> | [[w:Ford DLD engine#DLD-415|Ford DLD engine]] (DLD-415/DV5)<br /> [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford Sigma engine]] | |- valign="top" | C (NA)<br>/<br> R (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Chennai Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Maraimalai Nagar|Maraimalai Nagar]], [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1999 <br> Closed in 2022<ref name=":0"/> | [[w:Ford Endeavour|Ford Endeavour]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]] 5th & 6th generations<br /> [[w:Ford Figo#First generation (B517; 2010)|Ford Figo]]<br /> [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br />[[w:Ford Ikon|Ford Ikon]]<br />[[w:Ford Fusion (Europe)|Ford Fusion]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago SHO Center | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 2021-2023 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer#Sixth generation (U625; 2020)|Ford Explorer]] (2021-2023)<br />[[w:Lincoln Aviator#Second generation (U611; 2020)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2021-2023) | style="text-align:left;"| 12429 S Burley Ave in Chicago. Located about 1.2 miles away from Ford's Chicago Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 2000,<br> Closed in 2003 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum engine blocks for 2.3L Duratec 23 I4 | |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1952,<br>Closed in 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| Iron engine blocks, heads, crankshafts, and main bearing caps | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. (Engle Rd.), immediately to the south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1. Construction 1950, operational 1952 to 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford foundry in Brook Park to close after 58 years of service|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/10/ford_foundry_in_brook_park_to.html|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=9 February 2018|date=23 October 2010}}</ref> Demolished 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford begins plans to demolish shuttered Cleveland Casting Plant|url=http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20110627/FREE/306279972/ford-begins-plans-to-demolish-shuttered-cleveland-casting-plant|website=Cleveland Business|access-date=9 February 2018|date=27 June 2011}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland Engine|Cleveland Engine]] #2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Opened in 1955,<br>Closed in 2012 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#2.5 L|Ford 2.5L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine#3.0 L|Ford 3.0L Duratec V6]]<br />[[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|Jaguar AJ-V6 engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 18300 Five Points Rd., south of Cleveland Engine Plant 1 and the Cleveland Casting Plant. Opened in 1955. Partially demolished and converted into Forward Innovation Center West. Source of the [[w:Ford 351 Cleveland|Ford 351 Cleveland]] V8 & the [[w:Ford 335 engine#400|Cleveland-based 400 V8]] and the closely related [[w:Ford 335 engine#351M|400 Cleveland-based 351M V8]]. Also, [[w:Ford Y-block engine|Ford Y-block engine]] & [[w:Ford Super Duty engine|Ford Super Duty engine]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Compañía Colombiana Automotriz|Compañía Colombiana Automotriz]] (Mazda) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Colombia|Colombia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Mazda closed the factory in 2014. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#Latin America|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda BT-50#First generation (UN; 2006)|Mazda BT-50]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Henry Ford & Sons Ltd|Henry Ford & Sons Ltd]] | style="text-align:left;"| Marina, [[w:Cork (city)|Cork]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Munster|Munster]], [[w:Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractor (1919-1922, 1929-1932) and car assembly, including [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] and [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] in the 1970s finally ending with the [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] in 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The history of Ford in Ireland|url=http://www.ford.ie/AboutFord/CompanyInformation/HistoryOfFord|work=Ford|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> Also [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]], [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]], and [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]]. Also [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] (1923-1927), [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], and [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1917 with production from 1919 to 1984. Produced Model T components beginning in 1921 before complete cars began to be assembled (Model T in 1923). Supplied components to the Manchester, England Model T plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Croydon Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Croydon|Croydon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Small metal stampings and assemblies | Opened in 1949 as Briggs Motor Bodies & purchased by Ford in 1957. Expanded in 1989. Site completely vacated in 2005. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Cuautitlán Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cuautitlán Izcalli|Cuautitln Izcalli]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1964. Included a foundry and machining plant. <br /> [[w:Ford small block engine#289|Ford 289 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#302|Ford 302 V8]]<br />[[w:Ford small block engine#351W|Ford 351 Windsor V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham assembly plant|Dagenham Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2002) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]], [[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]], [[w:Ford CX|Ford CX]], [[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]], [[w:Ford 7Y|Ford 7Y]], [[w:Ford Model 91|Ford Model 91]], [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]], [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]], [[w:Ford Popular|Ford Popular]], [[w:Ford Squire|Ford Squire]], [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]], [[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]], [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]], [[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]], [[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]], [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]], [[w:Ford Courier#Europe (1991–2002)|Ford Courier]], [[w:Ford Fiesta (fourth generation)#Mazda 121|Mazda 121]], [[w:Fordson E83W|Fordson E83W]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson 7V|Fordson 7V]], [[w:Fordson WOT|Fordson WOT]], [[w:Thames (commercial vehicles)#Fordson Thames ET|Fordson Thames ET]], [[w:Ford Thames 300E|Ford Thames 300E]], [[w:Ford Thames 307E|Ford Thames 307E]], [[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]], [[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Thames Trader NC]], [[w:Thames Trader#Normal Control models|Ford K-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1931–2002, formerly principal Ford UK plant |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Dagenham|Dagenham Stamping & Tooling]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dagenham|Dagenham]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era">{{cite news|title=End of an era|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20078108|work=BBC News|access-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> Demolished. | Body panels, wheels | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL/D (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 1970 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (93,748 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref><br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960) <br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1969)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1970) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park. Replaced original Dallas plant at 2700 Canton St. in 1925. Assembly stopped February 1933 but resumed in 1934. Closed February 20, 1970. Over 3 million vehicles built. 5200 E. Grand Ave. is now owned by City Warehouse Corp. and is used by multiple businesses. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DA/F (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn Assembly Plant|Dearborn Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle-class patrol craft|Eagle-class patrol craft]] during WWI<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors (1921-1928) <br />Parts for Ford Model T<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] (1928-1932)<br />[[w:Ford Model B (1932)|Ford Model B]] (1932-1934)<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]] (1935-1936)<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] (1941-1942, 1946-1948)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]] (1949-1951)<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]] (1952-1954)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]] (1955-1956)<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1951)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1955-1961)<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960)<br /> [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1958)<br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964)<br /> [[w:Mercury Meteor#Intermediate (1962–1963)|Mercury Meteor]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (first generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-2004)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1967-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1966)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#Fifth generation (1971–1977)|Mercury Comet]] (1972-1973)<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (21,559 units)<ref>{{cite web|title=Arsenal of Democracy; The American Automobile Industry in World War II|date=2013 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Arsenal_of_Democracy/P-PCAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA150&printsec=frontcover|author=Charles K. Hyde|publisher=Wayne State University Press|page=150-151}}</ref> <br>[[w:Ford GPA|Ford GPA]] 'Seep' (Sea Jeep) | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Started building Eagle-class patrol boats in 1918 during World War I. After the war ended, builtt Fordson tractors and parts for the Model T but didn't assemble any complete Model Ts. The Model A was the first complete car built at the Rouge complex. During World War II, the Rouge complex produced Jeeps (GPW), aircraft engines and engine parts, aircraft components, tires and tubes, armor plating, and tractors. During 2004, Mustangs built at Dearborn Assembly and F-150s built at Dearborn Truck were painted in the same new paint shop that opened in 2000. On May 10, 2004, the final vehicle was built at Dearborn Assembly: a '04 Mustang GT convertible. Replaced by Dearborn Truck Plant for 2005MY. This plant within the Rouge complex was demolished in 2008. It is now a parking lot to hold trucks from the Dearborn Truck Plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dearborn Iron Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1974) | style="text-align:left;"| Cast iron parts including engine blocks. | style="text-align:left;"| Part of the River Rouge Complex. Replaced by Michigan Casting Center in the early 1970s. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Eagle Farm Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Eagle Farm, Queensland|Eagle Farm (Brisbane), Queensland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1998) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />Ford Falcon Ute (including XY 4x4)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Australia)|Ford LTD]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] trucks<br />[[w:Ford L-Series|Ford L-Series/Louisville/Aeromax trucks]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1926. Closed in 1998; demolished |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| ME/T (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edison Assembly|Edison Assembly]] (a.k.a. Metuchen Assembly) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Edison, New Jersey|Edison, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948–2004 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1991-2004)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger EV|Ford Ranger EV]] (1998-2001)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (1994–2004)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1990)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1971)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1963-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1959)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]]<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 939 U.S. Route 1. Demolished in 2005. Now a shopping mall called Edison Towne Square. Also known as Metuchen Assembly. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Essex Aluminum|Essex Aluminum]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2012) | style="text-align:left;"| 3.8/4.2L V6 cylinder heads<br />4.6L, 5.4L V8 cylinder heads<br />6.8L V10 cylinder heads<br />Pistons | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1981. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001; shuttered in 2009 except for the melting operation which closed in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fairfax Transmission | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fairfax, Ohio|Fairfax, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1979) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cruise-O-Matic|Ford-O-Matic/Merc-O-Matic/Lincoln Turbo-Drive]]<br /> [[w:Cruise-O-Matic#MX/FX|Cruise-O-Matic (FX transmission)]]<br />[[w:Cruise-O-Matic#FMX|FMX transmission]] | Located at 4000 Red Bank Road. Opened in 1950. Original Ford-O-Matic was a licensed design from the Warner Gear division of [[w:Borg-Warner|Borg-Warner]]. Also produced aircraft engine parts during the Korean War. Closed in 1979. Sold to Red Bank Distribution of Cincinnati in 1987. Transferred to Cincinnati Port Authority in 2006 after Cincinnati agreed not to sue the previous owner for environmental and general negligence. Redeveloped into Red Bank Village, a mixed-use commercial and office space complex, which opened in 2009 and includes a Wal-Mart. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following L] (for Ford),<br> J (for Fiat - later years) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:FCA Poland|Fiat Tychy Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tychy|Tychy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 2016 | [[w:Ford Ka#Second generation (2008)|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Fiat 500 (2007)|Fiat 500]] | Plant owned by [[w:Fiat|Fiat]], which is now part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]]. Production for Ford began in 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Foden Trucks|Foden Trucks]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sandbach|Sandbach]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1984. Factory closed in 2000. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transcontinental|Ford Transcontinental]] | style="text-align:left;"| Foden Trucks plant. Produced for Ford after Ford closed Amsterdam plant. 504 units produced by Foden. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Selangor|Selangor]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Escape#First generation (2001)|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]]<br /> [[w:Ford Econovan|Ford Econovan]]<br />[[w:Ford Spectron|Ford Spectron]]<br /> [[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]]<br />[[w:BMW 3-Series|BMW 3-Series]] E46, E90<br />[[w:BMW 5-Series|BMW 5-Series]] E60<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br /> [[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as AMIM (Associated Motor Industries Malaysia) Holdings Sdn. Bhd. which was 30% owned by Ford from the early 1980s. Previously, Associated Motor Industries Malaysia had assembled for various automotive brands including Ford but was not owned by Ford. In 2000, Ford increased its stake to 49% and renamed the company Ford Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. The other 51% was owned by Tractors Malaysia Bhd., a subsidiary of Sime Darby Bhd. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory|Ford Motor Company Lamp Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Flat Rock, Michigan|Flat Rock, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| Automotive lighting | Located at 26601 W. Huron River Drive. Opened in 1923. Also produced junction boxes for the B-24 bomber as well as lighting for military vehicles during World War II. Closed in 1950. Sold to Moynahan Bronze Company in 1950. Sold to Stearns Manufacturing in 1972. Leased in 1981 to Flat Rock Metal Inc., which later purchased the building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sucat, Muntinlupa|Sucat]], [[w:Muntinlupa|Muntinlupa]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar#First generation (AR, AS; 1982–1987)|Ford Telstar]]<br /> American Ford trucks<br />British Ford trucks<br />Ford Fiera | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1968. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines#History|Ford Philippines, Inc.]] Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mariveles|Mariveles]], [[w:Bataan|Bataan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (August 1984) | style="text-align:left;"| Stampings | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened 1976. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Italia|Ford Motor Co. d’Italia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trieste|Trieste]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1931) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Japan|Ford Motor Company of Japan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yokohama|Yokohama]], [[w:Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1941) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]] | style="text-align:left;"| Founded in 1925. Factory was seized by Imperial Japanese Government. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company del Peru | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lima|Lima]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Peru|Peru]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (first generation)]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]] 17M<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-28 |title=Ford to Assemble Cars In Big New Plant in Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/28/archives/ford-to-assemble-cars-in-big-new-plant-in-peru.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-22 |title=Ford del Perú |url=https://archivodeautos.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/ford-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Archivo de autos |language=es}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Philippines|Ford Motor Company Philippines]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa, Laguna]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2012) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Lynx|Ford Lynx]]<br /> [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Protege|Mazda Protege]]<br />[[w:Mazda 3|Mazda 3]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escape|Ford Escape]]<br /> [[w:Mazda Tribute|Mazda Tribute]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (international)#First generation (PE/PG/PH; 1998)|Ford Ranger]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant sold to Mitsubishi Motors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Motor Company Caribbean, Inc. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canóvanas, Puerto Rico|Canóvanas]], [[w:Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:United States|U.S.]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| Ball bearings | Plant opened in the 1960s. Constructed on land purchased from the [[w:Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company|Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M (EU) [when following C] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:de:Ford Motor Company of Rhodesia|Ford Motor Co. Rhodesia (Pvt.) Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Salisbury]] (now Harare) | style="text-align:left;"| ([[w:Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]) / [[w:Rhodesia (1964–1965)|Rhodesia (colony)]] / [[w:Rhodesia|Rhodesia (country)]] (now [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1967 to state-owned Industrial Development Corporation | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fourth generation (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)#Fifth generation (1966–1967)|Ford Fairlane]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-100]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Classic|Ford Consul Classic]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E/800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Taunus Transit (1953)|Ford Taunus Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson#Dexta|Fordson Dexta tractors]]<br />[[w:Fordson#E1A|Fordson Super Major]]<br />[[w:Deutz-Fahr|Deutz F1M 414 tractor]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Former Ford Factory|Ford Motor Co. (Singapore)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bukit Timah|Bukit Timah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Singapore|Singapore]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1980) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul#Ford Consul Mark II (1956–1962)|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Custom|Ford Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]] | style="text-align:left;"|Originally known as Ford Motor Company of Malaya Ltd. & subsequently as Ford Motor Company of Malaysia. Factory was originally on Anson Road, then moved to Prince Edward Road in Jan. 1930 before moving to Bukit Timah Road in April 1941. Factory was occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. It was then used by British military authorities until April 1947 when it was returned to Ford. Production resumed in December 1947. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa|Ford Motor Company of South Africa Ltd.]] Struandale Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| Struandale, [[w:Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Africa|South Africa]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Delta Motor Corporation|Delta Motor Corporation]] (later [[w:General Motors South Africa|GM South Africa]]) in 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon (North America)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (Americas)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero#First generation (1957–1959)|Ford Ranchero (American)]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]]<br />[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Ford Cortina Pickup/P100/Ford 1-Tonner]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P3|Ford Taunus P3]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus (P5) 17M]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford (Taunus P7) 17M/20M]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark I (1972–1977)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont (Australia)#South Africa|Ford Fairmont/Fairmont GT]] (XW, XY)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] ([[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)#Falcon utility|Falcon Ute-based]]) (XT, XW, XY, XA, XB)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Second generation|Ford Fairlane (Australia)]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort/XR3/XR3i]]<br />[[w:Ford Bantam|Ford Bantam]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]] | Ford first began production in South Africa in 1924 in a former wool store on Grahamstown Road in Port Elizabeth. Ford then moved to a larger location on Harrower Road in October 1930. In 1948, Ford moved again to a plant in Neave Township, Port Elizabeth. Struandale Assembly opened in 1974. Ford ended vehicle production in Port Elizabeth in December 1985, moving all vehicle production to SAMCOR's Silverton plant that had come from Sigma Motor Corp., the other partner in the [[w:SAMCOR|SAMCOR]] merger. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Naberezhny Chelny Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Naberezhny Chelny|Naberezhny Chelny]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford EcoSport#Second generation (B515; 2012)|Ford EcoSport]]<br /> [[w:Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)|Ford Fiesta]] | Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] St. Petersburg Assembly Plant, previously [[w:Ford Motor Company ZAO|Ford Motor Company ZAO]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vsevolozhsk|Vsevolozhsk]], [[w:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]] | Opened as a 100%-owned Ford plant in 2002 building the Focus. Mondeo was added in 2009. Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2022). Became part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2011. Restructured & renamed Sollers Ford in 2020 after Sollers increased its stake to 51% in 2019 with Ford owning 49%. Production suspended in March 2022. Ford Sollers was dissolved in October 2022 when Ford sold its remaining 49% stake and exited the Russian market. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit#Fourth generation (2014)|Ford Transit]] | Previously: [[w:Ford Explorer#Fifth generation (U502; 2011)|Ford Explorer]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxy#Second generation (2006)|Ford Galaxy]]<br />[[w:Ford Kuga#Second generation (C520; 2012)|Ford Kuga]]<br />[[w:Ford S-Max#First generation (2006)|Ford S-Max]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Transit Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Tourneo Custom#First generation (2012)|Ford Tourneo Custom]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#Third generation (2000)|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sollers|Ford Sollers]] Yelabuga Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Russia|Russia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2019), JV with 50% owned by Sollers | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Sigma engine|Ford 1.6L Duratec I4]] | Opened as part of the 50/50 Ford Sollers joint venture in 2015. Closed in 2019 when Ford discontinued its passenger vehicle portfolio in Russia. Ford Sollers was dissolved in 2022. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Union|Ford Union]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Apčak|Obchuk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belarus|Belarus]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#Sixth generation (1995–2002)|Ford Escort, Escort Van]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] | Ford Union was a joint venture which was 51% owned by Ford, 23% owned by distributor Lada-OMC, & 26% owned by the Belarus government. Production began in 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford-Vairogs|Ford-Vairogs]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Riga|Riga]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Latvia|Latvia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1940). Nationalized following Soviet invasion & takeover of Latvia. | [[w:Ford Prefect#E93A (1938–49)|Ford-Vairogs Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus G93A#Ford Taunus G93A (1939–1942)|Ford-Vairogs Taunus]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 Standard]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford-Vairogs V8 De Luxe]]<br />Ford-Vairogs V8 3-ton trucks<br />Ford-Vairogs buses | Produced vehicles under license from Ford's Copenhagen, Denmark division. Production began in 1937. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fremantle Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:North Fremantle, Western Australia|North Fremantle, Western Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1987 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br>[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 130 Stirling Highway. Plant opened in March 1930. In the 1970’s and 1980’s the factory was assembling tractors and rectifying vehicles delivered from Geelong in Victoria. The factory was also used as a depot for spare parts for Ford dealerships. Later used by Matilda Bay Brewing Company from 1988-2013 though beer production ended in 2007. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932-1934 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937-1940 Ford]]<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (through 1948)<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford#Australian production|1941-1942 & 1946-1948 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949-1951 Ford Custom Fordor/Coupe Utility/Deluxe Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952-1954 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955-1956 Ford Customline sedan/Mainline Coupe Utility]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957-1959 Ford Custom 300/Fairlane 500/Ranch Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford Freighter/F-Series]] | Production began in 1925 in a former wool storage warehouse in Geelong before moving to a new plant in the Geelong suburb that later became known as Norlane. Vehicle production later moved to Broadmeadows plant that opened in 1959. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Aluminum Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifolds, and structural oil pans | Opened 1986. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Iron Casting | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| I6 engine blocks, camshafts, crankshafts, exhaust manifolds, bearing caps, disc brake rotors and flywheels | Opened 1972. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Chassis Components | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2004 | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Machine cylinder heads, suspension arms and brake rotors | Opened 1983. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford 335 engine#302 and 351 Cleveland (Australia)|Ford 302 & 351 Cleveland V8]]<br />[[w:Ford straight-six engine#Ford Australia|Ford Australia Falcon I6]]<br />[[w:Ford Barra engine#Inline 6|Ford Australia Barra I6]] | Opened 1926. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Geelong Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norlane, Victoria|Norlane, Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2016 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford Falcon/Futura/Fairmont body panels <br /> Ford Falcon Utility body panels <br /> Ford Territory body panels | Opened 1926. Previously: Ford Fairlane body panels <br /> Ford LTD body panels <br /> Ford Capri body panels <br /> Ford Cortina body panels <br /> Welded subassemblies and steel press tools |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) [when following G] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk Body & Assembly|Genk Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Genk|Genk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mondeo|Ford Mondeo]]<br /> [[w:Ford S-Max|Ford S-MAX]]<br /> [[w:Ford Galaxy|Ford Galaxy]] | Opened in 1964.<br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Taunus P4|Ford Taunus P4]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P5|Ford Taunus P5]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus P6|Ford Taunus P6]]<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford Taunus P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC|Ford Taunus TC]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)#First generation (1967–1975)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| GETRAG FORD Transmissions Bordeaux Transaxle Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Blanquefort, Gironde|Blanquefort]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Getrag/Magna Powertrain in 2021 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford BC-series transmission|Ford BC4/BC5 transmission]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|Ford iB5 transmission (5MTT170/5MTT200)]]<br />[[w:Ford Durashift#Durashift EST|Ford Durashift-EST(iB5-ASM/5MTT170-ASM)]]<br />MX65 transmission<br />CTX [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] | Opened in 1976. Became a joint venture with [[w:Getrag|Getrag]] in 2001. Joint Venture: 50% Ford Motor Company / 50% Getrag Transmission. Joint venture dissolved in 2021 and this plant was kept by Getrag, which was taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Green Island Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Green Island, New York|Green Island, New York]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1989) | style="text-align:left;"| Radiators, springs | style="text-align:left;"| 1922-1989, demolished in 2004 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (EU) (for Fords) [when following B],<br> X (for Jaguar w/2.5L),<br> W (for Jaguar w/3.0L),<br> H (for Land Rover) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Halewood|Halewood]], [[w:Merseyside|Merseyside]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]], [[w:Ford Corsair|Ford Corsair]], [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]], [[w:Ford Capri|Ford Capri]], [[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]], [[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type]], [[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1963–2008. Ford assembly ended in July 2000, then transferred to Jaguar/Land Rover. Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] with Jaguar/Land Rover business. The van variant of the Escort remained in production in a facility located behind the now Jaguar plant at Halewood until October 2002. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1950) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors/tractor components<br /> Wheels for cars like Model T & Model A<br />Locks and lock parts<br />Radius rods<br />Running Boards | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1920. Factory used hydroelectric power. Switched from tractors to auto parts less than 6 months after production began. Also made parts for bomber engines during World War II. Plant closed in 1950. Sold to Bendix Aviation Corporation in 1951. Bendix closed the plant in 1962 and sold it in 1963 to Ward Manufacturing Co., which made camping trailers there. In 1975, it was sold to Chem-Dyne Corp., which used it for chemical waste storage & disposal. Demolished around 1981 as part of a Federal Superfund cleanup of the site. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Heimdalsgade Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heimdalsgade|Heimdalsgade street]], [[w:Nørrebro|Nørrebro district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1924) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1919–1924. Was replaced by, at the time, Europe's most modern Ford-plant, "Sydhavnen Assembly". |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| HP/HM/H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park Ford Plant|Highland Park Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Highland Park, Michigan|Highland Park, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />Ford trucks (pre-1948)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1948-1950, 1951-1956)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1953, 1956)<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] tractors and tractor components | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue). Ford Motor Company's third American factory. Was also Ford's world headquarters from 1910-1927. First automobile factory in history to utilize a moving assembly line (implemented October 7, 1913). Model T production from 1910 to 1927. Car production then shifted to the Rouge complex in Dearborn. Continued to make automotive trim parts after 1927. Also made [[w:M4 Sherman#M4A3|M4A3 Sherman tanks]], M34 and M34A1 Gun Mounts for Sherman Tanks, M10A1 "Wolverine" Tank Destroyers, M7 gun directors, Squad Tents for the Army, and parts for Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial aircraft engines made by Ford at the Rouge complex during World War II. Became Ford's main tractor plant in 1947. One of the first 2 Ford plants to build the <br> F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Richmond, California). F-Series truck production ended in 1957. Production of trim parts ended in the 1960s. Tractor production ended in 1974. Ford sold the Highland Park plant in October 1981, but continues to lease space there for storage. In October 2012, Ford moved its records storage out of Highland Park (Bldg. AA). Some of the site has been demolished and replaced by a mall called Model T Plaza but multiple buildings of the complex are still standing. A Forman Mills store opened in Bldg. JJ. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Hobart Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Hobart, Tasmania|Hobart, Tasmania]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] <br>Ford trucks <br> Ford tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Collins Street. Plant opened in December 1925. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (AU) | style="text-align:left;"| Homebush Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Homebush West, New South Wales|Homebush (Sydney), NSW]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1994 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Mk. 1 & 2]]<br /> [[w:Ford Capri#Ford Capri Mk I (1969–1974)|Ford Capri]] Mk.1<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Australia)#Intermediate Fairlanes (1962–1965)|Ford Fairlane (1962-1964)]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1965-1968)<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br /> [[w:Ford Meteor|Ford Meteor]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang (conversion to right hand drive)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Ford’s first factory in New South Wales opened in 1925 in the Sandown area of Sydney making the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] and later the [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)| Ford Model A]] and the [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]. This plant was replaced by the Homebush plant which opened in March 1936 and later closed in September 1994. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Ulsan Plant|Hyundai Ulsan Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ulsan|Ulsan]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea]|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended in 1985. Licensing agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] Mk2-Mk5<br />[[w:Ford P7|Ford P7]]<br />[[w:Ford Granada (Europe)#Mark II (1977–1985)|Ford Granada MkII]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D-750/D-800]]<br />[[w:Ford R series|Ford R-182]] | [[w:Hyundai Motor|Hyundai Motor]] began by producing Ford models under license. Replaced by self-developed Hyundai models. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| IMMSA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon|Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000). Agreement with Ford ended. | style="text-align:left;"| Ford M450 motorhome chassis | Replaced by Detroit Chassis LLC plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Steering Systems Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|1957–2011, demolished in 2017 | style="text-align:left;"| Steering columns, Steering gears | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 6900 English Ave. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2011. Demolished in 2017. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Industrias Chilenas de Automotores SA (Chilemotores) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arica|Arica]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" | Closed c.1969 | [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] | Opened 1964. Was a 50/50 joint venture between Ford and Bolocco & Cia. Replaced by Ford's 100% owned Casablanca, Chile plant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=S.A.P |first=El Mercurio |date=2020-04-15 |title=Infografía: Conoce la historia de la otrora productiva industria automotriz chilena {{!}} Emol.com |url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Autos/2020/04/15/983059/infiografia-historia-industria-automotriz-chile.html |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Emol |language=Spanish}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Inokom|Inokom]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kulim, Kedah|Kulim, Kedah]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended 2016 | [[w:Ford Transit#Facelift (2006)|Ford Transit]] | Plant owned by Inokom |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | CKD, Ford tractors, [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]], [[w:Ford Galaxie#Brazilian production|Ford Galaxie]], [[w:Ford Landau|Ford Landau]], [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Brazil|Ford LTD]], [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks, Ford B-1618 & B-1621 bus chassis, Ford B12000 school bus chassis, [[w:Volkswagen Delivery|VW Delivery]], [[w:Volkswagen Worker|VW Worker]], [[w:Volkswagen L80|VW L80]], [[w:Volkswagen Volksbus|VW Volksbus 16.180 CO bus chassis]] | Part of Autolatina joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Ipiranga Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga, São Paulo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | [[w:Ford Y-block engine#272|Ford 272 Y-block V8]], [[w:Ford Y-block engine#292|Ford 292 Y-block V8]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Otosan#History|Istanbul Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tophane|Tophane]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Production stopped in 1934 as a result of the [[w:Great Depression|Great Depression]]. Then handled spare parts & service for existing cars. Closed entirely in 1944. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | Opened 1929. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Browns Lane plant|Jaguar Browns Lane plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Coventry|Coventry]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar XJ|Jaguar XJ]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ-S|Jaguar XJ-S]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler six-cylinder sedan (XJ40)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Six|Daimler Six]] (X300)<br />[[w:Daimler Sovereign#Daimler Double-Six (1972–1992, 1993–1997)|Daimler Double Six]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Daimler Eight/Super V8]] (X308)<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] (X350/X356)<br /> [[w:Daimler DS420|Daimler DS420]] | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich Assembly|Jaguar Castle Bromwich Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF (X250)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ (X356/X358)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ (X351)]]<br />[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK (X150)]]<br />[[w:Daimler Super Eight|Daimler Super Eight]] <br />Painted bodies for models made at Browns Lane | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Jaguar Radford Engine | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Radford, Coventry|Radford]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 engine]]<br />[[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12 engine]]<br />Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Originally a [[w:Daimler Company|Daimler]] site. Daimler had built buses in Radford. Jaguar took over Daimler in 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| K (EU) [when following G] (for Ford), <br> M (NA) (for Merkur) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Karmann|Karmann Rheine Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Rheine|Rheine]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Germany|Germany]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed in 2008 (Ford production ended in 1997) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort Convertible]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort RS Cosworth|Ford Escort RS Cosworth]]<br />[[w:Merkur XR4Ti|Merkur XR4Ti]] (1985-1989) | Plant owned by [[w:Karmann|Karmann]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Kechnec Transmission (Getrag Ford Transmissions) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kechnec|Kechnec]], [[w:Košice Region|Košice Region]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to [[w:Getrag|Getrag]]/[[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Ford MPS6 transmissions<br /> Ford SPS6 transmissions | style="text-align:left;"| Ford/Getrag "Powershift" dual clutch transmission. Originally owned by Getrag Ford Transmissions - a joint venture 50% owned by Ford Motor Company & 50% owned by Getrag Transmission. Plant sold to Getrag in 2019. Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture was dissolved in 2021. Getrag was previously taken over by [[w:Magna Powertrain|Magna Powertrain]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 6 (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kia Design and Manufacturing Facilities#Sohari Plant|Kia Sohari Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Gwangmyeong|Gwangmyeong]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Korea|South Korea]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Festiva|Ford Festiva]] (US: 1988-1993)<br />[[w:Ford Aspire|Ford Aspire]] (US: 1994-1997) | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Kia. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Argentina|La Boca Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:La Boca|La Boca]], [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Ford B series#Third generation (1957–1960)|Ford B-600 bus]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)#Argentinian-made 1961–1968|Ford F-Series (Early Gen 4)]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the [[w:Pacheco Stamping and Assembly|General Pacheco]] plant in 1961. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| La Villa, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1984) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Falcon Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont/Elite II]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]]<br />[[w:Ford Mustang (second generation)|Ford Mustang II]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced San Lazaro plant. Opened 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/ford-motor-company-s-a-de-c-v-history/|title=History of Ford Motor Company, S.A. de C.V. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> Is now the Plaza Tepeyac shopping center. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull plant|Land Rover Solihull Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Solihull|Solihull]], [[w:West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2008) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender (L316)]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First generation|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover Discovery 3/LR3]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover Discovery 4/LR4]]<br />[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]]<br /> [[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005–2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2008 as part of sale of Jaguar Land Rover. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Langley Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Langley, Berkshire|Langley, Slough]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold/closed (1986/1997) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] and [[w:Ford A series|Ford A-series]] vans; [[w:Ford D Series|Ford D-Series]] and [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] trucks; [[w:Ford R series|Ford R-Series]] bus/coach chassis | style="text-align:left;"| 1949–1986. Former Hawker aircraft factory. Sold to Iveco, closed 1997. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Largs Bay Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Largs Bay, South Australia|Largs Bay (Port Adelaide Enfield), South Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1965 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] <br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br>[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br>[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br>[[w:Ford Customline|Ford Customline]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant opened in 1926. Was at the corner of Victoria Rd and Jetty Rd. Later used by James Hardie to manufacture asbestos fiber sheeting. Is now Rapid Haulage at 214 Victoria Road. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Leamington Foundry | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Leamington Spa|Leamington Spa]], [[w:Warwickshire|Warwickshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Castings including brake drums and discs, differential gear cases, flywheels, hubs and exhaust manifolds | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1940, closed in July 2007. Demolished 2012. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LP (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Motor Company Plant|Lincoln Motor Company Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1952); Most buildings demolished in 2002-2003 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln L series|Lincoln L series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln K series|Lincoln K series]]<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]]<br />[[w:Lincoln-Zephyr|Lincoln-Zephyr]]<br />[[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1950-1952)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Capri#First generation (1952–1955))|Lincoln Capri]] (1952 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#First generation (1940–1942, 1946–1948)|Lincoln Continental (retroactively Mark I)]] <br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952) | Located at 6200 West Warren Avenue at corner of Livernois. Built before Lincoln was part of Ford Motor Co. Ford kept some offices here after production ended in 1952. Sold to Detroit Edison in 1955. Eventually replaced by Wixom Assembly plant. Mostly demolished in 2002-2003. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles Assembly|Los Angeles Assembly]] (Los Angeles Assembly plant #2) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pico Rivera, California|Pico Rivera, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1957 to 1980 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 8900 East Washington Blvd. and Rosemead Blvd. Sold to Northrop Aircraft Company in 1982 for B-2 Stealth Bomber development. Demolished 2001. Now the Pico Rivera Towne Center, an open-air shopping mall. Plant only operated one shift due to California Air Quality restrictions. First vehicles produced were the Edsel [[w:Edsel Corsair|Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Citation]] (1958) and Mercurys. Later vehicles were [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964-1965, 1968), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961),[[w:Ford Galaxie|Galaxie]] (1959-1971, 1973), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|LTD]] (1967-1976, 1978, 1980), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1960-1962), [[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958), [[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]], [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]], [[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]], [[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]], [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1958-1960, 1967), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1958), and [[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1968-1979). Also, [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]], [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1967), [[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]], & [[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]]. Thunderbird production ended after the 1979 model year. The last vehicle produced was the Panther platform [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Third generation (1979–1982)|Ford LTD]] on January 26, 1980. Built 1,419,498 vehicles. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (early)/<br>LB/L (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach Assembly|Long Beach Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Beach, California|Long Beach, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1959 | style="text-align:left;"| (1930-32, 1934-59):<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]],<br> [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]],<br> [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] (1957-1959), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1958). | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 700 Henry Ford Ave. Ended production March 20, 1959 when the site became unstable due to oil drilling. Production moved to the Los Angeles plant in Pico Rivera. Ford sold the Long Beach plant to the Dallas and Mavis Forwarding Company of South Bend, Indiana on January 28, 1960. It was then sold to the Port of Long Beach in the 1970's. Demolished from 1990-1991. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain Assembly|Lorain Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lorain, Ohio|Lorain, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1958 to 2005 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Econoline|Ford Econoline/Club Wagon/E-Series]] (1961-2006) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 5401 Baumhart Road. Closed December 14, 2005. Produced 15,805,106 vehicles, nearly half of which are Econoline/Club Wagon/<br>E-Series vans. Operations transferred to Avon Lake.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959)<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1959-1965, 1978-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1960-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1960-1961)<br />[[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane]] (1966-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]] (1968-1976)<br />[[w:Mercury Cyclone|Mercury Cyclone]] (1968-1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD II|Ford LTD II]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird|Ford Thunderbird]] (1980-1997)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fourth generation (1977–1979)|Mercury Cougar]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar XR-7]] (1980-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Sixth generation (1983–1988)|Mercury Cougar]] (1983-1988)<br />[[w:Mercury Cougar#Seventh generation (1989–1997)|Mercury Cougar]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1959-1964)<br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline pickup]] (1961) <br />[[w:Ford E-Series#Mercury Econoline|Mercury Econoline]] (1966-1967) |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Mack Avenue Plant|Mack Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production: June 1903-October 1904 | style="text-align:left;"| Original [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)|Ford Model A]] [[w:Ford Model A (1903–04)#Ford Model AC|Ford Model AC]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1903–1904. Ford Motor Company's first factory (rented). Ford began occupying the rented plant in April 1903 but production didn't start until after Ford Motor Co. was incorporated in June 1903. Ford assembled components here that were purchased from other companies including Dodge Bros. Co., which supplied the chassis, engine, transmission, driveshaft, and both axles. A second story was added in late 1903 to provide a paint shop and additional space for storage. Ford relocated to the Piquette Ave. plant in Detroit in Oct. 1904 because they had outgrown the Mack Ave. plant and needed a larger factory space. The Mack Avenue Plant's address was originally 588–592 Mack Avenue when Ford Motor Company occupied the building. Its address became 6520 Mack Avenue after the city of Detroit changed its street numbering system in January 1921. Various other tenants occupied the building after Ford left including the Columbia Motors Co. Columbia Motors also occupied the building diagonally across Mack Ave. (6501 Mack Ave.) which was originally owned by the Aerocar Co., founded by Alexander Malcomson, an early investor in Ford Motor Co. who had a falling out with Henry Ford regarding company direction. After Aerocar went bankrupt in 1907, 6501 Mack Ave. was the first plant of Hudson Motor Car Co. Hudson quickly outgrew the plant and moved a few miles away to a larger plant. The Ford plant building burned down in August 1941. An imprecise replica of the building was built in 1945 and is located at [[w:The Henry Ford|The Henry Ford]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah Assembly|Mahwah Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mahwah, New Jersey|Mahwah, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1955 to 1980. | style="text-align:left;"| Last vehicles produced:<br> [[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-1980)<br /> [[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-1980) | style="text-align:left;"| Located on Orient Blvd. Truck production ended in July 1979. Car production ended in June 1980 and the plant closed. Demolished. Site then used by Sharp Electronics Corp. as a North American headquarters from 1985 until 2016 when former Ford subsidiaries Jaguar Land Rover took over the site for their North American headquarters. Another part of the site is used by retail stores.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1958, 1960-1979)<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957)<br />[[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958)<br />[[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1961)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966-1967)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1969, 1971-1972, 1974)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1961-1963) <br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1962)<br /> [[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980) |- valign="top" | | tyle="text-align:left;"| Manukau Alloy Wheel | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Manukau|Manukau, Auckland]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum wheels and cross members | style="text-align:left;"| Established 1981. Sold in 2001 to Argent Metals Technology |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Matford|Matford]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mathis (automobile)|Mathis cars]]<br />Matford V8 cars <br />Matford trucks | Matford was a joint venture 60% owned by Ford and 40% owned by French automaker Mathis. Replaced by Ford's own Poissy plant after Matford was dissolved. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Maumee Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maumee, Ohio|Maumee, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| body panels | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in 2007, sold, and reopened as independent stamping plant |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:MÁVAG#Car manufacturing, the MÁVAG-Ford|MAVAG]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Budapest|Budapest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hungary|Hungary]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1939) | [[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|Ford V8]]<br />[[w:de:Ford-Barrel-Nose-Lkw|Ford G917T]] | Opened 1938. Produced under license from Ford Germany. MAVAG was nationalized in 1946. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LA (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood Assembly|Maywood Assembly]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/forum/showthread.php?t=170279&page=955|title=Photo of Lincoln-Mercury Assembly}}</ref> (Los Angeles Assembly plant #1) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Maywood, California|Maywood, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1948 to 1957 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (-1951), [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1955-1956), [[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956), [[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1957), [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1957), [[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957), [[w:Lincoln EL-series|Lincoln EL-series]] (1950-1951), [[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1951-1952, 1954), [[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956), [[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1956). Painting of Pico Rivera-built Edsel bodies until Pico Rivera's paint shop was up and running. | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 5801 South Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue in Maywood, now part of City of Commerce. Across the street from the [[w:Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly|Chrysler Los Angeles Assembly plant]]. Plant was demolished following closure. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 0 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hiroshima Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], [[w:Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Courier#Mazda-based models|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Festiva#Third generation (1996)|Ford Festiva Mini Wagon]]<br />[[w:Ford Freda|Ford Freda]]<br />[[w:Mazda Bongo|Ford Econovan/Econowagon/Spectron]]<br />[[w:Ford Raider|Ford Raider]]<br />[[w:Ford Trader|Ford Trader]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Mazda facilities#List of Mazda production plants|Mazda Hofu Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hofu|Hofu]], [[w:Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi Prefecture]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Japan|Japan]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. Ford no longer owns a stake in Mazda. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]] | style="text-align:left;"| Plant owned by Mazda. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Metcon Casting (Metalurgica Constitución S.A.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Villa Constitución|Villa Constitución]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Paraná Metal SA | style="text-align:left;"| Parts - Iron castings | Originally opened in 1957. Bought by Ford in 1967. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Monroe Stamping Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Monroe, Michigan|Monroe, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed as a factory in 2008. Now a Ford warehouse. | style="text-align:left;"| Coil springs, wheels, stabilizer bars, catalytic converters, headlamp housings, and bumpers. Chrome Plating (1956-1982) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 3200 E. Elm Ave. Originally built by Newton Steel around 1929 and subsequently owned by [[w:Alcoa|Alcoa]] and Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. Bought by Ford in 1949 and opened in 1950. Spun off as part of [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] in 2000. Taken back by Ford in 2005 as part of [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] LLC. Closed in 2008. Sold to parent Ford Motor Co. in 2009. Converted into Ford River Raisin Warehouse. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Montevideo Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1985) | [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Argentina)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Ford D Series|Ford D series]] | Plant was on Calle Cuaró. Opened 1920. Ford Uruguay S.A. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Clayton, Victoria|Clayton]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1992) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Corsair#Ford Corsair (UA, Australia)|Ford Corsair (UA)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pintara|Nissan Pintara]]<br />[[w:Nissan Skyline#Seventh generation (R31; 1985)|Nissan Skyline]] | Plant owned by Nissan. Ford production was part of the [[w:Button Plan|Button Plan]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NK/NR/N (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk Assembly|Norfolk Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2007 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-2007) | Located at 2424 Springfield Ave. on the Elizabeth River. Opened April 20, 1925. Production ended on June 28, 2007. Ford sold the property in 2011. Mostly Demolished. <br /> Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] <br /> [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961) <br /> [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1970, 1973-1974)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1966-1967, 1974) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Valve Plant|Ford Valve Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Northville, Michigan|Northville, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1981) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine valves for cars and tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 235 East Main Street. Previously a gristmill purchased by Ford in 1919 that was reconfigured to make engine valves from 1920 to 1936. Replaced with a new purpose-built structure designed by Albert Kahn in 1936 which includes a waterwheel. Closed in 1981. Later used as a manufacturing plant by R&D Enterprises from 1994 to 2005 to make heat exchangers. Known today as the Water Wheel Centre, a commercial space that includes design firms and a fitness club. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| C (NA) | tyle="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ontario Truck|Ontario Truck]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oakville, Ontario|Oakville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2004) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1966-2003)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)|Ford F-150 Heritage]] (2004)<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (tenth generation)#SVT Lightning (1999-2004)|Ford F-150 Lightning SVT]] (1999-2004) | Opened in 1965. Truck production moved from the neighboring Oakville Assembly plant when Ontario Truck opened in 1965. After Ontario Truck closed in 2004, it was absorbed into the Oakville Assembly plant.<br /> Previously:<br> [[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1966-1968) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turin|Turin]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1967) | [[w:Ford Anglia#Anglia Torino 105E (1965–67)|Ford Anglia Torino]]<br />[[w:OSI-Ford 20 M TS|OSI-Ford 20 M TS]] | Plant owned by [[w:Officine Stampaggi Industriali|OSI]] |- valign="top" | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Otosan|Ford Otosan Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Turkey|Turkey]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus TC#Turkey|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (fourth generation)|Ford F-600]]<br />[[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]]<br />[[w:Ford D series|Ford D Series]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 800]]<br />[[w:Thames Trader|Thames Trader]]<br />[[w:Ford P100#Cortina-based model|Otosan P100]]<br />[[w:Anadol|Anadol]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1960. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Pacheco Truck Assembly and Painting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:General Pacheco|General Pacheco]], [[w:Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-100/F-150]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-250/F-350/F-400/F-4000]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series (medium duty truck)|Ford F-600/F-6000/F-700/F-7000]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1982. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this side of the Pacheco plant when Autolatina dissolved and converted it to car production. VW has since then used this plant for Amarok pickup truck production. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| U (EU) [when following L] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina Bairo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bairo|Bairo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Italy|Italy]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2010) | [[w:Ford Focus (second generation, Europe)#Coupé-Cabriolet|Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka#StreetKa and SportKa|Ford StreetKa]] | Plant owned by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant|Piquette Avenue Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (1911), reopened as a museum (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| Models [[w:Ford Model B (1904)|B]], [[w:Ford Model C|C]], [[w:Ford Model F|F]], [[w:Ford Model K|K]], [[w:Ford Model N|N]], [[w:Ford Model N#Model R|R]], [[w:Ford Model S|S]], and [[w:Ford Model T|T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1910. Ford Motor Company's second American factory (first owned). Concept of a moving assembly line experimented with and developed here before being fully implemented at Highland Park plant. Birthplace of the [[w:Ford Model T|Model T]] (September 27, 1908). Sold to [[w:Studebaker|Studebaker]] in 1911. Sold to [[w:3M|3M]] in 1936. Sold to Cadillac Overall Company, a work clothes supplier, in 1968. Owned by Heritage Investment Company from 1989 to 2000. Sold to the Model T Automotive Heritage Complex in April 2000. Run as a museum since July 27, 2001. Oldest car factory building on Earth open to the general public. The Piquette Avenue Plant was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2003, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2006. The building has also been a contributing property for the surrounding Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District since 2004. The factory's front façade was fully restored to its 1904 appearance and revealed to the public on September 27, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the completion of the first production Model T. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Plonsk Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Plonsk|Plonsk]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poland|Poland]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2000) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1995. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford France|Poissy Assembly]] (now the [[w:Stellantis Poissy Plant|Stellantis Poissy Plant]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poissy|Poissy]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:France|France]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold in 1954 to Simca | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford SAF#Ford SAF (1945-1954)|Ford F-472/F-472A (13CV) & F-998A (22CV)]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />[[w:Ford Abeille|Ford Abeille]]<br />[[w:Ford Vendôme|Ford Vendôme]] <br />[[w:Ford Comèt|Ford Comète]]<br /> Ford F-198 T/F-598 T/F-698 W/Cargo F798WM/Remorqueur trucks<br />French Ford based Simca models:<br />[[w:Simca Vedette|Simca Vedette]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Ariane]]<br />[[w:Simca Ariane|Simca Miramas]]<br />[[w:Ford Comète|Simca Comète]] | Ford France including the Poissy plant and all current and upcoming French Ford models was sold to [[w:Simca|Simca]] in 1954 and Ford took a 15.2% stake in Simca. In 1958, Ford sold its stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]]. In 1963, [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] increased their stake in [[w:Simca|Simca]] to a controlling 64% by purchasing stock from Fiat, and they subsequently extended that holding further to 77% in 1967. In 1970, Chrysler increased its stake in Simca to 99.3% and renamed it Chrysler France. In 1978, Chrysler sold its entire European operations including Simca to PSA Peugeot-Citroën and Chrysler Europe's models were rebranded as Talbot. Talbot production at Poissy ended in 1986 and the Talbot brand was phased out. Poissy went on to produce Peugeot and Citroën models. Poissy has therefore, over the years, produced vehicles for the following brands: [[w:Ford France|Ford]], [[w:Simca|Simca]], [[w:Chrysler Europe|Chrysler]], [[w:Talbot#Chrysler/Peugeot era (1979–1985)|Talbot]], [[w:Peugeot|Peugeot]], [[w:Citroën|Citroën]], [[w:DS Automobiles|DS Automobiles]], [[w:Opel|Opel]], and [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Opel and Vauxhall are included due to their takeover by [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017 from [[w:General Motors|General Motors]]. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Recife Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Recife|Recife]], [[w:Pernambuco|Pernambuco]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> | Opened 1925. Brazilian branch assembly plant. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Automotive industry in Australia#Renault Australia|Renault Australia]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Heidelberg, Victoria|Heidelberg]], [[w:Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Australia|Australia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Factory closed in 1981 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina#Mark IV (1976–1979)|Ford Cortina wagon]] | Assembled by Renault Australia under a 3-year contract to [[w:Ford Australia|Ford Australia]] beginning in 1977. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romania#20th century|Ford Română S.A.R.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Romania|Romania]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48/Model 68]] (1935-1936)<br /> [[w:1937 Ford|Ford Model 74/78/81A/82A/91A/92A/01A/02A]] (1937-1940)<br />[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1939-1940)<br /> | Production ended in 1940 due to World War II. The factory then did repair work only. The factory was nationalized by the Communist Romanian government in 1948. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Romeo Engine Plant|Romeo Engine]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[W:Romeo, Michigan|Romeo, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (December 2022) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Boss engine|Ford 6.2L Boss V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford 4.6/5.4 Modular V8]] <br />[[w:Ford Modular engine#5.8 L Trinity|Ford 5.8L supercharged Trinity V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Voodoo|Ford 5.2L flat-plane crank Voodoo V8]]<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine#Predator|Ford 5.2L supercharged Predator V8]] | Located at 701 E. 32 Mile Road. Made Ford tractors and engines, parts, and farm implements for tractors from 1973 until 1988. Reopened in 1990 making the Modular V8. Included 2 lines: a high volume engine line and a niche engine line, which, since 1996, made high-performance V8 engines by hand including the Trinity, Voodoo, and Predator engines as well as the 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '96-'99 & '01 and the <br> 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the '00 Mustang Cobra R and the supercharged 32-valve 4.6L V8 in the Mustang Cobra SVT of '03-'04 & the supercharged 32-valve 5.4L V8 in the Mustang Shelby GT500 of '07-'12 and the Ford GT of '05-'06. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| R (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Jose Assembly Plant|San Jose Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milpitas, California|Milpitas, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style=”text-align:center;"| 1955-1983 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1955-1983), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1960), [[w:Edsel Pacer|Edsel Pacer]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Ranger|Edsel Ranger]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Roundup|Edsel Roundup]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Villager|Edsel Villager]] (1958), [[w:Edsel Bermuda|Edsel Bermuda]] (1958), [[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971-1978), [[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1976, 1978), [[w:Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|Ford Escort]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1982-1983), [[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983), [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1961-1964), [[w:Mercury Comet#First generation (1960–1963)|Comet]] (1961), [[w:Mercury Comet|Mercury Comet]] (1962), [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (midsize)]] (1962-1964, 1969-1970), [[w:Ford Torino|Ford Torino]] (1969-1970), [[w:Ford Ranchero|Ford Ranchero]] (1957-1964, 1970), [[w:Mercury Montego|Mercury Montego]], [[w:Ford Mustang|Ford Mustang]] (1965-1970, 1974-1981), [[w:Mercury Cougar|Mercury Cougar]] (1968-1969), & [[w:Mercury Capri#Second generation (1979–1986)|Mercury Capri]] (1979-1981). | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced the Richmond Assembly Plant. Was northwest of the intersection of Great Mall Parkway/Capitol Avenue and Montague Expressway extending west to S. Main St. (in Milpitas). Site is now Great Mall of the Bay Area. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| San Lazaro, [[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" | Operated 1925-c.1932 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | First auto plant in Mexico opened in 1925. Replaced by La Villa plant in 1932. |- | style="text-align:center;"| T (EU) [when following M] | [[w:Ford India|Sanand Vehicle Assembly Plant]] | [[w:Sanand|Sanand]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]] | [[w:India|India]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2021)<ref name=":0"/> Sold to [[w:Tata Motors|Tata Motors]] in 2022. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Figo#Second generation (B562; 2015)|Ford Figo]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo Aspire|Ford Figo Aspire]]<br />[[w:Ford Figo#Freestyle|Ford Freestyle]] | Opened March 2015<ref name="sanand">{{cite web|title=News|url=https://www.at.ford.com/en/homepage/news-and-clipsheet/news.html|website=www.at.ford.com}}</ref> |- | | Santiago Exposition Street Plant (Planta Calle Exposición 1258) | [[w:es:Calle Exposición|Calle Exposición]], [[w:Santiago, Chile|Santiago, Chile]] | [[w:Chile|Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |Operated 1924-c.1962 <ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Juan Ignacio Alamos |date=2013-04-10 |title=AUTOS CHILENOS: PLANTA FORD CALLE EXPOSICIÓN (1924 - c.1962) |url=https://autoschilenos.blogspot.com/2013/04/planta-ford-calle-exposicion-1924-c1962.html |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AUTOS CHILENOS}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> | [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | First plant opened in Chile in 1924.<ref name=":2" /> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| B (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|São Bernardo Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed Oct. 30, 2019 & Sold 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ford-motor-southamerica-heavytruck-idUSKCN1Q82EB|title=Ford to close oldest Brazil plant, exit South America truck biz|date=2019-02-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-07|language=en}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] Trucks<br /> [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] | Originally the Willys-Overland do Brazil plant. Bought by Ford in 1967. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. No more Cargo Trucks produced in Brazil since 2019. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária.<br />Previously:<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Aero]]<br />[[w:Ford Belina|Ford Belina]]<br />[[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]]<br />[[w:Ford Del Rey|Ford Del Rey]]<br />[[w:Willys Aero#Brazilian production|Ford Itamaraty]]<br />[[w:Jeep CJ#Brazil|Ford Jeep]]<br /> [[w:Ford Rural|Ford Rural]]<br />[[w:Ford F-75|Ford F-75]]<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]]<br />[[w:Ford Pampa|Ford Pampa]]<br />[[w:Ford Courier#Brazil (1998–2013)|Ford Courier]]<br />[[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]] (BE146 & B402)<br />[[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br />[[w:Ford Orion|Ford Orion]]<br />[[w:Ford Verona|Ford Verona]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Apollo|Volkswagen Apollo]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Logus|Volkswagen Logus]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Pointer|Volkswagen Pointer]]<br />Ford tractors |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:pt:Ford do Brasil|São Paulo city assembly plants]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />Ford tractors | First plant opened in 1919 on Rua Florêncio de Abreu, in São Paulo. Moved to a larger plant in Praça da República in São Paulo in 1920. Then moved to an even larger plant on Rua Solon, in the Bom Retiro neighborhood of São Paulo in 1921. Replaced by Ipiranga plant in 1953. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| L (NZ) | style="text-align:left;"| Seaview Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lower Hutt|Lower Hutt]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1988) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model 48#1936|Ford Model 68]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] Model 78<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Model Y]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C Ten|Ford Model C Ten]]<br />[[w:Ford 7W|Ford 7W]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul Capri|Ford Consul Classic 315]]<br />[[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Zephyr|Ford Zephyr]]<br /> [[w:Ford Zodiac|Ford Zodiac]]<br /> [[w:Ford Pilot|Ford Pilot]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|Ford Custom V8 Fordor]]<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]]<br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]] wagon<br />[[w:Ford Telstar|Ford Telstar]]<br />[[w:Ford Falcon (Australia)|Ford Falcon]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]]<br />[[w:Ford Transit#First generation (1965)|Ford Transit]]<br />[[w:Fordson|Fordson]] Major tractors | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1936, closed in 1988 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sheffield Aluminum Casting Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sheffield, Alabama|Sheffield, Alabama]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1983) | style="text-align:left;"| Die cast parts<br /> pistons<br /> transmission cases | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1958, closed in December 1983. Demolished 2008. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| Shenstone plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Shenstone, Staffordshire|Shenstone, Staffordshire]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1986) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford RS200|Ford RS200]] | style="text-align:left;"| Former [[w:Reliant Motors|Reliant Motors]] plant. Leased by Ford from 1985-1986 to build the RS200. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| D (EU) [when following B] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Southampton plant|Southampton Body & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Southampton|Southampton]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2013)<ref name="End of an era"/> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Transit|Ford Transit]] van | style="text-align:left;"| Former Supermarine aircraft factory, acquired 1953. Built Ford vans 1972 – July 2013 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SL/Z (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis Assembly|St. Louis Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Hazelwood, MO|Hazelwood, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1948-2006 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] (1995-2006)<br>[[w:Mercury Mountaineer|Mercury Mountaineer]] (2002-2006)<br>[[w:Lincoln Aviator#First generation (UN152; 2003)|Lincoln Aviator]] (2003-2005) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 2-58 Ford Lane and Aviator Dr. St. Louis plant is now a mixed use residential/commercial space (West End Lofts). Hazelwood plant was demolished in 2009.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Aerostar|Ford Aerostar]] (1986-1997)<br /> [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1983-1985) <br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]]<br> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1983-1985)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis|Mercury Marquis]] (1967-1982)<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Third generation (1979–1982)|Mercury Marquis Meteor (Canada only)]] (1980-81)<br /> [[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] <br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]] (1956, 1958)<br /> [[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1952-1970, 1974)<br>[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1960, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966-1967)<br>[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1959, 1964-1968)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br>[[w:Mercury Eight|Mercury Eight]] (1950-1951)<br /> [[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1952-1953) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| X (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Thomas Assembly|St. Thomas Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Talbotville, Ontario|Talbotville, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2011)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/markets/|title=Markets|website=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford LTD Crown Victoria|Ford LTD Crown Victoria]] (1984-1991) <br />[[w:Ford Crown Victoria|Ford Crown Victoria]] (1992-2011)<br /> [[w:Mercury Grand Marquis|Mercury Grand Marquis]] (1984-2011)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder#Third generation (2003–2004)|Mercury Marauder]] (2003-2004)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car#Third generation (FN145; 1998–2011)|Lincoln Town Car]] (2008-2011) | style="text-align:left;"| Opened in 1967. Demolished. Now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br /> Previously:<br /> [[w:Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon]] (1968-1969)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1970-77) <br />[[w:Ford Pinto|Ford Pinto]] (1971, 1973-1977, 1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Bobcat|Mercury Bobcat]] (1980)<br />[[w:Ford Fairmont|Ford Fairmont]] (1978-81)<br />[[w:Mercury Zephyr|Mercury Zephyr]] (1978-81) <br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1982-1983)<br />[[w:Mercury LN7|Mercury LN7]] (1982-1983) |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Stockholm Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| Free Port area (Frihamnen in Swedish), [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1957) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Consul|Ford Consul]]<br />[[w:Ford Prefect|Ford Prefect]]<br />[[w:Ford Vedette|Ford Vedette]]<br />Ford trucks | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Swedish Motor Assemblies|Swedish Motor Assemblies]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold 2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Defender|Land Rover Defender]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander|Land Rover Freelander]] | style="text-align:left;"| Also built Volvo trucks and buses. Used to do contract assembly for other automakers including Suzuki and Daihatsu. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Sydhavnen Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sydhavnen|Sydhavnen district]], [[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denmark|Denmark]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1966) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model Y|Ford Junior]]<br />[[w:Ford Model C (Europe)|Ford Junior De Luxe]]<br />[[w:Ford Eifel|Ford Eifel]]<br />[[w:Ford Taunus|Ford Taunus]]<br />[[w:Ford Anglia|Ford Anglia]]<br />[[w:Ford Thames 400E|Ford Thames 400E]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1966. 325,482 vehicles were built. Plant was then converted into a tractor assembly plant for Ford Industrial Equipment Co. Tractor plant closed in the mid-1970's. Administration & depot building next to assembly plant was used until 1991 when depot for remote storage closed & offices moved to Glostrup. Assembly plant building stood until 2006 when it was demolished. |- | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Brasil|Taubate Engine & Transmission & Chassis Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Taubaté, São Paulo|Taubaté, São Paulo]], Av. Charles Schnneider, 2222 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 2021<ref name="camacari"/> & Sold 05.18.2022 | [[w:Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Ford Pinto/Lima 2.3L I4]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Zetec RoCam|Ford Zetec RoCam engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Sigma engine#Brazil|Ford Sigma engine]]<br />[[w:List of Ford engines#1.5 L Dragon|1.5L Ti-VCT Dragon 3-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Ford BC-series transmission#iB5 Version|iB5 5-speed manual transmission]]<br />MX65 5-speed manual transmission<br />aluminum casting<br />Chassis components | Opened in 1974. Sold to Construtora São José Desenvolvimento Imobiliária https://construtorasaojose.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.jor.br/ford-vai-vender-fabrica-de-sp-para-construtora-troller-segue-sem-definicao/|title=Ford sold Factory in Taubaté to Buildings Development Constructor|date=2022-05-18|access-date=2022-05-29|language=pt}}</ref> |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:AutoAlliance Thailand#History|Thai Motor Co.]] | style="text-align:left;"| ? | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Cortina|Ford Cortina]] | Factory was a joint venture between Ford UK & Ford's Thai distributor, Anglo-Thai Motors Company. Taken over by Ford in 1973 when it was renamed Ford Thailand, closed in 1976 when Ford left Thailand. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Thai-Swedish Assembly Co. Ltd.]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Samutprakarn|Samutprakarn]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] | style="text-align:center;"| Plant no longer used by Volvo Cars. Sold to Volvo AB in 2008. Volvo Car production ended in 2011. Production consolidated to Malaysia plant in 2012. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo 200 Series|Volvo 200 Series]]<br />[[w:Volvo 940|Volvo 940]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40|Volvo S40/V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]]<br />[[w:Land Rover Freelander#First generation (L314; 1997–2006)|Land Rover Freelander]]<br />Volvo Trucks<br />Volvo Buses | Was 56% owned by Volvo and 44% owned by Swedish Motor. Volvo Cars was sold to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Think Global|TH!NK Nordic AS]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Aurskog|Aurskog]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Norway|Norway]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Think City|Ford Think City]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Kamkorp Microelectronics as of February 1, 2003 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Tlalnepantla Tool & Die | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Tlalnepantla|Tlalnepantla]], [[w:Mexico State|Mexico State]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Mexico|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed 1985 | style="text-align:left;"| Tooling for vehicle production | Was previously a Studebaker-Packard assembly plant. Bought by Ford in 1962 and converted into a tool & die plant. Operations transferred to Cuautitlan at the end of 1985. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Trafford Park Factory|Ford Trafford Park Factory]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Trafford Park|Trafford Park]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:England|England]], [[w:UK|UK]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1911–1931, formerly principal Ford UK plant. Produced [[w:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin]] aircraft engines during World War II. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Transax, S.A. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba Province]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Argentina|Argentina]] | style="text-align:center;"| Transferred to VW when Autolatina dissolved (1996) | style="text-align:left;"| Transmissions <br /> Axles | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Ford in 1967 from [[w:Industrias Kaiser Argentina|IKA]]. Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture with VW from 1987 to 1996. VW kept this plant when Autolatina dissolved. VW has since then used this plant for transmission production. |- | style="text-align:center;"| H (SA) | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Troller Veículos Especiais|Troller Veículos Especiais]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Horizonte, Ceará|Horizonte, Ceará]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Acquired in 2007; operated until 2021. Closed (2021).<ref name="camacari"/> | [[w:Troller T4|Troller T4]], [[w:Troller Pantanal|Troller Pantanal]] | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Twin Cities Assembly Plant|Twin Cities Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Operated from 1925 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)|Ford Ranger]] (1986-2011)<br />[[w:Ford Ranger (Americas)#Mazda B-Series/Mazda Truck (1994–2010)|Mazda B-Series]] (2005-2009 & 2010 in Canada) | style="text-align:left;"|Located at 966 S. Mississippi River Blvd. Began production May 4, 1925. Production ended December 1932 but resumed in 1935. Closed December 16, 2011. <br>Previously: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Fairlane (Americas)|Ford Fairlane (full-size)]] (1960-1961), [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1972, 1974), [[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963), [[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1964, 1966, 1976), [[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1967-1970, 1972-1973, 1975, 1977-1978), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1992) <br /> [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1954)<br />From 1926-1959, there was an onsite glass plant making glass for vehicle windows. Plant closed in 1933, reopened in 1935 with glass production resuming in 1937. Truck production began in 1950 alongside car production. Car production ended in 1978. F-Series production ended in 1992. Ranger production began in 1985 for the 1986 model year. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J (SA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia Assembly|Valencia Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Valencia, Venezuela|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] | style="text-align:center;"| Opened 1962, Production suspended around 2019 | style="text-align:left;"| Previously built <br />[[w:Ford Bronco|Ford Bronco]] <br /> [[w:Ford Corcel|Ford Corcel]] <br />[[w:Ford Explorer|Ford Explorer]] <br />[[w:Ford Torino#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD II#Venezuela|Ford Fairlane (Gen 2)]]<br />[[w:Ford Fiesta (fifth generation)|Ford Fiesta Move]], [[w:Ford Fiesta|Ford Fiesta]]<br />[[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]]<br /> [[w:Ford Ka|Ford Ka]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Venezuela|Ford LTD]]<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Granada]]<br />[[w:Mercury Marquis#Fourth generation (1983–1986)|Ford Cougar]]<br />[[w:Ford Laser|Ford Laser]] <br /> [[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] <br />[[w:Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]] <br /> [[w:Ford Sierra|Ford Sierra]]<br />[[w:Mazda Allegro|Mazda Allegro]]<br />[[w:Ford F-250|Ford F-250]]<br /> [[w:Ford F-350|Ford F-350]]<br /> [[w:Ford Cargo|Ford Cargo]] | style="text-align:left;"| Served Ford markets in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Production suspended due to collapse of Venezuela’s economy under Socialist rule of Hugo Chavez & Nicolas Maduro. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Autolatina|Volkswagen São Bernardo Assembly]] ([[w:Volkswagen do Brasil|Anchieta]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:São Bernardo do Campo|São Bernardo do Campo]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Brazil|Brazil]] | style="text-align:center;"| Returned to VW do Brazil when Autolatina dissolved in 1996 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Versailles|Ford Versailles]]/Ford Galaxy (Argentina)<br />[[w:Ford Royale|Ford Royale]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Santana]]<br />[[w:Volkswagen Santana#Santana (Brazil; 1984–2006)|Volkswagen Quantum]] | Part of [[w:Autolatina|Autolatina]] joint venture between Ford and VW from 1987 to 1996. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:List of Volvo Car production plants|Volvo AutoNova Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold to Pininfarina Sverige AB | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#First generation (1996–2005)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 1) | style="text-align:left;"| AutoNova was originally a 49/51 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]]. Restructured into Pininfarina Sverige AB, a new joint venture with [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] to build the 2nd generation C70. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Car Gent|Volvo Ghent Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ghent|Ghent]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Belgium|Belgium]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C30|Volvo C30]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#Second generation (2004–2012)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V40 (2012–2019)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Volvo V50|Volvo V50]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC60|Volvo XC60]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| F | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:NedCar|Volvo Nedcar Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Born, Netherlands|Born]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Netherlands|Netherlands]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold (2001) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo S40]]<br />[[w:Volvo S40#First generation (1995–2004)|Volvo V40]]<br />[[w:Mitsubishi Carisma|Mitsubishi Carisma]] <br /> [[w:Mitsubishi Space Star|Mitsubishi Space Star]] | style="text-align:left;"| Taken over by [[w:Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi Motors]] in 2001, and later by [[w:VDL Groep|VDL Groep]] in 2012, when it became VDL Nedcar. Volvo production ended in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| J | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pininfarina#Uddevalla, Sweden Pininfarina Sverige AB|Volvo Pininfarina Sverige Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Uddevalla|Uddevalla]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed by Volvo after the Geely takeover | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo C70#Second generation (2006–2013)|Volvo C70]] (Gen 2) | style="text-align:left;"| Pininfarina Sverige was a 40/60 joint venture between Volvo & [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]. Sold by Ford as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010. Volvo bought back Pininfarina's shares in 2013 and closed the Uddevalla plant after C70 production ended later in 2013. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Volvo Skövde Engine Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Skövde|Skövde]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo Modular engine|Volvo Modular engine]] I4/I5/I6<br />[[w:Volvo D5 engine|Volvo D5 engine]]<br />[[w:Ford Duratorq engine#2005 TDCi (PSA DW Based)|PSA/Ford-based 2.0/2.2 diesel I4]]<br /> | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslandaverken|Volvo Torslanda Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Torslanda|Torslanda]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Sweden|Sweden]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Volvo S60|Volvo S60]]<br />[[w:Volvo S70|Volvo S70]]<br />[[w:Volvo S80|Volvo S80]]<br />[[w:Volvo V60|Volvo V60]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70|Volvo V70]]<br />[[w:Volvo V70/XC70|Volvo XC70]] <br /> [[w:Volvo XC90|Volvo XC90]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold as part of sale of Volvo Cars to [[w:Geely|Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd.]] in 2010 |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Vulcan Forge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dearborn, Michigan|Dearborn, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2003) | style="text-align:left;"| Connecting rods and rod cap forgings | |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Walkerville Plant|Walkerville Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] (Walkerville was taken over by Windsor in Sept. 1929) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (1953) and vacant land next to Detroit River (Fleming Channel). Replaced by Oakville Assembly. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model C|Ford Model C]]<br />[[w:Ford Model N|Ford Model N]]<br />[[w:Ford Model K|Ford Model K]]<br />[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />1946-1947 Mercury trucks<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]<br />[[w:Monarch (marque)|Monarch]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]]<br />[[w:Mercury M-Series|Mercury M-Series]] (1948-1953) | style="text-align:left;"| 1904–1953. First factory to produce Ford cars outside the USA (via [[w:Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company of Canada]], a separate company from Ford at the time). |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Walton Hills Stamping | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Walton Hills, Ohio|Walton Hills, Ohio]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"|Closed Winter 2014 | style="text-align:left;"| Body panels, bumpers | Opened in 1954. Located at 7845 Northfield Rd. Demolished. Site is now the Forward Innovation Center East. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| WA/W (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne Stamping & Assembly|Wayne Stamping & Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wayne, Michigan|Wayne, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| 1952-2010 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Focus|Ford Focus]] (2000-2011)<br /> [[w:Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]] (1981-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Tracer|Mercury Tracer]] (1996-1999)<br />[[w:Mercury Lynx|Mercury Lynx]] (1981-1987)<br />[[w:Ford EXP|Ford EXP]] (1984-1988)<br />[[w:Ford Granada (North America)#First generation (1975–1980)|Ford Granada]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Mercury Monarch|Mercury Monarch]] (1975-1980)<br />[[w:Lincoln Versailles|Lincoln Versailles]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:Ford Maverick (1970–1977)|Ford Maverick]] (1974)<br />[[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1960, 1962-1969, 1971-1972)<br />[[w:Ford 300|Ford 300]] (1963)<br />[[w:Ford Custom#Custom and Custom 500 (1964–1981)|Ford Custom/Custom 500]] (1971)<br />[[w:Ford LTD (Americas)|Ford LTD]] (1968, 1970-1972, 1974)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri|Lincoln Capri]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Lincoln Cosmopolitan#Second generation (1952-1954)|Lincoln Cosmopolitan]] (1953-1954)<br />[[w:Lincoln Custom|Lincoln Custom]] (1955 only)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere|Lincoln Premiere]] (1956-1957)<br />[[w:Mercury Custom|Mercury Custom]] (1953-)<br />[[w:Mercury Medalist|Mercury Medalist]]<br /> [[w:Mercury Commuter|Mercury Commuter]] (1960, 1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Meteor#Full-size (1961)|Mercury Meteor]] (1961 only)<br />[[w:Mercury Monterey|Mercury Monterey]] (1953-1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Montclair|Mercury Montclair]] (1955-1958, 1964-1967)<br />[[w:Mercury Turnpike Cruiser|Mercury Turnpike Cruiser]] (1957-1958)<br />[[w:Mercury S-55|Mercury S-55]] (1962-1963, 1966)<br />[[w:Mercury Marauder|Mercury Marauder]] (1964-1965)<br />[[w:Mercury Park Lane|Mercury Park Lane]] (1958-1959, 1964-1966)<br />[[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958)<br />[[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 37500 Van Born Rd. Was main production site for Mercury vehicles when plant opened in 1952 and shipped knock-down kits to dedicated Mercury assembly locations. First vehicle built was a Mercury Montclair on October 1, 1952. Built Lincolns from 1953-1957 after the Lincoln plant in Detroit closed in 1952. Lincoln production moved to a new plant in Wixom for 1958. The larger, Mercury-based Edsel Corsair and Citation were built in Wayne for 1958. The plant shifted to building smaller cars in the mid-1970's. In 1987, a new stamping plant was built on Van Born Rd. and was connected to the assembly plant via overhead tunnels. Production ended in December 2010 and the Wayne Stamping & Assembly Plant was combined with the Michigan Truck Plant, which was then renamed the [[w:Michigan Assembly Plant|Michigan Assembly Plant]]. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], [[w:Harare|Harare]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | style="text-align:center;"| Ford production ended. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Laser#First generation (KA/KB; 1981)|Ford Laser]]<br />[[w:Mazda 323|Mazda 323]]<br />[[w:Mazda Rustler|Mazda Rustler]]<br />[[w:Mazda B series|Mazda B series]]<br />[[w:Mazda Titan#Second generation (1980–1989)|Mazda T3500]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly began in 1961 as Ford of Rhodesia. Became [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] after the Ford sale to the state-owned Industrial Development Corporation. Became Willowvale Mazda Motor Industries from 1989 to 2014. Name went back to [[w:Willowvale Motor Industries|Willowvale Motor Industries]] in 2015. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Windsor Aluminum | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#3.9 L|Ford 3.9L V8]] engine blocks<br /> [[w:Ford Modular engine|Ford Modular engine]] blocks | style="text-align:left;"| Opened 1992. Sold to Nemak Aluminum (a 25/75 joint venture between Ford & Nemak, which is 75.24% owned by Alfa Group of Mexico) in 2001. Subsequently produced engine blocks for GM. Production ended in September 2020. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor Casting|Windsor Casting]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="text-align:center;"| Closed (2007) | style="text-align:left;"| Engine parts: Cylinder blocks, crankshafts | Opened 1934. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| Y (NA) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom Assembly Plant|Wixom Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Idle (2007); torn down (2013) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Lincoln Continental|Lincoln Continental]] (1961-1980, 1982-2002)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark III|Lincoln Continental Mark III]] (1969-1971)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark IV|Lincoln Continental Mark IV]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark V|Lincoln Continental Mark V]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VI|Lincoln Continental Mark VI]] (1980-1983)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental Mark VII|Lincoln Continental Mark VII]] (1984-1992)<br />[[w:Lincoln Mark VIII|Lincoln Mark VIII]] (1993-1998)<br /> [[w:Lincoln Town Car|Lincoln Town Car]] (1981-2007)<br /> [[w:Lincoln LS|Lincoln LS]] (2000-2006)<br /> [[w:Ford GT#First generation (2005–2006)|Ford GT]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (second generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1958-1960)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (third generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1961-1963)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (fifth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1967-1971)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (sixth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (1972-1976)<br />[[w:Ford Thunderbird (eleventh generation)|Ford Thunderbird]] (2002-2005)<br /> [[w:Ford GT40|Ford GT40]] MKIV<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#Third generation (1958–1959)|Lincoln Capri]] (1958-1959)<br />[[w:Lincoln Capri#1960 Lincoln|1960 Lincoln]] (1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Premiere#1958–1960|Lincoln Premiere]] (1958–1960)<br />[[w:Lincoln Continental#Third generation (1958–1960)|Lincoln Continental Mark III/IV/V]] (1958-1960) | Demolished in 2012. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Ypsilanti Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="text-align:center;"| Sold | style="text-align:left;"| Starters<br /> Starter Assemblies<br /> Alternators<br /> ignition coils<br /> distributors<br /> horns<br /> struts<br />air conditioner clutches<br /> bumper shock devices | style="text-align:left;"| Located at 128 Spring St. Originally owned by Ford Motor Company, it then became a [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] Plant when [[w:Visteon|Visteon]] was spun off in 2000, and later turned into an [[w:Automotive Components Holdings|Automotive Components Holdings]] Plant in 2005. It is said that [[w:Henry Ford|Henry Ford]] used to walk this factory when he acquired it in 1932. The Ypsilanti Plant was closed in 2009. Demolished in 2010. The UAW Local was Local 849. |} ==Former branch assembly plants== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |- ! style="width:120px;"| VIN ! style="width:200px;"| Name ! style="width:100px;"| City/state ! style="width:100px;"| Country ! style="width:120px;" class="unsortable"| Status ! style="width:150px;"| Former Address ! style="width:200px;"| Products ! style="width:300px;" class="unsortable"| Comments |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| A/AA | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)|Atlanta Assembly Plant (Poncey-Highland)]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Poncey-Highland|Poncey-Highland, Georgia]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| Originally 465 Ponce de Leon Ave. but was renumbered as 699 Ponce de Leon Ave. in 1926. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Southeast USA headquarters and assembly operations from 1915 to 1942. Assembly ceased in 1932 but resumed in 1937. Sold to US War Dept. in 1942. Replaced by new plant in Atlanta suburb of Hapeville ([[w:Atlanta Assembly|Atlanta Assembly]]), which opened in 1947. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Sold in 1979 and redeveloped into mixed retail/residential complex called Ford Factory Square/Ford Factory Lofts. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| BO/BF/B | style="text-align:left;"| Buffalo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Original location operated from 1913 - 1915. 2nd location operated from 1915 – 1931. 3rd location operated from 1931 - 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| Originally located at Kensington Ave. and Eire Railroad. Moved to 2495 Main St. at Rodney in December 1915. Moved to 901 Fuhmann Boulevard in 1931. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953, 1955) | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ceased in January 1933 but resumed in 1934. Operations moved to Lorain, Ohio. 2495 Main St. is now the Tri-Main Center. Previously made diesel engines for the Navy and Bell Aircraft Corporation, was used by Bell Aircraft to design and construct America's first jet engine warplane, and made windshield wipers for Trico Products Co. 901 Fuhmann Boulevard used as a port terminal by Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority after Ford sold the property. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Burnaby Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Burnaby|Burnaby, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1938 to 1960 | style="text-align:left;"| Was located at 4600 Kingsway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building demolished in 1988 to build Station Square |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge Assembly|Cambridge Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, MA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1926 | style="text-align:left;"| 640 Memorial Dr. and Cottage Farm Bridge | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Had the first vertically integrated assembly line in the world. Replaced by Somerville plant in 1926. Renovated, currently home to Boston Biomedical. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CE | style="text-align:left;"| Charlotte Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte, NC]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914-1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 222 North Tryon then moved to 210 E. Sixth St. in 1916 and again to 1920 Statesville Ave in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Closed in March 1933, Used by Douglas Aircraft to assemble missiles for the U.S. Army between 1955 and 1964, sold to Atco Properties in 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ui.uncc.edu/gallery/model-ts-missiles-millennials-new-lives-old-factory|title=From Model Ts to missiles to Millennials, new lives for old factory &#124; UNC Charlotte Urban Institute|website=ui.uncc.edu}}</ref> |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Chicago Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Opened in 1914<br>Moved to current location on 12600 S Torrence Ave. in 1924 | style="text-align:left;"| 3915 Wabash Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by current [[w:Chicago Assembly|Chicago Assembly Plant]] on Torrence Ave. in 1924. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CI | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Cincinnati Plant|Cincinnati Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cincinnati|Cincinnati, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 660 Lincoln Ave | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, renovated 2002, currently owned by Cincinnati Children's Hospital. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| CL/CLE/CLEV | style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/item/oh0114|title=Ford Motor Company, Cleveland Branch Assembly Plant, Euclid Avenue & East 116th Street, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Cleveland|Cleveland, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1915-1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 11610 Euclid Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, renovated, currently home to Cleveland Institute of Art. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| G | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company - Columbus Assembly Plant|Columbus Branch Assembly Plant]]<ref>[http://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ohio/id/12969/rec/1 "Ford Motor Company – Columbus Plant (Photo and History)"], Columbus Metropolitan Library Digital Collections</ref> | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 – 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 427 Cleveland Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Assembly ended March 1932. Factory closed 1939. Was the Kroger Co. Columbus Bakery until February 2019. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| JE (JK) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Commodore Point|Commodore Point Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville, Florida]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Produced from 1924 to 1932. Closed (1968) | style="text-align:left;"| 1900 Wambolt Street. At the Foot of Wambolt St. on the St. John's River next to the Mathews Bridge. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] cars and trucks, [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| 1924–1932, production years. Parts warehouse until 1968. Planned to be demolished in 2023. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DS/DL | style="text-align:left;"| Dallas Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 2700 Canton St then moved in 1925 to 5200 E. Grand Ave. near Fair Park | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by plant on 5200 E. Grand Ave. in 1925. Ford continued to use 2700 Canton St. for display and storage until 1939. In 1942, sold to Peaslee-Gaulbert Corporation, which had already been using the building since 1939. Sold to Adam Hats in 1959. Redeveloped in 1997 into Adam Hats Lofts, a loft-style apartment complex. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| T | style="text-align:left;"| Danforth Avenue Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Canada|Canada]] | style="background:Khaki; text-align:center;"| Sold (1946) | style="text-align:left;"| 2951-2991 Danforth Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> and other cars | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by [[w:Oakville Assembly|Oakville Assembly]]. Sold to [[w:Nash Motors|Nash Motors]] in 1946 which then merged with [[w:Hudson Motor Car Company|Hudson Motor Car Company]] to form [[w:American Motors Corporation|American Motors Corporation]], which then used the plant until it was closed in 1957. Converted to a mall in 1962, Shoppers World Danforth. The main building of the mall (now a Lowe's) is still the original structure of the factory. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DR | style="text-align:left;"| Denver Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Denver|Denver, CO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1933 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 South Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold to Gates Rubber Co. in 1945. Gates sold the building in 1995. Now used as office space. Partly used as a data center by Hosting.com, now known as Ntirety, from 2009. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| DM | style="text-align:left;"| Des Moines Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Des Moines, IA|Des Moines, IA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from April 1920–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1800 Grand Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Sold in 1943. Renovated in the 1980s into Des Moines School District's technical high school and central campus. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Dothan Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Dothan, AL|Dothan, AL]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1923–1927? | style="text-align:left;"| 193 South Saint Andrews Street and corner of E. Crawford Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later became an auto dealership called Malone Motor Company and was St. Andrews Market, an indoor market and event space, from 2013-2015 until a partial roof collapse during a severe storm. Since 2020, being redeveloped into an apartment complex. The curved assembly line anchored into the ceiling is still intact and is being left there. Sometimes called the Ford Malone Building. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Dupont St Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Toronto|Toronto, ON]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1925 | style="text-align:left;"| 672 Dupont St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Danforth Assembly Plant. Building roof was used as a test track for the Model T. Used by several food processing companies. Became Planters Peanuts Canada from 1948 till 1987. The building currently is used for commercial and retail space. Included on the Inventory of Heritage Properties. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| E/EG/E | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater Assembly|Edgewater Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1930 to 1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 309 River Road | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]]<br />[[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (Jan.-Apr. 1943 only: 1,333 units)<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced with the Mahwah Assembly Plant. Added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983. The building was torn down in 2006 and replaced with a residential development called Independence Harbor. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Fargo Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo, ND]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 505 N. Broadway | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| After assembly ended, Ford used it as a sales office, sales and service branch, and a parts depot. Ford sold the building in 1956. Now called the Ford Building, a mixed commercial/residential property. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Fort Worth Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated for about 6 months around 1916 | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Briefly supplemented Dallas plant but production was then reconsolidated into the Dallas plant and Fort Worth plant was closed. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| H | style="text-align:left;"| Houston Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Houston|Houston, TX]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 3906 Harrisburg Boulevard | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], aircraft parts during WWII | style="text-align:left;"| Divested during World War II; later acquired by General Foods in 1946 (later the Houston facility for [[w:Maxwell House|Maxwell House]]) until 2006 when the plant was sold to Maximus and rebranded as the Atlantic Coffee Solutions facility. Atlantic Coffee Solutions shut down the plant in 2018 when they went out of business. Leased by Elemental Processing in 2019 for hemp processing with plans to begin operations in 2020. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| I | style="text-align:left;"| Indianapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis, IN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"|1914–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1315 East Washington Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Vehicle production ended in December 1932. Used as a Ford parts service and automotive sales branch and for administrative purposes until 1942. Sold in 1942. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KC/K | style="text-align:left;"| Kansas City Branch Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1912–1956 | style="text-align:left;"| Original location from 1912 to 1956 at 1025 Winchester Avenue & corner of E. 12th Street | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]],<br> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], <br>[[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1956), [[w:Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)#Second generation (1953–1956)|Ford F-Series (medium-duty truck)]] (1956) | style="text-align:left;"| First Ford factory in the USA built outside the Detroit area. Location of first UAW strike against Ford and where the 20 millionth Ford vehicle was assembled. Last vehicle produced was a 1957 Ford Fairlane Custom 300 on December 28, 1956. 2,337,863 vehicles were produced at the Winchester Ave. plant. Replaced by [[w:Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant|Claycomo]] plant in 1957. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| KY | style="text-align:left;"| Kearny Assembly | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Kearny, New Jersey|Kearny, New Jersey]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1918 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 135 Central Ave., corner of Ford Lane | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Edgewater Assembly Plant. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| Long Island City Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Long Island City|Long Island City]], [[w:Queens|Queens, NY]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 1917 | style="text-align:left;"| 564 Jackson Ave. (now known as <br> 33-00 Northern Boulevard) and corner of Honeywell St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| Opened as Ford Assembly and Service Center of Long Island City. Building was later significantly expanded around 1914. The original part of the building is along Honeywell St. and around onto Northern Blvd. for the first 3 banks of windows. Replaced by the Kearny Assembly Plant in NJ. Plant taken over by U.S. Government. Later occupied by Goodyear Tire (which bought the plant in 1920), Durant Motors (which bought the plant in 1921 and produced Durant-, Star-, and Flint-brand cars there), Roto-Broil, and E.R. Squibb & Son. Now called The Center Building and used as office space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|LA | style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1930 | style="text-align:left;"| 12th and Olive Streets, then E. 7th St. and Santa Fe Ave. (2060 East 7th St. or 777 S. Santa Fe Avenue). | style="text-align:left;"| Original Los Angeles plant: [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. <br /> Second Los Angeles plant (1914-1930): [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Location on 7th & Santa Fe is now the headquarters of Warner Music Group. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| LE/LU/U | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville Assembly Plant|Louisville Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville, Kentucky]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1913–1916, 1916–1925, 1925–1955, 1955–present | style="text-align:left;"| 931 South Third Street then <br /> 2400 South Third Street then <br /> 1400 Southwestern Parkway then <br /> 2000 Fern Valley Rd. | style="text-align:left;"| |align="left"| Original location opened in 1913. Ford then moved in 1916 and again in 1925. First 2 plants made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]. The third plant made the [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954) as well as Jeeps ([[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] - 93,364 units), military trucks, and V8 engines during World War II. Current location at 2000 Fern Valley Rd. first opened in 1955.<br /> The 2400 South Third Street location (at the corner of Eastern Parkway) was sold to Reynolds Metals Company and has since been converted into residential space called Reynolds Lofts under lease from current owner, University of Louisville. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| MEM/MP/M | style="text-align:left;"| Memphis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis, TN]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1913-June 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 495 Union Ave. (1913–1924) then 1429 Riverside Blvd. and South Parkway West (1924–1933, 1935–1958) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1952, 1954-1956) | style="text-align:left;"| Both plants have been demolished. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Milwaukee|Milwaukee, WI]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2185 N. Prospect Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Building is still standing as a mixed use development. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| TC/SP | style="text-align:left;"| Minneapolis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Minneapolis|Minneapolis, MN]] and [[w:Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1912 to 2011 | style="text-align:left;"| 616 S. Third St in Minneapolis (1912-1914) then 420 N. Fifth St. in Minneapolis (1914-1925) and 117 University Ave. West in St. Paul (1914-1920) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] | style="text-align:left;"| 420 N. Fifth St. is now called Ford Center, an office building. Was the tallest automotive assembly plant at 10 stories.<br /> University Ave. plant in St. Paul is now called the Ford Building. After production ended, was used as a Ford sales and service center, an auto mechanics school, a warehouse, and Federal government offices. Bought by the State of Minnesota in 1952 and used by the state government until 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| M | style="text-align:left;"| Montreal Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Montreal|Montreal, QC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:left;"| 119-139 Laurier Avenue East | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| NO | style="text-align:left;"| New Orleans | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Arabi, Louisiana|Arabi, Louisiana]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1923–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 7200 North Peters Street, Arabi, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model TT|Ford Model TT]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Later used by Ford as a parts and vehicle dist. center. Used by the US Army as a warehouse during WWII. After the war, was used as a parts and vehicle dist. center by a Ford dealer, Capital City Ford of Baton Rouge. Used by Southern Service Co. to prepare Toyotas and Mazdas prior to their delivery into Midwestern markets from 1971 to 1977. Became a freight storage facility for items like coffee, twine, rubber, hardwood, burlap and cotton from 1977 to 2005. Flooded during Hurricane Katrina. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| OC | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Oklahoma City Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Oklahoma City|Oklahoma City, OK]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 900 West Main St. | style="text-align:left;"|[[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]]<br /> [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br /> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] |Had extensive access to rail via the Rock Island railroad. Production ended with the 1932 models. The plant was converted to a Ford Regional Parts Depot (1 of 3 designated “slow-moving parts branches") and remained so until 1967, when the plant closed, and was then sold in 1968 to The Fred Jones Companies, an authorized re-manufacturer of Ford and later on, also GM Parts. It remained the headquarters for operations of Fred Jones Enterprises (a subsidiary of The Fred Jones Companies) until Hall Capital, the parent of The Fred Jones Companies, entered into a partnership with 21c Hotels to open a location in the building. The 21c Museum Hotel officially opened its hotel, restaurant and art museum in June, 2016 following an extensive remodel of the property. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. |- valign="top" | | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant|Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha, NE]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1916 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1502-24 Cuming St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Used as a warehouse by Western Electric Company from 1956 to 1959. It was then vacant until 1963, when it was used for manufacturing hair accessories and other plastic goods by Tip Top Plastic Products from 1963 to 1986. After being vacant again for several years, it was then used by Good and More Enterprises, a tire warehouse and retail outlet. After another period of vacancy, it was redeveloped into Tip Top Apartments, a mixed-use building with office space on the first floor and loft-style apartments on the upper levels which opened in 2005. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|CR/CS/C | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia Branch Assembly Plant ([[w:Chester Assembly|Chester Assembly]]) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]<br>[[w:Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester, Pennsylvania]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1961 | style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia: 2700 N. Broad St., corner of W. Lehigh Ave. (November 1914-June 1927) then in Chester: Front Street from Fulton to Pennell streets along the Delaware River (800 W. Front St.) (March 1928-February 1961) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]],<br> [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]],<br> [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]],<br> [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (18,533 units), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]],<br> [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]], [[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]], [[w:Ford Galaxie|Ford Galaxie]] (1959-1961), [[w:Ford F-Series (first generation)|Ford F-Series (first generation)]] (1951-1952),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (second generation)|Ford F-Series (second generation)]] (1953-1955),<br> [[w:Ford F-Series (third generation)|Ford F-Series (third generation)]] | style="text-align:left;"| November 1914-June 1927 in Philadelphia then March 1928-February 1961 in Chester. Broad St. plant made equipment for US Army in WWI including helmets and machine gun trucks. Sold in 1927. Later used as a [[w:Sears|Sears]] warehouse and then to manufacture men's clothing by Joseph H. Cohen & Sons, which later took over [[w:Botany 500|Botany 500]], whose suits were then also made at Broad St., giving rise to the nickname, Botany 500 Building. Cohen & Sons sold the building in 1989 which seems to be empty now. Chester plant also handled exporting to overseas plants. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| P | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Pittsburgh Branch Assembly Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, PA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 5000 Baum Blvd and Morewood Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Became a Ford sales, parts, and service branch until Ford sold the building in 1953. The building then went through a variety of light industrial uses before being purchased by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) in 2006. It was subsequently purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 to house the UPMC Immune Transplant and Therapy Center, a collaboration between the university and UPMC. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| PO | style="text-align:left;"| Portland Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated 1914–1917, 1923–1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 2505 SE 11th Avenue | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Called the Ford Building and is occupied by various businesses. . |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| RH/R (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Richmond Plant|Richmond Plant]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Richmond, California|Richmond, California]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1931-1955 | style="text-align:left;"| 1414 Harbour Way S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], [[w:Ford GPW|Ford GPW]] (49,359 units), [[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1954), [[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]], [[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]], [[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]. | style="text-align:left;"| Richmond was one of the first 2 Ford plants to build the F-Series, beginning November 27, 1947 (other was Highland Park, Michigan). Richmond location is now part of Rosie the Riveter National Historical Park. Replaced by San Jose Assembly Plant in Milpitas. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|SFA/SFAA (San Francisco) | style="text-align:left;"| San Francisco Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:San Francisco|San Francisco, CA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1931 | style="text-align:left;"| 2905 21st Street and Harrison St. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]] | style="text-align:left;"| Replaced by the Richmond Assembly Plant. San Francisco Plant was demolished after the 1989 earthquake. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| SR/S | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville Assembly|Somerville Assembly]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville, Massachusetts]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1926 to 1958 | style="text-align:left;"| 183 Middlesex Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]] <br />[[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]]<br />[[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]]<br />[[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]]<br />[[w:1949 Ford|1949 Ford]]<br />[[w:1952 Ford|1952 Ford]]<br />[[w:1955 Ford|1955 Ford]]<br />[[w:1957 Ford|1957 Ford]]<br />[[w:Ford F-Series|Ford F-Series]] (1951-1953)<br />Built [[w:Edsel Corsair|Edsel Corsair]] (1958) & [[w:Edsel Citation|Edsel Citation]] (1958) July-October 1957, Built [[w:1957 Ford|1958 Fords]] November 1957 - March 1958. | style="text-align:left;"| The only [[w:Edsel|Edsel]]-only assembly line. Operations moved to Lorain, OH. Converted to [[w:Assembly Square Mall|Assembly Square Mall]] in 1980 |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/4902/ Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #1] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:South Lake Union, Seattle|South Lake Union, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1914 to 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 1155 Valley Street & corner of 700 Fairview Ave. N. | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Now a Public Storage site. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| AS | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Seattle)|Seattle Branch Assembly Plant #2]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Georgetown, Seattle|Georgetown, Seattle, WA]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from May 1932–December 1932 | style="text-align:left;"| 4730 East Marginal Way | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Still a Ford sales and service site through 1941. As early as 1940, the U.S. Army occupied a portion of the facility which had become known as the "Seattle General Depot". Sold to US Government in 1942 for WWII-related use. Used as a staging site for supplies headed for the Pacific Front. The U.S. Army continued to occupy the facility until 1956. In 1956, the U.S. Air Force acquired control of the property and leased the facility to the Boeing Company. A year later, in 1957, the Boeing Company purchased the property. Known as the Boeing Airplane Company Missile Production Center, the facility provided support functions for several aerospace and defense related development programs, including the organizational and management facilities for the Minuteman-1 missile program, deployed in 1960, and the Minuteman-II missile program, deployed in 1969. These nuclear missile systems, featuring solid rocket boosters (providing faster lift-offs) and the first digital flight computer, were developed in response to the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s. The Boeing Aerospace Group also used the former Ford plant for several other development and manufacturing uses, such as developing aspects of the Lunar Orbiter Program, producing unstaffed spacecraft to photograph the moon in 1966–1967, the BOMARC defensive missile system, and hydrofoil boats. After 1970, Boeing phased out its operations at the former Ford plant, moving them to the Boeing Space Center in the city of Kent and the company's other Seattle plant complex. Owned by the General Services Administration since 1973, it's known as the "Federal Center South Complex", housing various government offices. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"|STL/SL | style="text-align:left;"| St. Louis Branch Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] | style="text-align:left;"| U.S. | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| 1914-1942 | style="text-align:left;"| 4100 Forest Park Ave. | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"| |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| V | style="text-align:left;"| Vancouver Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Vancouver|Vancouver, BC]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1920 to 1938 | style="text-align:left;"| 1188 Hamilton St | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]] | style="text-align:left;"| Production moved to Burnaby plant in 1938. Still standing; used as commercial space. |- valign="top" | style="text-align:center;"| W | style="text-align:left;"| Winnipeg Assembly Plant | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB]] | style="text-align:left;"| Canada | style="background:LightSalmon; text-align:center;"| Operated from 1915 to 1941 | style="text-align:left;"| 1181 Portage Avenue (corner of Wall St.) | style="text-align:left;"| [[w:Ford Model T|Ford Model T]], [[w:Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Ford Model A]], [[w:1932 Ford|1932 Ford]], [[w:Ford Model 48|Ford Model 48]], [[w:1937 Ford|1937 Ford]], [[w:1941 Ford|1941 Ford]], military trucks | style="text-align:left;"| Bought by Manitoba provincial government in 1942. Became Manitoba Technical Institute. Now known as the Robert Fletcher Building |- valign="top" |} 6bmtcn93cdpwei7fpz6n17bd17huift Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3/3...dxc3/4. Nxc3/4...Nc6/5. Nf3/5...d6/6. Bc4 0 483339 4664451 4637486 2026-08-25T17:06:42Z JCrue 2226064 /* 6. Bc4 */ 4664451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Smith-Morra gambit accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOB|B21]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5|Sicilian defence]] → [[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c5/2. d4/2...cxd4/3. c3|Smith-Morra gambit]] → [[../|5...d6]] }} == 6. Bc4 == White's bishop pressures Black's vulnerable f7 pawn. The strength of the bishop's pressure can be seen in a number of traps Black can fall into with imprecise play. Black can blunt its attack by pushing the pawn ...e6, though the question is, now or later? [[/6...e6|'''6...e6''']] is the most straight forward and main move. This reaches a '''Scheveningen-style structure''', otherwise reached after the line 5...e6 6. Bc4 d6. This only requires a small amount of patience: Black is preparing to play ...e5 and to allow the bishop back into the game. The line continues 7. O-O Nf6 8. Qe2 Be7 9. Rd1 e5 10. Be3 O-O 11. Rac1. Playing ...e5 in two moves (6...e6 then 9...e5) looks like a waste of tempo, but it is necessary for Black to manage the pressure on f7. '''6...e5?''' allows 7. Ng5! for an attack on f7. 7...Nh6 8. Qf3 f6 is forced, but this allows 9. Ne6! Bxe6 10. Bxe6 {{chess/not|++}}. Black may think they have Nd4 with tempo and Nc2+, however Black can quickly become undone. 10...Nd4 11. Qh3 and White threatens Bxh6!! (the bishop cannot be recaptured because of Qh5+ and Qf7#!). 11...Nc2+ 12. Kf1 does nothing about the threat of Bxh6. 11. Nxe6? 12. Qxe6 Qe7 13. Qc4 and White threatens Nd4, Bxh6, and Black's position is tied up in knots. But by first playing ...e6, the bishop's pressure on f7 is nullified while Black plays ...Be7, ...Nf6 and ...O-O. Then, with their rook guarding f7, it is safe enough for Black to push ...e5. In this way, ...e6 is necessary preparation for ...e5. Since Black played 5...d6 to open a diagonal for their bishop, they may dislike the idea of spending another tempo to block it immediately. Is there a way to develop the bishop outside the pawn chain first? Yes, but not immediately. First it must be prepared by [[/6...a6|'''6...a6''']]. Why? '''6...Bg4?''' runs into the classic trap where White sacrifices their bishop to draw the king into range of the pinned knight. 7. Bxf7+! Kxf7 8. Ng5+ Ke8 9. Qxg4 {{Chess/not|++}}. Therefore Black must ensure the bishop will be defended on g4, by first controlling the square with ...Nf6. However, Black can't play '''6...Nf6''' and 7...Bg5 straight away either, again due to the pressure White exerts on f7. 7. e5! and: * 7...Nxe5?? 8. Nxe5 and the threat is Bxf7#. ** 8...dxe5?? allows 9. Bxf7+! Kxf7 10. Qxd8. ** 8...e6 9. Bb5+, and after trading off the minor pieces, 9...Nd7 10. Bxd7+ Bxd7 11. Nxd7 Qxd7, 12. Qd4! {{Chess/not|++}}. Black is down material and never getting to develop. * 7...dxe5?! 8. Qxd8+ and either way to retake the queen leads to issues. ** 8...Kxd8 9. Ng5 threatens Nxf7+. 9...Na5 to attack the bishop is most resourceful, then 10. Bb5 Be6 (to deal with the threat of Nxf7+) 11. Nxe6+ fxe6, Black's left with triple isolated pawns {{Chess/not|+}} ** 8...Nxd8 9. Nb5! threatens Nc7+. The king can't move (9...Kd7?? 10. Nxe5+ Ke8 11. Nc7#) so the rook must, 9...Rb8, then 10. Nxe5 and 10...e6 is force to prevent Nc7#. The only way for Black to hold the position is 7...Ng4 8. exd6 exd6, and it looks like the bishop isn't getting to g4 anyway. (9. O-O Bf5? instead and there's a flashy sequence 10. Re1 Be7 11. Bxf7! Kxf7 Qd5+!) So in order to play ...Bg4, Black needs to play ...Nf6, and in order to play ...Nf6 they need to prepare it with [[/6...a6|'''6...a6''']]. This controls the b5 square, which means that after 7. O-O Nf6, reaching a classical Sicilian structure, the line 8. e5? dxe5 9. Qxd6 Nxd8 goes nowhere for White, because they don't have the resource of Nb5. The game continues 8. Bf4 Bg4 9. h3 Bxf3 10. Qxf3, where Black, having dispensed with the bad bishop, can now happily play 10...e6. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |links=0 |line1=6...e6 |name1=Scheveningen structure<br><small>(by transposition)</small> |line2=6...a6 7. O-O Nf6 8. Bf4 Bg4 9. h3 Bxf3 10. Qxf3 e6 |name2=Classical structure |line3=6...Bg4?? 7. Bxf7+! Kxf7 8. Ng5+ Ke8 9. Qxg4 |eval3={{chess/not|++}} |line4=6...Nf6 7. e5 Nxe5? 8. Nxe5 dxe5? 9. Bxf7+ Kxf7 10. Qxd8 |eval4={{chess/not|+++}} |line5=6. ... ... 7. ... dxe5?! 8. Qxd8+ Nxd8 9. Nb5 Rb8□ 10. Nxe5 e6□ 11. O-O |eval5={{Chess/not|+}} }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} s08u6pc0wm52wyp9fbuzp8153a7ym2m Social etiquette 0 485356 4664484 4662972 2026-08-26T01:00:15Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4664484 wikitext text/x-wiki == Social Etiquette == I'''ntroduction''': Beyond Good Manners Social etiquette refers to the principles, customs and practices that guide how people interact respectfully and appropriately with one another. Traditionally, etiquette has been associated with face-to-face interactions, including greetings, conversations, dinning, meetings and public behaviour. However, the growth of mobile phones, social networking platforms, instant messaging and online communities has expanded etiquette into the digital environment. '''Reading Level:''' Adults '''Book Summary''' Social Etiquette is a practical guide to respect, responsible and effective interaction in both everyday life and the digital world. The book examines how traditional principles of courtesy, respect, consideration and responsible communication apply to modern social environments, including social media, mobile phones, messaging platforms, workplaces and online communities. The wikibook provides a step- by- step introduction to the principles and practices of good social etiquette. It explores how individuals can communicate clearly, respect personal boundaries, protect privacy, handle disagreements, use social media responsibly and maintain professionalism in both personal and workplace settings. Across its chapters, the book combines ethical principles with practical examples and everyday guidance. It emphasizes that good etiquette is not simply about following formal rules but about demonstrating consideration for other people and adopting one's behaviour to different social and situations. The book is organized into nine chapters covering the meaning and importance of social etiquette, respect and consideration, communication, boundaries, mobile phone and messaging etiquette, professional conduct, ethics and online safety, and the development of culture of responsible social interactions. == Chapter 1: Understanding Social Etiquette == '''1.1 What is Social Etiquette?''' Social etiquette is a collection of generally accepted behaviours that help people interact appropriately with others. It includes politeness, respect, consideration, communication, personal boundaries and awareness of social ability to adapt to different situations. Etiquette does not mean following rigid rules in every situation. Social customs vary between cultures, generations, communities and circumstances. Good etiquette therefore requires both knowledge of social expectations and the ability to adapt to different situations. '''1.2 Why Social Etiquette Matters''' Good etiquette can: * promote natural respect; * reduce misunderstanding; * strengthen personal and professional relationships; * encourage constructive conversations; * protect people's digital and privacy; and * improve one's professional reputation. Poor etiquette can have the opposite effect. Rudeness, harassment, unnecessary arguments, excessive phone use and inappropriate online comments can damage relationships and reputations. '''1.3 Etiquette in the Digital Age''' Digital communication has changed traditional ideas about manners. A person may communicate with hundreds or thousands of people without physically meeting them. Social media content can also be reshared beyond its original audience. The American Psycological Association recommends that social- media posts be concise, understandable and professionally written, while discouraging practices such as excessive capitalization and text- speak in professional communication. Consequently, digital etiquette should be regarded as an extension of ordinary social etiquette rather than a completely separate form of behaviour. === Chapter 2: Respect and Consideration === '''2.1 Respect as the Foundation of Etiquette''' Respect is one of the most important principles of social etiquette. It means recognizing the dignity, opinions, privacy and boundaries of other people. Respect does not require agreement. People can disagree while remaining polite and constructive. '''2.2 Disagreeing Respectfully''' Disagreements are unavoidable in social life. A respectful disagreement should focus on the issue rather than attacking the person. For example: Poor etiquette: " You are completely stupid. Anyone thinks that way knows nothing. " Better etiquette: " I understand your point, but i see the issue differently because" the second approach encourages discussion instead of conflict. '''2.3 Avoiding Personal Attacks''' Personal attacks, insults, humiliation and threatening language can turn ordinary disagreements into serious conflicts. Professional online communities commonly prohibit bullying, harassment and personal attacks. People should therefore criticize ideas, decisions or arguments rather than someone's character. '''2.4 Respecting Differences''' People differ in: * culture; * age; * language; * education; * professional background; * political opinions; * religious beliefs; * social circumstances; and * communication styles. Good etiquette recognizes these differences and avoids unnecessary discrimination or hostility. == Chapter 3: Communication Etiquette == '''3.1 Think Before You Speak or Post''' One of the simplest rules of etiquette is to pause before communicating. Before sending a message, posting a comment or responding to an argument, consider: # Is the information accurate? # Is it necessary? # Could it unnecessarily offend someone? # Is the language appropriate? # Would I be comfortable saying this publicly? This is particularly important online because digital messages can be copied, shared and preserved. '''3.2 Listening''' Good communication involves listening as well as speaking. Effective listeners: * pay attention; * avoid interrupting unnecessarily; * ask questions for clarification; * acknowledge what others have said; * Avoid immediately turning every conversation toward themselves; * respond appropriately. '''3.3 Tone''' Written communication can easily be misunderstood because readers cannot hear the writer's voice or see facial expressions. For example "Fine." Depending on the situation, this could mean agreement, anger, disappointment or indifference. When communicating digitally, people should use sufficient context and polite wording to reduce ambiguity. == Chapter 4: Social Media Etiquette == '''4.1 Think Before Posting''' Social media provides an opportunity to share ideas, photographs, opinions, news and professional information. However, users should remember that public social networks are not necessarily private spaces. == Chapter 5: Privacy and Digital Boundaries == '''5.1 Understanding Privacy''' Privacy is an important component of social etiquette. People have different expectations regarding what information they consider private. Respecting privacy includes avoiding the publication of another person's information without permission. The American Philosophical Association emphasizes that confidentiality should be respected in electronic communication. '''5.2 Do not Share Private Message Without Permission.''' Private messages should generally remain private. Before forwarding, screenshotting or publishing a conversation, consider: * Who wrote the message? * Was it intended to be private? * Does the sender expect confidentiality? * Could sharing it cause harm? '''5.3 Workplace Confidentiality''' Employees and professionals should be especially careful when communicating online. Confidential documents, customer information, internal discussions and unpublished organizational information should not be posted publicly without authorization. '''5.4 Digital Boundaries''' People should respect other's availability. For example, repeatedly sending messages late at night, demanding immediate responses or becoming angry when someone does not reply can violate social boundaries. Not every unanswered message represents disrespect. People may be busy, unavailable or simply need time away from their devices. 2.1 {{shelves}} f9urilv21ioyp73kqvorvb6p6jbyqdp About Monsters And Angels 0 485372 4664483 4663577 2026-08-26T01:00:14Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4664483 wikitext text/x-wiki This book is intended to discuss monsters and angels. {{shelves}} gmaf4uan0d37ey5idu9e59xbafajnc8 Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix 0 485378 4664400 4664398 2026-08-25T11:59:59Z IanVG 3323284 added saturated water table in appendix 4664400 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table]] geyc107yje8sftb7269rci2eavtip6k 4664402 4664400 2026-08-25T12:01:08Z IanVG 3323284 4664402 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table|Saturated water - Temperature table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table|Saturated water - Pressure table]] ep9qbeiyk5ummu5zcbnvbdvhiimccc0 4664403 4664402 2026-08-25T12:01:41Z IanVG 3323284 4664403 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table|Saturated water - Temperature table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table|Saturated water - Pressure table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table]] * [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table]] bv5bmgt4xej8p3itz80yqd7mnklkrko 4664404 4664403 2026-08-25T12:02:08Z IanVG 3323284 changed to a numbered list 4664404 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table|Saturated water - Temperature table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table|Saturated water - Pressure table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table]] jr94wvu05so8lnixin888pu2h8g3qpu 4664405 4664404 2026-08-25T12:02:48Z IanVG 3323284 added brief description of the page 4664405 wikitext text/x-wiki Below is a list of selected tables and charts relevant for students of engineering thermodynamics. # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table|Saturated water - Temperature table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table|Saturated water - Pressure table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table]] 7mpaoj84o5vrlkt3fix8tr3w0hkwuji 4664422 4664405 2026-08-25T13:01:57Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4664422 wikitext text/x-wiki Below is a list of selected tables and charts relevant for students of engineering thermodynamics. # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table|Saturated water - Temperature table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table|Saturated water - Pressure table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Temperature table]] # [[Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table|Saturated refrigerant-134a - Pressure table]] {{BookCat}} bsfawa9ofu0b4jn38hy1jqv97azscme Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Temperature table 0 485381 4664399 2026-08-25T11:59:16Z IanVG 3323284 added saturated water table 4664399 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Saturated properties of Water ! colspan="1" | Temperature,<br />(°C) ! colspan="1" | Pressure,<br />(kPa) ! colspan="2" | Specific volume,<br />(m³/kg) ! colspan="3" | Internal energy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Enthalpy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Entropy,<br />(kJ/(kg·K)) |- ! Temperature, T ! Saturation pressure, p<sub>sat</sub> ! Sat. liquid, v<sub>f</sub> ! Sat. vapor, v<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, u<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., u<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, u<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, h<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., h<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, h<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, s<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., s<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, s<sub>g</sub> |- | 0.01 || 0.61 || 0.0010002 || 205.99 || 0.000 || 2374.9 || 2374.9 || 0.001 || 2500.9 || 2500.9 || 0.00000 || 9.1555 || 9.1555 |- | 5.00 || 0.87 || 0.0010001 || 147.01 || 21.02 || 2360.8 || 2381.8 || 21.02 || 2489.0 || 2510.1 || 0.07625 || 8.9486 || 9.0248 |- | 10.00 || 1.23 || 0.0010003 || 106.30 || 42.02 || 2346.6 || 2388.6 || 42.02 || 2477.2 || 2519.2 || 0.15109 || 8.7487 || 8.8998 |- | 15.00 || 1.71 || 0.0010009 || 77.875 || 62.98 || 2332.5 || 2395.5 || 62.98 || 2465.4 || 2528.3 || 0.22446 || 8.5558 || 8.7803 |- | 20.00 || 2.34 || 0.0010018 || 57.757 || 83.91 || 2318.4 || 2402.3 || 83.91 || 2453.5 || 2537.4 || 0.29648 || 8.3695 || 8.6660 |- | 25.00 || 3.17 || 0.0010030 || 43.337 || 104.83 || 2304.3 || 2409.1 || 104.83 || 2441.7 || 2546.5 || 0.36722 || 8.1894 || 8.5566 |- | 30.00 || 4.25 || 0.0010044 || 32.878 || 125.73 || 2290.2 || 2415.9 || 125.73 || 2429.8 || 2555.5 || 0.43675 || 8.0152 || 8.4520 |- | 35.00 || 5.63 || 0.0010060 || 25.205 || 146.63 || 2276.0 || 2422.7 || 146.63 || 2417.9 || 2564.5 || 0.50513 || 7.8466 || 8.3517 |- | 40.00 || 7.38 || 0.0010079 || 19.515 || 167.53 || 2261.9 || 2429.4 || 167.53 || 2406.0 || 2573.5 || 0.57240 || 7.6831 || 8.2555 |- | 45.00 || 9.59 || 0.0010099 || 15.252 || 188.43 || 2247.7 || 2436.1 || 188.43 || 2394.0 || 2582.4 || 0.63861 || 7.5247 || 8.1633 |- | 50.00 || 12.35 || 0.0010121 || 12.027 || 209.33 || 2233.4 || 2442.7 || 209.34 || 2381.9 || 2591.3 || 0.70381 || 7.3710 || 8.0748 |- | 55.00 || 15.76 || 0.0010146 || 9.5643 || 230.24 || 2219.1 || 2449.3 || 230.26 || 2369.8 || 2600.1 || 0.76802 || 7.2218 || 7.9898 |- | 60.00 || 19.95 || 0.0010171 || 7.6672 || 251.16 || 2204.7 || 2455.9 || 251.18 || 2357.7 || 2608.8 || 0.83129 || 7.0769 || 7.9081 |- | 65.00 || 25.04 || 0.0010199 || 6.1935 || 272.09 || 2190.3 || 2462.4 || 272.12 || 2345.4 || 2617.5 || 0.89365 || 6.9359 || 7.8296 |- | 70.00 || 31.20 || 0.0010228 || 5.0395 || 293.03 || 2175.8 || 2468.9 || 293.07 || 2333.0 || 2626.1 || 0.95513 || 6.7989 || 7.7540 |- | 75.00 || 38.60 || 0.0010258 || 4.1289 || 313.99 || 2161.3 || 2475.2 || 314.03 || 2320.6 || 2634.6 || 1.0158 || 6.6654 || 7.6812 |- | 80.00 || 47.41 || 0.0010291 || 3.4052 || 334.96 || 2146.6 || 2481.6 || 335.01 || 2308.0 || 2643.0 || 1.0756 || 6.5355 || 7.6111 |- | 85.00 || 57.87 || 0.0010324 || 2.8258 || 355.95 || 2131.9 || 2487.8 || 356.01 || 2295.3 || 2651.3 || 1.1346 || 6.4088 || 7.5434 |- | 90.00 || 70.18 || 0.0010360 || 2.3591 || 376.97 || 2117.0 || 2494.0 || 377.04 || 2282.5 || 2659.5 || 1.1929 || 6.2853 || 7.4781 |- | 95.00 || 84.61 || 0.0010396 || 1.9806 || 398.00 || 2102.0 || 2500.0 || 398.09 || 2269.5 || 2667.6 || 1.2504 || 6.1647 || 7.4151 |- | 100.00 || 101.42 || 0.0010435 || 1.6718 || 419.06 || 2087.0 || 2506.0 || 419.17 || 2256.4 || 2675.6 || 1.3072 || 6.0469 || 7.3541 |- | 105.00 || 120.90 || 0.0010474 || 1.4184 || 440.15 || 2071.8 || 2511.9 || 440.27 || 2243.1 || 2683.4 || 1.3633 || 5.9318 || 7.2952 |- | 110.00 || 143.38 || 0.0010516 || 1.2093 || 461.26 || 2056.4 || 2517.7 || 461.42 || 2229.6 || 2691.1 || 1.4188 || 5.8193 || 7.2381 |- | 115.00 || 169.18 || 0.0010559 || 1.0358 || 482.41 || 2040.9 || 2523.3 || 482.59 || 2216.0 || 2698.6 || 1.4737 || 5.7091 || 7.1828 |- | 120.00 || 198.67 || 0.0010603 || 0.89121 || 503.60 || 2025.3 || 2528.9 || 503.81 || 2202.1 || 2705.9 || 1.5279 || 5.6012 || 7.1291 |- | 125.00 || 232.24 || 0.0010649 || 0.77003 || 524.83 || 2009.4 || 2534.3 || 525.07 || 2188.0 || 2713.1 || 1.5816 || 5.4955 || 7.0770 |- | 130.00 || 270.28 || 0.0010697 || 0.66800 || 546.09 || 1993.4 || 2539.5 || 546.38 || 2173.7 || 2720.1 || 1.6346 || 5.3918 || 7.0264 |- | 135.00 || 313.23 || 0.0010746 || 0.58173 || 567.41 || 1977.2 || 2544.7 || 567.74 || 2159.1 || 2726.9 || 1.6872 || 5.2900 || 6.9772 |- | 140.00 || 361.54 || 0.0010798 || 0.50845 || 588.77 || 1960.8 || 2549.6 || 589.16 || 2144.3 || 2733.4 || 1.7392 || 5.1901 || 6.9293 |- | 145.00 || 415.68 || 0.0010850 || 0.44596 || 610.19 || 1944.2 || 2554.4 || 610.64 || 2129.2 || 2739.8 || 1.7907 || 5.0919 || 6.8826 |- | 150.00 || 476.16 || 0.0010905 || 0.39245 || 631.66 || 1927.4 || 2559.1 || 632.18 || 2113.7 || 2745.9 || 1.8418 || 4.9953 || 6.8371 |- | 155.00 || 543.50 || 0.0010962 || 0.34646 || 653.19 || 1910.3 || 2563.5 || 653.79 || 2098.0 || 2751.8 || 1.8924 || 4.9002 || 6.7926 |- | 160.00 || 618.23 || 0.0011020 || 0.30678 || 674.79 || 1893.0 || 2567.8 || 675.47 || 2082.0 || 2757.4 || 1.9426 || 4.8066 || 6.7491 |- | 165.00 || 700.93 || 0.0011080 || 0.27243 || 696.46 || 1875.4 || 2571.9 || 697.24 || 2065.6 || 2762.8 || 1.9923 || 4.7143 || 6.7066 |- | 170.00 || 792.19 || 0.0011143 || 0.24259 || 718.20 || 1857.5 || 2575.7 || 719.08 || 2048.8 || 2767.9 || 2.0417 || 4.6233 || 6.6650 |- | 175.00 || 892.60 || 0.0011207 || 0.21658 || 740.02 || 1839.4 || 2579.4 || 741.02 || 2031.7 || 2772.7 || 2.0906 || 4.5335 || 6.6241 |- | 180.00 || 1002.8 || 0.0011274 || 0.19384 || 761.92 || 1820.9 || 2582.8 || 763.05 || 2014.2 || 2777.2 || 2.1392 || 4.4448 || 6.5840 |- | 185.00 || 1123.5 || 0.0011343 || 0.17390 || 783.91 || 1802.1 || 2586.0 || 785.19 || 1996.2 || 2781.4 || 2.1875 || 4.3571 || 6.5447 |- | 190.00 || 1255.2 || 0.0011415 || 0.15636 || 806.00 || 1783.0 || 2589.0 || 807.43 || 1977.9 || 2785.3 || 2.2355 || 4.2704 || 6.5059 |- | 195.00 || 1398.8 || 0.0011489 || 0.14089 || 828.18 || 1763.6 || 2591.7 || 829.79 || 1959.0 || 2788.8 || 2.2832 || 4.1846 || 6.4678 |- | 200.00 || 1554.9 || 0.0011565 || 0.12721 || 850.47 || 1743.7 || 2594.2 || 852.27 || 1939.7 || 2792.0 || 2.3305 || 4.0996 || 6.4302 |- | 205.00 || 1724.3 || 0.0011645 || 0.11508 || 872.87 || 1723.5 || 2596.4 || 874.88 || 1919.9 || 2794.8 || 2.3777 || 4.0154 || 6.3930 |- | 210.00 || 1907.7 || 0.0011727 || 0.10429 || 895.39 || 1702.9 || 2598.3 || 897.63 || 1899.6 || 2797.3 || 2.4245 || 3.9318 || 6.3563 |- | 215.00 || 2105.8 || 0.0011813 || 0.094679 || 918.04 || 1681.9 || 2599.9 || 920.53 || 1878.8 || 2799.3 || 2.4712 || 3.8488 || 6.3200 |- | 220.00 || 2319.6 || 0.0011902 || 0.086092 || 940.82 || 1660.4 || 2601.2 || 943.58 || 1857.4 || 2800.9 || 2.5177 || 3.7663 || 6.2840 |- | 225.00 || 2549.7 || 0.0011994 || 0.078403 || 963.74 || 1638.5 || 2602.2 || 966.80 || 1835.4 || 2802.1 || 2.5640 || 3.6843 || 6.2483 |- | 230.00 || 2797.1 || 0.0012090 || 0.071503 || 986.81 || 1616.1 || 2602.9 || 990.19 || 1812.7 || 2802.9 || 2.6101 || 3.6027 || 6.2128 |- | 235.00 || 3062.5 || 0.0012190 || 0.065298 || 1010.0 || 1593.2 || 2603.2 || 1013.8 || 1789.4 || 2803.2 || 2.6561 || 3.5214 || 6.1775 |- | 240.00 || 3346.9 || 0.0012295 || 0.059705 || 1033.4 || 1569.7 || 2603.1 || 1037.6 || 1765.4 || 2803.0 || 2.7020 || 3.4403 || 6.1423 |- | 245.00 || 3651.2 || 0.0012403 || 0.054654 || 1057.0 || 1545.6 || 2602.7 || 1061.5 || 1740.7 || 2802.2 || 2.7478 || 3.3594 || 6.1072 |- | 250.00 || 3976.2 || 0.0012517 || 0.050083 || 1080.8 || 1521.0 || 2601.8 || 1085.8 || 1715.2 || 2800.9 || 2.7935 || 3.2785 || 6.0721 |- | 255.00 || 4322.9 || 0.0012636 || 0.045938 || 1104.8 || 1495.7 || 2600.5 || 1110.2 || 1688.8 || 2799.1 || 2.8392 || 3.1977 || 6.0369 |- | 260.00 || 4692.3 || 0.0012761 || 0.042173 || 1129.0 || 1469.7 || 2598.7 || 1135.0 || 1661.6 || 2796.6 || 2.8849 || 3.1167 || 6.0016 |- | 265.00 || 5085.3 || 0.0012892 || 0.038746 || 1153.4 || 1443.0 || 2596.5 || 1160.0 || 1633.5 || 2793.5 || 2.9307 || 3.0354 || 5.9661 |- | 270.00 || 5503.0 || 0.0013030 || 0.035621 || 1178.1 || 1415.6 || 2593.7 || 1185.3 || 1604.4 || 2789.7 || 2.9765 || 2.9539 || 5.9304 |- | 275.00 || 5946.4 || 0.0013175 || 0.032766 || 1203.1 || 1387.3 || 2590.3 || 1210.9 || 1574.3 || 2785.2 || 3.0224 || 2.8720 || 5.8944 |- | 280.00 || 6416.6 || 0.0013328 || 0.030153 || 1228.3 || 1358.1 || 2586.4 || 1236.9 || 1543.0 || 2779.9 || 3.0685 || 2.7894 || 5.8579 |- | 285.00 || 6914.7 || 0.0013491 || 0.027756 || 1253.9 || 1327.9 || 2581.8 || 1263.2 || 1510.5 || 2773.7 || 3.1147 || 2.7062 || 5.8209 |- | 290.00 || 7441.8 || 0.0013663 || 0.025555 || 1279.9 || 1296.7 || 2576.5 || 1290.0 || 1476.7 || 2766.7 || 3.1612 || 2.6222 || 5.7834 |- | 295.00 || 7999.1 || 0.0013846 || 0.023529 || 1306.2 || 1264.3 || 2570.5 || 1317.3 || 1441.4 || 2758.7 || 3.2080 || 2.5371 || 5.7451 |- | 300.00 || 8587.9 || 0.0014042 || 0.021660 || 1332.9 || 1230.7 || 2563.6 || 1345.0 || 1404.6 || 2749.6 || 3.2552 || 2.4507 || 5.7059 |- | 305.00 || 9209.4 || 0.0014252 || 0.019933 || 1360.2 || 1195.7 || 2555.9 || 1373.3 || 1366.1 || 2739.4 || 3.3028 || 2.3629 || 5.6657 |- | 310.00 || 9865.1 || 0.0014479 || 0.018335 || 1387.9 || 1159.1 || 2547.1 || 1402.2 || 1325.7 || 2727.9 || 3.3510 || 2.2734 || 5.6244 |- | 315.00 || 10556 || 0.0014724 || 0.016851 || 1416.3 || 1120.9 || 2537.2 || 1431.8 || 1283.2 || 2715.1 || 3.3998 || 2.1818 || 5.5816 |- | 320.00 || 11284 || 0.0014990 || 0.015471 || 1445.3 || 1080.7 || 2526.0 || 1462.2 || 1238.4 || 2700.6 || 3.4494 || 2.0878 || 5.5372 |- | 325.00 || 12051 || 0.0015283 || 0.014183 || 1475.1 || 1038.3 || 2513.4 || 1493.5 || 1190.8 || 2684.3 || 3.5000 || 1.9908 || 5.4908 |- | 330.00 || 12858 || 0.0015606 || 0.012979 || 1505.8 || 993.35 || 2499.2 || 1525.9 || 1140.2 || 2666.0 || 3.5518 || 1.8903 || 5.4422 |- | 335.00 || 13707 || 0.0015967 || 0.011847 || 1537.6 || 945.39 || 2483.0 || 1559.5 || 1085.9 || 2645.4 || 3.6050 || 1.7856 || 5.3906 |- | 340.00 || 14601 || 0.0016376 || 0.010781 || 1570.6 || 893.82 || 2464.4 || 1594.5 || 1027.3 || 2621.8 || 3.6601 || 1.6755 || 5.3356 |- | 345.00 || 15541 || 0.0016846 || 0.009769 || 1605.3 || 837.79 || 2443.1 || 1631.5 || 963.42 || 2594.9 || 3.7176 || 1.5586 || 5.2762 |- | 350.00 || 16529 || 0.0017400 || 0.008802 || 1642.1 || 776.01 || 2418.1 || 1670.9 || 892.75 || 2563.6 || 3.7784 || 1.4326 || 5.2110 |- | 355.00 || 17570 || 0.0018079 || 0.007868 || 1682.0 || 706.44 || 2388.4 || 1713.7 || 812.93 || 2526.6 || 3.8439 || 1.2942 || 5.1380 |- | 360.00 || 18666 || 0.0018954 || 0.006949 || 1726.3 || 625.49 || 2351.8 || 1761.7 || 719.83 || 2481.5 || 3.9167 || 1.1369 || 5.0536 |- | 365.00 || 19821 || 0.0020172 || 0.006012 || 1777.8 || 526.00 || 2303.8 || 1817.8 || 605.18 || 2422.9 || 4.0014 || 0.94833 || 4.9497 |- | 370.00 || 21044 || 0.0022152 || 0.004954 || 1844.1 || 386.19 || 2230.3 || 1890.7 || 443.83 || 2334.5 || 4.1112 || 0.69009 || 4.8012 |- | 373.94 || 22062 || 0.0029944 || 0.003227 || 1998.8 || 35.05 || 2033.8 || 2064.8 || 40.18 || 2105.0 || 4.3770 || 0.06209 || 4.4391 |} ''Calculation note:'' Values were generated with [https://coolprop.org/ CoolProp 8.0.0] using the HEOS model for Water. Pressure is absolute. Thermodynamic reference convention: CoolProp DEF for Water. Definition: CoolProp’s built-in default for the selected fluid. Reference anchor for reproducibility: T = 0.01 °C, p = 0.61165477 kPa, Q = 0 (saturated liquid), u = -6.6047589e-11 kJ/kg, h = 0.00061178171 kJ/kg, and s = -1.8445967e-13 kJ/(kg·K). [[v:Thermodynamics/Property tables and charts/CoolProp/Saturated water - Temperature table/Code]] bwwemtu6dizt2i3kbhf8j64cw3bqq7b 4664421 4664399 2026-08-25T13:01:50Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4664421 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Saturated properties of Water ! colspan="1" | Temperature,<br />(°C) ! colspan="1" | Pressure,<br />(kPa) ! colspan="2" | Specific volume,<br />(m³/kg) ! colspan="3" | Internal energy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Enthalpy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Entropy,<br />(kJ/(kg·K)) |- ! Temperature, T ! Saturation pressure, p<sub>sat</sub> ! Sat. liquid, v<sub>f</sub> ! Sat. vapor, v<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, u<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., u<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, u<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, h<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., h<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, h<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, s<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., s<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, s<sub>g</sub> |- | 0.01 || 0.61 || 0.0010002 || 205.99 || 0.000 || 2374.9 || 2374.9 || 0.001 || 2500.9 || 2500.9 || 0.00000 || 9.1555 || 9.1555 |- | 5.00 || 0.87 || 0.0010001 || 147.01 || 21.02 || 2360.8 || 2381.8 || 21.02 || 2489.0 || 2510.1 || 0.07625 || 8.9486 || 9.0248 |- | 10.00 || 1.23 || 0.0010003 || 106.30 || 42.02 || 2346.6 || 2388.6 || 42.02 || 2477.2 || 2519.2 || 0.15109 || 8.7487 || 8.8998 |- | 15.00 || 1.71 || 0.0010009 || 77.875 || 62.98 || 2332.5 || 2395.5 || 62.98 || 2465.4 || 2528.3 || 0.22446 || 8.5558 || 8.7803 |- | 20.00 || 2.34 || 0.0010018 || 57.757 || 83.91 || 2318.4 || 2402.3 || 83.91 || 2453.5 || 2537.4 || 0.29648 || 8.3695 || 8.6660 |- | 25.00 || 3.17 || 0.0010030 || 43.337 || 104.83 || 2304.3 || 2409.1 || 104.83 || 2441.7 || 2546.5 || 0.36722 || 8.1894 || 8.5566 |- | 30.00 || 4.25 || 0.0010044 || 32.878 || 125.73 || 2290.2 || 2415.9 || 125.73 || 2429.8 || 2555.5 || 0.43675 || 8.0152 || 8.4520 |- | 35.00 || 5.63 || 0.0010060 || 25.205 || 146.63 || 2276.0 || 2422.7 || 146.63 || 2417.9 || 2564.5 || 0.50513 || 7.8466 || 8.3517 |- | 40.00 || 7.38 || 0.0010079 || 19.515 || 167.53 || 2261.9 || 2429.4 || 167.53 || 2406.0 || 2573.5 || 0.57240 || 7.6831 || 8.2555 |- | 45.00 || 9.59 || 0.0010099 || 15.252 || 188.43 || 2247.7 || 2436.1 || 188.43 || 2394.0 || 2582.4 || 0.63861 || 7.5247 || 8.1633 |- | 50.00 || 12.35 || 0.0010121 || 12.027 || 209.33 || 2233.4 || 2442.7 || 209.34 || 2381.9 || 2591.3 || 0.70381 || 7.3710 || 8.0748 |- | 55.00 || 15.76 || 0.0010146 || 9.5643 || 230.24 || 2219.1 || 2449.3 || 230.26 || 2369.8 || 2600.1 || 0.76802 || 7.2218 || 7.9898 |- | 60.00 || 19.95 || 0.0010171 || 7.6672 || 251.16 || 2204.7 || 2455.9 || 251.18 || 2357.7 || 2608.8 || 0.83129 || 7.0769 || 7.9081 |- | 65.00 || 25.04 || 0.0010199 || 6.1935 || 272.09 || 2190.3 || 2462.4 || 272.12 || 2345.4 || 2617.5 || 0.89365 || 6.9359 || 7.8296 |- | 70.00 || 31.20 || 0.0010228 || 5.0395 || 293.03 || 2175.8 || 2468.9 || 293.07 || 2333.0 || 2626.1 || 0.95513 || 6.7989 || 7.7540 |- | 75.00 || 38.60 || 0.0010258 || 4.1289 || 313.99 || 2161.3 || 2475.2 || 314.03 || 2320.6 || 2634.6 || 1.0158 || 6.6654 || 7.6812 |- | 80.00 || 47.41 || 0.0010291 || 3.4052 || 334.96 || 2146.6 || 2481.6 || 335.01 || 2308.0 || 2643.0 || 1.0756 || 6.5355 || 7.6111 |- | 85.00 || 57.87 || 0.0010324 || 2.8258 || 355.95 || 2131.9 || 2487.8 || 356.01 || 2295.3 || 2651.3 || 1.1346 || 6.4088 || 7.5434 |- | 90.00 || 70.18 || 0.0010360 || 2.3591 || 376.97 || 2117.0 || 2494.0 || 377.04 || 2282.5 || 2659.5 || 1.1929 || 6.2853 || 7.4781 |- | 95.00 || 84.61 || 0.0010396 || 1.9806 || 398.00 || 2102.0 || 2500.0 || 398.09 || 2269.5 || 2667.6 || 1.2504 || 6.1647 || 7.4151 |- | 100.00 || 101.42 || 0.0010435 || 1.6718 || 419.06 || 2087.0 || 2506.0 || 419.17 || 2256.4 || 2675.6 || 1.3072 || 6.0469 || 7.3541 |- | 105.00 || 120.90 || 0.0010474 || 1.4184 || 440.15 || 2071.8 || 2511.9 || 440.27 || 2243.1 || 2683.4 || 1.3633 || 5.9318 || 7.2952 |- | 110.00 || 143.38 || 0.0010516 || 1.2093 || 461.26 || 2056.4 || 2517.7 || 461.42 || 2229.6 || 2691.1 || 1.4188 || 5.8193 || 7.2381 |- | 115.00 || 169.18 || 0.0010559 || 1.0358 || 482.41 || 2040.9 || 2523.3 || 482.59 || 2216.0 || 2698.6 || 1.4737 || 5.7091 || 7.1828 |- | 120.00 || 198.67 || 0.0010603 || 0.89121 || 503.60 || 2025.3 || 2528.9 || 503.81 || 2202.1 || 2705.9 || 1.5279 || 5.6012 || 7.1291 |- | 125.00 || 232.24 || 0.0010649 || 0.77003 || 524.83 || 2009.4 || 2534.3 || 525.07 || 2188.0 || 2713.1 || 1.5816 || 5.4955 || 7.0770 |- | 130.00 || 270.28 || 0.0010697 || 0.66800 || 546.09 || 1993.4 || 2539.5 || 546.38 || 2173.7 || 2720.1 || 1.6346 || 5.3918 || 7.0264 |- | 135.00 || 313.23 || 0.0010746 || 0.58173 || 567.41 || 1977.2 || 2544.7 || 567.74 || 2159.1 || 2726.9 || 1.6872 || 5.2900 || 6.9772 |- | 140.00 || 361.54 || 0.0010798 || 0.50845 || 588.77 || 1960.8 || 2549.6 || 589.16 || 2144.3 || 2733.4 || 1.7392 || 5.1901 || 6.9293 |- | 145.00 || 415.68 || 0.0010850 || 0.44596 || 610.19 || 1944.2 || 2554.4 || 610.64 || 2129.2 || 2739.8 || 1.7907 || 5.0919 || 6.8826 |- | 150.00 || 476.16 || 0.0010905 || 0.39245 || 631.66 || 1927.4 || 2559.1 || 632.18 || 2113.7 || 2745.9 || 1.8418 || 4.9953 || 6.8371 |- | 155.00 || 543.50 || 0.0010962 || 0.34646 || 653.19 || 1910.3 || 2563.5 || 653.79 || 2098.0 || 2751.8 || 1.8924 || 4.9002 || 6.7926 |- | 160.00 || 618.23 || 0.0011020 || 0.30678 || 674.79 || 1893.0 || 2567.8 || 675.47 || 2082.0 || 2757.4 || 1.9426 || 4.8066 || 6.7491 |- | 165.00 || 700.93 || 0.0011080 || 0.27243 || 696.46 || 1875.4 || 2571.9 || 697.24 || 2065.6 || 2762.8 || 1.9923 || 4.7143 || 6.7066 |- | 170.00 || 792.19 || 0.0011143 || 0.24259 || 718.20 || 1857.5 || 2575.7 || 719.08 || 2048.8 || 2767.9 || 2.0417 || 4.6233 || 6.6650 |- | 175.00 || 892.60 || 0.0011207 || 0.21658 || 740.02 || 1839.4 || 2579.4 || 741.02 || 2031.7 || 2772.7 || 2.0906 || 4.5335 || 6.6241 |- | 180.00 || 1002.8 || 0.0011274 || 0.19384 || 761.92 || 1820.9 || 2582.8 || 763.05 || 2014.2 || 2777.2 || 2.1392 || 4.4448 || 6.5840 |- | 185.00 || 1123.5 || 0.0011343 || 0.17390 || 783.91 || 1802.1 || 2586.0 || 785.19 || 1996.2 || 2781.4 || 2.1875 || 4.3571 || 6.5447 |- | 190.00 || 1255.2 || 0.0011415 || 0.15636 || 806.00 || 1783.0 || 2589.0 || 807.43 || 1977.9 || 2785.3 || 2.2355 || 4.2704 || 6.5059 |- | 195.00 || 1398.8 || 0.0011489 || 0.14089 || 828.18 || 1763.6 || 2591.7 || 829.79 || 1959.0 || 2788.8 || 2.2832 || 4.1846 || 6.4678 |- | 200.00 || 1554.9 || 0.0011565 || 0.12721 || 850.47 || 1743.7 || 2594.2 || 852.27 || 1939.7 || 2792.0 || 2.3305 || 4.0996 || 6.4302 |- | 205.00 || 1724.3 || 0.0011645 || 0.11508 || 872.87 || 1723.5 || 2596.4 || 874.88 || 1919.9 || 2794.8 || 2.3777 || 4.0154 || 6.3930 |- | 210.00 || 1907.7 || 0.0011727 || 0.10429 || 895.39 || 1702.9 || 2598.3 || 897.63 || 1899.6 || 2797.3 || 2.4245 || 3.9318 || 6.3563 |- | 215.00 || 2105.8 || 0.0011813 || 0.094679 || 918.04 || 1681.9 || 2599.9 || 920.53 || 1878.8 || 2799.3 || 2.4712 || 3.8488 || 6.3200 |- | 220.00 || 2319.6 || 0.0011902 || 0.086092 || 940.82 || 1660.4 || 2601.2 || 943.58 || 1857.4 || 2800.9 || 2.5177 || 3.7663 || 6.2840 |- | 225.00 || 2549.7 || 0.0011994 || 0.078403 || 963.74 || 1638.5 || 2602.2 || 966.80 || 1835.4 || 2802.1 || 2.5640 || 3.6843 || 6.2483 |- | 230.00 || 2797.1 || 0.0012090 || 0.071503 || 986.81 || 1616.1 || 2602.9 || 990.19 || 1812.7 || 2802.9 || 2.6101 || 3.6027 || 6.2128 |- | 235.00 || 3062.5 || 0.0012190 || 0.065298 || 1010.0 || 1593.2 || 2603.2 || 1013.8 || 1789.4 || 2803.2 || 2.6561 || 3.5214 || 6.1775 |- | 240.00 || 3346.9 || 0.0012295 || 0.059705 || 1033.4 || 1569.7 || 2603.1 || 1037.6 || 1765.4 || 2803.0 || 2.7020 || 3.4403 || 6.1423 |- | 245.00 || 3651.2 || 0.0012403 || 0.054654 || 1057.0 || 1545.6 || 2602.7 || 1061.5 || 1740.7 || 2802.2 || 2.7478 || 3.3594 || 6.1072 |- | 250.00 || 3976.2 || 0.0012517 || 0.050083 || 1080.8 || 1521.0 || 2601.8 || 1085.8 || 1715.2 || 2800.9 || 2.7935 || 3.2785 || 6.0721 |- | 255.00 || 4322.9 || 0.0012636 || 0.045938 || 1104.8 || 1495.7 || 2600.5 || 1110.2 || 1688.8 || 2799.1 || 2.8392 || 3.1977 || 6.0369 |- | 260.00 || 4692.3 || 0.0012761 || 0.042173 || 1129.0 || 1469.7 || 2598.7 || 1135.0 || 1661.6 || 2796.6 || 2.8849 || 3.1167 || 6.0016 |- | 265.00 || 5085.3 || 0.0012892 || 0.038746 || 1153.4 || 1443.0 || 2596.5 || 1160.0 || 1633.5 || 2793.5 || 2.9307 || 3.0354 || 5.9661 |- | 270.00 || 5503.0 || 0.0013030 || 0.035621 || 1178.1 || 1415.6 || 2593.7 || 1185.3 || 1604.4 || 2789.7 || 2.9765 || 2.9539 || 5.9304 |- | 275.00 || 5946.4 || 0.0013175 || 0.032766 || 1203.1 || 1387.3 || 2590.3 || 1210.9 || 1574.3 || 2785.2 || 3.0224 || 2.8720 || 5.8944 |- | 280.00 || 6416.6 || 0.0013328 || 0.030153 || 1228.3 || 1358.1 || 2586.4 || 1236.9 || 1543.0 || 2779.9 || 3.0685 || 2.7894 || 5.8579 |- | 285.00 || 6914.7 || 0.0013491 || 0.027756 || 1253.9 || 1327.9 || 2581.8 || 1263.2 || 1510.5 || 2773.7 || 3.1147 || 2.7062 || 5.8209 |- | 290.00 || 7441.8 || 0.0013663 || 0.025555 || 1279.9 || 1296.7 || 2576.5 || 1290.0 || 1476.7 || 2766.7 || 3.1612 || 2.6222 || 5.7834 |- | 295.00 || 7999.1 || 0.0013846 || 0.023529 || 1306.2 || 1264.3 || 2570.5 || 1317.3 || 1441.4 || 2758.7 || 3.2080 || 2.5371 || 5.7451 |- | 300.00 || 8587.9 || 0.0014042 || 0.021660 || 1332.9 || 1230.7 || 2563.6 || 1345.0 || 1404.6 || 2749.6 || 3.2552 || 2.4507 || 5.7059 |- | 305.00 || 9209.4 || 0.0014252 || 0.019933 || 1360.2 || 1195.7 || 2555.9 || 1373.3 || 1366.1 || 2739.4 || 3.3028 || 2.3629 || 5.6657 |- | 310.00 || 9865.1 || 0.0014479 || 0.018335 || 1387.9 || 1159.1 || 2547.1 || 1402.2 || 1325.7 || 2727.9 || 3.3510 || 2.2734 || 5.6244 |- | 315.00 || 10556 || 0.0014724 || 0.016851 || 1416.3 || 1120.9 || 2537.2 || 1431.8 || 1283.2 || 2715.1 || 3.3998 || 2.1818 || 5.5816 |- | 320.00 || 11284 || 0.0014990 || 0.015471 || 1445.3 || 1080.7 || 2526.0 || 1462.2 || 1238.4 || 2700.6 || 3.4494 || 2.0878 || 5.5372 |- | 325.00 || 12051 || 0.0015283 || 0.014183 || 1475.1 || 1038.3 || 2513.4 || 1493.5 || 1190.8 || 2684.3 || 3.5000 || 1.9908 || 5.4908 |- | 330.00 || 12858 || 0.0015606 || 0.012979 || 1505.8 || 993.35 || 2499.2 || 1525.9 || 1140.2 || 2666.0 || 3.5518 || 1.8903 || 5.4422 |- | 335.00 || 13707 || 0.0015967 || 0.011847 || 1537.6 || 945.39 || 2483.0 || 1559.5 || 1085.9 || 2645.4 || 3.6050 || 1.7856 || 5.3906 |- | 340.00 || 14601 || 0.0016376 || 0.010781 || 1570.6 || 893.82 || 2464.4 || 1594.5 || 1027.3 || 2621.8 || 3.6601 || 1.6755 || 5.3356 |- | 345.00 || 15541 || 0.0016846 || 0.009769 || 1605.3 || 837.79 || 2443.1 || 1631.5 || 963.42 || 2594.9 || 3.7176 || 1.5586 || 5.2762 |- | 350.00 || 16529 || 0.0017400 || 0.008802 || 1642.1 || 776.01 || 2418.1 || 1670.9 || 892.75 || 2563.6 || 3.7784 || 1.4326 || 5.2110 |- | 355.00 || 17570 || 0.0018079 || 0.007868 || 1682.0 || 706.44 || 2388.4 || 1713.7 || 812.93 || 2526.6 || 3.8439 || 1.2942 || 5.1380 |- | 360.00 || 18666 || 0.0018954 || 0.006949 || 1726.3 || 625.49 || 2351.8 || 1761.7 || 719.83 || 2481.5 || 3.9167 || 1.1369 || 5.0536 |- | 365.00 || 19821 || 0.0020172 || 0.006012 || 1777.8 || 526.00 || 2303.8 || 1817.8 || 605.18 || 2422.9 || 4.0014 || 0.94833 || 4.9497 |- | 370.00 || 21044 || 0.0022152 || 0.004954 || 1844.1 || 386.19 || 2230.3 || 1890.7 || 443.83 || 2334.5 || 4.1112 || 0.69009 || 4.8012 |- | 373.94 || 22062 || 0.0029944 || 0.003227 || 1998.8 || 35.05 || 2033.8 || 2064.8 || 40.18 || 2105.0 || 4.3770 || 0.06209 || 4.4391 |} ''Calculation note:'' Values were generated with [https://coolprop.org/ CoolProp 8.0.0] using the HEOS model for Water. Pressure is absolute. Thermodynamic reference convention: CoolProp DEF for Water. Definition: CoolProp’s built-in default for the selected fluid. Reference anchor for reproducibility: T = 0.01 °C, p = 0.61165477 kPa, Q = 0 (saturated liquid), u = -6.6047589e-11 kJ/kg, h = 0.00061178171 kJ/kg, and s = -1.8445967e-13 kJ/(kg·K). [[v:Thermodynamics/Property tables and charts/CoolProp/Saturated water - Temperature table/Code]] {{BookCat}} tl7zyjn0vtxtkp2xde3n8639uctrfbq Engineering Thermodynamics/Appendix/Saturated water - Pressure table 0 485382 4664401 2026-08-25T12:00:20Z IanVG 3323284 added saturated water table 4664401 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Saturated properties of Water ! colspan="1" | Pressure,<br />(kPa) ! colspan="1" | Temperature,<br />(°C) ! colspan="2" | Specific volume,<br />(m³/kg) ! colspan="3" | Internal energy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Enthalpy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Entropy,<br />(kJ/(kg·K)) |- ! Saturation pressure, p<sub>sat</sub> ! Temperature, T ! Sat. liquid, v<sub>f</sub> ! Sat. vapor, v<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, u<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., u<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, u<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, h<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., h<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, h<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, s<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., s<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, s<sub>g</sub> |- | 1.000 || 6.97 || 0.0010001 || 129.18 || 29.30 || 2355.2 || 2384.5 || 29.30 || 2484.4 || 2513.7 || 0.10591 || 8.8690 || 8.9749 |- | 1.500 || 13.02 || 0.0010007 || 87.959 || 54.68 || 2338.1 || 2392.8 || 54.68 || 2470.0 || 2524.7 || 0.19556 || 8.6314 || 8.8270 |- | 2.000 || 17.49 || 0.0010014 || 66.987 || 73.43 || 2325.5 || 2398.9 || 73.43 || 2459.4 || 2532.9 || 0.26056 || 8.4620 || 8.7226 |- | 2.500 || 21.08 || 0.0010021 || 54.240 || 88.42 || 2315.4 || 2403.8 || 88.42 || 2451.0 || 2539.4 || 0.31182 || 8.3302 || 8.6420 |- | 3.000 || 24.08 || 0.0010028 || 45.653 || 100.97 || 2306.9 || 2407.9 || 100.98 || 2443.9 || 2544.8 || 0.35429 || 8.2221 || 8.5764 |- | 4.000 || 28.96 || 0.0010041 || 34.791 || 121.38 || 2293.1 || 2414.5 || 121.39 || 2432.3 || 2553.7 || 0.42239 || 8.0510 || 8.4734 |- | 5.000 || 32.87 || 0.0010053 || 28.185 || 137.74 || 2282.1 || 2419.8 || 137.75 || 2423.0 || 2560.7 || 0.47620 || 7.9176 || 8.3938 |- | 7.500 || 40.29 || 0.0010080 || 19.233 || 168.74 || 2261.0 || 2429.8 || 168.75 || 2405.3 || 2574.0 || 0.57627 || 7.6738 || 8.2501 |- | 10.000 || 45.81 || 0.0010103 || 14.670 || 191.80 || 2245.4 || 2437.2 || 191.81 || 2392.1 || 2583.9 || 0.64920 || 7.4996 || 8.1488 |- | 15.000 || 53.97 || 0.0010140 || 10.020 || 225.93 || 2222.1 || 2448.0 || 225.94 || 2372.3 || 2598.3 || 0.75486 || 7.2522 || 8.0071 |- | 20.000 || 60.06 || 0.0010172 || 7.6480 || 251.40 || 2204.6 || 2456.0 || 251.42 || 2357.5 || 2608.9 || 0.83202 || 7.0752 || 7.9072 |- | 25.000 || 64.96 || 0.0010198 || 6.2032 || 271.93 || 2190.4 || 2462.4 || 271.96 || 2345.5 || 2617.4 || 0.89319 || 6.9370 || 7.8302 |- | 30.000 || 69.10 || 0.0010222 || 5.2284 || 289.24 || 2178.5 || 2467.7 || 289.27 || 2335.3 || 2624.5 || 0.94407 || 6.8234 || 7.7675 |- | 40.000 || 75.86 || 0.0010264 || 3.9930 || 317.58 || 2158.7 || 2476.3 || 317.62 || 2318.4 || 2636.1 || 1.0261 || 6.6429 || 7.6690 |- | 50.000 || 81.32 || 0.0010299 || 3.2400 || 340.49 || 2142.7 || 2483.2 || 340.54 || 2304.7 || 2645.2 || 1.0912 || 6.5018 || 7.5930 |- | 75.000 || 91.76 || 0.0010372 || 2.2170 || 384.36 || 2111.8 || 2496.1 || 384.44 || 2277.9 || 2662.4 || 1.2132 || 6.2425 || 7.4557 |- | 100.000 || 99.61 || 0.0010432 || 1.6939 || 417.40 || 2088.2 || 2505.6 || 417.50 || 2257.4 || 2674.9 || 1.3028 || 6.0561 || 7.3588 |- | 101.325 || 99.97 || 0.0010434 || 1.6732 || 418.95 || 2087.0 || 2506.0 || 419.06 || 2256.5 || 2675.5 || 1.3069 || 6.0475 || 7.3544 |- | 125.000 || 105.97 || 0.0010482 || 1.3749 || 444.22 || 2068.8 || 2513.0 || 444.35 || 2240.5 || 2684.9 || 1.3741 || 5.9099 || 7.2840 |- | 150.000 || 111.35 || 0.0010527 || 1.1593 || 466.97 || 2052.2 || 2519.2 || 467.13 || 2226.0 || 2693.1 || 1.4337 || 5.7893 || 7.2230 |- | 175.000 || 116.04 || 0.0010568 || 1.0036 || 486.82 || 2037.7 || 2524.5 || 487.00 || 2213.1 || 2700.1 || 1.4850 || 5.6865 || 7.1715 |- | 200.000 || 120.21 || 0.0010605 || 0.88568 || 504.49 || 2024.6 || 2529.1 || 504.70 || 2201.5 || 2706.2 || 1.5302 || 5.5967 || 7.1269 |- | 225.000 || 123.97 || 0.0010640 || 0.79320 || 520.47 || 2012.7 || 2533.2 || 520.71 || 2190.9 || 2711.6 || 1.5706 || 5.5170 || 7.0876 |- | 250.000 || 127.41 || 0.0010672 || 0.71866 || 535.08 || 2001.7 || 2536.8 || 535.34 || 2181.1 || 2716.5 || 1.6072 || 5.4452 || 7.0524 |- | 275.000 || 130.58 || 0.0010703 || 0.65725 || 548.56 || 1991.6 || 2540.1 || 548.86 || 2172.0 || 2720.9 || 1.6408 || 5.3799 || 7.0207 |- | 300.000 || 133.52 || 0.0010732 || 0.60576 || 561.10 || 1982.1 || 2543.2 || 561.43 || 2163.5 || 2724.9 || 1.6717 || 5.3199 || 6.9916 |- | 325.000 || 136.27 || 0.0010759 || 0.56194 || 572.84 || 1973.1 || 2545.9 || 573.19 || 2155.4 || 2728.6 || 1.7005 || 5.2644 || 6.9649 |- | 350.000 || 138.86 || 0.0010786 || 0.52418 || 583.88 || 1964.6 || 2548.5 || 584.26 || 2147.7 || 2732.0 || 1.7274 || 5.2128 || 6.9401 |- | 375.000 || 141.30 || 0.0010811 || 0.49129 || 594.32 || 1956.6 || 2550.9 || 594.73 || 2140.4 || 2735.1 || 1.7526 || 5.1644 || 6.9171 |- | 400.000 || 143.61 || 0.0010836 || 0.46238 || 604.22 || 1948.9 || 2553.1 || 604.65 || 2133.4 || 2738.1 || 1.7765 || 5.1190 || 6.8955 |- | 450.000 || 147.90 || 0.0010882 || 0.41390 || 622.65 || 1934.5 || 2557.1 || 623.14 || 2120.2 || 2743.4 || 1.8205 || 5.0356 || 6.8560 |- | 500.000 || 151.83 || 0.0010925 || 0.37481 || 639.54 || 1921.2 || 2560.7 || 640.09 || 2108.0 || 2748.1 || 1.8604 || 4.9603 || 6.8207 |- | 550.000 || 155.46 || 0.0010967 || 0.34260 || 655.16 || 1908.7 || 2563.9 || 655.76 || 2096.6 || 2752.3 || 1.8970 || 4.8916 || 6.7886 |- | 600.000 || 158.83 || 0.0011006 || 0.31558 || 669.72 || 1897.1 || 2566.8 || 670.38 || 2085.8 || 2756.1 || 1.9308 || 4.8284 || 6.7592 |- | 650.000 || 161.98 || 0.0011044 || 0.29259 || 683.36 || 1886.1 || 2569.4 || 684.08 || 2075.5 || 2759.6 || 1.9623 || 4.7699 || 6.7322 |- | 700.000 || 164.95 || 0.0011080 || 0.27277 || 696.23 || 1875.6 || 2571.8 || 697.00 || 2065.8 || 2762.8 || 1.9918 || 4.7153 || 6.7071 |- | 750.000 || 167.75 || 0.0011114 || 0.25551 || 708.40 || 1865.6 || 2574.0 || 709.24 || 2056.4 || 2765.6 || 2.0195 || 4.6641 || 6.6836 |- | 800.000 || 170.41 || 0.0011148 || 0.24034 || 719.97 || 1856.1 || 2576.0 || 720.86 || 2047.4 || 2768.3 || 2.0457 || 4.6160 || 6.6616 |- | 850.000 || 172.94 || 0.0011180 || 0.22689 || 731.00 || 1846.9 || 2577.9 || 731.95 || 2038.8 || 2770.8 || 2.0705 || 4.5704 || 6.6409 |- | 900.000 || 175.35 || 0.0011212 || 0.21489 || 741.55 || 1838.1 || 2579.6 || 742.56 || 2030.5 || 2773.0 || 2.0940 || 4.5272 || 6.6213 |- | 950.000 || 177.66 || 0.0011242 || 0.20410 || 751.67 || 1829.6 || 2581.2 || 752.74 || 2022.4 || 2775.1 || 2.1165 || 4.4862 || 6.6027 |- | 1000.000 || 179.88 || 0.0011272 || 0.19436 || 761.39 || 1821.4 || 2582.7 || 762.52 || 2014.6 || 2777.1 || 2.1381 || 4.4470 || 6.5850 |- | 1100.000 || 184.06 || 0.0011330 || 0.17745 || 779.78 || 1805.7 || 2585.5 || 781.03 || 1999.6 || 2780.6 || 2.1785 || 4.3735 || 6.5520 |- | 1200.000 || 187.96 || 0.0011385 || 0.16326 || 796.96 || 1790.9 || 2587.8 || 798.33 || 1985.4 || 2783.7 || 2.2159 || 4.3058 || 6.5217 |- | 1300.000 || 191.60 || 0.0011438 || 0.15119 || 813.11 || 1776.8 || 2589.9 || 814.60 || 1971.9 || 2786.5 || 2.2508 || 4.2428 || 6.4936 |- | 1400.000 || 195.04 || 0.0011489 || 0.14078 || 828.36 || 1763.4 || 2591.8 || 829.97 || 1958.9 || 2788.8 || 2.2835 || 4.1839 || 6.4675 |- | 1500.000 || 198.29 || 0.0011539 || 0.13171 || 842.83 || 1750.6 || 2593.4 || 844.56 || 1946.4 || 2791.0 || 2.3143 || 4.1286 || 6.4430 |- | 1750.000 || 205.73 || 0.0011657 || 0.11343 || 876.13 || 1720.6 || 2596.7 || 878.17 || 1917.0 || 2795.2 || 2.3845 || 4.0032 || 6.3877 |- | 2000.000 || 212.38 || 0.0011767 || 0.099585 || 906.14 || 1693.0 || 2599.1 || 908.50 || 1889.8 || 2798.3 || 2.4468 || 3.8923 || 6.3390 |- | 2250.000 || 218.41 || 0.0011873 || 0.088715 || 933.57 || 1667.3 || 2600.9 || 936.24 || 1864.2 || 2800.5 || 2.5029 || 3.7925 || 6.2954 |- | 2500.000 || 223.95 || 0.0011974 || 0.079949 || 958.91 || 1643.1 || 2602.1 || 961.91 || 1840.0 || 2801.9 || 2.5543 || 3.7015 || 6.2558 |- | 3000.000 || 233.85 || 0.0012167 || 0.066664 || 1004.7 || 1598.5 || 2603.2 || 1008.3 || 1794.8 || 2803.2 || 2.6455 || 3.5400 || 6.1856 |- | 3500.000 || 242.56 || 0.0012350 || 0.057058 || 1045.5 || 1557.5 || 2602.9 || 1049.8 || 1752.8 || 2802.6 || 2.7254 || 3.3989 || 6.1243 |- | 4000.000 || 250.35 || 0.0012526 || 0.049776 || 1082.5 || 1519.2 || 2601.7 || 1087.5 || 1713.3 || 2800.8 || 2.7968 || 3.2728 || 6.0696 |- | 5000.000 || 263.94 || 0.0012864 || 0.039446 || 1148.2 || 1448.8 || 2597.0 || 1154.6 || 1639.6 || 2794.2 || 2.9210 || 3.0527 || 5.9737 |- | 6000.000 || 275.58 || 0.0013193 || 0.032448 || 1206.0 || 1383.9 || 2589.9 || 1213.9 || 1570.7 || 2784.6 || 3.0278 || 2.8623 || 5.8901 |- | 7000.000 || 285.83 || 0.0013519 || 0.027378 || 1258.2 || 1322.8 || 2581.0 || 1267.7 || 1505.0 || 2772.6 || 3.1224 || 2.6924 || 5.8148 |- | 8000.000 || 295.01 || 0.0013847 || 0.023526 || 1306.2 || 1264.2 || 2570.5 || 1317.3 || 1441.4 || 2758.7 || 3.2081 || 2.5369 || 5.7450 |- | 9000.000 || 303.34 || 0.0014181 || 0.020490 || 1351.1 || 1207.4 || 2558.5 || 1363.9 || 1379.1 || 2742.9 || 3.2870 || 2.3922 || 5.6791 |- | 10000.000 || 311.00 || 0.0014526 || 0.018030 || 1393.5 || 1151.7 || 2545.2 || 1408.1 || 1317.4 || 2725.5 || 3.3606 || 2.2553 || 5.6160 |- | 11000.000 || 318.08 || 0.0014885 || 0.015990 || 1434.1 || 1096.4 || 2530.5 || 1450.4 || 1255.9 || 2706.3 || 3.4303 || 2.1242 || 5.5545 |- | 12000.000 || 324.68 || 0.0015263 || 0.014264 || 1473.1 || 1041.1 || 2514.3 || 1491.5 || 1194.0 || 2685.4 || 3.4967 || 1.9972 || 5.4939 |- | 13000.000 || 330.85 || 0.0015665 || 0.012780 || 1511.1 || 985.39 || 2496.5 || 1531.5 || 1131.2 || 2662.7 || 3.5608 || 1.8728 || 5.4336 |- | 14000.000 || 336.67 || 0.0016097 || 0.011485 || 1548.4 || 928.64 || 2477.1 || 1571.0 || 1066.9 || 2637.9 || 3.6232 || 1.7495 || 5.3727 |- | 15000.000 || 342.16 || 0.0016570 || 0.010338 || 1585.3 || 870.28 || 2455.6 || 1610.2 || 1000.5 || 2610.7 || 3.6846 || 1.6260 || 5.3106 |- | 16000.000 || 347.35 || 0.0017094 || 0.009309 || 1622.3 || 809.51 || 2431.8 || 1649.7 || 931.10 || 2580.8 || 3.7457 || 1.5006 || 5.2463 |- | 17000.000 || 352.29 || 0.0017693 || 0.008371 || 1659.9 || 745.24 || 2405.2 || 1690.0 || 857.47 || 2547.5 || 3.8077 || 1.3710 || 5.1787 |- | 18000.000 || 356.99 || 0.0018398 || 0.007502 || 1699.0 || 675.83 || 2374.8 || 1732.1 || 777.74 || 2509.8 || 3.8718 || 1.2342 || 5.1061 |- | 19000.000 || 361.47 || 0.0019268 || 0.006677 || 1740.5 || 598.59 || 2339.1 || 1777.2 || 688.85 || 2466.0 || 3.9401 || 1.0855 || 5.0256 |- | 20000.000 || 365.75 || 0.0020400 || 0.005865 || 1786.4 || 508.63 || 2295.0 || 1827.2 || 585.13 || 2412.3 || 4.0156 || 0.91585 || 4.9314 |- | 21000.000 || 369.83 || 0.0022055 || 0.004996 || 1841.2 || 392.43 || 2233.7 || 1887.6 || 451.04 || 2338.6 || 4.1064 || 0.70148 || 4.8079 |- | 22000.000 || 373.71 || 0.0027044 || 0.003647 || 1951.8 || 141.00 || 2092.8 || 2011.3 || 161.75 || 2173.1 || 4.2945 || 0.25005 || 4.5446 |- | 22064.000 || 373.95 || 0.0031056 || 0.003106 || 2015.7 || 0.000 || 2015.7 || 2084.3 || 0.000 || 2084.3 || 4.4070 || 0.00000 || 4.4070 |} ''Calculation note:'' Values were generated with [https://coolprop.org/ CoolProp 8.0.0] using the HEOS model for Water. Pressure is absolute. Thermodynamic reference convention: CoolProp DEF for Water. Definition: CoolProp’s built-in default for the selected fluid. Reference anchor for reproducibility: T = 0.01 °C, p = 0.61165477 kPa, Q = 0 (saturated liquid), u = -6.6047589e-11 kJ/kg, h = 0.00061178171 kJ/kg, and s = -1.8445967e-13 kJ/(kg·K). [[v:Thermodynamics/Property tables and charts/CoolProp/Saturated water - Pressure table/Code]] d6xnrnem9hqdyslinotjhyvevzodoxr 4664420 4664401 2026-08-25T13:01:46Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4664420 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Saturated properties of Water ! colspan="1" | Pressure,<br />(kPa) ! colspan="1" | Temperature,<br />(°C) ! colspan="2" | Specific volume,<br />(m³/kg) ! colspan="3" | Internal energy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Enthalpy,<br />(kJ/kg) ! colspan="3" | Entropy,<br />(kJ/(kg·K)) |- ! Saturation pressure, p<sub>sat</sub> ! Temperature, T ! Sat. liquid, v<sub>f</sub> ! Sat. vapor, v<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, u<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., u<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, u<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, h<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., h<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, h<sub>g</sub> ! Sat. liquid, s<sub>f</sub> ! Evap., s<sub>fg</sub> ! Sat. vapor, s<sub>g</sub> |- | 1.000 || 6.97 || 0.0010001 || 129.18 || 29.30 || 2355.2 || 2384.5 || 29.30 || 2484.4 || 2513.7 || 0.10591 || 8.8690 || 8.9749 |- | 1.500 || 13.02 || 0.0010007 || 87.959 || 54.68 || 2338.1 || 2392.8 || 54.68 || 2470.0 || 2524.7 || 0.19556 || 8.6314 || 8.8270 |- | 2.000 || 17.49 || 0.0010014 || 66.987 || 73.43 || 2325.5 || 2398.9 || 73.43 || 2459.4 || 2532.9 || 0.26056 || 8.4620 || 8.7226 |- | 2.500 || 21.08 || 0.0010021 || 54.240 || 88.42 || 2315.4 || 2403.8 || 88.42 || 2451.0 || 2539.4 || 0.31182 || 8.3302 || 8.6420 |- | 3.000 || 24.08 || 0.0010028 || 45.653 || 100.97 || 2306.9 || 2407.9 || 100.98 || 2443.9 || 2544.8 || 0.35429 || 8.2221 || 8.5764 |- | 4.000 || 28.96 || 0.0010041 || 34.791 || 121.38 || 2293.1 || 2414.5 || 121.39 || 2432.3 || 2553.7 || 0.42239 || 8.0510 || 8.4734 |- | 5.000 || 32.87 || 0.0010053 || 28.185 || 137.74 || 2282.1 || 2419.8 || 137.75 || 2423.0 || 2560.7 || 0.47620 || 7.9176 || 8.3938 |- | 7.500 || 40.29 || 0.0010080 || 19.233 || 168.74 || 2261.0 || 2429.8 || 168.75 || 2405.3 || 2574.0 || 0.57627 || 7.6738 || 8.2501 |- | 10.000 || 45.81 || 0.0010103 || 14.670 || 191.80 || 2245.4 || 2437.2 || 191.81 || 2392.1 || 2583.9 || 0.64920 || 7.4996 || 8.1488 |- | 15.000 || 53.97 || 0.0010140 || 10.020 || 225.93 || 2222.1 || 2448.0 || 225.94 || 2372.3 || 2598.3 || 0.75486 || 7.2522 || 8.0071 |- | 20.000 || 60.06 || 0.0010172 || 7.6480 || 251.40 || 2204.6 || 2456.0 || 251.42 || 2357.5 || 2608.9 || 0.83202 || 7.0752 || 7.9072 |- | 25.000 || 64.96 || 0.0010198 || 6.2032 || 271.93 || 2190.4 || 2462.4 || 271.96 || 2345.5 || 2617.4 || 0.89319 || 6.9370 || 7.8302 |- | 30.000 || 69.10 || 0.0010222 || 5.2284 || 289.24 || 2178.5 || 2467.7 || 289.27 || 2335.3 || 2624.5 || 0.94407 || 6.8234 || 7.7675 |- | 40.000 || 75.86 || 0.0010264 || 3.9930 || 317.58 || 2158.7 || 2476.3 || 317.62 || 2318.4 || 2636.1 || 1.0261 || 6.6429 || 7.6690 |- | 50.000 || 81.32 || 0.0010299 || 3.2400 || 340.49 || 2142.7 || 2483.2 || 340.54 || 2304.7 || 2645.2 || 1.0912 || 6.5018 || 7.5930 |- | 75.000 || 91.76 || 0.0010372 || 2.2170 || 384.36 || 2111.8 || 2496.1 || 384.44 || 2277.9 || 2662.4 || 1.2132 || 6.2425 || 7.4557 |- | 100.000 || 99.61 || 0.0010432 || 1.6939 || 417.40 || 2088.2 || 2505.6 || 417.50 || 2257.4 || 2674.9 || 1.3028 || 6.0561 || 7.3588 |- | 101.325 || 99.97 || 0.0010434 || 1.6732 || 418.95 || 2087.0 || 2506.0 || 419.06 || 2256.5 || 2675.5 || 1.3069 || 6.0475 || 7.3544 |- | 125.000 || 105.97 || 0.0010482 || 1.3749 || 444.22 || 2068.8 || 2513.0 || 444.35 || 2240.5 || 2684.9 || 1.3741 || 5.9099 || 7.2840 |- | 150.000 || 111.35 || 0.0010527 || 1.1593 || 466.97 || 2052.2 || 2519.2 || 467.13 || 2226.0 || 2693.1 || 1.4337 || 5.7893 || 7.2230 |- | 175.000 || 116.04 || 0.0010568 || 1.0036 || 486.82 || 2037.7 || 2524.5 || 487.00 || 2213.1 || 2700.1 || 1.4850 || 5.6865 || 7.1715 |- | 200.000 || 120.21 || 0.0010605 || 0.88568 || 504.49 || 2024.6 || 2529.1 || 504.70 || 2201.5 || 2706.2 || 1.5302 || 5.5967 || 7.1269 |- | 225.000 || 123.97 || 0.0010640 || 0.79320 || 520.47 || 2012.7 || 2533.2 || 520.71 || 2190.9 || 2711.6 || 1.5706 || 5.5170 || 7.0876 |- | 250.000 || 127.41 || 0.0010672 || 0.71866 || 535.08 || 2001.7 || 2536.8 || 535.34 || 2181.1 || 2716.5 || 1.6072 || 5.4452 || 7.0524 |- | 275.000 || 130.58 || 0.0010703 || 0.65725 || 548.56 || 1991.6 || 2540.1 || 548.86 || 2172.0 || 2720.9 || 1.6408 || 5.3799 || 7.0207 |- | 300.000 || 133.52 || 0.0010732 || 0.60576 || 561.10 || 1982.1 || 2543.2 || 561.43 || 2163.5 || 2724.9 || 1.6717 || 5.3199 || 6.9916 |- | 325.000 || 136.27 || 0.0010759 || 0.56194 || 572.84 || 1973.1 || 2545.9 || 573.19 || 2155.4 || 2728.6 || 1.7005 || 5.2644 || 6.9649 |- | 350.000 || 138.86 || 0.0010786 || 0.52418 || 583.88 || 1964.6 || 2548.5 || 584.26 || 2147.7 || 2732.0 || 1.7274 || 5.2128 || 6.9401 |- | 375.000 || 141.30 || 0.0010811 || 0.49129 || 594.32 || 1956.6 || 2550.9 || 594.73 || 2140.4 || 2735.1 || 1.7526 || 5.1644 || 6.9171 |- | 400.000 || 143.61 || 0.0010836 || 0.46238 || 604.22 || 1948.9 || 2553.1 || 604.65 || 2133.4 || 2738.1 || 1.7765 || 5.1190 || 6.8955 |- | 450.000 || 147.90 || 0.0010882 || 0.41390 || 622.65 || 1934.5 || 2557.1 || 623.14 || 2120.2 || 2743.4 || 1.8205 || 5.0356 || 6.8560 |- | 500.000 || 151.83 || 0.0010925 || 0.37481 || 639.54 || 1921.2 || 2560.7 || 640.09 || 2108.0 || 2748.1 || 1.8604 || 4.9603 || 6.8207 |- | 550.000 || 155.46 || 0.0010967 || 0.34260 || 655.16 || 1908.7 || 2563.9 || 655.76 || 2096.6 || 2752.3 || 1.8970 || 4.8916 || 6.7886 |- | 600.000 || 158.83 || 0.0011006 || 0.31558 || 669.72 || 1897.1 || 2566.8 || 670.38 || 2085.8 || 2756.1 || 1.9308 || 4.8284 || 6.7592 |- | 650.000 || 161.98 || 0.0011044 || 0.29259 || 683.36 || 1886.1 || 2569.4 || 684.08 || 2075.5 || 2759.6 || 1.9623 || 4.7699 || 6.7322 |- | 700.000 || 164.95 || 0.0011080 || 0.27277 || 696.23 || 1875.6 || 2571.8 || 697.00 || 2065.8 || 2762.8 || 1.9918 || 4.7153 || 6.7071 |- | 750.000 || 167.75 || 0.0011114 || 0.25551 || 708.40 || 1865.6 || 2574.0 || 709.24 || 2056.4 || 2765.6 || 2.0195 || 4.6641 || 6.6836 |- | 800.000 || 170.41 || 0.0011148 || 0.24034 || 719.97 || 1856.1 || 2576.0 || 720.86 || 2047.4 || 2768.3 || 2.0457 || 4.6160 || 6.6616 |- | 850.000 || 172.94 || 0.0011180 || 0.22689 || 731.00 || 1846.9 || 2577.9 || 731.95 || 2038.8 || 2770.8 || 2.0705 || 4.5704 || 6.6409 |- | 900.000 || 175.35 || 0.0011212 || 0.21489 || 741.55 || 1838.1 || 2579.6 || 742.56 || 2030.5 || 2773.0 || 2.0940 || 4.5272 || 6.6213 |- | 950.000 || 177.66 || 0.0011242 || 0.20410 || 751.67 || 1829.6 || 2581.2 || 752.74 || 2022.4 || 2775.1 || 2.1165 || 4.4862 || 6.6027 |- | 1000.000 || 179.88 || 0.0011272 || 0.19436 || 761.39 || 1821.4 || 2582.7 || 762.52 || 2014.6 || 2777.1 || 2.1381 || 4.4470 || 6.5850 |- | 1100.000 || 184.06 || 0.0011330 || 0.17745 || 779.78 || 1805.7 || 2585.5 || 781.03 || 1999.6 || 2780.6 || 2.1785 || 4.3735 || 6.5520 |- | 1200.000 || 187.96 || 0.0011385 || 0.16326 || 796.96 || 1790.9 || 2587.8 || 798.33 || 1985.4 || 2783.7 || 2.2159 || 4.3058 || 6.5217 |- | 1300.000 || 191.60 || 0.0011438 || 0.15119 || 813.11 || 1776.8 || 2589.9 || 814.60 || 1971.9 || 2786.5 || 2.2508 || 4.2428 || 6.4936 |- | 1400.000 || 195.04 || 0.0011489 || 0.14078 || 828.36 || 1763.4 || 2591.8 || 829.97 || 1958.9 || 2788.8 || 2.2835 || 4.1839 || 6.4675 |- | 1500.000 || 198.29 || 0.0011539 || 0.13171 || 842.83 || 1750.6 || 2593.4 || 844.56 || 1946.4 || 2791.0 || 2.3143 || 4.1286 || 6.4430 |- | 1750.000 || 205.73 || 0.0011657 || 0.11343 || 876.13 || 1720.6 || 2596.7 || 878.17 || 1917.0 || 2795.2 || 2.3845 || 4.0032 || 6.3877 |- | 2000.000 || 212.38 || 0.0011767 || 0.099585 || 906.14 || 1693.0 || 2599.1 || 908.50 || 1889.8 || 2798.3 || 2.4468 || 3.8923 || 6.3390 |- | 2250.000 || 218.41 || 0.0011873 || 0.088715 || 933.57 || 1667.3 || 2600.9 || 936.24 || 1864.2 || 2800.5 || 2.5029 || 3.7925 || 6.2954 |- | 2500.000 || 223.95 || 0.0011974 || 0.079949 || 958.91 || 1643.1 || 2602.1 || 961.91 || 1840.0 || 2801.9 || 2.5543 || 3.7015 || 6.2558 |- | 3000.000 || 233.85 || 0.0012167 || 0.066664 || 1004.7 || 1598.5 || 2603.2 || 1008.3 || 1794.8 || 2803.2 || 2.6455 || 3.5400 || 6.1856 |- | 3500.000 || 242.56 || 0.0012350 || 0.057058 || 1045.5 || 1557.5 || 2602.9 || 1049.8 || 1752.8 || 2802.6 || 2.7254 || 3.3989 || 6.1243 |- | 4000.000 || 250.35 || 0.0012526 || 0.049776 || 1082.5 || 1519.2 || 2601.7 || 1087.5 || 1713.3 || 2800.8 || 2.7968 || 3.2728 || 6.0696 |- | 5000.000 || 263.94 || 0.0012864 || 0.039446 || 1148.2 || 1448.8 || 2597.0 || 1154.6 || 1639.6 || 2794.2 || 2.9210 || 3.0527 || 5.9737 |- | 6000.000 || 275.58 || 0.0013193 || 0.032448 || 1206.0 || 1383.9 || 2589.9 || 1213.9 || 1570.7 || 2784.6 || 3.0278 || 2.8623 || 5.8901 |- | 7000.000 || 285.83 || 0.0013519 || 0.027378 || 1258.2 || 1322.8 || 2581.0 || 1267.7 || 1505.0 || 2772.6 || 3.1224 || 2.6924 || 5.8148 |- | 8000.000 || 295.01 || 0.0013847 || 0.023526 || 1306.2 || 1264.2 || 2570.5 || 1317.3 || 1441.4 || 2758.7 || 3.2081 || 2.5369 || 5.7450 |- | 9000.000 || 303.34 || 0.0014181 || 0.020490 || 1351.1 || 1207.4 || 2558.5 || 1363.9 || 1379.1 || 2742.9 || 3.2870 || 2.3922 || 5.6791 |- | 10000.000 || 311.00 || 0.0014526 || 0.018030 || 1393.5 || 1151.7 || 2545.2 || 1408.1 || 1317.4 || 2725.5 || 3.3606 || 2.2553 || 5.6160 |- | 11000.000 || 318.08 || 0.0014885 || 0.015990 || 1434.1 || 1096.4 || 2530.5 || 1450.4 || 1255.9 || 2706.3 || 3.4303 || 2.1242 || 5.5545 |- | 12000.000 || 324.68 || 0.0015263 || 0.014264 || 1473.1 || 1041.1 || 2514.3 || 1491.5 || 1194.0 || 2685.4 || 3.4967 || 1.9972 || 5.4939 |- | 13000.000 || 330.85 || 0.0015665 || 0.012780 || 1511.1 || 985.39 || 2496.5 || 1531.5 || 1131.2 || 2662.7 || 3.5608 || 1.8728 || 5.4336 |- | 14000.000 || 336.67 || 0.0016097 || 0.011485 || 1548.4 || 928.64 || 2477.1 || 1571.0 || 1066.9 || 2637.9 || 3.6232 || 1.7495 || 5.3727 |- | 15000.000 || 342.16 || 0.0016570 || 0.010338 || 1585.3 || 870.28 || 2455.6 || 1610.2 || 1000.5 || 2610.7 || 3.6846 || 1.6260 || 5.3106 |- | 16000.000 || 347.35 || 0.0017094 || 0.009309 || 1622.3 || 809.51 || 2431.8 || 1649.7 || 931.10 || 2580.8 || 3.7457 || 1.5006 || 5.2463 |- | 17000.000 || 352.29 || 0.0017693 || 0.008371 || 1659.9 || 745.24 || 2405.2 || 1690.0 || 857.47 || 2547.5 || 3.8077 || 1.3710 || 5.1787 |- | 18000.000 || 356.99 || 0.0018398 || 0.007502 || 1699.0 || 675.83 || 2374.8 || 1732.1 || 777.74 || 2509.8 || 3.8718 || 1.2342 || 5.1061 |- | 19000.000 || 361.47 || 0.0019268 || 0.006677 || 1740.5 || 598.59 || 2339.1 || 1777.2 || 688.85 || 2466.0 || 3.9401 || 1.0855 || 5.0256 |- | 20000.000 || 365.75 || 0.0020400 || 0.005865 || 1786.4 || 508.63 || 2295.0 || 1827.2 || 585.13 || 2412.3 || 4.0156 || 0.91585 || 4.9314 |- | 21000.000 || 369.83 || 0.0022055 || 0.004996 || 1841.2 || 392.43 || 2233.7 || 1887.6 || 451.04 || 2338.6 || 4.1064 || 0.70148 || 4.8079 |- | 22000.000 || 373.71 || 0.0027044 || 0.003647 || 1951.8 || 141.00 || 2092.8 || 2011.3 || 161.75 || 2173.1 || 4.2945 || 0.25005 || 4.5446 |- | 22064.000 || 373.95 || 0.0031056 || 0.003106 || 2015.7 || 0.000 || 2015.7 || 2084.3 || 0.000 || 2084.3 || 4.4070 || 0.00000 || 4.4070 |} ''Calculation note:'' Values were generated with [https://coolprop.org/ CoolProp 8.0.0] using the HEOS model for Water. Pressure is absolute. Thermodynamic reference convention: CoolProp DEF for Water. Definition: CoolProp’s built-in default for the selected fluid. Reference anchor for reproducibility: T = 0.01 °C, p = 0.61165477 kPa, Q = 0 (saturated liquid), u = -6.6047589e-11 kJ/kg, h = 0.00061178171 kJ/kg, and s = -1.8445967e-13 kJ/(kg·K). [[v:Thermodynamics/Property tables and charts/CoolProp/Saturated water - Pressure table/Code]] {{BookCat}} h62cgbme6u00q7csq7hlafptsjxbz93 User talk:~2026-46362-07 3 485383 4664417 2026-08-25T12:59:00Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4664417 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Sarah Elise Jewelry]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Sarah Elise Jewelry|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:59, 25 August 2026 (UTC) 56w0axpbdxf3r9inkitzzujpi47881u User talk:~2026-46045-80 3 485384 4664419 2026-08-25T13:01:10Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4664419 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:High School Earth Science/Earth's Motions]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:High School Earth Science/Earth&#39;s Motions|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:01, 25 August 2026 (UTC) 8h735imas2vvnlphz3hgxfoxsu29bo3 4664461 4664419 2026-08-25T18:04:03Z JJPMaster 3095725 Notifying author of speedy deletion 4664461 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:High School Earth Science/Earth's Motions]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:High School Earth Science/Earth&#39;s Motions|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:01, 25 August 2026 (UTC) == Your page has been speedily deleted == Hi! I'm JJPMaster, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Talk:High School Earth Science/Earth's Motions]]. However, it does not meet Wikibooks's [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks?|standards for inclusion]], and it has therefore been [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deleted]]. The reason I provided was: <blockquote><strong>Test page</strong></blockquote> If you believe that your page should not have been deleted, or you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:JJPMaster|let me know]]. Thank you! [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]<sub>[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]<sub>[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]</sub></sub> ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:04, 25 August 2026 (UTC) tw14mp72481lryulxp422du734eh4f6 User:BlazeFlames/DND 2024 2 485385 4664445 2026-08-25T16:51:56Z BlazeFlames 3494020 Created page with "This is a draft for the 2024 Fifth Edition DND book, as I don't know what edition the [[Dungeons & Dragons]] page refers to. This page does copy some info from that page. Dungeons & Dragons is a role-playing game played by a Dungeon Master (DM) and players. The DM describes the fantasy world, as the players explore it. The players' characters (PCs) use skills such as magic and advanced weaponry to take on the world." 4664445 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a draft for the 2024 Fifth Edition DND book, as I don't know what edition the [[Dungeons & Dragons]] page refers to. This page does copy some info from that page. Dungeons & Dragons is a role-playing game played by a Dungeon Master (DM) and players. The DM describes the fantasy world, as the players explore it. The players' characters (PCs) use skills such as magic and advanced weaponry to take on the world. tb3wg2a3vi4fagya14r5418avgf8vbe 4664446 4664445 2026-08-25T16:53:37Z BlazeFlames 3494020 4664446 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a draft for the 2024 Fifth Edition DND book, as I don't know what edition the [[Dungeons & Dragons]] page refers to. This page does copy some info from that page. Dungeons & Dragons is a role-playing game played by a Dungeon Master (DM) and players. The DM describes the fantasy world, as the players explore it. The players' characters (PCs) use skills such as magic and advanced weaponry to take on the world, filled with monsters ranging from real-life animals to dragons to aliens to demigods (See: Monsters). azf6pg6g9ts1aw78u57edekyifps4at 11th class cbse chemistry The Amount of Acetic Acid in Vinegar make project with all page photo 0 485386 4664473 2026-08-25T21:11:30Z ~2026-46469-77 3624092 11th class cbse chemistry The Amount of Acetic Acid in Vinegar make project with all page photo 4664473 wikitext text/x-wiki 11th class cbse chemistry The Amount of Acetic Acid in Vinegar make project with all page photo ciwat7f1kmd389zlnhxedmbyhagljzo Shelf:London College of Communication projects/ancestry 0 485387 4664491 2026-08-26T06:31:41Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 create 4664491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelf:Ancestry|{{{1|}}} |ancestors=( "Curricula by continent" "European curricula" "Standard curricula" ) }}<noinclude> <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE --> </noinclude> bt3co4pi3z9k5jdwjpt4dmzfmaz917j Category:Shelf:London College of Communication projects/all books 14 485388 4664492 2026-08-26T06:32:13Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 create 4664492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelf:Allbooks category|{{{1|}}}}}<noinclude> <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE --> </noinclude> s1vwfcwth4ncqarhwgxzf1w9bj3i0ez Category:Shelf:London College of Communication projects 14 485389 4664493 2026-08-26T06:32:36Z ShakespeareFan00 46022 create 4664493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shelf:Category|{{{1|}}}}}<noinclude> <!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE --> </noinclude> lh2xq9q0tt8x5z8c6qirdevqqolecdr